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6451151298474688843 | Argument from authority | Argument from authority - wikipedia Argument from authority Jump to : navigation , search An argument from authority , also called an appeal to authority , or argumentum ad verecundiam is a form of defeasible argument in which a claimed authority 's support is used as evidence for an argument 's conclusion . It is well known as a fallacy , though it is used in a cogent form when all sides of a discussion agree on the reliability of the authority in the given context . Contents ( hide ) 1 Forms 1.1 Appeals to authorities 1.1. 1 Use in science 1.2 Appeal to non-authorities 2 Cognitive bias 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Forms ( edit ) Appeals to authorities ( edit ) Historically , opinion on the appeal to authority has been divided : it is listed as a valid argument as often as a fallacious argument in various sources , with some holding that it is a strong argument which `` has a legitimate force '' , and others that it is weak or an outright fallacy where , on a conflict of facts , `` mere appeal to authority alone had better be avoided '' . If all parties agree on the reliability of an authority in the given context it forms a valid inductive argument . Use in Science ( edit ) Scientific knowledge is best established by evidence and experiment rather than argued through authority as authority has no place in science . Carl Sagan wrote of arguments from authority : One of the great commandments of science is , `` Mistrust arguments from authority . '' ... Too many such arguments have proved too painfully wrong . Authorities must prove their contentions like everybody else . An example of the use of the appeal to authority in science can be seen in 1923 , when leading American zoologist Theophilus Painter declared , based on poor data and conflicting observations he had made , that humans had 24 pairs of chromosomes . From the 1920s to the 1950s , this continued to be held based on Painter 's authority , despite subsequent counts totaling the correct number of 23 . Even textbooks with photos showing 23 pairs incorrectly declared the number to be 24 based on the authority of the then - consensus of 24 pairs . This seemingly established number created confirmation bias among researchers , and `` most cytologists , expecting to detect Painter 's number , virtually always did so '' . Painter 's `` influence was so great that many scientists preferred to believe his count over the actual evidence '' , to the point that `` textbooks from the time carried photographs showing twenty - three pairs of chromosomes , and yet the caption would say there were twenty - four '' . Scientists who obtained the accurate number modified or discarded their data to agree with Painter 's count . A more recent example involved the `` When contact changes minds : An experiment on transmission of support for gay equality '' paper . The paper was a fraud based on forged data , yet concerns about it were ignored in many cases due to appeals to authority . One analysis of the affair notes that `` Over and over again , throughout the scientific community and the media , LaCour 's impossible - seeming results were treated as truth , in part because of the weight ( the study 's co-author ) Green 's name carried '' . One psychologist stated his reaction to the paper was `` that 's very surprising and does n't fit with a huge literature of evidence . It does n't sound plausible to me ... ( then I pull it up and ) I see Don Green is an author . I trust him completely , so I 'm no longer doubtful '' . The forger , LaCour , would use appeals to authority to defend his research : `` if his responses sometimes seemed to lack depth when he was pressed for details , his impressive connections often allayed concerns '' , with one of his partners stating `` when he and I really had a disagreement , he would often rely on the kind of arguments where he 'd basically invoke authority , right ? He 's the one with advanced training , and his adviser is this very high - powered , very experienced person ... and they know a lot more than we do '' . Much like the erroneous chromosome number taking decades to refute until microscopy made the error unmistakable , the one who would go on to debunk this paper `` was consistently told by friends and advisers to keep quiet about his concerns lest he earn a reputation as a troublemaker '' , up until `` the very last moment when multiple ' smoking guns ' finally appeared '' , and he found that `` There was almost no encouragement for him to probe the hints of weirdness he 'd uncovered '' . Appeal to non-authorities ( edit ) Fallacious arguments from authority are also frequently the result of citing a non-authority as an authority . An example of the fallacy of appealing to an authority in an unrelated field would be citing Albert Einstein as an authority for a determination on religion when his primary expertise was in physics . The body of attributed authorities might not even welcome their citation , such as with the `` More Doctors Smoke Camels '' ad campaign . It is also a fallacious ad hominem argument to argue that a person presenting statements lacks authority and thus their arguments do not need to be considered . As appeals to a perceived lack of authority , these types of argument are fallacious for much the same reasons as an appeal to authority . Other related fallacious arguments assume that a person without status or authority is inherently reliable . For instance , the appeal to poverty is the fallacy of thinking that someone is more likely to be correct because they are poor . When an argument holds that a conclusion is likely to be true precisely because the one who holds or is presenting it lacks authority , it is a fallacious appeal to the common man . Cognitive bias ( edit ) The argument from authority is based on the idea that a perceived authority must know better and that the person should conform to their opinion . This has its roots in psychological cognitive biases such as the Asch effect . In repeated and modified instances of the Asch conformity experiments , it was found that high - status individuals create a stronger likelihood of a subject agreeing with an obviously false conclusion , despite the subject normally being able to clearly see that the answer was incorrect . Further , humans have been shown to feel strong emotional pressure to conform to authorities and majority positions . A repeat of the experiments by another group of researchers found that `` Participants reported considerable distress under the group pressure '' , with 59 % conforming at least once and agreeing with the clearly incorrect answer , whereas the incorrect answer was much more rarely given when no such pressures were present . Another study shining light on the psychological basis of the fallacy as it relates to perceived authorities are the Milgram experiments , which demonstrated that people are more likely to go along with something when it is presented by an authority . In a variation of a study where the researchers did not wear a lab coat , thus reducing the perceived authority of the tasker , the obedience level dropped to 20 % from the original rate , which had been higher than 50 % . Obedience is encouraged by reminding the individual of what a perceived authority states and by showing them that their opinion goes against this authority . Scholars have noted that certain environments can produce an ideal situation for these processes to take hold , giving rise to groupthink . In groupthink , individuals in a group feel inclined to minimize conflict and encourage conformity . Through an appeal to authority , a group member might present that opinion as a consensus and encourage the other group members to engage in groupthink by not disagreeing with this perceived consensus or authority . One paper about the philosophy of mathematics for example notes that , within academia , If ... a person accepts our discipline , and goes through two or three years of graduate study in mathematics , he absorbs our way of thinking , and is no longer the critical outsider he once was ... If the student is unable to absorb our way of thinking , we flunk him out , of course . If he gets through our obstacle course and then decides that our arguments are unclear or incorrect , we dismiss him as a crank , crackpot , or misfit . Corporate environments are similarly vulnerable to appeals to perceived authorities and experts leading to groupthink , as are governments and militaries . See also ( edit ) Logic portal Philosophy portal Authority bias Credentialism Ipse dixit Manifesto of the Ninety - Three Milgram experiment Name - dropping Philosophical problems of testimony Woozle effect References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1942 - , Walton , Douglas ( Douglas Neil ) , ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . Informal logic : a pragmatic approach . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521713801 . OCLC 783439050 . ^ Jump up to : Lewiński , Marcin ( 2008 ) . `` Comments on ' Black box arguments ' '' . Argumentation. 22 : 447 -- 451 . doi : 10.1007 / s10503 - 008 - 9095 - x . ^ Jump up to : Emermen , Frans ( 2010 ) . Strategic Maneuvering in Argumentative Discourse : Extending the Pragma - dialectical Theory of Argumentation . p. 203 . Jump up ^ Underwood , R.H. ( 1994 ) . `` Logic and the Common law Trial '' . American Journal of Trial Advocacy : 166 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Salmon , Merrilee Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking ( 2012 ) Cengage Learning Jump up ^ Bedau , Mark ( 2009 ) . The ethics of protocells . Boston , Massachusetts ; London , England : Mit Press . p. 341 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01262 - 1 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Jean ; McKerrow , Raymie ( 2011 ) . `` Accounting for the force of the appeal to authority '' . OSSA Conference Archive . Jump up ^ Carroll , Robert . `` Appeal to Authority '' . The Skeptic 's Dictionary . Jump up ^ Woodward , Ian . `` Ignorance is Contagious '' ( PDF ) . University of Tasmania . Jump up ^ Sadler , Troy ( 2006 ) . `` Promoting Discourse and Argumentation in Science Teacher Education '' . Journal of Science Teacher Education . 17 : 323 -- 46 . doi : 10.1007 / s10972 - 006 - 9025 - 4 . Jump up ^ Knight , Sue ; Collins , Carol ( 2005 ) . `` The Cultivation of Reason Giving '' . International Journal of the Humanities . Jump up ^ `` The Rival Theories of Cholera '' . Medical Press and Circular. 90 : 28 . 1885 . Jump up ^ McBride , Michael . `` Retrospective Scientific Evaluation '' . Yale University . ^ Jump up to : Zinser , Otto ( 1984 ) . Basic Principles of Experimental Psychology . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Leslie . The Science of Ethics . p. viii . Jump up ^ Stevenson , I. ( 1990 ) . Some of My Journeys in Medicine ( PDF ) . The University of Southwestern Louisiana . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Quick , James Campbell ; Little , Laura M. ; Cooper , Cary L. ; Gibbs , Philip C. ; Nelson , Debra ( 2010 ) . `` Organizational Behavior '' ( PDF ) . International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology : 278 . Jump up ^ Sagan , Carl ( July 6 , 2011 ) . The Demon - Haunted World : Science as a Candle in the Dark . Ballantine Books . ISBN 9780307801043 . ^ Jump up to : Glass , Bentley ( 1990 ) . Theophilus Shickel Painter ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : National Academy of Sciences . pp. 316 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Mertens , Thomas ( October 1979 ) . `` The Role of Factual Knowledge in Biology Teaching '' . The American Biology Teacher. 41 : 395 -- 419 . doi : 10.2307 / 4446671 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Clare ( 2008 ) , Human Chromosome Number , Nature , retrieved April 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gartler , Stanley ( 2006 ) . `` The Chromosome Number in Humans : A Brief History '' . Nature Reviews Genetics . 7 : 656 . doi : 10.1038 / nrg1917 . ^ Jump up to : Orrell , David PhD. ( 2008 ) . The Future of Everything : The Science of Prediction . pp. 184 -- 85 . ^ Jump up to : Kevles , Daniel J. ( 1985 ) . `` Human Chromosomes -- Down 's Disorder and the Binder 's Mistakes '' ( PDF ) . Engineering and Science : 9 . Jump up ^ T.C. , Hsu ( 1979 ) . `` Out of the Dark Ages : Human and Mammalian Cytogenetics : An Historical Perspective '' ( PDF ) . Cell. 18 : 1375 -- 1376 . doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 8674 ( 79 ) 90249 - 6 . Jump up ^ Unger , Lawrence ; Blystone , Robert ( 1996 ) . `` Paradigm Lost : The Human Chromosome Story '' ( PDF ) . Bioscene . ^ Jump up to : Singal , Jesse ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` The Case of the Amazing Gay - Marriage Data : How a Graduate Student Reluctantly Uncovered a Huge Scientific Fraud '' . The Cut . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Robert . `` Appeal to Authority '' . The Skeptic 's Dictionary . Jump up ^ https://csts.ua.edu/files/2016/09/1983-When-More-Doctors-Smoked-Camels-Cigarette-advertising-in-the-Journal-NYSJM.pdf Jump up ^ Williamson , Owen . `` Master List of Logical Fallacies '' . The University of Texas at El Paso . Jump up ^ Ruggiero , Tim . `` Logical Fallacies '' . Jump up ^ Bennett , B. `` Appeal to the Common Man '' . Logically Fallacious . Jump up ^ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230297616_5 Jump up ^ Delameter , Andrew ( 2017 ) . `` Contrasting Scientific & Non-Scientific Approaches to Acquiring Knowledge '' . City University of New York . Jump up ^ Sheldon , Brian ; Macdonald , Geraldine ( 2010 ) . A Textbook of Social Work . Routledge . p. 40 . Jump up ^ McLeod , Samuel ( 2008 ) , Asch Experiment , Simply Psychology Jump up ^ Webley , Paul , A partial and non-evaluative history of the Asch effect , University of Exeter ^ Jump up to : Milgram , S ( 1965 ) . `` Some conditions of obedience and disobedience to authority '' . Human relations . 18 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 76 . doi : 10.1177 / 001872676501800105 . Jump up ^ https://disruptedphysician.com/2014/12/page/2/ Jump up ^ Definition of GROUPTHINK. ( 2017 ) . Merriam-webster.com . Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/groupthink Jump up ^ Rossi , Stacey ( 2006 ) . `` Examination of Exclusion Rates in Massachusetts Public Schools '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ David , Phillip J. ; Hersh , Reuben ( 1998 ) . New Directions in the Philosophy of Mathematics ( PDF ) . Princeton University Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Lookwin , B. ( 2015 ) . `` Biopharma Training '' . Jump up ^ Janis , Irving L. ( 1971 ) . `` Groupthink '' ( PDF ) . Psychology Today . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Argument from authority The dictionary definition of ad verecundiam at Wiktionary ( hide ) Fallacies of relevance Ad nauseam ( Argument from repetition ) Argument from ignorance Appeal to the stone / Proof by assertion Irrelevant conclusion ( Ignoratio elenchi ) Argument from silence Invincible ignorance Moralistic / Naturalistic Rationalization Red herring Appeal to worse problems Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Cliché I 'm entitled to my opinion Appeals to emotion Fear Flattery Novelty Pity Ridicule Think of the children In - group favoritism Invented here / Not invented here Island mentality Parade of horribles Wisdom of repugnance Spite Genetic fallacies Ad hominem Abusive Association reductio ad Hitlerum Godwin 's law reductio ad Stalinum Circumstantial Appeal to motive Bulverism Poisoning the well Tone Tu quoque Authority Accomplishment Ipse dixit Poverty / Wealth Etymology Nature Tradition / Novelty Chronological snobbery Appeals to consequences Argumentum ad baculum Appeal to force Wishful thinking Other appeals Argument to moderation Popularity List of fallacies Other types of fallacy Philosophy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argument_from_authority&oldid=835391099 '' Categories : Authority Genetic fallacies Relevance fallacies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 12 : 21 . About Wikipedia | in the appeal to authority the person making the claims is not an expert on the topic | [] | [] |
-4611332361158112224 | John Wesley Shipp | John Wesley Shipp - wikipedia John Wesley Shipp For other people named John Wesley , see John Wesley ( disambiguation ) . John Wesley Shipp Shipp in 2016 ( 1955 - 01 - 22 ) January 22 , 1955 ( age 63 ) Norfolk , Virginia , U.S. Occupation Actor John Wesley Shipp ( born January 22 , 1955 ) is an American actor known for his various television roles . He played the lead Barry Allen on CBS 's superhero series The Flash from 1990 to 1991 , and Mitch Leery , the title character 's father , on the drama series Dawson 's Creek from 1998 to 2001 . Shipp has also played several roles in daytime soap operas including Kelly Nelson on Guiding Light from 1980 to 1984 , and Douglas Cummings on As the World Turns from 1985 to 1986 ( which earned him his first Daytime Emmy Award ) . He portrays both Barry Allen 's father , Henry Allen , and Jay Garrick / Flash on the current The Flash series on The CW network . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Shipp was born in Norfolk , Virginia . His father was a farmer who returned to school when Shipp was young , and after attending the seminary in Wake Forest , he became the pastor of a small church outside Wake Forest , North Carolina . Shipp later gave a keynote speech to the graduating class of Wake Forest Rolesville High School Class of 1999 to recount the tale of his father 's attempts to integrate the community in the late 1960s . Shipp attended Butler High School in Louisville , Kentucky and then attended Indiana University . Career ( edit ) Shipp began his career with a regular role on the daytime soap opera Guiding Light , playing Dr. Kelly Nelson from 1980 to 1984 . Shipp followed this with more roles in daytime , playing Douglas Cummings on As the World Turns from 1985 to 1986 ( which earned him his first Daytime Emmy Award in 1986 ) , and Martin Ellis on Santa Barbara in 1987 ( for which he won his second Daytime Emmy Award ) , followed by Blanchard Lovelace on One Life to Live in 1989 , and Carter Jones on All My Children in 1992 . He also had guest appearances on primetime series , such as playing a peeper on an episode of Fantasy Island in 1983 . John Wesley Shipp at Florida Supercon in 2010 Shipp won the title role of Barry Allen / The Flash on the CBS series The Flash , which aired in the 1990 -- 91 season . He followed this with the recurring role of Lucky on the NBC series Sisters from 1994 to 1995 . Shipp also appeared on stage in the 1990s , starring in Erik Jendresen 's The Killing of Michael Malloy in 1993 . In 1998 , he was cast as Mitch Leery , the father of the lead character Dawson , on The WB drama series Dawson 's Creek ; Shipp remained part of the series ' main cast through its first four seasons , exiting in 2001 . In November 2010 , Shipp returned to daytime in the short - term role of villainous Eddie Ford on One Life to Live , who was killed off in a murder mystery in mid-December . In the summer of 2011 , he guest - starred on the Lifetime series Drop Dead Diva , playing the ex-husband of the character played by comedian Kathy Griffin . Shipp filmed three episodes of the MTV series Teen Wolf which aired during the summer of 2012 . Also in 2012 , he starred in the independent film Hell and Mr. Fudge , with Mackenzie Astin and Eileen Davidson . Shipp returned to involvement with The Flash in the 2010s . He was cast in a `` mysterious '' role on The CW series The Flash in early 2014 , which was later revealed to be the recurring role of Henry Allen , the father of titular character . In the second - season finale of The Flash , Shipp played Jay Garrick , an alternate universe counterpart of The Flash . He also provided the voice to the villain Professor Eobard `` Zoom '' Thawne , the Reverse - Flash , in a 2010 episode of the animated series Batman : The Brave and the Bold . In 2015 , Shipp also began lending his voice to the unique role of Sheriff Burns on the Western Audio Drama `` Powder Burns '' . The drama ran as a podcast from 2015 - 2018 , was written and produced by David A. Gregory , and received numerous nominations and awards : notably from the Voice Arts Awards and the Audio Verse Awards . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The NeverEnding Story II : The Next Chapter Barney Bux 1994 Soft Deceit John Hobart 2002 Second to Die Jim Bratchett 2005 Starcrossed Lane Short film 2008 Karma Police Barrington Freeman 2009 Port City George 2009 Grotesque Father Fahey Short film Separation Anxiety Sr. Palmer 2012 Hell and Mr. Fudge Bennie Lee Fudge 2014 Sensory Perception Lt. Thawne 2014 Golden Shoes President of the United States 2016 The Sector Stillwell Completed 2016 Night Sweats Nick Frankenthaler Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1980 The Dirtiest Show in Town Television film 1980 -- 1984 Guiding Light Kelly Nelson Fantasy Island Todd Skylar 1984 Summer Fantasy Callahan Television film 1985 -- 1986 As the World Turns Doug Cummings 1986 Santa Barbara Martin Ellis One Life to Live Blanchard Lovelace 1990 -- 1991 The Flash Barry Allen / The Flash Lead role ; also portrayed evil Flash clone Pollux in episode `` Twin Streaks '' 1991 Baby of the Bride Dennis Television film 1991 Danger Team Spec Television film ; Voice role 1992 All My Children Carter Jones 1992 Human Target Garner St. John 1994 NYPD Blue Officer Roy Larson 1994 Golden Gate Kenny Scanlon Television film 1994 Green Dolphin Beat Terry Lattner Television film 1994 -- 1995 Sisters Lucky Williams Recurring role 1995 JAG Gunnery Sergeant Granger Deadly Web Dr. Stanton Television film Strangers Jack 1997 Lost Treasure of Dos Santos Jack Television film 1997 Soldier of Fortune , Inc . Griffin 1998 -- 2001 Dawson 's Creek Mitch Leery Main role ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) ; recurring role ( season 5 ) 1999 Road Rage Jim Carson Television film The Outer Limits Coach Peter Shotwell JAG Colonel Marcus Sutter 2005 Palmetto Pointe Michael Jones 2006 CSI : NY Patrick Quinn 2007 Christie 's Revenge Uncle Ray Colton Television film 2007 The Closer Chris Conroy Batman : The Brave and the Bold Professor Zoom Voice role 2010 , 2012 One Life to Live Eddie Ford 2011 Drop Dead Diva Doug Bailey 2012 -- 2013 Teen Wolf Mr. Lahey 2014 -- present The Flash Dr. Henry Allen / Jay Garrick Recurring role 2017 Blindspot Dr. Katz Episode : `` Draw O Caesar , Erase a Coward '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) At the 14th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards in 1987 , Shipp won the Outstanding Guest Performer Award ( in a category that included Celeste Holm , Eileen Heckart and Terrance Mann ) becoming the only actor with consecutive wins from two different daytime dramas . Year Award Nominated work Result Refs 1986 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series As the World Turns Won Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Special Guest Performer in a Drama Series Santa Barbara Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` John Wesley Shipp '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Wesley Shipp '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Lynda ( August 7 , 1999 ) . `` Dawson 's Creek Dad A Veteran of Daytime '' . Sun - Sentinel . Fort Lauderdale , Florida . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Walters ( April 29 -- 30 , 2006 ) . `` John Wesley Shipp Interview '' . Bigfanboy.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As a matter of fact '' . The Courier - Journal . January 31 , 1982 . p. 50 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . John Wesley Shipp , who created the role of Kelly Nelson in February 1980 , is a graduate of Butler High School in Louisville and Indiana University . Jump up ^ GL 's `` Kelly Nelson '' character profile at Soapcentral.com Jump up ^ `` ' Guiding Light ' alumni '' . Variety . January 24 , 2007 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ATWT 's `` Douglas Cummings '' character profile at Soapcentral.com Jump up ^ Buck , Jerry ( December 21 , 1990 ) . `` Actor Seeks Substance Under Hero 's Surface '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( March 29 , 1991 ) . `` Why you should be watching `` The Flash '' `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Comic to TV Adaptations '' . IGN . June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Everett , Todd ( April 24 , 1995 ) . `` Review : ' Sisters a Fighting Chance ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meeks , Christopher ( October 14 , 1993 ) . `` Review : ' The Killing of Michael Malloy ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( January 23 , 1998 ) . `` Dawson 's Creek '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( September 13 , 2001 ) . `` New face in familiar places '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J ( October 31 , 2010 ) . `` John Wesley Shipp docks in Llanview '' . SoapCentral.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 17 , 2011 ) . `` Players '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Original ' Flash ' Star Joins CW Reboot ; Todd Grinnell & Bret Ernst Cast In ' Mason Twins ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Whitney ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Original TV Flash to Guest on CW 's ' Flash ' Reboot '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` The Flash : John Wesley Shipp 's Role Finally Revealed '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Original ' The Flash ' Star John Wesley Shipp Suits Up for `` Elseworlds '' `` . Comicbook.com . October 22 , 2018 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Flash reveals man in the iron mask ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://comicbook.com/dc/2017/09/02/the-flash-john-wesley-shipp-legends-crossover-victor-garber/ Jump up ^ http://www.powderburnswest.com/ Jump up ^ Scott , Tony ( June 27 , 1994 ) . `` Review : ' Fox Night at the Movies Green Dolphin Beat ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , Tony ( April 15 , 1996 ) . `` Review : ' Nbc Monday Night at the Movies Deadly Web ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Speier , Michael ( October 1 , 1999 ) . `` Review : ' Road Rage ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Young and Restless ' Wins 3 Daytime Emmy Awards '' . Toledo Blade . Block Communications . Associated Press . July 18 , 1986 . p. 19 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . In other drama awards , John Wesley Shipp , who plays Douglas Cummings in CBS ' `` As the World Turns , '' won for best supporting actor ... Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` ON THE RECORD : David Michaels Talks New Daytime Emmy Categories , Overall Changes and That Red Carpet Situation ! '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Actor John Wesley Shipp was the first and last actor to receive the Outstanding Guest Performer in a Daytime Drama Series Emmy Award all the way back in 1987 for his portrayal of Martin Ellis on `` Santa Barbara '' during the 1986 eligibility year . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Wesley Shipp . John Wesley Shipp on IMDb Awards for John Wesley Shipp Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Hansen ( 1979 ) Warren Burton ( 1980 ) Larry Haines ( 1981 ) David Lewis ( 1982 ) Darnell Williams ( 1983 ) Justin Deas ( 1984 ) Larry Gates ( 1985 ) John Wesley Shipp ( 1986 ) Gregg Marx ( 1987 ) Justin Deas ( 1988 ) Justin Deas ( 1989 ) Henry Darrow ( 1990 ) Bernard Barrow ( 1991 ) Thom Christopher ( 1992 ) Gerald Anthony ( 1993 ) Justin Deas ( 1994 ) Jerry verDorn ( 1995 ) Jerry verDorn ( 1996 ) Ian Buchanan ( 1997 ) Steve Burton ( 1998 ) Stuart Damon ( 1999 ) Shemar Moore ( 2000 ) Michael E. Knight ( 2001 ) Josh Duhamel ( 2002 ) Benjamin Hendrickson ( 2003 ) Rick Hearst ( 2004 ) Greg Rikaart ( 2005 ) Jordan Clarke ( 2006 ) Rick Hearst ( 2007 ) Kristoff St. John ( 2008 ) Jeff Branson / Vincent Irizarry ( 2009 ) Billy Miller ( 2010 ) Jonathan Jackson ( 2011 ) Jonathan Jackson ( 2012 ) Scott Clifton / Billy Miller ( 2013 ) Eric Martsolf ( 2014 ) Chad Duell ( 2015 ) Sean Blakemore ( 2016 ) Steve Burton ( 2017 ) Greg Vaughan ( 2018 ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Guest Performer in a Drama Series Hugh McPhillips ( 1980 ) John Wesley Shipp ( 1987 ) Donna Mills / Fred Willard / Ray Wise ( 2015 ) Obba Babatundé ( 2016 ) Jim O'Heir ( 2017 ) Vernee Watson ( 2018 ) WorldCat Identities BNF : cb14226980w ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 1936 2659 LCCN : no00000310 VIAF : 74063851 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wesley_Shipp&oldid=865782055 '' Categories : 1956 births Living people American male film actors American male soap opera actors American male television actors Actors from Norfolk , Virginia Male actors from Virginia Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series winners Butler High School alumni Indiana University Bloomington alumni Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi Türkçe 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 03 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played barry allens dad in justice league | [
"John Wesley Shipp (born January 22, 1955[1][2]) is an American actor known for his various television roles. He played the lead Barry Allen on CBS's superhero series The Flash from 1990 to 1991, and Mitch Leery, the title character's father, on the drama series Dawson's Creek from 1998 to 2001. Shipp has also played several roles in daytime soap operas including Kelly Nelson on Guiding Light from 1980 to 1984, and Douglas Cummings on As the World Turns from 1985 to 1986 (which earned him his first Daytime Emmy Award).[3] He portrays both Barry Allen's father, Henry Allen, and Jay Garrick/Flash on the current The Flash series on The CW network.\n"
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"John Wesley Shipp"
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-2308430286236952557 | List of equipment of the Indian Army | List of equipment of the Indian Army - Wikipedia List of equipment of the Indian Army This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Indian Army Headquarters New Delhi History and traditions Indian military history British Indian Army Indian National Army Equipment Equipment of the Indian Army Installations Regiments Exercises Exercises Personnel Chief of Army Staff Ranks and insignia Para Special Forces This box : view talk edit This is a list of some of the modern and historical equipment used by the Indian Army . Most of the army equipment is of foreign design and produced under licence in India but efforts are on to progressively design and manufacture equipment locally . The 41 Indian Ordnance Factories under control of Ordnance Factories Board manufacture most of the Army equipment like small arms , ammunition , combat vehicles , artillery , tanks etc . Contents 1 Infantry weapons 1.1 Explosives , Rockets , and Mortars 2 Vehicles 2.1 Utility and miscellaneous 2.2 Engineering and support 2.3 Mine protected , Mine clearing and Mine laying 2.4 Armoured combat vehicles 3 Artillery 4 Missile systems 4.1 Anti-tank 4.2 Ballistic and Cruise 4.3 Air Defence 5 Aircraft 5.1 Helicopters 5.2 UAVs 6 Radar 7 Future procurements 7.1 Vehicles 7.2 Artillery and missile systems 7.3 Infantry equipment 7.4 Aviation 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References Infantry weapons ( edit ) Small Arms Name Weapon Type Caliber Origin Notes Pistol Auto 9mm 1A Semi-automatic pistol 9 × 19mm Parabellum Canada India Status : Inducted . Standard side - arm of the Indian Army , manufactured under license . SIG Sauer P226 Semi-automatic pistol 9 × 19mm Parabellum Germany Status : Inducted . Used by NSG . Glock 17 Semi-automatic pistol 9 × 19mm Parabellum Austria Status : Inducted . Standard Special Forces pistol . Franchi SPAS - 15 Combat Shotgun 18.5 x 76 mm NATO Italy Status : Inducted . Used by special forces , which includes NSG . SAF Carbine 2A1 Sub-machine gun 9 × 19mm Parabellum India United Kingdom Status : Inducted / will be Replaced . Silenced version of SAF Carbine 1A . To be replaced by the MSMC . Micro-Uzi Sub-machine gun 9 × 19mm Parabellum Israel Status : Inducted . For use by Special Forces . Micro-Uzi variant used . Heckler & Koch MP5 Submachine gun 9 × 19mm Parabellum Germany Status : Inducted . Used by Indian Army Special Forces Brügger & Thomet MP9 Machine Pistol 9 × 19mm Parabellum Switzerland Status : Inducted . Used by Ghatak special forces IMI Tavor TAR - 21 Assault rifle 5.56 × 45mm NATO Israel Status : Inducted . Standard Special Forces assault rifle . AKM Assault rifle 7.62 × 39mm Soviet Union Status : Inducted . Used by the army including PARA SF , Garud , Ghatak , BSF and NSG . AK - 103 Assault rifle 7.62 × 39mm Russia Status : Inducted . Used by the Indian Police , Army , Paramilitary including special forces MARCOS , Garud , Ghatak , and NSG . M4A1 Carbine Assault rifle 5.56 × 45mm United States Status : Inducted . Used by special forces , including PARA SF and Ghatak SF and MARCOS . Steyr SSG 69 Sniper rifle 7.62 × 51mm NATO Austria Status : Inducted . Standard bolt - action sniper rifle . Mauser SP66 Sniper rifle 7.62 × 51mm NATO Germany Status : Inducted . Standard bolt - action sniper rifle . SIG Sauer SSG 3000 Sniper rifle 7.62 × 51mm NATO Germany Status : Inducted . Standard bolt - action sniper rifle . Heckler & Koch PSG1 Sniper rifle 7.62 × 51mm NATO Germany Status : Inducted . Standard semi-automatic sniper rifle used by Indian Army , NSG , MARCOS . IMI Galil 7.62 Sniper Sniper Rifle 7.62 × 51mm NATO Israel Status : Inducted . For use by Indian Army Special Forces snipers . Denel NTW - 20 Anti-material rifle 14.5 × 114mm , 20 × 82mm and 20 × 110mm Hispano - Suiza South Africa Status : Inducted . Bought in small numbers . IMI Negev Light machine gun 5.56 × 45mm NATO Israel Status : Inducted . Standard Squad Automatic Weapon ( SAW ) of special forces , especially Para ( SF ) . MG 2A1 MG 5A MG 6A General purpose machine gun 7.62 × 51mm NATO Belgium India Status : Inducted . Standard section - Medium Machine Gun for infantry battalions , Indian - made MAG 58 version . Also in service as the MG 5A ( Co-axial ) and MG 6A ( Commander 's gun ) with some armoured vehicles . M2 Browning Heavy machine gun . 50 BMG United States Status : Inducted . M2HB variant in service , used in small numbers . Dragunov SVD Sniper rifle 7.62 × 54mmR Soviet Union India Status : Inducted . Standard Designated Marksman rifle ( DMR ) . To be replaced by a 7.62 mm NATO DMR under the Army modernisation plan . PKM General purpose machine gun 7.62 × 54mmR Soviet Union Status : Inducted . PK machine guns used as co-axial weapons in Russian produced T - 90S Bhishma , T - 72M Ajeya and BMP - 2S Sarath and used as general purpose machine gun . Also used by Special Forces as section LMG . NSV Heavy machine gun 12.7 × 108mm Soviet Union Status : Inducted Used as secondary weapon on T - 72 and T - 90 tanks . KPV Heavy machine gun 14.5 × 114 mm Soviet Union Status : Inducted . Manufactured at Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli , used in small numbers . Indigenous Weapons Vidhwansak Anti-materiel rifle 12.7 × 108mm , 20x82mm India Status : Inducted . Multi Caliber Individual Weapon System Assault Rifle 5.56 × 45mm NATO 7.62 × 39mm 6.8 × 43mm SPC India Status : Currently undergoing trials . Multicaliber rifle to become the next standard assault rifle of the Indian Army . Excalibur Assault Rifle 5.56 × 45mm NATO India Status : Under Development / Testing . Some sources say that it will replace INSAS Rifle as a stopgap . 1B1 INSAS Assault rifle 5.56 × 45mm NATO India Status : Inducted . Standard assault rifle of the Indian Army . INSAS LMG Light machine gun 5.56 × 45mm NATO India Status : Inducted . Standard Squad Automatic Weapon ( SAW ) of the Indian Army . Light machine gun derivative of the INSAS assault rifle . Explosives , rockets , and mortars ( edit ) Name Type Quantity Origin Notes Grenade 36mm Hand Grenade India Fragmentation grenade which can be hand - thrown or rifle - launched from 1A SLR . Multi Mode Grenade Shivalik Hand grenade 1.8 million India Status : Inducted. Standard grenade of the Indian Army . This modular grenade is available in Hand mode offensive , hand mode defensive and rifle mode . Types can be interchanged by changing outer sleeve . GP - 25 Grenade launcher ( 40mm ) Soviet Union Attached to AKM and AK - 103 assault rifles . Multi Grenade Launcher 40mm Grenade launcher ( 40mm ) India Status : Inducted. Semiautomatic six shot 40mm x 46mm low velocity grenade launcher . Manufactured at Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli. * ( 1 ) AGS - 17 Plamya Automatic grenade launcher ( 30mm ) Soviet Union Status : Inducted . Standard automatic grenade launcher , used as fire support weapon in infantry formations . AGS - 30 Automatic grenade launcher ( 30mm ) Russia Replacing the AGS - 17 and being manufactured at Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli . RCL Mk II Recoilless rifle ( 84mm ) India Sweden Carl Gustav Recoilless Rifle produced by OFB . RCL Mk III Recoilless rifle ( 84mm ) India Sweden Lighter , updated version of the RCL Mk II . 106mm M - 40A1 Recoilless rifle 13000 + United States B - 300 Shipon Rocket Launcher Israel For use by Special Forces . Specially Marcos and Para ( SF ) . RPO - A Shmel Rocket Launcher Russia C90 - CR ( M3 ) Rocket Launcher Spain In use with the infantry units . C - 90 - CR - RB ( M3 ) variant only . OFB E1 51mm Mortar India Used by assault sections of infantry formations . OFB E1 81mm L16 81mm mortar Mortar 5000 + India United Kingdom Canada Used by mortar platoons of infantry formations . OFB E1 120mm Mortar India Used by artillery corps . AGS - 17 RCL MK III L16 81mm mortar Shipon Vehicles ( edit ) Utility and miscellaneous ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Name Image Type Quantity Origin Notes Tata Safari Storme 4x4 Light Utility Vehicle India 3192 units ordered in April 2017 . GS800 category . To replace Maruti Gypsy . Maruti Gypsy Light Utility Vehicle 31,000 India Additional 4,100 ordered in September 2014 . To be replaced by Tata Safari Storme . Mahindra 550 DXB Light Utility Vehicle India Force Gurkha 4x4 Light Strike Vehicle India Ordered in May 2018 Windy 505 Fast attack vehicle 700 India In service from 2005 . Tata LPTA 713 TC Medium 4X4 truck India 2.5 Ton truck . Manufactured by Vehicle Factory Jabalpur . Ashok Leyland Stallion Mk III / Mk IV Medium 4x4 6x6 Truck 60,000 India 5 Ton trucks , in a wide range of configurations manufactured by Vehicle Factory Jabalpur . Tata LPTA 2038 HMV 6x6 High Mobility Truck India 1858 units on order . To augment and replace older BEML Tatra 6x6 fleet . BEML Tatra Heavy 4x4 trucks 6x6 trucks 8x8 trucks 10x10 trucks 12x12 trucks 7000 India Czechoslovakia License produced Tatra Force heavy truck . Various models . Used for carrying sensitive equipment like Radars as well as vehicle for Pinaka and Smerch MBRL systems . Ashok Leyland Super Stallion 6x6 , 8x8 , 10x10 Truck India 10 , 12 and 15 Ton trucks . Ashok Leyland Super Stallion FAT Artillery Tractor 6x6 450 India Ashok Leyland Topchi Medium 4x4 truck India 3 Ton truck . Gun Towing vehicle KrAZ - 6322 Heavy Utility Truck Ukraine Isuzu F - Series Medium 4x4 truck Japan 7 Ton truck Ashok Leyland Crash Fire Tender Fire Tender India Tata LPTA 1615 TC Artillery Tractor Truck India Tata Prima 4038S / 4938S Tractor truck India Tatra 8x8 Mobile Decontamination Vehicle Mobile Decontamination Vehicle India Tata LPTA 1621 Medium 4x4 truck India 5 Ton truck Swaraj Mazda T3500 Medium 4X4 Truck 200 + India In service from 1996 . 2.5 Ton truck Mitsubishi Pajero Light Utility Vehicle Japan Unknown numbers . Deployed at the Indo - Chinese Border Sisu Nasu All - terrain transport vehicle Finland Engineering and support ( edit ) Name Image Type Quantity Origin Notes Kartik ABL Armoured vehicle - launched bridge 34 India Status : Inducted. Based on a Vijayanta chassis and manufactured by Heavy Vehicles Factory . Bridge Laying MT - 55 Armoured vehicle - launched bridge Soviet Union Based on T - 55 Tank T - 72 BLT Armoured vehicle - launched bridge 12 India Developed by CVRDE and manufactured by Heavy Vehicles Factory . Sarvatra truck - mounted , multi-span , mobile bridging system India 8x8 truck - mounted bridging system CEASE Main battle tank 6 India The Canal Embankment Assault Equipment AERV Military Engineering Vehicle India BMP - 2 based engineering and reconnaissance vehicle ( Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle ) being manufactured at Ordnance Factory Medak . BMP - 2 Armoured Amphibious Bulldozer India BMP - 2 with turret removed and bulldozer blade and other engineering equipment added and being manufactured at Ordnance Factory Medak . FV180 Combat Engineer Tractor Armoured combat engineering vehicle 39 United Kingdom VFJ Light Recovery Vehicle Light Recovery Vehicle ( 4x4 ) India Manufactured at Vehicle Factory Jabalpur . Yuktirath Light Recovery Vehicle Armoured Light Recovery Vehicle ( 4x4 ) India Manufactured at Ordnance Factory Medak . Mat Ground Surfacing CL - 70 All Terrain vehicle India Mounted on Tatra vehicle with automated laying and recovery has been developed for providing mobility in sandy and marshy terrain . Armoured Vehicle Tracked Light Repair Armoured recovery vehicle India Based on BMP - 2 for Light Repair being manufactured at Ordnance Factory Medak . WZT - 2 Armoured recovery vehicle 196 Poland WZT - 3M Armoured recovery vehicle 352 Poland 204 on order . Assembled locally from kits and components produced in India . VT - 72B ARV Armoured recovery vehicle 200 + Slovakia Poland India Armoured recovery vehicle replacing the Vijayanta ARV Mine protected , mine clearing and mine laying ( edit ) Name Image Type Quantity Origin Notes Casspir Armoured personnel carrier 255 South Africa Status : Inducted . Tarmour AFV Armoured personnel carrier 900 * India Status : Inducted. Based on Indian T - 55 Tank . * potential quantity based on existing T - 55 stock . Hydrema Mine clearing Vehicle 24 Denmark India Status : Inducted. Manufactured locally by OFB India T - 72 FWMP Mine plow India Status : Inducted . Aditya Mine protected Vehicle 1300 + India Status : Inducted. OFB India . 1400 to be produced . 20 / month manufactured at Ordnance Factory Medak AND Vehicle Factory Jabalpur . DRDO Daksh Bomb disposal robot 190 + India Status : Inducted. The Army has placed orders for 200 Dakshs . Newer version is also been Inducted . Armoured Combat Vehicles ( edit ) Name Image Type Quantity Origin Notes Tanks Arjun MBT Main Battle Tank 248 ( Mk1 ) / 118 ( Mk2 ) India Mk1 in use . Total of 248 Mark 2 to be built by Heavy Vehicles Factory . 118 Arjun MK - II ( 60Mt / 1400 hp ) ordered after clearing Army trials in February 2015 . Arjun MBT Mk. II to be fielded by 2016 . T - 90S `` Bhishma '' T - 90M Main Battle Tank 1650 Russia India In service . Initially contract for 310 `` T - 90S '' signed in 2001 . A contract , worth $800 million , was signed on 26 October 2006 , for another 330 T - 90M MBTs that were to be built with locally sourced raw materials . A third contract , worth $1.23 billion , was signed in December 2007 for 347 upgraded T - 90Ms , the bulk of which will be licence - assembled built by Heavy Vehicles Factory . The Indian Army would begin receiving its first T - 90M main battle tank ( MBT ) in completely knocked - down condition from Russia 's Nizhny Tagil - based Uralvagonzavod JSC by the end of 2009 . In all , India plans to have 310 T - 90S and 1,330 T - 90M tanks in service by 2020 ( total of 1,657 tanks with upgradation of night visions by 2020 ) . Manufactured locally in India . Rs10 , 000 - crore purchase of 354 new T - 90MS tanks for six tank regiments for the China border has been approved . This takes total no. of T - 90 tanks to 2011 . In an effort to improve night - fighting capacity , 1400 night vision devices for drivers are to be procured . They are based on uncooled thermal imaging technology developed by DRDO . T - 72 Ajeya Combat Improved Ajeya Main Battle Tank 2410 Soviet Union Poland India In service . 968 T72M1 have been upgraded by Heavy Vehicles Factory , while requests for proposal for upgrading approximately 1,000 other T - 72 's have been sent to various firms in Israel , Russia , Poland and France. . Ajeya - M2 Standard equivalent to the Polish PT - 91 Twardy . Manufactured locally in India . Will be replaced by Future Ready Combat Vehicle . Infantry fighting vehicles BMP - 2 `` Sarath '' Infantry fighting vehicle 2691 Soviet Union India In service . Being modernised with TISAS ( thermal imaging stand alone sights ) , better fire control , and more modern ATGM armament ( Konkurs M ) . BMP - 1 has been phased out and the upgraded BMP - 2 is BMP - 2M with two thermobaric missiles and two tandem warhead Konkurs missiles . It also has an integrated TI sight , an LRF , and has an AGL mounted on the turret which is also stabilised in the horizontal plane . 100 added each year . To enhance the rate to 125 a year . Currently ~ 2500 are in active service . Manufactured locally in India by Ordnance Factory Medak . All BMP - 2 / 2K vehicles are to be upgraded to BMP - 2M standard . Abhay IFV Infantry fighting vehicle India Status : Unknown . Armoured Personnel Carriers BTR - 50 Armoured Personnel Carrier 100 + Soviet Union Status : Total 200 Inducted . TATA Kestrel Armoured personnel carrier India Under development . Expected to be ready by 2017 - 18 ) . Trials to be held in summer 2016 . Tank destroyers NAMICA Tank Destroyer 0 India Ordered . BMP - 2 based Nag missile carrier . Advanced version on order after successful trial in July 2012 . 13 units ordered with option for further orders of 200 . Production started jointly by Ordnance Factory Medak and L&T . 9P148 Tank destroyer Soviet Union Used as a Tank destroyer . Reconnaissance vehicles CMT Mortar Carrier 198 + 21 ordered India In service . BMP - 2 based mortar carrier . Developed by CVRDE and manufactured by Ordnance Factory Medak . OT - 62 TOPAS OT - 64 SKOT Armoured personnel carrier Czechoslovakia Poland TOPAS - 2A converted into a Technical support vehicle DRDO Armoured Ambulance Armoured Ambulance 162 inducted. 288 ordered India In service BMP - 2 based armoured ambulance developed by VRDE and produced by Ordnance Factory Medak . NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle CRBN Reconnaissance vehicle 16 India In service . BMP - 2 based CRBN developed by VRDE and produced by Ordnance Factory Medak. Vehicle Mahindra Rakshak Armoured vehicle India Bulletproof vehicle with composite armour which offers protection against 7.62 mm bullets . PRP - 3 Battlefield surveillance system Soviet Union 1RL126 `` Small Fred '' Battlefield Surveillance Radar based on BMP - 1 . NATO designation was BMP M1975 TATA LAMV Light Armoured Multipurpose Vehicle India Undergoing trials as of 2015 ( Completed By 2016 ) . Artillery ( edit ) Notes Image Type Quantity Origin Notes Dhanush Howitzer Howitzer 6 India Status : Undergoing user trials. 6 artillery pieces delivered to the Army for user trials as of July 2016 with 114 guns in total on order . Indian army plans to induct 18 Guns in 2017 , 36 Guns in 2018 and 60 Guns in 2019 . M777 howitzer Howitzer 2 ( Inducted ) 143 ( To be inducted ) United States Status : Inducting. 145 Ordered through FMS as of June 2016 . Haubits FH77 / B Howitzer 200 Sweden Status : Inducted / Replacing. 155 mm gun made by Bofors . 410 acquired from 1986 -- 1991 . To be replaced in near future by Dhanush Howitzer . M - 46 Howitzer 900 Soviet Union Israel Status : Inducted . M - 46 130 mm howitzer guns upgraded to 155 mm standard by Soltam . D - 30 Howitzer 550 Soviet Union Status : Inducted / Replacing. Being replaced by the M - 46 . 180 mm gun S - 23 Heavy Gun 100 Soviet Union Indian Field Gun MK 1 / 2 / 3 Field gun 1700 India Being upgraded with digital FCS and INS , to extend the range up to 30 km with bleed base ; Light Field Gun Field gun 700 + India Status : Inducted . 105mm gun . ongoing upgrade . FV433 Abbot SPG Self - propelled artillery ~ 80 United Kingdom Status : Inducted / Replacing . 105 mm howitzer . Being replaced by the K9 VAJRA - T . 2S1 Gvozdika Self - propelled artillery 110 Soviet Union Status : Inducted / Replacing . 122 mm howitzer . Being replaced by the K9 VAJRA - T . K9 Thunder Self - propelled artillery 10 South Korea Status : Ordered. 155 mm howitzer , 100 units ordered with an option for additional 50 , variant of K9 Thunder . Will be manufactured by Larsen & Toubro . Smerch 9K58 MBRL Multiple rocket launcher 62 Russia Status : Inducted. 300 mm multiple rocket launch system.In future it will be replaced by Pinaka mk3 . Pinaka MBRL Multiple rocket launcher 54 units India Mk1 Status : Inducted ( 30 km Range ) . Mk2 Status : Testing / Induction Phase ( Completed by 2016 ) ( 65 km Range ) . Mk3 Status : Under Development ( 120 km Range ) . 214 mm multiple rocket launch system . Replacing the 122 mm BM - 21 . Being produced at a heavy rate of 5000 missiles per year . BM - 21 Multiple rocket launcher 150 + units Soviet Union Status : Inducted / Replacing . Modernized rockets with range of 40 km was purchased from Russia . To be replaced by Pinaka . Missile systems ( edit ) Anti-tank ( edit ) Name Image Type Quantity Origin Notes Amogha - 1 Anti-tank guided missile India Status : Under Development / Testing . Range 2.5 - 2.8 km . Nag Man - Portable Missile Anti-tank guided missile India Status : Under Development ( Developed By 2018 ) . It will be completed in two years . And will replace majority of Anti-tank missile in Indian Army . Spike ( missile ) Anti-tank guided missile 5,500 ( on order ) Israel Status : Inducting . Man portable and Selected over the U.S. FGM - 148 Javelin. , ordered along with 275 launchers Nag missile Anti-tank guided missile 40 + ( 400 on order ) India Status : Inducted . For Namica Tank Destroyer ( IFV ) . MILAN Anti-tank guided missile 30000 + France India Status : Inducted . Standard ATGM of infantry units , manufactured locally under license in India . MILAN 2T Anti-tank guided missile 4100 France Status : Inducted . Man portable and purchased from France 9M133 Kornet ( AT - 14 Spriggan ) Anti-tank guided missile 3000 Russia Status : Inducted . Man portable and purchased with 250 Launchers 9M113 Konkurs ( AT - 5 Spandrel ) Anti-tank guided missile 15,140 Russia India Status : Inducted . For BMP - 2 ( IFV ) , manufactured locally in India . Total cost of the acquisition being ₹ 13.77 billion . 9K114 Shturm ( AT - 6 Spiral ) Anti-tank guided missile 800 Russia Status : Inducted . 9M120 Ataka - V ( AT - 9 Spiral - 2 ) Anti-tank guided missile Soviet Union Status : Inducted . 9M119 Svir ( AT - 11 Sniper ) Anti-tank guided missile Russia Status : Inducted . For use with the T - 90S . 3UBK - Invar Anti-tank guided missile 25000 Russia India Status : Inducted . Bharat Dynamics ( BDL ) signed a contract with MOD for Invar anti-tank guided missiles on 19 - Aug - 2013 . It is reported that 10000 will be procured from Russia while BDL will manufacture 15000 . Helina Air launched Anti-tank missile India Status : In development . It has been tested on July 12 , 2015.It is to be used , in near future , for HAL LCH and HAL Rudra . Ballistic and cruise ( edit ) Name Type Numbers Origin Range Brahmos Cruise missile 60 - 90 TELs India Russia Status : Inducted. 300 km range , will be updated to 600 km range in future . Nirbhay Cruise missile India Status : Under Development / Testing ( Ready By 2019 - 20 ) . 3 Test was held in 2016 . First test was held in April / May 2016 . Nirbhay with BrahMos seeker was planned to be launched in December . 1,000 -- 1500 km range . Prahaar Tactical ballistic missile India Status : Inducted . 150 km range . Prithvi - I Short - range ballistic missile India Status : Being Phase Out. 150 km range . Prithvi - II Short - range ballistic missile India Status : Inducted. 250 -- 350 km range . Prithvi - III Short - range ballistic missile India Status : Inducted. 350 -- 600 km range . Shaurya Medium - range ballistic missile India Status : Inducted. 700 -- 1900 km range . Agni - I Medium - range ballistic missile India Status : Inducted. 700 -- 1250 km range . Agni - II Intermediate - range ballistic missile India Status : Inducted. 2000 -- 3500 km range . Agni - III Intermediate - range ballistic missile India Status : Inducted. 3500 -- 5000 km range . Agni - IV Intermediate - range ballistic missile India Status : Inducted. 4000 -- 6000 km range . Agni - V Intercontinental ballistic missile India Status : Inducted in 2014. ( Tested in April 2012 and September 2013 . All successful launches ) Agni - VI Intercontinental ballistic missile India Status : Under Development ( Ready By 2018 ) . 8,000 -- 10,000 km range . PAD Ballistic missile defence system India Status : Under Development / Induction Phase . It is under Phase 1 Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme. 250 -- 350 km range . Advanced Air Defence ( Ashwin Anti Ballistic Interceptor Missile ) or ( AAD ) Ballistic missile defence system Surface - to - air missile India Status : Testing / Induction Phase ( Ready By 2016 ) . It can be also used as Anti-aircraft missile. Last / final test to be held on April / May 2016 . 150 km range . It is under Phase 1 Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme . PDV Ballistic missile defence system India Status : Under Development ( Ready By 2018 ) . It is under Phase 2 Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme. 150 km and above Range Brahmos AAD MIssile Air Defence ( edit ) Name Image Type Quantity Origin Notes DRDO QRSAM Surface - to - air missile 0 India Status : Under Development ( Ready By 2018 - 19 ) . Quick Reaction Surface to Air Missile. 30 km range . FIM - 92 Stinger MANPADS / Air - to - Air Version 245 United States Status : Inducting . India has currently ordered 245 Stinger with launchers . Advance Air Defence Surface - to - air missile Ballistic missile defence system 0 India Status : Testing / Induction Phase ( Completed By 2016 ) . It can be also used as Anti-aircraft missile. Last / final test to be held on May / June 2016 . 150 km range . Akash Surface - to - air missile 40 TELs India Status : Inducted . Indigenous surface - to - air missile to replace SA6. 2 regiments ordered by Army , 1 delivered . Ordered for 2 additional regiments was placed in May 2017 . S - 400 Triumf Mobile surface - to - air missile system 0 Russia Status : Ordered . India 's Cabinet Committee on Security ( CCS ) approved the deal , IGA formally signed . Order includes 5 battalions , consisting of Transporter Erector Launchers ( TELs ) , missiles and fire control radar , deliveries starting 2020 . Kub ( SA - 6 Gainful ) Surface - to - air missile 180 ( as of 2012 ) Soviet Union Status : Inducted / Replacing . To be eventually replaced by Akash S - 125 Neva / Pechora Surface - to - air missile Soviet Union Status : Inducted . Being Upgraded . S - 200 Surface - to - air missile Soviet Union 9K33 Osa ( SA - 8 Gecko ) 6x6 amphibious Surface - to - air missile system 80 Russia Status : Inducted . 9K35 Strela - 10 ( SA - 13 Gopher ) Surface - to - air missile 250 ( as of 2012 ) Soviet Union 9K22 Tunguska Self - propelled anti-aircraft weapon 66 Russia 2S6M variant in service with corps of air defence . ZSU - 23 - 4M ' Shilka ' Self - propelled anti-aircraft gun 75 ( as of 2010 ) Soviet Union To be upgraded . ZSU - 23 - 2 Anti-aircraft artillery 800 Soviet Union Twin 23 mm AA gun Bofors 40 mm gun Anti-aircraft artillery 2,000 + Sweden About half are WWII vintage systems . Some L70 have Dutch Flycatcher FCS . Indian Army is planning to replace the aging Anti Aircraft gun systems SA - 18 Grouse MANPADS Russia Aircraft ( edit ) Helicopters ( edit ) See also : List of active Indian military aircraft Aircraft Photo Origin Role Version Number Comment Helicopters ( 136 ) HAL Rudra India Attack helicopter ALH - WSI 20 In service / trials . 40 more on order . Boeing AH - 64 Apache USA Attack helicopter AH - 64E Army has a requirement of 39 Apache , out of which six were cleared by Defence Acquisition Council . Deal with US Govt. is under negotiation . Kamov Ka - 226 Russia Utility helicopter Ka - 226T 200 to be built in India at HAL Helicopter Manufacturing plant being built at Tumkuru . HAL Dhruv India Utility helicopter 73 + Total of 151 on order . HAL Cheetah , Cheetal & Lancer India Utility helicopter Utility helicopter Counter-insurgency Cheetah Cheetal Lancer 23 12 In service . They are expected to be replaced by Kamov 226T Helicopters in near future and there after by indigenously being developed HAL Light Utility Helicopter . HAL Chetak & Chetan India Utility helicopter Chetak Licence - built Aérospatiale Alouette III . Being withdrawn from service and replaced by HAL Dhruv . HAL Light Combat Helicopter India Attack helicopter LCH Status : Limited Series Production 5 LCH to be procured under LSP . Total 114 on order . It has completed all initial tests . Trials of missile firing to be held in mid 2016 . HAL Light Utility Helicopter India Utility helicopter / Observation Helicopter LUH Status : Under Development / Undergoing Trials First flight held on September 6 , 2016 . Uavs ( edit ) Aircraft Photo Origin Role Version Number Comment IAI Heron Israel Unmanned aerial vehicle 50 + DRDO Nishant India Unmanned aerial vehicle 15 + Status : Retired . New variant called ' Panchi ' to replace Nishant . Panchi is in ' Advance stage of development ' as of Feb 2016 . All units of DRDO Nishant crashed . IAI Searcher Israel Unmanned aerial vehicle Searcher II Searcher I 120 + IAI Harpy Israel Unmanned combat aerial vehicle 40 DRDO Rustom 2 India Unmanned combat aerial vehicle Status : Under Development / Undergoing Trials . First flight held on November 16 , 2016 . Radar ( edit ) Name Image Type Quantity Origin Notes Rajendra Passive electronically scanned array radar India Status : Inducted . INDRA Passive electronically scanned array radar India Status : Inducted . Swathi Weapon Locating Radar Artillery Locating Radar India Status : Inducted . Rohini 3D radar India Status : Inducted . Samyukta Electronic Warfare India Status : Inducted . Bharani Low Level Light weight 2D Radar India Status : Inducted . Multi Mission Radar Multi Mission Radar India Status : Development . Short Range Battle Field Surveillance Radar Short Range Battle Field Surveillance Radar India Status : Inducted . Through wall detection Radar Through wall detection Radar India Status : Development . Prototype ready . Ground Penetration Radar Ground Penetration Radar India Status : Development . Prototype ready . Future procurements ( edit ) Vehicles ( edit ) BMP - 2 based AKASH SAM carrier production started at Ordnance Factory Medak . BMP - 2 based NBC protected recon vehicle to be manufactured at Ordnance Factory Medak . Light Specialist Vehicle -- LSV with mounting provision for MMG to be purchased by Infantry division . Indian Army has shown interest in TATA LAMV ( Light Armoured Multipurpose Vehicle ) with mounting provision of MMG , BFSR , HHTI to be purchased by Mechanized Forces . It is slated to be future ready for Battlefield Management System ( BMS ) . Future Infantry Combat Vehicle - 2600 FICV to be procured to replace old BMP - 2s . Initially , GoI asked different private and public sector companies to delevelop FICV . But , it seems that the plan to develop new vehicle is put on hold due to budgetary cuts . Instead , upgradation of old BMP - 2s with new powerful engines , transmission and new Kliver turret with 30mm gun and four Kornet - M ATGM launchers in being tried . Armoured Personnel Carrier - 100 APC to be procured for United Nations peace keeping missions . 1586 vehicles to be procured to mount ATGMs on these . 1770 Future Ready Combat Vehicle to replace the T - 72 MBT 's . The tanks would have 120 / 125mm smooth bore gun , be in medium weight class ( 50 tonnes ) with a crew of 3 / 4 personnel . Artillery and missile systems ( edit ) Under the Field Artillery Rationalization Plan , Indian Army plans to procure 3000 to 4000 155 mm towed , wheeled and tracked artillery systems . The requirement for artillery guns to be met with indigenous development and production . Production of crucial bi-modular charge system will be started soon at Nalanda ordnance factory . HEMRL , a DRDO lab has developed the technology indigenously . State - run Ordnance Factory Board ( OFB ) will deliver two types of indigenously developed 155mm howitzers to the Indian Army based on the FH77B howitzer purchased way back in 1986 . One version will be 155 / 39 calibre while the other will be 155 / 45 calibre . Trials are to be completed by June 2013 Government is also evaluating 155mm / 52 self - propelled howitzers wherein three Indian vendors , including two private sector companies , have been selected for trials of their equipment . Agni - V -- Intercontinental version of the Agni missile system . The missile was test fired for the first time on 19 April 2012 and was inducted in 2014 . Bharat Dynamics Limited has tested Second Generation Amogha anti-tank missiles with a range of 2.8 km ( Tested ). This anti-tank missile will be handed to the Indian Army after some trials . DRDO will start working on Man portable Nag anti tank missile . M777 procurement under FMS Route - 145 Nos from BAE systems . Mahindra is integration partner in India Infantry equipment ( edit ) Modern Sub Machine Carbine - to replace the Indian Sterling submachine gun . Indian Army has requirement for 300,000 modular body armour and ballistic helmets primarily for their Infantry regiments . RFI 's have been issued . 1000 Anti materiel rifles are to acquired for which global RFI 's have been issued by the MOD . Multi Caliber Individual Weapon System - A multi caliber assault rifle developed by ARDE for Indian Armed Forces . It can be fitted with either 5.56 mm or 7.62 mm or 6.8 mm gun barrel . It is developed to replace INSAS rifles.It will be handed over to army after extensive user trials . Sniper Rifles - 5000 new sniper rifles to be procured to replace old Dragunov SVDs . The new sniper rifles should have 1200m range and should be fitted with bipods and fire the 8.6 mm . 338 Lapua Magnum bullets . Aviation ( edit ) Light Utility Helicopter : The Indian army has projected a requirement for up to 197 light helicopters to replace its ageing fleet of Chetaks and Cheetahs . The Indian Army chose Eurocopter AS 550 under a US $550 million contract in summer of 2007 . Under this contract 60 helicopters were to be supplied from Eurocopter in fly - away condition and the rest were to be assembled by HAL in India . This order was later scrapped due to allegations of unfair field trials from one of the competing company , Bell Helicopters . A fresh tender process was initiated later in which Eurocopter Fennec and Kamov Ka - 226 were shortlisted for user trials . Trials were completed and Kamov Ka - 226 was declared winner and about 200 helicopters are to be made in India under the `` Make in India '' initiative , Indian Army have planned to replace obsolete Chetaks and Cheetahs with it , until the arrival of HAL LUH , as the later would be ready for its first flight only by 2017 . Light Combat Helicopter : The HAL Light Combat Helicopter is a derivative of the HAL Dhruv , which was inducted into the Indian armed forces . Using a successful and proven helicopter as the base platform is expected to conserve the project costs for the LCH , which is pegged at ₹ 3.76 billion ( US $54.7 million ) . The Dhruv 's weaponised version , HAL Rudra is also being inducted in the Indian Army . The LCH was expected to be ready for the Initial Operational Clearance ( IOC ) by December 2010 with the Final Operational Clearance ( FOC ) in 2011 . However , the revised timeframes hold that the 5.5 - tonne LCH should be ready for induction into IAF by 2012 -- 2013 . The first prototype of LCH completed its first ground run on 4 February 2010 . HAL has a firm order to deliver 65 LCH to the IAF and 114 to the Army . Gallery ( edit ) Indian Army artillery gun Indian Army Ambulance BEL Battlefield Surveillance Radar - Short Range ( BFSR - SR ) T - 90 tanks during firing in Thar Desert . A soldier tests a Beretta 92 . Indian Army T - 72 with ERA Indian Army Armoured Corps during a training exercise Vijayanta Mk 1 MBT T - 72 's belong to the Indian Army with UN markings . See also ( edit ) Currently active military equipment by country Ordnance Factories Board References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://sites.google.com/site/worldinventory/wiw_as_india Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2010. ? Jump up ^ `` The Tribune , Chandigarh , India - Main News '' . www.tribuneindia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tavor21 rifle headed into service with Indian Special Forces '' . DefenseIndustryDaily.com . Archived from the original on 1 June 2007 . Retrieved 27 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Defence , Govt of India '' . Mod.nic.in . Archived from the original on 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Richard D. Jane 's Infantry Weapons 2009 / 2010 . 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2664370259198465092 | Political spectrum | Political spectrum - wikipedia Political spectrum Jump to : navigation , search Part of the Politics series Party politics Political spectrum Left - wing Far - left Centre - left Centre Centre - left Radical center Centre - right Right - wing Centre - right Far - right Party platform Extremist Radical Moderate Reformist Syncretic Third Position Conservative Fundamentalist Reactionary Party system Non-partisan One - party Dominant - party Two - party Multi-party Coalition Hung parliament Confidence and supply Minority government Rainbow coalition Grand coalition Full coalition National unity government Majority government Lists Ruling parties by country Political parties by UN geoscheme Political ideologies Politics portal A political spectrum is a system of classifying different political positions upon one or more geometric axes that symbolize independent political dimensions . Most long - standing spectra include a right wing and left wing , which originally referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament after the Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) . According to the simplest left -- right axis , communism and socialism are usually regarded internationally as being on the left , whereas conservatism and capitalism are on the right . Liberalism can mean different things in different contexts , sometimes on the left ( social liberalism ) , sometimes within libertarianism ( classical liberalism ) . Those with an intermediate outlook are classified as centrists or moderates . Politics that rejects the conventional left -- right spectrum is known as syncretic politics . Political scientists have frequently noted that a single left -- right axis is insufficient for describing the existing variation in political beliefs and often include other axes . Though the descriptive words at polar opposites may vary , often in popular biaxial spectra the axes are split between sociocultural issues and economic issues , each scaling from some form of individualism ( or government for the freedom of the individual ) to some form of communitarianism ( or government for the welfare of the community ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical origin of the terms 2 Academic investigation 2.1 Leonard W. Ferguson 2.2 Hans Eysenck 2.2. 1 Relationship between Eysenck 's political views and political research 2.2. 2 Subsequent criticism of Eysenck 's research 2.3 Milton Rokeach 2.4 Later research 3 Other double - axis models 3.1 Nolan : economic freedom , personal freedom 3.2 Political compass 3.3 Greenberg and Jonas : left -- right , ideological rigidity 3.4 Pournelle : liberty -- control , irrationalism -- rationalism 3.5 Inglehart : traditionalist -- secular and self expressionist -- survivalist 3.6 Mitchell : Eight Ways to Run the Country 3.7 Spatial model 4 Three - axis models 5 Other proposed dimensions 6 Political - spectrum - based forecasts 7 Biological variables 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Historical origin of the terms ( edit ) The terms `` Right '' and `` Left '' refer to political affiliations originating early in the French Revolutionary era of 1789 -- 1799 and referred originally to the seating arrangements in the various legislative bodies of France . As seen from the Speaker 's seat at the front of the Assembly , the aristocracy sat on the right ( traditionally the seat of honor ) and the commoners sat on the left , hence the terms right - wing politics and left - wing politics . Originally , the defining point on the ideological spectrum was the Ancien Régime ( `` old order '' ) . `` The Right '' thus implied support for aristocratic or royal interests and the church , while `` The Left '' implied support for republicanism , secularism and civil liberties . Because the political franchise at the start of the revolution was relatively narrow , the original `` Left '' represented mainly the interests of the bourgeoisie , the rising capitalist class ( with notable exceptions such as the proto - communist Gracchus Babeuf ) . Support for laissez - faire commerce and free markets were expressed by politicians sitting on the left because these represented policies favorable to capitalists rather than to the aristocracy , but outside parliamentary politics these views are often characterized as being on the Right . The reason for this apparent contradiction lies in the fact that those `` to the left '' of the parliamentary left , outside official parliamentary structures ( such as the sans - culottes of the French Revolution ) , typically represent much of the working class , poor peasantry and the unemployed . Their political interests in the French Revolution lay with opposition to the aristocracy and so they found themselves allied with the early capitalists . However , this did not mean that their economic interests lay with the laissez - faire policies of those representing them politically . As capitalist economies developed , the aristocracy became less relevant and were mostly replaced by capitalist representatives . The size of the working class increased as capitalism expanded and began to find expression partly through trade unionist , socialist , anarchist and communist politics rather than being confined to the capitalist policies expressed by the original `` left '' . This evolution has often pulled parliamentary politicians away from laissez - faire economic policies , although this has happened to different degrees in different countries . Thus the word `` Left '' in American political parlance may refer to `` liberalism '' and be identified with the Democratic Party , whereas in a country such as France these positions would be regarded as relatively more right - wing and `` left '' is more likely to refer to `` socialist '' positions rather than `` liberal '' ones . Academic investigation ( edit ) For almost a century , social scientists have considered the problem of how best to describe political variation . Leonard W. Ferguson ( edit ) In 1950 , Leonard W. Ferguson analyzed political values using ten scales measuring attitudes toward : birth control , capital punishment , censorship , communism , evolution , law , patriotism , theism , treatment of criminals and war . Submitting the results to factor analysis , he was able to identify three factors , which he named religionism , humanitarianism and nationalism . He defined religionism as belief in God and negative attitudes toward evolution and birth control ; humanitarianism as being related to attitudes opposing war , capital punishment and harsh treatment of criminals ; and nationalism as describing variation in opinions on censorship , law , patriotism and communism . This system was derived empirically , as rather than devising a political model on purely theoretical grounds and testing it , Ferguson 's research was exploratory . As a result of this method , care must be taken in the interpretation of Ferguson 's three factors , as factor analysis will output an abstract factor whether an objectively real factor exists or not . Although replication of the nationalism factor was inconsistent , the finding of religionism and humanitarianism had a number of replications by Ferguson and others . Hans Eysenck ( edit ) Shortly afterward , Hans Eysenck began researching political attitudes in Great Britain . He believed that there was something essentially similar about the National Socialists ( Nazis ) on the one hand and the communists on the other , despite their opposite positions on the left -- right axis . As Hans Eysenck described in his 1956 book Sense and Nonsense in Psychology , Eysenck compiled a list of political statements found in newspapers and political tracts and asked subjects to rate their agreement or disagreement with each . Submitting this value questionnaire to the same process of factor analysis used by Ferguson , Eysenck drew out two factors , which he named `` Radicalism '' ( R - factor ) and `` Tender - Mindedess '' ( T - factor ) . Such analysis produces a factor whether or not it corresponds to a real - world phenomenon and so caution must be exercised in its interpretation . While Eysenck 's R - factor is easily identified as the classical `` left -- right '' dimension , the T - factor ( representing a factor drawn at right angles to the R - factor ) is less intuitive , as high - scorers favored pacifism , racial equality , religious education and restrictions on abortion , while low - scorers had attitudes more friendly to militarism , harsh punishment , easier divorce laws and companionate marriage . Despite the difference in methodology , location and theory , the results attained by Eysenck and Ferguson matched . Simply rotating Eysenck 's two factors 45 degrees renders the same factors of religionism and humanitarianism identified by Ferguson in America . Eysenck 's dimensions of R and T were found by factor analyses of values in Germany and Sweden , France and Japan . One interesting result Eysenck noted in his 1956 work was that in the United States and Great Britain , most of the political variance was subsumed by the left / right axis , while in France the T - axis was larger and in the Middle East the only dimension to be found was the T - axis : `` Among mid-Eastern Arabs it has been found that while the tough - minded / tender - minded dimension is still clearly expressed in the relationships observed between different attitudes , there is nothing that corresponds to the radical - conservative continuum '' . Relationship between Eysenck 's political views and political research ( edit ) Eysenck 's political views related to his research : Eysenck was an outspoken opponent of what he perceived as the authoritarian abuses of the left and right and accordingly he believed that with this T axis he had found the link between nazism and communism . According to Eysenck , members of both ideologies were tough - minded . Central to Eysenck 's thesis was the claim that tender - minded ideologies were democratic and friendly to human freedoms , while tough - minded ideologies were aggressive and authoritarian , a claim that is open to political criticism . In this context , Eysenck carried out studies on nazism and communist groups , claiming to find members of both groups to be more `` dominant '' and more `` aggressive '' than control groups . Eysenck left Nazi Germany to live in Britain and was not shy in attacking Stalinism , noting the anti-Semitic prejudices of the Russian government , the luxurious lifestyles of the Soviet Union leadership and the Orwellian `` doublethink '' of East Germany 's naming itself the German Democratic Republic despite being `` one of the most undemocratic regimes in the world today '' . While Eysenck was an opponent of Nazism , his relationship with fascist organizations was more complex . Eysenck himself lent theoretical support to the English National Party ( which also opposed `` Hitlerite '' Nazism ) and was interviewed in the first issue of their journal The Beacon in relation to his controversial views on relative intelligence between different races . At one point during the interview , Eysenck was asked whether or not he was of Jewish origin before the interviewer proceeded . His political allegiances were called into question by other researchers , notably Steven Rose , who alleged that his scientific research was used for political purposes . Subsequent criticism of Eysenck 's research ( edit ) Eysenck 's conception of tough - mindedness has been criticized for a number of reasons . Virtually no values were found to load only on the tough / tender dimension . The interpretation of tough - mindedness as a manifestation of `` authoritarian '' versus tender - minded `` democratic '' values was incompatible with the Frankfurt school 's single - axis model , which conceptualized authoritarianism as being a fundamental manifestation of conservatism and many researchers took issue with the idea of `` left - wing authoritarianism '' . The theory which Eysenck developed to explain individual variation in the observed dimensions , relating tough - mindedness to extroversion and psychoticism , returned ambiguous research results . Eysenck 's finding that Nazis and communists were more tough - minded than members of mainstream political movements was criticised on technical grounds by Milton Rokeach . Eysenck 's method of analysis involves the finding of an abstract dimension ( a factor ) that explains the spread of a given set of data ( in this case , scores on a political survey ) . This abstract dimension may or may not correspond to a real material phenomenon and obvious problems arise when it is applied to human psychology . The second factor in such an analysis ( such as Eysenck 's T - factor ) is the second best explanation for the spread of the data , which is by definition drawn at right angles to the first factor . While the first factor , which describes the bulk of the variation in a set of data , is more likely to represent something objectively real , subsequent factors become more and more abstract . Thus one would expect to find a factor that roughly corresponds to `` left '' and `` right '' , as this is the dominant framing for politics in our society , but the basis of Eysenck 's `` tough / tender - minded '' thesis ( the second , T - factor ) may well represent nothing beyond an abstract mathematical construct . Such a construct would be expected to appear in factor analysis whether or not it corresponded to something real , thus rendering Eysenck 's thesis unfalsifiable through factor analysis . Milton Rokeach ( edit ) Dissatisfied with Hans J. Eysenck 's work , Milton Rokeach developed his own two - axis model of political values in 1973 , basing this on the ideas of freedom and equality , which he described in his book , The Nature of Human Values . Milton Rokeach claimed that the defining difference between the left and right was that the left stressed the importance of equality more than the right . Despite his criticisms of Eysenck 's tough - tender axis , Rokeach also postulated a basic similarity between communism and nazism , claiming that these groups would not value freedom as greatly as more conventional social democratics , democratic socialists and capitalists would and he wrote that `` the two value model presented here most resembles Eysenck 's hypothesis '' . To test this model , Milton Rokeach and his colleagues used content analysis on works exemplifying nazism ( written by Adolf Hitler ) , communism ( written by Vladimir Lenin ) , capitalism ( by Barry Goldwater ) and socialism ( written by various socialist authors ) . This method has been criticized for its reliance on the experimenter 's familiarity with the content under analysis and its dependence on the researcher 's particular political outlooks . Multiple raters made frequency counts of sentences containing synonyms for a number of values identified by Rokeach -- including freedom and equality -- and Rokeach analyzed these results by comparing the relative frequency rankings of all the values for each of the four texts : Socialists ( socialism ) -- freedom ranked 1st , equality ranked 2nd Hitler ( Nazism ) -- freedom ranked 16th , equality ranked 17th Goldwater ( capitalism ) -- freedom ranked 1st , equality ranked 16th Lenin ( communism ) -- freedom ranked 17th , equality ranked 1st Later studies using samples of American ideologues and American presidential inaugural addresses attempted to apply this model . Later research ( edit ) In further research , Hans J. Eysenck refined his methodology to include more questions on economic issues . Doing this , he revealed a split in the left -- right axis between social policy and economic policy , with a previously undiscovered dimension of socialism - capitalism ( S - factor ) . While factorially distinct from Eysenck 's previous R factor , the S - factor did positively correlate with the R - factor , indicating that a basic left -- right or right -- left tendency underlies both social values and economic values , although S tapped more into items discussing economic inequality and big business , while R relates more to the treatment of criminals and to sexual issues and military issues . Most research and political theory since this time has replicated the factors shown above . Another replication came from Ronald Inglehart 's research into national opinions based on the World Values Survey , although Inglehart 's research described the values of countries rather than individuals or groups of individuals within nations . Inglehart 's two - factor solution took the form of Ferguson 's original religionism and humanitarianism dimensions ; Inglehart labelled them `` secularism -- traditionalism '' , which covered issues of tradition and religion , like patriotism , abortion , euthanasia and the importance of obeying the law and authority figures , and `` survivalism -- self expression '' , which measured issues like everyday conduct and dress , acceptance of diversity ( including foreigners ) and innovation and attitudes towards people with specific controversial lifestyles such as homosexuality and vegetarianism , as well as willingness to engage in political activism . See for Inglehart 's national chart . Other double - axis models ( edit ) Nolan : economic freedom , personal freedom ( edit ) Nolan chart Main article : Nolan chart The Nolan chart was created by libertarian David Nolan . This chart shows what he considers as `` economic freedom '' ( issues like taxation , free trade and free enterprise ) on the horizontal axis and what he considers as `` personal freedom '' ( issues like drug legalization , abortion and the draft ) on the vertical axis . This puts left - wingers in the left quadrant , libertarians in the top , right - wingers in the right and what Nolan originally named populists in the bottom . Political compass ( edit ) A chart proposed by the Political Compass Organization Main article : Political compass The political compass has two axes . One represents economic issues as right - vs - left . The other represents issues of freedom , or social issues , as authoritarian - vs - libertarian . One can determine their position on the political compass through an online quiz by the same name . Greenberg and Jonas : left -- right , ideological rigidity ( edit ) In a 2003 Psychological Bulletin paper , Jeff Greenberg and Eva Jonas posit a model comprising the standard left -- right axis and an axis representing ideological rigidity . For Greenberg and Jonas , ideological rigidity has `` much in common with the related concepts of dogmatism and authoritarianism '' and is characterized by `` believing in strong leaders and submission , preferring one 's own in - group , ethnocentrism and nationalism , aggression against dissidents , and control with the help of police and military '' . Greenberg and Jonas posit that high ideological rigidity can be motivated by `` particularly strong needs to reduce fear and uncertainty '' and is a primary shared characteristic of `` people who subscribe to any extreme government or ideology , whether it is right - wing or left - wing '' . Pournelle : liberty -- control , irrationalism -- rationalism ( edit ) A recreation of the Inglehart -- Welzel cultural map of the world based on the World Values Survey Main article : Pournelle chart This very distinct two - axis model was created by Jerry Pournelle in 1963 for his doctoral dissertation in political science . The Pournelle chart has liberty on one axis , with those on the left seeking freedom from control or protections for social deviance and those on the right emphasizing state authority or protections for norm enforcement ( farthest right being state worship , farthest left being the idea of a state as the `` ultimate evil '' ) . The other axis is rationalism , defined here as the belief in planned social progress , with those higher up believing that there are problems with society that can be rationally solved and those lower down skeptical of such approaches . Inglehart : traditionalist -- secular and self expressionist -- survivalist ( edit ) In its 4 January 2003 issue , The Economist discussed a chart , proposed by Dr. Ronald Inglehart and supported by the World Values Survey ( associated with the University of Michigan ) , to plot cultural ideology onto two dimensions . On the y - axis it covered issues of tradition and religion , like patriotism , abortion , euthanasia and the importance of obeying the law and authority figures . At the bottom of the chart is the traditionalist position on issues like these ( with loyalty to country and family and respect for life considered important ) , while at the top is the secular position . The x-axis deals with self - expression , issues like everyday conduct and dress , acceptance of diversity ( including foreigners ) and innovation , and attitudes towards people with specific controversial lifestyles such as vegetarianism , as well as willingness to engage in political activism . At the right of the chart is the open self - expressionist position , while at the left is its opposite position , which Dr. Inglehart calls survivalist . This chart not only has the power to map the values of individuals , but also to compare the values of people in different countries . Placed on this chart , European Union countries in continental Europe come out on the top right , Anglophone countries on the middle right , Latin American countries on the bottom right , African , Middle Eastern and South Asian countries on the bottom left and ex-Communist countries on the top left . Mitchell : eight ways to run the country ( edit ) Mitchell 's Eight Political Americans Mitchell 's Eight Ways In 2006 , Brian Patrick Mitchell identified four main political traditions in Anglo - American history based on their regard for kratos ( defined as the use of force ) and archē or `` archy '' ( defined as the recognition of rank ) . Mitchell grounded the distinction of archy and kratos in the West 's historical experience of church and state , crediting the collapse of the Christian consensus on church and state with the appearance of four main divergent traditions in Western political thought : Republican constitutionalism = pro archy , anti kratos Libertarian individualism = anti archy , anti kratos Democratic progressivism = anti archy , pro kratos Plutocratic nationalism = pro archy , pro kratos Mitchell charts these traditions graphically using a vertical axis as a scale of kratos / akrateia and a horizontal axis as a scale of archy / anarchy . He places democratic progressivism in the lower left , plutocratic nationalism in the lower right , republican constitutionalism in the upper right , and libertarian individualism in the upper left . The political left is therefore distinguished by its rejection of archy , while the political right is distinguished by its acceptance of archy . For Mitchell , anarchy is not the absence of government but the rejection of rank . Thus there can be both anti-government anarchists ( Mitchell 's `` libertarian individualists '' ) and pro-government anarchists ( Mitchell 's `` democratic progressives '' , who favor the use of government force against social hierarchies such as patriarchy ) . Mitchell also distinguishes between left - wing anarchists and right - wing anarchists , whom Mitchell renames `` akratists '' for their opposition to the government 's use of force . From the four main political traditions , Mitchell identifies eight distinct political perspectives diverging from a populist center . Four of these perspectives ( Progressive , Individualist , Paleoconservative , and Neoconservative ) fit squarely within the four traditions ; four others ( Paleolibertarian , Theoconservative , Communitarian , and Radical ) fit between the traditions , being defined by their singular focus on rank or force . Anthony Gregory of the Independent Institute credits Mitchell with `` the best explanation of the political spectrum '' , saying he `` makes sense of all the major mysteries '' . Spatial model ( edit ) The spatial model of voting plots voters and candidates in a multi-dimensional space where each dimension represents a single political issue ( or sub-component of an issue ) . Voters are then modeled as voting for the nearest candidates in this ideological space . The dimensions of this model can also be assigned to non-political properties of the candidates , such as perceived corruption , health , etc . Most of the other spectra in this article can then be considered projections of this multi-dimensional space onto a smaller number of dimensions . For example , a study of German voters found that at least four dimensions were required to adequately represent all political parties . See also : Issue voting and Models of issue voting Three - axis models ( edit ) Three axis model of political ideologies with both moderate and radical versions and the goals of their policies Vosem chart , a three - axis version of the Nolan chart A multi-axis political chart , contrasting between libertarian and authoritarian socialism One alternative spectrum offered by the conservative American Federalist Journal accounts for only the `` degree of government control '' without consideration for any other social or political variable and thus places `` fascism '' ( totalitarianism ) at one extreme and `` anarchism '' ( no government at all ) at the other extreme . The Vosem Chart , or Vosem Cube , is based on the Nolan Chart and adds a third axis for government , depicted three dimensionally , with eight discrete categories representing eight different political ideologies . Vosem is the Russian word for `` eight . '' Vikaas - Doolittle Political map The Vikaas - Doolittle compass orients the political spectrum within three sociocultural axes : aesthetic vs linguistic , individualist vs collectivist , and low - context ( stoic ) vs high - context ( dramatic ) . The map predicts the social behavior of an individual from their cultural orientation ; for instance , a Puritan colonist would be linguistic - individualist - stoic ; an early 20th Century Italian immigrant aesthetic - collectivist - dramatic ; and an early 21st Century Latin immigrant lingusitic - collectivist - dramatic . Other proposed dimensions ( edit ) Other proposed axes include : In 1998 , political author Virginia Postrel , in her book The Future and Its Enemies , offered another single - axis spectrum that measures views of the future , contrasting stasists , who allegedly fear the future and wish to control it , and dynamists , who want the future to unfold naturally and without attempts to plan and control . The distinction corresponds to the utopian versus dystopian spectrum used in some theoretical assessments of liberalism and the book 's title is borrowed from the work of the anti-utopian classic - liberal theorist Karl Popper . Focus of political concern : communitarianism vs. individualism . These labels are preferred to the loaded language of `` totalitarianism '' ( anti-freedom ) vs. `` libertarianism '' ( pro-freedom ) , because one can have a political focus on the community without being totalitarian and undemocratic . Council communism is a political philosophy that would be counted as communitarian on this axis , but is not totalitarian or undemocratic . Responses to conflict : according to the political philosopher Charles Blattberg , those who would respond to conflict with conversation should be considered as on the left , with negotiation as in the centre , and with force as on the right . See his essay `` Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies '' . Role of the church : clericalism vs. anti-clericalism . This axis is less significant in the United States ( where views of the role of religion tend to be subsumed into the general left -- right axis ) than in Europe ( where clericalism versus anti-clericalism is much less correlated with the left -- right spectrum ) . Urban vs. rural : This axis is significant today in the politics of Europe , Australia and Canada . The urban vs. rural axis was equally prominent in the United States ' political past , but its importance is debatable at present . In the late 18th century and early 19th century in the United States , it would have been described as the conflict between Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans . Foreign policy : interventionism ( the nation should exert power abroad to implement its policy ) vs. non-interventionism ( the nation should keep to its own affairs ) . Similarly , multilateralism ( coordination of policies with other countries ) vs. isolationism and unilateralism Relations with individual states or groups of states may also be vital to party politics . During the Cold War , parties often had to choose a position on a scale between pro-American and pro-Soviet Union , although this could at times closely match a left -- right spectrum . At other times in history relations with other powerful states has been important . In early Canadian history relations with Great Britain were a central theme , although this was not `` foreign policy '' but a debate over the proper place of Canada within the British Empire . International action : multilateralism ( states should cooperate and compromise ) versus unilateralism ( states have a strong , even unconditional , right to make their own decisions ) . Political violence : pacifism ( political views should not be imposed by violent force ) vs. militancy ( violence is a legitimate or necessary means of political expression ) . In North America , particularly in the United States , holders of these views are often referred to as `` doves '' and `` hawks '' , respectively . Foreign trade : globalization ( world economic markets should become integrated and interdependent ) vs. autarky ( the nation or polity should strive for economic independence ) . During the early history of the Commonwealth of Australia , this was the major political continuum . At that time it was called free trade vs. protectionism . Trade freedom vs. trade equity : free trade ( businesses should be able trade across borders without regulations ) vs. fair trade ( international trade should be regulated on behalf of social justice ) . Diversity : multiculturalism ( the nation should represent a diversity of cultural ideas ) vs. assimilationism or nationalism ( the nation should primarily represent , or forge , a majority culture ) . Participation : democracy ( rule of the majority ) vs. aristocracy ( rule by the enlightened , elitism ) vs. tyranny ( total degradation of Aristocracy , ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle recognized tyranny as a state in which the tyrant is ruled by utter passion , and not reason like the philosopher , resulting in the tyrant pursuing his own desires rather than the common good . ) Freedom : positive liberty ( having rights which impose an obligation on others ) vs. negative liberty ( having rights which prohibit interference by others ) . Social power : totalitarianism vs. anarchism ( control vs. no control ) Analyzes the fundamental political interaction among people , and between individuals and their environment . Often posits the existence of a moderate system as existing between the two extremes . Change : radicals ( who believe in rapid change ) and progressives ( who believe in measured , incremental change ) vs. conservatives ( who believe in preserving the status quo ) vs. reactionaries ( who believe in changing things to a previous state ) . Origin of state authority : popular sovereignty ( the state as a creation of the people , with enumerated , delegated powers ) vs. various forms of absolutism and organic state philosophy ( the state as an original and essential authority ) vs. the view held in anarcho - primitivism that `` civilization originates in conquest abroad and repression at home '' . Levels of sovereignty : unionism vs. federalism vs. separatism ; or centralism vs. regionalism . Especially important in societies where strong regional or ethnic identities are political issues . European integration ( in Europe ) : Euroscepticism vs. European federalism ; nation state vs. multinational state . Openness : closed ( culturally conservative and protectionist ) vs. open ( socially liberal and globalist ) . Popularised as a concept by Tony Blair in 2007 and increasingly dominant in 21st century European and North American politics . Political - spectrum - based forecasts ( edit ) As shown by Russian political scientist Stepan S. Sulakshin , political spectra can be used as a forecasting tool . Sulakshin offered mathematical evidence that stable development ( positive dynamics of the vast number of statistic indices ) depends on the width of the political spectrum : if it is too narrow or too wide , stagnation or political disasters will result . Sulakshin also showed that in the short run the political spectrum determines the statistic indices dynamic and not vice versa . Biological variables ( edit ) Main article : Biology and political orientation See also ( edit ) Politics portal Cleavage ( politics ) Horseshoe theory Index of politics articles Left -- right politics NationStates ( Jennifer Government ) Psephology References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Traditional Political Spectrum '' . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Roger ( 1995 ) . Fascism . Oxford University Press . pp. 8,307 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 289249 - 2 . Jump up ^ Eatwell , Roger ( 2003 ) . `` A ' Spectral - Syncretic ' Approach to Fascism '' . In Kallis , Aristotle A . The fascism reader . Routledge . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 24359 - 9 . Jump up ^ Knapp , Andrew ; Wright , Vincent ( 2006 ) . The Government and Politics of France ( 5th ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35732 - 2 . Jump up ^ SAS ( R ) 3.11 Users Guide , Multivariate Analysis : Factor Analysis Jump up ^ Ferguson , L.W. ( 1941 ) . `` The Stability of the Primary Social Attitudes : I. Religionism and Humanitarianism '' . Journal of Psychology . 12 ( 2 ) : 283 -- 8 . doi : 10.1080 / 00223980.1941. 9917075 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , C. ( 1949 ) . `` Religion and humanitarianism : a study of institutional implications '' . Psychological Monograph. 63 ( 9 ) . Jump up ^ `` politics '' . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eysenck , H.J. ( 1956 ) . Sense and nonsense in psychology . London : Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Eysenck , H.J. ( 1953 ) . `` Primary social attitudes : A comparison of attitude patterns in England , Germany , and Sweden '' . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology . 48 ( 4 ) : 563 -- 8 . doi : 10.1037 / h0054347 . Jump up ^ Dator , J.A. ( 1969 ) . `` Measuring attitudes across cultures : A factor analysis of the replies of Japanese judges to Eysenck 's inventory of conservative - progressive ideology '' . In Schubert , Glendon A. ; Danelski , David Joseph . Comparative judicial behavior : cross-cultural studies of political decision - making in the East and West . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Eysenck , H.J. ( 1981 ) . `` Left - Wing Authoritarianism : Myth or Reality ? , by Hans J. Eysenck '' Political Psychology Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Prof. Hans Eysenck '' , Beacon February 1977 Jump up ^ Stephen Rose , `` Racism '' Nature 14 September 1978 , volume 275 , page 86 Jump up ^ Billig , Micheal. ( 1979 ) `` Psychology , Racism and Fascism '' , Chapter 6 , footnote # 70 . Published by A.F. & R. Publications . Jump up ^ Stephen Rose , `` Racism Refuted '' , Nature 24 August 1978 , volume 274 , page 738 Jump up ^ Stephen Rose , `` Racism '' , Nature 14 September 1978 , volume 275 , page 86 Jump up ^ Stone , W.F. ( 1980 ) . `` The myth of left - wing authoritarianism '' . Political Psychology . 2 ( 3 / 4 ) : 3 -- 19 . doi : 10.2307 / 3790998 . JSTOR 3790998 . Jump up ^ Ray , J.J. ; Bozek , R.S. ( 1981 ) . `` Authoritarianism and Eysenck 's P - scale '' . Journal of Social Psychology . 113 ( 2 ) : 231 -- 4 . doi : 10.1080 / 00224545.1981. 9924374 . Jump up ^ Rokeach , Milton ; Hanley , Charles ( March 1956 ) . `` Eysenck 's Tender - Mindedness Dimension : A critique '' . Psychological Bulletin . 53 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 176 . doi : 10.1037 / h0045968 . PMID 13297921 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , J.S. ( 1973 ) Personality and Prediction : Principles of Personality Assessment . Addison - Wesley Jump up ^ Lykken , D.T. ( 1971 ) Multiple factor analysis and personality research . Journal of Experimental Research in Personality 5 : 161 - 170 . Jump up ^ Ray JJ ( 1973 ) Factor analysis and attitude scales . The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology 9 ( 3 ) : 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Rokeach , Milton ( 1973 ) . The nature of human values . Free Press . Jump up ^ Rous , G.L. ; Lee , D.E. ( Winter 1978 ) . `` Freedom and Equality : Two values of political orientation '' . Journal of Communication . 28 : 45 -- 51 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 2466.1978. tb01561. x . Jump up ^ Mahoney , J. ; Coogle , C.L. ; Banks , P.D. ( 1984 ) . `` Values in presidential inaugural addresses : A test of Rokeach 's two - factor theory of political ideology '' . Psychological Reports . 55 ( 3 ) : 683 -- 6 . doi : 10.2466 / pr0. 1984.55. 3.683 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Eysenck , Hans ( 1976 ) . `` The structure of social attitudes '' . Psychological Reports . 39 ( 2 ) : 463 -- 6 . doi : 10.2466 / pr0. 1976.39. 2.463 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Inglehart , Ronald ; Welzel , Christian . `` The WVS Cultural Map of the World '' . World Values Survey . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , J. ; Jonas , E. ( 2003 ) . `` Psychological Motives and Political Orientation -- The Left , the Right , and the Rigid : Comment on Jost et al. ( 2003 ) '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Bulletin . 129 ( 3 ) : 376 -- 382 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.129. 3.376 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Brian Patrick ( 2007 ) . Eight ways to run the country : a new and revealing look at left and right . Greenwood Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99358 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Anthony , `` What About the ' Real ' Left ? '' , Lewrockwell.com , July 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Otto A. ; Hinich , Melvin J. ; Ordeshook , Peter C. ( 1970 - 01 - 01 ) . `` An Expository Development of a Mathematical Model of the Electoral Process '' . The American Political Science Review . 64 ( 2 ) : 426 -- 448 . doi : 10.2307 / 1953842 . JSTOR 1953842 . Since our model is multi-dimensional , we can incorporate all criteria which we normally associate with a citizen 's voting decision process -- issues , style , partisan identification , and the like . Jump up ^ Stoetzer , Lukas F. ; Zittlau , Steffen ( 2015 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Multidimensional Spatial Voting with Non-separable Preferences '' . Political Analysis . 23 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 428 . doi : 10.1093 / pan / mpv013 . ISSN 1047 - 1987 . The spatial model of voting is the work horse for theories and empirical models in many fields of political science research , such as the equilibrium analysis in mass elections ... the estimation of legislators ' ideal points ... and the study of voting behavior ... Its generalization to the multidimensional policy space , the Weighted Euclidean Distance ( WED ) model ... forms the stable theoretical foundation upon which nearly all present variations , extensions , and applications of multidimensional spatial voting rest . Jump up ^ If voter preferences have more than one peak along a dimension , it needs to be decomposed into multiple dimensions that each only have a single peak . `` We can satisfy our assumption about the form of the loss function if we increase the dimensionality of the analysis -- by decomposing one dimension into two or more '' ^ Jump up to : Alós - Ferrer , Carlos ; Granić , Đura - Georg ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Political space representations with approval data '' . Electoral Studies . 39 : 56 -- 71 . doi : 10.1016 / j. electstud. 2015.04. 003 . The analysis reveals that the underlying political landscapes ... are inherently multidimensional and can not be reduced to a single left - right dimension , or even to a two - dimensional space ... From this representation , lower - dimensional projections can be considered which help with the visualization of the political space as resulting from an aggregation of voters ' preferences ... Even though the method aims to obtain a representation with as few dimensions as possible , we still obtain representations with four dimensions or more . Jump up ^ `` American Federalist Journal - News and opinion about politics , culture and current events '' . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Horrell , David ( 2005 ) . `` Paul Among Liberals and Communitarians '' . Pacifica. 18 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Blattberg , Charles ( 2009 ) . `` Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies '' . Patriotic Elaborations : Essays in Practical Philosophy . McGill - Queen 's University Press . SSRN 1755117 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Stanley , In Search Of The Primitive : A Critique Of Civilization , ( New Brunswick : Transaction Books , 1981 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` The new political divide '' . The Economist. 30 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Pethokoukis , James ( 1 July 2016 ) . `` The Closed Party vs. the Open Party '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Sulakshin , S. ( 2010 ) . `` A Quantitative Political Spectrum and Forecasting of Social Evolution '' . International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences . 5 ( 4 ) : 55 -- 66 . 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3511639042937779864 | Bismarck, North Dakota | Bismarck , North Dakota - wikipedia Bismarck , North Dakota Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Bismarck . Bismarck , North Dakota City City of Bismarck North Dakota State Capitol Location of Bismarck in Burleigh County , North Dakota Bismarck , North Dakota Bismarck , North Dakota Bismarck , North Dakota Show map of North Dakota Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all Location in North Dakota , United States & North America Coordinates : 46 ° 48 ′ 48 '' N 100 ° 46 ′ 44 '' W / 46.81333 ° N 100.77889 ° W / 46.81333 ; - 100.77889 Country United States State North Dakota County Burleigh Founded May 14 , 1872 Named for Otto von Bismarck Government Mayor Mike Seminary Area City 31.23 sq mi ( 80.89 km ) Land 30.85 sq mi ( 79.90 km ) Water 0.38 sq mi ( 0.98 km ) Elevation 1,686 ft ( 514 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 61,272 Estimate ( 2016 ) 72,417 Rank US : 490th Density 2,000 / sq mi ( 760 / km ) Urban 97,869 Metro 131,635 ( 304th ) Time zone CST ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP codes 58501 -- 58507 Area code ( s ) 701 FIPS code 38 - 07200 GNIS feature ID 1035849 Highways I - 94 , I - 94 Bus. , US 83 , ND 95 , ND 810 , ND 1804 Website www.bismarcknd.gov Bismarck ( / ˈbɪzˌmɑːrk / ) is the capital of the U.S. state of North Dakota and the county seat of Burleigh County . It is the second-most populous city in North Dakota after Fargo . The city 's population was estimated in 2016 at 72,417 , while its metropolitan population was 131,635 . In 2015 , Forbes magazine ranked Bismarck as the seventh fastest - growing small city in the United States . Bismarck was founded by European Americans in 1872 on the east bank of the Missouri River . It has been North Dakota 's capital city since 1889 , when the state was created from the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union . Bismarck is across the river from Mandan , named after a historic Native American tribe of the area . The two cities make up the core of the Bismarck - Mandan Metropolitan Statistical Area . The North Dakota State Capitol , the tallest building in the state , is in central Bismarck . The state government employs more than 4,000 in the city . As a hub of retail and health care , Bismarck is the economic center of south - central North Dakota and north - central South Dakota . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Cityscape 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 3.2 2000 4 Law and government 5 Economy 6 Education and libraries 6.1 Elementary , middle and high schools 6.2 Higher education 6.3 Libraries 7 Culture 7.1 Recreation 8 Health care 9 Media 10 Transportation 11 Sports 11.1 Amateur 11.2 Professional 12 Notable people 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Bismarck , North Dakota For thousands of years , present - day central North Dakota was inhabited by indigenous peoples , who created successive cultures . The historic Mandan Native American tribe occupied the area long before Europeans arrived . They spoke the Hidatsa language . The Hidatsa name of Bismarck is mirahacii arumaaguash ( `` Place of the tall willows '' ) ; the Arikara name is ituhtaáwe ( itUhtaáwe ) . In 1872 European Americans founded a settlement at what was then called Missouri Crossing , so named because the Lewis and Clark Expedition crossed the river there on their exploration of the Louisiana Purchase in 1804 - 1806 . It had been an area of Mandan settlement . Later the new town was called Edwinton , after Edwin Ferry Johnson ( 1803 -- 1872 ) , engineer - in - chief for the Northern Pacific Railway . Its construction of railroads in the territory attracted workers and settlers . In 1873 , the Northern Pacific Railway renamed the city as Bismarck , in honor of German chancellor Otto von Bismarck . Railroad officials hoped to attract German immigrant settlers to the area and German investment in the railroad . The discovery of gold in the nearby Black Hills of South Dakota the following year was a greater impetus for growth . Thousands of miners came to the area , encroaching on what the Lakota considered sacred territory and leading to heightened tensions with the Native Americans . Bismarck became a freight - shipping center on the `` Custer Route '' from the Black Hills . In 1883 Bismarck was designated as the capital of the Dakota Territory , and in 1889 as the state capital of the new state of North Dakota . Geography ( edit ) Early - May 2007 astronaut photography of Bismarck , North Dakota , taken from the International Space Station ( ISS ) Bismarck is at 46 ° 48 ′ 48 '' N 100 ° 46 ′ 44 '' W / 46.81333 ° N 100.77889 ° W / 46.81333 ; - 100.77889 ( 46.813343 , − 100.779004 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 31.23 square miles ( 80.89 km ) , of which , 30.85 square miles ( 79.90 km ) is land and 0.38 square miles ( 0.98 km ) is water . Cityscape ( edit ) Downtown Bismarck : Patterson Place ( built in 1911 as the McKenzie Hotel ) was the tallest building in the state until construction of the capitol building . Originally operated as a noted luxury hotel , it has been adapted for senior housing and a retail restaurant . The city has developed around downtown Bismarck , the center of historic development . It is distinctive because the city 's major shopping center , Kirkwood Mall , is in the center city rather than in the suburbs . Several other major retail stores are in the vicinity of Kirkwood Mall , which was developed near the Bismarck Civic Center . The two Bismarck hospitals , St. Alexius Medical Center and Sanford Health ( previously Medcenter One Health Systems ) are both downtown . The streets are lined with small stores and restaurants , providing numerous amenities . Much recent commercial and residential growth has taken place in the city 's northern section , largely because of expanding retail centers . Among the shopping centers in northern Bismarck are Gateway Fashion Mall , Northbrook Mall , Arrowhead Plaza , and the Pinehurst Square `` power center '' mall . The North Dakota State Capitol complex is just north of downtown Bismarck . The 19 - story Art Deco capitol is the tallest building in the city and the state , at a height of 241.75 feet ( 73.69 m ) . The capitol building towers over the city 's center and is easily seen from 20 miles ( 32 km ) away on a clear day . Completed during the Great Depression in 1934 , it replaced a capitol building that burned to the ground in 1930 . The capitol grounds house the North Dakota Heritage Center , the North Dakota State Library , the North Dakota Governor 's Residence , the State Office Building , and the Liberty Memorial Building . The North Dakota State Penitentiary is in eastern Bismarck . The Cathedral District is an historic neighborhood near downtown Bismarck . Named after the art deco Cathedral of the Holy Spirit . Some homes in this neighborhood date to the 1880s , although many were built in the first decades of the 20th century . At times , the city has proposed widening the streets in the neighborhood to improve traffic flow . Many residents object because such a project would require the removal of many of the towering American elms which line the streets . These have escaped the elm disease that destroyed street canopies of trees in Eastern cities . After the completion of Garrison Dam in 1953 by the Army Corps of Engineers , which improved flood control , the floodplain of the Missouri River became a more practical place for development . Significant residential and commercial building has taken place in this area on the south side of the city . The Upper Missouri River is still subject to seasonal flooding . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Bismarck , North Dakota Situated in the middle of the Great Plains , between the geographic centers of the United States and Canada , Bismarck displays a highly variable four - season humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with strong semi-arid influences . Bismarck 's climate is characterized by long , cold , somewhat snowy and windy winters , and hot summers that are at times humid . Thunderstorms occur in spring and summer , but much of the rest of the year is dry . The warmest month in Bismarck is July , with a daily mean of 71.1 ° F ( 21.7 ° C ) , with typically wide variations between day and night . The coldest month is January , with a 24 - hour average of 12.8 ° F ( − 10.7 ° C ) . Precipitation peaks from May to September and is rather sparse in the winter months . Winter snowfall is typically light to moderate , occurring with the passage of frontal systems ; major storms are rare . ( show ) Climate data for Bismarck Municipal Airport , North Dakota ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1874 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 63 ( 17 ) 73 ( 23 ) 81 ( 27 ) 93 ( 34 ) 102 ( 39 ) 111 ( 44 ) 114 ( 46 ) 109 ( 43 ) 105 ( 41 ) 95 ( 35 ) 79 ( 26 ) 66 ( 19 ) 114 ( 46 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 51.0 ( 10.6 ) 65.7 ( 18.7 ) 81.2 ( 27.3 ) 86.9 ( 30.5 ) 93.2 ( 34 ) 98.8 ( 37.1 ) 98.2 ( 36.8 ) 92.2 ( 33.4 ) 81.9 ( 27.7 ) 63.9 ( 17.7 ) 48.5 ( 9.2 ) 101.6 ( 38.7 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 23.4 ( − 4.8 ) 28.3 ( − 2.1 ) 40.4 ( 4.7 ) 57.0 ( 13.9 ) 68.4 ( 20.2 ) 77.2 ( 25.1 ) 84.7 ( 29.3 ) 83.5 ( 28.6 ) 72.1 ( 22.3 ) 57.5 ( 14.2 ) 39.6 ( 4.2 ) 26.2 ( − 3.2 ) 54.86 ( 12.7 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 2.2 ( − 16.6 ) 7.9 ( − 13.4 ) 19.4 ( − 7 ) 30.7 ( − 0.7 ) 42.7 ( 5.9 ) 52.0 ( 11.1 ) 57.4 ( 14.1 ) 55.5 ( 13.1 ) 44.9 ( 7.2 ) 32.2 ( 0.1 ) 18.8 ( − 7.3 ) 6.1 ( − 14.4 ) 30.82 ( − 0.66 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) − 22.8 ( − 30.4 ) − 19.3 ( − 28.5 ) − 5.3 ( − 20.7 ) 13.7 ( − 10.2 ) 27.0 ( − 2.8 ) 38.8 ( 3.8 ) 45.6 ( 7.6 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 28.6 ( − 1.9 ) 15.3 ( − 9.3 ) − 1.7 ( − 18.7 ) − 17.5 ( − 27.5 ) − 29.4 ( − 34.1 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 45 ( − 43 ) − 45 ( − 43 ) − 36 ( − 38 ) − 12 ( − 24 ) 13 ( − 11 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 32 ( 0 ) 32 ( 0 ) 10 ( − 12 ) − 10 ( − 23 ) − 30 ( − 34 ) − 43 ( − 42 ) − 45 ( − 43 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.43 ( 10.9 ) 0.51 ( 13 ) 0.87 ( 22.1 ) 1.26 ( 32 ) 2.40 ( 61 ) 3.17 ( 80.5 ) 2.89 ( 73.4 ) 2.28 ( 57.9 ) 1.59 ( 40.4 ) 1.25 ( 31.8 ) 0.71 ( 18 ) 0.49 ( 12.4 ) 17.85 ( 453.4 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 8.9 ( 22.6 ) 8.1 ( 20.6 ) 9.1 ( 23.1 ) 4.2 ( 10.7 ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 2.2 ( 5.6 ) 8.8 ( 22.4 ) 9.3 ( 23.6 ) 51.2 ( 130 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 7.5 7.0 7.9 7.4 10.1 11.2 9.7 8.2 7.5 6.6 7.0 7.6 97.7 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 9.7 8.1 6.4 2.5 0.4 0 0 0 0.1 1.4 6.6 10.0 45.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 71.3 72.4 69.9 61.8 60.1 65.0 61.8 60.6 63.7 63.8 72.0 74.5 66.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 149.4 153.5 222.3 244.3 296.1 318.1 354.6 316.2 245.9 191.7 122.6 122.9 2,737.6 Percent possible sunshine 53 53 60 60 64 67 74 72 65 57 43 46 61 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) , The Weather Channel Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 1,758 -- 1890 2,186 24.3 % 1900 3,319 51.8 % 1910 4,913 48.0 % 1920 7,122 45.0 % 1930 11,090 55.7 % 1940 15,496 39.7 % 1950 18,541 19.7 % 1960 27,670 49.2 % 1970 34,703 25.4 % 1980 44,485 28.2 % 49,256 10.7 % 2000 55,532 12.7 % 61,272 10.3 % Est. 2016 72,417 18.2 % U.S. Decennial Census 2015 Estimate As of the census of 2010 , there were 61,272 people , 27,263 households , and 15,624 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,986.1 inhabitants per square mile ( 766.8 / km ) . There were 28,648 housing units at an average density of 928.6 per square mile ( 358.5 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 92.4 % White , 0.7 % African American , 4.5 % Native American , 0.6 % Asian , 0.3 % from other races , and 1.5 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3 % of the population . There were 27,263 households of which 27 % had children under the age of 18 living with them ( the lowest percentage in North Dakota ) , 44.1 % were married couples living together , 9.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , 3.6 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 42.7 % were non-families. 34.8 % of all households were made up of individuals and 11.7 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.82 . The median age in the city was 38 years . 20.8 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 11 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 26.2 % were from 25 to 44 ; 26.8 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 15.4 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 48.6 % male and 51.4 % female . 2000 ( edit ) At the time of the 2000 U.S. Census , there were 55,532 people , 23,185 households , and 14,444 families residing in the city . The population density was 2,065.2 per square mile ( 797.4 / km2 ) . There were 24,217 housing units at an average density of 900.6 per square mile ( 347.7 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 94.78 % White , 3.39 % Native American , 0.89 % from two or more races , 0.75 % Hispanic or Latino , 0.45 % Asian , 0.28 % Black or African American , 0.17 % from other races and 0.03 % Pacific Islander . There were 23,185 households , of which 30.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 50.1 % were married couples living together , 9.3 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 37.7 % were non-families. 31.0 % of all households were made up of individuals and 10.5 % were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.94 . In the city , the population was spread out with 23.5 % under the age of 18 , 11.1 % from 18 to 24 , 29.1 % from 25 to 44 , 22.4 % from 45 to 64 , and 13.8 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 36 years . For every 100 females there were 93.9 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91.8 males . The median income per household in the city was $39,422 , and the median income per family was $51,477 . Males had a median income of $33,804 versus $22,647 for females . The per capita income for the city was $20,789 . About 5.7 % of families and 8.4 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 9.5 % of those under age 18 and 7.4 % of those age 65 or over . Law and government ( edit ) Bismarck operates under the city commission style of municipal government . Citizens elect five at - large city commissioners , which means they must generally command a majority of the electorate . This decreases the opportunity for smaller interest groups or minorities to elect candidates of their choice , reducing representation of the electorate . The president of the city commission fills the office of mayor of the city . The current mayor of Bismarck is Mike Seminary . The city commission meets every second and fourth Tuesday of each month . Economy ( edit ) According to the City 's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the largest employers in the city are the following : # Employer # of Employees Sanford Health 25,000 ( company wide , including multi-state area . ) State of North Dakota 4,400 St. Alexius Medical Center 2,264 Bismarck Public Schools 1,804 5 United States government 1,200 7 MDU Resources 616 8 Walmart 690 9 Aetna 618 10 City of Bismarck 544 11 Mid Dakota Clinic 530 12 Missouri Slope Lutheran Care Center 530 13 University of Mary 503 14 Coventry Health Care 460 15 Basin Electric Power Cooperative 455 Education and libraries ( edit ) Elementary , middle and high schools ( edit ) The Bismarck Public Schools system operates sixteen elementary schools , three middle schools ( Simle , Wachter , Horizon ) , three public high schools ( Century High , Legacy High School , and Bismarck High ) and one alternative high school ( South Central High School ) . The system educates 10,400 students and employs 1,500 people . Three Bismarck Catholic parishes operate primary schools ( kindergarten through eighth grade ) : St. Mary 's Grade School , St. Anne 's Grade School , and Cathedral Grade School . St. Mary 's Grade School , founded in 1878 , is the oldest continuously operating elementary school in North Dakota . The city has two private high schools , the Catholic St. Mary 's Central High School and Shiloh Christian School , operated by Protestants . Higher education ( edit ) There are five colleges and a university in Bismarck . The University of Mary is a four - year university , operated by the Benedictine Sisters of Annunciation Monastery . Bismarck State College is a two - year public college , the largest degree - granting institution in the city , and a member of the North Dakota University System . United Tribes Technical College is a two - year tribal college . Rasmussen College , a two to four - year private college , has a campus location in Bismarck . Sanford Health , formerly Medcenter One , operates a nursing school that offers a Bachelor of Science in Nursing . The campus is just north of the medical center . Libraries ( edit ) Bismarck libraries include Bismarck Veterans Memorial Public Library and North Dakota State Library . Culture ( edit ) The Belle Mehus Auditorium , a 1914 historic building in downtown Bismarck , is a center for the arts in the area . Performances of Northern Plains Dance and the Bismarck - Mandan Symphony Orchestra are held there . Theater companies in Bismarck include the Capitol Shakespeare Society , Sleepy Hollow Summer Theatre , the Shade Tree Players children 's theater group , Dakota Stage Ltd , University of Mary , Bismarck State College , and various high school groups . The Gannon and Elsa Forde Art Galleries are at Bismarck State College . The Missouri Valley Chamber Orchestra , founded in 2000 , is the community 's newest orchestra and performs a variety of musical genres . Recreation ( edit ) Bismarck has a large park system and an extensive network of exercise trails . The Bismarck Parks and Recreation District , established in 1927 , operates many parks , swimming pools , and several golf courses within the city . The Parks and Recreation District operates roughly 2,300 acres ( 930 ha ) of public parkland . Sertoma Park stretches more than 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) along the banks of the Missouri River . Within the park are several miles of biking trails and the Dakota Zoo . There are five golf courses in Bismarck : four 18 - hole courses ( Apple Creek Country Club , Hawktree Golf Club , Riverwood Golf Course , and Tom O'Leary Golf Course ) , and one 9 - hole course ( Pebble Creek Golf Course ) . Partially rebuilt Mandan Village On - a-Slant , in Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park outside Bismarck One of the main tourism attractions of the Bismarck area is Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park , 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of neighboring Mandan , North Dakota . It contains the partial reconstruction of Fort Abraham Lincoln , the headquarters of the 7th Cavalry and last command of General George Armstrong Custer before the Battle of the Little Bighorn ( also known as the Battle of the Greasy Grass ) . The park includes On - a-Slant Village , a partially rebuilt earth lodge village once occupied by people of the historic Mandan tribe . Guided tours of both sites are offered in the summertime . There are also a museum on park history , nature trails , and a campground . Hunting and fishing are popular in the area , with hunting seasons for deer , pheasant , and waterfowl . Fishing is a year - round sport on the Missouri River bordering Bismarck , and there are public docks on the river . From north to south , there is a dock at the Port of Bismarck , from which the Lewis and Clark passenger riverboat plies the Missouri ; Fox Island Landing , about a half mile southwest of Riverwood Golf Course ; and the Bismarck Dock at General Sibley Park , which has a boat ramp and picnic facilities . Near Bismarck are several dammed lakes , including McDowell Dam Lake , 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) east of the city ; Harmon Lake , 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of neighboring Mandan on the west side of the river ; and two lakes several miles west of the city . In February 2007 , Bismarck broke the record for the most snow angels made in one place . A total of 8,962 participants came to the capitol grounds for the event . Health care ( edit ) Bismarck is a regional center for health care . The city has two hospitals : St. Alexius Medical Center ( 285 - bed ) and Sanford Health ( 238 - bed ) . When it was opened in 1885 , St. Alexius was the first hospital in Dakota Territory and the Catholic facility is the oldest health care provider in the state of North Dakota . St. Alexius and Medcenter One have joined forces to form the Bismarck Cancer Center . Medcenter One was founded in 1908 as Bismarck Evangelical Hospital . In 1955 it was renamed as Bismarck Hospital , renamed again in 1984 to MedCenter One , and in 2012 became part of the Sanford Health system . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in Bismarck - Mandan Print Bismarck is served by the Bismarck Tribune , the city 's daily newspaper . Established in 1873 , the paper is the oldest continuously operating business in the city . The Tribune is the official newspaper of the city of Bismarck , Burleigh County , and the state of North Dakota . The daily newspapers of other major cities in North Dakota are also available at area newsstands . Television Six television stations are based in Bismarck , and all of them have rebroadcasters in Minot , Williston , and Dickinson . The stations are : KBME ( ATSC RF channel 22 ) -- virtual channels 3.1 PBS , 3.2 World , 3.3 Minnesota Channel , 3.4 Lifelong Learning KFYR ( ATSC RF channel 31 ) -- virtual channels 5.1 NBC , 5.2 Me - TV KXMB ( ATSC RF channel 12 ) -- virtual channels 12.1 CBS , 12.3 Weather KBMY ( ATSC RF channel 17 ) -- virtual channels 17.1 ABC KNDB ( ATSC RF channel 26 ) -- virtual channels 26.1 Fox K46DY analog NTSC channel 46 ( TBN ) Bismarck also carries KWMK , an affiliate of The CW , on cable channel 14 ; as well as Public - access television channels , on cable TV channels 2 and 12 . Radio Bismarck supports some twenty - seven radio stations . Most of the commercial stations are owned by either Clear Channel Communications or Cumulus Media . Many of the lower frequency stations are broadcasters of national Christian radio networks . The local stations are : FM frequencies KBMK 88.3 FM ( Contemporary Christian music ) K - Love network affiliate K204FG 88.7 FM ( Christian ) BBN translator KLBF 89.1 FM ( Contemporary Christian music ) K - Love affiliate for nearby Lincoln KNRI 89.7 FM ( Christian rock ) Air 1 affiliate KCND 90.5 FM ( Public Radio ) Prairie Public Radio KXRP 91.3 FM ( Christian ) Family Radio affiliate KPHA 91.7 FM ( Catholic ) Real Presence Radio KYYY 92.9 FM ( Contemporary Hits ) `` Y93 '' KBEP - LP 93.7 FM ( Christian ) 3ABN affiliate KQDY 94.5 FM ( Country ) `` KQ 94.5 '' K237FQ 95.3 FM translator simulcasting KJIT - LP KBYZ 96.5 FM ( Classic rock ) `` The Fox '' KKCT 97.5 FM ( Top 40 / CHR ) `` Hot 97 - 5 '' KACL 98.7 FM ( Classic hits ) `` Cool 98.7 '' K259AF 99.7 FM translator simulcasting KFYR - AM KLBE - LP 100.7 FM ( Christian rock ) `` Club Radio '' KSSS 101.5 FM ( Active Rock ) `` Rock 101 '' KUSB 103.3 FM ( Country ) `` US 103.3 '' KNDR 104.7 FM ( Contemporary Christian music ) KKBO 105.9 FM ( Country ) `` Big Rig 105.9 '' KJIT - LP 106.7 FM ( Contemporary Christian music ) Radio 74 affiliate KXRV 107.5 FM ( Classic Hits ) `` Mojo 107.5 '' AM frequencies KFYR 550 AM ( News / Talk / Sports ) `` K - Fire '' KXMR 710 AM ( Sports ) `` ESPN 710 '' KBMR 1130 AM ( Classic country ) KLXX 1270 AM ( Talk ) KDKT 1410 AM ( Sports ) `` Fox Sports Radio 1410 '' WQDL503 1610 AM ( Traveler 's Information Station ) , North Dakota Department of Transportation NOAA Weather Radio station WXL78 broadcasts from Bismarck on 162.475 MHz . Transportation ( edit ) The historic Northern Pacific Railway Depot , built in 1901 using the Mission Revival style . As of July 2017 , the building is vacant . The Capital Area Transit System ( CAT ) began operations in May 2004 . This public bus system is operated by the Bis - Man Transit Board and has eleven routes throughout Bismarck and Mandan . Bis - Man Transit also operates a para-transit service for senior citizens and people with disabilities . Bismarck Municipal Airport is south of the city . It has the largest passenger volume in western North Dakota and the second highest within the state . The airport is served by United Express , Allegiant Air , Delta Air Lines , American Airlines , and Frontier Airlines . A new $15 million terminal opened in May 2005 . The previous terminal was built in the mid-1960s and expanded in the mid-1970s . After a windstorm collapsed part of the roof connecting the expanded terminal to the original building , officials decided to demolish the entire complex and build the new terminal . The BNSF Railway runs east -- west through the city . The railway was originally integral to the growth of Bismarck and Mandan . Today it is used for freight . Due to restructuring in the railroad industry , there has not been Amtrak passenger service in Bismarck since the North Coast Hiawatha service ended in 1979 . The closest Amtrak station is in Minot , north of Bismarck , where the Empire Builder line runs . Two federal highways pass through Bismarck . Interstate 94 runs east -- west through the city . The north -- south U.S. Route 83 merges in north Bismarck with Interstate 94 and runs east for roughly 25 miles ( 40 km ) before turning south . Sports ( edit ) Amateur ( edit ) High school and college sports are the main feature of the local athletics landscape . The athletic teams at the three public Bismarck high schools , Bismarck High School , Century High School , and Legacy High School , are known as The Demons , The Patriots , and The Sabers , respectively . The athletic teams at St. Mary 's Central High School , Bismarck 's Catholic high school , are known as The Saints . The teams at Bismarck State College and United Tribes Technical College are known as The Mystics and Thunderbirds , and both compete in the National Junior College Athletic Association . The teams at the University of Mary are The Marauders and compete in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference . Bismarck has an American Legion baseball team called the Governors . In the fall , the accent is on high school and college football . There are spirited rivalries among the several high schools in the area . The University of Mary added the sport in 1988 . Most University of Mary football games are played in the Community Bowl . Other popular sports during the winter months include ice hockey , wrestling and basketball . In spring , baseball is one of the top amateur sports in the city with each high school , Bismarck State College , and The University of Mary providing teams . The University of Mary also has a softball team . High schools and colleges also feature track and field during the spring . In the summer , Bismarck has American Legion baseball and auto racing . The Fourth of July holiday is the height of rodeo time , with rodeos in Mandan and Bismarck . Slow - pitch softball is played by teams in the city . Bismarck is the host city of the world 's largest charity softball tournament , the Sam McQuade Sr. Softball Tournament , in which more than 400 teams from all over the United States and Canada compete . The Bismarck Bobcats hockey team of the North American Hockey League is made up of junior players ( age twenty and younger , sometimes age twenty - one if waived ) . The Bobcats won back - to - back Borne Cup championships as members of the America West Hockey League before merging into the NAHL in 2003 . The Bobcats have made several trips to the NAHL 's national tournament , claiming their first - ever Robertson Cup title in 2010 . Starting in 2017 , the Bismarck Larks , a Northwoods League expansion baseball team , will play their home games at the Bismarck Municipal Ballpark . Professional ( edit ) The Dakota Wizards of the NBA Development League was formerly based in Bismarck . The Wizards ' first season took place in 1995 in the International Basketball Association . The Wizards won one title during their International Basketball Association days ( 1995 -- 2001 ) and two during their Continental Basketball Association days ( 2001 -- 2006 ) . They were the 2006 -- 07 champions of the NBA D - League , their first season in the league . The team moved to Santa Cruz , California , in 2012 , a year after being purchased by the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association . Starting with the 2017 season , Bismarck is home to the Bismarck Bucks , a professional indoor football team in Champions Indoor Football . Bismarck has been the home of two professional indoor football teams , the Bismarck Blaze and the Bismarck Roughriders , but both teams left the city soon after they were formed . Bismarck once had a professional baseball team , the Dakota Rattlers , but the team moved to Minot after several seasons in Bismarck . Notable people ( edit ) Leslie Bibb , actress Paula Broadwell , a consultant and author and extramarital partner of General David Petraeus . John Burke , state Supreme Court Justice , 10th governor of North Dakota , 24th Treasurer of the United States Gary Cederstrom , Major League Baseball umpire Neil Churchill , Bismarck mayor Kent Conrad , U.S. Senator Ronnie Cramer , artist , filmmaker Dale DeArmond , printmaker and book illustrator Angie Dickinson , actress ( born in Kulm and grew up in Bismarck ) Weston Dressler , Saskatchewan Roughriders slotback Shannon Galpin , founder of `` Strength in Numbers '' Heidi Heitkamp , attorney and politician , and first woman elected to the US Senate from North Dakota John Hoeven , 31st Governor of North Dakota Thomas S. Kleppe , former Bismarck mayor , 41st U.S. Secretary of the Interior Brock Lesnar , wrestler and former heavy weight UFC champion Cara Mund , Miss America 2018 Mike Peluso , right wing with the Chicago Blackhawks and Philadelphia Flyers John Andrew Rea , newspaper editor , helped draft the state constitution Ed Schafer , 30th Governor of North Dakota , 29th U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Jonathan Twingley , artist , illustrator and novelist Carson Wentz , professional football player for the Philadelphia Eagles Shane Balkowitsch , American wet plate photographer . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Records for Bismarck have been kept at the Bismarck Municipal Airport since January 1948 and at an undisclosed location from October 1874 to December 1947 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kotkin , Joel ( 2014 - 09 - 03 ) . `` America 's Fastest - Growing Small Cities '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Edward C. ; Groenewold , Gerald H. `` Geology of the Bismarck - Mandan Area '' ( PDF ) . Geologic Investigations No. 3 . North Dakota Geological Survey . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PBS Online -- Lewis and Clark : Native Americans '' . pbs.org . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hidatsa Lessons Vocab2 '' . Hidatsa Language Program . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AISRI Dictionary Database Search -- Arikara . Prototype version '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bismarck City Portrait '' . City of Bismarck . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : ND BISMARCK '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for BISMARCK / MUNICIPAL , ND 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Bismarck , ND - Temperature and Precipitation '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best North Dakota Cities for Families and Singles '' . North Dakota Real Estate Trends . RealEstate.com . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City of Bismarck 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` University of Mary , North Dakota -- Affordable Private Catholic College '' . umary.edu . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Benedictine Sisters of Annunciation Monastery '' . annunciationmonastery.org . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bismarck State College '' . bismarckstate.edu . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Oleyte . `` United Tribes Technical College '' . uttc.edu . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rasmussen College -- Regionally Accredited College Online and on Campus '' . rasmussen.edu . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bismarck Library , ND '' . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- North Dakota State Library '' . nd.gov . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://capitolshakespeare.org/ Jump up ^ `` Sleepy Hollow '' . shst.org . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dakota Stage Ltd '' . shadetreeplayers.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dakota Stage Ltd '' . dakotastageltd.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Information about Bismarck Parks and Recreation District Archived February 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fort Abraham Lincoln Foundation '' . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Blake ( 28 February 2008 ) . `` Detroit radio station hopes to break snow angel record '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Bismarck Cancer Center '' . bismarckcancercenter.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Medcenter One , Sanford Health Complete Merger '' . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Bismarck Tribune . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bis - Man Transit : Bismarck , ND : Public Transportation & Bus System '' . Bismarck , ND : Bis - Man Transit . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reidell , Robert ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Northwoods League team coming to Bismarck '' . The Bismarck Tribune . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( March 4 , 2012 ) . `` Four former Richmonders help bring laughter to TV '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barney , Madison ( January 30 , 2012 ) . Bismarck native profiles Gen. David Petraeus in new book . Bismarck Tribune Jump up ^ `` Bestsellers February 26 , 2012 '' . New York Times . 26 February 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Sari ( 10 November 2012 ) . `` FBI probe of Petraeus triggered by e-mail threats from biographer , officials say '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Burke '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Churchill '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kent Conrad '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dale DeArmond '' . Juneau Empire . 29 November 2006 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weston Dressler '' . University of North Dakota . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Hoeven '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas S. Kleppe '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brock Lesnar '' . National Wrestling Hall of Fame . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Peluso '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Schafer '' . usda.gov . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Twingley '' . Zoom Information , Inc . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Meinch , Timothy . `` A Frame in Time : Photography with Shane Balkowitsch '' . midwestliving.com . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bismarck , North Dakota . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bismarck . City of Bismarck official website Bismarck , North Dakota at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Bismarck , North Dakota '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Bismarck , N. Dakota '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . Bismarck , capital of North Dakota ( 1916 ) from the Digital Horizons website Bismarck , capital of North Dakota ( 1923 ) from the Digital Horizons website Coordinates : 46 ° 48 ′ 48 '' N 100 ° 46 ′ 44 '' W / 46.813343 ° N 100.779004 ° W / 46.813343 ; - 100.779004 Municipalities and communities of Burleigh County , North Dakota , United States County seat : Bismarck Cities Bismarck Lincoln Regan Wilton ‡ Wing Townships Apple Creek Boyd Canfield Christiania Clear Lake Crofte Cromwell Driscoll Ecklund Estherville Florence Lake Francis Ghylin Gibbs Glenview Grass Lake Harriet - Lien Hay Creek Hazel Grove Logan Long Lake McKenzie Menoken Missouri Morton Naughton Painted Woods Richmond Rock Hill Schrunk Sibley Butte Steiber Sterling Taft Telfer Thelma Trygg Wild Rose Wilson Wing CDPs Driscoll Menoken Unorganized territories Burnt Creek - Riverview Lincoln - Fort Rice Lyman Phoenix Unincorporated communities Baldwin McKenzie Moffit Pierce Sterling Ghost town Arena Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of North Dakota Bismarck ( capital ) Topics Bibliography Climate Colleges and universities Cuisine Delegations Geography Governors History LGBT history in North Dakota Music People Tourist attractions Seal of North Dakota Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Badlands Coteau du Missouri Drift Prairie Red River Valley Turtle Mountains Larger cities pop . over 5,000 Bismarck Devils Lake Dickinson Fargo Grand Forks Jamestown Mandan Minot Valley City Wahpeton West Fargo Williston Smaller cities pop . 1,000 - 5,000 Beach Beulah Bottineau Bowman Burlington Cando Carrington Casselton Cavalier Cooperstown Crosby Ellendale Garrison Grafton Hankinson Harvey Hazen Hettinger Hillsboro Horace Kenmare Langdon Larimore Lincoln Linton Lisbon Mayville New Rockford New Town Oakes Park River Rolla Rugby Stanley Thompson Tioga Velva Walhalla Washburn Watford City Wishek Counties Adams Barnes Benson Billings Bottineau Bowman Burke Burleigh Cass Cavalier Dickey Divide Dunn Eddy Emmons Foster Golden Valley Grand Forks Grant Griggs Hettinger Kidder LaMoure Logan McHenry McIntosh McKenzie McLean Mercer Morton Mountrail Nelson Oliver Pembina Pierce Ramsey Ransom Renville Richland Rolette Sargent Sheridan Sioux Slope Stark Steele Stutsman Towner Traill Walsh Ward Wells Williams Bismarck -- Mandan Metropolitan Area ( ND ) Counties Burleigh Morton Oliver Sioux Core cities Bismarck † Mandan † Surrounding areas Almont Baldwin Bluegrass Breien Cannon Ball Center † Chadwick Dengate Driscoll Eagle Nest Fallon Flasher Fort Rice Fort Yates † Glen Ullin Hannover Harmon Hebron Hensler Huff Judson Lincoln Lynwood Lyons McKenzie Menoken Moffit New Salem North Almot Otter Creek Pierce Porcupine Price Regan Rock Haven Saint Anthony Sanger Schmidt Selfridge Sims Sterling Sunny Solen Sweet Briar Timmer Wilton Wing Youngtown † - 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-1768325962091252806 | Las Vegas Stadium | Las Vegas stadium - wikipedia Las Vegas stadium For the stadium originally known as Las Vegas Stadium , see Sam Boyd Stadium . Las Vegas Stadium Artist 's rendering showing the front of Las Vegas Stadium with the retractable windows and planned Al Davis memorial torch . Former names Raiders Stadium ( in early renderings ) Location Paradise , Nevada Coordinates 36 ° 05 ′ 26.7 '' N 115 ° 11 ′ 01.4 '' W / 36.090750 ° N 115.183722 ° W / 36.090750 ; - 115.183722 Coordinates : 36 ° 05 ′ 26.7 '' N 115 ° 11 ′ 01.4 '' W / 36.090750 ° N 115.183722 ° W / 36.090750 ; - 115.183722 Public transit Las Vegas Monorail at Mandalay Bay ( proposed ) Owner Las Vegas Stadium Authority Operator Las Vegas Raiders Executive suites 100 Capacity Football : 65,000 ( expandable to 72,000 ) Soccer : 61,000 Acreage 62 acres ( 25 ha ) Surface Grass ( Raiders ) Field Turf ( UNLV ) Construction Broke ground November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) Construction cost US $1.8 billion Architect MANICA Architecture HNTB Project manager ICON Venue Group Structural engineer ARUP Services engineer Smith Seckman Reid , Inc . General contractor Mortenson Construction McCarthy Construction Tenants Las Vegas Raiders ( NFL ) ( 2020 -- ; planned ) UNLV Rebels ( NCAA ) ( 2020 -- ; planned ) Las Vegas Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 2020 -- ; planned ) Website lasvegasstadium.raiders.com Las Vegas Stadium is the working name for a domed stadium under construction in Paradise , Nevada for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the UNLV Rebels football team of the University of Nevada , Las Vegas ( UNLV ) . It is located on about 62 acres west of Mandalay Bay at Russell Road and Hacienda Avenue and between Polaris Avenue and Dean Martin Drive , just west of Interstate 15 . Construction of the $1.8 billion stadium began in September 2017 and is expected to be completed in time for the 2020 NFL season . Contents 1 History 1.1 2016 1.2 2017 1.3 2018 2 Financing 3 Design 4 Tenants and events 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) 2016 ( edit ) In January 2016 , reports emerged that Las Vegas Sands was considering developing a stadium in conjunction with Majestic Realty and UNLV , on a 42 - acre site on Tropicana Avenue owned by UNLV . UNLV had been in the market for a new stadium to replace Sam Boyd Stadium since at least 2011 . Raiders owner Mark Davis visited Las Vegas on January 29 to tour the site and meet with Sands chairman Sheldon Adelson and other local figures . The Raiders , who had been trying to get a new stadium built for the team since the 1980s , had just missed out on relocating to Los Angeles that same month and were at an impasse in Oakland . In order for the team to relocate to Las Vegas , a new stadium was required , since Sam Boyd Stadium was undersized for the NFL and there were no other professional - caliber stadiums in Nevada . On March 21 , 2016 , when asked about Las Vegas , Davis said , `` I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan , '' and `` it 's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan . '' Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan . On April 1 , 2016 , Davis met with UNLV officials and toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether it could serve as a temporary home for the team . On April 28 , 2016 , Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of the proposed $2.4 - billion domed stadium . `` Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state , '' Davis said . In the spring of 2016 , the board of directors of Las Vegas Sands rejected Adelson 's stadium proposal . Adelson decided to move ahead with the stadium as an individual investment , pledging $650 million of his personal wealth to the project . The viability of the Tropicana Avenue site was called into serious question in June 2016 , when Southwest Airlines objected to the location because its proximity to the northern end of one of McCarran Airport 's runways could negatively affect the safety and capacity of air traffic at the airport . The list of potential locations soon expanded to nine candidates , including the sites of the Wild Wild West casino , the Wynn golf course , the Riviera casino , the Las Vegas Festival Grounds , and Cashman Center . By September , the list was narrowed to two possibilities : the Bali Hai Golf Club , south of Mandalay Bay , and a vacant lot on Russell Road , just west of Interstate 15 . On August 25 , 2016 , the Raiders filed a trademark application for `` Las Vegas Raiders '' on the same day renderings of a proposed stadium design were released . On September 15 , 2016 , the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan . Majestic Realty revealed in October 2016 that it had withdrawn from the stadium project . Sandoval called a special session of the Nevada Legislature to consider the stadium and other tourism - related proposals in October 2016 . The funding bill for the stadium was approved by a 16 -- 5 vote in the Senate and by 28 -- 13 in the Assembly , and was signed into law by Sandoval on October 17 . The bill allowed Clark County to increase its hotel tax to raise the $750 million in funding . 2017 ( edit ) 2015 view of the stadium site , adjacent to Mandalay Bay and Interstate 15 The Raiders filed relocation papers on January 19 to move from Oakland to Las Vegas . On January 26 , 2017 , the Raiders submitted a proposed lease agreement for the stadium . It was reported that the Raiders had selected the Russell Road site as the stadium location , the team would pay one dollar in rent , and that they could control the naming rights for both the stadium and plaza and in addition keep signage sponsorship revenue . Days after the Raiders ' announced proposal , Adelson dropped out of the stadium project , pulling his proposed $650 million contribution Shortly after this announcement , Goldman Sachs , which had planned to finance part of the project , withdrew as well . As a result , the Raiders were expected to increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion . On March 6 , the Raiders revealed Bank of America would lend $650 million to replace the Adelson portion of the funding . NFL owners voted to approve the move by a margin of 31 to 1 on March 27 . The next day , the Raiders and the Las Vegas Stadium Authority began accepting deposits for season tickets for the new stadium . The Raiders announced that they planned to remain in Oakland until the stadium was complete . The Raiders closed the purchase of the land for the stadium at the Russell Road site on May 1 . The purchase price was reported at $77.5 million . On May 11 , it was announced that in a joint venture Mortenson Construction and McCarthy Construction would be the developers for the stadium . Mortenson previously worked on U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis . The stadium authority approved a stadium lease with the Raiders on May 18 . The lease was to be for 30 years with four successive extension options of five years each . On September 18 , construction activity began on the stadium site with site preparation . A groundbreaking ceremony was held on November 13 . The ceremony featured NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell , Raiders owner Mark Davis , his mother Carol Davis , various Raiders legends including Howie Long , Jim Plunkett , Tom Flores , and Ray Guy , Las Vegas and Nevada politicians such as Governor Brian Sandoval , Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman , Clark County Commissioner Steve Sisolak and stadium authority head Steve Hill . The event was hosted by George Lopez and included other celebrities like Carlos Santana , longtime Vegas icon Wayne Newton , and Howie D. and Nick Carter of the Backstreet Boys . There was also a tribute to the victims of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting that happened nearby with Judith Hill and the Las Vegas House of Blues Gospel Choir performing ' Rise up ' while 58 beams of light symbolizing the 58 victims were lit . 2018 ( edit ) In January , construction crews began blasting caliche rock with dynamite to excavate and create the stadium bowl . On February 3 , the Raiders opened a 7,500 - square - foot stadium preview center at Town Square , located a few miles from the stadium site , featuring interactive exhibits and team memorabilia , with plans for simulations of views from individual seats and a large - scale stadium model . Financing ( edit ) The budget for development of the stadium is estimated at $1.8 billion . Of this , $78 million was spent to purchase the land , $1.33 billion is estimated to be spent on construction , $123 million on furniture , fixtures , and equipment , $234 million on design and engineering , and $31 million on utilities and infrastructure . Some reports gave a budget of $1.9 billion , which also included $100 million to build a separate Raiders practice facility . The financing for the project is expected to come in the form of $750 million in public funding and $1.1 billion from the Raiders . The public portion of the funding will come from municipal bonds issued by Clark County , backed by the proceeds of a special tax on hotel rooms in the Las Vegas area , which took effect in March 2017 . The Raiders ' contribution was expected to include a $650 million loan from Bank of America , $200 million from the NFL 's stadium loan program , and $300 million from sales of personal seat licenses at the stadium , naming rights for the stadium , and sponsorships . Local government can not receive any rent or revenue sharing from the stadium , because such an arrangement would not be compatible with the tax - exempt status of the bonds . Proponents instead argued that the public financing would be justified by increased economic activity and tax revenue related to the stadium . Critics have argued that the economic projections were based on overly optimistic assumptions . A total of $645 million in construction bonds sold out in 90 minutes in April 2018 , representing Clark County 's contribution to the project beyond room taxes already collected . Design ( edit ) For Las Vegas Stadium , Mark Davis retained the same architecture firm , MANICA Architecture , that had designed the previously proposed Carson Stadium near Los Angeles . Davis retained much of the look from the Carson stadium because he `` fell in love with the overall design of it '' . The stadium will be a 10 level domed stadium with a clear ETFE roof , silver and black exterior and large retractable curtain - like side windows facing the Las Vegas Strip . The design includes a large torch in one end that will house a flame in honor of Al Davis , the late long - time owner of the Raiders . Updated renderings released after the relocation vote passed show the stadium with a roll - in natural grass field similar to the one at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona . In an August 17 , 2017 Las Vegas Stadium Authority meeting it was revealed that the stadium will have a designated pickup / drop off loop for ride sharing services such as Uber and Lyft , a first for a stadium in the NFL . Tenants and events ( edit ) The stadium will replace Sam Boyd Stadium and will serve as the home of both the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels football program . In addition , it will host the annual Las Vegas Bowl . Stadium backers project 20 to 25 additional events per year , with plausible possibilities including the Super Bowl , the Pro Bowl , the NFL Draft , the NCAA Final Four , the USA Sevens rugby tournament , the Monster Jam World Finals , boxing matches , Ultimate Fighting Championship events , the Pac - 12 Football Championship Game , neutral - site college football games , international soccer matches , concerts , and corporate shows . David Beckham visited Las Vegas in 2016 to advocate for the stadium as a possible home for his Major League Soccer expansion team , although he ultimately announced the launch of the team with a stadium in Miami . The stadium was submitted as a potential site for the 2026 FIFA World Cup , but was later withdrawn from consideration . See also ( edit ) National Football League portal College Football portal Las Vegas portal Las Vegas Ballpark Sports in the Las Vegas metropolitan area T - Mobile Arena Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stadium Proposal '' ( PDF ) . Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : New Stadium Plans Reveal Super Bowl Configuration '' . silverandblacktoday.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Final cost of Raiders stadium in Las Vegas pegged at $1.8 billion '' . LasVegasSun.com. 2018 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Clark County Stadium Authority Financing Plan Discussion Materials '' ( PDF ) . Las Vegas Stadium Authority . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Stadium Procurement Package 1a & 1b '' ( PDF ) . July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Stadium Procurement Package 2a '' ( PDF ) . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halter , Nick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Report : Mortenson will build football stadium for Raiders in Las Vegas ( slideshow ) '' . Minneapolis -- St. Paul Business Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Howard ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas Sands proposes $1 B domed stadium ; Adelson to meet with Raiders owner '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bleakley , Caroline ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Details of New UNLV Stadium Project Released '' . LASVEGASNOW . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says ' brand would do well ' in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders owner willing to give $20 M toward Las Vegas stadium '' . National Football League . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders owner Mark Davis says he wants to move team to Las Vegas '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders owner willing to spend $500 million to move team to Vegas '' . Fox News Channel . Associated Press . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Adelson commits personal wealth to back stadium plan '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rindels , Michelle ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Southwest Airlines does n't want stadium next to airport '' . Las Vegas Sun . Associated Press . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , J.D. ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Scouting report : Examining the pros , cons of potential NFL stadium sites '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Valley , Jackie ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` As Las Vegas ' NFL stadium marches toward reality , burning questions remain '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file to trademark ' Las Vegas Raiders ' name '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium plan to lure Raiders to Las Vegas passes vote '' . National Football League . Associated Press . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Majestic Realty bows out of Las Vegas stadium development team '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Special session kicks off to consider NFL stadium funding '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chereb , Sandra ; Whaley , Sean ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders stadium project for Las Vegas clears Nevada Senate in 16 - 5 vote '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas stadium plan gains approval from Nevada Legislature '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada governor signs bill to approve Las Vegas stadium plan '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Brian Sandoval signs Raiders stadium bill -- VIDEO '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hickey , John ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tax increases designed to lure Raiders to Las Vegas go through '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Around the NFL staff ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Oakland Raiders file Las Vegas relocation paperwork '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damien , Levi ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas stadium proposal details revealed : Raiders get naming rights , one dollar rent , pick preferred site , more '' . Silver and Black Pride . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Adelsons withdraw investment from proposed Raiders stadium in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders boost Vegas commitment to $1.2 billion , operations , risk '' . espn.com . ESPN . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraceno , Jon ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Las Vegas Stadium Gets Boost from Bank of America '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL team owners approve Raiders ' move to Las Vegas '' . National Football League . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raiders Media Relations ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders Receive NFL Approval For Las Vegas Relocation '' . Oakland Raiders . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael David Smith ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' move to Las Vegas approved '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gutierrez , Paul ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders already taking deposits for season tickets in Las Vegas '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders close purchase on 62 - acre stadium site in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders ' Vegas Lease Agreement Unanimously Approved by Stadium Authority Board '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium Lease Agreement between Clark County Stadium Authority and ( Raiders Stadium Events Company ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Construction activity begins at Las Vegas Raiders stadium site -- VIDEO '' . 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders breaking ground on new Las Vegas stadium -- LIVESTREAM '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2017 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders break ground on new stadium in Las Vegas '' . NFL . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis plays ceremonial shovel like guitar , other highlights , quotes , pics from Raiders Las Vegas stadium ground breaking '' . Silver And Black Pride . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sapienza , Vince . `` Rock blasting begins on Raiders stadium site '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Silver and black history : Stadium preview center in Vegas filled with Raiders memorabilia '' . LasVegasSun.com. 2018 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pro Forma Stadium Project Budget Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Las Vegas Stadium Authority . March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Becker , Jon ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders purchase land for new Las Vegas stadium '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Akers , Mick ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Final cost of Raiders stadium in Las Vegas pegged at $1.8 billion '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Revenue from Las Vegas room taxes surges in January '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Candee , Adam ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Room - tax money for NFL stadium starts to flow before Raiders ' move finalized '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Candee , Adam ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` What that $100 Raiders deposit actually gets you '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Details of lease agreement between Las Vegas officials , Raiders emerging '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Messerly , Megan ; Valley , Jackie ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Digging into economic projections tied to a Raiders move to Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hobson , Will ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` To lure Raiders , Nevada officials willing to bet big -- with public money '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nocera , Joe ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` N.F.L. Stadium in Las Vegas May Be an Ego Boost , but Not an Economic One '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All bonds for Las Vegas Raiders stadium sold in 90 minutes '' . 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Nusca , Andrew . `` This Is the Stunning $2 Billion Stadium Where the Las Vegas Raiders Will Play '' . Fortune.com . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Frank ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Raiders apply for ' Las Vegas Raiders ' trademark ; stadium renderings '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Davis on taking the new stadium plans from Carson to Las Vegas # Raiders '' . Vic Tafur on Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard ( 15 August 2017 ) . `` First look at details of new Raiders stadium in Las Vegas may answer questions '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders pitch a $1.9 billion Las Vegas stadium - Archpaper.com '' . archpaper.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damien , Levi ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` New video , pics of Raiders Las Vegas stadium renderings '' . Silver and Black Pride . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bonagura , Kyle ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Can Las Vegas become a new destination in college football ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Candee , Adam ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Beyond the pigskin : What events are needed for stadium 's long - term viability '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weissberg , Brad ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Raiders brand , Vegas brand unite '' . Venues Today . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bonagura , Kyle ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Can Las Vegas become a new destination in college football ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Straus , Brian ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Time ticking on Beckham 's Miami MLS team amid deadline , Las Vegas speculation '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Madigan , Nick ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` For David Beckham and M.L.S. , a Miami Marriage at Last '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Prince , Todd ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Raiders stadium considered for 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` Las Vegas withdrew bid to host 2026 World Cup '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Las Vegas Stadium . Official website Proposed Las Vegas Stadium Virtual Tour from the National Football League ( NFL ) 's official YouTube channel Construction page for stadium from Mortenson McCarthy Las Vegas Stadium Authority Stadium webcam Preceded by Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Home of the Las Vegas Raiders 2020 -- future Succeeded by none Preceded by Sam Boyd Stadium Home of UNLV Rebels football 2020 -- future Succeeded by none Preceded by Sam Boyd Stadium Host of Las Vegas Bowl 2020 -- future Succeeded by none Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jon Gruden Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. 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6519922124790829666 | Emilie Schenkl | Emilie Schenkl - Wikipedia Emilie Schenkl Jump to : navigation , search Emilie Schenkl Emilie Schenkl with Subhas Chandra Bose Emilie Schenkl ( 1910 - 12 - 26 ) 26 December 1910 March , 1996 Spouse ( s ) Subhas Chandra Bose ( m . 1937 ) Children Anita Bose Pfaff Emilie Schenkl ( 26 December 1910 -- March 1996 ) was the wife , or companion , of Subhas Chandra Bose -- a major leader of Indian nationalism -- and the mother of his daughter , Anita Bose Pfaff ( born 29 November 1942 ) . Schenkl , an Austrian , and her baby daughter were left without support in wartime Europe by Bose , following his departure for Southeast Asia in February 1943 and death in 1945 . In 1948 , both were met by Bose 's brother Sarat Chandra Bose and his family in Vienna in an emotional meeting . In the post-war years , Schenkl worked shifts in the trunk exchange and was the main breadwinner of her family , which included her daughter and her mother . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Berlin during the war 3 Later life 4 Notes 5 Citations 6 References Early life ( edit ) Emilie Schenkl was born in Vienna on 26 December 1910 in an Austrian Catholic family . Paternal granddaughter of a shoemaker and the daughter of a veterinarian , she started primary school late -- towards the end of the Great war -- on account of her father 's reluctance for her to have formal schooling . Her father , moreover , became unhappy with her progress in secondary school and enrolled her in a nunnery for four years . Schenkl decided against becoming a nun and went back to school , finishing when she was 20 . The Great Depression had begun in Europe ; consequently , for a few years she was unemployed . She was introduced to Bose through a mutual friend , Dr. Mathur , an Indian physician living in Vienna . Since Schenkl could take shorthand and her English and typing skills were good , she was hired by Bose , who was writing his book , The Indian Struggle . They soon fell in love and were married in a secret Hindu ceremony in 1937 , but without a Hindu priest , witnesses , or civil record . Bose went back to India and reappeared in Nazi Germany during April 1941 -- February 1943 . Berlin during the war ( edit ) Soon , according to historian Romain Hayes , `` the ( German ) Foreign Office procured a luxurious residence for ( Bose ) along with a butler , cook , gardener , and an SS - chauffeured car . Emilie Schenkl moved in openly with him . The Germans , aware of the nature of the relationship , refrained from any involvement . '' However , most of the staff in the Special Bureau for India , which had been set up to aid Bose , did not get along with Emilie . In particular Adam von Trott , Alexander Werth and Freda Kretschemer , according to historian Leonard A. Gordon , `` appear to have disliked her intensely . They believed that she and Bose were not married and that she was using her liaison with Bose to live an especially comfortable life during the hard times of war '' and that differences were compounded by issues of class . In November 1942 , Schenkl gave birth to their daughter . In February 1943 , Bose left Schenkl and their baby daughter and boarded a German submarine to travel , via transfer to a Japanese submarine , to Japanese - occupied southeast Asia , where with Japanese support he formed a Provisional Government of Free India and revamped an army , the Indian National Army , whose goal was to gain India 's independence militarily with Japanese help . Bose 's military effort , however , was unsuccessful , and he died in a plane crash in Taipei , Taiwan , on 18 August 1945 , while attempting to escape to the still Japanese - held town of Dairen ( now Dalian ) on the Manchurian peninsula . Later life ( edit ) Schenkl and her daughter survived the war . During their nine years of marriage , Schenkl and Bose spent less than three years together , putting strains on Schenkl . In the post-war years , Schenkl worked shifts in the trunk exchange and was the main breadwinner of her family , which included her daughter and her mother . Although some family members from Bose 's extended family , including his brother Sarat Chandra Bose , welcomed Schenkl and her daughter and met with her in Austria , Schenkl never visited India . According to her daughter , Schenkl was a very private woman and tight - lipped about her relationship with Bose . Schenkl died in 1996 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gordon comments : `` Although we must take Emilie Schenkl at her word ( about her secret marriage to Bose in 1937 ) , there are a few nagging doubts about an actual marriage ceremony because there is no document that I have seen and no testimony by any other person ... Other biographers have written that Bose and Miss Schenkl were married in 1942 , while Krishna Bose , implying 1941 , leaves the date ambiguous . The strangest and most confusing testimony comes from A.C.N. Nambiar , who was with the couple in Badgastein briefly in 1937 , and was with them in Berlin during the war as second - in - command to Bose . In an answer to my question about the marriage , he wrote to me in 1978 : ' I can not state anything definite about the marriage of Bose referred to by you , since I came to know of it only a good while after the end of the last world war ... I can imagine the marriage having been a very informal one ... ' ... So what are we left with ? ... We know they had a close passionate relationship and that they had a child , Anita , born 29 November 1942 , in Vienna ... And we have Emilie Schenkl 's testimony that they were married secretly in 1937 . Whatever the precise dates , the most important thing is the relationship . '' Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hayes 2011 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon 1990 , pp. 344 -- 345 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes 2011 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Bose 2005 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Gordon 1990 , p. 595 -- 596 . ^ Jump up to : Santhanam 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon 1990 , p. 285 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon 1990 , p. 446 . Jump up ^ Gordon 1990 , p. 543 . Jump up ^ Hayes 2011 , p. 144 . References ( edit ) Bose , Sarmila ( 2005 ) , `` Love in the Time of War : Subhas Chandra Bose 's Journeys to Nazi Germany ( 1941 ) and towards the Soviet Union ( 1945 ) '' , Economic and Political Weekly , 40 ( 3 ) : 249 -- 256 , JSTOR 4416082 Bose , Sugata ( 2011 ) , His Majesty 's Opponent : Subhas Chandra Bose and India 's Struggle against Empire , Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04754 - 9 , retrieved 22 September 2013 Gordon , Leonard A. ( 1990 ) , Brothers against the Raj : a biography of Indian nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose , Columbia University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 07442 - 1 , retrieved 17 November 2013 Hayes , Romain ( 2011 ) , Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany : Politics , Intelligence and Propaganda 1941 - 1943 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 932739 - 3 , retrieved 22 September 2013 Pelinka , Anton ( 2003 ) , Democracy Indian Style : Subhas Chandra Bose and the Creation of India 's Political Culture , Transaction Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 2154 - 4 , retrieved 17 November 2013 Santhanam , Kausalya ( 1 March 2001 ) , Wearing the mantle with grace , The Hindu , retrieved 31 December 2013 Subhas Chandra Bose Family Anita Bose Pfaff ( daughter ) Emilie Schenkl ( wife / companion ) Janakinath Bose ( father ) Prabhabati Bose ( Dutt ) ( mother ) Sarat Bose ( elder brother ) Events Azad Hind Azad Hind Dal Azad Hind Radio All India Forward Bloc Free India Centre Greater East Asia Conference Indian independence movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Indian National Congress Indian Legion Jai Hind I - 29 U-180 Special Bureau for India Surrender of Japan People India ( 1921 -- 40 ) Bengal Volunteers C.R. Das Jawaharlal Nehru Mahatma Gandhi Sachindra Nath Sanyal Ram Prasad Bismil Germany ( 1941 -- 43 ) Abid Hasan A.C.N. Nambiar Adam von Trott zu Solz Adolf Hitler Hiroshi Ōshima Joachim von Ribbentrop Wilhelm Keppler Southeast Asia ( 1943 -- 45 ) Habib ur Rahman Hideo Iwakuro Hideki Tojo Hikari Kikan J.R. Bhonsle Iwaichi Fujiwara Lakshmi Sahgal Rani of Jhansi Regiment Rash Behari Bose Shah Nawaz Khan Abbas Ali Legacy Death Bibliography Political views Renkōji Temple Mukherjee Commission Purna Swaraj Netaji Bhawan Subhas Chandra Bose statue ( Shyambazar , Kolkata ) VIAF : 202173394 LCCN : no2001035517 SUDOC : 111036054 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emilie_Schenkl&oldid=801094809 '' Categories : 1910 births 1996 deaths 20th - century Austrian people 20th - century Indian people Subhas Chandra Bose Converts to Hinduism Indian people of Austrian descent Hidden categories : Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from June 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 16 : 49 . 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-3744146500192966252 | Meredith Grey | Meredith Grey - wikipedia Meredith Grey Jump to : navigation , search Meredith Grey Grey 's Anatomy character Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey on the show of Grey 's Antaomy First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1.01 ) March 27 , 2005 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Ellen Pompeo ( adult ) Nicolette Collier ( young ) Claire Geare ( age 3 ) Aria Leabu ( Season 11 flashbacks ) Information Occupation Chief of General Surgery Board Director Title Chief of General Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Ellis Grey ( mother , deceased ) Thatcher Grey ( father ) Lexie Grey ( paternal half - sister , deceased ) Molly Thompson ( paternal half - sister ) Maggie Pierce ( maternal half - sister ) Spouse ( s ) Derek Shepherd ( m . 2009 ; d . 2015 ) Significant other ( s ) Finn Dandridge Will Thorpe Nathan Riggs George O'Malley Children Zola Grey Shepherd ( daughter ) Derek Bailey Grey Shepherd ( son ) Ellis Grey Shepherd ( daughter ) Meredith Grey , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series ' producer Shonda Rhimes , and is portrayed by actress Ellen Pompeo . Meredith is the series ' protagonist and title character , and was introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital ( later Seattle Grace - Mercy West , and afterwards Grey Sloan Memorial ) , eventually obtaining the position of a resident , and later the position of an attending , and in 2015 , attaining the Chief of General Surgery position . As the daughter of world - renowned surgeon Ellis Grey , Meredith struggles with the everyday life of being in a competitive profession , maintaining the relationship with her one - night stand and eventual husband Derek Shepherd ( deceased ) , her motherhood , and her friendships with her colleagues . Meredith is the narrator of the show and serves as the focal point for most episodes . Pompeo 's connection with Patrick Dempsey ( Derek Shepherd ) is acclaimed as a high point of the series . Rhimes has characterized Meredith as not believing in good or bad , but instead doing what she thinks is right . Grey has been positively received by television critics , with Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times referring to her as `` the heroine of Grey 's Anatomy '' . News of Pompeo leaving arose when it was made clear that her contract ended after the eighth season , and whether or not she would return to the series after her contract expires has been the centre of media speculation ever since . In 2016 , Pompeo re-negotiated her contract and signed up for the thirteenth season of the show . Pompeo 's performance has been well received throughout the show and the character has gained widespread popularity worldwide . Pompeo has been nominated for multiple awards for her portrayal of the character in the long running ABC medical drama including Satellite Award for Best Actress and multiple nominations at the People 's Choice Awards for Best Actress winning at 39th People 's Choice Awards in 2013 and again in 2015 at 41st People 's Choice Awards , Pompeo has also received a Best Performance by an Actress in a Drama Series nomination at the 64th Golden Globe Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines and Characteristics 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 3.1 Reviews 3.2 Awards 4 References 5 External links Storylines and characteristics ( edit ) Dr. Meredith Grey is the daughter of world - renowned surgeon Ellis Grey , and grew up in her shadow . Ellis was a deeply flawed , emotionally and verbally abusive , neglectful mother towards her . Meredith is described as a `` dark and twisty , '' damaged person who sees the world in varying shades of gray morality . Because of this , she is an emotionally complex person capable of empathizing with others when they 're at their lowest points , and a sensitive observer of the people around her . Meredith is a graduate of Dartmouth College and nearly did not attend med school due to conflicts with her mother . Meredith was directionless after obtaining her undergrad and had plans to sleep and party her way through Europe . After a month abroad , Meredith was called back to care for Ellis , who had developed early - onset Alzheimer 's disease , and Meredith obtained her M.D. The night before Meredith 's internship begins , she has a one - night stand with Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , a stranger she meets at a bar . She discovers the next day that he is the recently hired attending and new head of neurosurgery at her new workplace , Seattle Grace Hospital . Meredith is assigned to work under resident Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , and befriends her fellow interns , George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) . She is particularly close with Cristina Yang , who becomes her best friend and `` person '' . Though she initially thinks poorly of him , Alex Karev also evolves into Meredith 's `` person '' and the two assume a sibling-esque familial relationship . Meredith has a conflicted relationship with Richard Webber ( James Pickens Jr . ) , the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace . Richard was very close to Ellis when Meredith was a child , which inclines him to save or mentor Grey and make exceptions for her . Meredith has a habit of `` collecting strays '' , allowing her friends and coworkers to live in the house her mother left her and become her pseudo-family . Meredith is endlessly loyal to those she deems her family , and bends traditional morality as needed in order to keep them safe . Having grown up in a hospital , Meredith shows immense natural talent . She possesses a steadfast , calm ease during medical procedures and emergencies , and is a natural observer of people . She exhibits a knack for catching subtle hints and accurately determining difficult - to - catch diagnoses . Her placid , non-judgmental bedside manner often causes people to open up and trust her . Her surgical skills are solidly impressive and she shows a talent and patience for medical research trials and dealing with psychologically damaged patients . Meredith resists Derek 's advances throughout her internship , but is eventually charmed into starting a relationship with him despite misgivings about an intern dating an attending . She is therefore shocked by the arrival of Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , Derek 's wife , unaware that he was married . Derek struggles to choose between the two , but ultimately returns to Addison , despite Meredith begging to be chosen instead . Meredith is devastated and turns to multiple , self - destructive means of coping . Initially she falls on old habits of self - medicating with tequila and sex , and buys a dog . She also tries to resolve some issues by searching for her long - absent father , Thatcher . She learns that her father , who left when she was five and she has not seen since , remarried and had two more daughters . The two do not become close , but Grey becomes fond of her stepmother . Meredith spirals further when Ellis is admitted to the hospital , revealing Ellis ' diagnosis of early - onset Alzheimer 's and her verbally abusive tendencies . Meredith self - destructive behavior increases when she saves a patient with a bomb in their chest by impulsively inserting her hand to hold it until the bomb squad can remove it . Mereidth has a series of one - night stands , including one with George , who is in love with her . When she cries in the middle of their encounter , their friendship temporarily ends . Meredith swears off her behavior , agrees to be friends only with Shepherd , and embarks on a relationship with veterinarian Finn Dandridge ( Chris O'Donnell ) . Derek regrets his decision to return to his wife and Meredith must decide whether to continue a relationship with Finn , or allow Derek a second chance . When Ellis experiences a rare , completely lucid day , and expresses her immense disappointment at how ordinary Meredith has turned out to be , she becomes depressed and possibly suicidal . During a ferryboat accident , Meredith is knocked into the water and chooses to give up and drown , rather than fight and swim . She flatlines at the hospital , and awakens in an `` afterlife '' , where she interacts with deceased former acquaintances . Ellis dies in the interim , and Meredith meets with her mother , who tells her that she is anything but ordinary . She is subsequently resuscitated at the insistence of Cristina . Derek distances himself from Meredith as the result of her self recklessness , prompting her to seek therapy to address her problems . Meredith sees a therapist , Dr. Wyatt ( Amy Madigan ) , to seek happiness and begins to successfully tackle her issues . Meredith found her mother 's diaries , dredging up old memories and secrets for her to work through . Meanwhile , Meredith nearly fails her intern exam after a drunken Thatcher publicly blames Meredith for the death of his wife , Susan , a distraught Grey sits through her entire test without writing a single answer . Dr. Webber gives her a second chance , saving her from destroying her career . After Meredith is promoted to a resident , her younger half - sister Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) begins working at Seattle Grace as an intern . Meredith initially rejects Lexie 's attempts to form a relationship , but slowly softens towards her . The sisters are very different people with different childhoods . Lexie had an idealistic family life and often has difficulty understanding her much darker sister , who does not have the same positive associations with family as Lexie . She later initiates a neurosurgical clinical trial , enlisting Derek as a consulting neurosurgeon . The trial fails repeatedly , but the final patient they treat survives , which leads them to reuniting and moving in together . Their relationship is healthier than before , but still experiences snags as the two attempt to understand each other and navigate what they now look on as a permanent , long - term relationship . Meredith relies heavily on Cristina for emotional support and guidance . Eventually , Derek and Meredith decide to marry , but on their wedding day , the pair give their `` perfect '' wedding ceremony to Izzie and Alex , to marry each other during the planned ceremony instead . The development of Grey and Shepherd 's relationship , during season three , was disliked among television critics . Meredith and Derek marry by writing their wedding vows on a post-it note . Meredith spends the majority of a season out of commission after donating part of her liver to Thatcher and supporting Cristina 's new relationship with Owen Hunt , an army doctor with worrisome PTSD . Meredith experiences another immense trauma after the hospital is put under a lockdown from an active mass - shooter seeking revenge against Derek . Meredith offers her own life in exchange for his and miscarries her baby during the crisis . She goes through this traumatic experience with Cristina , who operates on Derek while threatened at gunpoint . Meredith hides her loss and the trauma psychiatrist refuses to clear neither Cristina nor Meredith for their return to surgery . Meredith is able to work through her issues and become cleared , but Cristina remains deeply traumatized . Meredith covers for and supports her friend through her dark time , but is ultimately unable to fully help her return to surgery . Meredith decides to actively try to become pregnant , but learns that she has a `` hostile uterus '' , which leads her to consider her other possible genetic flaws . Derek , who is constantly worried about the possibility that she will develop Alzheimer 's , initiates a clinical trial hoping to cure the disease . Meredith opts to work on the trial and appears to be leaning towards a neuro specialty . When the chief of surgery , Richard Webber ( James Pickens Jr . ) 's wife , Adele , is diagnosed with Alzheimer 's , she receives a spot on the trial . Meredith tampers with the drugs so that Adele does not receive the placebo . She and Derek decide to adopt Zola , an orphaned baby from Malawi , and make their marriage legal . When the truth about the tampering comes out , however , a furious Derek tells her he can not raise a child with her because of her moral ambiguity . Meredith is fired , and tries to conceal both this and her marital separation from the adoption counselor in order to keep Zola . Although Dr. Webber steps down as chief of surgery and takes the blame for the trial tampering to protect Meredith , Zola is taken away . She and Derek reconcile . Meredith chooses a general specialty over neuro , and they successfully fight to get Zola back . As her last year of residency is coming to a close , the residents travel around the country , searching for the best jobs in their specialties . In order to finish their residency , the residents must take the medical boards . Meredith takes the exam while sick with the flu . She decides to take a job offer at The Brigham and Women 's Hospital as the next step in her career . During a medical flight to undertake a prestigious surgery involving conjoined twins , Meredith , Derek , Cristina , and Lexie , among others , are involved in an aviation accident . The plane crash kills Lexie , and the survivors are trapped in the wooded wilderness for days waiting for help . Following their rescue , Merdith becomes an attending general surgeon at Seattle Grace , now Seattle Grace - Mercy West . While Cristina flees Seattle for her fellowship , Meredith , afraid of flying and change , declines her job offer , and clings to what remains in Seattle . Cristina and Meredith begin calling the hospital Seattle Grace Mercy Death in light of the immense amount of trauma , death , and pain they have experienced there . Meredith 's newfound attitude and sarcasm leads to her being dubbed `` Medusa '' by the hospital 's new batch of interns . In the aftermath of the plane accident , the hospital is sued and eventually found guilty of negligence . Each victim including Derek , Cristina , Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) and herself must receive $15 million of compensation , which leads the hospital to a near bankruptcy as the insurance company refuses to pay due to a loophole . The doctors along with Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) buy the hospital with the help of the Harper Avery Foundation to prevent it from closing and become new members of the directing board . Meredith asks Dr. Bailey to perform gene mapping on her to finally know whether she has Alzheimer 's genes like her mother . She tests positive for more than one of the genetic markers for the disease . Meredith moves to the completed dream home and sells her house to Alex , who purchases it as the only true home he 's ever known . He continues Meredith 's tradition of keeping the house open to any `` strays '' needing a home . Meredith discovers she is pregnant and gives birth to a son . The baby is delivered via C - section . While stitching Meredith up , the obstetrician who operated on her is called away to another patient and intern Shane Ross completes the stitching . When blood begins to appear from everywhere , Meredith diagnoses herself in as being in DIC . Dr. Bailey performs a spleen removal , which saves her life . In return , Derek and Meredith name their son Bailey . As a spouse , surgeon , and mother , Meredith has cited a number times that she did not want to be like either of her parents : her father had followed her mother around pathetically before leaving to be happy , while her mother valued her career over her family . Meredith is frequently conflicted trying to balance between the two , and fears her family are hindering her medical aspirations , as much as she fears becoming like her mother whenever she 's tempted to choose surgery over family . Meredith and Cristina have a huge rift when Cristina confirms Meredith 's fears by stating that Meredith 's skills have fallen behind Cristina 's due to her familial obligations taking her away from OR time . Meredith and Derek come to an agreement that he , already established in his career and reputation , would take a step back to take care of the children and allow her to shine . Meredith attempts to regain some ground by starting a promising research trial 3 - D printing portal veins . The conflict between Cristina and Meredith widens when Cristina commandeers Meredith 's resources for her own trial , ultimately garnering a Harper Avery nomination for Cristina . Cristina and Meredith repair their relationship when Meredith confesses that Cristina was correct , her skills have surpassed Meredith 's . Cristina moves to Switzerland take up a job offer from Dr. Preston Burke , her former attending , mentor and fiancé , who was looking for a replacement at a research hospital he was running , thus leaving Alex in charge of being Meredith 's `` person '' in her place , an honor he gladly accepts . Meredith and Derek 's marriage becomes strained when Derek goes against his promise and accepts an offer from the U.S. President to participate in the Brain Mapping Initiative , which consumes his time and eclipses Meredith , who is feeling increasingly left behind and mommy - tracked . He receives an offer to head the project itself in Washington D.C. , meaning that he would have to be based there permanently . Meredith puts her foot down as she does not want to uproot their young family to move across the country for his career at the sacrifice of her own . They begin a series of on - and - off arguments and `` cold wars '' over their careers . Derek accepts the job in the heat of the moment and promptly leaves for Washington . During a phone call with Meredith , they agree to work things out after she tells him that she did not want them to become `` one of those couples '' and he reciprocates , saying that he missed her . She privately admits to Alex that she has realized that she could live independently of Derek , but chooses not to . Meredith finds out she has a maternal half sister named Maggie Pierce who is now working in Grey Sloan Memorial . Meredith is in denial and rejects Maggie , thinking she would have remembered if her mother was pregnant until she finds a hospital document confirming the revelation . Meredith tries to piece together her relationship with her mother and half sister by going through old videos of her mother . She eventually recovers her repressed memories of the pregnancy when she views her mother 's diary and has a change of heart , choosing to accept Maggie and begin building a relationship . Meredith is widowed when Derek is killed in a car accident and was taken to an understaffed hospital . The doctors failed to recognize his head injury in time and allowed personal conflicts to interfere . Derek is declared brain dead , and Meredith must go to the medical center to consent to remove him from life support , shortly before she 's hit with the first waves of morning sickness . She tells Penny , the intern who was assigned to Derek that every doctor has `` that one '' patient who dies on their watch and haunts them forever and `` that one will make you work harder , and they make you better . '' After Derek 's death , Meredith returns to Grey Sloan Memorial to inform the others of his passing . Following the funeral service , Meredith impulsively packs up her belongings and leaves with the children to San Diego . Months pass by while her friends and family are unaware of her whereabouts . Eventually , parallels show similarities in Meredith 's and Ellis ' lives : Both have lost the love of their life , both run away from Seattle following their loss , and both eventually give birth to a daughter . Meredith names her newborn daughter after her mother . Although still grieving over Derek , Meredith returns to Seattle with the children and later becomes chief of general surgery . She sells the `` dream house '' and moves back to her mother 's house , having purchased it back from Alex , and now lives there with Maggie and Amelia Shepherd , her sister - in - law . Meredith hosts a dinner party and at the party Callie brings Penny as a date . Later at the event Meredith finds out Penny will be joining her at Grey Sloan Memorial . Meredith eventually forgives Penny , who becomes her favorite resident over Alex 's girlfriend , Jo. Alex and Meredith continue their close , sibling - like relationship of being each other 's `` person '' , despite Jo 's displeasure and inability to understand their closeness . He supports her when she is violently attacked by a disoriented patient , and she supports him through his legal difficulties . Alex initiates a weekly family waffle day where he makes waffles for everyone in the house . Meredith recovers enough to start seeing Nathan Riggs , Owen Hunt 's former best friend , by season 13 , although their relationship is complicated by the fact that Maggie confesses to Meredith that she has feelings for Riggs and Meredith is not ready to declare their relationship formally or publicly . Eventually she accepts her relationship with Riggs , but it 's complicated by the unexpected return of Owen 's sister , Megan Hunt , Riggs ' fiancée . Meredith finds herself in another love triangle when Megan rejects Riggs because he is still in love with Meredith , but Meredith pushes them to be together . After her relationship with Riggs ends , Meredith is nominated for a Harper Avery Award for her groundbreaking surgery on Megan . In the 300th episode , after failing to attend the awards ceremony to stay for a medical trauma , post-surgery , Meredith learns with all her closest friends in the OR and gallery that she has won the Harper Avery Award . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) Pompeo discovered Grey 's Anatomy after an extended period of doing nothing in the acting profession . Her agent suggested she audition amongst other projects . While casting actresses for the part of Meredith Grey , series ' creator Shonda Rhimes said : `` I kept saying we need a girl like that girl from Moonlight Mile , and after a while , they were like , ' We think we can get that girl from Moonlight Mile . ' I spent time with her and got to know her , and then we started casting for the men . '' She reported that Grey was not an easy role to cast because of the strong verbal possibilities . Rhimes was informed that the actress in question was Pompeo , who had a deal in place with ABC , having previously tested for a pilot show on the network . It has been speculated that Pompeo was the first character to be cast , but when asked , she said she did not know of this . When asked of how she created Pompeo 's character , Rhimes said : `` `` ( I was ) in my pajamas at home , which is where I spent a lot of time writing . I kept asking myself , ' What kind of woman should the heroine be ? ' I thought she should be someone who had made some big mistakes . As it turns out , Meredith also has another problem : She is trying to live up to her mother 's renowned career in surgery . Meredith is the daughter of a mother who basically never spent any time with her -- the daughter of a mother who now has Alzheimer 's and does n't even remember her . '' '' Pompeo was cast as the program 's titular character , described by Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times as `` a prickly , independent sort whose ambition , and ambivalence , is fueled by the fact that her mother was a gifted surgeon and now suffers from Alzheimer 's . '' Grey also serves as the show 's narrator , and as such was likened in early reviews to Carrie Bradshaw ( Sarah Jessica Parker ) , the narrator and protagonist of Sex and the City . After her initial contract with Grey 's Anatomy expired , Pompeo negotiated a new one , in which she would be paid US $200,000 per episode , making her and Dempsey the highest - paid cast members on the show . In 2012 , Forbes recognized Pompeo as the eighth highest - paid actress on television , with a salary of US $275,000 per episode for her role on Grey 's Anatomy . Pompeo 's second contract with Grey 's Anatomy expired after the eighth season , and speculation arose that she would be leaving subsequently . In September 2011 , Pompeo reported that she is open to the idea of extending her contract , if invited . She told TV Guide : `` I would never turn up my nose at ( Grey 's Anatomy ) . As long as the stories are honest and truthful , and Patrick ( Dempsey ) and I feel there is material for us to be passionate about , it still beats a 9 - to - 5 job any day . If I hear from the fans that they want us to keep going , then I would continue because we owe them everything . '' E ! Online reported in May 2012 , that Pompeo , as well as all original cast members have signed on for two more years . With the Huffington Post 's announcement of season nine having officially been renewed , the contract is set into place for Pompeo to return . Pompeo 's contract expired again at the end of the twelfth season . She signed a new contract to keep her in the starring role on the series for the thirteenth season . According to a report in Deadline Hollywood , Pompeo was earning $300,000 per episode under the new deal . On January 17 , 2018 , it was announced by ABC that Ellen Pompeo 's contract had been renewed through season 16 . Not only does the contract renewal secure that Pompeo 's return as Meredith Grey , but it also makes her a producer of Grey 's Anatomy and a co-executive producer of the spin - off series . The deal will make Pompeo the highest paid actress currently on a dramatic TV series , with her making $575,000 per episode and over $20 million yearly . Characterization ( edit ) Whatever I come up with , ( Pompeo ) is always game to play . She 's been so good at what she 's done that I 've just let the character do what I 've wanted the character to do , which has been wonderful . She 's managed to sell every single thing because she 's really believed it . The incredible thing is that you can have no fear to write what you think because she is always able to deliver . Executive producer Betsy Beers on developing Pompeo 's character Grey is the protagonist and focal point of the series . She has been called `` intelligent , compassionate , hard - working , oftentimes outspoken , easily distracted , and indecisive '' by Grey 's Anatomy executives . Pompeo says she is unaware if her character knows how to have fun , adding : `` All of my scenes with ( Dempsey ) are the same -- we 're either breaking up or having sex . '' Her personality has evolved over the past few seasons from depressed , to happy and `` fixed '' . Pompeo said to Good Morning America , `` I am so incredibly lucky to have Patrick ( Dempsey ) , to have the chemistry that we do , we have an amazing relationship , and it 's like any other relationship , you have your ups and downs . But we work it out , and we 've found a way to do this for this long and still get along , and make it work and believe in what we 're doing . '' Pompeo told Entertainment Weekly : `` It 's awkward with Patrick ( Dempsey ) because he 's like my brother . As soon as the camera is off , I 'm like , ' Is your hand on my butt ? ' But there are millions of girls who have been waiting for this , so I feel an obligation to the fans . '' Rhimes used the dog `` Doc '' , which Meredith and Derek shared , as a metaphor of their relationship during the second season . She characterizes Grey as doing what she thinks is right : `` Meredith is the girl who put her hand on a bomb in a body cavity . Meredith is the girl who tried to help a serial killer kill himself , so that he could donate his organs . Meredith -- and this is obvious -- has a compass that has always led her to shades of grey . She does not believe in black - and - white , she does not believe in good or bad , she does what she thinks is right . '' McKee deemed Grey and O'Malley's sexual encounter irreversible . The character had a one - night stand with George O'Malley , in the second season . Series writer Stacy McKee , said of the sexual encounter : `` There 's no turning back . There 's nothing George and Meredith can do . The damage is done -- things will never be the same . They 've just changed something important in their lives FOREVER and ... they are freaking out . '' Grey 's character development has also been known as an influence on the creation of her half - sister , Lexie Grey . Particularly , it has been made clear that they both share the same motives . McKee offered her thoughts : `` Meredith and Lexie both want to succeed . They want to be strong . They want to feel normal . They want , so much , to be whole . But it 's a struggle -- a genuine struggle for them . Being hardcore does n't come naturally . Sometimes , they have to fake it . '' Grey 's personality has been compared with that of Alex Karev 's . Rhimes offered the insight : `` I like to create moments for him and Meredith . Because , in my head , they are very similar people . Even though Karev can be such an ass , even though he 's arrogant , even though he gave O'Malley the Syph . He and Meredith are both lost , both lonely , both former screw - ups who got their acts together . In another lifetime , they would be really good friends . So throughout the season , we watch them pause from time to time to look at each other and see that they are mirrors of one another . -- Shonda Rhimes , Grey Matter Pompeo fights for a truthful storyline for her character -- she wants it to be realistic and says you ca n't always wrap it up in a neat little package . Referring to Grey 's tampering with Shepherd 's trial , Pompeo said : `` Listen , what Meredith did clearly crossed a line . Derek has a right to be pissed . '' Following the tampering , Rhimes said she believes that Grey and Shepherd are meant to be together and that it in the end , they will end up with each other . Grey 's relationship with Cristina Yang , has been looked upon as `` sisterhood '' , and Yang has repeatedly referred to Grey as `` her person '' . This led to the two being dubbed `` the twisted sisters '' . At the conclusion of season three , the duo went on a `` honeymoon '' together , and Rhimes called it her favorite detail of the finale . Grey has been characterized , by some , as `` whiny '' . Rhimes offered her insight : `` I 've heard a lot of talk about Meredith being whiny but the truth is , she 's got a mom ( who died of ) Alzheimer 's , no other family to speak of , and the man she loves is married . She 's pretty freaking lonely , people . She 's got a right to get her whine on . So , when she falters , it 's partly because she 's got nothing to hang on to . As she says in the first episode , she needs a reason to go on , she needs some hope . '' Rhimes felt that the 100th episode showed well Meredith 's evolution throughout the show from a `` dark and twisty girl '' to a `` happy woman '' . She said : `` She is the thing her mother wished for her . She is extraordinary . Because , to get past the crap of your past ? To move on ? To let the past go and change ? That is extraordinary . To love ? Without fear ? Without screwing it up ? That is extraordinary . It makes me happy to see her happy . '' Following the departure of Patrick Dempsey 's character , Rhimes was quoted as saying that `` ... Meredith and the entire Grey 's Anatomy family are about to enter uncharted territory as we head into this new chapter of her life . The possibilities for what may come are endless . '' With at least a year left in Pompeo 's contract with the show , viewers are sure to witness some of the most difficult times of Meredith 's life yet . Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) The character has received both overwhelmingly positive reviews to weary response from television critics throughout the course of the show . The initial response to the character was positive but as the series progressed Meredith Grey became immensely popular and Pompeo established the character as a critic and fan favorite featuring on a number of Top TV Character lists . The development of the character has been deemed as the highlight of the show . Grey has constantly been defined as `` the heroine of Grey 's Anatomy '' . At the time of inception Newsday 's Diane Werts praised the character stating , `` Like Hugh Laurie 's irascible `` House '' title character , star Ellen Pompeo 's newly minted Dr. Grey conveys such substance that you simply ca n't stop watching . '' Ellen A. Kim of After Pompeo not receiving an Emmy nomination for her work as Grey , McNamara of the Los Angeles Times suggested that Pompeo , `` who has worked very hard and against all narrative odds to make Meredith Grey an interesting character at last '' should have received a nomination at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards . Later , during the twelfth season Western Gazette gave Ellen Pompeo the credit for carrying the show and re-ittirated . '' ( It 's ) time for Pompeo to finally win an Emmy Award . '' Tanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly referred to Grey as the `` trusty voice over master '' of Grey 's Anatomy . Pompeo 's connection with Patrick Dempsey ( Derek Shepherd ) is acclaimed as a high point of the series . Former television columnist for The Star - Ledger Alan Sepinwall expressed his boredom on the focus given on Grey 's relationships storylines while reviewing the second season 's finale : `` On those occasions when Meredith 's not involved in a plot about her love life , I do kind of like her , but those moments are so infrequent compared to her constant angsting over McDreamy -- not to mention all those seemingly unrelated storylines that always turn into a metaphor for that relationship -- that I really , really ca n't stand her . '' During the show 's third season , the development of the character received negative reviews , with Cristopher Monfette of IGN stating that her storyline has become `` some bizarrely under - developed sub-plot about depression and giving Derek a season 's worth of reconsidering to do . '' Also during the third season , Robert Rorke of the New York Post noted the decline in Meredith 's role in the show , expressing disappointment : `` She used to be the queen of the romantic dilemmas , but lately , she 's been a little dopey , what with the endless McDreamy soliloquies . '' Similarly , Macleans.ca found their storyline in the fourth season overused , `` This whole ' Oh I need more time , ' but ' Oh , I 'm jealous if you look at someone else ' angst was tired in the second season , frustrating in the third and now a total channel changer . The will - they - or - wo n't - they plot does n't work because they 've already been in and out of that relationship too many times . Meredith is a nag and McDreamy is henpecked . '' On a more positive note , her relationship with Shepherd was included in AOL TV 's list of the `` Best TV Couples of All Time '' and in the same list by TV Guide . During the sixth season the development of the character was praised , Glenn Diaz of BuddyTV commented that `` You got ta love Mer when she 's gloomy . '' , in addition to praising Pompeo 's performance . In her review of the episode Tainted Obligation she wrote `` I felt for Meredith , but after Lexie 's heartfelt begging and pleading , I was happy that Mere finally grows up and casts her selfishness aside . Three seasons ago Meredith would never have dreamed of putting Lexie first , and I was proud of her for giving up part of her liver -- her offer to get to know her dad was an even bigger milestone . '' Reviewing the first part of the eighth season , TV Fanatic lauded the character and wrote : `` this season belongs to Meredith Grey . She is the heart and soul of the show and has been outstanding . This is a character that used to be so dark and twisty and has now grown into a more mature woman . Ellen Pompeo has been at the top of her game this season . '' Wit & Fancy praised the transformation of the character and stated , `` Of course Meredith will still make rash decisions like when she took off with Zola , or tampered with the trial but she does things out of love and the kindness of her heart now and not because she is dark and twisty . Considering where Meredith was at the beginning and where she is now , I think she went through a remarkable journey and did more than just growing up , she finally became `` all whole and healed `` . '' Maura O'Malley of Bustle also lauded the development of the character ahead of season 12 saying , `` When the series began , Meredith was just a girl sitting in a bar celebrating the exciting next phase of her life . She had graduated medical school , she was starting her residency at a prestigious hospital , and she was simply looking for a no - strings attached , one night stand . What she got instead was a complicated romantic relationship that rivals Romeo and Juliet -- but the key is , she was n't searching for love . Working and learning were -- and continue to be -- her priorities , while McDreamy was simply an added perk . Hopefully , the new season of Grey 's Anatomy will reflect this change in tone , because Meredith is a strong , independent woman -- and she will be just fine . '' Later in the series , Ellen Pompeo received critical acclaim with numerous critics lauding her portrayal of the character . Reviewing the episode She 's Leaving Home CarterMatt called her the `` anchor '' for Grey 's saying , `` Throughout , this was an episode completely anchored by Ellen Pompeo , who has done some of her best work ever on the show the past couple of weeks . Tonight , she cried , she fought , and she learned that she was carrying his child . '' and added that Pompeo is often `` ovelooked '' saying , `` Her subtlety is probably why she is often overlooked . '' Rick Porter of Zap2it reviewing `` How to Save a Life '' wrote , `` Without Meredith , and without one of Pompeo 's strongest performances in her long time on the show , `` How to Save a Life '' would have run the risk of coming across as a baldly manipulative death episode , the likes of which the show has done several times before . He added . `` How to Save a Life '' may not be the ideal Emmy - submission episode for Pompeo , considering Meredith is off screen for more than half of it . But it 's among the best work she 's ever done on the show . '' USA Today also lauded Pompeo saying , `` In some ways , the episode ( How to Save a Life ) was even more of a showcase for Pompeo . She had some of the more memorable and well - played scenes , from her angry response to the doctor who tries to tell her what her choices are , to her resignation when she realizes she has to comfort and motivate the young doctor whose mistakes cost Derek his life . '' Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considered Meredith 's friendship with Cristina ( Sandra Oh ) to be `` the secret core of Grey 's '' . The relation between Meredith and Cristina has been acclaimed and been a highlight of the show . Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considered the friendship to be `` the secret core of Grey 's '' . Aisha Harris of Slate called their relation The Best Female Friendship on TV adding that `` With those two characters , showrunner Shonda Rhimes and her team of writers created one of the most nuanced and realistic portrayals of female friendship on television . '' Samantha Highfill of Entertainment Weekly called Cristina and Meredith the best female friends on TV because `` they do n't try to be '' . There 's nothing fake about them , which is a rarity in how female friends are portrayed on television . She further went on to call them ' soulmates ' , `` And even though they 'd never dare get sappy enough to say it , they 're soul mates . Margaret Lyons of Vulture ( magazine ) called the friendship '' dream BFF relationship . '' and the primary focus of the show , `` One of the series ' calling cards has been its depiction of female friendship and particularly the primacy that friendship enjoyed over romantic relationships . '' `` `` I wanted to create a world in which you felt as if you were watching very real women . Most of the women I saw on TV did n't seem like people I actually knew . They felt like ideas of what women are . They never got to be nasty or competitive or hungry or angry . They were often just the loving wife or the nice friend . But who gets to be the bitch ? Who gets to be the three - dimensional woman ? '' - Rhimes on Cristina - Meredith friendship . '' E ! at the time of Sandra Oh 's exit wrote , `` In Grey 's Anatomy 's 10 - year history , the doctor duo has been through a lot together : weddings , deaths , plane crashes , bomb threats , shooting , you name it , they 've lived ( and danced ) through it . '' and added , `` And with the three words , `` You 're my person . '' Cristina Yang and Meredith Grey solidified their status as the small screen 's best best friends ever . '' Marama Whyte of Hypable wrote , `` Critically , the key relationship in Meredith 's life was not her romance with Derek Shepherd , but her passionate , indestructible , absolutely enviable friendship with Cristina . Talk about relationship goals ; who wants McDreamy when Cristina Yang could be your person . These two were the real powerhouse , and Shonda Rhimes did n't shy away from making the audience remember this . Derek was the love of her life , but Cristina was her soul mate . More than anyone else , Cristina challenged Meredith , was honest with her , and inspired her . For these reasons , it was Cristina who was constantly the source of Meredith 's character development , not Derek . '' Pompeo 's character has also been used to define the image a strong woman , Bustle previewing the 12th season wrote , `` Meredith Grey has always been capable of being on her own . Grey 's Anatomy is about Meredith 's journey . Men and romantic interests are a part of her life , but they are not the priority . She does n't need McDreamy . Grey 's Anatomy does n't need McDreamy . So even if the writers do decide to create a new love interest for Ms. Grey ( Martin Henderson , perhaps ? ) , it would n't matter . I have faith that the show 's writers will do this storyline justice , because TV needs more strong single women -- and Meredith seems like the perfect candidate . '' The site added , `` This past season was almost a trial run for a McDreamy-less Grey 's Anatomy . When Derek left for Washington D.C. to pursue his research , Meredith stayed behind and focused on her own career . She did n't chase him . Her priority were her children and the Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . Meredith showed that she would never put aside her own dreams and aspirations for a man , and I believe that this wo n't change after Derek 's death . '' Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Grey 's Anatomy Pompeo 's failure to garner an Emmy Award nomination has been called a `` snub '' on multiple occasions . Pompeo has won and has been nominated for multiple awards for her portrayal of Grey . She and the Grey 's Anatomy cast won Best Ensemble in a Television Series at the 2006 Satellite Awards . During the following year 's ceremony , she was named Best Actress in a Television Drama Series . She was among the Grey 's Anatomy cast members awarded the Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series accolade at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards , and received nominations in the same category in 2006 and 2008 . Pompeo received a Best Performance by an Actress in a Drama Series nomination at the 64th Golden Globe Awards -- the program won Best Drama Series at the same ceremony . Also in 2007 , Pompeo and the female cast and crew of Grey 's Anatomy received the Women in Film Lucy Award , which honors those `` whose work in television has positively influenced attitudes toward women . '' Pompeo 's performance has garnered her multiple People 's Choice Awards . At the 37th People 's Choice Awards , she was nominated against Dempsey and Oh in the Favorite TV Doctor category , and the following year , she was a contender in the Favorite TV Drama Actress category . Since 2012 Pompeo has received nomination at the People 's Choice Awards every year in two categories at 40th People 's Choice Awards alongside Patrick Dempsey and Sandra Oh respectively . She won the Best Drama Actress Award at both the 39th People 's Choice Awards and the 41st People 's Choice Awards . In 2007 , show - business awards reporter Tom O'Neil commented that Pompeo was overdue an Emmy Award nomination for her role in Grey 's Anatomy . Readers of O'Neil's awards website , The Envelope , included Pompeo in their 2009 nominations for Best Drama Actress in the site 's Gold Derby TV Awards . Entertainment Weekly launched the EWwy Awards in 2008 , to honor actors who have not received Emmy nominations . Pompeo was nominated in the Best Actress in a Drama Series category , and placed fourth , with 19 percent of readers ' votes . References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` Yesterday '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 18 . February 19 , 2006 . ABC . 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Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once , ' ' Revenge , ' ' Grey 's ' And Two Comedies Renewed By ABC '' . Huffington Post . Huffington Post TV . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` Ellen Pompeo signs new deal with Grey 's Anatomy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` Ellen Pompeo Signs New Deal for Grey 's Anatomy Season 13 Because No Duh '' . E !. Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/ellen-pompeo-tvs-20-million-woman-reveals-her-behind-scenes-fight-what-i-deserve-1074978 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Season Three DVD : Commentary Feature . Buena Vista , ABC . 2007 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) Bio '' . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ http://www.buddytv.com/articles/greys-anatomy/greys-anatomy-episode-64-taint-31787.aspx Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Midseason Report Card : B + '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . 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Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/538821/grey-s-anatomy-we-dare-you-not-to-cry-during-this-tribute-to-cristina-and-meredith-s-epic-friendship Jump up ^ http://www.hypable.com/shondaland-shonda-rhimes-feminism/ Jump up ^ `` Winner Announcement '' ( PDF ) . www.pressacademy.com . International Press Academy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Satellites Award ' No Country , ' ' Juno ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . www.sagawards.org . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . www.sagawards.org . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . www.sagawards.org . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ http://www.wetpaint.com/greys-anatomy/articles/ellen-pompeo-and-greys-anatomy-win-big-at-2013-peoples-choice-awards?rand=130121 Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-peoples-choice-awards-2015-winners-list-20150107-story.html Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tom ( June 6 , 2007 ) . `` Battle to the finish '' . The Envelope ( Los Angeles Times ) . Tribune Broadcasting . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tom ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` ' 30 Rock , ' ' Mad Men ' lead Gold Derby TV Award nominations '' . Gold Derby ( Los Angeles Times ) . Tribune Broadcasting . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EWwy Winners Revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . September 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Television portal Meredith Grey at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meredith_Grey&oldid=843416770 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional characters from Massachusetts Fictional characters from Seattle Fictional storytellers Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional surgeons Fictional female doctors Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Македонски Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 01 : 05 . 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-1562763105096057028 | Ripon, California | Ripon , California - wikipedia Ripon , California City in California , United States City of Ripon Almond Capital of the World City Motto ( s ) : `` The Jewel of the Valley '' Location in San Joaquin County and the state of California City of Ripon Location in the United States Coordinates : 37 ° 44 ′ 26 '' N 121 ° 7 ′ 42 '' W / 37.74056 ° N 121.12833 ° W / 37.74056 ; - 121.12833 Coordinates : 37 ° 44 ′ 26 '' N 121 ° 7 ′ 42 '' W / 37.74056 ° N 121.12833 ° W / 37.74056 ; - 121.12833 Country United States State California County San Joaquin Incorporated November 27 , 1945 Government Mayor Dean Uecker State Senate Cathleen Galgiani ( D ) Assembly Heath Flora ( R ) U.S. Congress Jeff Denham ( R ) Area Total 5.46 sq mi ( 14.14 km ) Land 5.26 sq mi ( 13.63 km ) Water 0.19 sq mi ( 0.50 km ) 3.47 % Elevation 69 ft ( 21 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 14,297 Estimate ( 2016 ) 15,463 Density 2,937.50 / sq mi ( 1,134.23 / km ) Time zone PST ( UTC - 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC - 7 ) ZIP code 95366 Area code ( s ) 209 FIPS code 06 - 61026 GNIS feature ID 0277615 Website City website Ripon is a city located in San Joaquin County , California . The population was 14,297 at the 2010 census . Ripon was originally known as Stanislaus City , but was renamed for Ripon , Wisconsin in 1876 . Ripon , WI was the hometown of Applias Crooks , the community 's first postmaster . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 3.2 2000 4 Transportation 5 Education 5.1 Schools 6 Notable people 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Ripon , on the site previously known as Murphy 's Ferry , Stanislaus City , & Stanislaus Station , was renamed for Ripon , Wisconsin , which was named for a city in North Yorkshire , England . Ripon 's economy is largely agriculture based , known especially for its high production of almonds . In 1998 , great expansion began for the city . Areas north of the 99 freeway were slated for housing divisions , and huge swaths of agricultural land were slated for development . In 2003 , the Jack Tone Road intersection was rebuilt , thus beginning a gigantic commercial development for two truck stops , Loves and the Flying J that year . The next couple years saw the addition of tons of restaurants and even a shopping center . Geography ( edit ) Ripon is located at 37 ° 44 ′ 26 '' N 121 ° 07 ′ 42 '' W / 37.7405 ° N 121.1282 ° W / 37.7405 ; - 121.1282 ( 37.740478 , - 121.128224 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 5.5 square miles ( 14.2 km ) , of which , 5.3 square miles ( 13.7 km ) of it is land and 0.2 square miles ( 0.5 km ) of it ( 3.47 % ) is water . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1950 1,550 -- 1960 1,894 22.2 % 1970 2,679 41.4 % 1980 3,509 31.0 % 7,455 112.5 % 2000 10,146 36.1 % 14,297 40.9 % Est. 2016 15,463 8.2 % U.S. Decennial Census The 2010 United States Census reported that Ripon had a population of 14,297 . The population density was 2,601.8 people per square mile ( 1,004.5 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of Ripon was 11,392 ( 79.7 % ) White , 221 ( 1.5 % ) African American , 125 ( 0.9 % ) Native American , 599 ( 4.2 % ) Asian , 36 ( 0.3 % ) Pacific Islander , 1,208 ( 8.4 % ) from other races , and 716 ( 5.0 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3,177 persons ( 22.2 % ) . The census reported that 14,207 people ( 99.4 % of the population ) lived in households , 0 ( 0 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 90 ( 0.6 % ) were institutionalized . There were 4,855 households , out of which 2,057 ( 42.4 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 3,099 ( 63.8 % ) were opposite - sex married couples living together , 472 ( 9.7 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 227 ( 4.7 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . There were 193 ( 4.0 % ) unmarried opposite - sex partnerships , and 20 ( 0.4 % ) same - sex married couples or partnerships . 896 households ( 18.5 % ) were made up of individuals and 437 ( 9.0 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.93 . There were 3,798 families ( 78.2 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 3.34 . The population was spread out with 4,119 people ( 28.8 % ) under the age of 18 , 1,210 people ( 8.5 % ) aged 18 to 24 , 3,469 people ( 24.3 % ) aged 25 to 44 , 3,811 people ( 26.7 % ) aged 45 to 64 , and 1,688 people ( 11.8 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 37.1 years . For every 100 females , there were 95.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 92.3 males . There were 5,129 housing units at an average density of 933.4 per square mile ( 360.4 / km2 ) , of which 3,530 ( 72.7 % ) were owner - occupied , and 1,325 ( 27.3 % ) were occupied by renters . The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.6 % ; the rental vacancy rate was 7.4 % . 10,574 people ( 74.0 % of the population ) lived in owner - occupied housing units and 3,633 people ( 25.4 % ) lived in rental housing units . 2000 ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 10,146 people , 3,368 households , and 2,680 families residing in the city . The population density was 2,473.5 people per square mile ( 955.5 / km2 ) . There were 3,446 housing units at an average density of 840.1 per square mile ( 324.5 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 84.52 % White , 0.34 % African American , 0.61 % Native American , 1.51 % Asian , 0.28 % Pacific Islander , 8.80 % from other races , and 3.94 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.16 % of the population . There were 3,368 households out of which 45.5 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 66.1 % were married couples living together , 9.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 20.4 % were non-families. 16.9 % of all households were made up of individuals and 7.8 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.37 . In the city , the population was spread out with 32.0 % under the age of 18 , 7.6 % from 18 to 24 , 29.4 % from 25 to 44 , 20.9 % from 45 to 64 , and 10.1 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 34 years . For every 100 females there were 93.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 90.4 males . The median income for a household in the city was $56,979 , and the median income for a family was $62,592 . Males had a median income of $47,377 versus $25,389 for females . The per capita income for the city was $20,978 . About 4.7 % of families and 6.2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 6.2 % of those under age 18 and 11.5 % of those age 65 or over . Transportation ( edit ) An Altamont Corridor Express commuter rail station is planned to be constructed in Ripon for service in 2023 . Education ( edit ) Students are served by five K -- 8 elementary schools ( self - contained at all grade levels ) , and one high school by Ripon Unified School District , located in the Central Valley . All schools have API scores above 700 . Three of the elementary schools have API scores above 800 . Schools ( edit ) Colony Oak Elementary - California Distinguished School Park View Elementary Ripon Elementary California Distinguished School Ripona Elementary - opened 1965 , California Distinguished School Weston Elementary - opened 1985 , California Distinguished School Ripon High School Ripon Christian School Harvest High School Notable people ( edit ) Gay Jacobsen D'Asaro , fencing champion Walter Hawkins , Grammy Award - winning , gospel artist Edward L. Kessel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` California Cities by Incorporation Date '' . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . Archived from the original ( Word ) on February 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City Council '' . City Of Ripon . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statewide Database '' . UC Regents . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's 10th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jun 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Capace , Nancy ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of California . North American Book Dist LLC . Page 390 . ISBN 9780403093182 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2004 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Interactive Population Search : CA - Ripon city '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Holland , John ( 27 April 2018 ) . `` Expanded train service coming to Modesto , Merced ; what it means for commuters '' . Modesto Bee . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ripon Christian School Jump up ^ Harvest High School External links ( edit ) City of Ripon , California Ripon Chamber of Commerce `` Ripon '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . 19 January 1981 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 27 . Municipalities and communities of San Joaquin County , California , United States County seat : Stockton Cities Escalon Lathrop Lodi Manteca Ripon Stockton Tracy CDPs Acampo August Collierville Country Club Dogtown Farmington French Camp Garden Acres Kennedy Lincoln Village Linden Lockeford Morada Mountain House Peters Taft Mosswood Terminous Thornton Victor Waterloo Woodbridge Unincorporated communities Atlanta Banta Bear Creek Carbona Clements Gillis Goodmans Corner Holt Mormon New Jerusalem North Woodbridge South Woodbridge Vernalis Ghost towns Carnegie China Flat Elliott Liberty Mokelumne City San Joaquin City Taison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ripon,_California&oldid=840641887 '' Categories : Cities in San Joaquin County , California Incorporated cities and towns in California Stanislaus River Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Volapük Winaray 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 05 : 24 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what is the almond capital of the world | [
"City of RiponAlmond Capital of the World\nCity\n\nMotto(s): \"The Jewel of the Valley\"\nLocation in San Joaquin County and the state of California\nCity of RiponLocation in the United States\nCoordinates: 37°44′26″N 121°7′42″W / 37.74056°N 121.12833°W / 37.74056; -121.12833Coordinates: 37°44′26″N 121°7′42″W / 37.74056°N 121.12833°W / 37.74056; -121.12833Country\n United StatesState\n CaliforniaCounty\nSan JoaquinIncorporated\nNovember 27, 1945[1]Government • Mayor\nDean Uecker[2] • State Senate\nCathleen Galgiani (D)[3] • Assembly\nHeath Flora (R)[3] • U. S. Congress\nJeff Denham (R)[4]Area[5] • Total\n5.46 sq mi (14.14 km2) • Land\n5.26 sq mi (13.63 km2) • Water\n0.19 sq mi (0.50 km2) 3.47%Elevation\n69 ft (21 m)Population (2010) • Total\n14,297 • Estimate (2016)[6]\n15,463 • Density\n2,937.50/sq mi (1,134.23/km2)Time zone\nPST (UTC-8) • Summer (DST)\nPDT (UTC-7)ZIP code\n95366Area code(s)\n209FIPS code\n06-61026GNIS feature ID\n0277615Website\nCity website"
] | [
"Ripon"
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8183428900151997395 | My Field Trip to Planet 9 | My Field Trip to Planet 9 - Wikipedia My Field Trip to Planet 9 Jump to : navigation , search My Field Trip to Planet 9 Studio album by Justin Warfield Released July 13 , 1993 Recorded 1992 -- 1993 Genre Psychedelic hip hop Alternative hip hop Length 59 : 50 Label Qwest / Reprise / Warner Bros. Records 45085 Producer Prince Paul QDIII Justin Warfield Justin Warfield chronology My Field Trip to Planet 9 ( 1993 ) The Justin Warfield Supernaut ( 1995 ) The Justin Warfield Supernaut 1995 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic My Field Trip to Planet 9 is the debut album by Justin Warfield , which was released July 13 , 1993 , on Qwest Records . Track listing ( edit ) Tequila Flats Introduction by Eliis Dee Dip Dip Divin ' K Sera Sera Fisherman 's Grotto Live from the Opium Den Glass Tangerine Guavafish Centipede ( Aquatic Meditations ) Teenage Caligula Cool Like the Blues Drugstore Cowboy Pick it up , Y'all B - Boys on Acid Stormclouds Left of Heaven Thoughts in the Buttermilk Tequila Flats ( Ghosts of Laurel Canyon ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ankeny , Jason . `` My Field Trip to Planet 9 '' . Allmusic . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . http://www.allmusic.com/album/my-field-trip-to-planet-9-mw0000101189 http://www.sputnikmusic.com/soundoff.php?albumid=151585 This 1990s hip hop album -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Field_Trip_to_Planet_9&oldid=712144865 '' Categories : 1993 debut albums Qwest Records albums Albums produced by Prince Paul ( producer ) Albums produced by Quincy Jones III English - language albums Hip hop albums by American artists 1990s hip hop album stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 March 2016 , at 07 : 31 . About Wikipedia | justin warfield my field trip to planet 9 | [] | [] |
-5763770346377586696 | Third-party beneficiary | Third - party beneficiary - wikipedia Third - party beneficiary Jump to : navigation , search Contract law Part of the common law series Contract formation Offer and acceptance Posting rule Mirror image rule Invitation to treat Firm offer Consideration Implication - in - fact Collateral contract Defenses against formation Lack of capacity Duress Undue influence Illusory promise Statute of frauds Non est factum Contract interpretation Parol evidence rule Contract of adhesion Integration clause Contra proferentem Excuses for non-performance Mistake Misrepresentation Frustration of purpose Impossibility Impracticability Illegality Unclean hands Unconscionability Accord and satisfaction Rights of third parties Privity of contract Assignment Delegation Novation Third - party beneficiary Breach of contract Anticipatory repudiation Cover Exclusion clause Efficient breach Deviation Fundamental breach Remedies Specific performance Liquidated damages Penal damages Rescission Quasi-contractual obligations Promissory estoppel Quantum meruit Related areas of law Conflict of laws Commercial law Other common law areas Tort law Property law Wills , trusts , and estates Criminal law Evidence A third - party beneficiary , in the law of contracts , is a person who may have the right to sue on a contract , despite not having originally been an active party to the contract . This right , known as a ius quaesitum tertio , arises when the third party ( tertius or alteri ) is the intended beneficiary of the contract , as opposed to a mere incidental beneficiary ( penitus extraneus ) . It vests when the third party relies on or assents to the relationship , and gives the third party the right to sue either the promisor ( promittens , or performing party ) or the promisee ( stipulans , or anchor party ) of the contract , depending on the circumstances under which the relationship was created . A contract made in favor of a third party is known as a `` third - party beneficiary contract . '' Under traditional common law , the ius quaesitum tertio principle was not recognized , instead relying on the doctrine of privity of contract , which restricts rights , obligations , and liabilities arising from a contract to the contracting parties ( said to be privy to the contract ) . However , the Contracts ( Rights of Third Parties ) Act 1999 introduced a number of allowances and exceptions for ius quaesitum tertio in English law . Other common - law countries are also making reforms in this area , though the United States is unique in abandoning privity early in the mid-19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ius quaesitum tertio 1.1 Object to benefit 1.2 Irrevocability 1.3 Acceptance 2 Intended v. incidental beneficiary 2.1 Incidental beneficiary 2.2 Intended beneficiary 3 Vesting of rights 4 Breach and defenses 5 Rights that accrue to the promisee 6 Notes 7 See also Ius quaesitum tertio ( edit ) While the law on this subject varies , there is nonetheless a commonly accepted construction of third - party rights in the laws of most countries . A right of action arises only when it appears the object of the contract was to benefit the third party 's interests and the third - party beneficiary has either relied on or accepted the benefit . A promisee nominates a third party usually for one of two reasons -- either the promisee owes something to the third party and the performance of this new obligation will discharge it , or the promisee will somehow get a material benefit by giving something to the third party. A says to B offer to sell my car for Rs. 50000 / - B repalis . `` I will purchases it for 45000 / - There are also two possible ways to explain the functioning of the contractual relationship : either , The parties A ( promisee ) and B ( promisor ) contract each in his own name but with the intention of creating an opportunity for C ( third - party beneficiary ) to acquire a benefit , conditional upon acceptance , from B ; or C immediately acquires a conditional right , from which A is able to release B until the moment of acceptance , when the right of A to release B is extinguished . In either case , a third - party contract differs from agency in that the promisee acts in his own name and for himself , whereas an agent or representative does not . It is also distinguishable from a promesse de porte - fort under which the third party has a negative obligation to perform and , by expressing his consent , initially substitutes himself for an intended party to a contract and therefore binds himself . Also , as a somewhat distinct rule , the intended beneficiary of a third - party contract does not need to be in existence at the time the contract is concluded . This means a contract may benefit an unborn person ( usually a family member ) or secure benefits for a legal person , such as a company , still in the process of forming or registering . Object to benefit ( edit ) For third - party rights to come into existence , certain contractual criteria must be met to show an object to benefit : A valid contract must exist between two contracting parties and not some other relationship The contracting parties must have intended to confer a benefit , and not a simple interest , to a third party , either expressly or impliedly The third - party beneficiary must be named or referred to , or is a member of a distinct class referred to The intention to benefit must generally be irrevocable ( though a life insurance policy is an exception ) Some intimation to the third party of the contract 's existence Irrevocability ( edit ) To be enforceable , a ius quaesitum tertio must be irrevocable . This is established by any of the following : Delivery of the contract to the third party Registration for publication Intimation to the third party The third party coming under onerous obligations on the faith of having a ius quaesitum tertio Evidence that the third party knew of the provision intended for his or her benefit Acceptance ( edit ) A third - party beneficiary only acquires a right of action to enforce his benefit once he has accepted the benefit provided for in the contract . Under the South African interpretation , however , prior to formal acceptance of the benefit , the third - party beneficiary only has a spes , or expectation ; in other words , he does not have the right to accept , but rather a mere competency . Acceptance may also be a suspensive condition in certain contracts . Under Scots law , acceptance is not necessary to be vested in a right of action , but is necessary to be liable . Before acceptance , however , the ius quaesitum tertio is tenuous so that acceptance of a benefit does not create a right , but rather entrenches that right . In either case , the contracting parties may vary or rescind the contract until acceptance or reliance . Intended v. incidental beneficiary ( edit ) In order for a third party beneficiary to have any rights under the contract , he must be an intended beneficiary , as opposed to an incidental beneficiary . The burden is on the third party to plead and prove that he was indeed an intended beneficiary . Incidental beneficiary ( edit ) An incidental beneficiary is a party who stands to benefit from the execution of the contract , although that was not the intent of either contracting party . For example , if Andrew hires Bethany to renovate his house and insists that she use a specific house painter , Charlie , because he has an excellent reputation , then Charlie is an incidental beneficiary . Neither Andrew nor Bethany is entering into the contract with the particular intent to benefit Charlie . Andrew simply wants his house properly renovated ; Bethany simply wants to be paid to do the renovation . If the contract is breached by either party in a way that results in Charlie never being hired for the job , Charlie nonetheless has no rights to recover anything under the contract . Similarly , if Andrew were to promise to buy Bethany a Cadillac , and were to later go back on that promise , General Motors would have no grounds upon which to recover for the lost sale . Intended beneficiary ( edit ) The distinction that creates an intended beneficiary is that one party -- the `` promisee '' -- makes an agreement to provide some consideration to a second party -- the `` promisor '' -- in exchange for the promisor 's agreement to provide some product or service to the third - party beneficiary named in the contract . The promisee must have an intention to benefit the third party ( though this requirement has an unusual meaning under the law ) . Although there is a presumption that the promisor intends to promote the interests of the third party in this way , if Andrew contracts with Bethany to have a thousand killer bees delivered to the home of Andrew 's worst enemy Charlie , then Charlie is still considered to be the intended beneficiary of that contract . ( This would be illegal if the intent was to scare his enemy ; contracts are voided based on criminality . ) There are two common situations involving intended beneficiaries : Creditor beneficiary -- e.g. , when Andrew owes some debt to Charlie , and Andrew agrees to provide some consideration to Bethany in exchange for her promise to pay Charlie some of the debt Donee beneficiary -- e.g. , when Andrew wishes to make a gift to Charlie and Andrew agrees to provide some consideration to Bethany in exchange for her promise to pay Charlie the amount of the gift . Under old common law principles , the donee beneficiary actually had a greater claim to the benefits this created , but such distinctions have been abolished . Vesting of rights ( edit ) Once the beneficiary 's rights have vested , the original parties to the contract are both bound to perform the contract . Any efforts by the promisor or the promisee to rescind or modify the contract at that point are void . Indeed , if the promisee changed his mind and offered to pay the promisor money not to perform , the third party could sue the promisee for tortious interference with the third party 's contract rights . There are four ways to determine whether the third party beneficiary 's rights have vested : If the beneficiary knows of and has detrimentally relied on the rights created ; If the beneficiary expressly assented to the contract at the request of one of the parties ; If the beneficiary files a lawsuit to enforce the contract ; or If the beneficiary 's rights vest pursuant to an express term in the contract providing for such vesting . Breach and defenses ( edit ) Where a contract for the benefit of a third party is breached by the non-performance of the promisor , the beneficiary can sue the promisor for the breach just as any party to a contract can sue the other . Because the rights of the third party are defined by the contract created between the promisor and the promisee , the promisor may assert against the beneficiary any defenses to the contract that could be asserted against the promisee . These include all of the traditional basis by which the formation of a contract may be challenged ( e.g. , lack of capacity , lack of consideration , the statute of frauds ) and all of the traditional bases by which non-performance on the contract may be excused ( e.g. , failure of consideration , impossibility , illegality , frustration of purpose ) . Because the promisor can assert any defenses that could be asserted against the promisee , the beneficiary also becomes liable for counterclaims on the contract that the promisor could establish against the promisee . This liability can never exceed the amount that the promisor owes under the contract . In other words , if the promisor is owed money by the promisee , any award to the third party for the promisor 's failure to perform can be reduced by the amount thus owed . If the promisor is owed more than the value of the contract , the beneficiary 's recovery will be reduced to nothing ( but the third party can never be made to assume an actual debt ) . A creditor beneficiary can sue both the promisor and the promisee , but the beneficiary can not recover against both . If the suit is successful against one party to the contract , the other party will be dismissed . Because the creditor beneficiary is receiving the performance of the promisor in order to fulfill the promisee 's debt , the failure of the promisor to perform means that the beneficiary can still sue the promisee to recover the preexisting debt . The failure of performance simply means that the debt has never been paid . A donee beneficiary can sue the promisor directly to enforce the promise . ( Seaver v. Ransom , 224 NY 233 , 120 NE 639 ( 1918 ) ) . A donee beneficiary is when a contract is made expressly for giving a gift to a third party , the third party is known as the donee beneficiary . The most common donee beneficiary contract is a life insurance policy . Rights that accrue to the promisee ( edit ) The promisee can also sue the promisor for failing to pay the third party beneficiary . Under the common law , such suits were barred , but courts have since determined that the promisee can sue for specific performance of the contract , provided that the beneficiary has not already sued the promisor . Furthermore , if the promisee was in debt to a creditor beneficiary , and the failure of the promisor to perform caused the promisee to be held liable for that debt , the promisee can sue to recover the amount of the debt . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Legal Definition of ius quaesitum tertio '' . legal-glossary.org . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ David J. Joubert , `` Agency and Stipulatio Alteri '' , Southern Cross : Civil Law and Common Law in South Africa , eds . Reinhard Zimmerman & Daniel Visser ( Oxford : Oxford UP , 1996 ) , 356 . Jump up ^ Elzette , Muller , `` The Treatment of Life Insurance Policies in Deceased Estates with a Perspective on the Calculation of Estate Duty '' , Tydskrif vir Hedendaagse Romeins - Hollandse Reg , 69 , 2006 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Philip Sutherland , `` Third - Party Contracts '' , European Contract Law : Scots and South African Perspectives , eds . Hector L. MacQueen & Reinhard Zimmermann ( Edinburgh : Edinburgh UP , 2006 ) , 215 - 6 . See also ( edit ) Beneficial interest Pay it forward Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third-party_beneficiary&oldid=774929747 '' Categories : Contract law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2017 , at 15 : 35 . About Wikipedia | the condition that exists when a contract is made with the purpose of benefiting the third party | [
"A third-party beneficiary, in the law of contracts, is a person who may have the right to sue on a contract, despite not having originally been an active party to the contract. This right, known as a ius quaesitum tertio,[1] arises when the third party (tertius or alteri) is the intended beneficiary of the contract, as opposed to a mere incidental beneficiary (penitus extraneus). It vests when the third party relies on or assents to the relationship, and gives the third party the right to sue either the promisor (promittens, or performing party) or the promisee (stipulans, or anchor party) of the contract, depending on the circumstances under which the relationship was created."
] | [
"ius quaesitum tertio"
] |
-1894978419232861527 | TMZ | TMZ - wikipedia TMZ This is the current revision of this page , as edited by AdamDeanHall ( talk contribs ) at 22 : 55 , 7 August 2017 ( AT&T will not sell TMZ after the merger with Time Warner closes . ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 22 : 55 , 7 August 2017 by AdamDeanHall ( talk contribs ) ( AT&T will not sell TMZ after the merger with Time Warner closes . ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the website . For the television series , see TMZ on TV . For other uses , see TMZ ( disambiguation ) . TMZ Type of site Celebrity Available in English Headquarters 13031 West Jefferson Boulevard . in Los Angeles , California Owner Time Warner ( sale to AT&T pending ) Created by Harvey Levin Jim Paratore Editor Harvey Levin Slogan ( s ) Celebrity Gossip . Entertainment News . Celebrity News . Website www.tmz.com Alexa rank 1035 Commercial Yes Registration Optional Launched November 8 , 2005 ; 11 years ago ( 2005 - 11 - 08 ) Current status Active TMZ is a celebrity news website that debuted on November 8 , 2005 . It was a collaboration between AOL and Telepictures Productions , a division of Warner Bros. , until Time Warner divested AOL in 2009 . The name TMZ stands for thirty - mile zone , the historic `` studio zone '' within a 30 - mile ( 50 km ) radius centered at the intersection of West Beverly Boulevard and North La Cienega Boulevard in Los Angeles , California . TMZ 's managing editor is Harvey Levin , a lawyer - turned - journalist who was previously a legal expert for the Los Angeles television station KCBS - TV . The site claims that it does not pay for stories or interviews ; however , Levin has admitted that TMZ does `` sometimes pay sources for leads on stories '' . Levin has stated that `` everything is researched and vetted for accuracy . '' A companion television series , TMZ on TV , debuted on September 10 , 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Background 3 Notable coverage 4 Legal issues 4.1 Contempt of court motion 4.2 Photographer altercation 4.3 Temporary block in the UK 5 Branches 5.1 TMZ Live 5.2 TMZ on TV 5.3 Dax Chat 5.4 TMZ Sports 6 Criticism 6.1 Indiana Jones 6.2 Story gathering tactics 6.3 John F. Kennedy 6.4 Lil Wayne 6.5 Andre Lowe 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Development ( edit ) Seven months prior to the official launch of TMZ , America Online ( AOL ) had hinted that it was planning to launch a Hollywood and entertainment - centric news site that would be produced in conjunction with Telepictures Productions and had shown interest in launching a website featuring a focus mainly on celebrities . At the time of the launch , AOL confirmed that the site would primarily feature and consist of Hollywood gossip , including interviews , photos and video footage of celebrities and information pertaining to industry news on movies , television shows , etc . The site was described as `` an effort to further feed the current American obsession with celebrities '' . Mike Shields of MediaWeek.com wrote , `` the site also boasts of an expansive collection of archived star photos and videos '' , allowing fans to `` trace changing hairlines and waistlines of their favorites performers over the years '' . Background ( edit ) Since 2005 , TMZ has signed Revlon , Chrysler , Hilton Hotels and New Line Cinema as charter advertisers to their website . The New York Times cited TMZ as `` one of the most successful online ventures of the last few years . '' In October 2008 , the New York Times reported that TMZ , at the time , was receiving more than 10 million viewers every month . Alexa.com ranked TMZ as the five - hundred - fifth most trafficked website worldwide and as the one hundred - fifty - fifth most trafficked website in the United States . Levin has acknowledged that TMZ has passed on multiple notable coverage because he felt that , while the stories are true , he questioned how the sources obtained their information . Levin has acknowledged that TMZ pays sources , but in the form of a `` tip fee '' . Levin stated that TMZ pays for photos and for ' tips ' and or leads on stories , and defended TMZ 's position by stating that the sources and tips are verified before being used and or reported . In November 2009 , TMZ 's revenue was publicly disclosed for the first time . Telepictures ( which TMZ is operated by ) stated : `` Subject to certain performance adjustments and the reimbursement of expenses , revenues are split evenly between the parties ( ... ) Telepictures received payments of US $ 6.2 million for the nine months ended September 30 , 2009 , and US $ 12.7 million , US $ 9.6 million and US $ 3.0 million in 2008 , 2007 and 2006 , respectively . '' Based on released figures , TMZ 's revenues for 2008 was US $ 25.4 million and is projected to have less revenue in the 2009 year with the revenue of $12.4 million in first three quarters of the year -- unlike the previous year , which was within the US $ 15 million range . On May 29 , 2012 , co-founder Jim Paratore died of a heart attack during a cycling trip in France . Paratore was known for his work in television production , producing several daytime and syndicated programs , particularly while serving as an executive at Telepictures ( which co-produces the website 's companion syndicated television series ) . Notable coverage ( edit ) TMZ was the first to break the story that actor Mel Gibson had been arrested for driving under the influence ; he was later confirmed to have been driving with an illegal blood alcohol level . Along with posting the story about his arrest , TMZ posted Gibson 's mugshot ( pictured above ) and a handwritten four - out - of - eight page police report from the arresting police officer pertaining to Gibson 's arrest . On July 28 , 2006 , TMZ was the first to report that actor Mel Gibson had been arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol . Along with releasing the story , TMZ also reported `` exclusive details '' about the case shortly after . In the report TMZ posted , it contained his transport to the station and time in custody , and quoted an `` anonymous law enforcement source '' , and published four pages of a handwritten arrest report , via a PDF file . TMZ claimed the documents they posted were part of the original eight - page report which was written by the arresting officer , before the officer was allegedly instructed , by his superiors , to omit the inflammatory details about Gibson 's alleged anti-Jewish comments and behavior . On November 7 , 2006 , TMZ was the first to report that pop - singer Britney Spears had filed a petition for divorce from then - husband Kevin Federline . On May 3 , 2007 , TMZ was the first to break the story , and exclusively obtain documents , stating that socialite Paris Hilton would be sentenced to 45 days in jail as her sentencing for driving with a suspended license after losing her license from driving under the influence of alcohol four months prior . TMZ was the first to publish a police photo , which at the time was being considered for evidence , of pop - singer Rihanna after an altercation with her then - boyfriend Chris Brown in February 2009 . TMZ stated they had obtained the photo legally , but would not say how . On February 22 , 2009 , TMZ released what has been identified as a police evidence photo of pop - singer Rihanna after she was assaulted by now ex-partner Chris Brown . Shortly after the photo 's release , Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) announced that it was investigating the leak and ' possible sale of the photo of Rihanna with a bruised and battered face after TMZ published them because the photo had been considered evidence . TMZ has claimed it obtained the photo legally but has not said how it came into possession of the photo . On February 24 , 2009 , TMZ was the first to break the story that , out of the US $ 1.6 billion Chicago 's Northern Trust Bank received in federal bailout money , recipients of the money subsequently spent non-TARP dollars entertaining clients in Los Angeles at the House of Blues venue that featured performances by Chicago , Earth Wind and Fire , and Sheryl Crow and gift bags from Tiffany & Co . Shortly after TMZ published the story , United States Congressman Barney Frank demanded that Northern Trust repay the money it received in the bailout . Northern Trust CEO Frederick Waddell sent a letter to members of the House Financial Services Committee , stating that the bank will repay the money `` as quickly as prudently possible . '' TMZ was the first to break the report of the death of Michael Jackson on June 25 , 2009 . The report was treated with caution by mainstream media sources at the time , despite being cited on rolling news channels . TMZ 's scoop beat the major broadcast and cable news outlets by almost 3 hours , until CNN finally confirmed the story as well . Part of this delay was later explained as the other outlets ' `` stricter confirmation standards , '' but Levin claimed , during an interview with Huffington Post , that TMZ , at the time of posting the subject , verified the story and sources . `` Well , before it was officially announced . We really knew this significantly before even what was going on , but this was , you know , crossing every t . We were positive when we put it up . We put it up when we were 100 % positive . '' TMZ was also the first to receive the coroner 's report of the singer on February 8 , 2010 , proving Propofol dosage and negligence killed the pop legend . TMZ was the first news outlet to break the news of the death of Brittany Murphy on December 20 , 2009 . TMZ was the first to release a videotaped recording of a deposition of Justin Bieber regarding Bieber 's bodyguard who allegedly attacked a photographer and threatened the photographer with a gun This deposition video , released in a series of shorter clips on March 10 , 2014 , labels the singer as , according to TMZ , `` arrogant , '' `` contentious , '' and `` disrespectful . '' Each video in the series gained over one million views respectively and , when compiled by a third party , the YouTube video of the deposition generated almost six million views . TMZ was the first to report on Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling 's private conversation with his girlfriend V. Stiviano on April 25 , 2014 , in which Sterling allegedly had a problem with her associating with African - Americans , and telling her not to bring them in to Clippers ' games . Four days later , the NBA banned Sterling for life and fined him US $ 2.5 million . TMZ was the first to break the story on May 8 , 2014 , that a Wyclef Jean music video `` April Showers '' was banned by YouTube for a copyright infringement claim that the recreation of a controversial autopsy photo of rapper Tupac Shakur 's body in the video was similar to a photo released in author Cathy Scott 's book The Killing of Tupac Shakur . The next day , TMZ broke a second story that the video director , Hezues R ' , and Scott had settled the matter and agreed that Hezues R ' would include a screen credit to the book at the end of the video . On May 12 , 2014 , TMZ acquired security camera footage and was first to break the story of Solange Knowles physically assaulting sister Beyoncé 's husband , rapper Jay - Z , in an elevator at The Standard , High Line in Manhattan , following the 2014 Met Gala . The employee who sold the footage to TMZ ( after being auctioned for five days to the highest bidder , and reportedly sold for $250,000 to TMZ ) was later fired by The Standard , High Line for breaching security policies of the hotel . TMZ was the first to release snippets from the controversial Lady Gaga music video `` Do What U Want '' , which notably featured R. Kelly and Terry Richardson , both of whom had previously been accused of sexual assault . On September 9 , 2014 , TMZ posted a video appearing to show Ray Rice punching his fiancee in an Atlantic City elevator . Rice was released by the Baltimore Ravens and suspended indefinitely by the NFL . On April 21 , 2016 , TMZ was the first media outlet to break the news about Prince 's death . On September 20 , 2016 , TMZ was the first to announce the breakup of celebrity supercouple Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie , also known as `` Brangelina '' . Legal issues ( edit ) Contempt of court motion ( edit ) On June 20 , 2007 , a court - appointed bankruptcy trustee filed an emergency motion requesting that the TMZ website be held in contempt for its publication of the entire manuscript of If I Did It , O.J. Simpson 's purportedly fictionalized account of the murder of Ron Goldman and Nicole Brown Simpson . The filing claimed TMZ 's posting of the PDF of the entire book has `` diminished or destroyed '' the value , which the Goldman family eventually published as Simpson 's confession to the murders . Photographer altercation ( edit ) While actor Woody Harrelson was at New York City 's La Guardia Airport , he had an altercation with a photographer for TMZ . Harrelson defended himself stating that he 'd at the time just finished filming his scenes from the horror film , that consists mainly of zombies , Zombieland , and that he was `` startled '' by the TMZ photographer . `` I wrapped a movie called Zombieland , in which I was constantly under assault by zombies , then flew to New York , still very much in character ... With my daughter at the airport I was startled by a paparazzo , who I quite understandably mistook for a zombie . '' Temporary block in the UK ( edit ) On December 24 , 2010 , the gossip blog `` Oh No They Did n't '' reported that TMZ began blocking traffic from the UK , displaying the message : `` Due to laws within your region , you are unable to view this website . '' Asked for further comment , TMZ responded that the blocking was due to `` legal restrictions '' . The UK website `` Popbitch Board '' noted on December 31 , 2010 that it is possible to get around the block by accessing the website through the Google Translate website . As of January 7 , 2011 , TMZ is accessible in the UK . Branches ( edit ) TMZ Live ( edit ) TMZ Live is a live - chat program from TMZ that features Levin and fellow TMZ executive producer Charles Latibeaudiere , and occasionally assignment manager Mike Walters , editor Kelly Berning and / or clip clearance producer Dax Holt filling in for one or both hosts . Other TMZ staffers ( mainly those who regularly appear on TMZ on TV ) also appear on the broadcast as contributors to provide additional outline of the story as well as to provide opinion . The live webcast takes place at the TMZ offices in Los Angeles , and is broadcast on TMZ.com Monday through Fridays from approximately 1 : 30 to 3 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ( the length varies depending on the featured segments ) . The TMZ Live television and Internet programs review stories that TMZ is covering on the website , and at times , features live interviews ( most of which are conducted through webcam conferencing ) as well as viewer opinions via Twitter , telephone and video chat ( including Skype ) . In addition , the program features regular segments towards the end of each edition : `` Viewer 's Choice '' ( aired as the penultimate segment ) featuring viewer questions or comments about stories featured in the broadcast , with additional commentary or analysis by the hosts ; `` Hate Mail , '' featured on the Wednesday edition of the webcast ( the Thursday edition on the television broadcast ) , in which negative emails and letters sent by viewers ( some of which feature potshots at Levin or Latibeaudiere ) are read by the hosts ; `` Tim 's Rejects , '' featured on the Thursday edition of the webcast ( the Friday edition on the television broadcast ) , in which staffer Tim Nowak presents three offbeat news stories ( that are not entertainment or sports - related ) which are critiqued by the hosts ; and `` The Loser 's Circle , '' featured on the Friday edition of the webcast ( the Monday edition on the television broadcast ) since February 2015 , in which Levin , Latibeaudiere and TMZ on TV executive producer Evan Rosenblum judge a clip from a TMZ videographer that was originally rejected from being posted on TMZ.com by Levin or broadcast on TMZ on TV by post-production supervisor Chad Weiser following its initial pitch . `` Tim 's Rejects '' and `` Hate Mail '' were previously aired as the last segment of their respective editions until April 2015 , when they were shifted to the block preceding that occupied by the `` Viewer 's Choice '' segment ( at which point , all three segments as well as `` The Loser 's Circle '' began to be followed by a story segment ) . In March 2012 , Fox Television Stations tested a syndicated broadcast of TMZ Live ( which is an hour - long edited version of the live webcast that is broadcast on a one - day delay from its original tape date , with segments aired in a different order , mainly due to live interviews that require the segment to be shown out of order on the webcast for varied reasons ) on its television stations in Los Angeles and Phoenix . In June 2012 , SiriusXM Radio announced that the show would be aired daily on its Sirius XM Stars channel . In October of that year , the television show was expanded to seven markets , adding Boston , Chicago , Dallas , Detroit and Minneapolis . On September 9 , 2013 , TMZ Live began airing on all 18 Fox owned - and - operated stations . The program began to be syndicated to stations outside of the Fox Television Stations group in the spring of 2014 . TMZ on TV ( edit ) Main article : TMZ on TV On September 10 , 2007 , TMZ launched an accompanying television series , TMZ on TV . The syndicated television program airs Monday through Fridays . In the United States , the show airs in various timeslots on stations of varying network affiliation ( primarily on Fox stations ) , mainly either in early primetime or after late local newscasts , with an hour - long ' best - of ' program compiling select stories from the weekday broadcasts airing on weekends . The show covers stories similar to those found on the website and TMZ Live , with the main difference being that TMZ on TV largely delivers its stories in a humorous manner whereas a mix of humorous and serious news stories appear on the website and companion web / television series . TMZ offers viewers the option of being able to view the two most recent episodes of the program on TMZ.com after the episode 's original airdate ( being available for viewing for two days after the broadcast on weekdays and three days after the original broadcast on weekends ) . Chris Persell , of TVWeek.com , stated that the show is a `` complement ( to ) the website , with news updates added to later airings of the show '' . Levin and Jim Paratore served as executive producers to the show , and the on - air cast originally included Teresa Strasser , John Fugelsang , Ben Mankiewicz and Michael Hundgen . David Bianculli of The New York Daily News strongly criticized the television show , its topics , and what he sees as its reporters ' tactics and lack of professionalism . Dax chat ( edit ) Dax Chat is a live chat program on Ustream hosted by TMZ clip clearance producer Dax Holt . In the broadcasts , Holt talks to `` Chizzlers '' about celebrity gossip and articles that have been posted on the TMZ website . TMZ Sports ( edit ) As early as 2009 , Levin was rumored to be interested in creating a TMZ branded sports site . The site was initially expected to launch in March 2010 but those plans did not see fruition . It eventually launched as a branded section on the main TMZ website in June 2013 . Premiere Networks launched a daily TMZ Sports radio show in October 2013 . A television show began testmarketing on select regional Fox stations in January 2014 . It then aired during the 2014 / 2015 seasons on Reelz under name TMZ Hollywood Sports . On November 9 , 2015 , the series reverted to being known as TMZ Sports and moved to Fox Sports 1 . Criticism ( edit ) TMZ has been heavily criticized for constantly reporting on Paris Hilton ( left ) and Lindsay Lohan ( right ) , both of whom have been known more for their personal lives than for their occupations . Tony Manfred of The Cornell Daily Sun felt that TMZ 's coverage of Hilton and Lohan was because of a `` personality cult '' . Levin defended TMZ 's coverage , explaining that Hilton and Lohan , in particular , receive heavy attention due to their current popular relevance . Victory Studios in Glendale , California ( pictured here in 2007 ) , where TMZ launched . TMZ later relocated to Sunset Blvd , Los Angeles . Since April 2013 , TMZ is located in Marina del Rey , CA . Since the launch of TMZ , the website has faced criticism , varying from attempted boycotts to criticism of its journalism tactics and of its focus . It has been criticized for its usage of photographs and videos obtained from paparazzi . Some have questioned the effect that aggressive and obtrusive photographers have on the subjects they cover . Many of the videos on the site show , in the footage , that their paparazzi chase people ( mainly celebrities ) -- a practice that has been called dangerous and `` creepy '' . Over the years , some have called for a boycott of TMZ and of the accompanying show . Indiana Jones ( edit ) TMZ faced strong criticism for purchasing stolen items pertaining to the fourth Indiana Jones film , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . On October 2 , 2007 , IESB reported that a number of production photos and sensitive documents pertaining to the production budget had been stolen from Steven Spielberg 's production office . Movie City News , which strongly criticized TMZ for purchasing stolen items , remarked that the then - new website `` was n't getting off to a good start '' . According to IESB , TMZ had obtained some of the stolen property and was planning on running a story about the topic on their TV show , until the lawyers of the film 's production company , Paramount Pictures , intervened . Shortly after IESB broke the story , TMZ broadcast details about the Indiana Jones production budget on their show on October 3 , 2007 . Story gathering tactics ( edit ) Tony Manfred of The Cornell Daily Sun strongly criticized TMZ in an article entitled `` I Want My TMZ '' , in which Manfred criticizes various aspects of TMZ . Manfred described TMZ as being `` a fusion of celebrity news blog and embarrassing video archive '' and felt that the website had become `` the poster child for the celebrity pseudo-news industry '' and that the website has `` distinct advantages '' over `` gossip magazines '' because it can `` show all the borderline pornographic clips that Entertainment Tonight and Access Hollywood ca n't . '' Jennifer Metz and David Muir of ABC News acknowledged that TMZ has long been criticized for their `` aggressive tactics , antagonizing stars with video cameras '' and noted that those `` encounters , capturing at times violent celebrity confrontations with photographers , receive hundreds of hits online , and critics ask if entertainment reporters are crossing the line . '' Metz and Muir questioned whether TMZ 's tactics `` go too far '' . Ken Sunshine , publicist for Ben Affleck and Leonardo DiCaprio , stated that his clients disliked the website because it has a tendency to be negative towards celebrities when reporting on them . `` I hate that they have anything to do with trying to put celebrities into the worst light possible and that they play the ' gotcha ' game '' . The website has been harshly criticized for having a personality cult of figures such as Lindsay Lohan and Paris Hilton -- celebrities who are known more as targets for paparazzi than for the work they do . In defense for TMZ 's coverage , Levin said that certain celebrities are main subjects on the Web site because of their `` relevancy '' and because their relevancy helps draw viewership to the Web site . Liz Kelly of Washington Post attacked both Levin and TMZ in an article , stating `` I know this is like spitting in the wind , but I have to say it : Harvey Levin , please stop it . '' John F. Kennedy ( edit ) In what The Smoking Gun called `` a colossal screw - up '' , TMZ published an `` exclusive '' picture on their website of a man purported to be John F. Kennedy on a ship with several naked women that could have `` changed history '' had it come out during his presidential campaign . Despite having a Photoshop expert proclaiming the picture as `` authentic '' , the picture was later discovered to have not been of Kennedy at all . The photo was discovered to have been part of a Playboy photoshoot from November 1967 , which was later confirmed by Playboy representatives . Lil Wayne ( edit ) On March 15 , 2013 , members of TMZ 's staff claimed that they had learned rapper Lil Wayne was in an `` unstable '' condition after he was hospitalized following a seizure and that the 30 - year - old rapper had been placed in an induced coma and was breathing through tubes . Soon after the report was made , Lil Wayne 's friend Mack Maine responded to TMZ 's allegations on his Twitter account by stating that Wayne was `` alive and well '' and that he was currently at Wayne 's bedside `` watching the Syracuse game '' with him . Maine also added that Wayne 's condition was never that serious and that Wayne was never in a coma or breathing through tubes . Soon afterwards , Wayne 's father stated on his Twitter account that Wayne was healthy enough to be released from the hospital . Approximately one hour after these messages were made , Wayne himself stated on his Twitter account that he was okay . Andre Lowe ( edit ) On the week of January 16 , 2013 , Andre Lowe was killed outside of a nightclub in Hollywood . A nearby reporter from TMZ ended up filming the attack and it was posted to the website without permission of the family . On January 22 , 2013 , TMZ ended up taking down the video after over two dozen advertisers revoked ads for the website because of the campaign . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yu , Roger ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` AT&T agrees to buy Time Warner for $85.4 billion '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Paratore , TMZ Founder , Dies at 58 '' . TMZ.com . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` tmz.com Traffic Statistics '' . Alexa Internet . February 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ People who view TMZ.com are given the option to be able to register ; i.e. as a `` user '' or `` member '' . ^ Jump up to : `` TMZ -- Pretty Mature for a 4 - Year - Old '' . TMZ.com . November 8 , 2009 . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Newsweek , What 's a TMZ ? '' . Newsweek . August 1 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harvey Levin Top 49 2008 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : CNN ( August 2 , 2009 ) . `` CNN 's Reliable Sources 8 / 2 / 2009 '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A breakthrough victory for new program '' . The Irish Times . June 6 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson death news : Online activity heats up Twitter and Google , slows down some sites '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Freydkin , Donna ( August 1 , 2006 ) . `` Handed a ' smoking gun ' , TMZ 's Levin ran with it '' . USAToday.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Shields , Mike ( December 5 , 2005 ) . `` AOL - Time Warner Launches TMZ.com '' . MediaWeek.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2006 . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cieply , Michael ( October 25 , 2008 ) . `` A Star Watcher Has Star Power '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TMZ.com - Site Info From Alexa '' . Alexa.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ali , Rafat ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` With AOL Spinoff , TMZ To Move To Time Warner / Telepictures , As Expected ; $25 M 2008 '' . PaidContent.org . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2009 . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jim Paratore , Co-Creator of TMZ , Dies at 58 , The New York Times , June 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : TMZ Staff ( July 28 , 2006 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Mel Gibson Busted for DUI '' . TMZ . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson police report '' ( PDF ) . TMZ.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson 's Anti-Semitic Tirade -- Alleged Cover Up '' . TMZ.com . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 45 Days in the Clink ? '' . TMZ.com. 3 May 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` ' Rihanna 's Law , ' Spurred By Photo Leak , Aims To Prevent Victim Exploitation '' . MTV.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bailout Bank Blows Millions Partying in L.A. '' . TMZ.com . February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Dies '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ; James , Meg ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson may be turning point for TMZ '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graham , Nicholas ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` TMZ 's Harvey Levin On Jackson Scoop : `` We Just Beat Everybody On This One ... Too Bad , So Sad '' ( VIDEO ) `` . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Coroner Report - House of Drugs '' . TMZ . February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brittany Murphy dies '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ TMZ staff . `` TMZ Live : Justin Bieber Horrible Display for Deposition '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Clippers Owner to GF : Do n't Bring Black People to My Games ... Including Magic Johnson '' . TMZ Sports . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Book publisher defends Shakur photo '' . Las Vegas Sun News . 9 September 1997 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wyclef Video Pulled Over Tupac Autopsy Image '' . 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac Shakur : Fake Autopsy Music Video Dispute Settled '' . TMZ.com. 9 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Z PHYSICALLY ATTACKED by Beyonce 's Sister Solange '' . TMZ . May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Z and Solange Elevator Fight : Standard Hotel Fires Employee Who Leaked Video '' . E !. May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga : Music Video Pulled Reportedly Because of Sexual Assault Claims '' . TMZ.com. 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Rice cut , then suspended by NFL '' . ESPN.go.com . September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Farhi , Paul ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) . `` TMZ was first -- again . Will its word alone ever be good enough for traditional media ? '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Angelina Jolie Files for Divorce from Brad Pitt '' . TMZ.com . September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Contempt of Court filing against TMZ regarding If I Did It '' . TheSmokingGun.com . June 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2009 . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Contemptuous Act ? '' . TheSmokingGun.com . June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Burnett , Thane ( May 12 , 2009 ) . `` Caught on camera '' . TorontoSun.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TMZ blocks visitors in UK '' . Oh No They Did n't . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levin Twitter re TMZ accessibility in UK again as of January 7 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : All on occasions ; TMZ Live chats involve the website 's editor , Harvey Levin . Jump up ^ Harvey Levin confirmed , during a TMZ live chat , that the live chat takes place in TMZ 's office . Jump up ^ TMZ Staff ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Lamar Odom ' Roommate ' Says ... I Saw Him Do Crack '' . TMZ . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eck , Kevin ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` FOX Adds ' TMZ Live ' To All Its Owned Stations '' . Mediabistro.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , Jon ( September 17 , 2007 ) . `` ' TMZ ' TV debuts strong despite falter '' . Variety.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bianculli , David ( September 11 , 2007 ) . `` On ' TMZ on TV , ' beware snark attack '' . NYDailyNews.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( September 14 , 2007 ) . `` ' TMZ ' on TV ? It 's ' ET ' without TLC . '' . Boston.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ TMZ on TV air - date schedule Jump up ^ `` TMZ When It 's On '' . AOL.com . September 10 , 2007 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TMZ On TV '' . TMZ . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Pursell , Chris ( August 12 , 2007 ) . `` Talent Lineup Unveiled for Telepictures ' ' TMZ ' '' . TVWeek.com . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dax Chat , Ustream.TV : Chat here live with Dax Holt from TMZ Monday - Friday at 1pm PST / 4pm ET . Overig amusement '' . Ustream.tv . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Glenn ( December 22 , 2009 ) . `` TMZ To Launch All - Sports Site ( Not Just Because Of Tiger ) '' . Mediaite . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daulerio , A.J. ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` TMZ Sports To Reveal Itself Come Springtime '' . Deadspin . Gawker Media . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickley , Jack ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` TMZ Sports Is Dead , Long Live TMZ Sports '' . Deadspin . Gawker Media . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' TMZ Hollywood Sports ' To Anchor Reelz Primetime '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . September 17 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Premiere Launches TMZ Sports Radio Show '' . October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TMZ Sports Is Now On TV ! '' . TMZ . January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' TMZ Sports ' News Show to Launch on Fox Sports '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Daniel . `` TMZ to Exit West Hollywood Headquarters for New Westside Office '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Manfred , Tony ( September 16 , 2007 ) . `` I want my TMZ '' . CornellSun.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Metz , Jennifer ; Muir , David ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` TMZ Ahead of the Curve , but Do Tactics Go Too Far ? '' . ABCNews.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Katherine ( 2007 - 01 - 21 ) . `` On Paparazzi Patrol With TMZ.com '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` When It Gets Interesting '' . Movie City News . October 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Stolen Set Photos ! '' . IESB.com . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Why Wo n't They Tell The Indy IV Theft Story Accurately ? '' . MCN.com . October 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TMZ Live - 11 / 25 / 09 Part 3 '' . TMZ.com . November 25 , 2009 . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The JFK Photo That Have Changed History '' . TMZ.com . December 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TMZ falls for JFK Photo Hoax '' . The Smoking Gun . 28 December 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Picture -- A Fake ? '' . TMZ.com . December 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lil ' Wayne in Critical Condition After Suffering More Seizures '' . March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Cord ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` TMZ Reports Lil Wayne Is on His Death Bed ; Friends Say Wayne is ' Alive and Well ' ( UPDATE ) '' . Gawker.com . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Halliday , Josh ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` TMZ video of murder condemned by victim 's family '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Almendrala , Anna ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` TMZ Graphic Footage Of Andre Lowe 's Death Edited In Response To Change.org Petition From Family '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Halliday , Josh ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` TMZ takes down footage of Andre Lowe shooting following complaints '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Petersen , Anne Helen ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` The Down and Dirty History of TMZ '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . California portal Journalism portal United States portal External links ( edit ) Find more aboutTMZat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website ( Mobile ) TMZ TV ( Official Myspace page ) ( show ) Warner Bros . Founders Jack L. Warner Harry Warner Albert Warner Sam Warner Executives Kevin Tsujihara ( Chairman and CEO ) Feature film production Warner Bros. Pictures Warner Animation Group New Line Cinema Castle Rock Entertainment Flagship Entertainment ( joint venture with CMC ) TV production and distribution Alloy Entertainment Telepictures WB Animation Warner Bros. Television Warner Bros. 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Hanna - Barbera WaterTower Music Fandango ( company ) ( 30 % ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TMZ&oldid=794421834 '' Categories : Entertainment websites Infotainment Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2014 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano Português Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2017 , at 22 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does tmz stand for on the tv show | [
"TMZ is a celebrity news website that debuted on November 8, 2005. It was a collaboration between AOL and Telepictures Productions, a division of Warner Bros.,[6] until Time Warner divested AOL in 2009. The name TMZ stands for thirty-mile zone, the historic \"studio zone\" within a 30-mile (50 km) radius centered at the intersection of West Beverly Boulevard and North La Cienega Boulevard in Los Angeles, California."
] | [
"thirty-mile zone"
] |
-3759600187561286052 | I Can Hear Your Voice | I Can Hear Your Voice - wikipedia I Can Hear Your Voice I Can Hear Your Voice Promotional poster Also known as I Hear Your Voice The Voice You Ca n't Hear Genre Legal drama Romance Fantasy Written by Park Hye - ryun Directed by Jo Soo - won Starring Lee Bo - young Lee Jong - suk Yoon Sang - hyun Lee Da - hee Opening theme `` Echo '' by Every Single Day Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of episodes 18 Production Executive producer ( s ) Son Jung - hyun Kim Uno Son Ki - won Producer ( s ) Lee Seong - hoon Shin Bong - cheol Kim Jung - mi Park Bo - gyeong Cinematography Lee Jae - woo Editor ( s ) Ahn Cheol - hwan Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Doremi Entertainment Kim Jong - hak Production Release Original network Seoul Broadcasting System Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release June 5 ( 2013 - 06 - 05 ) -- August 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 01 ) External links Website I Can Hear Your Voice ( Hangul : 너의 목소리 가 들려 ; RR : Neoui Moksoriga Deulryeo ) is a 2013 South Korean television series starring Lee Bo - young , Lee Jong - suk , Yoon Sang - hyun and Lee Da - hee . It aired on SBS from June 5 to August 1 , 2013 , on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21 : 55 for 18 episodes . Originally set for 16 episodes , due to its successful ratings , the series was extended by 2 episodes . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 2.3 Special appearances 3 Ratings 4 Awards and nominations 5 Original soundtrack 5.1 Part . 1 5.2 Part . 2 5.3 Part . 3 5.4 Part . 4 5.5 Part . 5 5.6 OST 6 International broadcast 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) After overcoming poverty and a difficult childhood , Jang Hye - sung ( Lee Bo - young ) becomes a lawyer , specifically a public defender , but she is pragmatic , self - preserving and jaded . Her life changes when she encounters Park Soo - ha ( Lee Jong - suk ) , a high school senior with the supernatural ability to read other people 's thoughts by looking into their eyes . Soo - ha gained his mind - reading ability when witnessing his father getting murdered ten years previously . His father 's death had initially been dismissed as a car accident until Hye - sung , then a high school girl ( Kim So - hyun ) , gave a decisive testimony in court despite the killer 's threats ( Jung Woong - in ) . Soo - ha has been searching for her ever since . As Hye - sung works with Soo - ha and a cop - turned - lawyer Gwan - woo ( Yoon Sang - hyun ) , she gradually lets go of her pursuit of money and glory . Together , this unlikely team uses unconventional methods to solve their cases , proving that while sometimes justice is blind to a fault , she can still hear your voice . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Lee Bo - young as Lawyer Jang Hye - sung Kim So - hyun as 15 - year - old Hye - sung Smart and hardworking , Hye - sung was raised by a poor but loving mother . After being falsely accused of causing an incident involving fireworks , she gets expelled from high school . She bravely testifies on the witness stand , causing the murderer of Park Soo - ha 's father to be convicted and imprisoned . But both experiences change her , and ten years later , Hye - sung is an apathetic public defender who does n't care about her clients and only does her job for the salary . Lee Jong - suk as Park Soo - ha Goo Seung - hyun as 9 - year - old Soo - ha After witnessing his father killed ( and almost getting killed himself ) , 9 year old Soo - ha gains the supernatural ability to read people 's minds by looking at their eyes . When high school teenager Hye - sung testified in court to corroborate his testimony regarding the killer , he swore that he would always protect and guard her . He nurses a crush on her for a decade , but when he meets her again , he 's dismayed to find her completely different from what he has expected . Yoon Sang - hyun as Cha Gwan - woo A cop who brings his idealism , empathy and attention to detail to his new job as a public defender . Though outwardly geeky and meek , he has a keen intelligence that sees new angles in his cases . Lee Da - hee as Seo Do - yeon Jung Min - ah as 15 - year - old Do - yeon A prosecutor who comes from a rich , well - connected family , with her father being a judge and her mother a doctor . Do - yeon has always pushed herself to become the perfect daughter to please her parents . She was in rivalry with Hye - sung in high school and when a fireworks accident nearly caused her to lose her eyesight , she blames Hye - sung for it , despite the latter 's denials . Do - yeon was also a witness to the murder of Park Soo - ha 's father , but at the last minute , she loses her courage and does n't testify . Supporting ( edit ) Jung Woong - in as Min Joon - gook , murderer of Soo - ha 's father Yoon Joo - sang as Lawyer Shin Sang - deok Choi Sung - joon as Choi Yoo - chang , clerk of the public defenders ' office Kim Kwang - kyu as Judge Kim Gong - sook Kim Ga - eun as Go Sung - bin , Soo - ha 's classmate Park Doo - shik as Kim Choong - ki , Soo - ha 's classmate Kim Hae - sook as Eo Choon - shim , Hye - sung 's mother Kim Byung - ok as Hwang Dal - joong , Joon - gook 's cellmate Jung Dong - hwan as Judge Seo Dae - seok , Do - yeon 's father Jang Hee - soo as Do - yeon 's mother Jo Deok - hyeon as Park Joo - hyeok , Soo - ha 's father Kim Soo - yeon as Moon Dong - hee , Sung - bin 's classmate who is an upcoming entertainer Jang Hee - woong as Prosecutor Jo , nicknamed `` Mr. Grass - like Hair '' Special appearances ( edit ) So Yi - hyun as Joon - gook 's lawyer ( cameo , ep 1 , 12 ) Kim Sung - kyun as detective ( cameo , ep 1 ) Jeon Soo - kyung as dental pad lady ( cameo , ep 1 ) Han Ki - won as Jeong Pil - jae , the elder twin ( guest appearance , ep 4 -- 6 ) Han Ki - woong as Jeong Pil - seung , the younger twin ( guest appearance , ep 4 -- 6 ) Lee Byung - joon as head of free newspaper company ( cameo , ep 7 ) Kim Hwan as newscaster ( voice only , ep 8 ) Kim Gi - cheon as swindler disguised as a visually handicapped person ( cameo , ep 9 ) Kim Hak - rae as spa customer ( cameo , ep 10 ) Kim Mi - kyung as Jeon Young - ja / Seon Chae - ok , Dal - joong 's wife ( guest appearance , ep 12 -- 14 , 16 ) Ahn Moon - sook as head of the orphanage ( cameo , ep 13 ) Kim Min - jong as Lawyer Choi Yoon ( cameo , ep 14 ) Um Ki - joon as Lawyer Um Ki - joon ( cameo , ep 14 ) Pyeon Sang - wook as newscaster ( cameo , ep 15 ) Kim Mi - ryu as necklace shop clerk ( cameo , ep 16 ) Ahn Young - mi as necklace shop customer ( cameo , ep 16 ) Kangnam of M.I.B as pickpocket ( cameo , ep 17 ) Jung Man - sik as police academy interviewer ( cameo , ep 18 ) Ratings ( edit ) In the table below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . Episode # Original broadcast date Episode title Average audience share TNmS Ratings AGB Nielsen Ratings Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area June 05 , 2013 I Hear Your Voice 7.8 % 8.9 % 7.7 % 9.0 % June 06 , 2013 Bad Girl , Good Girl 11.6 % 13.6 % 12.7 % 14.0 % June 12 , 2013 I 'll be there 14.0 % 16.5 % 15.0 % 16.5 % June 13 , 2013 Him in My Vague Memory 17.3 % 20.1 % 16.1 % 17.5 % 5 June 19 , 2013 Words That Ca n't Be Trusted 16.6 % 19.3 % 16.1 % 17.7 % 6 June 20 , 2013 Me , Abandoned All Alone at the Edge of the World 16.6 % 19.9 % 17.8 % 19.9 % 7 June 26 , 2013 Why Is a Sad Premonition Never Wrong ? 15.1 % 17.0 % 16.1 % 18.4 % 8 June 27 , 2013 For Whom Are You Living ? 18.1 % 20.7 % 16.4 % 18.1 % 9 July 03 , 2013 If Even You Leave in Difficult Days 17.3 % 20.5 % 17.9 % 19.4 % 10 July 04 , 2013 Why Am I Lost Searching for Painful Memories ? 19.8 % 23.2 % 19.7 % 20.9 % 11 July 10 , 2013 I 'm Sorry , I Hate You 22.2 % 26.0 % 22.1 % 24.6 % 12 July 11 , 2013 Etude of Memories 22.2 % 25.8 % 22.8 % 24.8 % 13 July 17 , 2013 The One Word in My Heart That I Ca n't Keep Inside 22.6 % 25.7 % 21.6 % 23.7 % 14 July 18 , 2013 Things That I Have to Be Silent in My Memory 23.6 % 27.9 % 23.1 % 26.2 % 15 July 24 , 2013 I Do n't Ruin Anything 24.2 % 27.4 % 23.0 % 24.8 % 16 July 25 , 2013 The Thieving Magpie Overture 25.2 % 28.1 % 24.1 % 26.7 % 17 July 31 , 2013 Without Your Eyes , I Ca n't Even See in Front of Myself 23.7 % 25.8 % 22.3 % 24.7 % 18 August 01 , 2013 Through the Light in the Darkness , You Remain with Me 26.2 % 29.0 % 23.1 % 24.8 % Average 19.1 % 22.0 % 18.8 % 20.7 % Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result 2013 Mnet 20 's Choice Awards 20 's Drama Star -- Male Lee Jong - suk Nominated 20 's Drama Star -- Female Lee Bo - young Nominated Korea Drama Awards Best Couple Award Lee Jong - suk and Lee Bo - young Won Best New Actress Kim Ga - eun Nominated Excellence Award , Actor Lee Jong - suk Won Excellence Award , Actress Lee Da - hee Nominated Top Excellence Award , Actor Jung Woong - in Won Best Writer Park Hye - ryun Nominated Best Production Director Jo Soo - won Won Best Drama I Can Hear Your Voice Nominated Grand Prize ( Daesang ) Lee Bo - young Won APAN Star Awards Best Couple Award Lee Jong - suk and Lee Bo - young Won Acting Award , Actor Jung Woong - in Won Excellence Award , Actor Lee Jong - suk Won Top Excellence Award , Actress Lee Bo - young Won Mnet Asian Music Awards Best OST `` Why Did You Just Come Now ? '' -- Jung Yeop Nominated Korean Culture and Entertainment Awards Top Excellence Award , Actor in Drama Lee Jong - suk Won Hallyu Grand Award Lee Jong - suk Won SBS Drama Awards New Star Award Lee Da - hee Won Top 10 Stars Lee Bo - young Won Lee Jong - suk Won Actor / Actress of the Year ( selected by directors ) Lee Bo - young Won Special Award , Actor in a Miniseries Jung Woong - in Won Kim Kwang - kyu Nominated Special Award , Actress in a Miniseries Kim Hae - sook Nominated Excellence Award , Actor in a Miniseries Lee Jong - suk Won Yoon Sang - hyun Nominated Excellence Award , Actress in a Miniseries Lee Da - hee Nominated Top Excellence Award , Actress in a Miniseries Lee Bo - young Nominated Grand Prize ( Daesang ) Lee Bo - young Won 2014 Baeksang Arts Awards Most Popular Actor ( TV ) Lee Jong - suk Nominated Yoon Sang - hyun Nominated Most Popular Actress ( TV ) Lee Bo - young Nominated Best Actor ( TV ) Lee Jong - suk Nominated Best Actress ( TV ) Lee Bo - young Won Best Director ( TV ) Jo Soo - won Nominated Best Drama I Can Hear Your Voice Nominated Seoul International Drama Awards Outstanding Korean Drama OST `` Echo '' -- Every Single Day Nominated `` Why Did You Just Come Now ? '' -- Jung Yeop Nominated Outstanding Korean Drama I Can Hear Your Voice Nominated Original soundtrack ( edit ) I Can Hear Your Voice OST Part 1 Soundtrack album by Every Single Day Released June 13 , 2013 Genre Soundtrack Length 14 : 10 Language Korean Label KT Music Part . 1 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` Dolphins ( 돌고래 , Dolgorae ) '' ( Every Single Day ) Moon Seong - nam Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 3 : 04 2 . `` Echo ( 에코 , Eko ) '' ( Every Single Day ) Moon Seong - nam Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 4 : 01 3 . `` Dolphins ( Instrumental ) '' ( Every Single Day ) Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 3 : 04 4 . `` Echo ( Instrumental ) '' ( Every Single Day ) Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 4 : 01 Total length : 14 : 10 I Can Hear Your Voice OST Part 2 Soundtrack album by Jung Yeop Released June 17 , 2013 Genre Soundtrack Length 7 : 50 Language Korean Label KT Music Part . 2 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` Why Did You Just Come Now ? ( 왜 이제야 왔니 ? , Wae Ijeya Watni ? ) '' ( Jung Yeop ) Jung Yeop , Eco Bridge Jung Yeop , Eco Bridge 3 : 55 2 . `` Why Did You Just Come Now ? ( Instrumental ) '' ( Jung Yeop ) Jung Yeop , Eco Bridge 3 : 55 Total length : 7 : 50 I Can Hear Your Voice OST Part 3 Soundtrack album by Kim Yeon - ji and Na - rae Released July 1 , 2013 Genre Soundtrack Length 7 : 54 Language Korean Label KT Music Part . 3 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` In My Eyes ( 두 눈 에 . 두 볼 에 . 가슴 에 , Du Nune . Du Bole . Gaseume ) '' ( Kim Yeon - ji ) 다시 봐도 촌놈 , 알고 보니 혼수 상태 알고 보니 혼수 상태 3 : 31 2 . `` The Days We Were Happy ( 우리 사랑 했던 날들 , Woori Saranghatdeon Naldeul ) '' ( Na - rae ) Kim Beom - joo Kim Beom - joo 4 : 22 Total length : 7 : 54 I Can Hear Your Voice OST Part 4 Soundtrack album by Shin Seung - hun Released July 9 , 2013 Genre Soundtrack Length 7 : 28 Language Korean Label KT Music Part . 4 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` Words You Ca n't Hear ( 너 에겐 들리지 않는 그 말 , Neoegen Deulriji Anneun Geu Mal ) '' ( Shin Seung - hun ) Yang Jae - seon Shin Seung - hun 3 : 42 2 . `` Words You Ca n't Hear ( Instrumental ) '' ( Shin Seung - hun ) Shin Seung - hun 3 : 42 Total length : 7 : 28 I Can Hear Your Voice OST Part 5 Soundtrack album by Melody Day Released July 16 , 2013 Genre Soundtrack Length 6 : 46 Language Korean Label KT Music Part . 5 ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` Sweetly Lalala ( 달콤 하게 랄랄라 , Dalkomhage Ralralra ) '' ( Melody Day ) Lee Boo - mi Lee Boo - mi , Woo Ji - hoon 3 : 23 2 . `` Sweetly Lalala ( Instrumental ) '' ( Melody Day ) Lee Boo - mi , Woo Ji - hoon 3 : 23 Total length : 6 : 46 I Can Hear Your Voice OST Soundtrack album by Various artists Released July 30 , 2013 Genre Soundtrack Length 58 : 30 Language Korean Label KT Music OST ( edit ) No . Title Lyrics Music Length 1 . `` Echo ( 에코 , Eko ) '' ( Every Single Day ) Moon Seong - nam Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 4 : 01 2 . `` Why Did You Just Come Now ? ( 왜 이제야 왔니 ? , Wae Ijeya Watni ? ) '' ( Jung Yeop ) Jung Yeop , Eco Bridge Jung Yeop , Eco Bridge 3 : 55 3 . `` The Days We Were Happy ( 우리 사랑 했던 날들 , Woori Saranghatdeon Naldeul ) '' ( Na - rae ) Kim Beom - joo Kim Beom - joo 4 : 22 4 . `` Words You Ca n't Hear ( 너 에겐 들리지 않는 그 말 , Neoegen Deulriji Anneun Geu Mal ) '' ( Shin Seung - hun ) Yang Jae - seon Shin Seung - hun 3 : 42 5 . `` Dolphins ( 돌고래 , Dolgorae ) '' ( Every Single Day ) Moon Seong - nam Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 3 : 04 6 . `` In My Eyes ( 두 눈 에 . 두 볼 에 . 가슴 에 , Du Nune . Du Bole . Gaseume ) '' ( Kim Yeon - ji ) 다시 봐도 촌놈 , 알고 보니 혼수 상태 알고 보니 혼수 상태 3 : 31 7 . `` Sweetly Lalala ( 달콤 하게 랄랄라 , Dalkomhage Ralralra ) '' ( Melody Day ) Lee Boo - mi Lee Boo - mi , Woo Ji - hoon 3 : 23 8 . `` Echo ( Acoustic Version ) '' ( Every Single Day ) Moon Seong - nam Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 3 : 28 9 . `` Echo Strings '' ( Various artists ) Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 3 : 20 10 . `` Sea and Stars '' ( Various artists ) Jeong Jae - woo 3 : 22 11 . `` Breaking Moment '' ( Various artists ) Romantisco 3 : 13 12 . `` Sus 4 '' ( Various artists ) Jeong Cha - shik 2 : 25 13 . `` Return '' ( Various artists ) Lee Gyeong - shik 3 : 17 14 . `` Do n't Forget '' ( Various artists ) Ko Gyeong - cheon 2 : 30 15 . `` Circus in Court Strings '' ( Various artists ) Moon Seong - nam 2 : 35 16 . `` Unhappy Misery '' ( Various artists ) Kang Hee - chan 4 : 20 17 . `` Echo Arp . '' ( Various artists ) Moon Seong - nam , Jeong Jae - woo 4 : 02 Total length : 58 : 30 International broadcast ( edit ) It aired in Japan on cable channel KNTV beginning March 15 , 2014 , and cable channel WOWOW beginning July 23 , 2014 , and aired in the Philippines by GMA Network beginning August 11 , 2014 under the title I Hear Your Voice . In Thailand aired on Workpoint TV beginning April 9 , 2014 . In Malaysia aired on 8TV beginning June 20 until October 17 , 2015 . In Sri Lanka it aired on Sirasa TV from November 30 , 2015 until February 29 , 2016 under the title Himathuhina ( හිමතුහින ) and was dubbed in Sinhalese with a total of sixty six episodes . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Each of the episode titles is excerpted from the titles or lyrics of well - known songs . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` Chau Chau '' ( Hangul : 챠우 챠우 ; RR : Chauchau ) , performed by Delispice . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the song of the same title , performed by Miss A . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the song of the same title , performed by The Jackson 5 . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the song of the same title ( Hangul : 흐린 기억 속의 그대 ; RR : Heurin Gieok Soge Geudae ) , performed by Hyun Jin - young . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the song of the same title ( Hangul : 믿어 선 안 될 말 ; RR : Mideoseon An Doel Mal ) , performed by Nell . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` You Are Another Me '' ( Hangul : 넌 또 다른 나 ; RR : Neon Tto Dareun Na ) , performed by Lee Seung - chul . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` Heart for Only One '' ( Hangul : 한 사람 을 위한 마음 ; RR : Han Sarameul Wihan Maeum ) , performed by Lee Seung - hwan . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the song of the same title ( Hangul : 누구 를 위한 삶 인가 ? ; RR : Nugureul Wihan Salminga ? ) , performed by Leessang featuring Hwang Jung - min and Ryoo Seung - bum . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` My Love by My Side '' ( Hangul : 내 사랑 내 곁에 ; RR : Nae Sarang Nae Gyeote ) , performed by Kim Hyun - sik . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` Past Days '' ( Hangul : 지난 날 ; RR : Jinan Nal ) , performed by Yu Jae - ha . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the song of the same title ( Hangul : 미안해 , 널 미워해 ; RR : Mianhae , Neol Miwohae ) , performed by Jaurim . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the song of the same title ( Hangul : 기억 의 습작 ; RR : Gieokui Seupjak ) , performed by Exhibition . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` I Love You '' ( Hangul : 사랑 합니다 ; RR : Saranghamnida ) , performed by Tim . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` The Days '' ( Hangul : 그날 들 ; RR : Geunaldeul ) , performed by Kim Kwang - seok . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` Left - Handed '' ( Hangul : 왼손잡이 ; RR : Oensonjabi ) , performed by Panic . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the overture to The Thieving Magpie ( Hangul : 도둑 까치 서곡 ; RR : Dodukggachi Seogok ) , written by Gioachino Rossini . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` Without You '' , performed by 1TYM . Jump up ^ Excerpted from the lyrics of `` White Night '' ( Hangul : 백야 ; RR : Baekya ) , performed by Zitten . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lee , Hye - ji ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Bo - young , Lee Jong - suk , Yoon Sang - hyun to Star in New Drama '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yang , Seong - hee ; Lee , Sun - min ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Drama gives Voice to unique storylines '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sun - min ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Stars promote I Hear Your Voice '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Eun - ah ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Jong - suk 's I Can Hear Your Voice Extended by 2 Episodes '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jang , Seo - yoon ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Courtroom Drama Meets Fantasy Romance for SBS drama I Can Hear Your Voice '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Kwang - guk ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` REVIEW : SBS Wed / Thu Drama I Can Hear Your Voice -- Episode 1 '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yun , Chloe ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Jong - suk turns into a supernatural mind reader ? '' . BNTNews . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Bo - Young and Lee Jong - Suk take adorable photos in school uniforms '' . Asia Today . June 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lim , Mi - jin ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` May -- November romances change , in song , film and TV '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kim , Joy ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` SBS new drama I Hear Your Voice will start from June '' . BNTNews . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Verdict Is Out on Lee Da - hee 's Breakthrough in Courtroom Drama '' . The Chosun Ilbo . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hong , Grace Danbi ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` I Hear Your Voice 's Jung Woong In to Run with Running Man '' . enewsWorld . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Gwang - kuk ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` My name is : Kim Ga - eun '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Gwang - kuk ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` INTERVIEW : Actress Kim Ga - eun '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Gwang - kuk ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` My name is : Park Doo - sick '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Gwang - kuk ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` INTERVIEW : Actor Park Doo - sick '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hong , Grace Danbi ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Kim Min Jong to Revive Lawyer ' Choi Yoon ' in I Hear Your Voice '' . enewsWorld . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TNMS Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . TNMS Ratings ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Im , Woo - jung ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Bo - young wins 2013 Korea Drama Awards '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Cory ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` Lee Bo - young Grabs 1st Top Prize at the 2013 SBS Drama Awards '' . TenAsia . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chung , Joo - won ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` Song Gang - ho , Jun Ji - hyun get top nods at Baeksang Awards '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 韓国 ドラマ 「 君 の 声 が 聞こえる 」 ドラマ WOWOW オンライン '' . WOWOW . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Hear Your Voice / I Can Hear Your Voice กระซิบ รัก จิต สัมผัส - ซี รี ย์ เกาหลี '' . korea.tlcthai.com ( in Thai ) . August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://sirasatv.lk/videos/himathuhina/ External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Korean ) I Can Hear Your Voice at HanCinema I Can Hear Your Voice on IMDb SBS 's Wednesday -- Thursday dramas 1990s Sandglass Asphalt Man Model Happy Together 2000 -- 2004 Fireworks Beautiful Days Guardian Angel Piano We Are Dating Now Successful Story of a Bright Girl Age of Innocence All In Land of Wine My Fair Lady Stairway to Heaven Sunlight Pours Down My 19 Year Old Sister - in - Law Stained Glass 2005 -- 2009 Hong Kong Express Hello My Teacher Princess Lulu My Girl Tree of Heaven Bad Family Smile Again Please Come Back , Soon - ae Lovers Surgeon Bong Dal - hee Witch Yoo Hee War of Money How to Meet a Perfect Neighbor Lobbyist Robber On Air Iljimae Working Mom Painter of the Wind Star 's Lover Cain and Abel The City Hall Swallow the Sun You 're Beautiful Will It Snow for Christmas ? 2010 -- 2014 OB & GY Prosecutor Princess Bad Guy My Girlfriend Is a Nine - Tailed Fox Big Thing Sign 49 Days City Hunter Protect the Boss Deep Rooted Tree Take Care of Us , Captain Rooftop Prince Phantom To the Beautiful You The Great Seer That Winter , the Wind Blows All About My Romance I Can Hear Your Voice Master 's Sun The Heirs My Love from the Star Three Days You 're All Surrounded It 's Okay , That 's Love My Lovely Girl Pinocchio 2015 -- 2019 Hyde Jekyll , Me A Girl Who Sees Smells Mask Yong - pal The Village : Achiara 's Secret Remember Come Back Mister Entertainer Wanted Do n't Dare to Dream Legend of the Blue Sea Saimdang , Memoir of Colors Suspicious Partner Reunited Worlds While You Were Sleeping Judge vs. Judge Return Switch : Change the World The Undateables Your Honor Two Lives One Heart An Empress 's Dignity Screenplays by Park Hye - ryun Television series Nonstop 5 ( 2004 ) Not Alone ( 2004 ) Stranger than Paradise ( 2006 ) Get Karl ! Oh Soo - jung ( 2007 ) Kimchi Cheese Smile ( 2007 ) Dream High ( 2011 ) I Can Hear Your Voice ( 2013 ) Pinocchio ( 2014 ) Page Turner ( 2016 ) While You Were Sleeping ( 2017 ) Films Hellcats ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Hear_Your_Voice&oldid=855564803 '' Categories : 2013 South Korean television series debuts 2013 South Korean television series endings 2010s South Korean television series Seoul Broadcasting System television dramas Korean - language television programs Telepathy in fiction South Korean fantasy television series South Korean legal television series Screenplays by Park Hye - ryun Hidden categories : Articles containing Korean - language text CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Thai - language sources ( th ) Use mdy dates from May 2016 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with Korean - language external links HanCinema drama ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 07 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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-6401418495722089620 | History of cancer | History of cancer - wikipedia History of cancer Jump to : navigation , search A tumor removed by surgery in 1689 . The history of cancer describes the development of the field of oncology and its role in the history of medicine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early diagnoses 2 Modern era 3 Mechanism 4 Therapies 5 War on Cancer 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Early diagnoses ( edit ) The earliest known descriptions of cancer appear in several papyri from Ancient Egypt . The Edwin Smith Papyrus was written around 1600 BC ( possibly a fragmentary copy of a text from 2500 BC ) and contains a description of cancer , as well as a procedure to remove breast tumours by cauterization . Hippocrates ( ca . 460 BC -- ca . 370 BC ) described several kinds of cancer , referring to them by the term karkinos ( carcinos ) , the Greek word for crab or crayfish , as well as carcinoma . This comes from the appearance of the cut surface of a solid malignant tumour , with `` the veins stretched on all sides as the animal the crab has its feet , whence it derives its name '' . Since it was against Greek tradition to open the body , Hippocrates only described and made drawings of outwardly visible tumors on the skin , nose , and breasts . Treatment was based on the humor theory of four bodily fluids ( black and yellow bile , blood , and phlegm ) . According to the patient 's humor , treatment consisted of diet , blood - letting , and / or laxatives . Celsus ( ca . 25 BC - 50 AD ) translated karkinos into cancer , the Latin word for crab or crayfish . In the 2nd century AD , the Greek physician Galen used oncos ( Greek for swelling ) to describe all tumours , reserving Hippocrates ' term carcinos for malignant tumours . Galen also used the suffix - oma to indicate cancerous lesions . It is from Galen 's usage that we derive the modern word oncology . Through the centuries it was discovered that cancer could occur anywhere in the body , but Hippocrates ' humor - theory based treatment remained popular until the 19th century with the discovery of cells . Modern era ( edit ) A surgical operation to remove a malignant tumor , 1817 In the 16th and 17th centuries , it became more acceptable for doctors to dissect bodies to discover the cause of death . The German professor Wilhelm Fabry believed that breast cancer was caused by a milk clot in a mammary duct . The Dutch professor Francois de la Boe Sylvius , a follower of Descartes , believed that all disease was the outcome of chemical processes , and that acidic lymph fluid was the cause of cancer . His contemporary Nicolaes Tulp believed that cancer was a poison that slowly spreads , and concluded that it was contagious . The first cause of cancer was identified by British surgeon Percivall Pott , who discovered in 1775 that cancer of the scrotum was a common disease among chimney sweeps . The work of other individual physicians led to various insights , but when physicians started working together they could draw firmer conclusions . With the widespread use of the microscope in the 18th century , it was discovered that the ' cancer poison ' eventually spreads from the primary tumor through the lymph nodes to other sites ( `` metastasis '' ) . This view of the disease was first formulated by the English surgeon Campbell De Morgan between 1871 and 1874 . The use of surgery to treat cancer had poor results due to problems with hygiene . The renowned Scottish surgeon Alexander Monro saw only 2 breast tumor patients out of 60 surviving surgery for two years . In the 19th century , asepsis improved surgical hygiene and as the survival statistics went up , surgical removal of the tumor became the primary treatment for cancer . With the exception of William Coley who in the late 19th century felt that the rate of cure after surgery had been higher before asepsis ( and who injected bacteria into tumors with mixed results ) , cancer treatment became dependent on the individual art of the surgeon at removing a tumor . The underlying cause of his results might be that infection stimulates the immune system to destroy left tumor cells . During the same period , the idea that the body was made up of various tissues , that in turn were made up of millions of cells , laid rest the humor - theories about chemical imbalances in the body . Mechanism ( edit ) 1938 American Society for the Control of Cancer poster . The genetic basis of cancer was recognised in 1902 by the German zoologist Theodor Boveri , professor of zoology at Munich and later in Würzburg . He discovered a method to generate cells with multiple copies of the centrosome , a structure he discovered and named . He postulated that chromosomes were distinct and transmitted different inheritance factors . He suggested that mutations of the chromosomes could generate a cell with unlimited growth potential which could be passed on to its descendants . He proposed the existence of cell cycle check points , tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes . He speculated that cancers might be caused or promoted by radiation , physical or chemical insults or by pathogenic microorganisms . 1938 poster identifying surgery , x-rays and radium as the proper treatments for cancer . Therapies ( edit ) When Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered radiation at the end of the 19th century , they stumbled upon the first effective non-surgical cancer treatment . With radiation also came the first signs of multi-disciplinary approaches to cancer treatment . The surgeon was no longer operating in isolation , but worked together with hospital radiologists to help patients . The complications in communication this brought , along with the necessity of the patient 's treatment in a hospital facility rather than at home , also created a parallel process of compiling patient data into hospital files , which in turn led to the first statistical patient studies . The American Cancer Society was founded in 1913 by 15 physicians and businessmen in New York City under the name American Society for the Control of Cancer ( ASCC ) . The current name was adopted in 1945 . A founding paper of cancer epidemiology was the work of Janet Lane - Claypon , who published a comparative study in 1926 of 500 breast cancer cases and 500 control patients of the same background and lifestyle for the British Ministry of Health . Her ground - breaking work on cancer epidemiology was carried on by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill , who published `` Lung Cancer and Other Causes of Death In Relation to Smoking . A Second Report on the Mortality of British Doctors '' followed in 1956 ( otherwise known as the British doctors study ) . Richard Doll left the London Medical Research Center ( MRC ) , to start the Oxford unit for Cancer epidemiology in 1968 . With the use of computers , the unit was the first to compile large amounts of cancer data . Modern epidemiological methods are closely linked to current concepts of disease and public health policy . Over the past 50 years , great efforts have been spent on gathering data across medical practice , hospital , provincial , state , and even country boundaries to study the interdependence of environmental and cultural factors on cancer incidence . Cancer patient treatment and studies were restricted to individual physicians ' practices until World War II , when medical research centers discovered that there were large international differences in disease incidence . This insight drove national public health bodies to enable the compilation of health data across practices and hospitals , a process found in many countries today . The Japanese medical community observed that the bone marrow of victims of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was completely destroyed . They concluded that diseased bone marrow could also be destroyed with radiation , and this led to the development of bone marrow transplants for leukemia . Since World War II , trends in cancer treatment are to improve on a micro-level the existing treatment methods , standardize them , and globalize them to find cures through epidemiology and international partnerships . In 1968 Anthony Epstein , Bert Achong and Yvonne Barr identified the first human cancer virus , called the Epstein - Barr Virus . War on cancer ( edit ) Main article : War on Cancer The political ' war ' on cancer began with the National Cancer Act of 1971 , a United States federal law . The act was intended `` to amend the Public Health Service Act so as to strengthen the National Cancer Institute in order to more effectively carry out the national effort against cancer '' . It was signed into law by then U.S. President Richard Nixon on December 23 , 1971 . In 1973 , cancer research led to a cold war incident , where co-operative samples of reported oncoviruses were discovered to be contaminated by HeLa . In 1984 , Harald zur Hausen discovered first HPV16 and then HPV18 responsible for approximately 70 % of cervical cancers . For discovery that human papillomaviruses ( HPV ) cause human cancer , zur Hausen won a 2008 Nobel Prize . Since 1971 the United States has invested over $200 billion on cancer research ; that total includes money invested by public and private sectors and foundations . Despite this substantial investment , the country has seen just a five percent decrease in the cancer death rate ( adjusting for size and age of the population ) between 1950 and 2005 . Longer life expectancy may be a contributing factor to this , as cancer rates and mortality rates increases significantly with age , more than three out of five cancers are diagnosed in people aged 65 and over . See also ( edit ) Cancer ( 2015 PBS film ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The History of Cancer '' . American Cancer Society . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Cancer . Institut Jules Bordet ( Association Hospitalière de Bruxelles - Centre des Tumeurs de ULB ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 '' . Bordet.be . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Moss , Ralph W. ( 2004 ) . `` Galen on Cancer '' . CancerDecisions . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Karpozilos A , Pavlidis N ( 2004 ) . `` The treatment of cancer in Greek antiquity '' . European Journal of Cancer . 40 ( 14 ) : 2033 -- 40 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ejca. 2004.04. 036 . PMID 15341975 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Yalom `` A history of the breast '' 1997 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43459 - 3 Jump up ^ Grange JM , Stanford JL , Stanford CA ( 2002 ) . `` Campbell De Morgan 's ' Observations on cancer ' , and their relevance today '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 95 ( 6 ) : 296 -- 9 . doi : 10.1258 / jrsm. 95.6. 296 . PMC 1279913 . PMID 12042378 . Jump up ^ Boveri , Theodor ( 2008 ) . `` Concerning The Origin of Malignant Tumours '' . Journal of Cell Science . 121 ( Supplement 1 ) : 1 -- 84 . doi : 10.1242 / jcs. 025742 . PMID 18089652 . Jump up ^ name = `` charitynavigator.org '' Jump up ^ Epstein MA , Achong BG , Barr YM ( March 1964 ) . `` Virus Particles in Cultured Lymphoblasts from Burkitt 's Lymphoma '' . Lancet . 1 ( 7335 ) : 702 -- 3 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 64 ) 91524 - 7 . PMID 14107961 . Jump up ^ `` Milestone ( 1971 ) : National Cancer Act of 1971 '' . Developmental Therapeutics Program Timeline . National Cancer Institute . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` National Cancer Act , Legislative History '' . Office of Government and Congressional Relations . National Cancer Institute . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gold , Michael . A Conspiracy of Cells : One Woman 's Immortal Legacy and the Medical Scandal It Caused . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88706 - 099 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Harald zur Hausen - Autobiography '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sharon Begley ( 2008 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Rethinking the War on Cancer '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Kolata , Gina ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Advances Elusive in the Drive to Cure Cancer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cancer incidence by age '' . Cancer Research UK . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Further reading ( edit ) Devita , V.T. ; Rosenberg , S.A. ( 2012 ) . `` Two Hundred Years of Cancer Research '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 366 ( 23 ) : 2207 -- 2214 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra1204479 . PMID 22646510 . The Emperor of All Maladies : A Biography of Cancer , Siddhartha Mukherjee , 2010 . Palaeo - oncology : The Antiquity of Cancer , Spyros Retsas , 1986 . ( hide ) History of medicine Timeline of medicine and medical technology Histories of basic sciences Anatomy Biochemistry Biology Biotechnology Chemistry Embryology Genetics Immunology Timeline Medical diagnosis Microbiology Molecular biology Neuroscience Nutrition Pathology Pharmacology Physiology Virology Viruses Histories of medical specialties Alternative medicine Anesthesia General Neuraxial Cancer Cardiology ( invasive and interventional ) Dermatology Emergency medicine CPR Endocrinology Neurology Psychiatry Timeline Psychiatric institutions Psychosurgery Surgery Trauma and orthopaedics Medicine in ancient societies Prehistory Babylon Byzantinia Ancient Egypt Egyptian medical papyri Ancient Greece Ancient Iran Ancient Rome Medieval Islam Medieval Western Europe History of methods in medicine Antibiotics Timeline Blood transfusion Humorism Neuroimaging Radiation therapy Tracheal intubation Vaccines Timeline Wound care Disasters and plagues Black Death List of epidemics Malaria Pandemics Plague Poliomyelitis Smallpox Syphilis Tuberculosis Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_cancer&oldid=827017405 '' Categories : Oncology History of medicine Hidden categories : All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Lietuvių Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 08 : 15 . 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-3911776684755797044 | Gastrointestinal hormone | Gastrointestinal hormone - wikipedia Gastrointestinal hormone Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The gastrointestinal hormones ( or gut hormones ) constitute a group of hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the stomach , pancreas , and small intestine that control various functions of the digestive organs . Later studies showed that most of the gut peptides , such as secretin , cholecystokinin or substance P , were found to play a role of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the central and peripheral nervous systems . Enteroendocrine cells do not form glands but are spread throughout the digestive tract . They exert their autocrine and paracrine actions that integrate gastrointestinal function . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 2 See also 3 Notes and references 4 External links Types ( edit ) The gastrointestinal hormones can be divided into three main groups based upon their chemical structure . Gastrin -- cholecystokinin family : gastrin and cholecystokinin Secretin family : secretin , glucagon , vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastric inhibitory peptide Somatostatin family Motilin family Substance P . Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released from the stomach and liver and is often referred to as the `` hunger hormone '' since high levels of it are found in individuals that are fasting . Ghrelin agonistic treatments can be used to treat illnesses such as anorexia and loss of appetites in cancer patients . Ghrelin treatments for obesity are still under intense scrutiny and no conclusive evidence has been reached . This hormone stimulates growth hormone release . Amylin controls glucose homeostasis and gastric motility Glucose - dependent insulinotropic polypeptide possesses an acute influence on food intake through its effects on adipocytes Oxyntomodulin plays a role in controlling acid secretion and satiation Characteristics of prominent forms of principal gut regulatory peptides Hormone or peptide Molecular weight ( Da ) Number of amino acids Main gut localization Principal physiologic actions Gastrin family Cholecystokinin 3918 33 ( also 385 , 59 ) Duodenum and jejunum , Enteric nerves Stimulates gallbladder contraction and intestinal motility ; stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes , insulin , glucagon , and pancreatic polypeptides ; has a role in indicating satiety ; the C - terminal 8 amino acid peptide cholecystokinin ( CCK ) - 8 retains full activity Little gastrin 2098 17 Both forms of gastrin are found in the gastric antrum and duodenum Gastrins stimulate the secretion of gastric acid , pepsinogen , intrinsic factor , and secretin ; stimulate intestinal mucosal growth ; increase gastric and intestinal motility Big gastrin 3839 34 Secretin - glucagon family Secretin 3056 27 Duodenum and jejunum Stimulates pancreatic secretion of HCO , enzymes and insulin ; reduces gastric and duodenal motility , inhibits gastrin release and gastric acid secretion Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ( VIP ) 3326 28 Enteric nerves Relaxes smooth muscle of gut , blood vessels , and genitourinary system ; increases water and electrolyte secretion from pancreas and gut ; releases hormones from pancreas , gut , and hypothalamus Glucose - dependent insulinotropic 4976 42 Duodenum and jejunum Stimulates insulin release ; reduces gastric and intestinal motility ; increases fluid and electrolyte secretion from small intestine Brief Description of Some GI Regulatory Peptides Hormone or peptide Major tissue locations in the gut Principal known actions Bombesin Throughout the gut and pancreas Stimulates release of cholecystokinin ( CCK ) and gastrin Calcitonin gene - related peptide Enteric nerves Unclear Chromogranin A Neuroendocrine cells Secretory protein Enkephalins Stomach , duodenum Opiate - like actions Enteroglucagon Small intestine , pancreas Inhibits insulin secretion Galanin Enteric nerves Ghrelin Stomach Stimulates appetite , increases gastric emptying Glucagon - like peptide 1 Pancreas , ileum Increases insulin secretion Glucagon - like peptide 2 Ileum , colon Enterocyte - specific growth hormone Growth factors Throughout the gut Cell proliferation and differentiation Growth hormone - releasing factor Small intestine Unclear Leptin Stomach Appetite control Motilin Throughout the gut Increases gastric emptying and small bowel motility Neuropeptide Y Enteric nerves Regulation of intestinal blood flow Neurotensin Ileum Affects gut motility ; increases jejunal and ileal fluid secretion Pancreatic polypeptide Pancreas Inhibits pancreatic and bilary secretion Peptide YY Colon Inhibits food intake Somatostatin Stomach , pancreas Inhibits secretion and action of many hormones Substance P Enteric nerves Unclear Trefoil peptides Stomach , intestine Mucosal protection and repair See also ( edit ) Hormone , endocrine system Digestive system , gastrointestinal tract Peptide YY Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Enteric Endocrine System '' . www.vivo.colostate.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Vella A and Drucker DJ ( 2011 ) Chapter 39 Gastrointestinal Hormones and Gut Endocrine Tumors , pp 1697 - 1707 . In Williams Textbook of Endocrinology ( 2011 , 12th edition ) ^ Jump up to : Burtis CA , Ashwood ER , Bruns DE ( 2012 - 10 - 14 ) . Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , 5th edition . Elsevier Saunders . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6164 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Overview of Gastrointestinal Hormones - Colorado State University website Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol cortisone DHEA DHEA - S androstenedione Adrenal medulla epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormones Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis testosterone AMH inhibin Ovary estradiol progesterone activin and inhibin relaxin Placenta hCG HPL estrogen progesterone Pancreas glucagon insulin amylin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland melatonin N , N - dimethyltryptamine 5 - methoxy - N , N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach gastrin ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 secretin motilin VIP Ileum enteroglucagon peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue leptin adiponectin resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney renin EPO calcitriol prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Physiology of the gastrointestinal system GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO Mucus Goblet cells Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Lower Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Endocrine / paracrine G cells gastrin D cells somatostatin ECL cells Histamine enterogastrone : I cells CCK K cells GIP S cells secretin Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Either / both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Enterocyte Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_hormone&oldid=829766653 '' Categories : Endocrinology Digestive system Abdomen Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 18 : 14 . 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402565555350827670 | Air warfare of World War II | Air warfare of World war II - wikipedia Air warfare of World war II Jump to : navigation , search The B - 29 was the very long range U.S. strategic bomber used to carpet bomb Japan . It was the largest aircraft to take part in the war . It is the only aircraft in history to have ever used a nuclear weapon in combat . The air warfare of World War II was a major component in all theatres and , together with Anti-aircraft warfare , consumed a large fraction of the industrial output of the major powers . Germany and Japan depended on air forces that were closely integrated with land and naval forces ; they downplayed the advantage of fleets of strategic bombers , and were late in appreciating the need to defend against Allied strategic bombing . By contrast , Britain and the United States took an approach that greatly emphasised strategic bombing , and to a lesser degree , tactical control of the battlefield by air , and adequate air defences . They both built a strategic force of large , long - range bombers that could carry the air war to the enemy 's homeland . Simultaneously , they built tactical air forces that could win air superiority over the battlefields , thereby giving vital assistance to ground troops . They both built a powerful naval - air component based on aircraft carriers , as did Japan ; these played the central role in the war at sea . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-war planning 2 Air forces 2.1 Germany : The Luftwaffe 2.2 Britain : The Royal Air Force 2.3 Soviet Union : Soviet Air Force 2.4 United States : AAF 3 Doctrine and technology 3.1 Aircrew training 3.2 Logistics 3.2. 1 Airfield construction 3.3 Tactical 3.3. 1 Air supremacy 3.3. 2 Close air support 3.3. 3 Pioneering use of precision - guided munitions 4 German bombers and missiles 4.1 Failure of German secret weapons 5 Pacific air war 5.1 China , 1937 -- 1944 5.2 Japanese air war 1941 -- 42 5.3 1942 5.3. 1 Coral Sea and Midway 5.3. 2 Guadalcanal 5.4 1943 -- 45 5.5 Strategic bombing of Japan 5.5. 1 Kamikaze 5.5. 2 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6 Europe , 1939 -- 1941 6.1 Invasion of Poland 6.2 France and the Low Countries ; Dunkirk 6.3 Battle of Britain 6.4 Invasion of the Soviet Union 7 North Africa 1942 -- 43 7.1 Operations against Allied convoys 8 1943 8.1 British technical advances 8.2 Mediterranean theatre 9 1944 -- 45 9.1 Destroying the Luftwaffe , 1944 9.2 Normandy 9.3 Battle of the Bulge 9.4 Strategic operations 9.5 Destroying Germany 's oil and transportation 9.6 Effect of the strategic bombing 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 By country 13.1. 1 United States 13.1. 2 Great Britain 13.1. 3 Germany 13.1. 4 Japan 13.1. 5 USSR 13.2 Airmen 13.3 Commanders 13.3. 1 Air Commanders : American 13.3. 2 HAP Arnold and Stimson 13.3. 3 Air Commanders : Other 13.4 Technology : Jets , Rockets , Radar , Proximity Fuze 13.5 Tactical aircraft , weapons , tactics & combat 13.6 Strategic bombing 13.6. 1 Atomic bomb & surrender of Japan 13.6. 2 Ethics & civilians 13.6. 3 Strategic bombing : doctrine 13.6. 4 Strategic bombing : aircraft and target 14 External links Pre-war planning ( edit ) Before 1939 , all sides operated under largely theoretical models of air warfare . Italian theorist Giulio Douhet in the 1920s summarised the faith that airmen during and after World War I developed in the efficacy of strategic bombing . Many said it alone could win wars , as `` the bomber will always get through '' . The Americans were confident that the Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress bomber could reach targets , protected by its own weapons , and bomb , using the Norden bombsight , with `` pickle barrel '' accuracy . Japanese aviation pioneers felt that they had developed the finest naval aviators in the world . Air forces ( edit ) Germany : the Luftwaffe ( edit ) Main article : Luftwaffe The Luftwaffe was the German Air Force . The pride of Nazi Germany under its leader Hermann Göring , it learned new combat techniques in the Spanish Civil War and was seen by Adolf Hitler as the decisive strategic weapon he needed . Its advanced technology and rapid growth led to exaggerated fears in the 1930s that helped to persuade the British and French into appeasement . In the war the Luftwaffe performed well in 1939 -- 41 , as its Stuka dive bombers terrified enemy infantry units . But the Luftwaffe was poorly coordinated with overall German strategy , and never ramped up to the size and scope needed in a total war , partly due to a lack of military aircraft production infrastructure for both completed airframes and powerplants when compared to either the Soviet Union or the United States . The Luftwaffe was deficient in radar technology except for their usable UHF and later VHF band airborne intercept radar designs such as the Lichtenstein and Neptun radar systems for their night fighters . The Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter did not enter service until July 1944 , and the lightweight Heinkel He 162 appeared only during the last months of the air war in Europe . The Luftwaffe could not deal with the faster P - 51 Mustang escort fighters after 1943 , or Britain 's increasingly lethal defensive fighter screen after the Battle of Britain . When the Luftwaffe 's fuel supply ran dry in 1944 due to the oil campaign of World War II , it was reduced to anti-aircraft flak roles , and many of its men were sent to infantry units . By 1944 it operated 39,000 flak batteries staffed with a million people in uniform , both men and women . The Luftwaffe lacked the bomber forces for strategic bombing , because it did not think such bombing was worthwhile , especially following the June 3 , 1936 , death of General Walther Wever , the prime proponent of a strategic bomber force for the Luftwaffe . They did attempt some strategic bombing in the east with the problematic Heinkel He 177 A. Their one success was destroying an airbase at Poltava Air Base , Ukraine during the Allied Operation Frantic , which housed 43 new B - 17 bombers and a million tons of aviation fuel . Introduction of turbojet - powered combat aircraft , mostly with the Messerschmitt Me 262 twin - jet fighter , the Heinkel He 162 light jet fighter and the Arado Ar 234 reconnaissance - bomber was pioneered by the Luftwaffe , but the delayed period ( 1944 -- 45 ) of their introduction -- much of which was due to the lengthy development time for both the BMW 003 and Junkers Jumo 004 jet engine designs -- as well as the failure to produce usable examples of their two long - developed higher - power aviation engines , the Junkers Jumo 222 multibank 24 - cylinder piston engine of some 2,500 hp , and the advanced Heinkel HeS 011 turbojet of nearly 2,800 lb. of thrust , each of which were meant to power many advanced German airframe design proposals in the last years of the war -- meant that they were introduced `` too little , too late '' , as so many other advanced German aircraft designs ( and indeed , many other German military weapon systems ) had been during the later war years . Although Germany 's allies , especially Italy and Finland , had air forces of their own , there was very little coordination with them . Not until very late in the war did Germany share its aircraft and alternative fuel blueprints and technology with its ally Japan , resulting in the Nakajima Kikka jet fighter and the Mitsubishi Shusui rocket fighter , respectively based on the Me 262A and Me 163B -- both of which , similarly , came far too late for Japan to improve its defensive aircraft systems , or to make alternative fuels and lubricants . Britain : the Royal air Force ( edit ) Main article : History of the Royal Air Force The British had their own very well - developed theory of strategic bombing , and built the long - range bombers to implement it . Once it became clear that Germany was a threat , the RAF started on a large expansion , with many airfields being set up and the number of squadrons increased . From 42 squadrons with 800 aircraft in 1934 , the RAF had reached 157 squadrons and 3,700 aircraft by 1939 . They combined the newly developed radar with communications centres to direct their fighter defences . Their medium bombers were capable of reaching the German industrial centre of the Ruhr , and larger bombers were under development . The RAF underwent rapid expansion following the outbreak of war against Germany in 1939 . This included the training in other Commonwealth nations ( particularly Canada ) of half of British and Commonwealth aircrews , some 167,000 men in all . It was the second largest in Europe . The RAF also integrated Polish and other airmen who had escaped from Hitler 's Europe . In Europe , the RAF was in operational control of Commonwealth aircrews and Commonwealth squadrons although these retained some degree of independence ( such as the formation of No. 6 Group RCAF to put Canadian squadrons together in a nationally identifiable unit ) . The RAF had three major combat commands based in the United Kingdom : RAF Fighter Command charged with defence of the UK , RAF Bomber Command ( formed 1936 ) which operated the bombers that would be offensive against the enemy , and RAF Coastal Command which was to protect Allied shipping and attack enemy shipping . The Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm operated land - based fighters in defence of naval establishments and carrier - based aircraft . Later in the war the RAF 's fighter force was divided into two Air Defence of Great Britain ( ADGB ) for protecting the UK and the Second Tactical Air Force for ground offensive support in the North West Europe campaign . Bomber Command participated in two areas of attack -- the strategic bombing campaign against German war production , and the less well known mining of coastal waters off Germany ( known as Gardening ) to contain its naval operations and prevent the U-boats from freely operating against Allied shipping . In order to attack German industry by night the RAF developed navigational aids , tactics to overwhelm the German defences control system , tactics directly against German night - fighter forces , target marking techniques , many electronic aids in defence and attack , and supporting electronic warfare aircraft . The production of heavy aircraft competed with resources for the Army and the Navy , and it was a source of disagreement as to whether the effort could be more profitably expended elsewhere . Increasingly heavy losses during the latter part of 1943 due to the reorganized Luftwaffe night fighter system ( Wilde Sau tactics ) and Sir Arthur Harris ' failed attempts to destroy Berlin led to serious doubts as to whether Bomber Command was being used to its fullest potential and in the spring of 1944 was put under Eisenhower 's direct control where it played a vital role in preparing the way for the Overlord Invasion . Soviet Union : Soviet air Force ( edit ) Main articles : Soviet Air Forces § World War II , and Eastern Front ( World War II ) By the end of the war , Soviet annual aircraft production had risen sharply with annual Soviet production peaking at 40,000 aircraft in 1944 . Some 157,000 aircraft were produced , of which 126,000 were combat types for the Voyenno - Vozdushnye Sily or VVS ( as the Soviet Union named their air arm ) , while the others were transports and trainers . The critical importance of the ground attack role in defending the Soviet Union from the Axis ' Operation Barbarossa through to the final defeat of Nazi Germany with the Battle of Berlin resulted in the Soviet military aviation industry creating more examples of the Ilyushin Il - 2 Shturmovik during the war than any other military aircraft design in aviation history , with just over 36,000 examples produced . During the war the Soviets employed 7500 bombers to drop 30 million bombs on German targets , with a density that sometimes reached 100 -- 150 tons / sq kilometer . United States : AAF ( edit ) Main article : United States Army Air Forces Before the attack on Pearl Harbor and during the period within which the predecessor U.S. Army Air Corps became the Army Air Forces in late June 1941 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave command of the Navy to an aviator , Admiral Ernest King , with a mandate for an aviation - oriented war in the Pacific . FDR allowed King to build up land - based naval and Marine aviation , and seize control of the long - range bombers used in antisubmarine patrols in the Atlantic . Roosevelt basically agreed with Robert A. Lovett , the civilian Assistant Secretary of War for Air , who argued , `` While I do n't go so far as to claim that air power alone will win the war , I do claim the war will not be won without it . '' Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall rejected calls for complete independence for the Air Corps , because the land forces generals and the Navy were vehemently opposed . In the compromise that was reached it was understood that after the war , the aviators would get their independence . Meanwhile , the Air Corps became the Army Air Forces ( AAF ) in June , 1941 , combining all their personnel and units under a single commanding general , an airman . In 1942 the Army reorganized into three equal components , one of which was the AAF , which then had almost complete freedom in terms of internal administration . Thus the AAF set up its own medical service independent of the Surgeon General , its own WAC units , and its own logistics system . It had full control over the design and procurement of airplanes and related electronic gear and ordnance . Its purchasing agents controlled 15 % of the nation 's Gross National Product . Together with naval aviation , it recruited the best young men in the nation . General Henry H. Arnold headed the AAF . One of the first military men to fly , and the youngest colonel in World War I , he selected for the most important combat commands men who were ten years younger than their Army counterparts , including Ira Eaker ( b . 1896 ) , Jimmy Doolittle ( b . 1896 ) , Hoyt Vandenberg ( b . 1899 ) , Elwood `` Pete '' Queseda ( b . 1904 ) , and , youngest of them all , Curtis LeMay ( b . 1906 ) . Although a West Pointer himself , Arnold did not automatically turn to Academy men for top positions . Since he operated independent of theatre commanders , Arnold could and did move his generals around , and speedily removed underachievers . Aware of the need for engineering expertise , Arnold went outside the military and formed close liaisons with top engineers like rocket specialist Theodore von Karmen at Caltech . Arnold was given seats on the US Joint Chiefs of Staff and the US - British Combined Chiefs of Staff . Arnold , however , was officially Deputy Chief of ( Army ) Staff , so on committees he deferred to his boss , General Marshall . Thus Marshall made all the basic strategic decisions , which were worked out by his `` War Plans Division '' ( WPD , later renamed the Operations Division ) . WPD 's section leaders were infantrymen or engineers , with a handful of aviators in token positions . The AAF had a newly created planning division , whose advice was largely ignored by WPD . Airmen were also underrepresented in the planning divisions of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and of the Combined Chiefs . Aviators were largely shut out of the decision - making and planning process because they lacked seniority in a highly rank - conscious system . The freeze intensified demands for independence , and fueled a spirit of `` proving '' the superiority of air power doctrine . Because of the young , pragmatic leadership at top , and the universal glamor accorded aviators , morale in the AAF was strikingly higher than anywhere else ( except perhaps Navy aviation ) . The AAF provided extensive technical training , promoted officers and enlisted faster , provided comfortable barracks and good food , and was safe , with an American government - sponsored pilot training program in place as far back as 1938 , that did work in concert when necessary with the British Commonwealth 's similar program within North America . The only dangerous jobs were voluntary ones as crew of fighters and bombers -- or involuntary ones at jungle bases in the Southwest Pacific . Marshall , an infantryman uninterested in aviation before 1939 , became a partial convert to air power and allowed the aviators more autonomy . He authorized vast spending on planes , and insisted that American forces had to have air supremacy before taking the offensive . However , he repeatedly overruled Arnold by agreeing with Roosevelt 's requests in 1941 -- 42 to send half of the new light bombers and fighters to the British and Soviets , thereby delaying the buildup of American air power . The Army 's major theatre commands were given to infantrymen Douglas MacArthur and Dwight D. Eisenhower . Neither had paid much attention to aviation before the war . However the air power advocate Jimmy Doolittle succeeded Eaker as 8th Air Force commander at the start of 1944 . Doolittle instituted a critical change in strategic fighter tactics and the 8th Air Force bomber raids faced less and less Luftwaffe defensive fighter opposition for the rest of the war . Offensive counter-air , to clear the way for strategic bombers and an eventually decisive cross-channel invasion , was a strategic mission led by escort fighters partnered with heavy bombers . The tactical mission , however , was the province of fighter - bombers , assisted by light and medium bombers . American theatre commanders became air power enthusiasts , and built their strategies around the need for tactical air supremacy . MacArthur had been badly defeated in the Philippines in 1941 -- 42 primarily because the Japanese controlled the sky . His planes were outnumbered and outclassed , his airfields shot up , his radar destroyed , his supply lines cut . His infantry never had a chance . MacArthur vowed never again . His island hopping campaign was based on the strategy of isolating Japanese strongholds while leaping past them . Each leap was determined by the range of his air force , and the first task on securing an objective was to build an airfield to prepare for the next leap . Eisenhower 's deputy at SHAEF was Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder who had been commander of the Allied Mediterranean Air Command when Eisenhower was in charge of Allied operations in the Mediterranean . Doctrine and technology ( edit ) The Allies won battlefield air supremacy in the Pacific in 1943 , and in Europe in 1944 . That meant that Allied supplies and reinforcements would get through to the battlefront , but not the enemy 's . It meant the Allies could concentrate their strike forces wherever they pleased , and overwhelm the enemy with a preponderance of firepower . There was a specific campaign , within the overall strategic offensive , for suppression of enemy air defences , or , specifically , Luftwaffe fighters . Aircrew training ( edit ) While the Japanese began the war with a superb set of naval aviators , trained at the Misty Lagoon experimental air station , their practice , perhaps from the warrior tradition , was to keep the pilots in action until they died . The U.S. position , at least for naval aviation , was a strict rotation between sea deployments and shore duty , the latter including training replacements , personal training , and participating in doctrinal development . The U.S. strategic bombing campaign against Europe did this in principle , but relatively few crews survived the 25 missions of a rotation . On December 27 , 1938 , the United States had initiated the Civilian Pilot Training Program to vastly increase the number of ostensibly `` civilian '' American pilots , but this program also had the eventual effect of providing a large flight - ready force of trained pilots for future military action if the need arose . Other countries had other variants . In some countries , it seemed to be a matter of personal choice if one stayed in combat or helped build the next generation . Even where there was a policy of using skills outside combat , some individuals , e.g. Guy Gibson VC insisted on returning to combat after a year . Both Gibson 's successors at 617 Squadron were ordered off `` ops '' permanently -- Leonard Cheshire VC after 102 operations , `` Willie '' Tait ( DSO & 3 Bars ) after 101 -- reflecting the strain of prolonged operations . The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan ( and related schemes ) as well as training British crew in North America contributed large numbers of aircrew from outside the UK to the forces under RAF operational control . While RAF Bomber Command let individuals form teams naturally and bomber aircrew were generally hetereogenous in origins , the Canadian government pushed for its aircrew to be organised in one Group for greater recognition -- No. 6 Group RCAF . Logistics ( edit ) Airfield construction ( edit ) Arnold correctly anticipated that the U.S. would have to build forward airfields in inhospitable places . Working closely with the Army Corps of Engineers , he created Aviation Engineer Battalions that by 1945 included 118,000 men . Runways , hangars , radar stations , power generators , barracks , gasoline storage tanks and ordnance dumps had to be built hurriedly on tiny coral islands , mud flats , featureless deserts , dense jungles , or exposed locations still under enemy artillery fire . The heavy construction gear had to be imported , along with the engineers , blueprints , steel - mesh landing mats , prefabricated hangars , aviation fuel , bombs and ammunition , and all necessary supplies . As soon as one project was finished the battalion would load up its gear and move forward to the next challenge , while headquarters inked in a new airfield on the maps . The engineers opened an entirely new airfield in North Africa every other day for seven straight months . Once when heavy rains along the coast reduced the capacity of old airfields , two companies of Airborne Engineers loaded miniaturized gear into 56 transports , flew a thousand miles to a dry Sahara location , started blasting away , and were ready for the first B - 17 24 hours later . Often engineers had to repair and use a captured enemy airfield . The German fields were well - built all - weather operations . Some of the Japanese island bases , built before the war , had excellent airfields . Most new Japanese installations in the Pacific were ramshackle affairs with poor siting , poor drainage , scant protection , and narrow , bumpy runways . Engineering was a low priority for the offense - minded Japanese , who chronically lacked adequate equipment and imagination . On a few islands , local commanders did improve aircraft shelters and general survivability , as they correctly perceived the danger of coming raids or invasions . In the same theatre the United States Navy 's own `` construction battalions '' , collectively named the `` Seabees '' from the CB acronym adopted on the date of their formation in March 1942 , would build over a hundred military airstrips and a significant degree of the military support infrastructure supplying the Pacific `` island - hopping '' campaign of the Allies during the Pacific war through 1945 , as well as elsewhere in the world during the war years . Tactical ( edit ) Tactical air power involves gaining control of the airspace over the battlefield , directly supporting ground units ( as by attacks on enemy tanks and artillery ) , and attacking enemy supply lines , and airfields . Typically , fighter planes are used to gain air supremacy , and light bombers are used for support missions . Air supremacy ( edit ) Gun camera film shows tracer ammunition from a Supermarine Spitfire Mark I of 609 Squadron , flown by Flight Lieutenant JHG McArthur , hitting a Heinkel He 111 on its starboard quarter . Tactical air doctrine stated that the primary mission was to turn tactical superiority into complete air supremacy -- to totally defeat the enemy air force and obtain control of its air space . This could be done directly through dogfights , and raids on airfields and radar stations , or indirectly by destroying aircraft factories and fuel supplies . Anti-aircraft artillery ( called `` ack - ack '' by the British , `` flak '' by the Germans , and `` Archie '' by the World War I USAAS ) could also play a role , but it was downgraded by most airmen . The Allies won air supremacy in the Pacific in 1943 , and in Europe in 1944 . That meant that Allied supplies and reinforcements would get through to the battlefront , but not the enemy 's . It meant the Allies could concentrate their strike forces wherever they pleased , and overwhelm the enemy with a preponderance of firepower . This was the basic Allied strategy , and it worked . One of the most effective demonstrations of air supremacy by the Western Allies over Europe occurred in early 1944 , when Lieutenant General Jimmy Doolittle , who took command of the US 8th Air Force in January 1944 , would only a few months later `` release '' the building force of P - 51 Mustangs from their intended mission to closely escort the 8th Air Force 's heavy bombers , after getting help from British aviators in selecting the best available aircraft type ( s ) for the task . The USAAF 's Mustang squadrons were now tasked to fly well ahead of the bombers ' combat box defensive formations by some 75 -- 100 miles ( 120 -- 160 km ) to basically clear the skies , in the manner of a sizable `` fighter sweep '' air supremacy mission , of any defensive presence over the Third Reich of the Luftwaffe 's Jagdgeschwader single - seat fighter wings . This important change of strategy also coincidentally doomed both the twin - engined Zerstörer heavy fighters and their replacement , heavily armed Focke - Wulf Fw 190A Sturmbock forces used as bomber destroyers , each in their turn . This change in American fighter tactics began to have its most immediate effect with the loss of more and more of the Luftwaffe 's Jagdflieger fighter pilot personnel , and fewer bomber losses to the Luftwaffe as 1944 wore on . Air superiority depended on having the fastest , most maneuverable fighters , in sufficient quantity , based on well - supplied airfields , within range . The RAF demonstrated the importance of speed and maneuverability in the Battle of Britain ( 1940 ) , when its fast Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane fighters easily riddled the clumsy Stukas as they were pulling out of dives . The race to build the fastest fighter became one of the central themes of World War II . Once total air supremacy in a theatre was gained the second mission was interdiction of the flow of enemy supplies and reinforcements in a zone five to fifty miles behind the front . Whatever moved had to be exposed to air strikes , or else confined to moonless nights . ( Radar was not good enough for nighttime tactical operations against ground targets . ) A large fraction of tactical air power focused on this mission . Close air support ( edit ) The third and lowest priority ( from the AAF viewpoint ) mission was `` close air support '' or direct assistance to ground units on the battlefront which consisted of bombing targets identified by ground forces , and strafing exposed infantry . Airmen disliked the mission because it subordinated the air war to the ground war ; furthermore , slit trenches , camouflage , and flak guns usually reduced the effectiveness of close air support . `` Operation Cobra '' in July , 1944 , targeted a critical strip of 3,000 acres ( 1,214 ha ) of German strength that held up the US breakthrough out of Normandy . General Omar Bradley , his ground forces stymied , placed his bets on air power . 1,500 heavies , 380 medium bombers and 550 fighter bombers dropped 4,000 tons of high explosives . Bradley was horrified when 77 planes dropped their payloads short of the intended target : `` The ground belched , shook and spewed dirt to the sky . Scores of our troops were hit , their bodies flung from slit trenches . Doughboys were dazed and frightened ... A bomb landed squarely on McNair in a slit trench and threw his body sixty feet and mangled it beyond recognition except for the three stars on his collar . '' The Germans were stunned senseless , with tanks overturned , telephone wires severed , commanders missing , and a third of their combat troops killed or wounded . The defence line broke ; J. Lawton Collins rushed his VII Corps forward ; the Germans retreated in a rout ; the Battle of France was won ; air power seemed invincible . However , the sight of a senior colleague killed by error was unnerving , and after the completion of operation Cobra , Army generals were so reluctant to risk `` friendly fire '' casualties that they often passed over excellent attack opportunities that would be possible only with air support . Infantrymen , on the other hand , were ecstatic about the effectiveness of close air support : `` Air strikes on the way ; we watch from a top window as P - 47s dip in and out of clouds through suddenly erupting strings of Christmas - tree lights ( flak ) , before one speck turns over and drops toward earth in the damnest sight of the Second World War , the dive - bomber attack , the speck snarling , screaming , dropping faster than a stone until it 's clearly doomed to smash into the earth , then , past the limits of belief , an impossible flattening beyond houses and trees , an upward arch that makes the eyes hurt , and , as the speck hurtles away , WHOOM , the earth erupts five hundred feet up in swirling black smoke . More specks snarl , dive , scream , two squadrons , eight of them , leaving congealing , combining , whirling pillars of black smoke , lifting trees , houses , vehicles , and , we devoutly hope , bits of Germans . We yell and pound each other 's backs . Gods from the clouds ; this is how you do it ! You do n't attack painfully across frozen plains , you simply drop in on the enemy and blow them out of existence . '' Some forces , especially the United States Marine Corps , emphasised the air - ground team . The airmen , in this approach , also are infantrymen who understand the needs and perspective of the ground forces . There was much more joint air - ground training , and a given air unit might have a long - term relationship with a given ground unit , improving their mutual communications . In North - West Europe , the Allies used the `` taxi - rank '' ( or `` Cab - rank '' ) system for supporting the ground assault . Fighter - bombers , such as the Hawker Typhoon or P - 47 Thunderbolt , armed with cannon , bombs and rockets would be in the air at 10,000 ft over the battlefield . When support was required it could be quickly summoned by a ground observer . While often too inaccurate against armoured vehicles , rockets had a psychological effect on troops and were effective against the supply - carrying trucks used to support German tanks . Pioneering use of precision - guided munitions ( edit ) Main articles : Azon , Fritz X , and Henschel Hs 293 A museum - displayed German Fritz - X armored PGM An American Bat anti-ship glide bomb , with its development team Rear view of an Azon MCLOS - guided bomb , showing details Both the Luftwaffe and USAAF pioneered the use of what would come to be known as precision - guided munitions during World War II . The Luftwaffe was the first to use such weapons in their pioneering use of the unpowered Fritz X armor - piercing anti-ship ordnance on September 9 , 1943 , against the Italian battleship Roma , with III. Gruppe / KG 100 's Dornier Do 217 medium bombers achieving two hits , exploding her powder magazines in sinking her . Both the Fritz X and the unarmored , rocket - boosted Henschel Hs 293 guided glide bomb were used successfully against Allied shipping during the Allied invasion of Italy following Italy 's capitulation to the Allies earlier in September 1943 , with both weapons using the same combination of a joystick - equipped Funkgerät FuG 203 Kehl MCLOS radio guidance transmitter in a deploying aircraft , with the corresponding FuG 230 Straßburg receiver in the ordnance for guidance . The United States Army Air Forces had come up with the Azon guided bomb , converted from a regular 453 kg ( 1,000 lb . ) high explosive bomb with a special set of MCLOS - controlled vertical tailfins controlling the lateral path to the target . Missions were flown in both Western Europe in the summer and autumn of 1944 , and in the China - Burma - India theatre in early 1945 , with two separate B - 24 Liberator squadrons , one in each theatre , having some limited success with the device . The U.S. Navy 's Bat unpowered anti-ship ordnance was based around the same half - ton HE bomb as the Azon , but with the same bomb contained within a much more aerodynamic airframe , and used a fully autonomous onboard radar guidance system to control its flightpath , rather than an external source of control for the Azon . German bombers and missiles ( edit ) Main articles : Ural bomber , Schnellbomber , Heinkel He 177 , Bomber B , and Amerika Bomber Britain and the United States built large quantities of four - engined long - range heavy bombers ; Germany , Japan , and the Soviet Union did not . The decision was made in 1933 by the German general staff , the technical staff , and the aviation industry that there was a lack of sufficient labor , capital , and raw materials . A top - level Luftwaffe general , Walther Wever , had tried to make some form of strategic bombing capability a priority for the newly formed Luftwaffe through 1935 and into 1936 , but his untimely death in June 1936 ended any hopes of developing such a force of long - range `` heavies '' possible , as his Ural bomber program for such four - engined aircraft , comparable to what the United States was already pioneering , literally died with him . During the war Hitler was insistent on bombers having tactical capability , which at the time meant dive bombing , a maneuver then impossible for any heavy bomber . His aircraft had limited effect on Britain for a variety of reasons , but low payload was among them . Lacking a doctrine of strategic bombing , neither the RLM or the Luftwaffe ever ordered any suitable quantities of an appropriate heavy bomber from the German aviation industry , having only the Heinkel He 177 A Greif available for such duties , a design plagued with many technical problems , including an unending series of engine fires , with just under 1,200 examples ever being built . Early in the war , the Luftwaffe had excellent tactical aviation , but when it faced Britain 's integrated air defence system , the medium bombers actually designed , produced and deployed to combat -- meant to include the Schnellbomber high - speed mediums , and their intended heavier warload successors , the Bomber B design competition competitors -- did not have the numbers or bomb load to do major damage of the sort the RAF and USAAF inflicted on German cities . Failure of German secret weapons ( edit ) Hitler believed that new high - technology `` secret weapons '' would give Germany a strategic bombing capability and turn the war around . The first of 9,300 V - 1 flying bombs hit London in mid - June , 1944 , and together with 1,300 V - 2 rockets caused 8,000 civilian deaths and 23,000 injuries . Although they did not seriously undercut British morale or munitions production , they bothered the British government a great deal -- Germany now had its own unanswered weapons system . Using proximity fuzes , British anti-aircraft artillery gunners learned how to shoot down the 400 mph V - 1s ; nothing could stop the supersonic V - 2s . The British government , in near panic , demanded that upwards of 40 % of bomber sorties be targeted against the launch sites , and got its way in `` Operation CROSSBOW . '' The attacks were futile , and the diversion represented a major success for Hitler . Every raid against a V - 1 or V - 2 launch site was one less raid against the Third Reich . On the whole , however , the secret weapons were still another case of too little too late . The Luftwaffe ran the V - 1 program , which used a jet engine , but it diverted scarce engineering talent and manufacturing capacity that were urgently needed to improve German radar , air defence , and jet fighters . The German Army ran the V - 2 program . The rockets were a technological triumph , and bothered the British leadership even more than the V - 1s . But they were so inaccurate they rarely could hit militarily significant targets . Pacific air war ( edit ) Dec 1941 -- March 1942 Japan did not have a separate air force . Its aviation units were integrated into the Army and Navy , which were not well coordinated with each other . Japanese military aircraft production during World War II produced 76,000 warplanes , of which 30,000 were fighters and 15,000 were light bombers . China , 1937 -- 1944 ( edit ) Japan launched a full - scale war in China in 1937 and soon controlled the major cities and the seacoast . The U.S. sent help through Burma , and after 1942 flew in supplies over `` The Hump '' ( the Himalaya Mountains ) from India . In 1940 -- 41 , well before Pearl Harbor , the United States decided on an aggressive air campaign against Japan using Chinese bases and American pilots wearing Chinese uniforms . The United States created , funded , and provided crews and equipment for the `` Flying Tigers '' , a nominally Chinese Air Force composed almost entirely of Americans , led by General Claire Lee Chennault . The Flying Tigers racked up a strong record of tactical attacks on the Japanese Air Force . Chennault called for strategic bombing against Japanese cities , using American bombers based in China . The plan was approved by Roosevelt and top policy makers in Washington , and equipment was on the way in December 1941 . It proved to be futile . American strategic bombing of Japan from Chinese bases began in 1944 , using B - 29s under the command of General Curtis Lemay , but the distances and the logistics made an effective campaign impossible . Japanese air war 1941 -- 42 ( edit ) Washington tried to deter Japanese entry into the war by threatening the firebombing of Japanese cities using B - 17 strategic bombers based in the Philippines . The US sent too little too late , as the Japanese easily overwhelmed the American `` Far Eastern Air Force '' the day after Pearl Harbor . Japanese naval air power proved unexpectedly powerful , sinking the American battleship fleet at Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , then raging widely across the Pacific and Indian oceans to defeat elements of the British , American , Dutch , and Australian forces . Land - based airpower , coordinated efficiently with land forces , enabled Japan to overrun Malaya , Singapore , and the Philippines by spring 1942 . The Doolittle Raid used 16 B - 25 bombers ( taking off from aircraft carriers ) to bomb Tokyo in April 1942 . Little physical damage was done , but the episode shocked and stunned the Japanese people and leadership . 1942 ( edit ) Japanese warplanes bombing the Dutch light cruiser HNLMS Java during the Battle of Java Sea At the Battle of the Java Sea , February 27 , 1942 , the Japanese Navy destroyed the main ABDA ( American , British , Dutch , and Australian ) naval force . The Netherlands East Indies campaign resulted in the surrender of Allied forces on Java . Meanwhile , Japanese aircraft had all but eliminated Allied air power in South - East Asia and began attacking Australia , with a major raid on Darwin , February 19 . A raid by a powerful Japanese Navy aircraft carrier force into the Indian Ocean resulted in the Battle of Ceylon and sinking of the only British carrier , HMS Hermes in the theatre as well as 2 cruisers and other ships effectively driving the British fleet out of the Indian Ocean and paving the way for Japanese conquest of Burma and a drive towards India . The Japanese seemed unstoppable . However , the Doolittle Raid caused an uproar in the Japanese Army and Navy commands -- they had both lost face in letting the Emperor be threatened . As a consequence , the Army relocated overseas fighter groups to Japan , groups needed elsewhere . Even more significantly , the Naval command believed it had to extend its eastern defence perimeter , and they focused on Midway as the next base . Coral sea and Midway ( edit ) By mid-1942 , the Japanese Combined Fleet found itself holding a vast area , even though it lacked the aircraft carriers , aircraft , and aircrew to defend it , and the freighters , tankers , and destroyers necessary to sustain it . Moreover , Fleet doctrine was incompetent to execute the proposed `` barrier '' defence . Instead , they decided on additional attacks in both the south and central Pacific . In the Battle of the Coral Sea , fought between May 4 -- 8 , 1942 off the coast of Australia , the opposing fleets never saw one another ; it was an air exchange . While the Americans had greater losses and arguably a tactical loss , they gained a strategic victory , as Japan cancelled a planned offensive . In the Battle of Midway , the Japanese split their fleet , sending much of their force and a feint toward Alaska . The Americans realized Alaska was not the main target , and desperately concentrated its resources to defend Midway . Japan had 272 warplanes operating from four carriers ; the U.S. had 348 of which 115 were AAF land - based and the rest flew from three carriers . In an extraordinarily close battle , the Japanese suddenly lost their four main aircraft carriers , and were forced to return home . They never again launched a major offensive in the Pacific . Guadalcanal ( edit ) Main article : Guadalcanal Campaign The Japanese had built a major air base at on the island of Rabaul , but had difficulty keeping it supplied . American naval and Marine aviation made Rabaul a frequent bombing target . Cactus Air Force warplanes on Henderson Field , Guadalcanal in October , 1942 A Japanese airfield was spotted under construction at Guadalcanal . The Americans made an amphibious landing in August 1942 to seize it , sent in the Cactus Air Force and started to reverse the tide of Japanese conquests . As a result , Japanese and Allied forces both occupied various parts of Guadalcanal . Over the following six months , both sides fed resources into an escalating battle of attrition on the island , at sea , and in the sky , with eventual victory going to the Americans in February 1943 . It was a campaign the Japanese could ill afford . A majority of Japanese aircraft from the entire South Pacific area was drained into the Japanese defence of Guadalcanal . Japanese logistics , as happened time and again , failed ; only 20 % of the supplies dispatched from Rabaul to Guadalcanal ever reached there . 1943 -- 45 ( edit ) After 1942 , the United States made a massive effort to build up its aviation forces in the Pacific , and began island - hopping to push its airfields closer and closer to Tokyo . Meanwhile , the Japanese were unable to upgrade their aircraft , and they fell further and further behind in numbers of aircraft carriers . The forward island bases were very hard to supply -- often only submarines could get through -- and the Japanese forces worked without replacements or rest , and often with inadequate food and medicine . Their morale and performance steadily declined . Starvation became an issue in many bases . The American airmen were well fed and well supplied , but they were not rotated and faced increasingly severe stress that caused their performance to deteriorate . They flew far more often in the Southwest Pacific than in Europe , and although rest time in Australia was scheduled , there was no fixed number of missions that would produce transfer back to the states . Coupled with the monotonous , hot , sickly environment , the result was bad morale that jaded veterans quickly passed along to newcomers . After a few months , epidemics of combat fatigue would drastically reduce the efficiency of units . The men who had been at jungle airfields longest , the flight surgeons reported , were in the worst shape : Many have chronic dysentery or other disease , and almost all show chronic fatigue states ... They appear listless , unkempt , careless , and apathetic with almost masklike facial expression . Speech is slow , thought content is poor , they complain of chronic headaches , insomnia , memory defect , feel forgotten , worry about themselves , are afraid of new assignments , have no sense of responsibility , and are hopeless about the future . Strategic bombing of Japan ( edit ) Main article : Air raids on Japan The flammability of Japan 's large cities , and the concentration of munitions production there , made strategic bombing the preferred strategy of the Americans . The first efforts were made from bases in China . Massive efforts ( costing $4.5 billion ) to establish B - 29 bases there had failed when in 1944 the Japanese Army simply moved overland and captured them . The Marianas ( especially the islands of Saipan and Tinian ) , captured in June 1944 , gave a close , secure base for the very - long - range B - 29 . The `` Superfortress '' ( the B - 29 ) represented the highest achievement of traditional ( pre-jet ) aeronautics . Its four 2,200 horsepower Wright R - 3350 supercharged engines could lift four tons of bombs 3,500 miles at 33,000 feet ( high above Japanese flak or fighters ) . Computerized fire - control mechanisms made its 13 guns exceptionally lethal against fighters . However , the systematic raids that began in June 1944 , were unsatisfactory , because the AAF had learned too much in Europe ; it overemphasised self - defence . Arnold , in personal charge of the campaign ( bypassing the theatre commanders ) brought in a new leader , General Curtis LeMay . In early 1945 , LeMay ordered a radical change in tactics : remove the machine guns and gunners , fly in low at night . ( Much fuel was used to get to 30,000 feet ; it could now be replaced with more bombs . ) The Japanese radar , fighter , and anti-aircraft systems were so ineffective that they could not hit the bombers . Fires raged through the cities , and millions of civilians fled to the mountains . Tokyo was hit repeatedly and first suffered a serious blow with the Operation Meetinghouse raid on the night of March 9 / 10 1945 , a conflagration that destroyed nearly 270,000 buildings over a 16 square mile ( 41 km2 ) area , killing at least 83,000 , and estimated by some to be the single most destructive bombing raid in military history . On June 5 , 51,000 buildings in four miles of Kobe were burned out by 473 B - 29s ; Japanese opposition was fierce , as 11 B - 29s went down and 176 were damaged . Osaka , where one - sixth of the Empire 's munitions were made , was hit by 1,733 tons of incendiaries dropped by 247 B - 29s . A firestorm burned out 8.1 square miles , including 135,000 houses ; 4,000 died . The Japanese local officials reported : Although damage to big factories was slight , approximately one - fourth of some 4,000 lesser factories , which operated hand - in - hand with the big factories , were completely destroyed by fire ... Moreover , owing to the rising fear of air attacks , workers in general were reluctant to work in the factories , and the attendance fluctuated as much as 50 percent . The Japanese army , which was not based in the cities , was largely undamaged by the raids . The Army was short of food and gasoline , but , as Iwo Jima and Okinawa proved , it was capable of ferocious resistance . The Japanese also had a new tactic that it hoped would provide the bargaining power to get a satisfactory peace , the Kamikaze . Kamikaze ( edit ) In late 1944 , the Japanese invented an unexpected and highly effective new tactic , the Kamikaze suicide plane aimed like a guided missile at American ships . Kamikaze means divine winds . The attacks began in October 1944 and continued to the end of the war . Most of the aircraft used in kamikaze attacks were converted obsolete fighters and dive - bombers . The quality of construction was very poor , and many crashed during training or before reaching targets . Experienced pilots were used to lead a mission because they could navigate ; they were not Kamikazes , and they returned to base for another mission . The Kamikaze pilots were inexperienced and had minimal training ; however most were well educated and intensely committed to the Emperor . A `` Judy '' in a suicide dive against USS Essex . The dive brakes are extended and the port wing tank is trailing fuel vapor and smoke November 25 , 1944 . Kamikaze attacks were highly effective at the Battle of Okinawa in spring 1945 . During the three - month battle , 4000 kamikaze sorties sank 38 US ships and damaged 368 more , killing 4,900 sailors in the American 5th Fleet . Destroyers and destroyer escorts , doing radar picket duty , were hit hard , as the inexperienced pilots dived at the first American ship they spotted instead of waiting to get at the big carriers . Task Force 58 analyzed the Japanese technique at Okinawa in April , 1945 : `` Rarely have the enemy attacks been so cleverly executed and made with such reckless determination . These attacks were generally by single or few aircraft making their approaches with radical changes in course and altitude , dispersing when intercepted and using cloud cover to every advantage . They tailed our friendlies home , used decoy planes , and came in at any altitude or on the water . '' The Americans decided their best defence against Kamikazes was to knock them out on the ground , or else in the air long before they approached the fleet . The Navy called for more fighters , and more warning . The carriers replaced a fourth of their light bombers with Marine fighters ; back home the training of fighter pilots was stepped up . More combat air patrols circling the big ships , more radar picket ships ( which themselves became prime targets ) , and more attacks on airbases and gasoline supplies eventually worked . Japan suspended Kamikaze attacks in May , 1945 , because it was now hoarding gasoline and hiding planes in preparation for new suicide attacks in case the Allied forces tried to invade their home islands . The Kamikaze strategy allowed the use of untrained pilots and obsolete planes , and since evasive maneuvering was dropped and there was no return trip , the scarce gasoline reserves could be stretched further . Since pilots guided their airplane like a guided missile all the way to the target , the proportion of hits was much higher than in ordinary bombing , and would eventually see the introduction of a purpose - built , air - launched rocket - powered suicide aircraft design in small numbers to accomplish such missions against U.S. Navy ships . Japan 's industry was manufacturing 1,500 new planes a month in 1945 . Toward the end of the war , the Japanese press encouraged civilians to emulate the kamikaze pilots who willingly gave their lives to stop American naval forces . Civilians were told that the reward for such behavior was enshrinement as a warrior - god and spiritual protection in the afterlife . Expecting increased resistance , including far more Kamikaze attacks once the main islands of Japan were invaded , the U.S. high command rethought its strategy and used atomic bombs to end the war , hoping it would make a costly invasion unnecessary . Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( edit ) Main article : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The air attacks on Japan had crippled her ability to wage war but the Japanese had not surrendered . On July 26 , 1945 , United States President Harry S. Truman , United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill , and Chairman of the Chinese Nationalist Government Chiang Kai - shek issued the Potsdam Declaration , which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference . This ultimatum stated if Japan did not surrender , she would face `` prompt and utter destruction . '' The Japanese government ignored this ultimatum ( Mokusatsu , `` kill by silence '' ) , and vowed to continue resisting an anticipated Allied invasion of Japan . On August 6 , 1945 , the `` Little Boy '' enriched uranium atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Hiroshima , followed on August 9 by the detonation of the `` Fat Man '' plutonium core atomic bomb over Nagasaki . Both cities were destroyed with enormous loss of life and psychological shock . On August 15 , Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender of Japan , stating : `` Moreover , the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb , the power of which to do damage is indeed incalculable , taking the toll of many innocent lives . Should We continue to fight , it would not only result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization . Such being the case , how are We to save the millions of Our subjects ; or to atone Ourselves before the hallowed spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors ? This is the reason why We have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the Joint Declaration of the Powers . '' Europe , 1939 -- 1941 ( edit ) The Luftwaffe gained significant combat experience in the Spanish Civil War , where it was used to provide close air support for infantry units . The success of the Luftwaffe 's Ju - 87 Stuka dive bombers in the blitzkriegs that shattered Poland in 1939 and France in 1940 , gave Berlin inordinate confidence in its air force . Military professionals could not ignore the effectiveness of the Stuka , but also observed that France and Poland had minimal effective air defence . Outside Britain , the idea of an integrated air defence system had not emerged ; most militaries had a conflict between the advocates of anti-aircraft artillery and fighter aircraft for defence , not recognizing that they could be complementary , when under a common system of command and control ; a system that had a common operational picture of the battle in progress . Invasion of Poland ( edit ) Main article : Invasion of Poland Luftwaffe aircraft closely supported the advance of the Army mechanized units , most notably with dive bombers , but also with light observation aircraft , such as Fieseler Storch , that rapidly corrected the aim of artillery , and gave commanders a literal overview of the battle . Allied analysts noted that Poland lacked an effective air defence , and was trying to protect too large an area . France and the low countries ; Dunkirk ( edit ) German air - ground coordination was also evident in the 1940 German campaign in the Low Countries and France . The continental air defences were not well organized . The Germans deployed among others the tri-motor Ju 52 transport for airborne troops in the attack on the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 . The first large - scale air attack with paratroops in history subsequently occurred during the Battle for The Hague . No fewer than 295 Ju 52s were lost in that venture and in other parts of the country , due to varying circumstances , among which were accurate and effective Dutch anti-aircraft defences and German mistakes in using soggy airfields not able to support the heavy aircraft . Thus , almost an entire year 's production was lost in the Netherlands . These losses were never surpassed in any air battle in history . The lack of sufficient numbers of aircraft most probably heavily influenced the decision not to invade England following the Battle of Britain . In total , the Nazis lost over 2,000 planes in the continuous air war over the Netherlands . This high number can also be attributed to the main Allied air lanes into Germany , that led directly over the Netherlands . Altogether , over 5,000 aircraft were lost over the Netherlands ( Allied and Nazi ) , and over 20,000 crew lost their lives in these mishaps . Most of these crew were buried locally , so that the Netherlands has some 600 places where Allied and Nazi airmen are buried . This makes the country the densest burial place for air crew in all of Europe . Losses over the Netherlands 1939 -- 1945 Allied -- Nazi Fighters 1,273 -- 1,175 Bombers 2,164 -- 454 Sea planes ; recce 88 -- 85 Transports 132 -- 286 * TOTAL ( incl . misc . ) 3,667 -- 2,017 ( total 5.684 ) . ( * : 274 of these on May 10 , 1940 ) While German aircraft inflicted heavy losses at the Battle of Dunkirk , and soldiers awaiting evacuation , while under attack , bitterly asked `` Where was the Royal Air Force ? '' , the RAF had been operating more effectively than other air defences in the field , meeting the German attacks before they reached the battlefield . Battle of Britain ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Britain and Aircraft of the Battle of Britain Air superiority or supremacy was a prerequisite to Operation Sea Lion , the planned German invasion of Britain . The Luftwaffe 's primary task was intended to be the destruction of the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . The warplanes on both sides were comparable . Germany had more planes , but they used much of their fuel getting to Britain , and so had more limited time for combat . Hawker Hurricane , workhorse of the British defense in the Battle of Britain A formation of Heinkel He 111 medium bombers , the most numerous German bomber of the Battle of Britain The Luftwaffe used 1300 medium bombers guarded by 900 fighters ; they made 1500 sorties a day from bases in France , Belgium and Norway . The Germans realized their Ju - 87 Stukas and Heinkel He 111s were too vulnerable to modern British fighters . The RAF had 650 fighters , with more coming out of the factories every day . Three main fighter types were involved in the battle -- the German Messerschmitt Bf 109 E , and the British Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire . The Hurricane accounted for most of the British kills throughout the battle because it made up the majority of the RAF fighter force -- however , its kill - loss ratio was inferior to that of its counterpart the Spitfire . Of the three aircraft , the Hurricane was designed much earlier and was generally considered the least capable . Despite the high numbers of Hurricanes in the RAF at that time , the Spitfire became synonymous with the Battle of Britain and was somewhat of a symbol of resistance in the minds of the British public through the battle . The Bf 109E subtype 's short combat radius of 330 km ( 205 mi ) -- due to limited fuel capacity as designed -- prevented it from adequately `` escorting '' the Kampfgeschwader wings ' medium bombers over England , limiting it to only some ten minutes of air combat over the UK before it had to be on its way back to northern France for a safe return -- this serious deficiency was not corrected until after the major air battles over England , through September 1940 , had concluded . The Royal Air Force also had at its disposal a complex and integrated network of reporting stations and operations rooms incorporating the new innovation of Radar . Known as the Dowding system ( after Hugh Dowding , the commander of RAF fighter command during the battle and the man who ordered its implementation ) , it was the first integrated Air Defence System and is often credited with giving the RAF the ability to effectively counter German raids without the need for regular patrols by fighter aircraft , increasing the efficiency with which the RAF fighter force could operate . As such , the Dowding system is also often credited with a significant role in the overall outcome of the battle , and comparisons with the air warfare that occurred over France in the spring and early summer of 1940 , in which there was no such system and in which the allied air forces were comprehensively defeated , seem to support this . At first the Germans focused on RAF airfields and radar stations . However , when the RAF bomber forces ( quite separate from the fighter forces ) attacked Berlin , Hitler swore revenge and diverted the Luftwaffe to attacks on London . Using limited resources to attack civilians instead of airfields and radar proved a major mistake as the civilians being hit were far less critical than the airfields and radar stations that were now ignored . London was not a factory city and British aircraft production was not impeded ; indeed it went up . The last German daylight raid came on September 30 ; the Luftwaffe realized it was taking unacceptable losses and broke off the attack ; occasional blitz raids hit London and other cities from time . In all some 43,000 civilians were killed . The Luftwaffe lost 1,887 planes , the British , 1,547 . The British victory resulted from a better system that provided more concentration , better utilization of radar , and better ground control . Invasion of the Soviet Union ( edit ) Main article : Soviet Air Forces § World War II Operation Barbarossa opened in June 1941 , with striking initial German successes . In the air , many of the Soviets ' aircraft were inferior , while the disparity in pilot quality may have been even greater . The purges of military leadership during the Great Terror heavily impacted command and control in all services . At the outbreak of the war VVS ( Soviet Airforce ) had just been purged of most of its top officers and was unready , Stalin in 1939 -- 41 vetoed efforts to prepare for a war with Germany , which he believed could not happen . By 1945 Soviet annual aircraft production outstripped that of the German Reich ; 157,000 aircraft were produced . In the first few days of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941 , the Luftwaffe destroyed 2000 Soviet aircraft , most of them on the ground , at a loss of only 35 aircraft . The main weakness accounting for the heavy large aircraft losses in 1941 was the lack of experienced generals , pilots and ground support crews , the destruction of many aircraft on the runways due to command failure to disperse them , and the rapid advance of the Wehrmacht ground troops , forcing the Soviet pilots on the defensive during Operation Barbarossa , while being confronted with more modern German aircraft . The Soviets relied heavily on Ilyushin Il - 2 Shturmovik ground assault aircraft -- the single most - produced military aircraft design of all time with some 36,183 examples produced , and the Yakovlev Yak - 1 fighter , the beginning of a family of fighters from Alexander S. Yakovlev 's design bureau in its many variants during the war years with just over 34,500 Yak - 1 , Yak - 3 , Yak - 7 and Yak - 9 aircraft produced in total ; each of which became the most produced aircraft series of all time in their respective classes , together accounting for about half the strength of the VVS for most of the Great Patriotic War . The Yak - 1 was a modern 1940 design and had more room for development , unlike the relatively mature design of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 , itself dating from 1935 . The Yak - 9 brought the VVS to parity with the Luftwaffe , eventually allowing it to gain the upper hand over the Luftwaffe until in 1944 , when many Luftwaffe pilots were deliberately avoiding combat . Chief Marshal of Aviation Alexander Novikov led the VVS from 1942 to the end of the war , and was credited with introducing several new innovations and weapons systems . For the last year of the war German military and civilians retreating towards Berlin were hounded by constant strafing and light bombing . In one strategic operation the Yassy - Kishinev Strategic Offensive , the 5th and 17th Air Armies and the Black Sea Fleet Naval Aviation aircraft achieved a 3.3 : 1 superiority in aircraft over the Luftflotte 4 and the Royal Romanian Air Force , allowing almost complete freedom from air harassment for the ground troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts . The Luftwaffe operated from bases in Norway against the convoys to the Soviet Union . Long - range reconnaissance aircraft , circling the convoys out of their anti-aircraft artillery range , guided in attack aircraft , submarines , and surface ships . North Africa 1942 -- 43 ( edit ) See also : Operation Torch and Tunisia Campaign The Anglo - American invasion of Vichy French controlled north - west Africa was under command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower . in November , 1942 , at a time when the Luftwaffe was still strong . Air operations were split -- one force under US control and the other under British control . One of Eisenhower 's corps commanders , General Lloyd Fredendall , used his planes as a `` combat air patrol '' that circled endlessly over his front lines ready to defend against Luftwaffe attackers . Like most infantrymen , Fredendall assumed that all assets should be used to assist the ground forces . More concerned with defence than attack , Fredendall was soon replaced by George Patton . Likewise the Luftwaffe made the mistake of dividing up its air assets , and failed to gain control of the air or to cut Allied supplies . The RAF in North Africa , under General Arthur Tedder , concentrated its air power and defeated the Luftwaffe . The RAF had an excellent training program ( using bases in Canada ) , maintained very high aircrew morale , and inculcated a fighting spirit . Senior officers monitored battles by radar , and directed planes by radio to where they were most needed . The RAF 's success convinced Eisenhower that its system maximized the effectiveness of tactical air power . The point was that air power had to be consolidated at the highest level , and had to operate almost autonomously . Brigade , division and corps commanders lost control of air assets ( except for a few unarmed little `` grasshoppers ; '' observation aircraft that reported the fall of artillery shells so the gunners could correct their aim ) . With one airman in overall charge , air assets could be concentrated for maximum offensive capability , not frittered away in ineffective `` penny packets . '' Eisenhower -- a tanker in 1918 who had theorized on the best way to concentrate armor -- recognized the analogy . Split up among infantry in supporting roles tanks were wasted ; concentrated in a powerful force they could dictate the terms of battle . The fundamental assumption of air power doctrine was that the air war was just as important as the ground war . Indeed , the main function of the sea and ground forces , insisted the air enthusiasts , was to seize forward air bases . Field Manual 100 -- 20 , issued in July 1943 , became the airman 's bible for the rest of the war , and taught the doctrine of equality of air and land warfare . The idea of combined arms operations ( air , land , sea ) strongly appealed to Eisenhower and Douglas MacArthur . Eisenhower invaded only after he was certain of air supremacy , and he made the establishment of forward air bases his first priority . MacArthur 's leaps reflected the same doctrine . In each theatre the senior ground command post had an attached air command post . Requests from the front lines went all the way to the top , where the air commander decided whether to act , when and how . This slowed down response time -- it might take 48 hours to arrange a strike -- and involved rejecting numerous requests from the infantry for a little help here , or a little intervention there . Operations against Allied convoys ( edit ) German air reconnaissance against North Atlantic and Russian convoys increased , with CAM fighters still the main defence . The Luftwaffe 's first major attack on the convoys began on 25 April 1942 when the 34 - ship convoy PQJ6 was attacked . PQ17 to Murmansk started with 36 ships ; only two made it through when the Admiralty , falsely thinking Germany was attacking with a battleship , ordered the convoy , and its escort , to scatter . There was no battleship , but the Luftwaffe sank one cruiser , one destroyer , two patrol boats ( 4 , 000 tons ) , and 22 merchant ships ( 139,216 tons ) . Nevertheless , most convoys did get through . 1943 ( edit ) In some areas , such as the most intense part of the Battle of the Atlantic , the Germans enjoyed fleeting success . Grueling operations wasted the Luftwaffe away on the eastern front after 1942 . In early 1943 the Allied strategic bombers were directed against U-boat pens , which were easy to reach and which represented a major strategic threat to Allied logistics . However , the pens were very solidly built -- it took 7,000 flying hours to destroy one sub there , about the same effort that it took to destroy one - third of Cologne . Japan was also still recovering from Midway . It kept producing planes but made few innovations and the quality of its new pilots deteriorated steadily . Gasoline shortages limited the training and usage of the air forces . British technical advances ( edit ) Building on their lead in radar and their experience with the Battle of the Beams , RAF Bomber Command developed a variety of devices to enable precision strategic bombing . Gee and Oboe were beam - riding blind bombing aids , while H2S was the first airborne ground - scanning radar system -- enabling improved navigation to a target and bombing at night and through cloud if necessary . These could be used in conjunction with Pathfinder bombers to guarantee accurate strikes on targets in all weathers . The de Havilland Mosquito bomber was beginning to be delivered in late 1942 , combining a useful bomb load with speed to evade German fighters , it was used to harass German air defences as well as challenging strikes such as that on a Gestapo headquarters or prisons as in Operation Jericho The RAF also developed the use of `` earthquake bombs '' to attack huge structures thought to be invulnerable to conventional bombing . Creating the largest bomb used in WW2 and a specialist squadron to deliver it , a number of critical German infrastructure assets were destroyed , such as the Möhne and Edersee Dams . The use of developments such as these contributed greatly to the success of the air bombing strategy during the remainder of the war . Mediterranean theatre ( edit ) In the Mediterranean , the Luftwaffe tried to stop the invasions of Sicily and Italy with tactical bombing . They failed because the Allied air forces systematically destroyed most of their air fields . The Germans ferociously opposed the American landing at Anzio in February , 1944 , but the Luftwaffe was outnumbered 5 to 1 and outclassed in equipment and skill that it inflicted little damage . Italian air space belonged to the Allies , and the Luftwaffe 's strategic capability was nil . The Luftwaffe threw everything it had against the Salerno beachhead , but was outgunned ten to one , and then lost the vital airfields at Foggia . Foggia became the major base of the 15th Air Force . Its 2,000 heavy bombers hit Germany from the south while the 4,000 heavies of the 8th Air Force used bases in Britain , along with 1,300 RAF heavies . While bad weather in the north often cancelled raids , sunny Italian skies allowed for more action . After that the Luftwaffe had only one success in Italy , a raid on the American port at Bari , in December 1943 . Only 30 out of 100 bombers got through , but one hit an ammunition ship which was secretly carrying a stock of mustard gas for retaliatory use should the Germans initiate the use of gas . Clouds of American mustard gas caused over 2,000 Allied and civilian casualties . 1944 -- 45 ( edit ) In early 1944 , the Allies continued to bomb Germany , while carefully attacking targets in France that could interfere with the invasion , planned for June . Destroying the Luftwaffe , 1944 ( edit ) In late 1943 the AAF suddenly realized the need to revise its basic doctrine : strategic bombing against a technologically sophisticated enemy like Germany was impossible without air supremacy . ( The B - 29 did not need escorts against Japan to the extent that the B - 17s and the B - 24s needed them over Germany . However , there were B - 29 losses due to Japanese fighter defences . This necessitated the invasion of Iwo Jima by U.S. Marines which became the forward base for P - 51 Mustangs which could then escort the B - 29s to Japan . ) General Arnold replaced Ira Eaker with Carl Spaatz and , most critically , Maj. Gen. Jimmy Doolittle , who fully appreciated the new reality . They provided fighter escorts all the way into Germany and back , and cleverly used B - 17s as bait for Luftwaffe planes , which the escorts then shot down . Doolittle 's slogan was `` The First Duty of 8th AF Fighters is to Destroy German Fighters . '' , one aspect of modern `` Offensive Counter-Air '' ( OCA ) . In one `` Big Week '' in February , 1944 , American bombers protected by hundreds of fighters , flew 3,800 sorties dropping 10,000 tons of high explosives on the main German aircraft and ball - bearing factories . The US suffered 2,600 casualties , with a loss of 137 bombers and 21 fighters . Ball bearing production was unaffected , as Nazi munitions boss Albert Speer repaired the damage in a few weeks ; he even managed to double aircraft production . Sensing the danger , Speer began dispersing production into numerous small , hidden factories . Bf 110 built to shoot down heavy Allied bombers by day , but mostly achieved success as a repurposed night fighter with Lichtenstein radar fitted . An Fw 190A arming - up with a BR 21 unguided rocket projectile By 1944 the Allies had overwhelming advantages . The Luftwaffe would have to come out and attack or see its planes destroyed at the factory . Before getting at the bombers , ideally with the twin - engined Zerstörer heavy fighters meant for such tasks , the Germans had to confront the more numerous American fighters . The heavily armed Messerschmitt Bf 110 could kill a bomber , particularly those armed with a quartet each of the BR 21 large - calibre air - to - air unguided rockets , but its slower speed made it easy prey for Thunderbolts and Mustangs . The big , slow twin - engine Junkers Ju 88 C , used for bomber destroyer duties in 1942 - 3 as the American heavy bomber offensive got under way in August 1942 , was dangerous because it could stand further off and fire its autocannon armament into the tight B - 17 formations , sometimes with the specialized Ju 88P heavy - calibre Bordkanone armed bomber destroyers attacking ; but they too were hunted down . The same fate also faced single - engined fighters carrying pairs of the BR 21 rockets each ; and the later - used , heavily autocannon - armed Sturmbock bomber destroyer models of the Focke - Wulf Fw 190 A-8 that replaced the twin - engined `` destroyers '' . Germany 's severe shortage of aviation fuel had sharply curtailed the training of new pilots , and most of the instructors had been themselves sent into battle . Rookie pilots were rushed into combat after only 160 flying hours in training compared to 400 hours for the AAF , 360 for the RAF and 120 for the Japanese . The low quality German pilots of this late stage in the war never had a chance against more numerous , better trained Allied pilots . The Germans began losing one thousand planes a month on the western front ( and another 400 on the eastern front ) . Realizing that the best way to defeat the Luftwaffe was not to stick close to the bombers but to aggressively seek out the enemy , by March 1944 Doolittle had ordered the Mustangs to `` go hunting for Jerries . Flush them out in the air and beat them up on the ground on the way home . '' , as Mustangs were now ordered to fly in massive `` fighter sweeps '' well ahead of the American combat box heavy bomber formations , as a determined form of air supremacy effort , clearing the skies well ahead of the bombers of any presence of the Luftwaffe 's Jagdflieger fighter pilots . By early 1944 , with the Zerstörergeschwader - flown heavy Bf 110G and Me 410A Hornisse twin - engined fighters being decimated by the Mustangs whenever they appeared , direct attack against the bombers was carried out instead by the Luftwaffe 's so - named Gefechtsverband formations with heavily armed Fw 190As being escorted by Bf 109Gs as high - altitude escorts for the autocannon - armed 190As when flying against the USAAF 's combat box formations . However , Doolittle 's new air supremacy strategy fatally disabled virtually any and all of the Luftwaffe 's defensive efforts throughout 1944 . On one occasion German air controllers identified a large force of approaching B - 17s , and sent all the Luftwaffe 's 750 fighters to attack . The bogeys were all Mustangs flying well ahead of the American bombers ' combat boxes , which shot down 98 interceptors while losing 11 . The actual B - 17s were well behind the Mustangs , and completed their mission without a loss . In February , 1944 , the Luftwaffe lost 33 % of its frontline fighters and 18 % of its pilots ; the next month it lost 56 % of its fighters and 22 % of the pilots . April was just as bad , 43 % and 20 % , and May was worst of all , at 50 % and 25 % . German factories continued to produce many new planes , and inexperienced new pilots did report for duty ; but their life expectancy was down to a few combat sorties . Increasingly the Luftwaffe went into hiding ; with losses down to 1 % per mission , the bombers now got through . By April , 1944 , Luftwaffe tactical air power had vanished , and Eisenhower decided he could go ahead with the invasion of Normandy . He guaranteed the invaders that `` if you see fighting aircraft over you , they will be ours . '' Normandy ( edit ) As the Luftwaffe disintegrated in 1944 , escorting became less necessary and fighters were increasingly assigned to tactical ground - attack missions , along with the medium bombers . To avoid the lethal fast - firing German quadruple 20mm flak guns , pilots came in fast and low ( under enemy radar ) , made a quick run , then disappeared before the gunners could respond . The main missions were to keep the Luftwaffe suppressed by shooting up airstrips , and to interdict the movement of munitions , oil and troops by attacking at railway bridges and tunnels , oil tank farms , canal barges , trucks and moving trains . Occasionally a choice target was discovered through intelligence . Three days after D - Day , Ultra intelligence pinpointed the location of Panzer Group West headquarters . A quick raid by British aircraft destroyed its radio gear and killed many key officers , ruining the Germans ' ability to coordinate a panzer counterattack against the beachheads . On D - Day itself , Allied aircraft flew 14,000 sorties , while the Luftwaffe managed a mere 260 , mostly in defence of its own battered airfields . In the two weeks after D - Day , the Luftwaffe lost 600 of the 800 planes it kept in France . From April through August , 1944 , both the AAF 's and the RAF 's strategic bombers were placed under Eisenhower 's direction , where they were used tactically to support the invasion . Airmen protested vigorously against this subordination of the air war to the land campaign , but Eisenhower forced the issue and used the bombers to simultaneously strangle Germany 's supply system , burn out its oil refineries , and destroy its warplanes . With this accomplished , Eisenhower relinquished control of the bombers in September . In Europe in summer 1944 the AAF started operating out of bases in France . It had about 1,300 light bomber crews and 4,500 fighter pilots . They claimed destruction of 86,000 railroad cars , 9,000 locomotives , 68,000 trucks , and 6,000 tanks and armored artillery pieces . P - 47 Thunderbolts alone dropped 120,000 tons of bombs and thousands of tanks of napalm , fired 135 million bullets and 60,000 rockets , and claimed 3,916 enemy planes destroyed . Beyond the destruction itself , the appearance of unopposed Allied fighter - bombers ruined morale , as privates and generals alike dived for the ditches . Field Marshal Erwin Rommel , for example , was seriously wounded in July , 1944 , when he dared to ride around France in the daytime . The commander of the elite 2nd Panzer Division fulminated : `` They have complete mastery of the air . They bomb and strafe every movement , even single vehicles and individuals . They reconnoiter our area constantly and direct their artillery fire ... The feeling of helplessness against enemy aircraft has a paralyzing effect , and during the bombing barrage the effect on inexperienced troops is literally ' soul - shattering . ' '' Battle of the Bulge ( edit ) At the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 , the Allies were caught by surprise by a large scale German offensive . In the first days bad weather grounded all planes . When the skies cleared , 52,000 AAF and 12,000 RAF sorties against German positions and supply lines immediately doomed Hitler 's last offensive . General George Patton said the cooperation of XIX TAC Air Force was `` the best example of the combined use of air and ground troops that I ever witnessed . '' Strategic operations ( edit ) An around - the - clock campaign attacked Germany , with British bombers at night and U.S. aircraft during the day . The aircraft , tactics , and doctrines were different ; there is argument how complementary they were in achieving strategic effect . The Luftwaffe reached maximum size of 1.9 million airmen in 1942 . Grueling operations wasted it away on the Eastern Front after 1942 . It lost most of its fighter aircraft to Mustangs in 1944 while trying to defend against massive American and British air raids , and many of the men were sent to the infantry . The Luftwaffe in 1944 -- 45 concentrated on anti-aircraft defences , especially the flak batteries that surrounded all major German cities and war plants . They consumed a large fraction of all German munitions production in the last year of the war . The flak units employed hundreds of thousands of women , who engaged in combat against the Allied bombers . The jet - powered German Messerschmitt Me - 262 Schwalbe far outclassed the best allied piston engined fighters on an individual basis . However , its protracted development history ( including such factors as , a substantial cutback in funding jet engine research during the critical 1941 -- 42 development period , Germany 's lack of access to certain exotic raw materials necessary to produce durable jet engines , allied strategic bombing of jet engine production lines , and Hitler personally ordering design modifications to make the aircraft functional as a fighter - bomber ) ensured that the Me - 262 was delayed and produced too late and in too small numbers to stem the Allied tide . The Germans also developed air - to - surface missiles ( Fritz X , Hs 293 , ) surface - to - air missiles ( Wasserfall , ) cruise missiles ( V - 1 ) and ballistic missiles ( V - 2 , ) and other advanced technologies of air warfare , to little strategic effect . Captured examples of these weapons , and especially of their designers , contributed to Allied and Soviet military technologies of the Cold War , and also of the space race . Destroying Germany 's oil and transportation ( edit ) See also : Oil Campaign of World War II and Transport Plan Besides knocking out the Luftwaffe , the second most striking achievement of the strategic bombing campaign was the destruction of the German oil supply . Oil was essential for U-boats and tanks , while very high quality aviation gasoline was essential for piston engined aircraft . Germany had few wells , and depended on imports from Russia ( before 1941 ) and Nazi ally Romania , and on synthetic oil plants that used chemical processes to turn coal into oil . Heedless of the risk of Allied bombing , the Germans had carelessly concentrated 80 % of synthetic oil production in just 20 plants . These became a top priority for the AAF and RAF in 1944 , and were targets for 210,000 tons of bombs . The oil plants were very hard to hit , but also hard to repair . As graph # 1 shows , the bombings dried up the oil supply in the summer of 1944 . An extreme oil emergency followed , which grew worse month by month . The third notable achievement of the bombing campaign was the degradation of the German transportation system -- its railroads and canals ( there was little road traffic . ) In the two months before and after D - Day , American B - 24 Liberators , B - 17 Flying Fortresses and British heavy bombers such as the Lancasters hammered away at the French railroad system . Underground Resistance fighters sabotaged some 350 locomotives and 15,000 freight cars every month . Critical bridges and tunnels were cut by bombing or sabotage . Berlin responded by sending in 60,000 German railway workers , but even they took two or three days to reopen a line after heavy raids on switching yards . The system deteriorated quickly , and it proved incapable of carrying reinforcements and supplies to oppose the Normandy invasion . To that extent the assignment of strategic bombers to the tactical job of interdiction was successful . When Bomber Command hit German cities , it inevitably hit some railroad yards . The AAF made railroad yards a high priority , and gave considerable attention as well to bridges , moving trains , ferries , and other choke points . The `` transportation policy '' of targeting the railroad system came in for intense debate among Allied strategists . It was argued that enemy had the densest and best operated railway system in the world , and one with a great deal of slack . The Nazis systematically looted rolling stock from conquered nations , so they always had plenty of locomotives and freight cars . Furthermore , most traffic was `` civilian , '' and urgent troop train traffic would always get through . The critics exaggerated the resilience of the German system . As wave after wave of bombers blasted away , repairs took longer and longer . Delays became longer and more frustrating . The troop trains usually got through , but the `` civilian '' traffic that did not get through comprised food , uniforms , medical equipment , horses , fodder , tanks , fuel , howitzers , flak shells and machine guns for the front lines , and coal , steel , spare parts , subassemblies , and critical components for munitions factories . By January , 1945 , the transportation system was cracking in dozens of places , and front - line units had more luck trying to capture Allied weapons than waiting for fresh supplies of their own . Effect of the strategic bombing ( edit ) Play media US Air Force photographs the destruction in central Berlin in July 1945 Germany and Japan were burned out and lost the war in large part because of strategic bombing . Targeting became more accurate in 1944 , but the solution to inaccurate bombs was using more of them . The AAF dropped 3.5 million bombs ( 500,000 tons ) against Japan , and 8 million ( 1.6 million tons ) against Germany . The RAF expended about the same tonnage against Germany . US Navy and Marine bombs against Japan are not included , nor are the two atomic bombs . Typical bomb damage in Hamburg , Germany 1945 The cost of the US tactical and strategic air war against Germany was 18,400 aircraft lost in combat , 51,000 dead , 30,000 POWs , and 13,000 wounded . Against Japan , the AAF lost 4,500 planes , 16,000 dead , 6,000 POWs , and 5,000 wounded ; Marine Aviation lost 1,600 killed , 1,100 wounded . Naval aviation lost several thousand dead . One fourth of the German war economy was neutralized because of direct bomb damage , the resulting delays , shortages and roundabout solutions , and the spending on anti-aircraft , civil defence , repair , and removal of factories to safer locations . The raids were so large and often repeated that in city after city , the repair system broke down . The bombing prevented the full mobilization of German economic potential . Planning minister Albert Speer and his staff were effective in improvising solutions and work - arounds , but their challenge became more difficult every week as one backup system after another broke down . By March 1945 , most of Germany 's factories , railroads , and telephones had stopped working ; troops , tanks , trains , and trucks were immobilized . About 25,000 civilians died at Dresden Feb. 13 -- 14 , where a firestorm erupted . Overy estimated in 2014 that in all about 353,000 civilians were killed by British and American bombing of German cities . Results of the Meetinghouse raid on Tokyo Joseph Goebbels , Hitler 's propaganda minister , was disconsolate when his beautiful ministry buildings were totally burned out : `` The air war has now turned into a crazy orgy . We are totally defenceless against it . The Reich will gradually be turned into a complete desert . '' The Dresden raid was to be dwarfed by what was to hit Japan starting less than a month later -- as initiated by General Curtis E. LeMay , a series of firebombing raids , launched with the first attack by some 334 American B - 29 Superfortress heavy bombers on the night of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 , codenamed Operation Meetinghouse , burned out some 16 square miles ( 41 km . ) of the capital city of Japan and turned out to be the single most destructive bombing raid in all of aviation history , even greater in initial loss of life ( at 100,000 lives lost at minimum , and up to 1.5 million people homeless ) than the August 6 & 9 atomic raids , each taken as single events . See also ( edit ) World War II portal Battle of Britain Battle of the Atlantic Military production during World War II Strategic bombing during World War II Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The British and American jets were in the development stage when the war ended . Jump up ^ Jet engines ran on cheap kerosene , and rockets used plain alcohol ; the railroad system used coal , which was in abundant supply . This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article `` World War II , air war '' , which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution / Share - Alike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL . This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article `` Air warfare of World War II '' , which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL . Jump up ^ R.J. Overy , The Air War : 1939 -- 1945 ( 1980 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Shiner , John F. ( January -- February 1986 ) , `` Reflections on Douhet : the classic approach '' , Air University Review Jump up ^ Stephen Lee McFarland , America 's pursuit of precision bombing , 1910 -- 1945 ( 1995 ) p 68 Jump up ^ Williamson Murray , Luftwaffe : Strategy for Defeat , 1933 -- 1945 ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Richard J. 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Corum , `` The Luftwaffe 's Army Support Doctrine , 1918 -- 1941 , '' Journal of Military History ( 1995 ) 59 # 1 pp : 53 -- 76 . ^ Jump up to : Dr L. de Jong , ' Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog ' ( Dutch ) Jump up ^ `` Airwar Statistics `` Studiegroep Luchtoorlog 1939 -- 1945 '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistieken 1939 -- 1945 / Statistics 1939 -- 1945 `` Studiegroep Luchtoorlog 1939 -- 1945 '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Norman L.R. Franks , The air battle of Dunkirk ( Kimber , 1983 ) Jump up ^ Stephen Bungay , Most Dangerous Enemy : The Definitive History of the Battle of Britain ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Wagner , Ray ; Nowarra , Heinz ( 1971 ) . German Combat Planes : A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945 . New York City : Doubleday & Company . p. 229 . Jump up ^ Hermann Plocher , The German Air Force Versus Russia , 1941 -- 1943 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Lonnie O. Ratley , III , `` A Lesson of History : The Luftwaffe and Barbarossa '' . Air University Review ( March -- April 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Christer Bergström , Barbarossa : The Air Battle July -- December 1941 ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Buckley , John ( 1999 ) . Air Power in the Age of Total War . Indiana University Press . pp. 134 , 143 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33557 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ray Wagner , ed. , The Soviet Air Force in World War II : The Official History . Melbourne : Wren Publishing , 1973 , p. 301 . ISBN 0 - 85885 - 194 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sönke Neitzel , `` Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe Co-operation in the War against Britain , 1939 -- 1945 . '' War in History ( 2003 ) 10 # 4 pp : 448 -- 463 . Jump up ^ Wesley Frank Craven and James L. Cate , The Army Air Forces in World War II : v. 2 . Europe : Torch to Pointblank ( 1949 ) pp 41 -- 165 online Archived 2009 - 03 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ehlers , Robert S. Jr . The Mediterranean Air War : Airpower and Allied Victory in World War II ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Craven and Cate , The Army Air Forces in World War II : v. 2 . Europe : Torch to Pointblank ( 1949 ) pp 205 -- 6 Jump up ^ Max Hastings , The Second World War : A World in Flames ( 2004 ) p 131 Jump up ^ Manfred Griehl , Fighters Over Russia ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Webster & Franklin , 4 : 24 Jump up ^ George Southern , Poisonous inferno : World War II tragedy at Bari Harbour ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Craven & Cate , 3 : 43 -- 6 Jump up ^ Horst Boog , ed . Germany and the Second World War : Volume VII : The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia , 1943 -- 1944 / 5 ( 2006 ) pp 159 -- 256 Jump up ^ Murray , Strategy for Defeat p 308 -- 9 Jump up ^ Stephen L. McFarland and Wesley Phillips Newton , To Command the Sky : The Battle for Air Superiority Over Germany , 1942 -- 1944 ( 2006 ) p. 160 Jump up ^ Craven and Cate 3 : 664 Jump up ^ McFarland and Newton , To Command the Sky : The Battle for Air Superiority Over Germany , 1942 -- 1944 ( 2006 ) p. 239 Jump up ^ Murray , Luftwaffe 183 , 207 , 211 ; Craven & Cate , 3 : 47 Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 3 : 227 , 235 Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 3 : 272 Jump up ^ British Air Ministry , Rise and Fall of the German Air Force ( 1948 ) Jump up ^ Edward B. Westermann , Flak : German Anti-Aircraft defences , 1914 -- 1945 ( 2005 ) pp 257 -- 84 Jump up ^ Overy , Air War p 121 Jump up ^ D'Ann Campbell , `` Women in Combat : The World War Two Experience in the United States , Great Britain , Germany , and the Soviet Union , '' Journal of Military History ( April 1993 ) , 57 : 301 -- 323 online Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Why the Allies Won ( 1997 ) pp 2 , 20 Jump up ^ Office of Statistical Control , Army Air Forces Statistical Digest : World War II ( 1945 ) table 34 online Jump up ^ R.J. Overy , The Air War : 1939 -- 1945 ( 1980 ) p 122 -- 25 Jump up ^ Albert Speer , Inside the Third Reich : Memoirs ( 1970 ) pp 278 -- 91 Jump up ^ Mark Clodfelter , Beneficial Bombing : The Progressive Foundations of American Air Power , 1917 -- 1945 ( 2011 ) pp. 148 , 174 , 178 Jump up ^ Richard Overy , The Bombers and the Bombed : Allied Air War Over Europe 1940 -- 1945 ( 2014 ) pp 306 -- 7 Jump up ^ Hugh Trevor - Roper , ed . Final entries , 1945 : the diaries of Joseph Goebbels ( 1978 ) p. 18 Jump up ^ Long , Tony ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` March 9 , 1945 : Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy '' . www.wired.com . Condé Nast Digital . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Boog , Horst , ed . The Conduct of the Air War in the Second World War : An International Comparison ( 1992 ) Overy , Richard J. The Air War , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1981 ) , Murray , Williamson . Luftwaffe : Strategy for Defeat , 1933 -- 1945 ( 1985 ) , `` online edition '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Craven , Wesley Frank and J.L. Cate . The Army Air Forces in World War II ( 1949 ) , online edition Golberg , Alfred ed . A History of the United States Air Force , 1907 -- 1957 ( 1957 ) Bungay , Stephen . The Most Dangerous Enemy : The Definitive History of the Battle of Britain ( 2nd ed. 2010 ) Further reading ( edit ) Based on Citizendium bibliography Ehlers , Robert S. Jr . The Mediterranean Air War : Airpower and Allied Victory in World War II ( 2015 ) Werrell , Kenneth P . `` The Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II : Costs and Accomplishments , '' Journal of American History 73 ( 1986 ) 702 -- 713 in JSTOR By country ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Futtrel , Robert Frank . Ideas , Concepts , Doctrines : Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force , 1907 -- 1960 ( 1989 ) influential overview online edition Official Guide to the Army Air Forces ( 1944 ) , reprinted as AAF : A Directory , Almanac and Chronicle of Achievement ( 1988 ) Great Britain ( edit ) Fisher , David E , A Summer Bright and Terrible : Winston Churchill , Lord Dowding , Radar , and the Impossible Triumph of the Battle of Britain ( 2005 ) Hough , Richard and Denis Richards . The Battle of Britain ( 1989 ) 480 pp Messenger , Charles , `` Bomber '' Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1984 ) , defends Harris Overy , Richard . The Battle of Britain : The Myth and the Reality ( 2001 ) 192 pages Richards , Dennis , et al. Royal Air Force , 1939 -- 1945 : The Fight at Odds -- Vol. 1 ( HMSO 1953 ) , official history ; vol 3 online edition Terraine , John . A Time for Courage : The Royal Air Force in the European War , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1985 ) Verrier , Anthony . The Bomber Offensive ( 1969 ) , British Webster , Charles and Noble Frankland , The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany , 1939 -- 1945 ( HMSO , 1961 ) , 4 vol . Important official British history Wood , Derek , and Derek D. Dempster . The Narrow Margin : The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power 1930 -- 40 ( 1975 ) Germany ( edit ) British Air Ministry . Rise and Fall of the German Air Force ( 1948 , reprint 1969 ) , excellent official history ; reprint has introduction by H.A. Probert , who was not the author Fritzsche , Peter . `` Machine Dreams : Airmindedness and the Reinvention of Germany . '' American Historical Review , 98 ( June 1993 ) : 685 -- 710 . Air warfare was seen as a growing threat to Germany , and it became a means of national mobilization and redemption . Nazi Germany believed that air warfare would allow the country to rebuild itself in a racial compact . During World War II , air warfare became a means for rejuvenating authority domestically and increasing imperial influence abroad . Galland , Adolf . The First and the Last : German Fighter Forces in World War II ( 1955 ) Murray , Williamson . Luftwaffe : Strategy for Defeat , 1933 -- 1945 ( 1985 ) , standard history `` online edition '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Overy , Richard . Goering ( 1984 ) Wagner , Ray and Nowarra , Heinz . German Combat Planes : A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945 . New York : Doubleday ( 1971 ) Wilt , Alan F. ( Alan F. Wilt ) War from the Top : German and British Military Decision Making During World War II ( 1990 ) Overy R.J. `` The German Pre-War Aircraft Production Plans : November 1936 -- April 1939 , '' The English Historical Review Vol. 90 , No. 357 ( Oct. , 1975 ) , pp. 778 -- 797 in JSTOR Japan ( edit ) Coox , Alvin D . `` The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Air Forces , '' in Alfred F. Hurley and Robert C. Erhart , eds . Air Power and Air Warfare ( 1979 ) 84 -- 97 . Inoguchi , Rikihei and Tadashi Nakajima , The Divine Wind : Japan 's Kamikaze Force in World War II ( 1958 ) Ussr ( edit ) Bhuvasorakul , Jessica Leigh . `` Unit Cohesion Among the Three Soviet Women 's Air Regiments During World War II . '' ( 2004 ) . online Gordon , Yefim . Soviet Air Power in World War 2 ( 2008 ) Hardesty , Von . `` Out of the Blue : The Forgotten Story of the Soviet Air Force in World War II . '' Historically Speaking ( 2012 ) 13 # 4 pp : 23 -- 25 . historiography Hardesty , Von , and V. Hardesty . Red Phoenix : The Rise of Soviet Air Power , 1941 -- 1945 ( Smithsonian Institution Press , 1982 ) Kipp , Jacob W. `` Barbarossa , Soviet covering forces and the initial period of war : Military history and AirLand battle . '' Journal of Slavic Military Studies ( 1988 ) 1 # 2 pp : 188 -- 212 . Sterrett , James . Soviet Air Force Theory , 1918 -- 1945 ( Routledge , 2007 ) Wagner , Ray , ed . Soviet Air Force in World War II : The Official History ( 1973 ) Whiting , Kenneth R. `` Soviet Air Power in World War II , '' in Alfred F. Hurley and Robert C. Erhart , eds . Air Power and Air Warfare ( 1979 ) 98 -- 127 Airmen ( edit ) Bhuvasorakul , Jessica Leigh . `` Unit Cohesion Among the Three Soviet Women 's Air Regiments During World War II . '' ( 2004 ) . online Byrd , Martha . Chennault : Giving Wings to the Tiger ( 1987 ) 451 pp. , the standard biography Ford , Daniel . Flying Tigers : Claire Chennault and the American Volunteer Group ( 1991 ) . Caine , Philip D. American Pilots in the RAF : The WWII Eagle Squadrons ( 1993 ) Craven , Wesley Frank and J.L. Cate . The Army Air Forces in World War II ( 1949 ) , vol. 6 : Men and Planes ; vol 7 . Services Around the World ( including medical , engineering , WAC ) online edition Davis , Benjamin O. Benjamin O. Davis , Jr. , American : An Autobiography. ( 1991 ) , prominent black flier Dunn , William R. Fighter Pilot : The First American Ace of World War II ( 1982 ) Francis , Charles E. , and Adolph Caso . The Tuskegee Airmen : The Men Who Changed a Nation ( 1997 ) online excerpt ; African American airmen who fought in Europe Francis , Martin . The Flyer : British Culture and the Royal Air Force , 1939 -- 1945 ( 2009 ) , culture and ideology of flying Freeman , Roger . The American Airman in Europe ( 1992 ) Freeman , Roger . The British Airman ( 1989 ) Hawkins , Ian ed . B - 17s Over Berlin : Personal Stories from the 95th Bomb Group ( H ) ( 1990 ) Link , Mae Mills and Hubert A. Coleman . Medical Support of the Army Air Forces in World War II ( GPO , 1955 ) McGovern , James R. Black Eagle : General Daniel `` Chappie '' James , Jr. ( 1985 ) , leading black pilot . Miller , Donald L. Masters of the Air : America 's Bomber Boys Who Fought the Air War Against Nazi Germany ( 2006 ) excerpt Morrison , Wilbur H. Point of No Return : The Story of the 20th Air Force ( 1979 ) Nanney , James S. Army Air Forces Medical Services in World War II ( 1998 ) online edition Newby , Leroy W. Target Ploesti : View from a Bombsight ( 1983 ) Nichol , John . Tail - End Charlies : The Last Battles of the Bomber War , 1944 -- 45 ( 2006 ) Osur , Alan M. Blacks in the Army Air Forces during World War II : The Problem of Race Relations ( 1986 ) online edition Commanders ( edit ) Air commanders : American ( edit ) Byrd , Martha. Chennault : Giving Wings to the Tiger ( 1987 ) 451 pp . Davis , Richard G. Carl A. Spaatz and the Air War in Europe ( 1993 ) Frisbee , John L. ed . Makers of the United States Air Force ( USAF , 1987 ) , short biographies Kenney , George C. General Kenney Reports : A Personal History of the Pacific War ( 1949 ) , primary source Leary , William ed . We Shall Return ! MacArthur 's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan , 1942 -- 1945 ( 1988 ) LeMay , Curtis . Mission with LeMay ( 1965 ) , autobiography , primary source Meilinger , Phillip S. Hoyt S. Vandenberg : The Life of a General ( 1989 ) Mets , David R. Master of Airpower : General Carl A. Spaatz ( 1988 ) Hap Arnold and stimson ( edit ) Arnold , Henry H. Global Mission ( 1949 ) , autobiography . Bonnett , John . `` Jekyll and Hyde : Henry L. Stimson , Mentalite , and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb on Japan . '' War in History 1997 4 ( 2 ) : 174 -- 212 . ISSN 0968 - 3445 Fulltext : Ebsco Coffey , Thomas . Hap : General of the Air Force Henry Arnold ( 1982 ) Davis , Richard G. HAP : Henry H. Arnold , Military Aviator ( 1997 ) 38 pp online edition Huston , John W . `` The Wartime Leadership of ' Hap ' Arnold . '' In Alfred F. Hurley and Robert C. Erhart , eds . Air Power and Air Warfare ( 1979 ) 168 -- 85 . Huston , John W. , American Airpower Comes of Age : Gen Henry H. Arnold 's World War II Diaries , ( 2002 ) , primary source ; `` vol. 1 online '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Larrabee , Eric . Commander in Chief : Franklin Delano Roosevelt , His Lieutenants , and Their War ( 1987 ) , chapters on Arnold and LeMay . Malloy , Sean L. Atomic Tragedy : Henry L. Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb Against Japan ( 2008 ) Air Commanders : Other ( edit ) Messenger , Charles . Bomber '' Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1984 ) , defends Harris Overy , Richard . Goering ( 1984 ) Technology : jets , rockets , radar , proximity fuze ( edit ) Baumann , Ansbert . `` Evakuierung des Wissens . Die Verlagerung luftkriegsrelevanter Forschungsinstitute nach Oberschwaben 1943 -- 1945 . '' Zeitschrift für württembergische Landesgeschichte , 67 ( 2008 ) : 461 -- 496 . Baxter , James Phinney . Scientists Against Time ( 1946 ) Brown , Louis . A Radar History of World War II : Technical and Military Imperatives ( 1999 ) online excerpt Constant II , Edward W . The Origins of the Turbojet Revolution ( 1980 ) Longmate , Norman . Hitler 's Rockets : The Story of the V - 2s ( 1985 ) . Moye , William T. `` Developing the Proximity Fuze , and Its Legacy ( 2003 ) online version Neufeld , Michael J. `` Hitler , the V - 2 , and the Battle for Priority , 1939 -- 1943 . '' The Journal of Military History , 57 ( July 1993 ) : 5 -- 38 . in JSTOR Neufeld , Michael J. The Rocket and the Reich : Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era ( 1995 ) Swords , Seán S. Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar ( 1986 ) Tactical aircraft , weapons , tactics & combat ( edit ) Batchelor , John and Bryan Cooper . Fighter : A History of Fighter Aircraft ( 1973 ) Cooling , Benjamin Franklin ed . Close Air Support ( 1990 ) GPO Craven , Wesley Frank and J.L. Cate . The Army Air Forces in World War II ( 1949 ) , vol. 6 : Men and Planes online edition Francillon , R. J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War ( 1970 ) Gruen , Adam L. Preemptive defence : Allied Air Power Versus Hitler 's V - Weapons , 1943 -- 1945 ( 1999 ) online edition Hallion , Richard P. D Day 1944 : Air Power Over the Normandy Beaches and Beyond ( 1998 ) online edition Hallion , Richard P. Strike From the Sky : The History of Battlefield Air Attack , 1911 -- 1945 ( 1989 ) Hogg , I.V. Anti-Aircraft : A History of Air Defence ( 1978 ) Jane 's Fighting Aircraft of World War II ( 1989 ) Lundstrom , John B . The First Team : Pacific Naval Air Combat From Pearl Harbor to Midway ( 1984 ) McFarland , Stephen L. and Wesley Phillips Newton . To Command the Sky : The Battle for Air Superiority over Germany , 1942 -- 1944 ( 1991 ) Mikesh , Robert C. Broken Wings of the Samurai : the Destruction of the Japanese Airforce ( 1993 ) Mixon , Franklin G. `` Estimating Learning Curves in Economics : Evidence from Aerial Combat over the Third Reich . '' KYKLOS 46 ( Fall 1993 ) 411 -- 19 . Germans learned faster ( if they survived ) Mortensen . Daniel R. ed . Airpower and Ground Armies : Essays on the Evolution of Anglo - American Air Doctrine , 1940 -- 1943 , ( 1998 ) `` online edition '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Okumiya , Masatake and Jiro Horikoshi , with Martin Caidin , Zero ! ( 1956 ) Schlaifer , Robert . Development of Aircraft Engines ( 1950 ) Sherrod , Robert . History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II ( 1952 ) Spire , David N. Air Power for Patton 's Army : The 19th Tactical Air Command in the Second World War ( 2002 ) online edition Warnock , A. Timothy . Air Power versus U-boats : Confronting Hitler 's Submarine Menace in the European theatre ( 1999 ) online edition Werrell , Kenneth P. Archie , Flak , AAA , and SAM : A Short Operational History of Ground - Based Air defence ( GPO 1988 ) `` online edition '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Strategic bombing ( edit ) Atomic bomb & surrender of Japan ( edit ) Allen , Thomas B. and Norman Polmar . Code - Name Downfall : The Secret Plan to Invade Japan - And Why Truman Dropped the Bomb ( 1995 ) Bernstein , Barton . `` Eclipsed by Hiroshima and Nagasaki : Early Thinking About Tactical Nuclear Weapons , '' International Security ( Spring 1991 ) 149 -- 173 in JSTOR Bernstein , Barton F. `` The Atomic Bombings Reconsidered . '' Foreign Affairs , 74 ( Jan -- Feb 1995 ) 135 -- 52 . Feis , Herbert . Japan Subdued : The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in the Pacific ( 1961 ) Gordin , Michael D. Five Days in August : How World War II Became a Nuclear War ( 2007 ) 209 pages excerpt and text search Holley , I.B. ed . Hiroshima After Forty Years ( 1992 ) Jones , Vincent C. Manhattan : The Army and the Bomb ( GPO , 1985 ) , official construction history Libby , Justin . `` The Search for a Negotiated Peace : Japanese Diplomats Attempt to Surrender Japan Prior to the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . '' World Affairs , 156 ( Summer 1993 ) : 35 -- 45 . Miles , Rufus E. Jr . `` Hiroshima : The Strange Myth of a Half Million American Lives Saved '' International Security 10 ( Fall 1985 ) : 121 -- 40 . Pape , Robert A. `` Why Japan Surrendered . '' International Security 18 ( Fall 1993 ) : 154 -- 201 in JSTOR Rhodes , Richard . The Making of the Atomic Bomb ( 1986 ) , good overview excerpt and text search Rotter , Andrew J. Hiroshima : The World 's Bomb ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Skates , John . The Invasion of Japan ( 1994 ) , excellent military history of the greatest non-battle of all time VanderMuelen , Jacob . `` Planning for V-J Day by the U.S. Army Air Forces and the Atomic Bomb Controversy . '' Journal of Strategic Studies 16 ( June 1993 ) , 227 -- 39 . AAF did not expect quick surrender ; bomb was military use Walker , J. Samuel . `` The Decision to Drop the Bomb : A Historiographical Update , '' Diplomatic History 14 ( 1990 ) 97 -- 114 . Especially useful . Walker , J. Samuel . Prompt and Utter Destruction : Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan ( 2004 ) online excerpt Ethics & civilians ( edit ) Childers , Thomas . `` ' Facilis descensus averni est ' : The Allied Bombing of Germany and the Issue of German Suffering , '' Central European History Vol. 38 , No. 1 ( 2005 ) , pp. 75 -- 105 in JSTOR Crane , Conrad C. Bombs , Cities and Civilians : American Airpower Strategy in World War II ( 1993 ) Crane , Conrad C. `` Evolution of U.S. Strategic Bombing of Urban Areas , '' Historian 50 ( Nov 1987 ) 14 -- 39 , defends AAF Davis , Richard G. `` Operation ' Thunderclap ' : The US Army Air Forces and the Bombing of Berlin . '' Journal of Strategic Studies ( March 1991 ) 14 : 90 -- 111 . Garrett , Stephen A. , Ethics and Airpower in World War II : The British Bombing of German Cities ( 1993 ) Havens , Thomas R.H. Valley of Darkness : The Japanese People and World War Two ( 1978 ) Hopkins , George F. `` Bombing and the American Conscience During World War II , '' The Historian 28 ( May 1966 ) : 451 -- 73 Lammers , Stephen E. `` William Temple and the bombing of Germany : an Exploration in the Just War Tradition . '' The Journal of Religious Ethics , 19 ( Spring 1991 ) : 71 -- 93 . Explains how the Archbishop of Canterbury justified strategic bombing . Markusen , Eric , and David Kopf . The Holocaust and Strategic Bombing : Genocide and Total War in the Twentieth Century ( 1995 ) Overy , Richard . The Bombers and the Bombed : Allied Air War Over Europe 1940 -- 1945 ( 2014 ) covers strategic bombing by and upon all major countries excerpt and text search Schaffer , Ronald . `` American Military Ethics in World War II : The Bombing of German Civilians , '' Journal of American History 67 ( 1980 ) 318 -- 34 in JSTOR Schaffer , Ronald . Wings of Judgment : American Bombing in World War II ( 1985 ) Spaight , J. M. Air Power and War Rights ( 1947 ) , legal Speer , Alfred . Inside the Third Reich ( 1970 ) , memoir of top Nazi economic planner Walzer , Michael . Just and Unjust Wars : A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations ( 1977 ) , philosophical approach Strategic bombing : doctrine ( edit ) Boog , Horst . ed . The Conduct of the Air War in the Second World War ( 1992 ) Clodfelter , Mark . `` Aiming to Break Will : America 's World War II Bombing of German Morale and its Ramifications , '' Journal of Strategic Studies , June 2010 , Vol. 33 Issue 3 , pp 401 -- 435 Davis , Richard G. `` Bombing Strategy Shifts , 1944 -- 45 , '' Air Power History 39 ( 1989 ) 33 -- 45 Griffith , Charles . The quest Haywood Hansell and American strategic bombing in World War II ( 1999 ) online edition Hansell , Jr. , Haywood S. Air Plan That Defeated Hitler ( 1980 ) online version Kennett , Lee B. A History of Strategic Bombing ( 1982 ) Koch , H.W. `` The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany : the Early Phase , May -- September 1940 . '' The Historical Journal , 34 ( March 1991 ) pp 117 -- 41 . online at JSTOR Levine , Alan J. The Strategic Bombing of Germany , 1940 -- 1945 ( 1992 ) online edition MacIsaac , David . Strategic Bombing in World War Two ( 1976 ) McFarland , Stephen L. `` The Evolution of the American Strategic Fighter in Europe , 1942 -- 44 , '' Journal of Strategic Studies 10 ( 1987 ) 189 -- 208 Messenger , Charles , `` Bomber '' Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1984 ) , defends Harris Overy . Richard . `` The Means to Victory : Bombs and Bombing '' in Overy , Why the Allies Won ( 1995 ) , pp 101 -- 33 Sherry , Michael . The Rise of American Air Power : The Creation of Armageddon ( 1987 ) , important study 1930s -- 1960s Smith , Malcolm . `` The Allied Air Offensive , '' Journal of Strategic Studies 13 ( Mar 1990 ) 67 -- 83 Sterrett , James . Soviet Air Force Theory , 1918 -- 1945 ( Routledge , 2007 ) Verrier , Anthony . The Bomber Offensive ( 1968 ) , British Webster , Charles and Noble Frankland , The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany , 1939 -- 1945 ( HMSO , 1961 ) , 4 vol . Important official British history Wells , Mark K. Courage and air warfare : the Allied aircrew experience in the Second World War ( 1995 ) Werrell , Kenneth P . `` The Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II : Costs and Accomplishments , '' Journal of American History 73 ( 1986 ) 702 -- 713 ; good place to start . in JSTOR Werrell , Kenneth P. Death From the Heavens : A History of Strategic Bombing ( 2009 ) Strategic bombing : aircraft and target ( edit ) Beck , Earl R. Under the Bombs : The German Home Front , 1942 -- 1945 ( 1986 ) Berger , Carl . B - 29 : The Superfortress ( 1970 ) Bond , Horatio , ed . Fire and the Air War ( 1974 ) Boog , Horst , ed . Germany and the Second World War : Volume VII : The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia , 1943 -- 1944 / 5 ( Oxford UP , 2006 ) , 928pp official German history vol 7 excerpt and text search ; online edition Charman , T.C. The German Home Front , 1939 -- 45 ( 1989 ) Craven , Wesley Frank and J.L. Cate . The Army Air Forces in World War II ( 1949 ) , vol. 6 : Men and Planes online edition Cross , Robin . The Bombers : The Illustrated Story of Offensive Strategy and Tactics in the Twentieth Century ( 1987 ) Daniels , Gordon ed . A Guide to the Reports of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( 1981 ) Davis , Richard G. Bombing the European Axis Powers : A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive , 1939 -- 1945 ( 2006 ) `` online edition '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Edoin , Hoito . The Night Tokyo Burned : The Incendiary Campaign against Japan ( 1988 ) , Japanese viewpoint Hansen , Randall . Fire and Fury : The Allied Bombing of Germany , 1942 -- 1945 ( 2009 ) , says AAF was more effective than RAF Hastings , Max . Bomber Command ( 1979 ) Haulman , Daniel L. Hitting Home : The Air Offensive Against Japan , ( 1998 ) online edition Hecks , Karl . Bombing 1939 -- 45 : The Air Offensive Against Land Targets in World War Two ( 1990 ) Jablonsky , Edward . Flying Fortress ( 1965 ) Jane 's Fighting Aircraft of World War II ( 1989 ) , reprint of 1945 edition Johnsen , Frederick A. B - 17 Flying Fortress : The Symbol of Second World War Air Power ( 2000 ) excerpt MacIsaac , David , ed . The United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( 10 v , 1976 ) reprints of some reports Madej , Victor . ed . German war economy : the motorization myth ( 1984 ) ( based on v. 64a , 77 , and 113 of the U.S. Strategic Bombing reports on oil and chemical industry . ) Madej , Victor . ed . The War machine : German weapons and manpower , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1984 ) Middlebrook , Martin . The Schweinfurt - Regensburg Mission : American Raids on 17 August 1943 ( 1983 ) Mierzejewski , Alfred C. The Collapse of the German War Economy , 1944 -- 1945 : Allied Air Power and the German National Railway ( 1988 ) Pape , Robert A. Punishment and Denial : The Coercive Use of Air Power ( 1995 ) Ralph , William W. `` Improvised Destruction : Arnold , LeMay , and the Firebombing of Japan , '' War in History , Vol. 13 , No. 4 , 495 -- 522 ( 2006 ) online at Sage Read , Anthony , and David Fisher . The Fall of Berlin ( 1993 ) Searle , Thomas R. `` ' It Made a Lot of Sense to Kill Skilled Workers ' : The Firebombing of Tokyo in March 1945 '' The Journal of Military History , Vol. 66 , No. 1 ( Jan. , 2002 ) , pp. 103 -- 133 in JSTOR United States Strategic Bombing Survey . The Campaigns of the Pacific War . ( 1946 ) Online edition United States Strategic Bombing Survey . Summary Report : ( European War ) ( 1945 ) online edition key primary source United States Strategic Bombing Survey . Summary Report : ( Pacific War ) ( 1946 ) online edition key primary source Westermann , Edward B. Flak : German Anti-Aircraft defences , 1914 -- 1945 ( 2005 ) External links ( edit ) Air Force official histories ( mostly pamphlets ) `` The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia '' compiled by Kent G. Budge , 4000 short articles History of aviation Chronological Early flying machines Pioneer era World War I Between the World Wars World War II Post-World War II Digital Age Topic histories Aerodynamics Ballooning ( military ) Unmanned aerial vehicles ( UAVs ) ( combat ( UCAVs ) ) Other topics Claims to the first powered flight Air warfare of World War II Jet Age World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_warfare_of_World_War_II&oldid=800577163 '' Categories : Aerial operations and battles of World War II Aviation in World War II Hidden categories : CS1 Polish - 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-6969884755805770062 | List of children's films | List of children 's films - wikipedia List of children 's films Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of films primarily marketed to children . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-1940 2 1940s 3 1950s 4 1960s 5 1970s 6 1980s 7 1990s 8 2000s 9 2010s 10 See also 11 References Pre-1940 The Blue Bird ( 1918 ) Pollyanna ( 1920 ) Peter Pan ( 1924 ) A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1925 ) Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Adventures of Prince Achmed ( 1926 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1933 ) Babes in Toyland ( 1934 ) Curly Top ( 1935 ) The New Gulliver ( 1935 ) The Littlest Rebel ( 1935 ) Little Lord Fauntleroy ( 1936 ) Heidi ( 1937 ) Wee Willie Winkie ( 1937 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) The Tale of the Fox ( 1937 ) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1938 ) Alarm ( 1938 ) Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm ( 1938 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1939 ) The Little Princess ( 1939 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) 1940s 1940 The Blue Bird Pinocchio The Thief of Bagdad 1941 Dumbo Mr. Bug Goes to Town 1942 Bambi The Jungle Book Saludos Amigos 1943 Lassie Come Home My Friend Flicka 1944 National Velvet 1945 The Enchanted Forest Son of Lassie The Three Caballeros 1946 Courage of Lassie Song of the South The Yearling 1947 Bush Christmas Fun and Fancy Free Miracle on 34th Street 1948 The Boy with Green Hair Hills of Home 1949 Alice in Wonderland Challenge to Lassie The Secret Garden So Dear to My Heart The Sun Comes Up 1950s 1950 Cinderella The Great Rupert Heart of Stone Kim Treasure Island 1951 Alice in Wonderland Amazon Symphony The Painted Hills Superman and the Mole Men 1952 Aladdin and His Lamp Hans Christian Andersen Jack and the Beanstalk The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men 1953 The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T Confidentially Connie Little Fugitive Peter Pan Rob Roy : The Highland Rogue The Sword and the Rose White Mane 1954 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea Hansel and Gretel Mother Holly Return to Treasure Island 1955 The Court Jester Davy Crockett , King of the Wild Frontier John and Julie Lady and the Tramp The Littlest Outlaw A Man Called Peter The Stolen Airliner 1956 The Brave One Davy Crockett and the River Pirates The Red Balloon 1957 Johnny Tremain Old Yeller The Snow Queen 1958 Panda and the Magic Serpent The 7th Voyage of Sinbad The Light in the Forest Tonka 1959 1001 Arabian Nights Darby O'Gill and the Little People A Dog of Flanders Magic Boy Santa Claus The Shaggy Dog Sleeping Beauty 1960s 1960 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Alakazam the Great The Boy and the Pirates David and Goliath The Hound That Thought He Was a Raccoon Hand in Hand Kidnapped Pollyanna Swiss Family Robinson Ten Who Dared Those Calloways Toby Tyler 1961 The Absent - Minded Professor Babes in Toyland Boy Who Caught a Crook Greyfriars Bobby The Legend of Lobo Misty Mysterious Island Nikki , Wild Dog of the North One Hundred and One Dalmatians The Parent Trap Snow White and the Three Stooges Tomboy and the Champ 1962 Big Red Gay Purr - ee In Search of the Castaways Jack the Giant Killer Little Red Riding Hood and Tom Thumb vs. the Monsters The Magic Sword The Two Who Stole the Moon The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm 1963 Captain Sindbad The Courtship of Eddie 's Father Flipper The Incredible Journey Jason and the Argonauts Lassie 's Great Adventure Miracle of the White Stallions Savage Sam Son of Flubber Spencer 's Mountain Summer Magic The Sword in the Stone The Three Lives of Thomasina When the Cat Comes 1964 Dear Heart Emil and the Detectives Flipper 's New Adventure Hey There , It 's Yogi Bear ! Island of the Blue Dolphins The Misadventures of Merlin Jones The Moon - Spinners The Three Lives of Thomasina A Tiger Walks 1965 Clarence , the Cross-Eyed Lion Funny Things Happen Down Under Gulliver 's Travels Beyond the Moon Lemon Grove Kids Meet the Monsters The Magic World of Topo Gigio The Man from Button Willow That Darn Cat ! Those Calloways Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines Willy McBean and his Magic Machine Zebra in the Kitchen 1966 The Christmas That Almost Was n't The Daydreamer The Fighting Prince of Donegal Follow Me , Boys ! The Great St. Trinian 's Train Robbery Jimmy , the Boy Wonder The Magic Serpent The Man Called Flintstone Namu , the Killer Whale Thunderbirds Are Go The Ugly Dachshund 1967 The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin Asterix the Gaul Brighty of the Grand Canyon Charlie , the Lonesome Cougar Doctor Dolittle The Gnome Mobile The Happiest Millionaire The Heathens of Kummerow The Jungle Book Monkeys , Go Home ! Son of Godzilla The Wacky World of Mother Goose 1968 Asterix and Cleopatra Blackbeard 's Ghost Chitty Chitty Bang Bang The Great Adventure of Horus , Prince of the Sun Heidi The Horse in the Gray Flannel Suit The Love Bug Never a Dull Moment Oliver ! The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band Robby Thunderbird 6 The World of Hans Christian Andersen 1969 The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha A Boy Named Charlie Brown Captain Nemo and the Underwater City The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes Godzilla 's Revenge Kes My Side of the Mountain Pippi Goes on Board Pippi Longstocking Rascal Run Wild , Run Free Tintin and the Temple of the Sun The Wonderful World of Puss ' n Boots 1970s 1970 Aladdin and His Magic Lamp The Aristocats King of the Grizzlies The Phantom Tollbooth Pippi in the South Seas Pippi on the Run Pufnstuf The Railway Children Santa and the Three Bears The Wild Country 1971 The Barefoot Executive Bedknobs and Broomsticks Black Beauty A Christmas Carol Flight of the Doves Footrot Flats : A Dog 's Tale Here Comes Peter Cottontail The Million Dollar Duck The Point ! Scandalous John Tales of Beatrix Potter Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory 1972 The Amazing Mr. Blunden The Biscuit Eater Hide and Seek Justin Morgan Had a Horse Napoleon and Samantha Now You See Him , Now You Do n't Oliver and the Artful Dodger Santa and the Ice Cream Bunny Snoopy , Come Home Snowball Express Sounder Veronica 1973 Charley and the Angel Charlotte 's Web Digby , the Biggest Dog in the World From the Mixed - Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler One Little Indian Robin Hood Three Wishes for Cinderella Tom Sawyer The World 's Greatest Athlete Benji Castaway Cowboy The Golden Fortress The Golden Voyage of Sinbad Herbie Rides Again The Island at the Top of the World Jack and the Beanstalk Journey Back to Oz The Little Prince Professor Popper 's Problem Swallows and Amazons Where the Lilies Bloom Where the Red Fern Grows Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too Against a Crooked Sky The Adventures of the Wilderness Family The Apple Dumpling Gang Escape to Witch Mountain One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing The Pinchcliffe Grand Prix Ride a Wild Pony The Strongest Man in the World Tubby the Tuba 1976 Across the Great Divide Bugsy Malone Escape from the Dark Gus Let the Balloon Go No Deposit , No Return The Shaggy D.A. The Slipper and the Rose The Smurfs and the Magic Flute Storm Boy Treasure of Matecumbe The Twelve Tasks of Asterix 1977 The Billion Dollar Hobo Blue Fire Lady Candleshoe Dot and the Kangaroo For the Love of Benji The Glitterball Gulliver 's Travels Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo The Hobbit The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh The Mouse and His Child Pete 's Dragon The Prince and the Pauper Race for Your Life , Charlie Brown Raggedy Ann & Andy : A Musical Adventure The Rescuers Return to Boggy Creek Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger Wombling Free 1978 Blue Fin Candleshoe Casey 's Shadow The Cat from Outer Space The Further Adventures of the Wilderness Family Hot Lead and Cold Feet International Velvet The Lord of the Rings The Magic of Lassie Return From Witch Mountain Ringing Bell Sammy 's Super T - Shirt The Sea Gypsies The Water Babies 1979 The Adventure of Sudsakorn The Black Stallion The Bugs Bunny / Road Runner Movie C.H.O.M.P.S. Mountain Family Robinson The Muppet Movie The North Avenue Irregulars Tarka the Otter Taro the Dragon Boy Unidentified Flying Oddball 1980s 1980 Bon Voyage , Charlie Brown ( and Do n't Come Back ! ! ) Fatty Finn The King and the Mockingbird The Last Flight of Noah 's Ark Little Lord Fauntleroy Never Never Land The Return of the King : A Story of the Hobbits Yogi 's First Christmas 1981 The Fox and the Hound The Great Muppet Caper The Little Fox The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie The Mystery of the Third Planet Revenge of the Mysterons from Mars Swan Lake Unico 1982 Aladdin and the Magic Lamp Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales The Flight of Dragons Friend or Foe Heidi 's Song The Last Unicorn Mighty Mouse in the Great Space Chase Oliver Twist The Secret of NIMH The Wizard of Oz ( anime version ) The Black Stallion Returns Coolie Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island Dot and the Bunny Phar Lap Twice Upon a Time The Wind in the Willows 1984 Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Cloak & Dagger The Dog Who Stopped the War Gallavants The Muppets Take Manhattan Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind The NeverEnding Story The Old Curiosity Shop Ronia , the Robber 's Daughter Samson & Sally The Tale of Tsar Saltan Where the Toys Come From 1985 The Adventures of Mark Twain Asterix Versus Caesar The Black Cauldron The Care Bears Movie D.A.R.Y.L. The Dirt Bike Kid Give the Devil His Due The Goonies He - Man and She - Ra : The Secret of the Sword Here Come the Littles The Peanut Butter Solution The Pickwick Papers Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird Star Fairies A Summer in a Sea Shell 1986 The Adventures of the American Rabbit The Adventures of Milo and Otis The Adventures of Scamper the Penguin An American Tail Babes in Toyland Care Bears Movie II : A New Generation Castle in the Sky Dragon Ball : Curse of the Blood Rubies Flight of the Navigator GoBots : Battle of the Rock Lords The Great Mouse Detective Heathcliff : The Movie Lightning , the White Stallion Momo My Little Pony : The Movie SpaceCamp Super Mario Bros. : The Movie The Transformers : The Movie Valhalla Batteries Not Included Benji the Hunted The Brave Little Toaster The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland The Chipmunk Adventure Dragon Ball : Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle The Garbage Pail Kids Movie G.I. Joe : The Movie The Great Land of Small The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones Mio in the Land of Faraway Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night The Puppetoon Movie Scooby - Doo Meets the Boo Brothers The Secret Garden Top Cat and the Beverly Hills Cats Ultraman : The Adventure Begins Where Is the Friend 's Home ? Yogi Bear and the Magical Flight of the Spruce Goose Yogi 's Great Escape BraveStarr : The Movie Care Bears Nutcracker Suite Daffy Duck 's Quackbusters David and the Magic Pearl Dragon Ball : Mystical Adventure Felix the Cat : The Movie The Good , the Bad , and Huckleberry Hound Just Ask for Diamond The Land Before Time Mac and Me My Neighbor Totoro The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking Oliver & Company Pound Puppies and the Legend of Big Paw Purple People Eater Rockin ' with Judy Jetson Scooby - Doo and the Ghoul School Scooby - Doo ! and the Reluctant Werewolf Willy the Sparrow Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears The Adventures of Chatran All Dogs Go to Heaven Asterix and the Big Fight Babar : The Movie The BFG Cheetah Dragon Ball Z : Dead Zone George 's Island Granpa Honey , I Shrunk the Kids Kiki 's Delivery Service The Little Mermaid Little Monsters Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland Looking for Miracles Prancer The Wizard Yaaba 1990s Courage Mountain Dragon Ball Z : The Tree of Might Dragon Ball Z : The World 's Strongest DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp The Fool of the World and the Flying Ship A Gnome Named Gnorm Home Alone Jetsons : The Movie A Mom for Christmas The NeverEnding Story II : The Next Chapter The Nutcracker Prince Peter in Magicland The Rescuers Down Under Shipwrecked Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles The Witches 1991 Adventures in Dinosaur City And You Thought Your Parents Were Weird An American Tail : Fievel Goes West Beauty and the Beast Bingo Ernest Scared Stupid The Giant of Thunder Mountain Hook In the Nick of Time Perfect Harmony The Princess and the Goblin Problem Child 2 Rock - a-Doodle Rover Dangerfield The Seventh Brother Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Secret of the Ooze White Fang Wild Hearts Ca n't Be Broken 3 Ninjas Adventures in Dinosaur City Aladdin Alan and Naomi Beauty and the Beast Beethoven Blinky Bill The Boy and the King Champions FernGully : The Last Rainforest Freddie as F.R.O. 7 Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York Honey , I Blew Up the Kid Into the West The Little Mermaid The Mighty Ducks Munchie The Muppet Christmas Carol Newsies Pinocchio Porco Rosso Thumbelina Split Infinity The Three Musketeers To Grandmother 's House We Go Tom and Jerry : The Movie The Adventures of Huck Finn Beethoven 's 2nd David Copperfield Dennis the Menace Digger A Far Off Place Free Willy Happily Ever After Hocus Pocus Hollyrock - a-Bye Baby Homeward Bound : The Incredible Journey I Yabba - Dabba Do ! Kid Cop Little Miss Millions Magic Kid Me and the Kid Mr. Nanny The Nightmare Before Christmas The Nutcracker Once Upon a Forest Prehysteria ! Rigoletto Rookie of the Year Sailor Moon R : The Movie The Sandlot The Secret Garden The Silver Brumby Sinbad Super Mario Bros . The Three Musketeers Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III We 're Back ! A Dinosaur 's Story Wind Dancer 3 Ninjas Kick Back Andre Angels in the Outfield Asterix Conquers America Baby 's Day Out Black Beauty Blank Check Camp Nowhere Cinderella D2 : The Mighty Ducks Dragonworld Getting Even With Dad The Flintstones Iron Will Jock of the Bushveld The Jungle Book The Land Before Time II : The Great Valley Adventure Lassie Leo the Lion : King of the Jungle The Lion King Little Big League Little Giants The Little Rascals Magic Kid 2 Miracle on 34th Street ( remake ) Monkey Trouble Munchie Strikes Back My Girl 2 The NeverEnding Story III No Worries The Pagemaster Pet Shop Pocahontas Pom Poko Prehysteria ! 2 The Return of Jafar Richie Rich Sailor Moon S : The Movie The Santa Clause Scooby - Doo ! in Arabian Nights The Secret of Roan Inish The Shaggy Dog The Swan Princess Thumbelina Trading Mom A Troll in Central Park War of the Buttons White Fang 2 : Myth of the White Wolf 1995 3 Ninjas Knuckle Up Alice in Wonderland The Amazing Panda Adventure Babe The Baby - Sitters Club Balto The Big Green Born to Be Wild Bushwhacked Casper Catnapped ! Escape to Witch Mountain Far from Home : The Adventures of Yellow Dog Fluke Free Willy 2 : The Adventure Home Friendship 's Field Gargoyles the Movie : The Heroes Awaken Gold Diggers : The Secret of Bear Mountain A Goofy Movie Gordy Gumby : The Movie Heavyweights Heidi Hercules Here Come the Munsters The Indian in the Cupboard It Takes Two Jonny Quest vs. The Cyber Insects Jumanji A Kid in King Arthur 's Court The Land Before Time III : The Time of the Great Giving A Little Princess Little Red Riding Hood Magic Island Magic in the Water Man of the House Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie Monster Mash Napoleon The Pebble and the Penguin Pocahontas Sailor Moon Super S : The Movie Sleeping Beauty Snow White The Tale of Tillie 's Dragon Three Wishes Toy Story The White Balloon The Wind in the Willows 101 Dalmatians The Adventures of Pinocchio Aladdin and the King of Thieves Alaska All Dogs Go to Heaven 2 Body Troopers Bogus Clubhouse Detectives D3 : The Mighty Ducks Dunston Checks In Ed First Kid Flipper Forest Warrior Harriet the Spy Homeward Bound II : Lost in San Francisco How the Toys Saved Christmas James and the Giant Peach Kazaam The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists The Last Home Run Matilda Muppet Treasure Island My Friend Joe The Paper Brigade Rainbow Sabrina the Teenage Witch Santa With Muscles Shiloh Space Jam Susie Q The Wind in the Willows Wish Upon a Star Air Bud Anastasia Angels in the Endzone Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas The Borrowers The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue Buddy Casper : A Spirited Beginning Cats Do n't Dance A Christmas Carol Cinderella FairyTale : A True Story Free Willy 3 : The Rescue George of the Jungle Good Burger Hercules Home Alone 3 Honey , We Shrunk Ourselves The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island MouseHunt Mr. Magoo Northern Lights Oliver Twist Paws Pippi Longstocking Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin RocketMan The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo A Simple Wish The Swan Princess II : Escape from Castle Mountain That Darn Cat Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie Under Wraps Warriors of Virtue The Wiggles Movie Zeus and Roxanne 1998 3 Ninjas : High Noon at Mega Mountain Air Bud : Golden Receiver An All Dogs Christmas Carol An American Tail : The Treasure of Manhattan Island Antz Babe : Pig in the City Baby Huey 's Great Easter Adventure Barney 's Great Adventure Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World Billboard Dad The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars A Bug 's Life Casper Meets Wendy Dennis the Menace Strikes Again FernGully 2 : The Magical Rescue The First Snow of Winter Halloweentown Hercules and Xena -- The Animated Movie : The Battle for Mount Olympus Hercules : Zero to Hero I 'll Be Home for Christmas Jack Frost The Land Before Time VI : The Secret of Saurus Rock The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride Madeline Meet the Deedles The Mighty Kong Mulan My Date with the President 's Daughter Noah The Parent Trap Paulie Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World Pokémon : The First Movie The Prince of Egypt Quest for Camelot Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie The Rugrats Movie Rusty : A Dog 's Tale Safety Patrol Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island The Secret of NIMH 2 : Timmy to the Rescue Slappy and the Stinkers Star Kid Summer of the Monkeys The Swan Princess : The Mystery of the Enchanted Kingdom Wide Awake The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit You Lucky Dog 1999 The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein Animal Farm Annie Babar : King of the Elephants Bartok the Magnificent Belle 's Tales of Friendship Can of Worms Cardcaptor Sakura : The Movie Dillagi A Dog of Flanders Do n't Look Under the Bed Doug 's 1st Movie Durango Kids Faeries Genius Horse Sense I 'll Remember April Inspector Gadget The Iron Giant Johnny Tsunami The King and I Liang Po Po : The Movie Madeline : Lost in Paris Muppets from Space My Brother the Pig The New Adventures of Pinocchio Nico the Unicorn The Nuttiest Nutcracker Passport to Paris Peppermint Pirates of the Plain Pokémon : The Movie 2000 The Prince and the Surfer Running Free Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost Secret of the Andes Shiloh 2 : Shiloh Season Smart House Soccer Dog : The Movie Stuart Little Switching Goals Tarzan The Thirteenth Year Tom 's Midnight Garden Toy Story 2 Yu - Gi - Oh ! Zenon : Girl of the 21st Century 2000s 2000 102 Dalmatians The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle Air Bud : World Pup Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman Beethoven 's 3rd Blue 's Big Musical Movie Ca n't Be Heaven Cardcaptor Sakura Movie 2 : The Sealed Card Casper 's Haunted Christmas Chicken Run The Color of Friendship Digimon : The Movie Dinosaur Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas The Emperor 's New Groove Escape to Grizzly Mountain An Extremely Goofy Movie The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas Franklin and the Green Knight Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer Help ! I 'm a Fish The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire The Life & Adventures of Santa Claus Life - Size The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea The Little Vampire Mermaid Miracle in Lane 2 Mom 's Got a Date with a Vampire Monster Mash My Dog Skip The Newcomers Once Upon a Christmas The Other Me Our Lips Are Sealed Phantom of the Megaplex Pokémon 3 : The Movie Pokémon : Mewtwo Returns Quints Ready to Run The Road to El Dorado Rugrats in Paris : The Movie Running Free The Scarecrow Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders Seventeen Again Stepsister from Planet Weird A Summer Tale The Tangerine Bear Thomas and the Magic Railroad The Tigger Movie Titan A.E. Tom Sawyer Tweety 's High Flying Adventure Up , Up and Away Atlantis : The Lost Empire Back to the Secret Garden Barbie in the Nutcracker Beethoven 's 4th Cats & Dogs Dr. Dolittle 2 The Flintstones : On the Rocks Franklin 's Magic Christmas Halloweentown II : Kalabar 's Revenge The Happy Cricket Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Holiday in the Sun Hounded The Jar : A Tale from the East The Jennie Project Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius Jumping Ship Kingdom Come Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze The Little Bear Movie The Luck of the Irish Marco Polo : Return to Xanadu Max Keeble 's Big Move Monsters , Inc . Motocrossed MVP : Most Vertical Primate My Life as McDull Osmosis Jones Pokémon 4Ever The Poof Point Recess : School 's Out Rugrats : All Growed Up Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase See Spot Run Shrek Spirited Away Spy Kids The Trumpet of the Swan ' Twas the Night Voyage of the Unicorn Winning London 2002 The Adventures of Tom Thumb and Thumbelina The Archies in Jugman Asterix and Obelix : Mission Cleopatra Atlantis : Milo 's Return Balto II : Wolf Quest Barbie as Rapunzel Big Fat Liar Carol 's Journey Catch That Girl The Cat Returns Cinderella II : Dreams Come True The Climb Clockstoppers The Country Bears Dennis the Menace : Cruise Control Dibu 3 Dinosaur Island Double Teamed Elina : As If I Was n't There Falling Sky Get a Clue Getting There Gotta Kick It Up ! Grand Champion Groove Squad Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Hey Arnold ! : The Movie Home Alone 4 The Hunchback of Notre Dame II Ice Age Jonah : A VeggieTales Movie Kermit 's Swamp Years Like Mike Lilo & Stitch Pinocchio Pokémon Heroes The Powerpuff Girls Movie The Princess and the Pea Return to Never Land A Ring of Endless Light The Rookie Sabrina : Friends Forever The Santa Clause 2 Scooby - Doo The Scream Team Snow Dogs Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron Spy Kids 2 : The Island of Lost Dreams Stuart Little 2 Tarzan & Jane Thunderpants Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring Tom and Thomas Treasure Planet Tru Confessions Tuck Everlasting Virginia 's Run Whale Rider When in Rome The Wild Thornberrys Movie 2003 Agent Cody Banks Air Bud : Spikes Back Atlantis : Milo 's Return Barbie of Swan Lake Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman Beethoven 's 5th Blizzard Brother Bear Caillou 's Holiday Movie Captain Sabertooth The Cat in the Hat The Challenge Eddie 's Million Dollar Cook - Off The Flying Classroom Full - Court Miracle The Ghost Club Good Boy ! The Haunted Mansion Holes Hot Wheels World Race I , Cesar The Jungle Book 2 Just for Kicks Kangaroo Jack Kim Possible Movie : A Sitch in Time The Legend of Johnny Lingo A Light in the Forest Maniac Magee Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Kids Peter Pan Piglet 's Big Movie Pokémon : Jirachi Wish Maker Quigley Recess : All Growed Down Recess : Taking the Fifth Grade Rescue Heroes : The Movie Right on Track The Road Home Rugrats Go Wild Secondhand Lions Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas Spy Kids 3 - D : Game Over Stitch ! The Movie The Story of the Weeping Camel What a Girl Wants When Zachary Beaver Came to Town Wondrous Oblivion The Wooden Camera You Wish ! Young Black Stallion Agent Cody Banks 2 : Destination London Around the World in 80 Days Balto III : Wings of Change Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper Care Bears : Journey to Joke - a-lot Catch That Kid Chestnut : Hero of Central Park Clifford 's Really Big Movie Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen The Dust Factory Ella Enchanted Fat Albert Funky Monkey Garfield : The Movie Going to the Mat Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Home on the Range Howl 's Moving Castle In Orange In Search of Santa The Incredibles Kangaroo Jack : G'Day U.S.A. ! Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events The Lion King 11⁄2 Little Alvin and the Mini-Munks Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas Motocross Kids Mulan II My Scene : Jammin ' in Jamaica New York Minute Pinocchio 3000 Pokémon : Destiny Deoxys The Polar Express Popeye 's Voyage : The Quest for Pappy The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Raise Your Voice Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed Shark Tale Shrek 2 Sleepover The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Spookley the Square Pumpkin The Story of an African Farm Stuck in the Suburbs Tainá 2 : A New Amazon Adventure Teacher 's Pet Thunderbirds Two Brothers The Winning Season Yu - Gi - Oh ! The Movie : Pyramid of Light Zenon : Z3 2005 The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3 - D Arashi no Yoru ni Are We There Yet ? Bailey 's Billion $ Barbie and the Magic of Pegasus Barbie : Fairytopia The Batman vs. Dracula Because of Winn - Dixie The Blue Umbrella Bob the Butler Buffalo Dreams Calling All Engines Candy Land : The Great Lollipop Adventure The Care Bears ' Big Wish Movie Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Cheaper by the Dozen 2 Chicken Little The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Come Away Home Corpse Bride Digital Monster X-Evolution Dinotopia : Quest for the Ruby Sunstone Down and Derby Duma Empress Chung The Golden Blaze The Great Yokai War The Happy Elf Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Heidi Here Comes Peter Cottontail : The Movie Hoodwinked ! Hot Wheels AcceleRacers Kicking and Screaming Ice Princess Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama Lassie Life Is Ruff Little Manhattan Madagascar The Magic Roundabout My Life as a Teenage Robot : Escape from Cluster Prime My Little Pony : A Very Minty Christmas My Scene Goes Hollywood Nanny McPhee Once Upon a Halloween Pokémon : Lucario and the Mystery of Mew Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie Pooh 's Heffalump Movie Popstar The Proud Family Movie Racing Stripes Rebound Robots School 's Out ! : The Musical Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? Sky High Son of the Mask Stuart Little 3 : Call of the Wild Tarzan II Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry Valiant Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit 2006 The Adventures of Brer Rabbit Air Buddies Akeelah and the Bee The Ant Bully Aquamarine Arthur and the Invisibles Azur and Asmar Bambi II The Barbie Diaries Barbie in the 12 Dancing Princesses Barbie : Mermaidia Barnyard The Blue Elephant Bratz Genie Magic Brother Bear 2 Cars Casper 's Scare School Charlotte 's Web A Christmas Carol Codename : Kids Next Door : Operation : Z.E.R.O Curious George Deck the Halls Dr. Dolittle 3 Eragon Everyone 's Hero Eye of the Dolphin Flicka Flushed Away The Fox and the Hound 2 Franklin and the Turtle Lake Treasure Garfield : A Tail of Two Kitties Happy Feet Hearty Paws High School Musical Holly Hobbie and Friends : Christmas Wishes Holly Hobbie and Friends : Surprise Party Hoot How to Eat Fried Worms Ice Age : The Meltdown The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers The Legend of Sasquatch Leroy & Stitch Lotte from Gadgetville Miss Potter Monster House A Movie of Eggs My Little Pony Crystal Princess : The Runaway Rainbow My Little Pony : The Princess Promenade Open Season Over the Hedge Pokémon : The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea PollyWorld The Prince and Me 2 : The Royal Wedding Re-Animated Return To Halloweentown The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause Saving Shiloh Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! The Shaggy Dog Shark Bait Stanley 's Dinosaur Round - Up Stormbreaker Strawberry Shortcake : The Sweet Dreams Movie Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo The Thief Lord Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers The Ugly Duckling and Me ! Unaccompanied Minors The Wild Zoom 2007 Alice Upside Down Alvin and the Chipmunks Arctic Tale Barbie as the Island Princess Battle for Terra Billy & Mandy : Wrath of the Spider Queen Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure Bratz Kidz : Sleep - Over Adventure Brichos Bridge to Terabithia Care Bears : Oopsy Does It ! Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! Christmas Is Here Again Daddy Day Camp Donkey Xote Fairly OddBaby Finding Rin Tin Tin Firehouse Dog Fishtales Flight of the Red Balloon The Fox and the Child The Game Plan Garfield Gets Real The Golden Compass The Great Discovery Happily N'Ever After Johnny Kapahala : Back on Board Labou The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends Like Stars on Earth Meet the Robinsons Mug Travel My Friends Tigger & Pooh : Super Sleuth Christmas Movie My Little Pony : A Very Pony Place Nancy Drew Nocturna Pokémon : The Rise of Darkrai Pride The Secret of the Magic Gourd Shrek the Halls Shrek the Third SpongeBob 's Atlantis SquarePantis Stardust Strawberry Shortcake : Berry Blossom Festival Strawberry Shortcake : Let 's Dance Surf 's Up The Ten Commandments TMNT Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale Underdog The Water Horse : Legend of the Deep Winx Club : The Secret of the Lost Kingdom 2008 All Roads Lead Home Asterix at the Olympic Games Barbie & the Diamond Castle Barbie Mariposa Bedtime Stories Beethoven 's Big Break Beverly Hills Chihuahua Bolt The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian City of Ember College Road Trip Dr. Dolittle : Tail to the Chief Delgo Dragon Hunters The Flight Before Christmas Fly Me to the Moon Garfield 's Fun Fest The Great Discovery Hari Puttar : A Comedy of Terrors Horton Hears a Who ! Igor Impy 's Island Inkheart Kit Kittredge : An American Girl Kung Fu Panda The Longshots Lost Stallions : The Journey Home Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa Merry Christmas , Drake & Josh Minutemen Missing Lynx Nim 's Island Open Season 2 The Pirates Who Do n't Do Anything : A VeggieTales Movie Pokémon : Giratina and the Sky Warrior Ponyo Roxy Hunter and the Secret of the Shaman The Seven of Daran : Battle of Pareo Rock Scooby - Doo ! and the Goblin King The Secret of Moonacre Snow Buddies Space Chimps The Spiderwick Chronicles Spirit of the Forest Spy School Strawberry Shortcake : Rockaberry Roll Summer of the Flying Saucer The Tale of Despereaux Tinker Bell Wubbzy 's Big Movie ! 2009 Aliens in the Attic Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel An American Girl : Chrissa Stands Strong Another Egg and Chicken Movie Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard Astro Boy Barbie and the Three Musketeers Barbie Thumbelina Ben 10 : Alien Swarm Big Time Audition Broken Hill Chal Chalein A Christmas Carol Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs Coraline Curious George 2 : Follow That Monkey ! Dr. Dolittle : Million Dollar Mutts Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show Fantastic Mr. Fox G - Force Gooby The Gruffalo Hachi : A Dog 's Tale Hannah Montana : The Movie Happily N'Ever After 2 : Snow White Another Bite @ the Apple The Happy Cricket and the Giant Bugs Hatching Pete Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Hero of the Rails Hotel for Dogs Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs Inkheart Just Peck Looking for Jackie Monsters vs. Aliens My Little Pony : Twinkle Wish Adventure The Perfect Game Planet 51 Pokémon : Arceus and the Jewel of Life The Princess and the Frog Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva Race to Witch Mountain The Secret of Kells The Secret of Moonacre A Shine of Rainbows Shorts Space Buddies Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure Totally Spies ! The Movie Turtles Forever Up Vicky the Viking Where the Wild Things Are The Wild Stallion Wishology Wow ! Wow ! Wubbzy ! : Wubb Idol 2010s Adventures of a Teenage Dragon Slayer Alpha and Omega ... And Once Again Angel Dog Animals United Arrietty Arthur 3 : The War of the Two Worlds Barbie : A Fashion Fairytale Barbie in A Mermaid Tale Big Time Christmas Big Time Concert The Black Tulip The Boathouse Detectives The Boy Who Cried Werewolf Care Bears : The Giving Festival Care Bears : Share Bear Shines A Cat in Paris Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Despicable Me Diary of a Wimpy Kid The Dog Who Saved Christmas Vacation Elle : A Modern Cinderella Tale Expecting Mary Firebreather Flicka 2 Flipped Free Willy : Escape from Pirate 's Cove Furry Vengeance Gaturro Gulliver 's Travels Harriet the Spy : Blog Wars Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 How to Train Your Dragon Kooky Kung Fu Magoo Kung Fu Panda Holiday The Last Airbender Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole The Legend of Silk Boy Lego : The Adventures of Clutch Powers Marmaduke Mayor Cupcake Megamind My Friends Tigger & Pooh : Super Duper Super Sleuths Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang Open Season 3 Plumíferos Pokémon : Zoroark : Master of Illusions Ramona and Beezus Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster The Search for Santa Paws Shrek Forever After Space Chimps 2 : Zartog Strikes Back Space Dogs Tangled Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes Tooth Fairy Toy Story 3 A Turtle 's Tale : Sammy 's Adventures Welcome to the Space Show What If ... Winx Club 3D : Magical Adventure Yogi Bear Yu - Gi - Oh ! : Bonds Beyond Time 2011 After the Wizard Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked Arthur Christmas Barbie : A Fairy Secret Barbie : Princess Charm School Beethoven 's Christmas Adventure Best Player Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 Big Time Beach Party Brasil Animado Cars 2 Chillar Party Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules The Dragon Pearl A Fairly Odd Movie : Grow Up , Timmy Turner ! From Up on Poppy Hill Gnomeo & Juliet The Great Bear The Great Ghost Rescue The Gruffalo 's Child Happy Feet Two Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Hoodwinked Too ! Hood vs. Evil Hop Horrid Henry : The Movie Hugo I Am Kalam Judy Moody and the Not Bummer Summer Koko and the Ghosts Kung Fu Panda 2 The Lamp Leafie , A Hen Into the Wild Legend of a Rabbit Little Big Panda The Little Engine That Could The Magic of Belle Isle Mars Needs Moms Monster Mutt A Monster in Paris Monte Carlo Mr. Popper 's Penguins My Angel Once Upon a Warrior Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension Pixie Hollow Games Pokémon the Movie : Black -- Victini and Reshiram and White -- Victini and Zekrom Puss in Boots Quest for Zhu Red Dog Rio SeeFood The Smurfs Snowflake , the White Gorilla Spy Kids : All the Time in the World Tainá 3 : The Origin Tibetan Dog Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Top Cat : The Movie Winnie the Pooh 2012 The Adventures of Mickey Matson and the Copperhead Treasure Back to the Sea Barbie in A Mermaid Tale 2 Barbie : The Princess & the Popstar Beverly Hills Chihuahua 3 Brave Cowgirls ' n Angels Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days Dino Time Echo Planet Ernest & Celestine A Fairly Odd Christmas Hotel Transylvania Ice Age : Continental Drift The Lorax Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted The Oogieloves in the Big Balloon Adventure Outback ParaNorman Peixonauta -- Agente Secreto da O.S.T.R.A. The Pirates ! In an Adventure with Scientists ! Pokémon the Movie : Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Rags The Reef 2 : High Tide Room on the Broom Sammy 's Great Escape Santa Paws 2 : The Santa Pups Secret of the Wings The Snow Queen The Snowman and the Snowdog So Undercover The Swan Princess Christmas Tad , the Lost Explorer Tinker Bell and the Secret of the Wings Thunderstruck Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse A Turtle 's Tale 2 : Sammy 's Escape from Paradise Yak : The Giant King Zambezia 2013 Against the Wild Alpha and Omega 2 : A Howl - iday Adventure Angels Sing Bunks Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 Contest The Croods Despicable Me 2 Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods Epic Escape from Planet Earth Free Birds The Good Witch 's Destiny The House of Magic Jinxed Jungle Master Justin and the Knights of Valour Khumba Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return Moshi Monsters : The Movie My Little Pony : Equestria Girls Nicky Deuce Oggy and the Cockroaches : The Movie Planes Pokémon the Movie : Genesect and the Legend Awakened Pororo , The Racing Adventure Return to Nim 's Island Robosapien : Rebooted Savannah The Smurfs 2 Super Buddies Swindle The Tale of the Princess Kaguya A Talking Cat ! ? ! Thunder and the House of Magic Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure Transformers Prime Beast Hunters : Predacons Rising Turbo Underdogs Walking with Dinosaurs Wish You Well Zambezia Zip & Zap and the Marble Gang 2014 Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day Asterix and Obelix : Mansion of the Gods Big Hero 6 The Book of Life Boonie Bears : To the Rescue The Boxtrolls Dragon Nest : Warriors ' Dawn Earth to Echo From Up on Poppy Hill The Frogville Henry & Me The Hero of Color City How to Steal a Dog How to Train Your Dragon 2 The Incredible Adventures of Professor Branestawm Jungle Shuffle The Lego Movie The Monkey King Mr. Peabody & Sherman My Little Pony : Equestria Girls -- Rainbow Rocks The Nut Job Paddington Penguins of Madagascar Ping Pong Summer The Pirate Fairy Planes : Fire & Rescue Pokémon the Movie : Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction Postman Pat : The Movie Pudsey the Dog : The Movie Rio 2 Song of the Sea Stand by Me Doraemon The Swan Princess : A Royal Family Tale Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon Tom and Jerry : Santa 's Little Helpers 2015 Alibaba and the Thief Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip Blinky Bill the Movie Brave Rabbit 2 Crazy Circus Capture the Flag The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! The Good Dinosaur Goosebumps Heidi Home Hotel Transylvania 2 Huevos : Little Rooster 's Egg - cellent Adventure The Invincible Piglet The Little Prince Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run Marshall the Miracle Dog Minions My Little Pony : Equestria Girls -- Friendship Games Oddball Ooops ! Noah Is Gone ... Paper Planes The Peanuts Movie Pokémon the Movie : Hoopa and the Clash of Ages Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness Shaun the Sheep Movie Snowtime ! The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water Strange Magic Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest Top Cat Begins 2016 The Angry Birds Movie The BFG DC Super Hero Girls : Hero of the Year DC Super Hero Girls : Super Hero High Dear Eleanor El Americano : The Movie Ice Age : Collision Course Kubo and the Two Strings Kung Fu Panda 3 The Land Before Time : Journey of the Brave My Little Pony : Equestria Girls -- Legend of Everfree Nine Lives Norm of the North Papa Ratchet & Clank Robinson Crusoe Rock Dog The Secret Life of Pets Sing Spark Storks Trolls Zootopia 2017 Animal Crackers The Boss Baby Bunyan & Babe Cars 3 Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Coco DC Super Hero Girls : Intergalactic Games Despicable Me 3 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul The Emoji Movie The Jetsons & WWE : Robo - WrestleMania ! The Lego Batman Movie Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Brain Drain The Lego Ninjago Movie Monster Trucks My Little Pony : The Movie The Nut Job 2 : Nutty by Nature Paddington 2 Smurfs : The Lost Village The Star 2018 Blazing Samurai Duck Duck Goose Early Man Gnome Alone The Grinch Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation Incredibles 2 Peter Rabbit Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 Sherlock Gnomes Smallfoot Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse Teen Titans Go ! to the Movies See also British Film Institute list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 Children 's television series Children 's literature References ^ Jump up to : Brown , Noel ; Babbington , Bruce ( 2015 ) . Family Films in Global Cinema : The World Beyond Disney . Cinema and society . I.B. Tauris . p. 5 . ISBN 9781784530082 . Many major Hollywood family films , including several of the Harry Potter movies , are now released in the US with a PG - 13 rating , previously not considered a family - friendly classification ^ Jump up to : `` Movie search results for `` Harry Potter '' `` . Allmovie . All Media Network . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . ( hide ) Lists of films by genre Action Martial arts Adventure Pirate Animation Avant - garde Biographical Children 's Christian Comedy Crime Disaster Documentary Drama Historical Economics Erotic Fantasy Ghosts Horror Eco Kaiju Giant - monster Natural Independent short LGBT Mockumentary Monster Clowns Toys Musical Mystery Noir Neo-noir Religious Romance Romantic comedy Science fiction Sports Slavery Superhero Teen Thriller Legal War anti-war Western Spaghetti Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_children%27s_films&oldid=832329029 '' Categories : Lists of films by genre Children 's media Children 's films Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2012 USA - centric Articles needing cleanup from May 2013 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from May 2013 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Română Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 09 : 17 . 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5732893396539213307 | Privacy law | Privacy law - Wikipedia Privacy law Part of the common law series Tort law Intentional torts Assault Battery False imprisonment Intentional infliction of emotional distress Transferred intent Property torts Trespass land chattels Conversion Detinue Replevin Trover Defenses Assumption of risk Comparative negligence Contributory negligence Consent Necessity Statute of limitations Self - defense Defense of others Defense of property Shopkeeper 's privilege Negligence Duty of / standard of care Proximate cause Res ipsa loquitur Calculus of negligence Rescue doctrine Duty to rescue Negligent infliction of emotional distress Employment - related Entrustment Malpractice legal medical Liability torts Product liability Quasi-tort Ultrahazardous activity Nuisance Public nuisance Rylands v Fletcher Dignitary torts Defamation Invasion of privacy False light Breach of confidence Abuse of process Malicious prosecution Alienation of affections Criminal conversation Seduction Breach of promise Economic torts Fraud Tortious interference Conspiracy Restraint of trade Liability and remedies Last clear chance Eggshell skull Vicarious liability Volenti non fit injuria Ex turpi causa non oritur actio Neutral reportage Damages Injunction Conflict of tort laws Joint and several liability Comparative responsibility Market share liability Duty to visitors Trespassers Licensees Invitees Attractive nuisance Other common law areas Contracts Criminal law Evidence Property Wills , trusts , and estates Law portal Main article : Privacy Privacy law refers to the laws that deal with the regulating , storing , and using of personally identifiable information of individuals , which can be collected by governments , public or private organizations , or other individuals . Privacy laws are considered within the context of an individual 's privacy rights or within reasonable expectation of privacy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification of privacy laws 2 International legal standards on privacy 2.1 Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) 2.2 Council of Europe 2.3 European Union ( EU ) 2.4 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) 2.5 United Nations ( UN ) 3 Privacy laws by country 3.1 Australia 3.2 Bahamas 3.3 Belize 3.4 Brazil 3.5 Canada 3.6 China 3.7 Fiji 3.8 France 3.9 Germany 3.10 Greece 3.11 Hong Kong 3.12 India 3.13 Ireland 3.14 Jamaica 3.15 Japan 3.16 Kenya 3.17 Malaysia 3.18 Mexico 3.19 New Zealand 3.20 Nigeria 3.21 Philippines 3.22 Russia 3.23 Singapore 3.24 South Africa 3.25 Sweden 3.26 Switzerland 3.27 Republic of China 3.28 Thailand 3.29 United Kingdom 3.30 United States 3.31 Uzbekistan 3.32 Vietnam 3.33 Countries without official data privacy laws 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Classification of privacy laws ( edit ) Privacy laws can be broadly classified into : General privacy laws that have an overall bearing on the personal information of individuals and affect the policies that govern many different areas of information . Specific privacy laws that are designed to regulate specific types of information . Some examples include : Communication privacy laws Financial privacy laws Health privacy laws Information privacy laws Online privacy laws Privacy in one 's home International legal standards on privacy ( edit ) Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) ( edit ) APEC created a voluntary Privacy Framework that was adopted by all 21 member economies in 2004 in an attempt to improve general information privacy and the cross-border transfer of information . The Framework consists of nine Privacy Principles that act as minimum standards for privacy protection : Preventing harm , Notice , Collection limitation , Use of personal information , Choice , Integrity of personal information , Security safeguards , Access and correction , and Accountability . In 2011 , APEC implemented the APEC Cross Border Privacy Rules System with the goal of balancing `` the flow of information and data across borders ... essential to trust and confidence in the online marketplace . '' The four agreed - upon rules of the System are based upon the APEC Privacy Framework and include self - assessment , compliance review , recognition / acceptance , and dispute resolution and enforcement . Council of Europe ( edit ) Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights , which was drafted and adopted by the Council of Europe in 1950 and currently covers the whole European continent except for Belarus and Kosovo , protects the right to respect for private life : `` Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life , his home and his correspondence . '' Through the huge case - law of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg , privacy has been defined and its protection has been established as a positive right of everyone . The Council of Europe also addressed privacy protection in regards to the Internet in 1998 when it published `` Draft Guidelines for the protection of individuals with regard to the collection and processing of personal data on the information highway , which may be incorporated in or annexed to Code of Conduct . '' The Council developed these guidelines in conjunction with the European Commission , and they were adopted in 1999 . European Union ( EU ) ( edit ) The 1995 Data Protection Directive ( officially Directive 95 / 46 / EC ) recognized the authority of National data protection authorities and required that all Member States adhere to universal privacy protection standards . Member States must adopt strict privacy laws that are no more relaxed than the framework provided by the directive . Additionally , the Directive outlines that non-EU countries must adopt privacy legislation of equal restriction in order to be allowed to exchange personal data with EU countries . Furthermore , companies in non-EU countries must also adopt privacy standards of at least equal restriction as provided in the Directive in order to do business with companies located in EU countries . Thus , the Directive has also influenced the development of privacy legislation in non-European countries . The proposed ePrivacy Regulation , which would replace the Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive 2002 , also contributes to EU privacy regulations . The General Data Protection Regulation will replace the Data Protection Directive of 1995 when it takes effect on 25 May 2018 . A notable contribution that will come from the General Data Protection Regulation is its recognition of a `` right to be forgotten '' , which requires any group that collects data on individuals to delete the data related to an individual upon that individual 's request . The Regulation was influenced by the aforementioned European Convention on Human Rights . Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) ( edit ) In 1980 , the OECD adopted the voluntary OECD Guidelines Governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data in response to growing concerns about information privacy and data protection in an increasingly technological and connected world . The OECD Guidelines helped establish an international standard for privacy legislation by defining the term `` personal data '' and outlining fair information practice principles ( FIPPs ) that other countries have adopted in their national privacy legislation . In 2007 , the OECD adopted the Recommendation on Cross-border Co-operation in the Enforcement of Laws Protecting Privacy . This framework is based on the OECD Guidelines and includes two cooperation based model forms to encourage the enforcement of privacy laws among member states . The Recommendation is also notable for coining the term `` Privacy Enforcement Authority . '' United Nations ( un ) ( edit ) Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of the United Nations of 1966 also protects privacy : `` No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy , family , home or correspondence , nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation . Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks . '' On 18 December 2013 , the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 68 / 167 on the right to privacy in the digital age . The resolution makes reference to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and reaffirms the fundamental and protected human right of privacy . Privacy laws by country ( edit ) For a comprehensive global summary of data privacy laws ( 2017 ) , click here to access Greenleaf 's article documenting the change of privacy regulations throughout the international landscape . Australia ( edit ) Main article : Privacy in Australian law The current state of privacy law in Australia includes Federal and state information privacy legislation , some sector - specific privacy legislation at state level , regulation of the media and some criminal sanctions . The current position concerning civil causes of action for invasion of privacy is unclear : some courts have indicated that a tort of invasion of privacy may exist in Australia . However this has not been upheld by the higher courts , which have been content to develop the equitable doctrine of Breach of Confidence to protect privacy , following the example set by the UK . In 2008 , the Australian Law Reform Commission recommended the enactment of a statutory cause of action for invasion of privacy . Bahamas ( edit ) The Bahamas has an official data protection law that protects the personal information of its citizens in both the private and public sector : Data Protection Act 2003 ( the Bahamas Law ) . The Bahamas Law appoints a data protection commissioner to the Office of Data Protection to ensure that data protection is being held . Even though there is legislation enforced in the Bahamas through the Data Protection Act 2003 , the act lacks many enforcements since a data protection officer does n't need to be in office nor does any group or organization need to notify the Office of Data Protection when a hacker has breached privacy law . Also , there are no requirements for registering databases or restricting data flow across national borders . Therefore , the legislation does not meet European Union standards , which was the goal of creating the law in the first place . The Bahamas is also a member of CARICOM , the Caribbean Community . Belize ( edit ) Belize is currently part of the minority of countries that do not have any official data privacy laws . However , the Freedom of Information Act ( 2000 ) currently protects the personal information of the citizens of Belize , but there is no current documentation that distinguishes if this act includes electronic data . As a consequence of the lack of official data privacy laws , there was a breach of personal data in 2009 when an employee 's laptop from Belize 's Vital Statistics Unit was stolen , containing birth certification information for all citizens residing in Belize . Even though the robbery was not intentionally targeting the laptop - the robber did not predict the severity of the theft - Belize was put in a vulnerable position which could have been avoided if regulations were in order . Brazil ( edit ) A Brazilian citizen 's privacy is protected by the country 's constitution , which states : The intimacy , private life , honor and image of the people are inviolable , with assured right to indenization by material or moral damage resulting from its violation Canada ( edit ) Main article : Canadian privacy law In Canada , the federal Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act ( PIPEDA ) governs the collection , use , and disclosure of personal information in connection with commercial activities and personal information about employees of federal works , undertakings and businesses . It generally does not apply to non-commercial organizations or provincial governments . Personal information collected , used and disclosed by the federal government and many crown corporations is governed by the Privacy Act . Many provinces have enacted similar provincial legislation such as the Ontario Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act which applies to public bodies in that province . There remains some debate whether there exists a common law tort for breach of privacy . There have been a number of cases identifying a common law right to privacy but the requirements have not been articulated . In Eastmond v. Canadian Pacific Railway & Privacy Commissioner of Canada Canada 's Supreme Court found that CP could collect Eastmond 's personal information without his knowledge or consent because it benefited from the exemption in paragraph 7 ( 1 ) ( b ) of PIPEDA , which provides that personal information can be collected without consent if `` it is reasonable to expect that the collection with the knowledge or consent of the individual would compromise the availability or the accuracy of the information and the collection is reasonable for purposes related to investigating a breach of an agreement '' . China ( edit ) Computer Processed Personal Information Protection Act was enacted in 1995 in order to protect personal information processed by computers . The general provision specified the purpose of the law , defined crucial terms , prohibited individuals from waiving certain rights . Fiji ( edit ) An archipelago located in the Pacific , the country of Fiji was founded on the tenth of October 1970 . In its constitution , the people inhabiting the land are granted the right to privacy . The exact workings from the constitution is the following : `` Every person has the right to personal privacy , which includes the right to -- ( a ) confidentiality of their personal information ; ( b ) confidentiality of their communications ; and ( c ) respect for their private and family life '' . But in this very same constitution , it is expressed that it is possible `` to the extent that it is necessary '' for a law to be passed that limits or impacts the execution of the right to privacy law . Another privacy related law can be seen in section 54 of the Telecommunications Promulgation passed in 2008 , which states that `` any service provider supplying telecommunications to consumers must keep information about consumers confidential '' . Billing information and call information are no exceptions . The only exception to this rule is for the purpose of bringing to light `` fraud or bad debt '' . Under this law , even with the consent of the customer , the disclosure of information is not permitted . Other Privacy laws that have been adopted by this country are those that are meant to protect the collected information , cookies and other privacy - related matter of tourist . This is in regards to ( but not limited to ) information collected during bookings , the use of one technology of another that belongs to said company or through the use of a service of the company , or when making payments . Additionally , as a member of the United Nations , the Fiji is bound by the universal declaration of Human Rights which states in article two `` No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy , family , home or correspondence , nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation . Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks '' . France ( edit ) France adopted a data privacy law in 1978 . It applies to public and private organizations and forbids gathering sensitive data about physical persons ( sexuality , ethnic , political or religious opinions ... ) . The law is administered by the Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés ( CNIL ) , a dedicated national administration . Germany ( edit ) Germany is known to be one of the first countries ( in 1970 ) with the strictest and most detailed data privacy laws in the world . The citizens ' right to protection is stated in the Constitution of Germany , in Art . 2 para. 1 , and Art . 1 para. 1 . The citizens ' data of Germany is mainly protected under the Federal Data Protection Act ( 1977 ) from corporations , which has been amended the most recently in 2009 . This act specifically targets all businesses that collect information for its use . The major regulation protects the data within the private and personal sector , and as a member of the European Union ( EU ) , Germany has additionally ratified its act , convention , and additional protocol with the EU according to the EU Data Protection Directive 95 / 46 EC . In Germany , there are two kinds of restrictions on a transfer of personal data . Since Germany is part of the EU Member States , the transfer of personal data of its citizens to a nation outside the EEA is always subject to a decent level of data protection in the offshore country . Secondly , according to German data policy rules , any transfer of personal data outside the EEA symbolizes a connection to a third party which requires a reason . That reason may be for emergency reasons and a provision must be met with consent by the receiver and the subject of the data . Keep in mind that in Germany , data transfers within a group of companies are subject to same treatment as transfer to third - parties if the location is outside the EEA . Specifically the Federal Data Protection Commission is in charge of regulating the entirety of the enforcement of data privacy regulations for Germany . In addition , Germany is part of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) . The Federal Data Protection Commission of Ireland is a member of the International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners , European Data Protection Authorities , the EU Article 29 Working Party , and the Global Privacy Enforcement Network . Regarding the protection of children , Germany is potentially the first nation that has played an active role in banning the share of data within toys connected to Wifi and the Internet , like for instance , `` My Friend Cayla '' . The group in charge of protecting the data of children is the Federal Network Agency ( the Bundessnetzagentur ) . Greece ( edit ) During the military dictatorship era the 57 AK law prohibited taking photos of people without their permission but the law has since been superseded . The 2472 / 1997 law protects personal data of citizens but consent for taking photos of people is not required as long as they are n't used commercially or are used only for personal archiving ( `` οικιακή χρήση '' / `` home use '' ) , for publication in editorial , educational , cultural , scientific or news publications , and for fine art purposes ( e.g. street photography which has been uphold as legal by the courts whether done by professional or amateur photographers ) . However , photographing people or collecting their personal data for commercial ( advertising ) purposes requires their consent . The law gives photographers the right to commercially use photos of people who have not consented to the use of the images in which they appear if the depicted people have either been paid for the photo session as models ( so there is no separation between editorial and commercial models in Greek law ) or they have paid the photographer for obtaining the photo ( this , for example , gives the right to wedding photographers to advertise their work using their photos of newly - wed couples they photographed in a professional capacity ) . In Greece the right to take photographs and publish them or sell licensing rights over them as fine art or editorial content is protected by the Constitution of Greece ( Article 14 and other articles ) and free speech laws as well as by case law and legal cases . Photographing the police or children and publishing the photographs in a non-commercial capacity is also legal . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , the law governing the protection of personal data is principally found in the Personal Data ( Privacy ) Ordinance ( Cap . 486 ) which came into force on 20 December 1996 . Various amendments were made to enhance the protection of personal data privacy of individuals through the Personal Data ( Privacy ) ( Amendment ) Ordinance 2012 . Examples of personal data protected include names , phone numbers , addresses , identity card numbers , photos , medical records and employment records . As Hong Kong remains a common law jurisdiction , judicial cases are also a source of privacy law . The power of enforcement is vested with the Privacy Commissioner ( the `` Commissioner '' ) for Personal Data . Non-compliance with data protection principles set out in the ordinances does not constitute a criminal offense directly . The Commissioner may serve an enforcement notice to direct the data user to remedy the contravention and / or instigate the prosecution action . Contravention of an enforcement notice may result in a fine and imprisonment . India ( edit ) The Right to Privacy is a fundamental right and an intrinsic part of Article 21 that protects life and liberty of the citizens and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution . In June 2011 , India passed a new privacy package that included various new rules that apply to companies and consumers . A key aspect of the new rules requires that any organization that processes personal information must obtain written consent from the data subjects before undertaking certain activities . Application of the rule is still uncertain . The Aadhar Card privacy issue become controversarial when the case reached Supreme Court . Previously , the Information Technology ( Amendment ) Act , 2008 made changes to the Information Technology Act , 2000 and added the following two sections relating to Privacy : Section 43A , which deals with implementation of reasonable security practices for sensitive personal data or information and provides for the compensation of the person affected by wrongful loss or wrongful gain . Section 72A , which provides for imprisonment for a period up to three years and / or a fine up to Rs. 500,000 for a person who causes wrongful loss or wrongful gain by disclosing personal information of another person while providing services under the terms of lawful contract . A constitutional bench of the Supreme Court declared ' Privacy ' as a fundamental right on August 24 , 2017 . Ireland ( edit ) The island of Ireland is under the Data Protection Act 1988 and amended by the Data Protection Act 2003 along with the EU Data Protection Directive 95 / 46 EC , which regulates the utilization of personal data . Data Protection Act 1988 along with 2003 is known as the DPA and protects data within the private and personal sector . The DPA ensures that when data is transported , the location must be safe and in acknowledgement of the legislation to maintain data privacy When collecting and processing data , some of the requirements are listed below : the subject of personal data must have given consent the data is in the subject 's interest the reason for the processing of data is for a contract the reason for the processing of data is the prevention of injury Specifically the Data Protection Commissioner oversees the entirety of the enforcement of data privacy regulations for Ireland . All persons that collect and process data must register with the Data Protection Commissioner unless they are exempt ( non-profit organizations etc . ) and renew their registration annually . Electronic Privacy Protection Considering the protection of internet property and online data , the ePrivacy Regulations 2011 protects the communications and higher - advanced technical property and data such as social media and the telephone . In relation to international data privacy law that Ireland is involved in , the British - Irish Agreement Act 1999 Section 51 extensively states the relationship between data security between the United Kingdom and Ireland . In addition , Ireland is part of the Council of Europe and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development . The Data Protection Commissioner of Ireland is a member of the International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners , European Data Protection Authorities , the EU Article 29 Working Party , Global Privacy Enforcement Network , and the British , Irish , and Islands Data Protection Authorities . Ireland is also the main international location for social media platforms , specifically LinkedIn and Twitter , for data collection and control for any data processed outside the United States . Jamaica ( edit ) The Jamaican constitution grants its people the right to `` respect for and protection of private and family life , and privacy of the home '' . Although the government grants its citizens the right to privacy , the protection of this right is not strong . But in regards to other privacy laws that has been adopted in the country of Jamaica , the closest one is the Private Security Regulation Authority Act . This act passed in the year 1992 , established the Private Security Regulation Authority . This organization is tasked with the responsibility of regulating the private security business and ensuring that everyone working as a private security guard is trained and certified . The goal of this is to ensure a safer home , community , and businesses . One of the reasons as to why this law was passed is that as trained workers , the guards could ensure maximum Customer service and also with the education they received they would be equipped how best to deal with certain situations as well as avoid actions can that could be considered violations , such as invasion of privacy . Additionally , as a member of the United Nations , the Jamaica is bound by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which states in article two `` No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy , family , home or correspondence , nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation . Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks '' . Japan ( edit ) The Act on the Protection of Personal Information was fully enacted in 2005 to protect the rights and interests of individuals while taking consideration of the usefulness of personal information . The law applies to business operators that hold the personal information of 5,000 or more individuals . Kenya ( edit ) Kenya at the moment does not have a strong general privacy protection law for its constituents . But in chapter 4 -- The Bill of Rights and in the second part which is titled `` Rights and Fundamental Freedoms , '' of the consitiution privacy is allocated its own section . There we see that the Kenyan government express that all its people have the right to privacy , `` ... which includes the right not to have -- ( a ) their person , home or property searched ; ( b ) their possessions seized ; ( c ) information relating to their family or private affairs unnecessarily required or revealed , or ( d ) the privacy of their communications infringed '' . Now with that said , though this country grants its people the right to privacy , there seems to be no document out there that protect these specific privacy laws privacy laws . Regarding privacy laws relating to data privacy , like many African countries as expressed by Alex Boniface Makulilo , Kenya 's privacy laws are far from the European ' adequacy ' standard `` . Kenya is making progress . As of today , the country does have laws that focus on specific sectors . The following are the sectors : communication and information . The law pertaining to this is called the Kenya Information and Communication Act . This Act makes it illegal for any licensed telecommunication operators to disclose or intercept information that is able to get access through the customer 's use of the service . This law also grants privacy protection in the course of making use of the service provided by said company . And if the information of the customer is going to be provided to any third party it is mandatory that the customer is made aware of such an exchange and that some form of agreement is reached , even if the person is a family member . This act also goes as far as protecting data for Kenyans especially for the use of fraud and other ill manners . Additionally , as a member of the United Nations , Kenya is bound by the universal declaration of Human Rights which states in article two `` No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy , family , home or correspondence , nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation . Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks '' . Malaysia ( edit ) After their independence from Great Britain in 1957 , Malaysia 's existing legal system was based primarily on English common law . The following common law torts are related to personal information privacy and continue to play a role in Malaysia 's legal system : breach of confidence , defamation , malicious falsehood , and negligence . In recent years , however , the Court of Appeal in Malaysia has referred less to English common law and instead looked more toward other nations with similar colonial histories and whose written constitutions are more like the Malaysian Constitution . Unlike the courts in these other nations , such as India 's Supreme Court , the Malaysian Court of Appeal has not yet recognized a constitutionally protected right to privacy . In June 2010 , the Malaysian Parliament passed the Personal Data Protection Act 2010 , and it came into effect in 2013 . It outlines seven Personal Data Protection Principles that entities operating in Malaysia must adhere to : the General Principle , the Notice and Choice Principle , the Disclosure Principle , the Security Principle , the Retention Principle , the Data Integrity Principle , and the Access Principle . The Act defines personal data as `` ' information in respect of commercial transactions that relates directly or indirectly to the data subject , who is identified or identifiable from that information or from that and other information . '' A notable contribution to general privacy law is the Act 's distinction between personal data and sensitive personal data , which entails different protections . Personal data includes `` information in respect of commercial transactions ... that relates directly or indirectly to a data subject '' while sensitive personal data includes any `` personal data consisting of information as to the physical or mental health or condition of a data subject , his political opinions , his religious beliefs or other beliefs of a similar nature . '' Although the Act does not apply to information processed outside the country , it does restrict cross-border transfers of data from Malaysia outwards . Additionally , the Act offers individuals the `` right to access and correct the personal data held by data users '' , `` the right to withdraw consent to the processing of personal data '' , and `` the right to prevent data users from processing personal data for the purpose of direct marketing . '' Punishment for violating the Personal Data Protection Act can include fines or even imprisonment . Other common law and business sector - specific laws that exist in Malaysia to indirectly protect confidential information include : Official Secrets Act 1972 Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 Financial Services Act 2013 Islamic Financial Services Act 2013 Labuan Financial Services and Securities Act 2010 Labuan Islamic Financial Services and Securities Act 2010 Common law duty of bank confidentiality Mexico ( edit ) On 5 July 2010 , Mexico enacted a new privacy package focused on treatment of personal data by private entities . The key elements included were : Requirement of all private entities who gather personal data to publish their privacy policy in accordance to the law . Set fines for up to $16,000,000 MXN in case of violation of the law . Set prison penalties to serious violations . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , the Privacy Act 1993 sets out principles in relation to the collection , use , disclosure , security and access to personal information . The introduction into the New Zealand common law of a tort covering invasion of personal privacy at least by public disclosure of private facts was at issue in Hosking v Runting and was accepted by the Court of Appeal . In Rogers v TVNZ Ltd the Supreme Court indicated it had some misgivings with how the tort was introduced , but chose not to interfere with it at that stage . Complaints about privacy are considered by the Privacy Commissioner Nigeria ( edit ) Federal Republic of Nigeria 's constitution offers its constituents the right to privacy as well as privacy protection . The following can be found in the constitution pertaining to this : `` The privacy of citizens , their homes , correspondence , telephone conversations and telegraphic communications is hereby guaranteed and protected '' . Additionally , as a member of the United Nations , Nigeria is bound by the universal declaration of Human Rights which states in article twelve `` No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy , family , home or correspondence , nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation . Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks '' . Nigeria is one of the few African countries that is building on the privacy laws . This is evident in the fact that Nine years later in the year 2008 , the Cybersecurity and Information Protection Agency Bill was passed . This bill is responsible for the creation of the Cybersecurity and Information Protection Agency . This agency is tasked with the job of preventing cyberattacks and regulating the Nigerian information technology industry . Additional laws have been passed that are meant to prevent the disclosure of information without permission and the intercepting of some form of transaction with or without evil intent . Philippines ( edit ) In Article III , Section 3 , paragraph 1 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines lets its audience know that `` The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court , or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law '' . Not only does this country grant the Filipinos the right to privacy , but it also protects its people 's right to privacy by attaching consequences to the violation of it thereof . In the year 2012 , the Philippines passed the Republic Act No. 10173 ( Data Privacy Act of 2012 ) . This act extended privacy regulations and laws to apply to more than just individual industries . This act also offered protection of data belonging to the people regardless of where it is stored , be it in private spheres or not . In that very same year , the cybercrime prevention law was passed . This law was `` intended to protect and safeguard the integrity of computer and communications systems '' and prevent them from being misused . Not only does the Philippines have these laws , but it has also set aside agents that are tasked with regulating these privacy rules and due ensure the punishment of the violators . Additionally , with the constitution , previous laws that have been passed but that are in violation of the laws above have been said to be void and nullified . Another way this country has shown their dedication in executing this law is extending it to the government sphere as well . Additionally , as a member of the United Nations , the Philippines is bound by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which states in article two `` No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy , family , home or correspondence , nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation . Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks '' . Russia ( edit ) Main article : Data protection ( privacy ) laws in Russia Applicable legislation : Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data , signed and ratified by the Russian Federation on December 19.2005 ; the Law of the Russian Federation `` On Personal Data '' as of 27 July 2006 No. 152 - FZ , regulating the processing of personal data by means of automation equipment . It is the operator who is required to comply with that Act . As a general rule , consent of the individual is required for processing , i.e. obtaining , organizing , accumulating , holding , adjusting ( updating , modifying ) , using , disclosing ( including transfer ) , impersonating , blocking or destroying of his personal data . This rule does n't apply where such processing is necessary for performance of the contract , to which an individual is a party . Data protection principles and legislation in the Russian Federation ( in English ) On - line database of the Russian laws ( in Russian ) Federal Service on supervising in the sphere of communications , information technology and mass media ( in Russian ) Singapore ( edit ) Singapore , like other Commonwealth jurisdictions , relies primarily on common law , and the law of confidence is employed for privacy protection cases . For example , privacy can be protected indirectly through various common law torts : defamation , trespass , nuisance , negligence , and breach of confidence . In February 2002 , however , the Singaporean government decided that the common law approach was inadequate for their emerging globalized technological economy . Thus , the National Internet Advisory Committee published the Model Data Protection Code for the Private Sector , which set standards for personal data protection and was influenced by the EU Data Protection Directive and the OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy . In the private sector , businesses can still choose to adopt the Model Code , but in 2005 Parliament decided that Singapore needed a more comprehensive legislative privacy framework . In January 2013 , Singapore 's Personal Data Protection Act 2012 came into effect in three separate but related phases . The phases continued through July 2014 and dealt with the creation of the Personal Data Protection Commission , the national Do Not Call Registry , and general data protection Rules . The Act 's general purpose `` is to govern the collection , use and disclosure of personal data by organisations '' while acknowledging the individual 's right to control their personal data and the organizations ' legal needs to collect this data . It imposes eight obligations on those organizations that use personal data : consent , purpose limitation , notification , access , correction , accuracy , protection / security , and retention . The Act prohibits transfer of personal data to countries with privacy protection standards that are lower than those outlined in the general data protection rules . The Personal Data Protection Commission is responsible for enforcing the Act , which is based primarily on a complaints - based system . The punishments for violating the Act can include being ordered by the Commission to stop collecting and using personal data , to destroy the data , or to pay a penalty of up to $1 million . Singapore has also passed various sector - specific statutes that more indirectly deal with privacy and personal information , including : Banking Act Statistics Act Official Secrets Act Statutory Bodies and Government Companies Act Central Provident Fund Act Telecommunications Act There are also more specific acts for electronically stored information : Spam Control Act 2007 Electronic Transactions Act National Computer Board Act Computer Misuse Act South Africa ( edit ) The Constitution of South Africa guarantees the most general right to privacy for all its citizens . This provides the main protection for personal data privacy so far . The Protection of Personal Act 2013 ( POPI ) was signed into act , focusing on data privacy and is inspired by other foreign national treaties like the United Kingdom . Minimum requirements are presented in POPI for the act of processing personal data , like the fact that the data subject must provide consent and that the data will be beneficial , and POPI will be harsher when related to cross-border international data transfers , specifically with personal information . However , POPI wo n't be in full effective until an estimated date of 2018 as it is still being deliberated by the National Council of Provinces . The recording of conversations over phone and internet is not allowed without the permission of both parties with the Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communications Related Act ( 2002 ) . In addition , South Africa is part of the Southern African Development Community and the African Union . Sweden ( edit ) See also : Internet privacy § Internet privacy in Sweden The Data Act is the world 's first national data protection law and was enacted in Sweden on 11 May 1973 . The law was then superseded on 24 October 1998 by the Personal Data Act ( Sw . Personuppgiftslagen ) that implemented the 1995 EU Data Protection Directive . Switzerland ( edit ) The main legislation over personal data privacy for the personal and private sector in Switzerland is the Swiss Federal Protection Act , specifically the Data Protection Act , a specific section under the Swiss Federal Protection Act . The Data Protection Act has been enacted since 1992 and is in charge of measuring the consent of sharing of personal data , along with other legislation like the Telecommunication Act and the Unfair Competition Act . The Act generally guides on how to collect , process , store , data , use , disclose , and destruct data . The Data Inspection Board is in charge of overseeing data breaches and privacy enforcement . Personal data must be protected against illegal use by `` being processed in good faith and must be proportionate '' . Also , the reason for the transfer of personal data must be known by the time of data transfer . Data not associated with people ( not personal data ) is not protected by the Data Protection Act . In the case of data transfer to unsafe data protection countries , these are the major regulations required by the Data Protection Act : Need of direct channels for data transfer Individual case must have consent from receivers of data Disclosure is accessible to public Switzerland is a white - listed country , meaning that it is a nation that has proper levels of data protection under the surveillance by the European Commission ( EU Commission ) . Switzerland is not under the EU Data Protection Directive 95 / 46 EC . However , the data protection regulations are sufficient enough under European Union ( EU ) regulations without being a member of the EU . In addition , Switzerland is part of the Council of Europe and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development . The Data Inspection Board of Switzerland is a member of the International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners , European Data Protection Authorities , the EU Article 29 Working Party , and the Nordic Data Protection Authorities . Republic of China ( edit ) The right to privacy is not explicitly mentioned in the Republic of China Constitution , but it can be protected indirectly through judicial interpretation . For example , article 12 of the Constitution states `` the people shall have freedom of confidentiality of correspondence '' while article 10 states `` the people shall have freedom of residence and of change of residence . '' Along with several other articles that assert the Constitution 's protection of freedoms and rights of the people , the Grand Justices are able to decide how privacy protection fits into the legal system . The Justices first made reference to privacy being a protected right in the 1992 `` Interpretation of Council of Grand Justices No. 293 on Disputes Concerning Debtors ' Rights , '' but it was not directly or explicitly declared to be a right . In 1995 , Taiwan passed the Computer - Processed Personal Data Protection Act which was influenced by the OECD Guidelines and enforced by each separate Ministry depending on their industry sector responsibility . It only protected personal information managed by government agencies and certain industries . In 2010 , Taiwan enacted the Personal Data Protection Act that laid out more comprehensive guidelines for the public and private sectors and was still enforced by individual Ministries . In the 2010 Act , personal data is protected and defined as any `` data which is sufficient to , directly or indirectly , identify that person '' , and includes data such as name , date of birth , fingerprints , occupation , medical records , and financial status , among many others . A few other administrative laws also deal with communication - specific personal privacy protection : Telecommunications Act Communications Protection and Surveillance Act Additionally , chapter 28 of the Criminal Code outlines punishments for privacy violations in article 315 , sections 315 - 1 and 315 - 2 . The sections primarily address issues of search and seizure and criminal punishment for wrongful invasion of privacy . Finally , articles 18 ( I ) , 184 ( I ) , and 195 ( I ) of the Taiwanese Civil Code address the `` personality right '' to privacy and the right to compensation when one injures the `` rights '' of another , such as when someone uses another 's name illegally . Thailand ( edit ) Thailand 's unique history of being an authoritarian buffer state during the Cold War and being under the constant threat of a coup d'état means that privacy laws have so far been limited in order to preserve national security and public safety . Thailand uses bureaucratic surveillance to maintain national security and public safety , which explains the 1991 Civil Registration Act that was passed to protect personal data in computerized record - keeping and data - processing done by the government . The legislature passed the Official Information Act 1997 to provide basic data protection by limiting personal data collection and retention in the public sector . It defines personal information in a national context in relation to state agencies . Two communication technology related laws , the Electronic Transactions Act 2001 and the Computer Crime Act 2007 , provide some data privacy protection and enforcement mechanisms . Nevertheless , Thailand still lacks legislation that explicitly addresses privacy security . Thus , with the need for a more general and all - encompassing data protection law , the legislature proposed the Personal Data Protection Bill in 2013 , which is heavily influenced by the OECD Guidelines and the EU Directive . The draft law is still under evaluation and its enactment date is not yet finalized . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Privacy in English law As a member of the European Convention on Human Rights , the United Kingdom adheres to Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights , which guarantees a `` right to respect for privacy and family life '' from state parties , subject to restrictions as prescribed by law and necessary in a democratic society towards a legitimate aim . However , there is no independent tort law doctrine which recognises a right to privacy . This has been confirmed on a number of occasions . Kaye v Robertson Wainwright v Home Office United states ( edit ) Main article : Privacy laws of the United States The right to privacy is not explicitly stated anywhere in the Bill of Rights . The idea of a right to privacy was first addressed within a legal context in the United States . Louis Brandeis ( later a Supreme Court justice ) and another young lawyer , Samuel D. Warren , published an article called `` The Right to Privacy '' in the Harvard Law Review in 1890 arguing that the United States Constitution and common law allowed for the deduction of a general `` right to privacy '' . Their project was never entirely successful , and the renowned tort expert and Dean of the College of Law at University of California , Berkeley , William Lloyd Prosser argued that `` privacy '' was composed of four separate torts , the only unifying element of which was a ( vague ) `` right to be left alone '' . The four torts were : Appropriating the plaintiff 's identity for the defendant 's benefit Placing the plaintiff in a false light in the public eye Publicly disclosing private facts about the plaintiff Unreasonably intruding upon the seclusion or solitude of the plaintiff One of the central privacy policies concerning minors is the Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act ( COPPA ) , which requires children under the age of thirteen to gain parental consent before putting any personal information online . For additional information on Privacy laws in the United States , see : Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA ) Financial Services Modernization Act ( GLB ) , 15 U.S. Code § § 6801 -- 6810 Final Rule on Privacy of Consumer Financial Information , 16 Code of Federal Regulations , Part 313 Fair Credit Reporting Act ( FCRA ) , 15 U.S. Code § § 1681 - 1681u Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ( FDCPA ) , 15 U.S.C. § § 1692 - 1692 Driver 's Privacy Protection Act ( DPPA ) , 18 U.S.C. § § 2721 -- 2725 Clinger - Cohen Act of 1996 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 E-Government Act of 2002 Uzbekistan ( edit ) Though the right to privacy exists in several regulations , the most effective privacy protections come in the form of constitutional articles of Uzbekistan . Varying aspects of the right to privacy are protected in different ways by different situations . Vietnam ( edit ) Vietnam , lacking a general data protection law , relies on Civil Code regulations relating to personal data protection . Specifically , the Code `` protects information relating to the private life of a person . '' The 2006 Law on Information Technology protects personal information , such as name , profession , phone number , and email address , and declares that organizations may only use this information for a `` proper purpose '' . The legislation , however , does not define what qualifies as proper . The 2005 Law on Electronic Transactions protects personal information during electronic transactions by prohibiting organizations and individuals from disclosing `` part or all of information related to private and personal affairs ... without prior agreement . '' The 2010 Law on Protection of Consumers ' Rights provides further protection for consumer information , but it does not define the scope of that information or create a data protection authority ; additionally , it is only applicable in the private sector . In 2015 , the Vietnam legislature introduced the Law on Information Security , which ensures better information safety and protection online and in user 's computer software . It took effect on 1 July 2016 and is Vietnam 's first overarching data protection legislation . Countries without official data privacy laws ( edit ) Source Afghanistan Algeria Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belize Bolivia Botswana Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Central African Republic Comoros Cuba Djibouti Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Fiji Gambia Guatemala Guinea Haiti Iran Iraq Jordan Kiribati Kuwait Lebanon Liberia Libya Malawi Maldives Mongolia Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Rwanda Samoa Saudi Arabia Sierra Leone Somalia Sri Lanka Sudan Syria Tajikistan Timor - Leste Togo Tonga Turkmenistan Tuvalu United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican ( Holy See ) Venezuela Zambia See also ( edit ) Data Protection Act 1998 ( United Kingdom ) Data Protection Directive ( European Union ) Data protection and privacy laws ( Russia ) Electronic Communications Privacy Act ( United States ) General Data Protection Regulation ( European Union ) Global Privacy Enforcement Network Information Privacy Information Privacy Law Personality rights Privacy Act of 1974 ( United States ) Privacy Act 1988 ( Australian ) Right to be forgotten References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Greenleaf , Graham ( 2009 ) . `` Five years of the APEC Privacy Framework : Failure or promise ? '' . Computer Law & Security Report . 25 . SSRN 2022907 . ^ Jump up to : Marvin , Lynn M. ; et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Conducting U.S. Discovery in Asia : An Overview of E-Discovery and Asian Data Privacy Laws '' . Richmond Journal of Law & Technology . 21 -- via HeinOnline . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Reidenberg , Joel R. ( 2000 ) . `` Resolving Conflicting International Data Privacy Rules in Cyberspace '' . Stanford Law Review . 52 . JSTOR 1229516 . ^ Jump up to : Bhasin , Madan Lal ( 2016 ) . `` Challenge of guarding online privacy : role of privacy seals , government regulations and technological solutions '' . Socio - Economic Problems & the State . 15 -- via EBSCO . ^ Jump up to : Victor , Jacob M. ( November 2013 ) . `` The EU General Data Protection Regulation : Toward a Property Regime for Protecting Data Privacy '' ( PDF ) . The Yale Law Journal . 123 . ^ Jump up to : Tene , Omar ( 2013 ) . `` Privacy Law 's Midlife Crisis : A Critical Assessment of the Second Wave of Global Privacy Laws '' . Ohio State Law Journal . 74 -- via HeinOnline . Jump up ^ `` OECD Recommendation on Cross-border Co-operation in the Enforcement of Laws Protecting Privacy - OECD '' . www.oecd.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Greenleaf , Graham ( 2012 ) . `` Independence of data privacy authorities ( Part 1 ) : International standards '' . Computer Law & Security Review . 28 -- via ScienceDirect . Jump up ^ `` III. V. 7 UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 68 / 167 ( ON THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN THE DIGITAL AGE ) '' . International Law & World Order : Weston 's & Carlson 's Basic Documents . doi : 10.1163 / 2211 - 4394_rwilwo_com_033375 . Jump up ^ Grosse v Purvis ( 2003 ) QDC 151 , District Court ( Qld , Australia ) . ^ Jump up to : Giller v Procopets ( 2008 ) VSCA 236 ( 10 December 2008 ) , Court of Appeal ( Vic , Australia ) . Jump up ^ Jane Doe v. Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( 2007 ) VCC 281 , County Court of Victoria ) ) Jump up ^ `` Invasion of privacy : penalties and remedies : review of the law of privacy : stage 3 '' ( 2009 ) ( Issues paper 14 ) , New Zealand Law Commission , ISBN 978 - 1 - 877316 - 67 - 8 , 2009 NZIP 14 accessed 27 August 2011 ^ Jump up to : Western Hemisphere Data Protection Laws. 2012 . U.S. Department of Commerce . http://web.ita.doc.gov/ITI/itiHome.nsf/9b2cb14bda00318585256cc40068ca69/a54f62c93fd1572985257623006e32d5/$FILE/Western%20Hemisphere%20Data%20Protection%20Laws%205-12%20final.pdf Jump up ^ Bahamas Law . http : / / laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/ 2003 / 2003 - 0003 / DataProtectionPrivacyofPersonalInformationAct_1. pdf ^ Jump up to : Greenleaf , Graham . 2015 . `` Global Data Privacy Laws 2015 : 109 Countries , with European Laws Now a Minority '' . Privacy Laws & Business International Report 21 . Jump up ^ Constituição da república federativa do Brasil de 1988 Jump up ^ See for example , Somwar v. McDonald 's Restaurants of Canada Ltd , ( 2006 ) O.J. No. 64 for a discussion on this ^ Jump up to : Eastmond v. Canadian western Railway & Privacy Commissioner of Canada , 11 June 2004 ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution of the Republic of Fiji . '' The Fijian Government -- Department of Information . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 February 2016 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Telecommunications Promulgation 2008 '' Telecommunications Authority of Fiji . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . http://www.taf.org.fj/Footer/Telecommunications-Promulgation-2008.aspx Jump up ^ `` Data protection in the Pacific : what are your obligations ? '' Lexology . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=ca9980ac-a7ca-4f97-8859-71bd23f05a92 ^ Jump up to : `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights . '' The United Nations . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ Jump up ^ `` Online Privacy Law : France Law Library of Congress '' . www.loc.gov . Atwill , Nicole . 2016 - 06 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Tschentscher , Axel , The Basic Law ( Grundgesetz ) 2016 : The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany ( 23 May 1949 ) -- Introduction and Translation ( Fourth Edition ) ( 6 July 2016 ) . SSRN 1501131 Jump up ^ Holloway , Donell ( 16 August 2016 ) . `` The Internet of Toys '' . Communication Research and Practice. 2 . Jump up ^ Article 14 of the Constitution of Hellas Jump up ^ Hong Kong Ordinances -- Personal Data ( Privacy ) Ordinance ( Cap. 486 ) Jump up ^ Hong Kong Government Gazette Ord No. 18 of 2012 Jump up ^ Hong Kong Department of Justice -- Legal System in Hong Kong Jump up ^ The Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data Official Website Jump up ^ Regulation of the Cloud in India , Ryan , Falvey & Merchant , Journal of Internet Law , Vol 15 , No. 4 ( October 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Aadhaar Card Privacy issue Jump up ^ `` Information Technology ( Amendment ) Act , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice , Government of India . Retrieved 3 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 72 A : Punishment for Disclosure of information in breach of lawful contract '' . Section 72 A : Punishment for Disclosure of information in breach of lawful contract . Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/right-to-privacy-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-aadhaar-judgment-4810934/ ^ Jump up to : Kuner , Christopher . 2007 . European Data Protection Law : Corporate Compliance and Regulation . Oxford , United Kingdom : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ `` Privacy Policy '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Privacy Policy '' . LinkedIn . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica ( Constitution ) Order in Council , 1962 '' Jamaica Ministry of Justice . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . http://moj.gov.jm/sites/default/files/laws/Ja%20(Constitution)%20Order%20in%20Council%201962.pdf Jump up ^ `` The Private Security Regulation Authority Act . '' The United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Mercenaries/WG/Law/Jamaica.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` The Private Security Regulation Authority . '' P.S.R.A. Retrieved 1 May 2017 . http://www.psra.gov.jm/ Jump up ^ Laws of Kenya . `` The Constitution of Kenya '' . Kenya Embassy . Retrieved 13 April 2017 https://www.kenyaembassy.com/pdfs/the%20constitution%20of%20kenya.pdf Jump up ^ Alex Boniface Makulilo ; Data Protection Regimes in Africa : too far from the European ' adequacy ' standard ? International Data Privacy Law 2013 ; 3 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 50 . doi : 10.1093 / idpl / ips031 ^ Jump up to : Anon. 2017 . `` Global Data Privacy '' . Nortonrosefulbright . Retrieved 27 March 2017 ( http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/files/global-data-privacy-directory-52687.pdf ) ^ Jump up to : Anon. 2017 . `` Global Data Privacy '' . Nortonrosefulbright . Retrieved 27 March 2017 ( http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/files/global-data-privacy-directory-52687.pdf ) . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Mathews ( 2004 ) . `` Is Malaysia 's MyKad the `` one card to rule them all '' ? The urgent need to develop a proper legal framework for the protection of personal information in Malaysia `` . Melbourne University Law Review : 1 -- 38 . SSRN 2065036 . ^ Jump up to : Anon. 2017 . `` Global Data Privacy Directory '' . Norton Rose Fulbright . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/files/global-data-privacy-directory-52687.pdf ^ Jump up to : Chik , Warren B. ( 2013 ) . `` The Singapore Personal Data Protection Act and an assessment of future trends in data privacy reform '' . Computer Law & Security Review . 29 : 554 -- 575 -- via Elsevier ScienceDirect . Jump up ^ Parliament of Malaysia ( June 2010 ) . `` Laws of Malaysia - Act 709 Personal Data Protection Act 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 . '' Nigeria - Law . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm Jump up ^ `` Article III , Bill of Rights . The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines . '' http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii// Jump up ^ `` Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . '' http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2012/08/15/republic-act-no-10173/ ^ Jump up to : Chesterman , Simon ( 2012 ) . `` After Privacy : the Rise of Facebook , the Fall of Wikileaks , and Singapore 's Personal Data Protection Act 2012 '' . Singapore Journal of Legal Studies : 391 -- 415 . SSRN 2255274 . Jump up ^ Chandran , Ravi ( 2000 ) . `` Privacy in Employment '' . Singapore Journal of Legal Studies . 2000 : 263 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Öman , Sören . `` Implementing Data Protection in Law '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Colin J. Regulating Privacy : Data Protection and Public Policy in Europe and the United States . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0801480108 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Online Privacy Law : Sweden '' . www.loc.gov . Law Library of Congress . 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Law in Sweden -- DLA Piper Global Data Protection Laws of the World '' . www.dlapiperdataprotection.com . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Data Act ( 1998 : 204 ) ; '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Personal Data Act -- Datainspektionen '' . www.datainspektionen.se ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Castro , Catarina . Employment Privacy Law in the European Union : Surveillance and Monitoring . Intersentia nv . ISBN 9789050952392 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenleaf , Graham . 2015 . `` Global Data Privacy Laws 2015 : 109 Countries , with European Laws Now a Minority '' . Privacy Laws & Business International Report . ^ Jump up to : Peng , Shin - Yi ( 2003 ) . `` Privacy and the Construction of Legal Meaning in Taiwan '' . The International Lawyer. 37 : 1037 -- 1054 . JSTOR 40707869 . ^ Jump up to : Greenleaf , Graham ( 2012 ) . `` Independence of data privacy authorities ( Part 2 ) : Asia - Pacific experience '' . Computer Law & Security Review . 28 : 121 -- 129 . SSRN 1971627 . ^ Jump up to : Ramasoota , Pirongrong ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Online Privacy in Thailand : Public and Strategic Awareness '' . Journal of Law , Information & Science . 23 : 97 -- 136 -- via HeinOnline . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Warren and Brandeis ( 15 December 1890 ) . `` The Right to Privacy '' . Harvard Law Review . IV ( 5 ) : 193 . doi : 10.2307 / 1321160 . Jump up ^ William Lloyd Prosser , `` Privacy '' ( 1960 ) 48 California Law Review , 383 Jump up ^ BOYD , danah et al. Why parents help their children lie to Facebook about age : Unintended consequences of the ' Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act ' . First Monday , ( S.l. ) , oct. 2011 . ISSN 1396 - 0466 . doi : 10.5210 / fm. v16i11. 3850 . Date accessed : 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Office for Civil Rights , United States Department of Health and Human Services , `` Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act '' . Jump up ^ The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . ( 2005 ) . `` Legislature XI , Session 8 : Law on E-Transactions . '' https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/vnm_e/WTACCVNM43_LEG_5.pdf Jump up ^ Treutler , Thomas J. ; et al. ( March 2016 ) . `` Legal Update : New Regulations in the ICT Sector in Vietnam '' ( PDF ) . Tilleke & Gibbins . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) External links ( edit ) 2014 International Compendium of Data Privacy Laws , provided by BakerHostetler Handbook on European data protection law hide Privacy Principles Expectation of privacy Right to privacy Privacy laws Australia Canada Denmark England European Union ( former directive ) Germany Ghana New Zealand Singapore Switzerland USA Data protection authorities Australia Denmark European Union ( working group ) France Germany Ireland Isle of Man Norway Philippines Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Areas Consumer Medical Workplace Information privacy Law Financial Internet Political Personally identifiable information ( Personal identifiers ) Privacy - enhancing technologies Social networking services Privacy engineering Advocacy organizations American Civil Liberties Union Center for Democracy and Technology Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility Future of Privacy Forum Electronic Privacy Information Center Electronic Frontier Foundation European Digital Rights Global Network Initiative noyb.eu Privacy International Privacy Rights Clearinghouse See also Anonymity Cellphone surveillance Cyberstalking Data security Privacy engineering Human rights Identity theft Panopticon Personality rights Search warrant Surveillance en masse state global Law portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Privacy_law&oldid=847739814 '' Categories : Data laws Privacy law Privacy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch فارسی 한국어 Қазақша Latviešu मराठी Norsk Polski Русский 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 13 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who introduced laws regarding protection of private property | [] | [] |
-1843014027864900004 | Monday Night Football | Monday Night Football - Wikipedia Monday Night Football Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Monday Night Football ( disambiguation ) . `` NFL on ESPN '' redirects here . For the program aired between 1987 and 2005 , see ESPN Sunday Night Football . ESPN Monday Night Football Genre NFL game telecasts Created by Roone Arledge Directed by Chet Forte ( 1970 -- 1986 ) Larry Kamm ( 1987 ) Craig Janoff ( 1988 -- 1999 ) Drew Esocoff ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Chip Dean ( 2006 -- present ) Presented by Commentators : Sean McDonough Jon Gruden Lisa Salters Studio hosts : Suzy Kolber Steve Young Randy Moss Matt Hasselbeck Charles Woodson Opening theme `` Score '' by Bob 's Band ( 1970 -- 1975 ) `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' by Hank Williams , Jr. ( 1989 -- 2011 ; 2017 -- present ) `` Heavy Action '' by Johnny Pearson ( 1976 -- 1989 ; 2011 -- 2016 ) ( used as secondary theme from 1989 to 2011 and again from 2017 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 47 ( NFL seasons ) No. of episodes 718 ( games ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Norby Williamson ( 2006 -- present ) Producer ( s ) Roger Lewin Jay Rothman Suzy Kolber ( uncredited ; 2006 -- present ) Location ( s ) Various NFL stadiums ( game telecasts ) ESPN Center , Bristol , Connecticut ( studio segments ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 3 - 4 hours Production company ( s ) National Football League ABC Sports ( 1970 -- 2005 ) ESPN ( 2006 -- present ) Release Original network ABC ( 1970 -- 2005 ) ESPN ( 2006 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1970 -- 2010 ) , 480i ( 16 : 9 SDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) , 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) Original release September 21 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 21 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Monday Night Countdown External links Website espn.go.com/nfl/mnf ESPN Monday Night Football ( abbreviated as MNF and also known as ESPN Monday Night Football on ABC for rare live special broadcast ) is a live television broadcast of weekly National Football League ( NFL ) games on ESPN in the United States . From 1970 to 2005 , it aired on sister broadcast network ABC . Monday Night Football was , along with Hallmark Hall of Fame and the Walt Disney anthology television series , one of the longest - running prime time programs ever on commercial network television , and one of the highest - rated , particularly among male viewers . MNF is preceded on air by Monday Night Countdown served by Chili 's . Monday Night Football is also broadcast in Canada on TSN and RDS , and in most of Europe . On September 7 , 2013 , the NFL announced that British Eurosport would show Monday Night Football games live in the United Kingdom for the 2013 and 2014 seasons . The telecasts are also seen in most of Australia on ESPN Australia , in Portugal on SportTV 3 and SportTV HD and on TV 2 Sport in Denmark , and in some other regions of the world outside the U.S. on ESPN International . A Spanish - language version airs on ESPN Deportes in the U.S. and on ESPN International in Latin America , while a Portuguese version airs on ESPN Brasil . Per an NFL broadcasting policy intended to allow those who do not subscribe to cable or satellite television to see games televised by a pay television network , the games are also made available on over-the - air television stations in each participating team 's local market . On September 8 , 2011 , the first day of the 2011 regular season , ESPN extended its contract for Monday Night Football for eight additional seasons , giving it rights to the broadcasts until 2021 . The new deal , valued between $14.2 billion and $15.2 billion , also gives ESPN rights to expanded highlights , international and streaming rights , and possibly a wild - card playoff game . Cable television providers condemned the new contract , noting that ESPN has the highest retransmission consent fees of any national cable television channel , nearly seven times higher than the nearest competitor ( TNT ) , and raises fees on an annual basis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Scheduling problems 1.2 Franchises with the most appearances 2 As entertainment 2.1 2000s 2.1. 1 2006 summary 2.1. 2 2007 summary 2.1. 3 2008 summary 2.1. 4 2009 summary 2.2 2010s 2.2. 1 2010 summary 2.2. 2 2011 summary 2.2. 3 2012 summary 2.2. 4 2013 -- 14 summary 2.2. 5 2015 summary 2.2. 6 2016 summary 2.2. 7 2017 summary 3 Theme music 4 Digital on - screen graphics 4.1 1997 -- 2005 4.2 2006 -- present 5 Scoring records 6 Scheduling on local stations 7 Commentators 8 Foreign - language versions 8.1 Spanish version 8.2 Portuguese version 9 Radio broadcasts 10 Nielsen ratings 11 Additional NFL game rights 11.1 Playoff games 11.2 Pro Bowl 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Overview ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2010 ) See also : History of Monday Night Football After 45 seasons , there now have been a total of 730 games televised by the Monday Night Football franchise . Scheduling problems ( edit ) To avoid any scheduling unfairness where , just before the first playoff game , a team may have five days off and others six , there is no Monday night game during the final week of the regular season . From 2003 to 2005 , one game was played on Thursday and another Monday under the Monday Night Football banner . Starting in 2006 , when the series moved to cable , two games are played on the opening Monday night to capitalize on fan interest during `` NFL Kickoff Weekend '' . Monday night games early in the season are often highly anticipated since records are new , teams usually are showcasing fresh talent and potential , and storylines coming into the season are often played out as fans try to see if these hyped teams are up to form . Since no one knows during the first month of the season if a team is indeed good , or will rebound from a difficult start , interest is usually high for the first few weeks of the MNF season . Since the MNF schedule is set in April and can not be changed , the league and network can not guarantee a late season matchup will have any significance or be highly anticipated . Teams thought to be good during the off - season could be out of playoff contention by the middle of the season ; a prime example occurred in 1999 , when the San Francisco 49ers and Atlanta Falcons both entered the season 's final MNF game with 4 -- 11 records . It had seemed like a good pre-season matchup since the Falcons had played in the previous season 's Super Bowl and the 49ers coming into the 1999 season had posted 16 consecutive 10 - win seasons . It is also possible for a team like the 1999 St. Louis Rams not to be scheduled for a Monday night game because of its dismal record the year before , and many other NFL teams ( such as the 2004 San Diego Chargers , with zero primetime games ) have had huge unforeseen turnarounds that result in lack of MNF attention ( these teams generally receive multiple MNF spots the year after their breakout success , which is great for viewers if those teams continue to play well , and not so great if they return to mediocrity or worse ) . However , the forecasting abilities of the NFL 's scheduling officials have exhibited uncanny proficiency . Many MNF games occurring later in the season feature at least one team that is either headed to the playoffs or must win the MNF game to clinch a playoff spot . The problem of having a national spotlight game which during the season 's most critical weeks late in the year probably would not show the most important game of the week was long known by the league and network . As a result of this , the NFL wished to move the `` Game of the Week '' idea to Sunday nights as to make flex scheduling possible . This was a move which would ultimately mean the end of Monday Night Football on ABC ( cable games are protected from the NFL 's flexible scheduling rule adopted for the 2006 -- 07 season ; the new rule applies only to CBS , Fox , and NBC 's Sunday night games ) . The league currently has no interest in expanding flexible scheduling to include Monday Night Football , citing the logistical issues of moving games back and forth between Sundays and Mondays . Franchises with the most appearances ( edit ) The franchise with the most Monday night appearances is the Miami Dolphins . The San Francisco 49ers won their record 48th Monday Night game with a 28 -- 0 win over the Los Angeles Rams on September 12 , 2016 . The most common Monday Night Football pairings are Broncos vs. Raiders ( 17 match - ups as of 2013 ) and Cowboys vs. Redskins ( met for a 17th time in 2015 ) . The defunct Candlestick Park in San Francisco currently holds the record for hosting the most Monday Night Football games , including its 36th and final Monday night game on December 23 , 2013 . Among the active stadiums following the conclusion of the 2013 season , Miami Gardens , Florida 's Hard Rock Stadium has hosted the most games with 32 . As entertainment ( edit ) Monday Night Football has continued to provide as much entertainment as sports throughout its run . In addition to the extra cameras , the program has also pioneered technological broadcast innovations , such as the use of enhanced slow motion replays and computerized graphics . Celebrity guests -- such as former Vice President Spiro Agnew , singers Plácido Domingo and former Beatle John Lennon , President Bill Clinton , and even Kermit the Frog -- were often featured during the game to `` liven up '' the broadcast . The December 9 , 1974 contest featured a rare instance of two celebrities entering the booth , with Lennon being interviewed by Howard Cosell and California governor Ronald Reagan speaking with Frank Gifford , with Reagan explaining the rules of American football ( off - camera ) to Lennon as the game went along . However , the late 1990s and early 2000s saw an even more increased reliance on the entertainment factor . Some halftime shows , featuring popular music stars , were broadcast in their entirety rather than being ignored in favor of analysis of the game by the commentators , as in previous seasons . In December 1980 , one of the most memorable moments of MNF occurred when Cosell announced in a news flash that Lennon had been shot and killed in New York City . Monday Night Football was the first national broadcast to announce his death . An advertisement during halftime on the October 19 , 2015 game featured the world premiere of the third trailer of the 2015 film Star Wars : The Force Awakens . 2000s ( edit ) 2006 summary ( edit ) For its 2006 debut on ESPN , Williams , Jr. re-recorded the MNF opening theme with an all - star jam band that included among others Brian Setzer , Little Richard , Questlove , Joe Perry , Clarence Clemons , Rick Nielsen , Bootsy Collins , Charlie Daniels and Steven Van Zandt . The 2006 telecast generally began with a cinematic tease produced by Rico Labbe , Michael Sciallis and Jason Jobes . It was during one of these teases that Barack Obama spoofed his announcement for the 2008 Presidential candidacy in favor of his hometown Chicago Bears in their game against the St. Louis Rams . That year , the tease was followed by the show open produced by Los Angeles - based The Syndicate called `` Transformation '' . It features computer - generated imagery showing a city being transformed into a football stadium and passers - by on the street turning into players , coaches , fans and officials set to an updated orchestral treatment of the `` Heavy Action '' theme song . The sequence began every week with a different celebrity walking down the street , picking up a glowing football helmet with the ESPN logo on the side and saying , `` I 'm ready for some football ! Are you ? '' , thus beginning the transformation process . Celebrities for 2006 included Arnold Schwarzenegger , Matthew Fox , Hugh Hefner , Paris Hilton , Spike Lee , Ashton Kutcher , Samuel L. Jackson , Ludacris , Jack Black , Kiefer Sutherland , James Belushi , Ben Stiller , Tyra Banks , Carmen Electra and Eva Longoria . In addition , celebrities returned in full force to the booth , though this proved to be the major criticism of ESPN 's first MNF season . On the opening weekend , Arnold Schwarzenegger , another celebrity - turned - California governor , was in the booth at McAfee Coliseum in Oakland , California ; before that , Jamie Foxx appeared at FedExField in suburban Washington , D.C. Following them , celebrity appearances included NBA basketball superstar Dwyane Wade , Basketball Hall of Fame player Charles Barkley , NASCAR Cup Series driver Jeff Gordon , comedian Jimmy Kimmel ( whose opening words to Joe Theismann were `` how 's the leg ? '' ) , actor Sylvester Stallone , film director Spike Lee , hip hop artist Jay - Z , and MNF theme singer Hank Williams Jr . 2007 summary ( edit ) ESPN scaled back to only one opening tease for the 2007 season . Williams Jr. and the all - star band returned , only this time they played in a `` juke joint '' set on a country road . The lead singer arrives in a GMC Yukon truck ( GMC paid for product placement ) with the license plate `` BOCEPHUS '' , which is Williams ' nickname . The Syndicate 's computer - generated tease was dropped and replaced by short pre-taped films focusing on a team or player in the game . Some of them have featured actor Jamie Foxx . The guest visits continued : Barkley returned to the booth on September 17 in Philadelphia . Other guests throughout the season included Kimmel ( another returnee ) , Drew Carey , Miley Cyrus , Russell Crowe and Terry Bradshaw . In addition , Gordon was a halftime guest on the game just before the season - ending Ford 400 and was joined by teammate Jimmie Johnson . At the end of each game , Williams returned to say , `` See you in ( city that is the site of the next week 's game ) . '' Both the open and close contain helmets of the participating teams , organized in the style of a concert poster . 2008 summary ( edit ) Despite the de-emphasis on entertainment on the overall telecast , ESPN did bring back Hank Williams , Jr. for his 20th season as part of the opening . This time , the opening sequence was set in a private residence . At the end of the song , Williams Jr. touched a foot pump , which supposedly contained the helmets of that night 's participating teams . The helmets were launched from the home toward the stadium at which the game was held . Through computer - generated imagery , the helmets `` land '' at midfield during a live shot , and then explode . The `` exploding helmets '' gimmick was also used at various times in the 1980s and 1990s during the pre-game tease . Williams Jr. then appeared again at the end of the game to promote the next week 's matchup . ESPN also continued to promote upcoming albums through its use in bumper music . On September 29 ( Baltimore Ravens at Pittsburgh Steelers ) , ESPN used `` Another Way to Die '' , a duet between Alicia Keys and Jack White of the White Stripes -- the song was part of the soundtrack for the 2008 film Quantum of Solace , then the latest in the James Bond series . Monday Night Football celebrated its 600th game broadcast on October 20 , 2008 in a game which the New England Patriots defeated the Denver Broncos , 41 -- 7 . The 39th season of MNF ended on December 22 , 2008 , when the Bears beat the Green Bay Packers , 20 -- 17 , in overtime at home at Soldier Field in Chicago . 2009 summary ( edit ) The title sequence for the 40th season of Monday Night Football featured Hank Williams , Jr. seen on the steps of a building ( presumably a museum ) , surrounded by dancers , football fans , and statues / busts -- which , along with everyone else in the scene , begin to move and dance -- patterned after those at the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The transition to Williams Jr. is a book , with the chapter number ( in Roman numerals , sequentially with each week ) and a tag line about the game to be played that night . At the end of the song , Williams Jr. plugged in the cords , thereby launching animated `` helmets '' into space , from the building toward the stadium at which the game was held ( with the exception of October 5 , 2009 , when the helmets zoomed towards Brett Favre instead ) , passing the International Space Station . As with the previous season ( as mentioned above ) , the helmets `` land '' at midfield during a live shot and then crashed into each other . Williams Jr. appeared again at the end of the telecast to promote the following week 's matchup . After that , the picture was freezeframed and the shot zoomed out to the book , which showed the freezeframed picture as part of a page . As this happened , the NFL end - of - game bumper music was played and the book closed , revealing a golden NFL logo on the back cover and signifying the end of the `` chapter '' , or game . The scene was filmed in the summer of 2009 at The Parthenon in Nashville , Tennessee . Before Williams Jr. appears , Frank Gifford gave a short vignette about a memorable moment in the history of Monday Night Football featuring one or both of the teams playing that night 's game . The 40th season of Monday Night Football ended on December 28 , 2009 with the Minnesota Vikings -- Chicago Bears game in Chicago , in which the Bears won in overtime , 36 -- 30 . The telecast ended with a vignette that featured Gifford taking a look back at highlights from the previous four decades -- and the 40th season -- of MNF , after which the book closed , signifying the end of the season . The 40th season had the highest season viewership for MNF since ESPN acquired the rights to the broadcast . 2010s ( edit ) 2010 summary ( edit ) The opening for the 2010 season was identical to that used in 2009 , except for the final scenes . This time , Williams Jr. turns a wheel filled with paint , with CGI colors blasting into the air , revealing the helmets containing logos of the participating teams -- which stay on top of the building . In one other minor difference , the chapter numbers in the `` book '' were changed from Roman to Arabic numerals . Gifford provided new vignettes and the Parthenon scenes were repeated from the year before . The 2010 season marked Williams ' 22nd as part of the telecast 's open . In an unusual coincidence , both games which had the New York Jets as a home team at New Meadowlands Stadium ( now MetLife Stadium ) were delayed because of heavy rain and lightning in the area . In the first instance , the September 13 game against the Baltimore Ravens , it was delayed 25 minutes ; the second delay , prior to the October 11 contest against the Minnesota Vikings , lasted for 40 minutes . Prior to the September 13 game , the last ESPN telecast to encounter weather problems was on October 4 , 1998 ( a Sunday night ) when lightning halted a game between the Seattle Seahawks and Kansas City Chiefs during the second quarter . The first delay forced ESPN to use ESPN2 for a game telecast , this time for the Chiefs ' home opener against the San Diego Chargers . As in 2007 , the broadcast was shifted to ESPN once the first game was over . The game between the Jets and the Vikings was both Brett Favre 's first game in East Rutherford since his only season there in 2008 and marked Randy Moss 's return to the Vikings . Moss played only four games for Minnesota until he was waived on November 2 . 2011 summary ( edit ) The opening sequence for the 2011 season was set in a closed - studio setting , with Hank Williams Jr. ( in his 23rd year ) performing with a band in front of a live audience with large video screens in the background . The end of the opening sequence featured the team logos of that night 's participants transitioning into the new ESPN Monday Night Football logo before going to a live shot . On October 3 , 2011 , ESPN pulled the theme song after Williams appeared on the Fox News Channel program , Fox & Friends , where he compared a golf outing involving Barack Obama , John Boehner , Joe Biden and John Kasich to `` Hitler playing golf with Netanyahu . '' On October 6 , 2011 , it was announced that Williams would no longer be singing the theme song , and that `` All My Rowdy Friends '' would no longer be used as its theme , as Williams still owns the song . A statement from ESPN said that the network has `` decided to part ways with Hank Williams Jr . We appreciate his contributions over the past years . The success of Monday Night Football has always been about the games and that will continue . '' Williams commented on the matter : `` After reading hundreds of e-mails , I have made my decision ... By pulling my opening October 3 , ( ESPN ) stepped on the toes of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech , so therefore me , my song , and All My Rowdy Friends are out of here . It 's been a great run . '' MNF did not have an opening sequence at all from Week 4 through the end of that season . With Suzy Kolber reassigned to the new studio show NFL32 , and Michele Tafoya having left ESPN for NBC Sunday Night Football , the sideline reporter position rotated between various reporters for the season . For the second year in a row , and the third time overall , the beginning of the 10 : 15 p.m. Eastern Time game ( Oakland Raiders at Denver Broncos ) was shown on ESPN2 as the game that began at 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ( New England Patriots at Miami Dolphins ) ran past the scheduled time period . 2012 summary ( edit ) Lisa Salters was named the permanent solo sideline reporter for the 2012 season . In addition , color commentator Ron Jaworski did not return to the program . As a result , Jon Gruden became the solo color commentator , with MNF going back to a two - man booth for the first time since its final season on ABC ( 2005 ) . MNF 's opening graphic sequence , which showed the helmet logos of the game 's two participating NFL teams and then the program 's logo , was seen before the Monday Night Football Launch segment . 2013 -- 14 summary ( edit ) The opening animation sequence begins with an image of a 2014 GMC Sierra ( GMC paid for product placement ) and then goes into a timeline of historical events that occurred during the Monday Night Football era , including some highlights of MNF games from the previous 43 seasons up to 2012 . At the end of the sequence , helmets featuring logos of that night 's two participating teams are shown , followed by the various Monday Night Football logos used since the program 's debut in 1970 . The 80 - second opening animation sequence , which also featured Pac - Man , Darth Vader and President Ronald Reagan , was created by actor / filmmaker Peter Berg . A revision of the opening sequence was used for the 2014 season . Among the few changes , GMC 's product placement promoted the automaker 's line of Denali vehicles , while the sequence itself included some additional highlights of MNF games from the previous 44 seasons up to 2013 . 2015 summary ( edit ) A 3D opening animation sequence is used for the 2015 season ( 46th season overall and tenth on ESPN ) . GMC 's product placement once again promoted the automaker 's line of Denali vehicles , including the Yukon Denali that is seen at the beginning . Also among the many changes is the highlights of MNF games -- this time , they are set inside a computer - generated stadium using 3D imagery -- from the previous 45 seasons up to 2014 . 2016 summary ( edit ) After three years of using the timeline - themed open , MNF debuted a new 75 - second , Hollywood - themed open on September 12 , 2016 and it features ESPN 's new MNF broadcast team -- Sean McDonough ( play - by - play ) , Jon Gruden ( color ) and Lisa Salters ( sideline reporter ) -- and more than 20 current NFL stars and Pro Football Hall of Famers walking along a red carpet entrance lined by cheering fans and photographers taking pictures . It begins with a shot of a downtown stadium surrounded by skyscrapers , with a 2017 GMC Acadia ( product placement again provided by GMC ) displaying the location for that week 's MNF game on its navigation system . The Acadia then heads to a glitzy red carpet at the stadium 's entrance , where McDonough , Gruden and Salters exit the car , followed on the carpet by a flood of NFL players representing the past and present of MNF . Players then pose for pictures and wave to the crowd as they reach the stadium entrance . Josh Norman ( Redskins ) , Larry Fitzgerald ( Cardinals ) and Rob Gronkowski ( Patriots ) are among the current players being represented in the open , with Franco Harris ( Steelers ) , Jerry Rice ( 49ers ) , Barry Sanders ( Lions ) and Bruce Smith ( Bills ) among the past players being represented . For the Spanish - language version of the Hollywood - themed open , it features ESPN 's Spanish - language MNF broadcast team -- Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play ) , Raúl Allegre ( color ) and John Sutcliffe ( sideline reporter ) as well as the current Hispanic NFL players and the team of the Latin American version of NFL Live led by Ciro Procuna . 2017 summary ( edit ) MNF returned to two teases for the first time since its first season on ESPN ( 2006 ) . The Hollywood - themed open was repeated from the previous season , this time with the 2018 GMC Terrain being used as the automaker 's product placement . Also , Hank Williams , Jr. returned to MNF on September 11 , 2017 with an all - new version of the iconic opening theme song , `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' ( used from 1989 to Week 3 of the 2011 season ) and it appeared just before that night 's New Orleans Saints - Minnesota Vikings game . The new version , which is seen just before the kickoff of each game , is a collaboration of Williams , Jr , country duo Florida Georgia Line , and R&B singer Jason Derulo . Theme music ( edit ) Hank Williams Jr. reworked his country music hit `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight '' to be included in the telecast 's introduction as `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' ( the original introduction music was an organ - based piece called `` Score '' , written by Charles Fox and recorded by Bob 's Band ) . In addition , Edd Kalehoff modernized the classic `` Heavy Action '' theme in 1989 . For ABC 's last MNF game in 2005 , Williams Jr. 's rendition of `` Turn Out the Lights , The Party 's Over '' , closed the broadcast . Digital on - screen graphics ( edit ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Prior to 1997 , Monday Night Football had a limited graphics package . A CGI - based intro began being used in 1984 , with on - screen graphics still limited to basic text . In 1988 , the entire graphics package was updated significantly to be more in line with the rest of ABC Sports ' presentations . That year , it introduced the `` clashing helmets '' intro , with on - screen graphics consisting of italicized text underlined in red . It was updated in 1994 , the year the network hosted Super Bowl XXIX , with a more box - like design . A permanent score bug would not be introduced until 1997 . 1997 -- 2005 ( edit ) Monday Night Football began using a score bug in 1997 , the second network to do so after Fox introduced the first regular on - screen scoring bug when it began airing NFL games in 1994 . Prior to this , the graphics package was limited , but followed a basic `` ketchup and mustard '' color scheme of red and yellow . The first scorebug included team names , scores , time remaining , and displayed which quarter the game was in . This design was used through the 1998 season . ABC hosted Super Bowl XXXIV for 1999 , and updated its graphics package to more closely resemble those of sister cable network ESPN . ABC began using extended abbreviations for team names ( for example , `` TENN '' , `` VIKES '' , `` PACK '' , and `` FINS '' instead of `` TEN '' , `` MIN '' , `` GB '' , and `` MIA '' ) , as four - letter and five - letter abbreviations were used on ESPN coverage . The result was a larger scorebug with a more conventional font . It was slightly modified in 2000 to have a border that was more in line with the red and yellow color scheme . The graphics for Monday Night Football were changed in the 2002 season , the year the network hosted Super Bowl XXXVII . The scorebug was a solid color , with a more rounded shape , and a horizontally compressed font . ESPN 's graphics were no longer similar to those of ABC 's ( with ESPN instead using a gray and black design with rounded corners ) . In 2005 , the broadcast 's final year on ABC , Monday Night Football began using a horizontal bar on the bottom of the screen rather than a scorebug , with all information being contained on a single line . 2006 -- present ( edit ) After Monday Night Football moved to ESPN in 2006 ( around the same time that ABC Sports rebranded as ESPN on ABC ) , ESPN changed its entire graphics package to a red and black design , while NFL coverage used a separate design . For NFL telecasts in 2006 and 2007 , a dark gray , metallic scorebug was used , located in an unorthodox placement at the center of the bottom of the screen . For the 2008 season , a new graphics scheme was introduced that was built around a new display known as the `` dashboard '' ; the scoreboard , which now took the form of a horizontal bar , was mounted in a dedicated area spanning across the bottom the screen . All lower - third graphics were also displayed within the dashboard , replacing the scorebar when in use . For the 2009 and 2010 seasons , a revamped version of the 2008 design was used , incorporating a new , metallic silver design . Timeout indicators were added to the score bar in Week 4 of the 2009 season . For the 2009 season only , a `` 40th anniversary '' logo was incorporated into the bar in celebration of Monday Night Football 's 40th season . The `` silver '' graphics scheme would later be adopted by other ESPN properties , such as its college football games in December 2009 . In the 2011 season , the banner was restructured as a black , metallic design , which was considerably larger than most scorebars -- including the previous one ( although its sizes has varied , becoming significantly wider , though thinner in 2012 ) . For ESPN 's first pre-season game of 2012 , the timeout indicators were also accompanied by two smaller red lamps to the right , indicating the number of play challenges remaining , but these were unexpectedly removed the following game . On September 10 , 2012 , Monday Night Countdown began using MNF 's graphics scheme . For the 2015 season , the graphics were completely overhauled to match the motif that has been used for ESPN 's NFL studio programming since the year prior . However , the studio programming uses the new motif only for introductions and transitions , while the actual insert graphics use the standard ESPN package used for SportsCenter and all other sports . Meanwhile , MNF uses the NFL motif for all insert graphics , not just introductions and transitions . Most notably , the NFL motif uses a horizontal score bar across the bottom of the screen , whereas the standard graphics package uses a score box . The layout is standard , with teams on the background of their color , with timeout indicators also displaying in team colors . Experimentally , the score bar `` auto - hides '' itself during plays , though it is shown permanently during the final two minutes of each half and , if necessary , overtime . This is also the first time that ESPN has used the full 16 : 9 frame for its NFL graphics . Scoring records ( edit ) See also : List of Monday Night Football results ( 1970 -- 89 ) , List of Monday Night Football results ( 1990 -- 2009 ) , and List of Monday Night Football results ( 2010 -- present ) Most points 59 -- Philadelphia Eagles , November 15 , 2010 vs. Washington Redskins 55 -- Indianapolis Colts , October 31 , 1988 vs. Denver Broncos 52 -- San Francisco 49ers , December 23 , 1991 vs. Chicago Bears 52 -- San Diego Chargers , December 20 , 1982 vs. Cincinnati Bengals 51 -- New Orleans Saints , November 24 , 2008 vs. Green Bay Packers 49 -- Philadelphia Eagles , November 15 , 2004 vs. Dallas Cowboys 49 -- Kansas City Chiefs , December 13 , 2004 vs. Tennessee Titans 48 -- Detroit Lions , October 19 , 1981 vs. Chicago Bears 48 -- Green Bay Packers , October 17 , 1983 vs. Washington Redskins 48 -- Baltimore Ravens , December 19 , 2005 vs. Green Bay Packers 48 -- Tennessee Titans , October 11 , 2004 vs. Green Bay Packers Most one - sided games 45 points -- Baltimore 48 , Green Bay 3 -- December 19 , 2005 42 points -- New England 45 , N.Y. Jets 3 -- December 6 , 2010 42 points -- Miami 45 , N.Y. Jets 3 -- November 24 , 1986 42 points -- Seattle 42 , Philadelphia 0 -- December 5 , 2005 ( largest margin of victory by an MNF road team ) 41 points -- San Francisco 41 , Chicago 0 -- December 14 , 1987 39 points -- Los Angeles 42 , Philadelphia 3 -- November 3 , 1975 38 points -- Green Bay 45 , Minnesota 7 -- November 14 , 2011 38 points -- San Francisco 52 , Chicago 14 -- December 23 , 1991 38 points -- San Francisco 41 , Atlanta 3 -- November 9 , 1992 38 points -- St. Louis Cardinals 38 , Dallas 0 -- November 16 , 1970 Highest scoring games 95 points -- Green Bay 48 , Washington 47 -- October 17 , 1983 87 points -- Kansas City 49 , Tennessee 38 -- December 13 , 2004 87 points -- Philadelphia 59 , Washington 28 -- November 15 , 2010 86 points -- San Diego 52 , Cincinnati 34 -- December 20 , 1982 82 points -- Dallas 43 , Seattle 39 -- December 6 , 2004 80 points -- New Orleans 51 , Green Bay 29 -- November 24 , 2008 80 points -- Green Bay 43 , Atlanta 37 -- December 8 , 2014 79 points -- Oakland 45 , Pittsburgh 34 -- October 20 , 1980 78 points -- Indianapolis Colts 55 , Denver Broncos 23 -- October 31 , 1988 78 points -- Dallas 41 , Philadelphia 37 -- September 15 , 2008 78 points -- Oakland 40 , Dallas 38 -- October 23 , 1983 Lowest scoring games 3 points -- Pittsburgh 3 , Miami 0 -- November 26 , 2007 9 points -- Jacksonville 9 , Pittsburgh 0 -- September 18 , 2006 10 points -- San Francisco 7 , N.Y. Giants 3 -- December 3 , 1990 12 points -- Oakland 9 , Denver 3 -- December 1 , 1980 13 points -- Baltimore 10 , Washington 3 -- November 7 , 1977 13 points -- Los Angeles 10 , Pittsburgh 3 -- December 20 , 1975 14 points -- Washington 9 , Dallas 5 -- October 2 , 1978 15 points -- Buffalo 9 , Indianapolis 6 -- October 20 , 1997 15 points -- Detroit 13 , Minnesota 2 -- December 5 , 1983 15 points -- Houston 9 , Miami 6 -- November 5 , 1979 Ties Detroit 14 , Green Bay 14 -- November 1 , 1971 Oakland 23 , Denver 23 -- October 22 , 1973 N.Y. Giants 20 , St. Louis 20 ( OT ) -- October 24 , 1983 Scheduling on local stations ( edit ) From 1970 to 1997 , ABC 's Monday Night Football coverage began at 9 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time , with game kickoff typically occurring at seven minutes past the hour . Coverage was moved one hour earlier to 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time in 1998 , with a pre-game show titled Monday Night Blast , hosted by Chris Berman from the ESPN Zone restaurant in Baltimore preceding the start of the game at 8 : 20 p.m. This was done mainly to address ABC 's inability to find a suitable 8 : 00 p.m. lead - in program for MNF since MacGyver ended its run in 1992 ( not even two other series from MacGyver 's production company Paramount Television -- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles and The Marshal -- saw success , despite the former 's ties to Paramount 's Indiana Jones film series ) , and to allow stations to start their late local newscasts nearer to their regular times . Poor ratings caused this experiment to be dropped after one season , with MNF once again moving to 9 : 00 p.m. in 1999 , though in many NFL markets , the 8 : 00 p.m. ( Eastern Time ) hour from 1999 to 2006 was replaced by affiliates with locally produced and programmed sports discussion and coaches shows , with ABC programming in that hour moved to late night or weekend slots ; by the end of the ABC run , the 8 : 00 p.m. timeslot was filled with either newsmagazines and short - lived reality television programs which failed to make any ratings headways due to affiliate pre-emptions . From 1970 to 1995 , Fisher Broadcasting 's ABC affiliates in Seattle ( KOMO - TV ) and Portland ( KATU ) aired MNF games on a one - hour tape delay starting at 7 : 00 p.m. Pacific Time ( games normally started in the Pacific Time Zone at 6 : 00 p.m. , corresponding to 9 : 00 Eastern ) in order to accommodate local newscasts ( unless the Seattle Seahawks were playing , in which case the game would be shown live ) . The practice , long opposed by viewers and ABC , ended in 1996 . KOMO then tried to accommodate having to air its local newscasts earlier than its local station competitors by marketing it as KOMO 4 News Primetime , touting it as a way to watch the news at a more convenient time than during evening rush hour . Additionally , this practice was done in Hawaii , where Honolulu ABC affiliate KITV delayed the game until 6 : 00 p.m. Hawaii - Aleutian Time , corresponding to 11 : 00 p.m. or midnight Eastern during daylight saving time on the mainland . Thus , the game , which was broadcast live on local radio starting at 3 : 00 or 4 : 00 p.m. , was almost over before it aired on television . In the case of Guam , KTGM , the ABC affiliate in that U.S. territory , aired MNF live on Tuesdays at 11 : 00 a.m. , as Guam is a day ahead of the United States due to being located on the other side of International Date Line . The demand to broadcast Monday Night Football games live across the United States over ABC was difficult to reconcile with other prime time programming , which is usually set to begin at a certain local time regardless of time zone . On the East Coast , with MNF beginning at 9 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time , there was an hour of primetime in which to schedule regular programming . However , on the West Coast , the games lasted from 6 : 00 to 9 : 30 p.m. Pacific Time ( or in the case of Seattle and Portland from 1970 to 1995 , 7 : 00 to 10 : 30 p.m. ) , leaving little or no time for additional network programming on Monday . As a result , network programs scheduled for prime time on the East Coast were broadcast at various hours on the West Coast . Most affiliates pushed the network shows to immediately after the game ; however , Los Angeles owned - and - operated station KABC - TV postponed them until 10 : 00 p.m. from at least the mid-1990s until 2005 to show trivia contests and other sports shows produced locally ( the longest - tenured such show was Monday Night Live , hosted by sports anchor Todd Donoho ) . Meanwhile , KOMO , one of the stations that tape - delayed MNF in most cases , broadcast new episodes of the sitcom Coach on Saturday afternoons ( usually reserved , coincidentally enough , for college football telecasts ; much of the series took place on a fictional college campus ) . Except for Seattle and Portland from 1970 to 1995 , ABC World News Tonight was routinely preempted on most West Coast affiliates , though the ABC network - owned stations ( e.g. Los Angeles ) aired the program earlier in the afternoon . Since ESPN took over the coverage in 2006 , games normally have a kickoff time of 8 : 30 p.m. Eastern . However , when ESPN airs a doubleheader during the first week of the season , the games respectively start at 7 : 00 and 10 : 15 p.m. Eastern . There have been issues with local stations in the ESPN era , where stations in each team 's home market that air the ESPN simulcast are in most cases ABC affiliates , which must pre-empt Dancing with the Stars to air NFL . This both forces the affiliate to air that program immediately after late - evening local newscasts , and has resulted in the program 's telephone and Internet voting coordinators keeping a late - night voting window open for the market or markets where Dancing with the Stars was pre-empted . In some cases , the program is moved to a sister station of the ABC affiliate to air live instead ( for example , until 2011 in the Minneapolis -- St. Paul market , when NBC affiliate KARE took over as the local broadcaster of MNF games , if the Minnesota Vikings were playing a game being simulcast on local ABC affiliate KSTP - TV , sister independent station KSTC - TV aired DWTS live ) . In 2016 , for the opening week Monday night game ( the second in a doubleheader ) between the Los Angeles Rams and San Francisco 49ers , the ABC - owned stations in both markets ( KABC - TV and KGO - TV ) would broadcast World News Tonight and DWTS in their live Eastern Time Zone slots , thus airing at 3 : 30 and 5pm PT respectively . Commentators ( edit ) Main article : List of Monday Night Football commentators Foreign - language versions ( edit ) Spanish version ( edit ) Since 2006 , a Spanish - language telecast is also broadcast on ESPN Deportes , the Spanish version of ESPN and on ESPN Latin América featuring NBA and NFL play - by - play announcer Álvaro Martín , Super Bowl winner Raul Allegre as color commentator and John Sutcliffe as the field reporter . This is the same crew of La NFL Dominical , the Spanish version of ESPN Sunday Night Football , until 2005 . The announcers of the second game of the 2006 doubleheader were Eduardo Varela ( play - by - play ) , Robert Abramowitz ( color ) and Georgina Ruiz Sandoval ( field reporter ) . Preceding the game NFL Esta Noche ( NFL Tonight ) , the 30 - minute pre-game show , can be seen on both networks . The four booth announcers called the 2007 season opening games from ESPN 's Bristol , Connecticut headquarters while watching games on monitors . None of them traveled to the game sites and there were no sideline reporters in the early weeks . Sutcliffe would later report from the game sites . Allegre did not work the season finale between the Broncos and Chargers ; he was replaced by Abramovitz . In 2008 , Martin and Allegre only travelled to the Cowboys - Eagles game , during the NFL 's celebrations of the Hispanic Heritage Month . As part of ESPN 's agreement to simulcast their Wild Card game on ABC , Martin and Allegre 's Spanish - language commentary is carried over the SAP channel on ABC , equivalent to the rest of the NFL 's over-the - air broadcast partners . In 2016 , ESPN Deportes served as the official Spanish - language broadcaster of Super Bowl 50 in parallel with CBS 's English - language broadcast , with Martin and Allegre commentating . During the first 9 weeks of the 2017 NFL season , ESPN2 will simulcast ESPN Deportes ' broadcast , NFL Esta Noche , and the Spanish version of SportsCenter . Portuguese version ( edit ) Since the 1990s , ESPN Latin America has a feed in Portuguese language targeted to their viewers in Brazil . Ivan Zimmermann ( play - by - play ) , André José Adler ( play - by - play ) , Roberto Figueroa ( color ) , Marco Alfaro ( color ) among others , were the announcers broadcasting from ESPN 's headquarters . Since 2006 , the structure of the Brazilian feed was merged with ESPN Brasil and the broadcasting is made from São Paulo . The current announcers are Everaldo Marques ( play - by - play ) and Paulo Antunes ( color ) . Ari Aguiar ( play - by - play ) , Rômulo Mendonça ( play - by - play ) , Paulo Mancha ( color ) and Antony Curti ( color ) occasionally fill - in . Radio broadcasts ( edit ) Main articles : NFL on Westwood One Sports and NFL on NBC Radio Monday Night Football has also been carried on national radio networks over the years . The Mutual Broadcasting System aired the games initially , with Van Patrick ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , Lindsey Nelson ( 1974 -- 1977 ) and Al Wester announcing . CBS Radio took over the rights in 1978 with Jack Buck and Hank Stram commentating . After a two - year stint ( 1985 -- 1986 ) with Don Criqui and Bob Trumpy calling the games on NBC Radio , Buck and Stram resumed with CBS Radio in 1987 . In 1996 , Howard David and Matt Millen replaced Buck and Stram . Marv Albert and Boomer Esiason were the MNF radio voices from 2002 to 2009 , with Kevin Harlan replacing Albert in 2010 . Kurt Warner joined the crew in 2014 for games when Esiason is unavailable . In the 1990s , CBS Radio purchased a controlling stake in Westwood One , which in turn had bought out both the NBC and Mutual networks . As of 2008 , Westwood One was no longer controlled by CBS , but the network retained its NFL broadcast rights . In 2011 , Westwood One was purchased by Dial Global . Then in 2014 , Dial Global , including Westwood One , was acquired by Cumulus Media . The Spanish - language broadcast is carried on ESPN Deportes Radio . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 ) The highest - rated Monday Night Football telecast on ABC was the Miami Dolphins ' victory over the previously undefeated Chicago Bears on December 2 , 1985 , which drew a national Nielsen rating of 29.6 and a share of 46 . ABC 's lowest - rated MNF game was the St. Louis Rams ' defeat of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on October 18 , 2004 , which drew a 7.7 rating . During the 1995 -- 1996 television season , Monday Night Football averaged a 17.1 household rating . Its main competitor , Murphy Brown on CBS , averaged a 12.3 rating . The highest - rated Monday Night Football game on ESPN , and the highest - rated program in U.S. cable television history at that time , was the Minnesota Vikings ' defeat of the Green Bay Packers 30 -- 23 on October 5 , 2009 , with a rating of 15.3 . The game featured the much - hyped matchup of Vikings quarterback Brett Favre facing his longtime former Green Bay team . In a press release , ESPN noted that the telecast `` was watched by more than 16.8 million people . The previous record was more than 13.6 million viewers for 2008 's Monday night game between the Philadelphia Eagles and Dallas Cowboys . This was subsequently beaten by ESPN 's coverage of the 2011 BCS National Championship Game . ESPN also stated that the game drew the highest rating in the network 's 30 - year history . The 15.3 rating beat the 14.4 for a Bears - Vikings game on Dec. 6 , 1987 , during ESPN 's first season of televising NFL games '' . ESPN 's lowest - rated MNF game to date was the New York Giants ' defeat of the Atlanta Falcons on October 15 , 2007 , which drew a 5.7 rating . ESPN 's third season of Monday Night Football was the most - watched program on cable television in 2008 , setting an all - time cable viewership record for the third straight year and drawing that year 's three largest cable household audiences and 13 of the top 15 . In three seasons on ESPN , Monday Night Football has registered seven of the top 10 all - time largest household audiences in cable history , led by the Eagles - Cowboys telecast on September 15 , 2008 , which attracted cable 's largest household audience ever ( an average of 12,953,000 homes ) . ESPN 's 17 MNF telecasts in 2008 averaged an 8.9 rating , representing an average of 8,679,000 households ( 11,962,000 viewers ) , increases of 3 % , 5 % and 7 % , respectively , vs. 2007 ( 8.6 ; 8,277,000 and 11,230,000 ) . Additional NFL game rights ( edit ) Playoff games ( edit ) When ABC first acquired the rights to air MNF in 1970 , it did not include any playoff games . The network was eventually allowed into the rotation of airing the Super Bowl , starting with Super Bowl XIX in January 1985 . When the league expanded the playoffs from a 10 - team to a 12 - team tournament in 1990 , ABC was then given the rights to air the first two Wild Card Playoff games . After MNF was awarded to ESPN and Sunday Night Football was acquired by NBC in 2006 , the Wild Card doubleheader that had aired on ABC , as well as a share of the rotating rights to the Super Bowl , was also given to NBC . On April 22 , 2014 , the NFL announced that it had exercised an option in ESPN 's recent contract extension for Monday Night Football rights to air a first - round Wild Card playoff game on the channel after the conclusion of the 2014 season . This was the first time that an NFL playoff game was ever broadcast exclusively on cable television in the United States , in lieu of any of the league 's broadcast network partners . The MNF broadcast team of Mike Tirico , Jon Gruden and sideline reporter Lisa Salters called the game , the first of the 2014 -- 15 NFL playoffs . The Carolina Panthers defeated the Arizona Cardinals 27 -- 16 . As with all MNF games , the matchup was simulcast on WJZY in Charlotte and KASW in the Phoenix market to allow local viewers over-the - air access to the game . However , the cable - only playoff game experiment would only last one season . On May 11 , 2015 , it was announced that ABC would simulcast a Wild Card playoff game with ESPN for the 2015 season . This was the first NFL game broadcast nationally on ABC since MNF left the network at the end of the 2005 season . The game , announced by the broadcast team of Tirico , Gruden and Salters , was the first of the 2015 -- 16 NFL playoffs . The Kansas City Chiefs defeated the Houston Texans 30 -- 0 . The ESPN / ABC simulcast continued for the 2016 season as well . Pro Bowl ( edit ) ABC televised the Pro Bowl from 1975 to 1987 , and again from 1995 to 2003 . As part of their 2011 rights agreement , ESPN was given the exclusive rights to the Pro Bowl from 2015 through 2022 . Starting in 2018 , it will be simulcast on ABC . See also ( edit ) NFL on CBS Fox NFL NBC Sunday Night Football Monday night games before 1970 Monday Night Mayhem , a 2002 television film about the origin of Monday Night Football Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Does not include the game on December 3 , 1978 , which occurred on a Sunday , but was televised by ABC 's Monday Night Football television crew . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` British Eurosport to air NFL 's Monday Night Football in UK '' . NFL UK . September 7 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leonard Shapiro ; Mark Maske ( April 19 , 2005 ) . `` ' Monday Night Football ' Changes the Channel '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ESPN Kicks Off New Eight - Year , $14 Billion NFL Deal '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media . September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Claire Atkinson ( September 10 , 2011 ) . `` Cable operators rip ESPN 's $15 B rights deal with NFL '' . New York Post . News Corp . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What to Look For -- A Look Back ( Week 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . December 23 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zachary A. Goldfarb ( December 17 , 2006 ) . `` On ' Monday Night Football , ' An Announcement From Obama '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's Highest - Rated and Most - Viewed Season of Monday Night Football '' . The Futon Critic . December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Martinez ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hank Williams Jr. apologizes for Hitler - Obama comparison '' . CNN.com . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN pulls Williams from MNF opening '' . ESPN.com . October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hank Williams Jr . out on Monday Night Football '' . Yahoo ! News . Yahoo !. Associated Press . October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NBC Sports . NBC Sports Group https://web.archive.org/web/20121012025010/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/10612536/ns/sports-nfl/ . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ 1983 Monday Night Football intro on YouTube Jump up ^ 1984 Monday Night Football intro on YouTube Jump up ^ 1988 Monday Night Football intro on YouTube Jump up ^ Monday Night Football , 1994 on YouTube Jump up ^ Monday Night Football , 1997 on YouTube Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXXIV on YouTube Jump up ^ Monday Night Football , 2000 on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . Jump up ^ Super Bowl XL on YouTube Jump up ^ `` ESPN Rethinks Lower - Third Graphics for ' Monday Night Football ' '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Deportes to carry Spanish - language telecast of Super Bowl 50 '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Goes Out of House , Taps ESPN Deportes to Simulcast Super Bowl 50 '' . Advertising Age . Crain Communications . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Deportes To Air Spanish - Language Broadcast Of Super Bowl 50 '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 50 : CBS , NFL Set Spanish Simulcast with ESPN Deportes '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish - language ' MNF ' coming to ESPN2 '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Complete TV Ratings 1995 -- 1996 '' . Jump up ^ `` Favre 's matchup with Packers draws record television audience '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Monday Night Football : Most - Watched Series on Cable '' . The Futon Critic . December 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN to air 1st NFL playoff game in 2015 '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Inc . April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Chase ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` ESPN to broadcast first ever NFL playoff game in 2015 '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pro Bowl # Television Jump up ^ Coelho , Ana Livia ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` NFL Wild Card Playoff Game Will Return to ESPN -- and Be Simulcast for the First Time on ABC '' ( Press release ) . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stoneberg , Allie ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` NFL Wild Card Playoff Game Will Return to ESPN and ABC '' . ESPN Media Zone . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fang , Ken ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ESPN TO AGAIN SIMULCAST ITS NFL WILD CARD PLAYOFF GAME ON ABC '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Gunther , Marc , and Bill Carter . ( 1988 ) . Monday Night Mayhem : The Inside Story of ABC 's Monday Night Football . New York : Beech Tree Books . ISBN 0 - 688 - 07553 - 3 Hyatt , Wesley. ( 2007 ) . Kicking Off the Week : A History of Monday Night Football on ABC Television , 1970 -- 2005 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 786 - 42969 - 0 . 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-4053585627714790264 | Chromosomal crossover | Chromosomal crossover - wikipedia Chromosomal crossover Jump to : navigation , search Crossing over occurs between prophase 1 and metaphase 1 and is the process where homologous chromosomes pair up with each other and exchange different segments of their genetic material to form recombinant chromosomes . It can also happen during mitotic division , which may result in loss of heterozygosity . Crossing over is essential for the normal segregation of chromosomes during meiosis . Crossing over also accounts for genetic variation , because due to the swapping of genetic material during crossing over , the chromatids held together by the centromere are no longer identical . So , when the chromosomes go on to meiosis II and separate , some of the daughter cells receive daughter chromosomes with recombined alleles . Due to this genetic recombination , the offspring have a different set of alleles and genes than their parents do . In the diagram , genes B and b are crossed over with each other , making the resulting recombinants after meiosis Ab , AB , ab , and aB . Thomas Hunt Morgan 's illustration of crossing over ( 1916 ) A double crossing over Chromosomal crossover ( or crossing over ) is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction . It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination , which occurs in the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis during a process called synapsis . Synapsis begins before the synaptonemal complex develops and is not completed until near the end of prophase I. Crossover usually occurs when matching regions on matching chromosomes break and then reconnect to the other chromosome . Crossing over was described , in theory , by Thomas Hunt Morgan . He relied on the discovery of Frans Alfons Janssens who described the phenomenon in 1909 and had called it `` chiasmatypie '' . The term chiasma is linked , if not identical , to chromosomal crossover . Morgan immediately saw the great importance of Janssens ' cytological interpretation of chiasmata to the experimental results of his research on the heredity of Drosophila . The physical basis of crossing over was first demonstrated by Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock in 1931 . The linked frequency of crossing over between two gene loci ( markers ) is the crossing - over value . For fixed set of genetic and environmental conditions , recombination in a particular region of a linkage structure ( chromosome ) tends to be constant and the same is then true for the crossing - over value which is used in the production of genetic maps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 DNA repair theory 1.2 Links to bacterial transformation 2 Chemistry 2.1 MSH4 and MSH5 2.2 Chiasma 3 Consequences 4 Non-homologous crossover 5 See also 6 References Origins ( edit ) There are two popular and overlapping theories that explain the origins of crossing - over , coming from the different theories on the origin of meiosis . The first theory rests upon the idea that meiosis evolved as another method of DNA repair , and thus crossing - over is a novel way to replace possibly damaged sections of DNA . The second theory comes from the idea that meiosis evolved from bacterial transformation , with the function of propagating diversity . DNA repair theory ( edit ) Crossing over and DNA repair are very similar processes , which utilize many of the same protein complexes . Recombinases and primases lay a foundation of nucleotides along the DNA sequence . One such particular protein complex that is conserved between processes is RAD51 , a well conserved recombinase protein that has been shown to be crucial in DNA repair as well as cross over . Several other genes in D. melanogaster have been linked as well to both processes , by showing that mutants at these specific loci can not undergo DNA repair or crossing over . Such genes include mei - 41 , mei - 9 , hdm , spnA , and brca2 . This large group of conserved genes between processes supports the theory of a close evolutionary relationship . Furthermore , DNA repair and crossover have been found to favor similar regions on chromosomes . In an experiment using radiation hybrid mapping on wheat 's ( Triticum aestivum L . ) 3B chromosome , crossing over and DNA repair were found to occur predominantly in the same regions . Furthermore , crossing over has been correlated to occur in response to stressful , and likely DNA damaging , conditions Links to bacterial transformation ( edit ) The process of bacterial transformation also shares many similarities with chromosomal cross over , particularly in the formation of overhangs on the sides of the broken DNA strand , allowing for the annealing of a new strand . Bacterial transformation itself has been linked to DNA repair many times . The second theory comes from the idea that meiosis evolved from bacterial transformation , with the function of propagating genetic diversity. . Thus , this evidence suggests that it is a question of whether cross over is linked to DNA repair or bacterial transformation , as the two do not appear to be mutually exclusive . It is likely that crossing over may have evolved from bacterial transformation , which in turn developed from DNA repair , thus explaining the links between all three processes . Chemistry ( edit ) A current model of meiotic recombination , initiated by a double - strand break or gap , followed by pairing with an homologous chromosome and strand invasion to initiate the recombinational repair process . Repair of the gap can lead to crossover ( CO ) or non-crossover ( NCO ) of the flanking regions . CO recombination is thought to occur by the Double Holliday Junction ( DHJ ) model , illustrated on the right , above . NCO recombinants are thought to occur primarily by the Synthesis Dependent Strand Annealing ( SDSA ) model , illustrated on the left , above . Most recombination events appear to be the SDSA type . Meiotic recombination may be initiated by double - stranded breaks that are introduced into the DNA by exposure to DNA damaging agents or the Spo11 protein . One or more exonucleases then digest the 5 ' ends generated by the double - stranded breaks to produce 3 ' single - stranded DNA tails ( see diagram ) . The meiosis - specific recombinase Dmc1 and the general recombinase Rad51 coat the single - stranded DNA to form nucleoprotein filaments . The recombinases catalyze invasion of the opposite chromatid by the single - stranded DNA from one end of the break . Next , the 3 ' end of the invading DNA primes DNA synthesis , causing displacement of the complementary strand , which subsequently anneals to the single - stranded DNA generated from the other end of the initial double - stranded break . The structure that results is a cross-strand exchange , also known as a Holliday junction . The contact between two chromatids that will soon undergo crossing - over is known as a chiasma . The Holliday junction is a tetrahedral structure which can be ' pulled ' by other recombinases , moving it along the four - stranded structure . Holliday Junction Molecular structure of a Holliday junction . Molecular structure of a Holliday junction . From PDB : 3CRX . MSH4 and MSH5 ( edit ) The MSH4 and MSH5 proteins form a hetero - oligomeric structure ( heterodimer ) in yeast and humans . In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH4 and MSH5 act specifically to facilitate crossovers between homologous chromosomes during meiosis . The MSH4 / MSH5 complex binds and stabilizes double Holliday junctions and promotes their resolution into crossover products . An MSH4 hypomorphic ( partially functional ) mutant of S. cerevisiae showed a 30 % genome wide reduction in crossover numbers , and a large number of meioses with non exchange chromosomes . Nevertheless , this mutant gave rise to spore viability patterns suggesting that segregation of non-exchange chromosomes occurred efficiently . Thus in S. cerevisiae proper segregation apparently does not entirely depend on crossovers between homologous pairs . Chiasma ( edit ) The grasshopper Melanoplus femur - rubrum was exposed to an acute dose of X-rays during each individual stage of meiosis , and chiasma frequency was measured . Irradiation during the leptotene - zygotene stages of meiosis ( that is , prior to the pachytene period in which crossover recombination occurs ) was found to increase subsequent chiasma frequency . Similarly , in the grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus , exposure to X-irradiation during the zygotene - early pachytene stages caused a significant increase in mean cell chiasma frequency . Chiasma frequency was scored at the later diplotene - diakinesis stages of meiosis . These results suggest that X-rays induce DNA damages that are repaired by a crossover pathway leading to chiasma formation . Consequences ( edit ) The difference between gene conversion and chromosomal crossover . In most eukaryotes , a cell carries two versions of each gene , each referred to as an allele . Each parent passes on one allele to each offspring . An individual gamete inherits a complete haploid complement of alleles on chromosomes that are independently selected from each pair of chromatids lined up on the metaphase plate . Without recombination , all alleles for those genes linked together on the same chromosome would be inherited together . Meiotic recombination allows a more independent segregation between the two alleles that occupy the positions of single genes , as recombination shuffles the allele content between homologous chromosomes . Recombination results in a new arrangement of maternal and paternal alleles on the same chromosome . Although the same genes appear in the same order , some alleles are different . In this way , it is theoretically possible to have any combination of parental alleles in an offspring , and the fact that two alleles appear together in one offspring does not have any influence on the statistical probability that another offspring will have the same combination . This principle of `` independent assortment '' of genes is fundamental to genetic inheritance . However , the frequency of recombination is actually not the same for all gene combinations . This leads to the notion of `` genetic distance '' , which is a measure of recombination frequency averaged over a ( suitably large ) sample of pedigrees . Loosely speaking , one may say that this is because recombination is greatly influenced by the proximity of one gene to another . If two genes are located close together on a chromosome , the likelihood that a recombination event will separate these two genes is less than if they were farther apart . Genetic linkage describes the tendency of genes to be inherited together as a result of their location on the same chromosome . Linkage disequilibrium describes a situation in which some combinations of genes or genetic markers occur more or less frequently in a population than would be expected from their distances apart . This concept is applied when searching for a gene that may cause a particular disease . This is done by comparing the occurrence of a specific DNA sequence with the appearance of a disease . When a high correlation between the two is found , it is likely that the appropriate gene sequence is really closer . Non-homologous crossover ( edit ) Crossovers typically occur between homologous regions of matching chromosomes , but similarities in sequence and other factors can result in mismatched alignments . Most DNA is composed of base pair sequences repeated very large numbers of times . These repetitious segments , often referred to as satellites , are fairly homogenous among a species . During DNA replication , each strand of DNA is used as a template for the creation of new strands using a partially - conserved mechanism ; proper functioning of this process results in two identical , paired chromosomes , often called sisters . Sister chromatid crossover events are known to occur at a rate of several crossover events per cell per division in eukaryotes . Most of these events involve an exchange of equal amounts of genetic information , but unequal exchanges may occur due to sequence mismatch . These are referred to by a variety of names , including non-homologous crossover , unequal crossover , and unbalanced recombination , and result in an insertion or deletion of genetic information into the chromosome . While rare compared to homologous crossover events , these mutations are drastic , affecting many loci at the same time . They are considered the main driver behind the generation of gene duplications and are a general source of mutation within the genome . Many proteins are implicated in DSB repair ; this figure shows a probable , simplified mechanism . The specific causes of non-homologous crossover events are unknown , but several influential factors are known to increase the likelihood of an unequal crossover . One common vector leading to unbalanced recombination is the repair of double - strand breaks ( DSBs ) . DSBs are often repaired using non-homologous end joining , a process which involves invasion of a template strand by the DSB strand ( see figure below ) . Nearby homologous regions of the template strand are often used for repair , which can give rise to either insertions or deletions in the genome if a non-homologous but complementary part of the template strand is used . Sequence similarity is a major player in crossover -- crossover events are more likely to occur in long regions of close identity on a gene . This means that any section of the genome with long sections of repetitive DNA is prone to crossover events . The presence of transposable elements is another influential element of non-homologous crossover . Repetitive regions of code characterize transposable elements ; complementary but non-homologous regions are ubiquitous within transposons . Because chromosomal regions composed of transposons have large quantities of identical , repetitious code in a condensed space , it is thought that transposon regions undergoing a crossover event are more prone to erroneous complementary match - up ; that is to say , a section of a chromosome containing a lot of identical sequences , should it undergo a crossover event , is less certain to match up with a perfectly homologous section of complementary code and more prone to binding with a section of code on a slightly different part of the chromosome . This results in unbalanced recombination , as genetic information may be either inserted or deleted into the new chromosome , depending on where the recombination occurred . While the motivating factors behind unequal recombination remain obscure , elements of the physical mechanism have been elucidated . Mismatch repair ( MMR ) proteins , for instance , are a well - known regulatory family of proteins , responsible for regulating mismatched sequences of DNA during replication and escape regulation . The operative goal of MMRs is the restoration of the parental genotype . One class of MMR in particular , MutSβ , is known to initiate the correction of insertion - deletion mismatches of up to 16 nucleotides . Little is known about the excision process in eukaryotes , but E. coli excisions involve the cleaving of a nick on either the 5 ' or 3 ' strand , after which DNA helicase and DNA polymerase III bind and generate single - stranded proteins , which are digested by exonucleases and attached to the strand by ligase . Multiple MMR pathways have been implicated in the maintenance of complex organism genome stability , and any of many possible malfunctions in the MMR pathway result in DNA editing and correction errors . Therefore , while it is not certain precisely what mechanisms lead to errors of non-homologous crossover , it is extremely likely that the MMR pathway is involved . See also ( edit ) Unequal crossing over Coefficient of coincidence Genetic distance Independent assortment Mitotic crossover Recombinant frequency References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Griffiths , AJF ; Gelbart , WM ; Miller , JH ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Modern Genetic Analysis : Mitotic Crossing - Over '' . New York : W.H. Freeman . Jump up ^ Creighton H , McClintock B ( 1931 ) . `` A Correlation of Cytological and Genetical Crossing - Over in Zea Mays '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 17 ( 8 ) : 492 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 17.8. 492 . PMC 1076098 . PMID 16587654 . ( Original paper ) Jump up ^ Rieger R. Michaelis A. , Green M.M. ( 1976 ) . Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics : Classical and molecular . Heidelberg - New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 3 - 540 - 07668 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ King R.C. , Stransfield W.D. ( 1998 ) : Dictionary of genetics . Oxford University Press , New York , Oxford , ISBN 0 - 19 - 50944 - 1 - 7 ; ISBN 0 - 19 - 509442 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Harris Bernstein , Carol Bernstein and Richard E. Michod ( 2011 ) . Meiosis as an Evolutionary Adaptation for DNA Repair . Chapter 19 in DNA Repair . Inna Kruman , editor . InTech Open Publisher . doi : 10.5772 / 25117 http://www.intechopen.com/books/dna-repair/meiosis-as-an-evolutionary-adaptation-for-dna-repair ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , H ; Bernstein , C ( 2010 ) . `` Evolutionary origin of recombination during meiosis '' . BioScience. 60 ( 7 ) : 498 -- 505 . doi : 10.1525 / bio. 2010.60. 7.5 . Jump up ^ Dangel , NJ ; Knoll , A ; Puchta , H ( 2014 ) . `` MHF1 plays Fanconi anaemia complementation group M protein ( FANCM ) - dependent and FANCM - independent roles in DNA repair and homologous recombination in plants '' . 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Jump up ^ Steinboeck , F ( 2010 ) . `` The relevance of oxidative stress and cytotoxic DNA lesions for spontaneous mutagenesis in non-replicating yeast cells '' . Mutat Res. 688 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 47 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mrfmmm. 2010.03. 006 . PMID 20223252 . Jump up ^ Nedelcu , M ; Marcu , O ; Michod , RE ( 2004 ) . `` Sex as a response to oxidative stress : a twofold increase in cellular reactive oxygen species activates sex genes '' . Proc. R. Soc . B. 271 : 1591 -- 1596 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2004.2747 . PMC 1691771 . PMID 15306305 . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Charpentier , X ( 2010 ) . `` Antibiotics and UV Radiation Induce Competence for Natural Transformation in Legionella pneumophila '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 193 ( 5 ) : 1114 -- 1121 . doi : 10.1128 / JB. 01146 - 10 . PMC 3067580 . PMID 21169481 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Keeney , S ; Giroux , CN ; Kleckner , N ( 1997 ) . `` Meiosis - Specific DNA Double - Strand Breaks Are Catalyzed by Spo11 , a Member of a Widely Conserved Protein Family '' . Cell. 88 ( 3 ) : 375 -- 84 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 81876 - 0 . PMID 9039264 . Jump up ^ Sauvageau , S ; Stasiak , Az ; Banville , I ; Ploquin , M ; Stasiak , A ; Masson , Jy ( June 2005 ) . `` Fission Yeast Rad51 and Dmc1 , Two Efficient DNA Recombinases Forming Helical Nucleoprotein Filaments '' ( Free full text ) . Molecular and Cellular Biology . 25 ( 11 ) : 4377 -- 87 . doi : 10.1128 / MCB. 25.11. 4377 - 4387.2005 . ISSN 0270 - 7306 . PMC 1140613 . PMID 15899844 . ^ Jump up to : Pochart P , Woltering D , Hollingsworth NM ( 1997 ) . `` Conserved properties between functionally distinct MutS homologs in yeast '' . J. Biol. Chem. 272 ( 48 ) : 30345 -- 9 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 272.48. 30345 . PMID 9374523 . Jump up ^ Winand NJ , Panzer JA , Kolodner RD ( 1998 ) . `` Cloning and characterization of the human and Caenorhabditis elegans homologs of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH5 gene '' . Genomics. 53 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 80 . doi : 10.1006 / geno. 1998.5447 . PMID 9787078 . Jump up ^ Bocker T , Barusevicius A , Snowden T , Rasio D , Guerrette S , Robbins D , Schmidt C , Burczak J , Croce CM , Copeland T , Kovatich AJ , Fishel R ( 1999 ) . `` hMSH5 : a human MutS homologue that forms a novel heterodimer with hMSH4 and is expressed during spermatogenesis '' . Cancer Res. 59 ( 4 ) : 816 -- 22 . PMID 10029069 . Jump up ^ Krishnaprasad GN , Anand MT , Lin G , Tekkedil MM , Steinmetz LM , Nishant KT ( 2015 ) . `` Variation in crossover frequencies perturb crossover assurance without affecting meiotic chromosome segregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae '' . Genetics . 199 ( 2 ) : 399 -- 412 . doi : 10.1534 / genetics. 114.172320 . PMC 4317650 . PMID 25467183 . 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( hide ) Genetics : homologous recombination / mobile genetic elements Primarily prokaryotic Conjugation Transduction Transformation Occurs in eukaryotes Transfection Chromosomal crossover Gene conversion Fusion gene Horizontal gene transfer Sister chromatid exchange Transposon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromosomal_crossover&oldid=842058931 '' Categories : Cellular processes Molecular genetics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 23 : 16 . 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875616694430376852 | Constitution of India | Constitution of India - Wikipedia Constitution of India Jump to : navigation , search Constitution of India The original text of the Preamble Ratified 26 November 1949 Date effective January 26 , 1950 ; 67 years ago ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) Author ( s ) B.R. Ambedkar and Drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly of India Signatories 284 members of the Constituent Assembly Purpose To replace the Indian Independence Act Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India . It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles , establishes the structure , procedures , powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights , directive principles and the duties of citizens . It is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world . B.R. Ambedkar , the chairman of the Drafting Committee , is widely considered to be its chief architect . It imparts constitutional supremacy and not parliamentary supremacy , as it is not created by the Parliament but , by a constituent assembly , and adopted by its people , with a declaration in its preamble . Parliament can not override the constitution . It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 , and came into effect on 26 January 1950 . With its adoption , the Union of India became the modern and contemporary Republic of India replacing the Government of India Act , 1935 as the country 's fundamental governing document . To ensure constitutional autochthony , the framers of the constitution repealed the prior Acts of the British Parliament via Article 395 of the constitution . India celebrates its coming into force on 26 January each year , as Republic Day . It declares India a sovereign , socialist , secular , democratic republic , assuring its citizens of justice , equality , and liberty , and endeavours to promote fraternity among them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Previous legislation used as sources 2 Constituent assembly 2.1 Drafting 2.2 Influence of other constitutions 3 Structure 3.1 Parts 3.2 Schedules 3.3 Appendices 4 The constitution and the government 5 The constitution and the legislature 5.1 Amendment 5.2 Limitations 6 The constitution and the judiciary 6.1 Judicial review 7 The constitution -- a living document 8 See also 9 Notes 9.1 Notes on Article 21 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar , chairman of the Drafting Committee , presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949 The major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947 . When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950 , it repealed the Indian Independence Act . India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic . The date of 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930 . Articles 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 60 , 324 , 366 , 367 , 379 , 380 , 388 , 391 , 392 , 393 and 394 of the Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 and the remaining articles on 26 January 1950 . Previous legislation used as sources It is drawn from many sources . Keeping in mind the needs and conditions of India its framers borrowed different features freely from previous legislation viz . Government of India Act 1858 , Indian Councils Act 1861 , Indian Councils Act 1892 , Indian Councils Act 1909 , Government of India Act 1919 , Government of India Act 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947 . The last legislation which led to the creation of the two independent nations of India and Pakistan provided for the division of the erstwhile Constituent Assembly into two , with each new assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it , to enable each to draft and enact a new constitution , for the separate states . Constituent Assembly A meeting of the Constituent Assembly of India , 1950 CE Main article : Constituent Assembly of India It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly , which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies . The 389 member Constituent Assembly took almost three years ( two years , eleven months and eighteen days to be precise ) to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for independent India , during which , it held eleven sessions over 165 days . Of these , 114 days were spent on the consideration of the draft Constitution . On 29 August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a draft Constitution for India . While deliberating upon the draft Constitution , the assembly moved , discussed and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 tabled . Dr B.R. Ambedkar , Sanjay Phakey , Jawaharlal Nehru , C. Rajagopalachari , Rajendra Prasad , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Kanaiyalal Munshi , Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar , Sandipkumar Patel , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Shyama Prasad Mukherjee , Nalini Ranjan Ghosh , and Balwantrai Mehta were some important figures in the assembly . There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes . Frank Anthony represented the Anglo - Indian community , and the Parsis were represented by H.P. Modi . The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo - Indians . Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha Community . Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer , Benegal Narsing Rau and K.M. Munshi , Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly . Sarojini Naidu , Hansa Mehta , Durgabai Deshmukh , Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Vijayalakshmi Pandit were important women members . The first temporary 2 - day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachchidananda Sinha . Later , Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly . The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946 . Drafting B.N. Rau was appointed as the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly in formulating the Indian Constitution in 1946 . He was responsible for the general structure of its democratic framework of the Constitution and prepared its initial draft in February 1948 . This draft was debated , revised and finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 . On 14 August 1947 meeting of the Assembly , a proposal for forming various committees was presented . Such committees included a Committee on Fundamental Rights , the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution Committee . On 29 August 1947 , the Drafting Committee was appointed , with Dr B.R. Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members assisted by a constitutional advisor . These members were Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant , Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi ( KM Munshi , Ex - Home Minister , Bombay ) , Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer ( Ex - Advocate General , Madras State ) , N Gopalaswami Ayengar ( Ex-Prime Minister , J&K and later member of Nehru Cabinet ) , BL Mitter ( Ex-Advocate General , India ) , Md . Saadullah ( Ex - Chief Minister of Assam , Muslim League member ) and DP Khaitan ( Scion of Khaitan Business family and a renowned lawyer ) . The constitutional advisor was Sir Benegal Narsing Rau ( who became First Indian Judge in International Court of Justice , 1950 -- 54 ) . Later BL Mitter resigned and was replaced by Madhav Rao ( Legal Advisor of Maharaja of Vadodara ) . On DP Khaitan 's death , TT Krishnamachari was included in the drafting committee . A draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947 , which was debated and over 2000 amendments were moved over a period of two years . Finally on 26 November 1949 , the process was completed and the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution . 284 members signed the document and the process of constitution making was complete . This day is celebrated as National Law Day or Constitution Day . Jawaharlal Nehru signing the Constitution The assembly met in sessions open to the public , for 166 days , spread over a period of 2 years , 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution , the 308 members of the assembly signed two copies of the document ( one each in Hindi and English ) on 24 January 1950 . The original Constitution of India is hand - written with beautiful calligraphy , each page beautified and decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose . The illustrations on the cover and pages represent styles from the different civilisations of the subcontinent , ranging from the prehistoric Mohenjodaro civilisation , in the Indus Valley , to the present . The calligraphy in the book was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizda . It was published in Dehra Dun , and photolithographed at the offices of Survey of India . The entire exercise to produce the original took nearly five years . Two days later , on 26 January 1950 , the Constitution of India became the law of all the States and territories of India . Rs. 1 , 00 , 00,000 was official estimate of expenditure on constituent assembly . It has undergone many amendments since its enactment . The original 1950 Constitution of India is preserved in helium cases in the Parliament house , New Delhi . There are two original versions of this -- one in Hindi and the other in English . The original constitution can be viewed here . Influence of other constitutions British Constitution Parliamentary form of government The idea of single citizenship The idea of the Rule of law Institution of Speaker and his role Lawmaking procedure Procedure established by Law United States Constitution Charter of Fundamental Rights Federal structure of government Electoral College Independence of the judiciary and separation of powers among the three branches of the government Judicial review President as supreme commander of armed forces Equal Protection under law Irish Constitution Directive principles of state policy Australian Constitution Freedom of trade and commerce within the country and between the states Power of the national legislature to make laws for implementing treaties , even on matters outside normal Federal jurisdiction Concurrent List Terminology for the Preamble French Constitution Ideals of Liberty , Equality and Fraternity Canadian Constitution A quasi-federal form of government -- a federal system with a strong central government Distribution of powers between the central government and state governments Residual powers retained by the central government Constitution of the Soviet Union Fundamental Duties u / a 51 - A A Constitutionally mandated Planning Commission to oversee the development of the economy Other Constitutions Emergency Provision u / a 356 , Weimar Constitution ( Germany ) Amendment of Constitution , South Africa Due Procedure of Law , Japan Structure The Indian constitution is the world 's longest . At its commencement , it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules . It is made up of approximately 145,000 words , making it the second largest active constitution in the world . In its current form ( September 2012 ) , it has a preamble , 25 parts with 448 articles , 12 schedules , 5 appendices and 101 amendments , the latest of which came into force on 8 September 2016 . Parts The individual articles of the constitution are grouped together into the following parts : Preamble with the words `` socialist '' and `` secular '' added to it in 1976 by the 42nd constitutional amendment . Part I -- Union and its Territory Part II -- Citizenship . Part III -- Fundamental Rights Part IV -- Directive Principles of State Policy Part IVA -- Fundamental Duties Part V -- The Union Part VI -- The States Part VII -- States in the B part of the First schedule ( repealed ) Part VIII -- The Union Territories Part IX -- The Panchayats Part IXA -- The Municipalities Part IXB -- The Co-operative Societies . Part X -- The scheduled and Tribal Areas Part XI -- Relations between the Union and the States Part XII -- Finance , Property , Contracts and Suits Part XIII -- Trade and Commerce within the territory of India Part XIV -- Services Under the Union , the States Part XIVA -- Tribunals Part XV -- Elections Part XVI -- Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes Part XVII -- Languages Part XVIII -- Emergency Provisions Part XIX -- Miscellaneous Part XX -- Amendment of the Constitution Part XXI -- Temporary , Transitional and Special Provisions Part XXII -- Short title , date of commencement , Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals . Schedules Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government . First Schedule ( Articles 1 and 4 ) -- This lists the states and territories of India , lists any changes to their borders and the laws used to make that change . Second Schedule ( Articles 59 ( 3 ) , 65 ( 3 ) , 75 ( 6 ) , 97 , 125 , 148 ( 3 ) , 158 ( 3 ) , 164 ( 5 ) , 186 and 221 ) -- This lists the salaries of officials holding public office , judges , and Comptroller and Auditor General of India . Third Schedule ( Articles 75 ( 4 ) , 99 , 124 ( 6 ) , 148 ( 2 ) , 164 ( 3 ) , 188 and 219 ) -- Forms of Oaths -- This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials and judges . Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) -- This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of Parliament ) per State or Union Territory . Fifth Schedule ( Article 244 ( 1 ) ) -- This provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes ( areas and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous conditions ) . Sixth Schedule ( Articles 244 ( 2 ) and 275 ( 1 ) ) -- Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura , and Mizoram . Seventh Schedule ( Article 246 ) -- The union ( central government ) , state , and concurrent lists of responsibilities . Eighth Schedule ( Articles 344 ( 1 ) and 351 ) -- The official languages . Ninth Schedule ( Article 31 - B ) -- Validation of certain Acts and Regulations . Tenth Schedule ( Articles 102 ( 2 ) and 191 ( 2 ) ) -- `` Anti-defection '' provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures . Eleventh Schedule ( Article 243 - G ) -- Panchayat Raj ( rural local government ) , Twelfth Schedule ( Article 243 - W ) -- Municipalities ( urban local government ) . Appendices Appendix I -- The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 . Appendix II -- Re-statement , with reference to the present text of the Constitution , of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir . Appendix III -- Extracts from the Constitution ( Forty - fourth Amendment ) Act , 1978 . Appendix IV -- The Constitution ( Eighty - sixth Amendment ) Act , 2002 . Appendix V -- The Constitution ( Eighty - eighth Amendment ) Act , 2003 . The Constitution and the government Institutions of governance -- the Parliament , the President , the Judiciary , the Executive , etc. get their power from the Constitution and are bound by it . With the aid of the Constitution , India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature . It states that there shall be a President of India who shall be the head of the executive , under Articles 52 and 53 . The President 's duty is to preserve , protect and defend the constitution and the law under Article 60 of the Indian constitution . Article 74 provides that there shall be a Prime Minister as the head of union cabinet which would aid and advise the President in performing his constitutional duty . Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the House of the People per Article 75 ( 3 ) . The Constitution of India is federal in nature but unitary in spirit . The common features of a federation such as written Constitution , supremacy of Constitution , rigidity of Constitution , two government , division of powers , bicameralism and independent judiciary as well as unitary features like single Constitution , single citizenship , integrated judiciary , flexible Constitution , a strong Centre , appointment of state governor by the Centre , All - India Services , Emergency Provisions etc. can be seen in Indian Constitution . This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form . Each state and each Union territory of India has its own government . Analogous to President and Prime Minister , each has a Governor ( in case of states ) or Lieutenant Governor ( in the case of Union territories ) and a Chief Minister . Article 356 permits the President to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority when a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State can not be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution . This power , known as President 's rule , was abused earlier as state governments came to be dismissed on the flimsiest of grounds , and more due to the political discomfiture of the party in power at the centre . Post -- Bommai judgment , such a course of action has been rendered rather difficult , as the courts have asserted their right to review it . Consequently , very few state governments have been disbanded since . The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act also introduced the system of Panchayati Raj in rural areas and Municipality in urban areas . Also , Article 370 of the Constitution gives special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir . The Constitution and the legislature Main article : Amendment of the Constitution of India See also : List of amendments of the Constitution of India Amendment The process of addition , variation or repeal of any part of the constitution by the parliament under its constituent powers , is called amendment of the constitution . The procedure is laid out in Article 368 . An amendment bill must be passed by each House of the Parliament by a majority of the total membership of that House when at least two - thirds members are present and voted . In addition to this , certain amendments which pertain to the federal nature of the Constitution must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures . Unlike the ordinary bills under legislative powers of Parliament as per Article 245 ( with exception to money bills ) , there is no provision for joint sitting of the two houses ( Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha ) of the parliament to pass a constitutional amendment bill . During recess of Parliament , President can not promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers per Article 123 , Chapter III which needs constitutional amendment . Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under legislative powers of Parliament , are no more valid after the addition of Article 368 ( 1 ) by Twenty - fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India . As of September 2015 , there have been 120 amendment bills presented in the parliament , out of which 100 have been passed to become Amendment Acts . Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass , the Constitution of India is the most frequently amended national governing document in the world . The Constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many of these amendments address issues dealt with by ordinary statute in other democracies . As a result , the document is amended roughly twice a year , and three times every two years . In 2000 , the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution ( NCRWC ) was set up to look into updating the constitution . Government of India , establishes term based law commissions to recommend law reforms for maximising justice in society and for promoting good governance under the rule of law . Limitations Main article : Basic structure doctrine The Supreme Court has ruled in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case that an amendment can not destroy what it seeks to modify , which means , while amending anything in the Constitution , it can not tinker with the `` basic structure '' or its framework , which is immutable . Such an amendment will be declared invalid even though no part of the constitution is explicitly prevented from being amended , nor does the basic structure doctrine protect any single provision of the Constitution . Yet , this `` doctrine of basic features '' lays down that , the Constitution when `` read as a whole '' , that what comes to be understood as its basic features can not be abridged , deleted or abrogated . What these `` basic features '' are , have not been defined exhaustively anywhere , and whether a particular provision of the Constitution of India is a `` basic feature '' is decided as and when an issue is raised before a court in an instant case . The judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case laid down the following as the basic structure of the constitution of India : The Supremacy of the Constitution Republican and Democratic form of the Government Secular Character of the Constitution Maintenance of Separation of powers The Federal Character of the Constitution This implies that the Parliament , while amending the Constitution , can only amend it to the extent so as to not destroy any of the aforesaid characters . The Supreme Court / High Court ( s ) may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated , by performing Judicial review . This is typical of Parliamentary governments , where the Judiciary has to exercise an effective check on the exercise of the powers of the Parliament , which in many respects is supreme . In the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case of 1967 , the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Punjab could not restrict any of the Fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine . Extent of land ownership and practice of profession , in this case , were held to be a fundamental right . The ruling of the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case was eventually overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971 . The Constitution and the Judiciary The Judiciary interprets the Constitution as its final arbiter . It is its duty as mandated by the Constitution , to be its watchdog , by calling for scrutiny any act of the legislature or the executive , who otherwise , are free to enact or implement these , from overstepping bounds set for them by the Constitution . It acts like a guardian in protecting the fundamental rights of the people , as enshrined in the Constitution , from infringement by any organ of the state . It also balances the conflicting exercise of power between the centre and a state or among states , as assigned to them by the Constitution . While pronouncing decisions under its constitutional mandate , it is expected to remain unaffected by pulls and pressures exerted by other branches of the state , citizens or interest groups . And crucially , independence of the judiciary has been held to be a basic feature of the Constitution , and which being inalienable , has come to mean -- that which can not be taken away from it by any act or amendment by the legislature or the executive . Judicial review Judicial review is adopted in the Constitution of India from judicial review in the United States . In the Indian constitution , Judicial review is dealt with under Article 13 . Judicial Review refers that the Constitution is the supreme power of the nation and all laws are under its supremacy . Article 13 states that : All pre-constitutional laws , if in part or completely in conflict with the Constitution , shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the Constitution ends the conflict . In such situation the provision of that law will again come into force , if it is compatible with the constitution as amended . This is called the Doctrine of Eclipse . In a similar manner , laws made after adoption of the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly must be compatible with the constitution , otherwise the laws and amendments will be deemed to be void ab initio . In such situations , the Supreme Court or High Court interprets the laws to decide if they are in conformity with the Constitution . If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency , and where a separation is possible , the provision that is inconsistent with constitution is considered to be void . In addition to article 13 , articles 32 , 226 and 227 provide a constitutional basis to judicial review in India . Due to the adoption of the thirty - eighth amendment , the Indian Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency that infringes upon fundamental rights under article 32 i.e. Right to Constitutional Remedies . Later with the Forty - second Amendment of the Constitution of India , article 31 C was widened and article 368 ( 4 ) and 368 ( 5 ) were added , which stated that any law passed by the parliament ca n't be challenged in the court on any ground . The Supreme court in the Minerva Mills v. Union of India case said that Judicial Review is one of the basic character of the constitution and therefore ca n't be taken away quashing Article 368 ( 4 ) & ( 5 ) as well as 31 C . The Constitution -- a living document `` The Indian Constitution is first and foremost a social document , and is aided by its Parts III & IV ( Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy , respectively ) acting together , as its chief instruments and its conscience , in realising the goals set by it for all the people . '' The Constitution 's provisions have consciously been worded in generalities , though not in vague terms , instead of making them rigid and static with a fixed meaning or content as in an ordinary statute , so that they may be interpreted by coming generations of citizens with the onward march of time , to apply to new and ever - changing and demanding situations , making the Constitution a living and an organic document . Justice Marshall asserts : `` It is the nature of ( a ) Constitution that only its great outlines be marked '' . It is a document intended `` to endure for ages '' and therefore , it has to be interpreted not merely on the basis of the intention and understanding of the its framers but on the experience of its working effectively , in the existing social and political context . For instance , `` right to life '' as guaranteed under Article 21 , has by interpretation been expanded to progressively mean a whole lot of human rights In the conclusion of his Making of India 's Constitution , Justice Khanna writes : `` If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers , no less are we , the people of India , the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions ! A constitution is not a parchment of paper , it is a way of life and has to be lived up to . Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis , its only keepers are the people . '' See also India portal Politics portal Constitution Day ( India ) Constitutional economics Constitutionalism History of democracy List of national constitutions Magna Carta Rule according to higher law Uniform civil code of India Notes ^ Jump up to : The Constitution of Yugoslavia briefly held this position from 1974 till the nation split up in 1990 . Jump up ^ The Constitution was in 22 Parts originally . Part VII & IX ( older ) was repealed in 1956 , whereas newly added Part IVA , IXA , IXB & XIVA by Amendments to the Constitution in different times ( lastly added IXB by the 97th Amendment ) . Jump up ^ Although the last article of the Constitution is Article 395 , the total number , as of March 2013 is 465 . New articles added through amendments have been inserted in the relevant location in the original constitution . In order not to disturb the original numbering , the new articles are inserted with alpha numeric enumerations . For example , Article 21A pertaining to Right to Education was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act . Jump up ^ By 73rd & 74th Amendment , the lists of administrative subjects of Panchayat raj & Municipality included in the Constitution as Schedule 11 & 12 respectively in the year 1993 . Jump up ^ Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state , administered federally , usually populated by a predominant Scheduled Tribe . Jump up ^ Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous people , identified in the Constitution , struggling socioeconomically Jump up ^ These lines by Granville Austin from his book The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation at p. 50 , have been authoritatively quoted many times Notes on Article 21 Jump up ^ Art . 21 -- `` No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law '' Jump up ^ Right to speedy trial Right to water Right to livelihood Right to health Right to education References Jump up ^ `` Preface , The constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pylee , M.V. ( 1997 ) . India 's Constitution . S. Chand & Co. p. 3 . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0403 - X . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional supremacy vs parliamentary supremacy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Constitution of India '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 29 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Swaminathan , Shivprasad ( 26 January 2013 ) . `` India 's benign constitutional revolution '' . The Hindu : opinion . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Das , Hari ( 2002 ) . Political System of India . Anmol Publications . p. 120 . ISBN 81 - 7488 - 690 - 7 . Jump up ^ WP ( Civil ) No. 98 / 2002 ( 12 September 2002 ) . `` Aruna Roy & Ors . v. Union of India & Ors '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . p. 18 / 30 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Preamble of the Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law & Justice . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commencement '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Constitution Day '' . 26 November 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Some Facts of Constituent Assembly '' . Parliament of India . National Informatics Centre . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . On 29 August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India Jump up ^ On National Law Day , saluting two remarkable judges , Firstpost , 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ PM Modi greets people on Constitution Day , DNA India , 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original unamended constitution of India , January , 1950 '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION ( AMENDMENT ) ACTS '' . India Code Information System . Ministry of Law , Government of India . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' . www.wdl.org . World Digital Library . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sridhar , Madabhushi . `` Evolution and Philosophy behind the Indian Constitution ( page 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dr. Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute ( Institute of Administration ) , Hyderabad . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Borrowed features of Constitution '' . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Miglani , Dr. Deepak . `` Constitution of India : A ' Bag of Borrowings ' '' . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's Constitution is Not the Longest '' . scocablog.com . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of india '' . Ministry of Law and Justice , Govt. of India . Jump up ^ `` Constitution ( Ninety - ninth Amendment ) Act , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . 1 , Law Street . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Baruah , Aparijita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight and Comparison with Other Constitutions . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 177 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 996 - 0 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chishti , Seema ; Anand , Utkarsh ( 30 January 2015 ) . `` Legal experts say debating Preamble of Constitution pointless , needless '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forty - Second Amendment to the Constitution '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 28 August 1976 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Part I Jump up ^ Part II Jump up ^ Part IV Jump up ^ Part V Jump up ^ Part VI Jump up ^ Part VII Jump up ^ Part VIII Jump up ^ Part IX Jump up ^ Part IXA Jump up ^ http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf Jump up ^ Originally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on the ground that they violated fundamental rights . but in a landmark judgement in 2007 , the Supreme Court of India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others that laws included in the 9th schedule can be subject to judicial review if they violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14 , 15 , 19 , 21 or the basic structure of the Constitution ( ( ambiguous ) ) -- I.R. Coelho ( dead ) by L.Rs . v. State of Tamil Nadu and others ( 2007 ) 2 S.C.C. 1 ^ Jump up to : Menon , N.R. Madhava ( 26 September 2004 ) . `` Parliament and the Judiciary '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ M Laxmikanth. `` 3 '' . Indian Polity ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill Education . p. 3.2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 25 - 906412 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krishnakumar , R. `` ' Article 356 should be abolished ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rajendra Prasad , R.J. `` ' Bommai verdict has checked misuse of Article 356 ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Swami , Praveen . `` Protecting secularism and federal fair play '' . Frontline ( Vol. 14 : : No. 22 : : 1 -- 14 Nov. 1997 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement : A.K. Roy , Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ name = `` amendments '' Jump up ^ Krishnamurthi , Vivek ( 2009 ) . `` Colonial Cousins : Explaining India and Canada 's Unwritten Constitutional Principles '' ( PDF ) . Yale Journal of International Law . 34 ( 1 ) : 219 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kuri 's blog : National Commission to review the working of the Constitution ( NCRWC ) . Kurishravan.blogspot.in ( 23 February 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . p. 568 . ISBN 9788180382536 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : aDvantage . `` Doctrine of Basic Structure -- Constitutional Law '' . www.legalserviceindia.com . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary J. ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 9780674047662 . ^ Jump up to : Dalal , Milan ( 2008 ) . `` India 's New Constitutionalism : Two Cases That Have Reshaped Indian Law '' . Boston College International Comparative Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 258 -- 260 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Pratap Bhanu ( 2002 ) . Hasan , Zoya ; Sridharan , E. ; Sudarshan , R. , eds . Article -- The Inner Conflict of Constitutionalism : Judicial Review and the ' Basic Structure ' ( Book -- India 's Kiving Constitution : Ideas , Practices , Controversies ) ( ( 2006 ) Second Impression ( 2002 ) First ed . ) . Delhi : Permanent Black . p. 187 . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 087 - 4 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , Bishwajit . `` Supreme Court Shows Govt Its LoC '' . the day after ( 1 -- 15 Nov 2015 ) . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ National Comionmission to Review the Working of the Constitution . `` A Consultation Paper on the Financial Autonomy of the Indian Judiciary '' . Chapter 1 . New Delhi ( 26 September 2001 ) . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chakrabarty , Bidyut ( 2008 ) . Indian Politics and Society Since Independence : Events , Processes and Ideology ( First ed . ) . Oxon ( UK ) , New York ( USA ) : Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 40867 - 7 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sorabjee , Soli J. ( 1 November 2015 ) . `` A step in the Wrong Direction '' . The Week . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ V. Venkatesan -- A fresh look at the relevance of three early doctrines that have defined the Indian Constitution over the years . Front - line ( Vol. 29 -- Issue 05 : : 10 -- 23 Mar. 2012 ) Jump up ^ Jain , M.P. ( 2010 ) . Indian Constitutional Law . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . p. 921 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 621 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lectures By Professor Parmanad Singh , Jindal Global Law School . Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 9780674047662 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , Vikram ( 2010 ) . `` The biographer of the Indian constitution '' . Seminar . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dharmadhikari , Justice D.M. `` Principle of Constitutional Interpretation : Some Reflections '' . ( 2004 ) 4 SCC ( Jour ) 1 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaur , K.D. ( 2002 ) . Article -- Law and the Poor : Some Recent Developments in India ( Book -- Criminal Law and Criminology ) . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 564 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 410 - 1 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Narain , Vrinda . `` Water as a Fundamental Right : A Perspective from India '' ( PDF ) . Vermont Law Review . 34 : 917 : 920 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Khosla , Madhav ( 2011 ) . `` Making social rights conditional : Lessons from India '' ( PDF ) . I con ( 2010 ) . 8 ( 4 ) : 761 . doi : 10.1093 / icon / mor005 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ H.R. Khanna . Making of India 's Constitution . Eastern Book Co , Lucknow , 1981 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . Bibliography Khanna , Justice H.R ( 2015 ) . Making of India 's Constitution ( 2nd Edition 2008 , ( Reprinted 2015 ) ed . ) . Eastern Book Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 188 - 6 . Austin , Granville ( 1999 ) . The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9564 - 959 - 8 . Austin , Granville ( 2003 ) . Working a Democratic Constitution : A History of the Indian Experience ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9565 - 610 - 7 . Baruah , Aparajita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight & Comparison . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7629 - 996 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1965 ) . Commentary on the constitution of India : ( being a comparative treatise on the universal principles of justice and constitutional government with special reference to the organic instrument of India ) . 1 -- 2 . S.C. Sarkar & Sons ( Private ) Ltd . Basu , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1981 ) . Shorter Constitution of India . Prentice - Hall of India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87692 - 200 - 2 . Das , Hari Hara ( 2002 ) . Political System of India . Anmol Publications . ISBN 81 - 7488 - 690 - 7 . Dash , Shreeram Chandra ( 1968 ) . The Constitution of India ; a Comparative Study . Chaitanya Pub . House . Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . ISBN 9788180382536 . Ghosh , Pratap Kumar ( 1966 ) . The Constitution of India : How it Has Been Framed . World Press . Jayapalan , N. ( 1998 ) . Constitutional History of India . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . ISBN 81 - 7156 - 761 - 4 . Khanna , Hans Raj ( 1981 ) . Making of India 's Constitution . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . Rahulrai , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Pylee , M.V. ( 1997 ) . India 's Constitution . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0403 - X . Pylee , M.V. ( 2004 ) . Constitutional Government in India . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 2203 - 8 . Sen , Sarbani ( 2007 ) . The Constitution of India : Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Transformations . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568649 - 4 . Sharma , Dinesh ; Singh , Jaya ; Maganathan , R. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . Indian Constitution at Work . Political Science , Class XI . NCERT . `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . External links Find more aboutConstitution of Indiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Original as published in the Gazette of India Original Unamended version of the Constitution of India Ministry of Law and Justice of India -- The Constitution of India Page Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008 Constitutional predilections `` Constitution of India '' . 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1436688208939472704 | Sabrina the Teenage Witch (TV series) | Sabrina the Teenage witch ( TV series ) - wikipedia Sabrina the Teenage witch ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about live action television series . For the animated television series , see Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sabrina the Teenage Witch Genre Fantasy Supernatural Sitcom Created by Nell Scovell Based on Sabrina the Teenage Witch by Dan DeCarlo George Gladir Developed by Jonathan Schmock Starring Melissa Joan Hart Caroline Rhea Beth Broderick Nate Richert Jenna Leigh Green Michelle Beaudoin Paul Feig Lindsay Sloane Alimi Ballard Martin Mull China Jesusita Shavers David Lascher Jon Huertas Trevor Lissauer Elisa Donovan Soleil Moon Frye Andrew Walker Bumper Robinson John Ducey Diana - Maria Riva Voices of Nick Bakay Theme music composer Danny Lux ( entire run ) Paul Taylor ( seasons 5 -- 7 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 163 ( + 3 television films ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Paula Hart ( entire run ) Nell Scovell ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Miriam Trogdon ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Carrie Honigblum & Renee Phillips ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Bruce Ferber ( 2000 -- 2002 ) David Babcock ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Camera setup Film ; Single - camera Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Archie Comics Hartbreak Films Finishing the Hat Productions ( 1996 -- 1997 ) ( season 1 ) Viacom Productions Distributor Paramount Domestic Television ( 2000 - 2004 ) CBS Television Distribution Release Original network ABC ( 1996 -- 2000 ) The WB ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) Audio format Stereo surround sound Original release September 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 27 ) -- April 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 24 ) Sabrina the Teenage Witch is an American sitcom based on the Archie Comics series of the same name . The show premiered on September 27 , 1996 , on ABC to over 17 million viewers in its `` T.G.I.F. '' line - up . The show stars Melissa Joan Hart as Sabrina Spellman , an American teenager who , on her sixteenth birthday , discovers she has magical powers ( a departure from the Archie Comics , where she has known of her magic powers since an early age as revealed in the `` Sabrina -- That Cute Little Witch '' storylines in many Little Archie comic books ) . She lives with her 500 - year - old aunts , witches Hilda ( played by Caroline Rhea ) and Zelda ( played by Beth Broderick ) , and their magical talking cat Salem ( voiced by Nick Bakay ) at 133 Collins Road in the fictional Boston suburb of Westbridge , Massachusetts through most of the series . The series ' first four seasons aired on ABC from September 27 , 1996 , to May 5 , 2000 ; the final three seasons ran on The WB from September 22 , 2000 , to April 24 , 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and production 1.1 Opening sequence 1.2 Departures 2 Plot and premise 2.1 Plot summary 2.2 Season 1 ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 1998 -- 1999 ) 2.5 Season 4 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 2.6 Season 5 ( 2000 -- 2001 ) 2.7 Season 6 ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 2.8 Season 7 ( 2002 -- 2003 ) 3 Cast and characters 4 Episodes and U.S. ratings history 5 Syndication 5.1 United States 5.2 International syndication 6 Video games 7 Multimedia 8 Animated series 9 References 10 External links History and production ( edit ) The unofficial pilot of the series was the 1996 TV movie Sabrina the Teenage Witch in April . The movie , produced by Viacom and Hartbreak Films and aired on Showtime , starred Melissa Joan Hart as the title character , Sabrina Sawyer , and Charlene Fernetz and Sherry Miller as Sabrina 's aunts Zelda and Hilda , respectively . When the television series debuted on ABC later that year , Hart became Sabrina Spellman , and Caroline Rhea and Beth Broderick replaced Fernetz and Miller . In 2000 , the show was dropped by ABC and picked up by The WB . When viewership began to wane , the show was canceled after seven seasons . The television series was produced by Hartbreak Films and Viacom Productions with Finishing the Hat Productions being there for season 1 only . Later it was syndicated through Paramount Domestic Television on reruns . Paramount Network Television absorbed Viacom Productions in 2004 , and two years later , Paramount 's TV operations were renamed to CBS Paramount Television ( now CBS Television Studios ) , whose name is seen on the season 1 , 2 , and 3 DVDs . Then in 2007 , the syndication arm was renamed from CBS Paramount Domestic Television to CBS Television Distribution , whose name is on the season 4 , 5 , 6 , and 7 DVDs . The official copyright holder for the series ( as with all series originally produced by Viacom Productions ) is CBS Studios Productions , LLC . Opening sequence ( edit ) The opening titles of the first three seasons shows Sabrina in front of a mirror posing with four different costumes and outfits as the cast members ' names quickly flash on the bottom of the screen . The first three outfits are always the same , but the fourth one changes from episode to episode . At the end , Sabrina would say something that is related to the last costume ( often a pun or a joke related to the costume or the content of the episode ) , and then magically disappear from head on down . The opening sequence for the fourth season is completely redone , featuring a completely new theme and the show 's main characters , starting with Sabrina , floating in bubbles while their names are displayed in gold letters and a voice chants `` Secret '' in the background . The opening credits for the final three seasons are accompanied by a new vocal theme song and feature Sabrina at various locations around Boston : Harvard Bridge , Boston Common , Union Oyster House , Massachusetts State House , Quincy Market , Newbury Street , Harvard University , Tufts University , and Beacon Hill . In the credits of seasons five and six , after leaving Newbury Comics on Newbury Street , Sabrina walks down a flight of stairs and computer graphics morph Sabrina into her room , lying on her bed next to Salem . In the final season , however , the computer graphics morph Sabrina arriving at Scorch . Upon pushing the door open , she is revealed to be walking into her house to greet Roxie , Morgan , and Salem . The actual house photographed and filmed to depict Spellman Manor is a Victorian mansion located at 64 E. Main St. in Freehold , New Jersey . The exteriors for Westbridge High School , which Sabrina attended , were Dwight Morrow High School in Englewood , New Jersey . Departures ( edit ) The show went through many cast changes , the first major change being the unexplained departure of Sabrina 's best friend Jenny Kelly ( Michelle Beaudoin ) at the end of the first season . At the beginning of the fourth season , Valerie departs the show permanently along with Libby . Valerie 's character moves away to Alaska with her family , while Libby transfers to a boarding school . When the series finished its fourth season , several secondary characters left the show , including Martin Mull and Nate Richert . Richert , who played Sabrina 's boyfriend Harvey since the first season , was cut in order to give the show a more `` grown - up look '' as Sabrina was about to attend college . The decision was later rescinded , and Richert appeared in three episodes of season five and then returned as a series regular in season six and seven . After the series ' sixth season , Caroline Rhea and Beth Broderick , who portrayed Sabrina 's aunts from the show 's premiere , decided to leave the show . When the character of Sabrina started to attend college , the role of her aunts became less important . Broderick felt that the role of Zelda had nothing more to offer , while Rhea landed her own syndicated talk show , The Caroline Rhea Show . Trevor Lissauer , who played Sabrina 's housemate Miles , left the show after appearing in seasons five and six . Producers felt that his character was n't well received by fans and also had to make some budget cuts for the show 's seventh and final season . Miles was never properly written out , leaving open what really happened to him . Sabrina 's love interest Josh , played by David Lascher , left for Prague after appearing from season four to six . Lascher reportedly wanted to pursue other projects . In order to fill the void , producers brought in Aaron , played by Dylan Neal , as Sabrina 's love interest in the show 's final season . Plot and premise ( edit ) The show chronicles the adventures of Sabrina Spellman ( played by Melissa Joan Hart ) , a girl who discovers on her sixteenth birthday that she is a witch . As a novice witch , her spells often go awry . Her aunts Hilda and Zelda Spellman ( played by Caroline Rhea and Beth Broderick , respectively , until 2002 ) counsel her on the proper use of her magic and give her moral advice . Additionally , Hilda and Zelda must take care of Salem Saberhagen ( voiced by Nick Bakay ) , a witch turned into a cat for trying to take over the world . Sabrina 's basic premise and `` genial loopiness '' earned the show comparisons to the 1960s television series Bewitched . The show included contemporary pop cultural references , with Sabrina often saying she liked Britney Spears and No Doubt . It also mentioned human history alongside witches , such as the Salem witch hunt , which Zelda tells Sabrina was not a hunt for real witches . Hilda mentions to Sabrina in Episode 1 that `` For two months a bunny ruled all of England '' causing the witches council to turn back time , as if to say mortals are ignorant at the most . One episode also suggests that Jerry Springer is a witch when he hosts The Jerry Springer Show in the other realm . Whereas the comic book series was set in the fictional Riverdale , the TV show was set in fictional Boston suburb of Westbridge , Massachusetts . The Spellmans ' house is located at 133 Collins Road . Ultimately , the show covered a span of seven years over seven seasons , though each season was not a year . Plot summary ( edit ) Main article : List of Sabrina the Teenage Witch episodes Season 1 ( 1996 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) The pilot episode opens with Sabrina asleep on her 16th birthday , levitating above her bed . In the morning , her aunts reveal to her that she is a witch , but Sabrina does not believe them until she has a magical talk with her father from inside a book , where her father reveals that he is a witch and her mother is mortal . It is also revealed that Sabrina can not see her mother , who is in Peru for two years , or her mother will be transformed into a ball of wax . After a rough day at school , Sabrina accidentally turns Libby Chesler , the most popular girl in school , into a pineapple . Fearing that she will appear `` weird '' to her crush , Harvey Kinkle , Sabrina asks the Witches Council to let her relive that day . The first season follows Sabrina as she tries to keep the balance between being a teenager and having magical powers . Sabrina 's friend Jenny Kelley and her teacher , Mr. Pool , both exit the series without explanation after this season . Season 2 ( 1997 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) At the beginning of the second season , Sabrina turns seventeen and learns that she must earn her witch 's license or otherwise lose her magic . However , she neglects her aunts ' warnings to study for the test to obtain the license and consequently fails it . She then has to attend witch boot camp to earn the chance to take a makeup test . She passes the makeup test , but only receives a learner 's permit . Her aunts explain that she will be able to earn her license when she turns eighteen ( `` when she can pay for the insurance '' ) and that she will be tested throughout the year by a Quizmaster , a witch whose job is to instruct witches earning their licenses . Also introduced during the second season are Sabrina 's neurotic friend Valerie and the new school vice principal Mr. Kraft , who finds Sabrina to be very odd and has a crush on Hilda . Season 3 ( 1998 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) At the beginning of the third season , Sabrina earns her license , but then learns that in order to use her license , she must solve her family 's secret . Throughout the season , family members visit her and provide clues . At the end of the season , she solves the family secret ( `` Every member of the Spellman family is born with a twin '' ) . Both Valerie and Libby exit the series after the end of the third season . Season 4 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) At the beginning of the fourth season , Sabrina is assigned to be a mentor , which is like a Quizmaster , except `` Quizmasters get paid '' . Sabrina 's charge is Dreama , a witch newly immigrated from the Other Realm . A new student , Brad Alcero , transfers to Sabrina 's school . Because Brad has a witch - hunter gene ( which allows him to turn a witch into a mouse if the witch reveals his / her magic ) , Sabrina must keep herself and Dreama from using magic in front of Brad . Also , Sabrina begins working at Bean There , Brewed That , a coffee shop , where she meets and is attracted to Josh ( played by David Lascher ) , a college student who is the manager of the shop , which leads to her kissing him and thus cheating on Harvey , who ends their relationship , but they soon get back together . Both Dreama and Brad are written out of the series without explanation over the course of the season . At the end of the season , Harvey reaches his `` spell quota '' ( meaning that no spells can be used on him anymore ) and discovers that Sabrina is a witch , and later breaks up with Sabrina off screen and is written out of the show prior to the start of the next season . Libby , Sabrina , Harvey , and Valerie Season 5 ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) At the beginning of the fifth season , Sabrina starts college at Adams College and moves out of her aunts ' house and into a house with other students at Adams . Her roommates are Morgan Cavanaugh , a shallow girl ( played by Elisa Donovan ) ; Roxie King ( played by Soleil Moon Frye ) , a social feminist ; and Miles Goodman ( played by Trevor Lissauer ) , a geek who is obsessed with science fiction and the paranormal . Hilda and Zelda , feeling lonely since Sabrina moved out , find ways to stay close to her . Hilda buys the coffee shop where Sabrina works and Zelda becomes a professor at Adams and starts dating Sabrina 's English professor . The season ends with Sabrina and Josh giving into their feelings and sharing a passionate kiss . Season 6 ( 2001 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) At the beginning of the sixth season Josh and Sabrina get together but soon face a tough decision when Josh is tempted to move abroad to work as a photographer . Things are made even more complicated between them when Sabrina 's ex-boyfriend from high school , Harvey , reappears , this time dating Sabrina 's roommate Morgan . At the end of the sixth season , Sabrina agrees to sacrifice true love in order to save Hilda after the latter literally falls to pieces after Sabrina sabotages her relationship . Hilda recovers and is married , but Sabrina then falls to pieces when Josh , Harvey , and an attractive waiter announce they are all moving away and will never see her again . Season 7 ( 2002 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) At the beginning of the seventh and final season , Sabrina is put back together after her Aunt Zelda sacrifices her adult years to save Sabrina . At this point , Zelda , Hilda , Miles , and Josh are written out of the show and Morgan and Roxie move into Hilda and Zelda 's old house . Sabrina gets a job as a writer for the entertainment magazine Scorch , but this storyline and all the associated characters are dropped midway through the season . Sabrina then meets Aaron , the man to whom she becomes engaged . In the series finale Sabrina calls off her wedding with Aaron and runs off with Harvey , her soul mate , at 12 : 36 , which is the time of day they first met and is a plot point in the season one episode As Westbridge Turns . In the last scene of the series , Sabrina and Harvey ride off on his motorcycle to the song ' Running ' by No Doubt , Sabrina 's favorite band . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Sabrina the Teenage Witch characters Melissa Joan Hart as Sabrina Spellman , a teenager who discovers on her sixteenth birthday that she is a witch and comes from a long line of witches . As she struggles to master her magic , she often wreaks havoc on those around her . Sabrina moved into her college 's dormitories at the beginning of the fifth season and then back into her aunts ' house after they left for the Other Realm . Caroline Rhea as Hilda Spellman ( seasons 1 -- 6 , guest season 7 ) , one of the Spellman sisters . Hilda is the less rational and more impulsive one . After giving up violin in the fourth season ( she destroyed her violin with dynamite ) , Hilda purchased a clock shop . Later , after Sabrina moved out of the house , she purchased Bean There , Brewed That , the coffee shop where Sabrina worked , and renamed it Hilda 's Coffee House . After her marriage at the end of the sixth season , she moved away with her husband . Hilda returned for the series finale . Her middle name , ' Sucker ' , is revealed in season 6 , although her middle name was Antoinette in season 2 . Beth Broderick as Zelda Spellman ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) , Sabrina 's aunt and Hilda 's older sister . Zelda , a scientist and college professor , is the more rational of the two Spellman sisters and is often the voice of reason when Hilda or Sabrina uses magic irresponsibly . At the end of the sixth season she gives up her maturity in order for Sabrina to be changed back to flesh and blood after being turned into stone when she lost her true loves . Sabrina advises a now child Zelda to leave for the other realm with a newly married Hilda , ensuring her that she is okay to live on her own . Zelda makes an appearance as a candle in the last episode to allow Sabrina 's mother to attend Sabrina 's wedding . Nate Richert as Harvey Kinkle ( seasons 1 -- 4 and 6 -- 7 , recurring season 5 ) , Sabrina 's boyfriend in the first four seasons . He breaks up with her when he finds out she is a witch . Amanda , Sabrina 's cousin , tells him about Sabrina getting married and gives him his soul stone . He arrives at the church on his bike as Sabrina is running out . He is revealed to be her soul mate because their soul stones fit together . In the end , Sabrina leaves Aaron at the altar . Then Harvey and Sabrina run off together after they share a final kiss with Sabrina 's favorite band , No Doubt , as the closing theme . Jenna Leigh Green as Libby Chessler ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) , Sabrina 's arch - enemy while at high school . Libby is a spoiled rich girl and is often at the other end of Sabrina 's spells as she learns to use them , leading Libby to often call Sabrina a `` Freak '' or `` Freakster '' . Libby , a cheerleader , is seen to fancy Sabrina 's love interest , Harvey , and makes many attempts to ask him out . Libby was sent to boarding school following the end of season 3 . Michelle Beaudoin as Jenny Kelley ( season 1 ) , Sabrina 's best friend at high school in the first season . Jenny befriended Sabrina on her first day , and also introduced Sabrina to Harvey . Jenny walked into the closet at the Spellman house and ended up in the Other Realm , where Sabrina and her aunts had to rescue her and make it out as a dream . Jenny left at the end of season 1 and is mentioned in season 2 by Sabrina . Paul Feig as Mr. Pool ( season 1 ) , Sabrina 's favorite teacher who teaches Biology during the first season . He was sometimes bitter and sarcastic , but always interesting and usually lively . Mr. Pool is not mentioned after season 1 . Nick Bakay as Salem Saberhagen , a 500 - year - old witch turned into a talking cat because of his plans to take over the world . Besides Sabrina herself , he is the only character to remain for the entire seven seasons and in fact appears in every single episode . Martin Mull as Willard Kraft ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) , the head teacher of Westbridge High , Sabrina 's high school , and the on / off boyfriend of both Hilda and Zelda . Hilda mentions that herself and Zelda have stopped using magic on Willard , as it is starting to affect his mental state . This is also mentioned at the Jerry Springer Show when Zelda and Willard 's ex-wife Lucy ( who is a witch , unbeknownst to him ) fight for his affections , in an adaption to the lie detector test , they performed the potion detector test showing he had extremely high amounts of magic in his system . The character left the series after season 4 . Lindsay Sloane as Valerie Birkhead ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Sabrina 's best friend from the second season . She comes across as dim but it becomes apparent that she suffers from self - doubt when Sabrina casts a spell on her that backfired -- making her overconfident and careless . She discovers that Sabrina is a witch after Sabrina tells her and Harvey on Friday the 13th . Valerie left to move to Alaska with her parents at the start of season 4 . Alimi Ballard as Quizmaster ( season 2 ) , also known as Albert , is Sabrina 's tutor who helps teach her to use her magic properly to acquire her witch 's license . As Sabrina gained her license in the first episode of season 3 , the character 's last appearance was in the last episode of season 2 . David Lascher as Josh Blackhart ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) , Sabrina 's handsome co-worker in the Coffee Shop and later , love interest . Josh struggles with his career throughout his first two seasons , until he decides he wants to be a photographer . His relationship with Sabrina is much less consistent than that of her and Harvey . They often have problems to overcome . In the end , he leaves for Prague after Sabrina gives up her love life to save Hilda 's life . Jon Huertas as Brad Alcerro ( season 4 ) , the new kid in school , but used to attend Westbridge High , before Sabrina went to that school . Brad is a witch hunter but does n't know it . Sabrina tries to stay away from him , but every time she is in school and uses magic , Brad always sees it . In the episode `` Dreama , the Mouse '' , Dreama makes a water fountain appear , Brad sees and says `` You know , sometimes I think you 're a real witch '' and then Dreama turns into a mouse . In that same episode Brad loses his witch hunter gene through an operation . That is when Sabrina realized that he 's just a jerk and now she can use magic on him . China Shavers as Dreama ( season 4 ) , the new kid in school , who causes a lot of trouble because she uses magic . She later turns out to be Sabrina 's student . Sabrina has to teach Dreama how to control her magic . At the end of season 4 or the beginning of season 5 , she is not mentioned and we do n't know if she passed her test to get her witch 's license . Soleil Moon Frye as Roxie King ( seasons 5 -- 7 ) , Sabrina 's mortal roommate during her college years and remains a very close friend to her after their graduation . An activist with a very cynical humor , her opinion often clashes with Sabrina 's more preppy attitude towards life . Later , both seem to have an effect on each other , as Roxie grows to be much more honest and compassionate , while Sabrina matures and becomes more socially conscious . Elisa Donovan as Morgan Cavanaugh ( seasons 5 -- 7 ) , Sabrina 's third and final housemate , as well as her tutor , during her college years . Morgan is a talented fashion designer and a very good friend , but can also be shallow and even mischievous at times . She 's the only known character who dated both of Sabrina 's long term romantic interests ( Harvey and Josh ) as well as expressed interest in her fiancé , Aaron . Trevor Lissauer as Miles Goodman ( seasons 5 -- 6 ) , Sabrina 's housemate during her college years though , unlike Roxie and Morgan , he 's never seen nor mentioned after the graduation . Miles is a goodhearted , but nerdy boy obsessed with all things supernatural . Miles often comes close to discovering Sabrina 's secret . Throughout the series , he develops a crush on Zelda , and is hinted to harbor similar feelings for Sabrina and Roxie . Episodes and U.S. Ratings history ( edit ) Main article : List of Sabrina the Teenage Witch episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Network Rank Viewers ( millions ) 24 September 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 27 ) May 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 17 ) ABC 41 9.3 26 September 26 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 15 ) 41 12.5 25 September 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 25 ) May 21 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 21 ) 41 12.2 22 September 24 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 24 ) May 5 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 05 ) 57 10.2 5 22 September 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 18 ) The WB 124 3.8 6 22 October 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 05 ) May 10 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 10 ) 140 3.1 7 22 September 20 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 20 ) April 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 24 ) 146 3.0 Films April 7 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 07 ) September 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 26 ) Showtime / ABC N / A N / A During its four - year run on ABC , Sabrina was the highest - rated series among the network 's TGIF line - up . In the 2000 -- 2001 season , the show moved to The WB after a negotiation dispute with ABC . While ABC was willing to renew the show for a fifth season , the network was not willing to pay the reported $1.5 million per episode that Viacom Productions , which produced the show , wanted . The WB then picked up the show for a mere $675,000 per episode , but agreed to commit to 44 episodes . Syndication ( edit ) United States ( edit ) When The WB network picked up the series after ABC canceled the series , local stations ( usually WB or UPN affiliates , with a couple of `` Big 4 '' network affiliates as well ) also picked up the rights to air reruns of the series from September 2000 on a weekday basis after the broadcast syndication ended in summer 2006 . For example , WPIX reran weeknights at 5 : 30pm EST , after reruns of The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air . ABC Family , a United States cable network , had exclusive United States rights to air the show at 8 : 00am on weekdays , until March 25 , 2011 , at which point they dropped the series from the broadcast roster due to a contract expiration . The series aired on The N during 2004 -- 2009 , until the channel became TeenNick in September 2009 , where it continued to air intermittently for years . From late 2015 to early 2016 , TeenNick aired the series with two back - to - back episodes at 6 : 00 pm on Saturdays and Sundays . The series aired on Hub Network from 2012 to 2014 . MTV2 also aired the show at one point . In 2015 , the series joined Logo TV on Thursday afternoons and Thursday late nights . The series started airing on Antenna TV in January 2016 . As of May 14 , 2018 , the series is on Antenna TV Tuesday - Saturdays at 3 : 30 am ET and weekends at 1 : 00 pm ET . Most recently , the series joined the network POP , on Monday , August 8 , 2016 , airing in a three - episode block from 9 : 30 -- 11 : 00 am throughout the week . International syndication ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United Kingdom , Sabrina previously aired on ITV and Nickelodeon . It began airing on Pop Girl , a free - to - air children 's channel , in July 2012 , which currently broadcasts the first two seasons and the two subsequent movie . It was also broadcast on The Vault in 2014 , during weekdays . The show can be seen in Ireland on RTÉ Two each weekday , 5 : 10 -- 5 : 35 pm , as part of the youth oriented show TRTÉ . The entire series is currently ( as of December 2016 ) available for streaming on hulu . The entire series is available on Amazon Prime . In Australia , the show could be seen on Eleven , the Network Ten owned free - to - air channel at 6 : 00 pm and until 6 December 2013 , with repeats at 12.30 am , seven days a week . Video games ( edit ) On June 11 , 1999 , Knowledge Adventure through Simon & Schuster Interactive and Havas Interactive officially announced the video games Sabrina the Teenage Witch : Spellbound , Sabrina the Teenage Witch : Brat Attack and Sabrina the Teenage Witch : Bundle of Magic for Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems . On March 29 , 2001 , Knowledge Adventure through Simon & Schuster Interactive and Havas Interactive officially announced the video game Sabrina the Teenage Witch : A Twitch in Time ! for the PlayStation game system . Game title Platform Developer Publisher Release date Sabrina the Teenage Witch : Spellbound Macintosh , Microsoft Windows Havas Interactive Knowledge Adventure ( Havas Interactive ) , Simon & Schuster Interactive August 27 , 1999 Sabrina the Teenage Witch : Bundle of Magic Microsoft Windows , Macintosh Havas Interactive Knowledge Adventure ( Havas Interactive ) , Simon & Schuster Interactive August 27 , 1999 Sabrina the Teenage Witch : Brat Attack Macintosh , Microsoft Windows Havas Interactive Knowledge Adventure ( Havas Interactive ) , Simon & Schuster Interactive November 8 , 1999 Sabrina the Teenage Witch : A Twitch in Time ! PlayStation Havas Interactive Knowledge Adventure ( Havas Interactive ) , Simon & Schuster Interactive March 30 , 2001 Sabrina the Teenage Witch : Potion Commotion Game Boy Advance No developer available Ubisoft Entertainment April 25 , 2002 , September 1 , 2002 Sabrina the Teenage Witch Triple Pack Microsoft Windows , Hybrid PC , Macintosh Simon & Schuster Interactive Simon & Schuster Interactive February 27 , 2004 Multimedia ( edit ) Main article : List of Sabrina , the Teenage Witch books , CDs and DVDs Animated series ( edit ) An animated spin - off of the show , Sabrina : The Animated Series , started airing during the live action show 's 4th season . The role of Sabrina was voiced by Hart 's younger sister Emily Hart . Melissa Joan Hart voiced both aunts . This series was followed by a television film , Sabrina : Friends Forever , which in turn was followed by another series titled Sabrina 's Secret Life . Neither Emily Hart nor Melissa Joan Hart returned for the television film or the follow up series . A new animated spin - off was produced by Hub Network in 2013 called Sabrina : Secrets of a Teenage Witch . In this version , Sabrina ( voiced by Ashley Tisdale ) is a witch princess in training so that she can one day rule the other realm . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sabrina The Teenage Witch '' . CBS.com . http://www.cbs.com/shows/sabrina-the-teenage-witch/ Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura . `` Remembering ... ABC 's TGIF Lineup '' . Variety . 27 June 2014 . https://variety.com/2014/tv/features/girl-meets-world-premiere-abc-tgif-lineup-best-worst-1201246633/ Jump up ^ `` Debut Of ABC 's ' Sabrina ' Lures More Than 17 Million Viewers '' , Orlando Sentinel , October 3 , 1996 Jump up ^ Season 1 , Episode 23 Jump up ^ Bianculli , David ( April 4 , 1996 ) . `` ' Clarissa ' Makes a Bewitching ' Sabrina ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hall , Sarah ( April 21 , 2003 ) . `` Aniston : They 're Real , and They 're Spectacular '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ 19 Locations From Your Favorite TV Shows You Can Visit in Real Life http://www.travelandleisure.com/slideshows/tv-show-locations/9 Jump up ^ Gerston , Jill ( October 6 , 1996 ) . `` A ' Normal Kid ' With Magical Powers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ David , Bianculli ( September 25 , 1996 ) . `` Witch Sitcom a Brew Ha - Ha '' . Daily News . New York . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Levesque , John ( September 27 , 1996 ) . `` ABC 's new ' Sabrina ' could play as ' Bewitched : The Teen - age Years ' '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube -- S1 Ep23 -- The Crucible ( part 1 ) ) '' . YouTube.com . Mentioned in Season 1 , Episode 23 , The Crucible . Jump up ^ Season 1 and 2 cover exactly a year each , with Sabrina being 16 and 17 respectively . In Season 3 her age is not revealed , but in the Season 4 opening episode she turns 18 , implying Season 3 also covers her being 17 as well . Season 4 covers her 18th birthday and that year . Season 5 starts a summer later , with Sabrina being 19 - she spends three years at college in journalism which is covered in Seasons 5 and 6 . She has graduated by the beginning of Season 7 ( as she 's living in the Spellman House with Roxie and Morgan and working ) , meaning she is aged up to 22 over two seasons covering three in universe years . In the final Season Sabrina is 23 . Jump up ^ Sheldon Bull ( writer ) ( 1999 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Dream A Little Dreama Me '' . Sabrina the Teenage Witch . Season 4 . Episode 2 . ABC . Jump up ^ Bibler , Frank ( July 26 , 2002 ) . `` Complete TV Ratings 1996 -- 1997 '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Countdown '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 29 , 1998 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Winners & Losers : Numbers Racket A Final Tally Of The Season 's Show ( from Nielsen Media Research ) '' . GeoCities . June 4 , 1999 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top TV Shows For 1999 - 2000 Season '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Bitter End '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 1 , 2001 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rank And File '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 1 , 2003 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pavan . `` ABC Family March 2011 , Sabrina the Teenage Witch Leaves ; Remembering Peggy Rea '' . SitcomsOnline.com . Jump up ^ `` The Hub April 2012 Schedule With Facts of Life , Mork & Mindy ; TV Land Brings Back Gunsmoke -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . Blog.sitcomsonline.com. 2012 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Sabrina , The Teenage Witch : A Twitch in Time Released for PlayStation game console '' . GameZone.com . Retrieved 2001 - 03 - 29 . 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3753583966692919590 | James Marsters | James Marsters - Wikipedia James Marsters Jump to : navigation , search For the inventor , see James C. Marsters . James Marsters Marsters at Paradise City Comic Con , December 2016 James Wesley Marsters ( 1962 - 08 - 20 ) August 20 , 1962 ( age 55 ) Greenville , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , musician , comic book writer Years active 1987 -- present Spouse ( s ) Liane Davidson ( m . 1989 -- 97 ) Patricia Jasmin Rahman ( m . 2011 ) Children James Wesley Marsters ( born August 20 , 1962 ) is an American actor and musician . Marsters first came to the attention of the general public playing the popular character Spike , a platinum - blond English vampire in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its spin - off series , Angel , from 1997 to 2004 . Since then , he has gone on to play other science fiction roles , such as the alien supervillain Brainiac on the Superman - inspired series Smallville , the omnisexual time traveller Captain John Hart in British science - fiction show Torchwood , and terrorist Barnabas Greeley in Syfy 's Caprica . Marsters appeared in a supporting role in the 2007 movie P.S. I Love You . He appeared as a recurring character in the first season of the revival of Hawaii Five - 0 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting career 2.1 Early roles 2.1. 1 Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel 2.2 Other work 3 Musical career 4 Personal life 5 Discography 6 Filmography 7 Audio books 8 Awards and nominations 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early Life ( edit ) Marsters was born in Greenville , California , the son of a United Methodist minister and social worker . He grew up with his brother , Paul , and sister , Susan , in Modesto , California . Dreaming about becoming an actor since he played Eeyore in Winnie the Pooh in fourth grade , Marsters joined the theater group at Grace M. Davis High School and acted in many plays , including musicals . After graduation in 1980 , Marsters studied at the Pacific Conservatory of the Performing Arts in Santa Maria , California . In 1982 he moved to New York City to attend the Juilliard School , but left the program after two years . Acting career ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early roles ( edit ) Marsters moved to Chicago , where his first professional acting role was Ferdinand in The Tempest at the Goodman Theatre in 1987 . In this production , he was rolled onto the stage strapped naked to a wheel . He also appeared with well - known Chicago companies such as the Northlight and the Bailiwick and with his own group , the Genesis Theatre Company . Marsters was nominated for a Joseph Jefferson Award for his performance of the lead role of Robespierre in the six - hour drama Incorruptible : The Life , Death and Dreams of Maximilian de Robespierre in 1989 . In 1990 , Marsters moved to Seattle and , with Liane Davidson and Greg Musick , formed the New Mercury Theatre . In this and other companies , Marsters was involved in a wide range of plays , including Teechers ( a British play by John Godber ) , Anouilh 's Antigone , an original work based on the Dr. Seuss books , and Shaw 's Misalliance . In 1992 , Marsters got his first acting job on TV -- on Northern Exposure , in which he appeared for two episodes as a bellboy and a church minister . He has made guest appearances on television series such as Andromeda , as well as the independent films Chance ( 2002 ) , Winding Roads ( 1999 ) , and the 2005 USA Network movie Cool Money . In 1999 , he had a small role in the remake of House on Haunted Hill as a TV cameraman . Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel ( edit ) It was his appearance as villain ( and later anti-hero ) Spike on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( first appearing in Season Two ) that attracted the attention of the general public . For the role , he put on a London accent and he received informal coaching from English co-star Anthony Stewart Head . Spike had been intended as a short role by creator Joss Whedon , who initially resisted Spike 's popularity . `` He made it very clear he did not want the show to be taken over by another romantic vampire , '' Marsters told 411Mania , adding `` to Joss , vampires were supposed to be ugly , evil , and quick to be killed ... when I was cast Joss did not imagine me to be popular ; Spike was supposed to be dirty and evil , punk rock , and then dead . '' The massive fan response prevented his character from being killed off , however , allowing him a presence throughout the second season . There were no plans to bring him back as a regular until the character Cordelia Chase was moved to the spin - off show , Angel , and , as Marsters told 411Mania , `` they needed someone to tell Buffy she was stupid and about to die , and they decided to bring me back '' . He thought he would not last as , being a vampire , he was restricted to night - time scenes and could not feasibly interact with the characters as often as Cordelia . Instead , Spike would last until the very end of the show and become a romantic partner for Buffy . After the conclusion of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Marsters carried Spike over to the Buffy spin - off show , Angel , also in a regular role ( second title billing after David Boreanaz ) , although only in the fifth and final season of the show . Marsters was asked to keep quiet about this , as his return was intended to be a surprise , but the network promoted Spike 's return as soon as it could in order to attract advertising . In April 2004 , following the end of Angel , Marsters had Spike 's trademark bleached hair shaved off for charity live on television in On Air with Ryan Seacrest . When the show was cancelled , there were plans for several TV movies . Talk of a Spike movie began in 2004 and Whedon still had plans into 2006 , before it was formally abandoned . Marsters had said he would only return to play Spike if the project took place within five years , feeling he would become too old to play the character ( an immortal ) after that : As long as I could do it within , say , the next four or five years ; past that , I 'm too old . Spike 's a vampire , man , and I 've got high standards . -- James Marsters , TV Guide Interview , March 3 , 2005 Aside from playing the character , Marsters co-wrote a comic book one - shot for Dark Horse Comics , Buffy the Vampire Slayer : Spike and Dru . After both Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel ended , Marsters became active with the canonical comic book series of both shows on stories centering around his character . A canonical graphic novel set during the seventh season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Spike : Into the Light , written by Marsters himself , was released by Dark Horse Comics on July 16 , 2014 . Other work ( edit ) Marsters has narrated the audiobooks for The Dresden Files , a series of detective novels with a supernatural bent and was also contracted to narrate the fourth in the series , Summer Knight , in 2006 . He reprised his reading of the series , including `` Proven Guilty '' , `` White Night '' , `` Small Favor '' , and `` Turn Coat '' , produced by Penguin Audio and `` Death Masks '' audio book which was released in late 2009 . `` Blood Rites '' , `` Dead Beat '' , `` Turn Coat '' , `` Changes '' and the side short story collection in the same universe , `` Side Jobs '' , were also recorded by Marsters . However , he did not do the Dresden book `` Ghost Story '' due to a scheduling conflict , leaving fellow Smallville alumnus John Glover to record it ; this caused a fairly noteworthy public outcry by audiobook listeners . He returned for the book `` Cold Days '' . On March 24 , 2015 , Jim Butcher announced that a new version of the `` Ghost Story '' audiobook is being released effective April 21 , 2015 with Marsters returning as narrator in response to fan demands . In 2005 , Marsters filmed a thriller , Shadow Puppets , with Jolene Blalock . Late that year , Marsters appeared on the television series Smallville playing Dr. Milton Fine -- the popular Superman villain `` Brainiac '' -- in eight episodes throughout the show 's fifth season . He reprised his role as Brainiac in a four - episode arc in the seventh season , and did a cameo voice - over in season eight . He returned for one episode in the show 's final season . On October 29 , 2005 , Marsters presented two performances of his own abridged adaptation of Shakespeare 's Macbeth with American actress Cheryl Puente as Lady Macbeth , followed by question and answer sessions with the audience and acoustic concerts in London . In September 2006 , Marsters ' interpretation of Godber 's Teechers was performed on the Queen Mary with two other actors in Los Angeles . This is a play he had received critical acclaim for as a stage actor prior to his television work . Marsters co-starred in the 2007 cinematic release of P.S. I Love You alongside Kathy Bates , Hilary Swank , and Gerard Butler . Released in September 2007 , Marsters starred in the direct - to - DVD animated movie , Superman : Doomsday , providing the voice of iconic villain Lex Luthor . The film received mostly positive reviews . In 2008 , he guest - starred in Torchwood , a spin - off of the popular British science fiction television series Doctor Who , first appearing in the episode `` Kiss Kiss , Bang Bang '' , as the nefarious omnisexual time traveller Captain John Hart . He reprised the role in the last two episodes of the second season . He portrayed `` Piccolo Daimao '' in the live - action film adaptation of the popular Dragon Ball manga and anime , directed by James Wong and produced by Stephen Chow , which was released worldwide on April 10 , 2009 . On July 20 , 2009 , the movie , Moonshot , aired on the History Channel in celebration of the 40th Anniversary of the 1969 moon landing . In this film , Marsters portrays Buzz Aldrin . On August 19 , 2009 , it was announced that he signed on for a role in Caprica as the terrorist leader Barnabas Greeley . Also in August 2009 , Marsters ' science fiction western , High Plains Invaders aired on the Syfy Channel . In this alien invasion flick , Marsters portrays Sam Danville . It was announced in August 2010 that Marsters would be joining the cast of Syfy Channel series Three Inches as a series regular portraying Troy Hamilton , a former government agent who now leads a team of superheroes . On June 24 , 2011 , Marsters appeared in an L.A. Theatre Works radio production of The Importance of Being Earnest , in the part of Sir John Worthing , which aired on June 25 , 2011 . He has also appeared on Supernatural in season 7 episode 5 , `` Shut Up , Dr. Phil '' , which aired October 21 , 2011 , alongside fellow Buffyverse costar Charisma Carpenter . He appeared in Warehouse 13 season 4 ( 3 episodes ) as Bennett Sutton , which aired in 2013 . Musical career ( edit ) Marsters had played in bands and solo in bars and clubs for many years and enjoyed several successful sell - out solo gigs at Los Angeles clubs before forming a band . For these solo gigs he mainly performed covers of classic folk and rock musicians such as Tom Waits , Neil Young , James Taylor , and Bruce Springsteen . He sang in `` Once More , with Feeling '' , a musical episode of Buffy : solo parts in `` Walk Through the Fire '' and `` Something To Sing About '' , and `` Rest in Peace '' completely on his own . James Marsters performing at the Union Chapel Concert in Islington , London on May 4 , 2007 In 2003 -- 04 , Marsters was the lead singer for the rock band Ghost of the Robot . Their debut album Mad Brilliant was released on February 2 , 2003 . The band played its first gigs in Los Angeles and Paris . They went on to play successful dates in and around Los Angeles and two sold - out tours of Europe in 2003 and 2004 . In addition to Mad Brilliant , they released three singles ( `` Valerie '' , `` David Letterman '' and `` New Man '' ) and one mid-length EP , It 's Nothing . All these releases carried tracks written and co-written by Marsters . Several of Ghost of the Robot 's earlier songs were loosely based on the Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters Buffy , Dawn and Faith . Marsters ' solo musical career was launched in October 2004 , in London . His solo acoustic tour of the United Kingdom in April 2005 sold out . A new solo album `` Civilized Man '' produced by Chris Rhyne and Andrew Rosenthal was released on April 15 , 2005 . It includes several new songs as well as the popular `` Katie '' and `` Smile '' . He has played songs from the album live in Detroit , Houston , and Sacramento . Ten of the eleven songs are written by Marsters . New solo songs not included on the album but sung at live solo concerts include `` Birth of the Blues '' , `` Finer than Gold '' , `` Louise '' , and `` London City '' . `` Finer than Gold '' , `` London City '' , and `` Louise '' were composed while on tour in the UK in April 2005 . `` Birth of the Blues '' was composed by Marsters in Amsterdam in 2004 while touring with his now - defunct band . During his October 2005 mini-tour of the UK , Marsters introduced other new songs to his sets : `` Button Down Vandals '' , `` Up On Me '' , and `` All That She Wanted '' . These songs were available only as part of his recently released Words and Music DVD , which has his abridged version of Macbeth as well as a full - length solo music performance . During his September 2006 convention , James Marsters & Friends , he debuted several new songs including `` The Truth Is Heavy '' , `` Fall of Night '' , `` Jealous Man '' , and `` Not A Millionaire '' . All these songs reflect his new blues music and folk sound . He also performed a cover version of Keb Mo 's classic `` Baby Blue '' . In 2007 , he performed live several times in the UK and debuted two new songs written in Cardiff . `` Layabout '' and `` Looking at You '' reflect a more upbeat light folk move in Marsters ' music . These songs as well as some of his previously unrecorded work were released on Marsters ' second solo album , formally launched in Los Angeles and Cardiff in October and November 2007 respectively . This album , Like A Waterfall , includes twelve songs , all written by Marsters . Most had been performed and recorded live but not in the studio . An exception is `` When I Was A Baby '' , a song never previously performed in public . Like A Waterfall was produced by Ryan Shore and features several other musicians including Blair Sinta , who has drummed for Alanis Morissette , and Five for Fighting bass player Curt Schneider . In 2008 , Marsters ' Waterfall Tour came to the UK . He played three dates across London and performed for three consecutive days in Milton Keynes . The concert at the packed Union Chapel in Islington was an acoustic set featuring material from his album -- Like A Waterfall . On May 1 , 2009 he returned to the Union Chapel , followed by a `` Marstersclass '' event at The Drill Hall , in London on May 2 . The sell - out event included a concert , Q&A session plus opportunities to get autographs and photos . On May 3 , 2009 , he performed at London 's 100 Club . In 2010 James ' music career continued when the band Ghost of the Robot reformed : they have since released the album B - Sider which is available on iTunes . Afterwards , in 2011 , the album Murphy 's Law was released which is also available for download in iTunes . There are also multiple other EPs available on the iTunes Store . Personal Life ( edit ) Marsters is divorced from Liane Davidson , with whom he has one son , born May 1996 . He is also raising his niece and regards her as his daughter . It was announced on May 21 , 2010 , that Marsters had proposed to girlfriend Patricia Rahman in Trier , Germany . On January 14 , 2011 , they married in a private civil ceremony in Los Angeles . Discography ( edit ) As a solo artist : Civilized Man ( 2005 ) Like a Waterfall ( 2007 ) With Ghost of the Robot : Mad Brilliant ( 2003 ) B - Sider ( 2011 ) Murphy 's Law ( 2011 ) Bourgeois Faux Pas ( 2015 ) Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1999 House on Haunted Hill Channel 3 Cameraman 2002 Chance Simon 2007 Shadow Puppets Jack 2007 Superman : Doomsday Lex Luthor Voice 2007 P.S. I Love You John McCarthy 2009 Dragonball Evolution Lord Piccolo 2015 Dudes & Dragons Lord Tensley Television Year Title Role Notes 1992 -- 1993 Northern Exposure Bellhop Reverend Harding Episode : `` It Happened in Juneau '' Episode : `` Grosse Pointe 48230 '' 1995 Medicine Ball Mickey Collins Episode : `` Heart and Sole '' Moloney Billy O'Hara Episode : `` Herniated Nick '' 1997 -- 2003 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Spike 96 episodes 1999 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 2004 Angel Spike 24 episodes 1999 Millennium Eric Swan Episode : `` Collateral Damage '' 1999 Winding Roads Billy Johnson TV movie 2001 The Enforcers Charles Haysbert mini-series 2001 Strange Frequency Mitch Brand Segment : `` Soul Man '' 2001 Andromeda Charlemagne Bolivar Episode : `` Into the Labyrinth '' 2003 Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Sergei Voice ; 2 episodes The Mountain Ted Tunney Episode : `` A Piece of the Rock '' 2005 Cool Money Bobby Comfort TV movie 2005 -- 2010 Smallville Professor Milton Fine / Brainiac / Brainiac 5 Season 5 : 8 episodes Season 7 : 4 episodes Season 8 : Voice only , uncredited Season 10 Episode : `` Homecoming '' 2007 -- 2008 Without a Trace Det . Grant Mars Episode : `` Lost Boy '' Episode : `` Clean Up '' Episode : `` One Wrong Move '' Episode : `` Article 32 '' 2007 Saving Grace Dudley Payne Episode : `` Bring It On , Earl '' 2008 Torchwood Captain John Hart Episode : `` Kiss Kiss , Bang Bang '' Episode : `` Fragments '' Episode : `` Exit Wounds '' 2008 The Capture of the Green River Killer Ted Bundy Mini-series 2008 Star Wars : The Clone Wars Captain Argyus Episode : `` Cloak of Darkness '' 2009 Moonshot : The Flight of Apollo 11 Buzz Aldrin TV movie 2009 High Plains Invaders Sam Denville TV movie 2009 Numb3rs Damien Lake Episode : `` Guilt Trip '' 2009 The Super Hero Squad Show Mister Fantastic Voice ; 5 episodes 2009 Lie to Me Pollack Episode : `` Truth or Consequences '' Caprica Barnabas Greeley Episode : `` Know Thy Enemy '' Episode : `` End of Line '' Episode : `` Unvanquished '' Episode : `` Retribution '' 2010 -- 2011 , 2014 Hawaii Five -- 0 Victor Hesse Episode : `` Pilot '' Episode : `` Hana ' a'a Makehewa '' Episode : `` Ha'i'ole '' Episode `` Ina Paha '' 2011 Supernatural Donald Stark Episode : `` Shut Up , Dr. Phil '' 2011 Three Inches Troy Hamilton Episode : `` Pilot '' 2012 Metal Hurlant Chronicles Brad Davis Episode : `` Shelter Me '' 2013 Wedding Band Declan Horn Episode : `` Personal Universe '' 2013 Warehouse 13 Professor Bennett Sutton / The Count of St. Germain 3 episodes 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Dandy Highwayman , Librarian , Man 2 ( Voice ) Episode : `` Stand and Deliver '' 2013 Ultimate Spider - Man Korvac ( voice ) Episode : `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' 2014 Witches of East End Tarkoff Season 2 : 7 episodes 2015 The Devil You Know Reverend George Burroughs Pilot 2016 ViDiOTS James Marsters Episode : `` Episode 01 : These Boots Were Made For Walking '' Episode : `` Episode 02 : Welsh Rarebit '' Episode : `` Episode 03 : Holland Daze '' Episode : `` Episode 04 : Dishonored 2 '' Episode : `` Episode 05 : The Virginia Monologues '' Episode : `` Episode 06 : Storming the Castle '' Episode : `` Episode 07 : Anything is Possible in Texas , AKA : Plano Through the Looking Glass '' Episode : `` Episode 08 : Mystery of the Great White North '' Episode : `` Episode 09 : Vegan Gone Wild '' Episode : `` Episode 10 : Man Against Wind : Part 1 '' Episode : `` Episode 11 : Man Against Wind : Part 2 '' Episode : `` Episode 12 : Man Against Wind : Part 3 '' Episode : `` Episode 13 : Man Against Wind : Part 4 '' 2018 Dragon Ball Super Zamasu 2018 Runaways Victor Stein Video games Year Title Role Notes 2002 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Spike Voice role 2003 Buffy the Vampire Slayer : Chaos Bleeds Spike Voice role 2009 Real Heroes : Firefighter Jimmy `` Match '' Morris Voice role DC Universe Online Lex Luthor Voice role 2017 Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2 Zamasu Voice Role Audio books ( edit ) The Dresden Files Year No . Title 2002 Storm Front 2003 Fool Moon 2005 Grave Peril 2007 Summer Knight 2009 5 Death Masks 6 Blood Rites 7 Dead Beat 2009 8 Proven Guilty 2009 9 White Night 2008 10 Small Favor 2009 11 Turn Coat 12 Changes 12.5 Side Jobs 2015 13 Ghost Story 2012 14 Cold Days 2014 15 Skin Game 2015 15.5 Working for Bigfoot Lord of Shadows by Cassandra Clare Year No . Title 2017 Lord of Shadows The Vampire Empire by Clay Griffith and Susan Griffith Year No . Title 2012 The Greyfriar 2013 The Rift Walker 2014 The Kingmakers Untamed City by Melissa Marr Year No . Title 2012 Carnival of Secrets Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2000 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Sidekick Buffy the Vampire Slayer Nominated 2002 Choice TV : Actor Nominated 2003 Nominated 2000 Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Series Nominated 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Won 2002 Cinescape Genre Face of the Future Award Won Best Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Series Buffy the Vampire Slayer Nominated 2003 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Won Angel / Buffy the Vampire Slayer Nominated 2005 Angel Nominated 2003 Golden Satellite Awards Best Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Series Buffy the Vampire Slayer Nominated 2002 SFX Awards Best Comedy Performance Buffy the Vampire Slayer Won Best TV Actor Won Spacey Awards Favourite TV Character -- Male Spike in Angel Won 2011 S.E.T. Awards The Documentary S.E.T. Award . Moonshot : The Flight of Apollo 11 Buzz Aldrin Won See also ( edit ) United States portal Biography portal Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` James Marsters Biography ( 1962 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Millman , Joyce ( January 12 , 2003 ) . `` A Vampire With Soul , and Cheekbones '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : 411mania Interviews : James Marsters ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Angel ) , March 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` On Air with Ryan Seacrest ( TV series ) '' . On Air with Ryan Seacrest ( TV series ) . 2004 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV movie on the cards ? '' . Whedonesque.com . May 9 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 26 . Marsters is indirectly quoted about the possibility of a Spike movie . Jump up ^ `` Video interview with Joss from the Saturn Awards '' . Whedonesque.com . May 10 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 26 . Whedon announced he pitched the Spike movie , February 15 , 2006 , Jump up ^ `` Buffy the Vampire Slayer : Spike and Dru TPB '' . Dark Horse Comics . Jump up ^ `` Dresden Files Update '' . Word Press . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Posted by priscellie on 2015 / 03 / 24 at 9 : 00 am ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Marsters ' Ghost Story coming at last ! '' . Jim Butcher . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` James Marsters Returning to Smallville '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ P.S. I Love You on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Daffodils , Dragons and Demons '' . James Marsters Live . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James Marsters in Torchwood '' . Outpost Gallifrey . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( November 13 , 2007 ) . `` ' Dragonball ' comes to bigscreen '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ DiNunno , Gina ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` James Marsters Joins Caprica '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Old West Gets Scary : High Plains Invaders '' . DreadCentral . Jump up ^ `` Syfy Pilot ' Three Inches Casts James Marsters , Andrea Martin , Stephanie Jacobsen & More -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Marsters Live '' . James Marsters Live . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Waterfall Tour comes to UK Archived January 23 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Events Union Chapel '' . Unionchapel.org.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` James Marsters '' . James Marsters . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ 100 Club Jump up ^ Karl Baumgartner ( 2011 - 01 - 29 ) , James Marsters On Boinking Buffy and Beating Up Edward Cullen , retrieved 2016 - 03 - 13 Jump up ^ `` Former Buffy Star James Marsters Is Engaged ! '' . UsMagazine.com . May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wihlborg , Ulrica ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Buffy 's James Marsters Weds Longtime Girlfriend '' . People . Jump up ^ Cassandra Clare . `` Lord of Shadows Audiobook '' . Audible.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Clay Griffith and Susan Griffith . `` The Greyfriar '' . Buzzy Multimedia on Brilliance Audio . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Clay Griffith and Susan Griffith . `` The Rift Walker '' . Buzzy Multimedia on Brilliance Audio . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Clay Griffith and Susan Griffith . `` The Kingmakers '' . Buzzy Multimedia on Brilliance Audio . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ 8 hrs and 4 mins . `` Untamed City : Carnival of Secrets Audiobook Melissa Marr '' . Audible.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Marsters . Wikiquote has quotations related to : James Marsters Official website James Marsters on IMDb 411Mania interview ( 3 March 2012 ) Awards for James Marsters Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. Knight Sandra Oh James Pickens Jr . Ellen Pompeo Sara Ramirez Kate Walsh Isaiah Washington Chandra Wilson 2007 Mad Men Bryan Batt Anne Dudek Michael Gladis Jon Hamm Christina Hendricks January Jones Vincent Kartheiser Robert Morse Elisabeth Moss Kiernan Shipka Maggie Siff John Slattery Rich Sommer Aaron Staton 2009 True Blood Chris Bauer Mehcad Brooks Anna Camp Nelsan Ellis Michelle Forbes Mariana Klaveno Ryan Kwanten Todd Lowe Michael McMillian Stephen Moyer Anna Paquin Jim Parrack Carrie Preston William Sanderson Alexander Skarsgård Sam Trammell Rutina Wesley Deborah Ann Woll 2012 The Walking Dead Andrew Lincoln Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Melissa McBride Scott Wilson Danai Gurira Michael Rooker David Morrissey 2013 Orange Is the New Black Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael J. Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs 2014 The Knick Clive Owen André Holland Jeremy Bobb Juliet Rylance Eve Hewson Michael Angarano Chris Sullivan Cara Seymour Eric Johnson David Fierro Maya Kazan Leon Addison Brown Grainger Hines Matt Frewer 2015 American Crime Felicity Huffman Timothy Hutton W. Earl Brown Richard Cabral Regina King Caitlin Gerard Benito Martinez Penelope Ann Miller Elvis Nolasco Johnny Ortiz 2016 Outlander Caitriona Balfe Sam Heughan Tobias Menzies Lotte Verbeek Laura Donnelly Steven Cree Duncan Lacroix Grant O'Rourke Gary Lewis Graham McTavish Stephen Walters Simon Callow Nell Hudson Dominique Pinon Stanley Weber Richard Rankin Sophie Skelton Andrew Gower Rosie Day Clive Russell Frances de la Tour Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television Dennis Haysbert ( 1999 ) James Marsters ( 2000 ) Michael Rosenbaum ( 2001 ) Victor Garber ( 2002 ) James Marsters ( 2003 ) Terry O'Quinn ( 2004 ) James Callis ( 2005 ) Masi Oka ( 2006 ) Michael Emerson ( 2007 ) Adrian Pasdar ( 2008 ) Aaron Paul ( 2009 ) John Noble ( 2010 ) Aaron Paul ( 2011 ) Jonathan Banks ( 2012 ) Aaron Paul ( 2013 ) Laurence Fishburne ( 2014 ) Richard Armitage ( 2015 ) Ed Harris ( 2016 ) VIAF : 48913051 LCCN : no2003029628 ISNI : 0000 0000 7844 4876 BNF : cb146420618 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 037b9b4e - ddce - 4607 - 9b63 - 2fb54df432c1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Marsters&oldid=798310063 '' Categories : 1962 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from Modesto , California American baritones American comics writers American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors Juilliard School alumni Living people Pacific Conservatory of the Performing Arts alumni Musicians from Modesto , California People from the San Francisco Bay Area Singers from California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2015 Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from January 2014 All BLP articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 04 : 44 . 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"James Wesley Marsters (born August 20, 1962) is an American actor and musician. Marsters first came to the attention of the general public playing the popular character Spike, a platinum-blond English vampire in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its spin-off series, Angel, from 1997 to 2004. Since then, he has gone on to play other science fiction roles, such as the alien supervillain Brainiac on the Superman-inspired series Smallville, the omnisexual time traveller Captain John Hart in British science-fiction show Torchwood, and terrorist Barnabas Greeley in Syfy's Caprica. Marsters appeared in a supporting role in the 2007 movie P.S. I Love You. He appeared as a recurring character in the first season of the revival of Hawaii Five-0."
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"James Wesley Marsters"
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-4254475971557341356 | East India Company | East India company - wikipedia East India company This is the current revision of this page , as edited by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) at 12 : 35 , 28 August 2017 ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 12 : 35 , 28 August 2017 by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . For the current 2010 founded East India Company , see Sanjiv Mehta . `` HEIC '' redirects here . For other uses , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . East India Company ( EIC ) Company flag ( 1801 ) Coat of arms ( 1698 ) Former type Public Industry International trade Fate Dissolved Founded 31 December 1600 Founders John Watts , George White Defunct 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) Headquarters London , England Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company , which was formed to pursue trade with the `` East Indies '' ( or Maritime Southeast Asia in present - day terms ) but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent . Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , saltpetre , tea and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies . Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Indian powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , ruling the whole Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army . The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and Conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3. 8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links Founding ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . Permission was granted , and on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . One of them , Edward Bonaventure , then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594 . In 1596 , three more ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . Three years later , on 22 September 1599 , another group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , on 24 September , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue , bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened again a year later . This time they succeeded , and on 31 December 1600 , the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c. 1800 Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603 . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies . Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- Clive according to the historian William Dalrymple . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations . It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . In 1657 , Oliver Cromwell renewed the charter of 1609 , and brought about minor changes in the holding of the company . The restoration of monarchy in England further enhanced the EIC 's status . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . William Hedges was sent in 1682 to Shaista Khan , the Mughal governor of Bengal , to obtain a firman , an imperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal Empire . However , the company 's governor in London , Sir Josiah Child , interfered with Hedges 's mission , causing Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . The company eventually came to rule large areas of the Indian subcontinent with its private armies , primarily composed of Indian sepoys , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , in 1623 the company closed their factory . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure . English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . In response , a combined bounty of £ 1,000 was offered for Every 's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company , leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates . An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament . The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 . Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War East India Company silver coin issued during William IV 's reign , Indian Museum Coins issued by East India Company during reign of Shah Alam II , Indian Museum Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 . By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . East India company army and navy ( edit ) Main article : Presidency armies Main article : Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian sub-continent . As it increased in size the army was broken into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own integral infantry , cavalry , artillery and horse artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers . The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war . The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . First recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , the Bengal Army especially eventually became composed largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army , British officers who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long their service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius . There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling . This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the company 's Affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . Financial troubles ( edit ) Though the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help . This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c. 16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance . This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) File : India 1835 2 Mohurs. jpg 1835 gold Double Mohur ( reverse ) , valued at 30 Rupees The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . View of the Calcutta port in 1848 English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India . Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , Leadenhall Street , London , as reconstructed in 1796 -- 1800 . A drawing by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd of c. 1817 . The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire . In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) The East India Company had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . Macaulayism and the British education system have been blamed for producing a generation of Indians not proud of their distinct heritage . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripe 's being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag . Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The arms was as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) . Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of Companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the period of the Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off . Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and ( ( ship Ocean 1788 EIC ship 2 ) ) , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East India Company ( EIC ) 's ships were well built , with the result that the Royal Navy bought several Company ships to convert to warships and transports . The Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . Jump up ^ `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition . '' . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . The Academy of Accounting Historians. 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 9780804728645 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` First EIC Voyage '' . thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . < / ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R. ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation . George P. Landow '' . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 9789054876182 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Delhi , the Capital of India '' . Asian Educational Services . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) . Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713753 - 2 . Jump up ^ Note : as of 30 December 1600 , the official name : Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank . Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0141005548 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Christophe Jaffrelot , Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics : 1925 to the 1990s . New York : Viking Press , 1996 ; page 343 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks -- The Premier Stamps of Asia '' , excerpted by M.J. Shah from Manik Jain and S.B. Kothari , The Silver Key to The Golden Treasure of Indian Philately . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25760 - 3 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40316 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 877 - 3 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) . Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21716 - 4 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02166 - 5 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 9 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 07386 - 3 . Misra , B.B. . The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) online O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . '' Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . online Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 6 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian . The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) online , focus on its impact on ordinary people in India Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77138 - 5 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) online Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC . Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p. 148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y. 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2678493107843361207 | Bicycle gearing | Bicycle gearing - wikipedia Bicycle gearing Jump to : navigation , search A Rohloff Speedhub hub gear A Shimano XT rear derailleur on a mountain bike A bicycle gearbox with chain tensioner Bicycle gearing is the aspect of a bicycle drivetrain that determines the relation between the cadence , the rate at which the rider pedals , and the rate at which the drive wheel turns . On some bicycles , there is only one gear and the gear ratio is fixed . Many contemporary bicycles have multiple gears and thus multiple gear ratios . A shifting mechanism allows selection of the appropriate gear ratio for efficiency or comfort under the prevailing circumstances : for example , it may be comfortable to use a high gear when cycling downhill , a medium gear when cycling on a flat road , and a low gear when cycling uphill . Different gear ratios and gear ranges are appropriate for different people and styles of cycling . A cyclist 's legs produce power optimally within a narrow pedalling speed range , or cadence . Gearing can be optimized to use this narrow range as efficiently as possible . As in other types of transmissions , the gear ratio is closely related to the mechanical advantage of the drivetrain of the bicycle . On single - speed bicycles and multi-speed bicycles using derailleur gears , the gear ratio depends on the ratio of the number of teeth on the chainring to the number of teeth on the rear sprocket ( cog ) . For bicycles equipped with hub gears , the gear ratio also depends on the internal planetary gears within the hub . For a shaft - driven bicycle the gear ratio depends on the bevel gears used at each end of the shaft . For a bicycle to travel at the same speed , using a lower gear ( larger mechanical advantage ) requires the rider to pedal at a faster cadence , but with less force . Conversely , a higher gear ( smaller mechanical advantage ) provides a higher speed for a given cadence , but requires the rider to exert greater force . Different cyclists may have different preferences for cadence and pedaling force . Prolonged exertion of too much force in too high a gear at too low a cadence can increase the chance of knee damage ; cadence above 100 rpm becomes less effective after short bursts , as during a sprint . Contents ( hide ) 1 Measuring gear ratios 1.1 Methods 1.2 Examples 2 Single speed bicycles 3 General considerations 3.1 Relative gearing 3.2 Usable gears 3.3 Gearing range 4 Types of gear change mechanisms 4.1 External ( derailleur ) 4.1. 1 Crossover gearing 4.1. 2 Multi-range gearing 4.1. 3 Alpine gearing 4.1. 4 Half - step gearing 4.1. 5 Half - step plus granny gearing 4.2 Internal ( hub ) 4.3 Internal ( bottom bracket ) 4.4 Internal and external combined 4.5 Others 5 Efficiency 5.1 Overview 5.2 Details 6 See also 7 References Measuring gear ratios ( edit ) Methods ( edit ) There are at least four different methods for measuring gear ratios : gear inches , metres of development ( roll - out ) , gain ratio , and quoting the number of teeth on the front and rear sprockets respectively . The first three methods result in each possible gear ratio being represented by a single number which allows the gearing of any bicycles to be compared ; the numbers produced by different methods are not comparable , but for each method the larger the number the higher the gear . The fourth method uses two numbers and is only useful in comparing bicycles with the same drive wheel diameter . In the case of road bikes , this is usually around 670 mm . A 700c `` standard '' wheel has a 622mm rim diameter . The final wheel diameter depends on the specific tire but will be approximately 622mm plus twice the tire width . Front / rear measurement only considers the sizes of a chainring and a rear sprocket . Gear inches and metres of development also take the size of the rear wheel into account . Gain ratio goes further and also takes the length of a pedal crankarm into account . Gear inches and metres of development are closely related : to convert from gear inches to metres of development , multiply by 0.08 ( more exactly : 0.0798 , or precisely : 0.0254 π ( \ displaystyle 0.0254 \ pi ) ) . The methods of calculation which follow assume that any hub gear is in direct drive . Multiplication by a further factor is needed to allow for any other selected hub gear ratio ( many online gear calculators have these factors built in for various popular hub gears ) . Gear inches = Diameter of drive wheel in inches × ( number of teeth in front chainring / number of teeth in rear sprocket ) . Normally rounded to nearest whole number . Metres of development = Circumference of drive wheel in metres × ( number of teeth in front chainring / number of teeth in rear sprocket ) . Gain ratio = ( Radius of drive wheel / length of pedal crank ) × ( number of teeth in front chainring / number of teeth in rear sprocket ) . Measure radius and length in same units . Both metres of development and gain ratios are normally rounded to one decimal place . Gear inches corresponds to the diameter ( in inches ) of the main wheel of an old - fashioned penny - farthing bicycle with equivalent gearing . Metres of development corresponds to the distance ( in metres ) traveled by the bicycle for one rotation of the pedals . Gain ratio is the ratio between the distance travelled by the bicycle and the distance travelled by a pedal , and is a pure number , independent of any units of measurement . Front / rear gear measurement uses two numbers ( e.g. 53 / 19 ) where the first is the number of teeth in the front chainring and the second is the number of teeth in the rear sprocket . Without doing some arithmetic , it is not immediately obvious that 53 / 19 and 39 / 14 represent effectively the same gear ratio . Examples ( edit ) The following table provides some comparison of the various methods of measuring gears ( the particular numbers are for bicycles with 170 mm cranks , 700C wheels , and 25mm tyres ) . Speeds for several cadences in revolutions per minute are also given . On each row the relative values for gear inches , metres of development , gain ratio , and speed are more or less correct , while the front / rear values are the nearest approximation which can be made using typical chainring and cogset sizes . Note that bicycles intended for racing may have a lowest gear of around 45 gear inches ( or 35 if fitted with a compact crankset ) . Gear Gear inches Metre development Gain ratio Front / rear 60 rpm 80 rpm 100 rpm 120 rpm mph km / h mph km / h mph km / h mph km / h Very high 125 10 9.4 53 / 11 22.3 36 29.7 47.8 37.1 59.7 44.5 72 High 100 8 7.5 53 / 14 18 29 24 38.6 30 48.3 36 57.9 Medium 70 5.6 5.2 53 / 19 or 39 / 14 12.5 20 16.6 26.7 21 33.6 25 40 Low 40 3.2 3.0 34 / 23 7.2 11.6 9.6 15.4 11.9 19.2 14.3 23 Very low 20 1.6 1.5 32 / 42 3.5 5.6 4.7 7.6 5.9 9.5 7.1 11.4 Single speed bicycles ( edit ) Main article : Single - speed bicycle Single - speed mountain bike A single - speed bicycle is a type of bicycle with a single gear ratio . These bicycles are without derailleur gears , hub gearing or other methods for varying the gear ratio of the bicycle . Adult single - speed bicycles typically have a gear ratio of between 55 and 75 gear inches , depending on the rider and the anticipated usage . There are many types of modern single speed bicycles ; BMX bicycles , some bicycles designed for ( younger ) children , cruiser type bicycles , classic commuter bicycles , unicycles , bicycles designed for track racing , fixed - gear road bicycles , and fixed - gear mountain bicycles . The fixed - gear single - speed bicycle is the most basic type of bicycle . A fixed - gear bike does not have a freewheel mechanism to allow coasting . General considerations ( edit ) The gearing supplied by the manufacturer on a new bicycle is selected to be useful to the majority of people . Some cyclists choose to fine - tune the gearing to better suit their strength , level of fitness , and expected use . When buying from specialist cycle shops , it may be less expensive to get the gears altered before delivery rather than at some later date . Modern crankset chainrings can be swapped out , as can cogsets . While long steep hills and / or heavy loads may indicate a need for lower gearing , this can result in a very low speed . Balancing a bicycle becomes more difficult at lower speeds . For example , a bottom gear around 16 gear inches gives an effective speed of perhaps 3 miles / hour ( 5 km / hour ) or less , at which point it might be quicker to walk . Relative gearing ( edit ) As far as a cyclist 's legs are concerned , when changing gears , the relative difference between two gears is more important than the absolute difference between gears . This relative change , from a lower gear to a higher gear , is normally expressed as a percentage , and is independent of what system is used to measure the gears . Cycling tends to feel more comfortable if nearly all gear changes have more or less the same percentage difference . For example , a change from a 13 - tooth sprocket to a 15 - tooth sprocket ( 15.4 % ) feels very similar to a change from a 20 - tooth sprocket to a 23 - tooth sprocket ( 15 % ) , even though the latter has a larger absolute difference . To achieve such consistent relative differences the absolute gear ratios should be in logarithmic progression ; most off - the - shelf cogsets do this with small absolute differences between the smaller sprockets and increasingly larger absolute differences as the sprockets get larger . Because sprockets must have a ( relatively small ) whole number of teeth it is impossible to achieve a perfect progression ; for example the seven derailleur sprockets 14 - 16 - 18 - 21 - 24 - 28 - 32 have an average step size of around 15 % but with actual steps varying between 12.5 % and 16.7 % . The epicyclic gears used within hub gears have more scope for varying the number of teeth than do derailleur sprockets , so it may be possible to get much closer to the ideal of consistent relative differences , e.g. the Rohloff Speedhub offers 14 speeds with an average relative difference of 13.6 % and individual variations of around 0.1 % . Racing cyclists often have gears with a small relative difference of around 7 % to 10 % ; this allows fine adjustment of gear ratios to suit the conditions and maintain a consistent pedalling speed . Mountain bikes and hybrid bikes often have gears with a moderate relative difference of around 15 % ; this allows for a much larger gear range while having an acceptable step between gears. 3 - speed hub gears may have a relative difference of some 33 % to 37 % ; such big steps require a very substantial change in pedalling speed and often feel excessive . A step of 7 % corresponds to a 1 - tooth change from a 14 - tooth sprocket to a 15 - tooth sprocket , while a step of 15 % corresponds to a 2 - tooth change from a 13 - tooth sprocket to a 15 - tooth sprocket . By contrast , car engines deliver power over a much larger range of speeds than cyclists ' legs do , so relative differences of 30 % or more are common for car gearboxes . Usable gears ( edit ) On a bicycle with only one gear change mechanism ( e.g. rear hub only or rear derailleur only ) , the number of possible gear ratios is the same as the number of usable gear ratios , which is also the same as the number of distinct gear ratios . On a bicycle with more than one gear change mechanism ( e.g. front and rear derailleur ) , these three numbers can be quite different , depending on the relative gearing steps of the various mechanisms . The number of gears for such a derailleur equipped bike is often stated simplistically , particularly in advertising , and this may be misleading . Consider a derailleur - equipped bicycle with 3 chainrings and an 8 - sprocket cogset : the number of possible gear ratios is 24 ( = 3 × 8 , this is the number usually quoted in advertisements ) ; the number of usable gear ratios is 22 ; the number of distinct gear ratios is typically 16 to 18 . The combination of 3 chainrings and an 8 - sprocket cogset does not result in 24 usable gear ratios . Instead it provides 3 overlapping ranges of 7 , 8 , and 7 gear ratios . The outer ranges only have 7 ratios rather than 8 because the extreme combinations ( largest chainring to largest rear sprocket , smallest chainring to smallest rear sprocket ) result in a very diagonal chain alignment which is inefficient and causes excessive chain wear . Due to the overlap , there will usually be some duplicates or near - duplicates , so that there might only be 16 or 18 distinct gear ratios . It may not be feasible to use these distinct ratios in strict low - high sequence anyway due to the complicated shifting patterns involved ( e.g. simultaneous double or triple shift on the rear derailleur and a single shift on the front derailleur ) . In the worst case there could be only 10 distinct gear ratios , if the percentage step between chainrings is the same as the percentage step between sprockets . However , if the most popular ratio is duplicated then it may be feasible to extend the life of the gear set by using different versions of this popular ratio . Gearing range ( edit ) The gearing range indicates the difference between bottom gear and top gear , and provides some measure of the range of conditions ( high speed versus steep hills ) with which the gears can cope ; the strength , experience , and fitness level of the cyclist are also significant . A range of 300 % or 3 : 1 means that for the same pedalling speed a cyclist could travel 3 times as fast in top gear as in bottom gear ( assuming sufficient strength , etc . ) . Conversely , for the same pedalling effort , a cyclist could climb a much steeper hill in bottom gear than in top gear . The overlapping ranges with derailleur gears mean that 24 or 27 speed derailleur gears may only have the same total gear range as a ( much more expensive ) Rohloff 14 - speed hub gear . Internal hub geared bikes typically have a more restricted gear range than comparable derailleur - equipped bikes , and have fewer ratios within that range . The approximate gear ranges which follow are merely indicative of typical gearing setups , and will vary somewhat from bicycle to bicycle . range transmission usable gears mean step 180 % 3 - speed hub gears 34.2 % 250 % 5 - speed hub gears 5 25.7 % 300 % 7 - speed hub gears 7 20.1 % 307 % 8 - speed hub gears 8 17.4 % 327 % typical 1 chainring derailleur setup ( 1x10 , 11 - 36 ) 10 14.1 % 327 % road 1 chainring derailleur setup ( 1x11 , 11 - 36 ) 11 12.6 % 380 % NuVinci continuously variable transmission continuous none 409 % 11 - speed hub gears 11 15.1 % 420 % mountain 1 chainring derailleur setup ( 1x11 , 10 - 42 ) 11 15.4 % 428 % road 2 chainring derailleur setup ( 2x10 , 50 - 34 x 11 - 32 ) 13 12.9 % 441 % road 3 chainring derailleur setup ( 3x10 , 52 / 39 / 30 x 11 - 28 ) 15 11.2 % 500 % extreme 1 chainring derailleur setup ( 1x12 , 10 - 50 ) 12 15.8 % 518 % mountain 2 chainring derailleur setup ( 2x10 , 38 - 24 x 11 - 36 ) 14 13.5 % 526 % Rohloff Speedhub 14 - speed hub gear 14 13.6 % 630 % Mountain 2x11 derailleur setup ( 24 / 36 x 10 - 42 ) 14 15.2 % 636 % 18 - speed bottom bracket gearbox 18 11.5 % 655 % mountain 3 chainring derailleur setup ( 3x10 , 44 - 33 - 22 x 11 - 36 ) 16 13.3 % 698 % touring 3 chainring derailleur setup ( 3x10 , 48 - 34 - 20 x 11 - 32 ) 15 14.9 % Gear ranges of almost 700 % can be achieved on derailleur setups , though this may result in some rather large steps between gears or some awkward gear changes . However , through the careful choice of chainrings and rear cogsets , e.g. 3 chainrings 48 - 34 - 20 and a 10 - speed cassette 11 - 32 , one can achieve an extremely wide range of gears that are still well spaced . This sort of setup has proven useful on a multitude of bicycles such as cargo bikes , touring bikes and tandems . Even higher gear ranges can be achieved by using a 2 - speed bottom bracket hub gear in conjunction with suitable derailleurs . Types of gear change mechanisms ( edit ) There are two main types of gear change mechanisms , known as derailleurs and hub gears . Both systems have advantages and disadvantages , and which is preferable depends on the particular circumstances . There are a few other relatively uncommon types of gear change mechanism which are briefly mentioned near the end of this section . Derailleur mechanisms can only be used with chain drive transmissions , so bicycles with belt drive or shaft drive transmissions must either be single speed or use hub gears . External ( derailleur ) ( edit ) Main article : Derailleur gears Bicycle rear wheel showing front and rear derailleurs , and rear cogset External gearing is so called because all the sprockets involved are readily visible . There may be up to 4 chainrings attached to the crankset and pedals , and typically between 5 and 11 sprockets making up the cogset attached to the rear wheel . Modern front and rear derailleurs typically consist of a moveable chain - guide that is operated remotely by a Bowden cable attached to a shifter mounted on the down tube , handlebar stem , or handlebar . A shifter may be a single lever , or a pair of levers , or a twist grip ; some shifters may be incorporated with brake levers into a single unit . When a rider operates the shifter while pedalling , the change in cable tension moves the chain - guide from side to side , `` derailing '' the chain onto different sprockets . The rear derailleur also has spring - mounted jockey wheels which take up any slack in the chain . Most hybrid , touring , mountain , and racing bicycles are equipped with both front and rear derailleurs . There are a few gear ratios which have a straight chain path , but most of the gear ratios will have the chain running at an angle . The use of two derailleurs generally results in some duplicate or near duplicate gear ratios , so that the number of distinct gear ratios is typically around two - thirds of the number of advertised gear ratios . The more common configurations have specific names which are usually related to the relative step sizes between the front chainrings and the rear cogset . Crossover gearing ( edit ) Twist grip This style is commonly found on mountain , hybrid , and touring bicycles with three chainrings . The relative step on the chainrings ( say 25 % to 35 % ) is typically around twice the relative step on the cogset ( say 15 % ) , e.g. chainrings 28 - 38 - 48 and cogset 12 - 14 - 16 - 18 - 21 - 24 - 28 . Advantages of this arrangement include : A wide range of gears may be available suitable for touring and for off - road riding . There is seldom any need to change both front and rear derailleurs simultaneously so it is generally more suitable for casual or inexperienced cyclists . One disadvantage is that the overlapping gear ranges result in a lot of duplication or near - duplication of gear ratios . Multi-range gearing ( edit ) This style is commonly found on racing bicycles with two chainrings . The relative step on the chainrings ( say 35 % ) is typically around three or four times the relative step on the cogset ( say 8 % or 10 % ) , e.g. chainrings 39 - 53 and close - range cogsets 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 - 17 - 19 - 21 or 12 - 13 - 15 - 17 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25 . This arrangement provides much more scope for adjusting the gear ratio to maintain a constant pedalling speed , but any change of chainring must be accompanied by a simultaneous change of 3 or 4 sprockets on the cogset if the goal is to switch to the next higher or lower gear ratio . Alpine gearing ( edit ) This term has no generally accepted meaning . Originally it referred to a gearing arrangement which had one especially low gear ( for climbing Alpine passes ) ; this low gear often had a larger than average jump to the next lowest gear . In the 1960s the term was used by salespeople to refer to then current 10 - speed bicycles ( 2 chainrings , 5 - sprocket cogset ) , without any regard to its original meaning . The nearest current equivalent to the original meaning can be found in the Shimano Megarange cogsets , where most of the sprockets have roughly a 15 % relative difference , except for the largest sprocket which has roughly a 30 % difference ; this provides a much lower gear than normal at the cost of a large gearing jump . Half - step gearing ( edit ) There are two chainrings whose relative difference ( say 10 % ) is about half the relative step on the cogset ( say 20 % ) . This was used in the mid-20th century when front derailleurs could only handle a small step between chainrings and when rear cogsets only had a small number of sprockets , e.g. chainrings 44 - 48 and cogset 14 - 17 - 20 - 24 - 28 . The effect is to provide two interlaced gear ranges without any duplication . However to step sequentially through the gear ratios requires a simultaneous front and rear shift on every other gear change . This style is not available off the shelf . Half - step plus granny crankset with 28 , 45 , and 50 tooth chainrings on a Trek 620 touring bicycle Half - step plus granny gearing ( edit ) There are three chainrings with half - step differences between the larger two and multi-range differences between the smaller two , e.g. chainrings 24 - 42 - 46 and cogset 12 - 14 - 16 - 18 - 21 - 24 - 28 - 32 - 36 . This general arrangement is suitable for touring with most gear changes being made using the rear derailleur and occasional fine tuning using the two large chainrings . The small chainring ( granny gear ) is a bailout for handling steeper hills , but it requires some anticipation in order to use it effectively . Internal ( hub ) ( edit ) Main article : Hub gear Internal gearing is so called because all the gears involved are hidden within a wheel hub . Hub gears work using internal planetary , or epicyclic , gearing which alters the speed of the hub casing and wheel relative to the speed of the drive sprocket . They have just a single chainring and a single rear sprocket , almost always with a straight chain path between the two . Hub gears are available with between 2 and 14 speeds ; weight and price tend to increase with the number of gears . All the advertised speeds are available as distinct gear ratios controlled by a single shifter ( except for some early 5 - speed models which used two shifters ) . Hub gearing is often used for bicycles intended for city - riding and commuting . Internal ( bottom bracket ) ( edit ) Main article : gearbox bicycle Current systems have gears incorporated in the crankset or bottom bracket . Patents for such systems appeared as early as 1890 . The Schlumpf Mountain Drive and Speed Drive have been available since 2001 . Some systems offer direct drive plus one of three variants ( reduction 1 : 2.5 , increase 1.65 : 1 , and increase 2.5 : 1 ) . Changing gears is accomplished by using your foot to tap a button protruding on each side of the bottom bracket spindle . The effect is that of having a bicycle with twin chainrings with a massive difference in sizes . Pinion GmbH introduced in 2010 an 18 speed gearbox model , offering an evenly spaced 636 % range . This gearbox is actuated by traditional twist shifter and uses two cables for gear changing . The Pinion system is well suited for mountain bicycles due to its wide range and low gravity center suitable for full - suspension bikes , but it is still somewhat heavier than derailleur - based drivetrain . SRAM Dual Drive combination derailleur gears and hub gear Internal and external combined ( edit ) It is sometimes possible to combine a hub gear with deraileur gears . There are several commercially available possibilities : One standard option for the Brompton folding bicycle is to use a 3 - speed hub gear ( roughly a 30 % difference between gear ratios ) in combination with a 2 - speed deraileur gear ( roughly a 15 % difference ) to give 6 distinct gear ratios ; this is an example of half - step gearing . Some Brompton suppliers offer a 2 - speed chainring ' Mountain Drive ' as well , which results in 12 distinct gear ratios with a range exceeding 5 : 1 ; in this case , the change from 6th to 7th gear involves changing all three sets of gears simultaneously . The SRAM DualDrive system uses a standard 8 or 9 - speed cogset mounted on a three - speed internally geared hub , offering a similar gear range to a bicycle with a cogset and triple chainrings . Less common is the use of a double or triple chainring in conjunction with an internally geared hub , extending the gear range without having to fit multiple sprockets to the hub . However , this does require a chain tensioner of some sort , negating some of the advantages of hub gears . At an extreme opposite from a single speed bicycle , hub gears can be combined with both front and rear derailleurs , giving a very wide - ranging drivetrain at the expense of weight and complexity of operation - there are a total of three sets of gears . This approach may be suitable for recumbent trikes , where very low gears can be used without balance issues , and the aerodynamic position allows higher gears than normal . Others ( edit ) There have been , and still are , some quite different methods of selecting a different gear ratio : Retro - direct drivetrains used on some early 20th century bicycles have been resurrected by bicycle hobbyists . These have two possible gear ratios but no gear lever ; the operator simply pedals forward for one gear and backward for the other . The chain path is quite complicated , since it effectively has to do a figure of eight as well as follow the normal chain path . Flip - flop hubs have a double - sided rear wheel with a ( different sized ) sprocket on each side . To change gear : stop , remove the rear wheel , flip it over , replace the wheel , adjust chain tension , resume cycling . Current double sided wheels typically have a fixed sprocket on one side and a freewheel sprocket on the other . Prior to 1937 this was the only permitted form of gear changing on the Tour de France . Competitors could have 2 sprockets on each side of the rear wheel , but still had to stop to manually move the chain from one sprocket to the other and adjust the position of the rear wheel so as to maintain the correct chain tension . Continuously variable transmissions are a relatively new development in bicycles ( though not a new idea ) . Mechanisms like the NuVinci gearing system use balls connected to two disks by static friction - changing the point of contact changes the gear ratio . Automatic transmissions have been demonstrated and marketed for both derailleur and hub gear mechanisms , often accompanied by a warning to disengage auto - shifting if standing on the pedals . These have met with limited market success . Moving the connection point on a lever changes the mechanical advantage of a drive system in a way analogous to changing gear ratios . Examples include the American Star Bicycle and the Stringbike . Efficiency ( edit ) The numbers in this section apply to the efficiency of the drive - train , including means of transmission and any gearing system . In this context efficiency is concerned with how much power is delivered to the wheel compared with how much power is put into the pedals . For a well - maintained transmission system , efficiency is generally between 86 % and 99 % , as detailed below . Factors besides gearing which affect performance include rolling resistance and air resistance : Rolling resistance can vary by a factor of 10 or more depending on type and dimensions of tire and the tire pressure . Air resistance increases greatly as speed increases and is the most significant factor at speeds above 10 to 12 miles ( 15 to 20 km ) per hour ( the drag force increases in proportion to the square of the speed , thus the power required to overcome it increases in proportion to the cube of the speed ) . Human factors can also be significant . Rohloff demonstrates that overall efficiency can be improved in some cases by using a slightly less efficient gear ratio when this leads to greater human efficiency ( in converting food to pedal power ) because a more effective pedalling speed is being used . Overview ( edit ) An encyclopedic overview can be found in Chapter 9 of `` Bicycling Science '' which covers both theory and experimental results . Some details extracted from these and other experiments are provided in the next subsection , with references to the original reports . Factors which have been shown to affect the drive - train efficiency include the type of transmission system ( chain , shaft , belt ) , the type of gearing system ( fixed , derailleur , hub , infinitely variable ) , the size of the sprockets used , the magnitude of the input power , the pedalling speed , and how rusty the chain is . For a particular gearing system , different gear ratios generally have different efficiencies . Some experiments have used an electric motor to drive the shaft to which the pedals are attached , while others have used averages of a number of actual cyclists . It is not clear how the steady power delivered by a motor compares with the cyclic power provided by pedals . Rohloff argues that the constant motor power should match the peak pedal power rather than the average ( which is half the peak ) . There is little independent information available relating to the efficiency of belt drives and infinitely variable gear systems ; even the manufacturers / suppliers appear reluctant to provide any numbers . Details ( edit ) Derailleur type mechanisms of a typical mid-range product ( of the sort used by serious amateurs ) achieve between 88 % and 99 % mechanical efficiency at 100W . In derailleur mechanisms the highest efficiency is achieved by the larger sprockets . Efficiency generally decreases with smaller sprocket and chainring sizes . Derailleur efficiency is also compromised with cross-chaining , or running large - ring to large - sprocket or small - ring to small - sprocket . This cross-chaining also results in increased wear because of the lateral deflection of the chain . Chester Kyle and Frank Berto reported in `` Human Power '' 52 ( Summer 2001 ) that testing on three derailleur systems ( from 4 to 27 gears ) and eight gear hub transmissions ( from 3 to 14 gears ) , performed with 80W , 150W , 200W inputs , gave results as follows : Transmission Type Average Efficiency at 150W Derailleurs 93 % - 95 % 3 speed Gear Hubs 92 % - 95 % 7 & 14 speed Gear Hubs 89 % - 91 % Efficiency testing of bicycle gearing systems is complicated by a number of factors - in particular , all systems tend to be better at higher power rates . 200 Watts will drive a typical bicycle at 20 mph , while athletes can achieve 400W , at which point efficiencies ' approaching 98 % ' are claimed . At a more typical 150W , hub - gears tend to be around 2 % less efficient than a derailleur system assuming both systems are well maintained . See also ( edit ) Transmission types Manual Sequential manual Non-synchronous Preselector Automatic Manumatic Semi-automatic Electrohydraulic Saxomat Dual - clutch Continuously variable Bicycle gearing Derailleur gears Hub gears Cogset Sprocket Gear inches Cycling Mountain biking Cycling terminology Outline of cycling References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ed Pavelka ( 1999 ) . Bicycling magazine 's training techniques for cyclists : greater power , faster . Rodale Press . pp. 4 -- 5 . There are lots of cyclists who have suffered debilitating trauma from pushing too big a gear ... benefits of spinning begin to disappear above 100 rpm . Jump up ^ `` Gain Ratios ; a new way to think about bicycle gears '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Cyclists Touring Club : internal gear ratios '' . Archived from the original on 2 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Cycling Cadence and Bicycle Gearing '' . Archived from the original on 4 February 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Internal Gear Hub Review '' . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` What Kind Of Drive The Cyclist Needs '' . Archived from the original on 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Derailleur Gears : A practical guide to their use and operation . '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.nuvincicycling.com/en/products/nfinity.html Jump up ^ Dirk Feeken . `` gear calculator '' . Jump up ^ Mike Levy ( Aug 30 , 2011 ) . `` Pinion 18 speed Gearbox - Eurobike 2011 '' . PinkBike.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gear Theory for Bicyclists '' . Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Trek Bicycle Corporation ( 1983 ) . `` Trek 620 '' . Vintage - Trek . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Crankset : Sugino Aero Mighty Tour Forged Alloy Triple 28 - 45 - 50 . Freewheel : Atom Helicomatic 6 - spd 13 - 28 ( 13 / 14 / 17 / 20 / 24 / 28 ) Jump up ^ Berto , Frank ( 2010 ) . The Dancing Chain ( Third ed . ) . Van der Plas Publications . pp. 39 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892495 - 59 - 4 . Jump up ^ Peter Eland ( 12 Aug 2002 ) . `` Schlumpf announces new High Speed Drive '' . Velo Vision . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Pinion P1. 18 '' . Pinion GmbH . Jump up ^ `` 1937 Tour de France '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Resistance of Bike Tires '' . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bicycle efficiency and power -- or , why bikes have gears '' . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Efficiency measurement of bicycle transmission '' . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wilson , David G. ; J Papadopuolos ( 2004 ) . Bicycling Science ( Third ed . ) . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . pp. 311 -- 352 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 73154 - 1 . Jump up ^ Whitt , Frank R. ; David G. Wilson ( 1982 ) . Bicycling Science ( Second ed . ) . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . pp. 277 -- 300 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 23111 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The mechanical efficiency of bicycle derailleur and hub - gear transmissions '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Efficiency Measurements of Bicycle Transmissions '' Bernhard Rohloff and Peter Greb ( translated by Thomas Siemann ) 2004 . Rohloff 's testing `` at 400 watts , double what we did and found efficiencies approaching 98 % '' . Jump up ^ `` Efficiency Measurements of Bicycle Transmissions '' Bernhard Rohloff and Peter Greb ( translated by Thomas Siemann ) 2004 . `` In our article we therefore concluded that hub gears are about 2 % less efficient that derailleur transmissions under typical field conditions . We see no reason to change that conclusion . '' . Gears Systems Spur gear systems Worm drive Rack and pinion Epicyclic ( planetary ) gearing Sun and planet gear Harmonic drive Cycloidal drive Non-circular gear Shapes Spur Bevel Crown Spiral bevel Helical Herringbone Geartooth profiles Involute Cycloid Mechanics Transmission Differential Coupling Train Bicycle gearing Continuously variable transmission Offset Examples Bicycles Cogset Derailleur gears Hub gear Shaft - driven bicycle Sprocket Horology Wheel train See also Ball screw Leadscrew Jackscrew Belt drive Chain drive Gear manufacturing Freewheel Lego Technic Spur gear corrected tooth Bicycle parts Frame Handlebars Stem Head tube Headset Fork Seatpost Saddle Bottom bracket Fork end Suspension Wheels Tire Spoke Spoke nipple Valve stem Dustcap Quick release skewer Drivetrain Pedal Crankset Chain Cogset Derailleur gears / Hub gears Gear case Sprocket Cabling Shifter Bowden cable Cable guide Brake Ferrule Peripherals Basket Bell Bottle cage Fairing Cyclocomputer Kickstand Lighting Luggage carrier Mudguards Panniers Saddlebag Spoke card Reflectors Skirt guard Training wheels Cycling Glossary Outlines Bicycles Cycling General Bicycle Bicycle culture Bicycle dynamics Bicycle performance Electric bicycle History of the bicycle History of cycling infrastructure Utility and slow recreation Bicycle commuting Bicycle messenger Bicycle rental / hire Bicycle - sharing system Bicycle touring Challenge riding Cold - weather biking Freight bicycle Indoor cycling Rail trail Randonneuring Road cycling Utility cycling Vehicular cycling Sports - related cycling and fast - paced recreation Artistic cycling BMX Cross-country cycling Cycle speedway Cycle sport Cyclo - cross Cyclosportive Fatbiking Freeride Goldsprint Mountain bike trials Mountain biking Road bicycle racing Track cycling Triathlon U.S. intercollegiate champions Health , safety and infrastructure Active mobility Bicycle - friendly Bicycle law Bicycle parking Bicycle poverty reduction Bicycle safety Bicycle transportation planning and engineering Bike rage Bike registry Bike - to - Work Day Bike Week ( Bicycle Week ) Cycling advocacy Cycling infrastructure Hand signals Idaho stop Lane splitting Protected intersection Vehicular cycling Other Unicycle Tricycle Quadracycle Pentacycle Bicycle collecting Bicycle cooperative ( `` bicycle kitchen '' ) Clothing - optional bike ride Sustainable transport Mechanical doping Lists List of bicycle types List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies List of bicycle - sharing systems List of cyclists List of films about bicycles and cycling List of doping cases in cycling Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bicycle_gearing&oldid=808529966 '' Categories : Bicycle gears Cycling equipment Hidden categories : Articles prone to spam from August 2012 Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 12 : 09 . 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-2027926940290181570 | Jim Cummings | Jim Cummings - wikipedia Jim Cummings Jump to : navigation , search For other people with the same name , see James Cummings ( disambiguation ) . This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jim Cummings Cummings at MagicCity ComicCon 2015 James Jonah Cummings ( 1952 - 11 - 03 ) November 3 , 1952 ( age 65 ) Youngstown , Ohio , U.S. Occupation Voice actor , singer Years active 1984 -- present Agent Atlas Talent Agency Spouse ( s ) Stephanie Cummings ( m . 2001 ) Children James Jonah Cummings ( born November 3 , 1952 ) is an American voice actor and singer , who has appeared in almost 400 roles . He is known for voicing the title character from Darkwing Duck , Dr. Robotnik from Sonic the Hedgehog , Pete , Winnie the Pooh , Tigger , and the Tasmanian Devil . He has performed in numerous Disney and DreamWorks animations including Aladdin , The Lion King , Balto , Antz , The Road to El Dorado , Shrek , and The Princess and the Frog . He has also provided voice - over work for video games , such as Icewind Dale , Fallout , The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim , Baldur 's Gate , Mass Effect 2 , Star Wars : The Old Republic , World of Warcraft : Mists of Pandaria , World of Warcraft : Legion , and Splatterhouse . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 3.4 Theme park attractions 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Jim Cummings '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of Cummings ' earliest vocal work was at Disney , where he replaced Hal Smith as the voice of Winnie - the - Pooh in 1988 ( Smith had taken over the role from longtime actor Sterling Holloway in 1981 ) . He began voicing Tigger in 1989 , taking over for Paul Winchell ( though Winchell voiced Tigger four more times , the last time being in February 1999 ) after Winchell died in 2005 . In 1991 , he ventured to Warner Bros. Animation and began voicing Tasmanian Devil on the animated series Taz - Mania ( he would voice the character on other Warner Brothers shows , such as Animaniacs , and reprise the voice in 2006 in Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas ) . When actor Jeremy Irons , the voice of Scar in The Lion King , developed vocal problems during recording of the song `` Be Prepared '' , Cummings was chosen to replace him for the rest of the song . Cummings would later be hired as the singing double for Russell Means in Pocahontas and Christopher Lloyd in Anastasia . Personal life ( edit ) Born in Youngstown , Ohio , Cummings relocated to New Orleans , where he designed and painted Mardi Gras floats , worked as a river boat deck hand and sang and played drums in the regionally successful rock band , `` FUSION '' . He attended Immaculate Conception and St. Columba grade schools as well as Ursuline High School and graduated from there in 1970 . He later married and moved to Anaheim , California , where he managed a video store in the early 1980s , before launching his voice - acting career in late 1984 . Cummings has two daughters with Stephanie Cummings , as well as two older children from a previous marriage . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Castle in the Sky General Muoro Disney 2003 dub Garbage Pail Kids Movie , The The Garbage Pail Kids Movie Greaser Greg and Nat Nerd The Brave Little Toaster Evil Clown Uncredited Scooby - Doo and the Reluctant Werewolf Frankenstein , Skull Head and Gengis Kong Who Framed Roger Rabbit Bullet # 2 and Lion from Tom and Jerry Stanley and the Dinosaurs Caveman Stanley Raisins : Sold Out ! : The California Raisins II Narrator Aladdin Razoul and Farouk Pinocchio Geppetto Cabin Boy Cupcake Return of Jafar , The The Return of Jafar Razoul Lion King , The The Lion King Ed , Gopher , Scar ( singing voice ) Pagemaster , The The Pagemaster Long John Silver Mortal Kombat : The Journey Begins Shang Tsung and Sub-Zero 1995 Goofy Movie , AA Goofy Movie Pete Runaway Brain Julius Pocahontas Chief Powhatan and Kekata ( singing voices ) Balto Steele Siegfried & Roy : Masters of the Impossible Additional Voices Aladdin and the King of Thieves Razoul Ed 's Next Move Lee 's Boyfriend and Raphael All Dogs Go to Heaven 2 Jingles Story of Santa Claus , The The Story of Santa Claus Mr. Minch Hunchback of Notre Dame , The The Hunchback of Notre Dame Various Guards and Gypsies Hercules Nessus the River Centaur , Tall Thebian , Elderly Thebian and Lava Titan Redux Riding Hood Thompkins Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin Winnie the Pooh and Skullasaurus Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Additional voices Anastasia Rasputin ( singing voice ) 1998 Belle 's Magical World Webster Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars , The The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars Singer Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , The The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride Scar Small Soldiers Ocula Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World King James and Chief Powhatan Rusty : A Dog 's Tale Additional Voices Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island Jacques and Morgan Moonscar Antz Additional voices Babe : Pig in the City Pelican Buster & Chauncey 's Silent Night Buster 1999 Tarzan Dennis The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue Singer Nuttiest Nutcracker , The The Nuttiest Nutcracker Uncle Drosselmeier and Gramps Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas Pete Bartok the Magnificent Additional voices Uncredited 2000 Tigger Movie , The The Tigger Movie Tigger and Winnie the Pooh Extremely Goofy Movie , An An Extremely Goofy Movie Pete Road to El Dorado , The The Road to El Dorado Hernán Cortés and Additional voices Aladdin and the Adventure of All Time Additional voices Titan A.E. Chowquin Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure Taz , Rocky , Yosemite Sam , Cool Cat , Shropshire Slasher , Casino Cat , Policeman and Additional Voices Life & Adventures of Santa Claus , The The Life & Adventures of Santa Claus Santa Claus CatDog and the Great Parent Mystery Cat Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire , The The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire Sierra Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure Tony Shrek Captain of Guards Atlantis : The Lost Empire Additional voices The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius Ultra Lord , Mission Control and General 2002 Return to Never Land Turk Hunchback of Notre Dame II , The The Hunchback of Notre Dame II Archdeacon Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring Butch Tarzan & Jane Tantor Mickey 's House of Villains Pete , Big Bad Wolf , Kaa and Ed Winnie the Pooh : A Very Merry Pooh Year Winnie the Pooh and Tigger 2003 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure Dirty Dawson Jungle Book 2 , The The Jungle Book 2 Kaa , Colonel Hathi and M.C. Monkey Nominated - Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production Piglet 's Big Movie Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas Luca and Additional voices Comic Book : The Movie Dr. Cedric Perview Lion King 11⁄2 , The The Lion King 11⁄2 Ed Winnie the Pooh : Springtime with Roo Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Jimmy Neutron : Win , Lose and Kaboom Gen. Abercrombie , Brain # 2 and Mayor Quadar Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers Pete Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas Blitzen 2005 Pooh 's Heffalump Movie Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie Winnie the Pooh and Tigger 2006 Disaster ! Harry Bottoms , Guy Kirk and Narrator Brother Bear 2 Chilkoot and Bering Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas Taz and Gossamer Fox and the Hound 2 , The The Fox and the Hound 2 Waylon / Floyd and Additional voices 2007 Hellboy : Blood and Iron Tom Manning TMNT Additional voices Bee Movie Title Narrator and Graduation Announcer My Friends Tigger & Pooh : Super Sleuth Christmas Movie Winnie the Pooh and Tigger 2008 Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning , The The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning King Triton and Shelbow Dead Space : Downfall Captain Mathius and Farum Powerpuff Girls Rule ! , The The Powerpuff Girls Rule ! Fuzzy Lumpkins Turok : Son of Stone Caveman 2009 My Friends Tigger & Pooh : Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too Winnie the Pooh , Tigger and Beaver Bionicle : The Legend Reborn Ackar Princess and the Frog , The The Princess and the Frog Ray My Friends Tigger & Pooh : Super Duper Super Sleuths Winnie the Pooh and Tigger 2011 Gnomeo and Juliet Featherstone Nominated - Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production Little Engine That Could , The The Little Engine That Could Rusty Winnie the Pooh Winnie the Pooh and Tigger 2012 Zambezia Budzo Nominated - Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production Wreck - It Ralph Additional voices Sofia the First : Once Upon a Princess Wormwood 2014 The Pirate Fairy Oppenheimer and Port Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon Kaldorf 2015 Minions Additional voices Credited as James J. Cummings 2016 The Secret Life of Pets Sheep and Wolves Magra Sing Additional voices Credited as James J. Cummings 2018 Christopher Robin Winnie the Pooh Television ( edit ) This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( June 2013 ) 2 Stupid Dogs : Morocco Mole The 7D : Roar 64 Zoo Lane : Taco the Toucan , Hercule Moustache the Walrus , Itchy Quatzel the Mysterious Mountain 101 Dalmatians : Colonel , Mayor Ed Pig , Persian Pete Action In Moscow Underground : Colonel Shredder ( ? ) The Addams Family ( animated series ) : Lurch , Fingers Adventure Time : Porcupine , Lenny the Beaver , and Owl in the episode `` Up a Tree '' Adventures in Odyssey : Larry Walker , King Lawrence Adventures from the Book of Virtues : Aristotle Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog : Dr. Robotnik , Scratch ( in unaired pilot episode ) Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears : Zummi Gummi ( originally Paul Winchell ) , Chummi Gummi The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius : Mayor Quadar , Ultra Lord , Cap'n Betty , Atilla The Hun The Adventures of Puss in Boots : El Guante Blanco , Two - Eyed Alonso , Briny Pete Aladdin : Razoul The Amazing Ghostbusters : Jonathan Keaton The Amazing World of Gumball : TV Announcer Animalia : Dagmont Dragon Animaniacs : Narrator , Buddy , Tazmanian Devil , Announcer , Additional Voices Auto - B - Good Avengers Assemble : Ghost Back at the Barnyard : Captain Tom , Chef Big Bones Mignon The Batman : Temblor Batman : The Animated Series : Tygrus ( episode `` Tyger , Tyger '' ) Ben 10 : Omniverse : Vexx , Hulex Colonel ( episode `` Food Around the Corner '' ) Bonkers : Bonkers D. Bobcat , Lucky Piquel , Other Characters Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh : Winnie - the - Pooh , Tigger The Book of Pooh : Winnie - the - Pooh , Tigger Bump in the Night : Mister Bumpy , Destructo , Closet Monster Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : Senator Aarrfvox Captain Planet and the Planeteers : Sly Sludge ( Hanna - Barbera episodes ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue : Winnie - the - Pooh , Tigger CatDog : Cat , Additional Voices Catscratch : Additional Voices ChalkZone : Skrawl Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers : Monterey Jack ( in the five - part pilot and in seasons two and three while Peter Cullen voiced the character in the earlier episodes ) , Fat Cat , Professor Nimnul , Wart the Lizard , Rat Capone Chowder : Alligator ( episode `` My Big Fat Stinky Wedding '' ) Clarence : Additional Voices Class of 3000 : Additional Voices Codename : Kids Next Door : Vin Moosk ( episode `` Operation : K.N.O.T. '' ) Courage the Cowardly Dog : The Great Fusilli Cro : Phil , Ogg , Murray Curious George : Chef Pisghetti ; Jumpy Squirrel ; Mister Quint Danny Phantom : Additional Voices Darkwing Duck : Drake Mallard / Darkwing Duck , Negaduck , DarkWarrior Duck , Warden Waddlesworth , Herb Muddlefoot , Professor Moliarty Dead Space Downfall : Captain Mathius Dexter 's Laboratory : Red - Eye ( episode `` Photo Finish '' ) , Organ Grindor ( Dial M for Monkey episode `` Organ Grindor '' ) Dink , The Little Dinosaur : Tubble , Fleetfoot Doc McStuffins : Winnie the Pooh , Tigger Doug : Additional Voices Dumbo 's Circus : Lionel the Lion , Aunt Fira DuckTales : El Capitan DuckTales : Darkwing Duck Earthworm Jim : Psycrow , Bob the Killer Goldfish , Various voices El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera : Additional Voices Extreme Ghostbusters : Opening music Fanboy & Chum Chum : Professor Flan Fillmore ! : Additional Voices Fish Hooks : Scientist # 2 ( episode `` Parasite Fright '' ) Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends : Peanut Butter ( episode `` Room with a Feud '' ) Freakazoid ! : Senator Janos Ivnovels Gargoyles : Dingo , Other Characters Generator Rex : Additional Voices Goldie & Bear : Big Bad Wolf , Sir Dwight , Giant Goof Troop : Pete Gravity Falls : Additional Voices The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy : Nasalmancer , Biker , Additional Voices Hey Arnold ! : Additional Voices Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi : Additional Voices The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange : Tomato , Pineapple The Hot Rod Dogs and Cool Car Cats : Scarhood House of Mouse : Pete , Humphrey the Bear , King Louie , Big Bad Wolf , Censor Monkeys , Ed the Hyena , Winnie - the - Pooh , Tigger , Additional Voices Invasion America : Major Lomack Iron Man : MODOK , Whirlwind , Dreadknight , Backlash , President Bill Clinton Jackie Chan Adventures : Hak Foo ( Season 1 ) Johnny Bravo : Additional Voices Jungle Cubs : Kaa , Fred , Jed The Legend of Tarzan : Tantor , Merkus Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures : Hondo Lilo & Stitch : The Series : Zach Mackillin , Rodeo Announcer The Little Mermaid : Ebb the Male Crocodile Loonatics Unleashed : Additional Voices The Looney Tunes Show : Tasmanian Devil , Beaky Buzzard Marsupilami : Maurice , Norman The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack : Additional Voices The Mask : Doyle ( Lieutenant Kellaway 's partner ) , Kablamus , Various One - Shot Characters Megas XLR : Additional Voices Merry Madagascar : Lead Reindeer Midnight Patrol : Adventures in the Dream Zone : Additional Voices The Mighty B ! : Additional Voices Mighty Magiswords : Buford , Keeper of the Mask Mickey and the Roadster Racers : Pete Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Pete , Humphrey the Bear , Frog , Sparky , Clyde Mickey Mouse Works : Pete , Humphrey the Bear Mickey Mouse : Pete Motorcity : Dr. Hudson The Mummy : The Animated Series : High Priest Imhotep My Friends Tigger & Pooh : Winnie - the - Pooh , Tigger , Beaver The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh : Winnie - the - Pooh , Tigger , Papa Heffalump The New Woody Woodpecker Show : various New Looney Tunes : Tasmanian Devil OK K.O. ! Let 's Be Heroes : Lord Boxman Ozzy & Drix : Ernst Strepfinger ( Season 2 ) , Chief Gluteus The Penguins of Madagascar : Ridiculously Deep Voice and Chrome Claw ( episode `` Dr. Blowhole 's Revenge '' ) Pepper Ann : Mr. Carter ( Pepper Ann 's science teacher ) and Some One - Shot Characters Perfect Strangers : Additional Characters ( 1986 -- 1993 ) Phineas and Ferb : Additional Voices ( 2013 ) The Pirates of Dark Water : Skorian , Ioz ( Season 2 ) Planet Sheen : Ultra Lord ( episode `` Cutting the Ultra-Cord '' ) The Powerpuff Girls : Fuzzy Lumpkins The Powerpuff Girls ( 2016 TV series ) : Fuzzy Lumpkins Project G.e.e.K.e.R. : Mister Moloch and Will Dragonn ProStars : Additional voices Quack Pack : Additional Voices Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja : Catfish Booray Regular Show : Additional Voices The Replacements : Various Road Rovers : General Parvo Robot Chicken : The Spirit of the Ark , Lex Luthor , Doctor Rude Dog and the Dweebs : Satch Saturday Night Live : Papa Smurf , Gargamel ( season 28 premiere ) The Savage Dragon : Dragon Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated : Captain Caveman ( episode `` Mystery Solvers State Club Finals '' ) The Secret Files of the Spy Dogs : Bald Spokesperson , Flea Leader , Von Rabie , Catastrophe The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show : Narrator , Dr. Paul Bunion The Simpsons : Duncan the Horse ( episode `` Saddlesore Galactica '' ) Skylanders Academy : Malefor Snorks : various characters Sofia the First : Wormwood the Raven , Goodwin the Great Sonic the Hedgehog ( SatAM ) : Doctor Robotnik , SWATbots , Nasty Hyena member ( episode `` Fed Up With Antoine '' ) , additional voices The Spectacular Spider - Man : Crusher Hogan Spider - Man : The Animated Series : Shocker , Chameleon ( uncredited ) , Man - Spider Spider - Man : Hammerhead , Ghost Star Wars Rebels : Hondo Ohnaka Star Wars : The Clone Wars : Hondo Ohnaka Superman : The Animated Series : Phantom Zone Beast The Super Hero Squad Show : Thanos ( Season 2 ) SWAT Kats : The Radical Squadron : Mayor Manx , Feral 's Sergeant The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries : Moo Goo Guy Pan , Sam Ficus , Rocky , Tasmanian Devil Tales from the Crypt : Judge Vic `` Leave ' Em Hanging '' Johnson ( `` The Third Pig '' ) TaleSpin : Don Karnage , Louie , Trader Moe , Covington Taz - Mania : Taz , Buddy Boar , Bushwhacker Bob , Wendel T. Wolf Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Shredder ( 1991 and European Vacation Alternate ) , Leatherhead , Genghis Frog , Dirk Savage , Dirtbag , Merlin , Drakus / Beserko , Doomquest Teen Titans : Master of Games and Wildebeest ( episode `` Winner Take All '' ) The Tick : Thrakkorzog , Barry Hubris , Stalingrad , Captain Decency , Mister Mental , Multiple Santa , Leonardo da Vinci Timon & Pumbaa : Ed the hyena , Smolder the Bear , Pumbaa 's Uncle Boaris , Bruce the Blue Crab , Additional Voices Tiny Toon Adventures : Additional Voices Tom and Jerry Kids Show : Redbeard , Tundo The Transformers : Afterburner , Rippersnapper Transformers : Rescue Bots : Colonel Quint Quarry Transformers : Robots in Disguise : Clampdown The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat Unfiltered : Narrator Visionaries : Knights of the Magical Light : Witterquick & the Bearer of Knowledge We Bare Bears : Additional Voices Where 's Waldo ? : Narrator What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? : Cyrus T. 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Jump up ^ http://archive.vcstar.com/lifestyle/at-work-jim-cummings-is-quite-the-characters-ep-371327984-350657571.html Jump up ^ `` Ed 's Next Move '' . 27 September 1996 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ McCormick , Moira ( July 25 , 1998 ) . `` Musical mice enliven ' Silent Night ' '' . Billboard . VNU / Nielsen Business Media . 110 ( 30 ) : 74 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Movie '' . sheepandwolvesmovie.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rockstar North ( 17 September 2013 ) . Grand Theft Auto V. PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Rockstar Games . Level / area : Credits , 21 : 10 in , The Cast , The Local Population . Jump up ^ `` Jim Cummings '' . behindthevoiceactors.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SQUARE ENIX '' . eidosgames.com . Archived from the original on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Square Enix . Lightning Returns : Final Fantasy XIII . Scene : Closing credits , 5 minutes in , Voice Actors , Additional Voices . Jump up ^ Carbine Studios . WildStar . NCSOFT . Scene : Credits , 2 : 45 in , Cast . External links ( edit ) Jim Cummings on IMDb Jim Cummings at Voice Chasers Jim Cummings Interview at Toon Zone Jim Cummings at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Jim Cummings feature article and photos at Voice Actors in the News Jim Cummings ' Imaginography at Imagine Casting Jim Cummings on Wowpedia , a Warcraft wiki Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne Books When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1926 ) Now We Are Six ( 1927 ) The House at Pooh Corner ( 1928 ) Return to the Hundred Acre Wood ( 2009 ) The Best Bear in All the World ( 2016 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Meets the Queen ( 2016 ) Characters Winnie - the - Pooh Disney version Piglet Tigger Christopher Robin Rabbit Eeyore Owl Roo Heffalumps Featurettes Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1969 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Pays a Visit ( 1971 ) Winnie - the - Pooh and a Busy Day ( 1972 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Short films Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons ( 1981 ) Feature films Walt Disney Animation Studios films The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) DisneyToon Studios films The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Live - action remake Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video films Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart ( 2001 ) Winnie the Pooh : A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Winnie the Pooh : Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too ( 2009 ) Super Duper Super Sleuths ( 2010 ) Television Welcome to Pooh Corner ( 1983 -- 1987 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1988 -- 1991 ) The Book of Pooh ( 2001 -- 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Specials Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( 1991 ) Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh ( 1996 ) A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving ( 1998 ) A Valentine for You ( 1999 ) Video games Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood ( 1986 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1995 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1999 ) Ready to Read with Pooh ( 1997 ) Tigger 's Honey Hunt ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Game ( 2003 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure ( 2005 ) Disney Friends ( 2007 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Home Run Derby ( 2007 ) Songs `` Winnie the Pooh '' ( 1966 ) `` Up , Down and Touch the Ground '' ( 1966 ) `` Rumbly in My Tumbly '' ( 1966 ) `` Little Black Rain Cloud '' ( 1966 ) `` Mind over Matter '' ( 1966 ) `` A Rather Blustery Day '' ( 1968 ) `` The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers '' ( 1968 ) `` Heffalumps and Woozles '' ( 1968 ) `` The Rain Rain Rain Came Down Down Down '' ( 1968 ) `` Hip Hip Pooh - Ray ! 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6391462064711891003 | Mahabharata | Mahābhārata - Wikipedia Mahābhārata Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Sanskrit epic . For other uses , see Mahabharata ( disambiguation ) . Mahabharata Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra Information Religion Hinduism Author Vyasa Language Sanskrit Verses 200,000 Krishna and Arjuna at Kurukshetra , 18th -- 19th - century painting The Mahābhārata ( US : / məhɑːˈbɑːrətə / , UK : / ˌmɑːhəˈbɑːrətə / ; Sanskrit : महाभारतम् , Mahābhāratam , pronounced ( məɦaːˈbɦaːrət̪əm ) ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India , the other being the Rāmāyaṇa . The title may be translated as `` the great tale of the Bhārata dynasty '' . The Mahābhārata is an epic legendary narrative of the Kurukṣetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pāṇḍava princes . It also contains philosophical and devotional material , such as a discussion of the four `` goals of life '' or puruṣārtha ( 12.161 ) . Among the principal works and stories in the Mahābhārata are the Bhagavad Gita , the story of Damayanti , an abbreviated version of the Rāmāyaṇa , and the story of Ṛṣyasringa , often considered as works in their own right . Traditionally , the authorship of the Mahābhārata is attributed to Vyāsa . There have been many attempts to unravel its historical growth and compositional layers . The oldest preserved parts of the text are thought to be not much older than around 400 BCE , though the origins of the epic probably fall between the 8th and 9th centuries BCE . The text probably reached its final form by the early Gupta period ( c. 4th century CE ) . According to the Mahābhārata itself , the tale is extended from a shorter version of 24,000 verses called simply Bhārata . The Mahābhārata is the longest epic poem known and has been described as `` the longest poem ever written '' . Its longest version consists of over 100,000 śloka or over 200,000 individual verse lines ( each shloka is a couplet ) , and long prose passages . At about 1.8 million words in total , the Mahābhārata is roughly ten times the length of the Iliad and the Odyssey combined , or about four times the length of the Rāmāyaṇa . W.J. Johnson has compared the importance of the Mahābhārata in the context of world civilization to that of the Bible , the works of William Shakespeare , the works of Homer , Greek drama , or the Quran . Within the Indian tradition it is sometimes called the Fifth Veda . Contents ( hide ) 1 Textual history and structure 1.1 Accretion and redaction 1.2 Historical references 1.3 The 18 parvas or books 2 Historical context 3 Synopsis 3.1 The older generations 3.2 The Pandava and Kaurava princes 3.3 Lakshagraha ( the house of lac ) 3.4 Marriage to Draupadi 3.5 Indraprastha 3.6 The dice game 3.7 Exile and return 3.8 The battle at Kurukshetra 3.9 The end of the Pandavas 3.10 The reunion 4 Themes 4.1 Just war 5 Versions , translations , and derivative works 5.1 Critical Edition 5.2 Regional versions 5.3 Translations 5.4 Derivative literature 5.5 In film and television 6 Jain version 7 Kuru family tree 8 Cultural influence 9 Editions 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources 13 External links Textual History and structure Modern depiction of Vyasa narrating the Mahābhārata to Ganesha at the Murudeshwara temple , Karnataka . The epic is traditionally ascribed to the sage Vyāsa , who is also a major character in the epic . Vyāsa described it as being itihāsa ( history ) . He also describes the Guru - shishya parampara , which traces all great teachers and their students of the Vedic times . The first section of the Mahābhārata states that it was Gaṇeśa who wrote down the text to Vyasa 's dictation . The epic employs the story within a story structure , otherwise known as frametales , popular in many Indian religious and non-religious works . It is first recited at Takshashila by the sage Vaiśampāyana , a disciple of Vyāsa , to the King Janamejaya who is the great - grandson of the Pāṇḍava prince Arjuna . The story is then recited again by a professional storyteller named Ugraśrava Sauti , many years later , to an assemblage of sages performing the 12 - year sacrifice for the king Saunaka Kulapati in the Naimiśa Forest . Sauti recites the slokas of the Mahabharata . The text was described by some early 20th - century western Indologists as unstructured and chaotic . Hermann Oldenberg supposed that the original poem must once have carried an immense `` tragic force '' but dismissed the full text as a `` horrible chaos . '' Moritz Winternitz ( Geschichte der indischen Literatur 1909 ) considered that `` only unpoetical theologists and clumsy scribes '' could have lumped the parts of disparate origin into an unordered whole . Accretion and redaction Research on the Mahābhārata has put an enormous effort into recognizing and dating layers within the text . Some elements of the present Mahābhārata can be traced back to Vedic times . The background to the Mahābhārata suggests the origin of the epic occurs `` after the very early Vedic period '' and before `` the first Indian ' empire ' was to rise in the third century B.C. '' That this is `` a date not too far removed from the 8th or 9th century B.C. '' is likely . Mahābhārata started as an orally - transmitted tale of the charioteer bards . It is generally agreed that `` Unlike the Vedas , which have to be preserved letter - perfect , the epic was a popular work whose reciters would inevitably conform to changes in language and style , '' so the earliest ' surviving ' components of this dynamic text are believed to be no older than the earliest ' external ' references we have to the epic , which may include an allusion in Panini 's 4th century BCE grammar Aṣṭādhyāyī 4 : 2 : 56 . It is estimated that the Sanskrit text probably reached something of a `` final form '' by the early Gupta period ( about the 4th century CE ) . Vishnu Sukthankar , editor of the first great critical edition of the Mahābhārata , commented : `` It is useless to think of reconstructing a fluid text in a literally original shape , on the basis of an archetype and a stemma codicum . What then is possible ? Our objective can only be to reconstruct the oldest form of the text which it is possible to reach on the basis of the manuscript material available . '' That manuscript evidence is somewhat late , given its material composition and the climate of India , but it is very extensive . The Mahābhārata itself ( 1.1. 61 ) distinguishes a core portion of 24,000 verses : the Bhārata proper , as opposed to additional secondary material , while the Aśvalāyana Gṛhyasūtra ( 3.4. 4 ) makes a similar distinction . At least three redactions of the text are commonly recognized : Jaya ( Victory ) with 8,800 verses attributed to Vyāsa , Bhārata with 24,000 verses as recited by Vaiśampāyana , and finally the Mahābhārata as recited by Ugraśrava Sauti with over 100,000 verses . However , some scholars , such as John Brockington , argue that Jaya and Bharata refer to the same text , and ascribe the theory of Jaya with 8,800 verses to a misreading of a verse in Ādiparvan ( 1.1. 81 ) . The redaction of this large body of text was carried out after formal principles , emphasizing the numbers 18 and 12 . The addition of the latest parts may be dated by the absence of the Anuśāsana - parva and the Virāta parva from the `` Spitzer manuscript '' . The oldest surviving Sanskrit text dates to the Kushan Period ( 200 CE ) . According to what one character says at Mbh. 1.1. 50 , there were three versions of the epic , beginning with Manu ( 1.1. 27 ) , Astika ( 1.3 , sub-parva 5 ) or Vasu ( 1.57 ) , respectively . These versions would correspond to the addition of one and then another ' frame ' settings of dialogues . The Vasu version would omit the frame settings and begin with the account of the birth of Vyasa . The astika version would add the sarpasattra and aśvamedha material from Brahmanical literature , introduce the name Mahābhārata , and identify Vyāsa as the work 's author . The redactors of these additions were probably Pāñcarātrin scholars who according to Oberlies ( 1998 ) likely retained control over the text until its final redaction . Mention of the Huna in the Bhīṣma - parva however appears to imply that this parva may have been edited around the 4th century . The snake sacrifice of Janamejaya The Ādi - parva includes the snake sacrifice ( sarpasattra ) of Janamejaya , explaining its motivation , detailing why all snakes in existence were intended to be destroyed , and why in spite of this , there are still snakes in existence . This sarpasattra material was often considered an independent tale added to a version of the Mahābhārata by `` thematic attraction '' ( Minkowski 1991 ) , and considered to have a particularly close connection to Vedic ( Brahmana ) literature . The Pañcavimśa Brahmana ( at 25.15. 3 ) enumerates the officiant priests of a sarpasattra among whom the names Dhṛtarāṣtra and Janamejaya , two main characters of the Mahābhārata 's sarpasattra , as well as Takṣaka , the name of a snake in the Mahābhārata , occur . Historical references See also : Bhagavad Gita § Date and text The earliest known references to the Mahābhārata and its core Bhārata date to the Aṣṭādhyāyī ( sutra 6.2. 38 ) of Pāṇini ( fl . 4th century BCE ) and in the Aśvalāyana Gṛhyasūtra ( 3.4. 4 ) . This may mean the core 24,000 verses , known as the Bhārata , as well as an early version of the extended Mahābhārata , were composed by the 4th century BCE . A report by the Greek writer Dio Chrysostom ( c. 40 - c. 120 CE ) about Homer 's poetry being sung even in India seems to imply that the Iliad had been translated into Sanskrit . However , Indian scholars have , in general , taken this as evidence for the existence of a Mahābhārata at this date , whose episodes Dio or his sources identify with the story of the Iliad . Several stories within the Mahābhārata took on separate identities of their own in Classical Sanskrit literature . For instance , Abhijñānaśākuntala by the renowned Sanskrit poet Kālidāsa ( c. 400 CE ) , believed to have lived in the era of the Gupta dynasty , is based on a story that is the precursor to the Mahābhārata . Urubhaṅga , a Sanskrit play written by Bhāsa who is believed to have lived before Kālidāsa , is based on the slaying of Duryodhana by the splitting of his thighs by Bhīma . The copper - plate inscription of the Maharaja Sharvanatha ( 533 -- 534 CE ) from Khoh ( Satna District , Madhya Pradesh ) describes the Mahābhārata as a `` collection of 100,000 verses '' ( śata - sahasri saṃhitā ) . The 18 parvas or books The division into 18 parvas is as follows : Parva Title Sub-parvas Contents Adi Parva ( The Book of the Beginning ) 1 -- 19 How the Mahābhārata came to be narrated by Sauti to the assembled rishis at Naimisharanya , after having been recited at the sarpasattra of Janamejaya by Vaishampayana at Takṣaśilā , modern - day Taxila , Pakistan . The history and genealogy of the Bharata and Bhrigu races is recalled , as is the birth and early life of the Kuru princes ( adi means first ) . Sabha Parva ( The Book of the Assembly Hall ) 20 -- 28 Maya Danava erects the palace and court ( sabha ) , at Indraprastha . Life at the court , Yudhishthira 's Rajasuya Yajna , the game of dice , the disrobing of Pandava wife Draupadi and eventual exile of the Pandavas . Vana Parva also Aranyaka - parva , Aranya - parva ( The Book of the Forest ) 29 -- 44 The twelve years of exile in the forest ( aranya ) . Virata Parva ( The Book of Virata ) 45 -- 48 The year spent incognito at the court of Virata . 5 Udyoga Parva ( The Book of the Effort ) 49 -- 59 Preparations for war and efforts to bring about peace between the Kaurava and the Pandava sides which eventually fail ( udyoga means effort or work ) . 6 Bhishma Parva ( The Book of Bhishma ) 60 -- 64 The first part of the great battle , with Bhishma as commander for the Kaurava and his fall on the bed of arrows . ( Includes the Bhagavad Gita in chapters 25 - 42 . ) 7 Drona Parva ( The Book of Drona ) 65 -- 72 The battle continues , with Drona as commander . This is the major book of the war . Most of the great warriors on both sides are dead by the end of this book . 8 Karna Parva ( The Book of Karna ) 73 The continuation of the battle with Karna as commander of the Kaurava forces . 9 Shalya Parva ( The Book of Shalya ) 74 -- 77 The last day of the battle , with Shalya as commander . Also told in detail , is the pilgrimage of Balarama to the fords of the river Saraswati and the mace fight between Bhima and Duryodhana which ends the war , since Bhima kills Duryodhana by smashing him on the thighs with a mace . 10 Sauptika Parva ( The Book of the Sleeping Warriors ) 78 -- 80 Ashvattama , Kripa and Kritavarma kill the remaining Pandava army in their sleep . Only 7 warriors remain on the Pandava side and 3 on the Kaurava side . 11 Stri Parva ( The Book of the Women ) 81 -- 85 Gandhari and the women ( stri ) of the Kauravas and Pandavas lament the dead and Gandhari cursing Krishna for the massive destruction and the extermination of the Kaurava . 12 Shanti Parva ( The Book of Peace ) 86 -- 88 The crowning of Yudhishthira as king of Hastinapura , and instructions from Bhishma for the newly anointed king on society , economics and politics . This is the longest book of the Mahabharata . Kisari Mohan Ganguli considers this Parva as a later interpolation . ' 13 Anushasana Parva ( The Book of the Instructions ) 89 -- 90 The final instructions ( anushasana ) from Bhishma . 14 Ashvamedhika Parva ( The Book of the Horse Sacrifice ) 91 -- 92 The royal ceremony of the Ashvamedha ( Horse sacrifice ) conducted by Yudhishthira . The world conquest by Arjuna . The Anugita is told by Krishna to Arjuna . 15 Ashramavasika Parva ( The Book of the Hermitage ) 93 -- 95 The eventual deaths of Dhritarashtra , Gandhari and Kunti in a forest fire when they are living in a hermitage in the Himalayas . Vidura predeceases them and Sanjaya on Dhritarashtra 's bidding goes to live in the higher Himalayas . 16 Mausala Parva ( The Book of the Clubs ) 96 The materialisation of Gandhari 's curse , i.e. , the infighting between the Yadavas with maces ( mausala ) and the eventual destruction of the Yadavas . 17 Mahaprasthanika Parva ( The Book of the Great Journey ) 97 The great journey of Yudhishthira , his brothers and his wife Draupadi across the whole country and finally their ascent of the great Himalayas where each Pandava falls except for Yudhishthira . 18 Svargarohana Parva ( The Book of the Ascent to Heaven ) 98 Yudhishthira 's final test and the return of the Pandavas to the spiritual world ( svarga ) . khila Harivamsa Parva ( The Book of the Genealogy of Hari ) 99 -- 100 This is an addendum to the 18 books , and covers those parts of the life of Krishna which is not covered in the 18 parvas of the Mahabharata . Historical context Further information : Bharata Khanda The historicity of the Kurukshetra War is unclear . Many historians estimate the date of the Kurukshetra war to Iron Age India of the 10th century BCE . The setting of the epic has a historical precedent in Iron Age ( Vedic ) India , where the Kuru kingdom was the center of political power during roughly 1200 to 800 BCE . A dynastic conflict of the period could have been the inspiration for the Jaya , the foundation on which the Mahābhārata corpus was built , with a climactic battle eventually coming to be viewed as an epochal event . Puranic literature presents genealogical lists associated with the Mahābhārata narrative . The evidence of the Puranas is of two kinds . Of the first kind , there is the direct statement that there were 1015 ( or 1050 ) years between the birth of Parikshit ( Arjuna 's grandson ) and the accession of Mahapadma Nanda ( 400 - 329 BCE ) , which would yield an estimate of about 1400 BCE for the Bharata battle . However , this would imply improbably long reigns on average for the kings listed in the genealogies . Of the second kind are analyses of parallel genealogies in the Puranas between the times of Adhisimakrishna ( Parikshit 's great - grandson ) and Mahapadma Nanda . Pargiter accordingly estimated 26 generations by averaging 10 different dynastic lists and , assuming 18 years for the average duration of a reign , arrived at an estimate of 850 BCE for Adhisimakrishna , and thus approximately 950 BCE for the Bharata battle . Map of some Painted Grey Ware ( PGW ) sites . B.B. Lal used the same approach with a more conservative assumption of the average reign to estimate a date of 836 BCE , and correlated this with archaeological evidence from Painted Grey Ware ( PGW ) sites , the association being strong between PGW artifacts and places mentioned in the epic . John Keay confirm this and also gives 950 BCE for the Bharata battle . Attempts to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy have produced , depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted , estimates ranging from the late 4th to the mid-2nd millennium BCE . The late 4th millennium date has a precedent in the calculation of the Kaliyuga epoch , based on planetary conjunctions , by Aryabhata ( 6th century ) . Aryabhata 's date of February 18 3102 BCE for Mahābhārata war has become widespread in Indian tradition . Some sources mark this as the disappearance of Krishna from earth . The Aihole inscription of Pulikeshi II , dated to Saka 556 = 634 CE , claims that 3735 years have elapsed since the Bharata battle , putting the date of Mahābhārata war at 3137 BCE . Another traditional school of astronomers and historians , represented by Vriddha - Garga , Varahamihira ( author of the Brhatsamhita ) and Kalhana ( author of the Rajatarangini ) , place the Bharata war 653 years after the Kaliyuga epoch , corresponding to 2449 BCE . Synopsis Ganesha writing the Mahabharata The core story of the work is that of a dynastic struggle for the throne of Hastinapura , the kingdom ruled by the Kuru clan . The two collateral branches of the family that participate in the struggle are the Kaurava and the Pandava . Although the Kaurava is the senior branch of the family , Duryodhana , the eldest Kaurava , is younger than Yudhishthira , the eldest Pandava . Both Duryodhana and Yudhishthira claim to be first in line to inherit the throne . The struggle culminates in the great battle of Kurukshetra , in which the Pandavas are ultimately victorious . The battle produces complex conflicts of kinship and friendship , instances of family loyalty and duty taking precedence over what is right , as well as the converse . The Mahābhārata itself ends with the death of Krishna , and the subsequent end of his dynasty and ascent of the Pandava brothers to heaven . It also marks the beginning of the Hindu age of Kali Yuga , the fourth and final age of humankind , in which great values and noble ideas have crumbled , and people are heading towards the complete dissolution of right action , morality and virtue . The older generations Shantanu woos Satyavati , the fisherwoman . Painting by Raja Ravi Varma . King Janamejaya 's ancestor Shantanu , the king of Hastinapura , has a short - lived marriage with the goddess Ganga and has a son , Devavrata ( later to be called Bhishma , a great warrior ) , who becomes the heir apparent . Many years later , when King Shantanu goes hunting , he sees Satyavati , the daughter of the chief of fisherman , and asks her father for her hand . Her father refuses to consent to the marriage unless Shantanu promises to make any future son of Satyavati the king upon his death . To resolve his father 's dilemma , Devavrata agrees to relinquish his right to the throne . As the fisherman is not sure about the prince 's children honouring the promise , Devavrata also takes a vow of lifelong celibacy to guarantee his father 's promise . Shantanu has two sons by Satyavati , Chitrāngada and Vichitravirya . Upon Shantanu 's death , Chitrangada becomes king . He lives a very short uneventful life and dies . Vichitravirya , the younger son , rules Hastinapura . Meanwhile , the King of Kāśī arranges a swayamvara for his three daughters , neglecting to invite the royal family of Hastinapur . In order to arrange the marriage of young Vichitravirya , Bhishma attends the swayamvara of the three princesses Amba , Ambika and Ambalika , uninvited , and proceeds to abduct them . Ambika and Ambalika consent to be married to Vichitravirya . The oldest princess Amba , however , informs Bhishma that she wishes to marry king of Shalva whom Bhishma defeated at their swayamvara . Bhishma lets her leave to marry king of Shalva , but Shalva refuses to marry her , still smarting at his humiliation at the hands of Bhishma . Amba then returns to marry Bhishma but he refuses due to his vow of celibacy . Amba becomes enraged and becomes Bhishma 's bitter enemy , holding him responsible for her plight . Later she is reborn to King Drupada as Shikhandi ( or Shikhandini ) and causes Bhishma 's fall , with the help of Arjuna , in the battle of Kurukshetra . The Pandava and Kaurava princes Draupadi with her five husbands - the Pandavas . The central figure is Yudhishthira ; the two on the bottom are Bhima and Arjuna . Nakula and Sahadeva , the twins , are standing . Painting by Raja Ravi Varma , c. 1900 . When Vichitravirya dies young without any heirs , Satyavati asks her first son Vyasa to father children with the widows . The eldest , Ambika , shuts her eyes when she sees him , and so her son Dhritarashtra is born blind . Ambalika turns pale and bloodless upon seeing him , and thus her son Pandu is born pale and unhealthy ( the term Pandu may also mean ' jaundiced ' ) . Due to the physical challenges of the first two children , Satyavati asks Vyasa to try once again . However , Ambika and Ambalika send their maid instead , to Vyasa 's room . Vyasa fathers a third son , Vidura , by the maid . He is born healthy and grows up to be one of the wisest characters in the Mahabharata . He serves as Prime Minister ( Mahamantri or Mahatma ) to King Pandu and King Dhritarashtra . When the princes grow up , Dhritarashtra is about to be crowned king by Bhishma when Vidura intervenes and uses his knowledge of politics to assert that a blind person can not be king . This is because a blind man can not control and protect his subjects . The throne is then given to Pandu because of Dhritarashtra 's blindness . Pandu marries twice , to Kunti and Madri . Dhritarashtra marries Gandhari , a princess from Gandhara , who blindfolds herself so that she may feel the pain that her husband feels . Her brother Shakuni is enraged by this and vows to take revenge on the Kuru family . One day , when Pandu is relaxing in the forest , he hears the sound of a wild animal . He shoots an arrow in the direction of the sound . However the arrow hits the sage Kindama , who curses him that if he engages in a sexual act , he will die . Pandu then retires to the forest along with his two wives , and his brother Dhritarashtra rules thereafter , despite his blindness . Pandu 's older queen Kunti , however , had been given a boon by Sage Durvasa that she could invoke any god using a special mantra . Kunti uses this boon to ask Dharma the god of justice , Vayu the god of the wind , and Indra the lord of the heavens for sons . She gives birth to three sons , Yudhishthira , Bhima , and Arjuna , through these gods . Kunti shares her mantra with the younger queen Madri , who bears the twins Nakula and Sahadeva through the Ashwini twins . However , Pandu and Madri indulge in sex , and Pandu dies . Madri Commits Sati out of remorse . Kunti raises the five brothers , who are from then on usually referred to as the Pandava brothers . Dhritarashtra has a hundred sons through Gandhari , all born after the birth of Yudhishthira . These are the Kaurava brothers , the eldest being Duryodhana , and the second Dushasana . Other Kaurava brothers were Vikarna and Sukarna . The rivalry and enmity between them and the Pandava brothers , from their youth and into manhood , leads to the Kurukshetra war . Lakshagraha ( the House of lac ) After the deaths of their mother ( Madri ) and father ( Pandu ) , the Pandavas and their mother Kunti return to the palace of Hastinapur . Yudhishthira is made Crown Prince by Dhritarashtra , under considerable pressure from his courtiers . Dhritarashtra wanted his own son Duryodhana to become king and lets his ambition get in the way of preserving justice . Shakuni , Duryodhana and Dusasana plot to get rid of the Pandavas . Shakuni calls the architect Purochana to build a palace out of flammable materials like lac and ghee . He then arranges for the Pandavas and the Queen Mother Kunti to stay there , with the intention of setting it alight . However , the Pandavas are warned by their wise uncle , Vidura , who sends them a miner to dig a tunnel . They are able to escape to safety and go into hiding . Back at Hastinapur , the Pandavas and Kunti are presumed dead . Marriage to Draupadi Arjuna piercing the eye of the fish as depicted in Chennakesava Temple built by Hoysala Empire Whilst they were in hiding the Pandavas learn of a swayamvara which is taking place for the hand of the Pāñcāla princess Draupadī . The Pandavas enter the competition in disguise as Brahmins . The task is to string a mighty steel bow and shoot a target on the ceiling , which is the eye of a moving artificial fish , while looking at its reflection in oil below . Most of the princes fail , many being unable to lift the bow . Arjuna succeeds however . The Pandavas return home and inform their mother that Arjuna has won a competition and to look at what they have brought back . Without looking , Kunti asks them to share whatever it is Arjuna has won among themselves . On explaining the previous life of Draupadi , she ends up being the wife of all five brothers . Indraprastha After the wedding , the Pandava brothers are invited back to Hastinapura . The Kuru family elders and relatives negotiate and broker a split of the kingdom , with the Pandavas obtaining a new territory . Yudhishthira has a new capital built for this territory at Indraprastha . Neither the Pandava nor Kaurava sides are happy with the arrangement however . Shortly after this , Arjuna elopes with and then marries Krishna 's sister , Subhadra . Yudhisthra wishes to establish his position as king ; he seeks Krishna 's advice . Krishna advises him , and after due preparation and the elimination of some opposition , Yudhishthira carries out the rājasūya yagna ceremony ; he is thus recognised as pre-eminent among kings . The Pandavas have a new palace built for them , by Maya the Danava . They invite their Kaurava cousins to Indraprastha . Duryodhana walks round the palace , and mistakes a glossy floor for water , and will not step in . After being told of his error , he then sees a pond , and assumes it is not water and falls in . Bhima , Arjun , the twins and the servants laugh at him . In popular adaptations , this insult is wrongly attributed to Draupadi , even though in the Sanskrit epic , it was the Pandavas ( except Yudhisthira ) who had insulted Duryodhana . Enraged by the insult , and jealous at seeing the wealth of the Pandavas , Duryodhana decides to host a dice - game at Shakuni 's suggestion . The dice game Draupadi humiliated Shakuni , Duryodhana 's uncle , now arranges a dice game , playing against Yudhishthira with loaded dice . Yudhishthira loses all his wealth , then his kingdom . He then even gambles his brothers , himself , and finally his wife into servitude . The jubilant Kauravas insult the Pandavas in their helpless state and even try to disrobe Draupadi in front of the entire court , but her honour is saved by Krishna who miraculously creates lengths of cloth to replace the ones being removed . Dhritarashtra , Bhishma , and the other elders are aghast at the situation , but Duryodhana is adamant that there is no place for two crown princes in Hastinapura . Against his wishes Dhritarashtra orders for another dice game . The Pandavas are required to go into exile for 12 years , and in the 13th year must remain hidden . If discovered by the Kauravas , they will be forced into exile for another 12 years . Exile and return The Pandavas spend thirteen years in exile ; many adventures occur during this time . They also prepare alliances for a possible future conflict . They spend their final year in disguise in the court of Virata , and are discovered just after the end of the year . At the end of their exile , they try to negotiate a return to Indraprastha with Krishna as their emissary. However , this fails , as Duryodhana objects that they were discovered while in hiding , and that no return of their kingdom was agreed . War becomes inevitable . The battle at Kurukshetra Main article : Kurukshetra War A scene from the Mahābhārata war , Angkor Wat : A black stone relief depicting a number of men wearing a crown and a dhoti , fighting with spears , swords and bows . A chariot with half the horse out of the frame is seen in the middle . The two sides summon vast armies to their help and line up at Kurukshetra for a war . The kingdoms of Panchala , Dwaraka , Kasi , Kekaya , Magadha , Matsya , Chedi , Pandyas , Telinga , and the Yadus of Mathura and some other clans like the Parama Kambojas were allied with the Pandavas . The allies of the Kauravas included the kings of Pragjyotisha , Anga , Kekaya , Sindhudesa ( including Sindhus , Sauviras and Sivis ) , Mahishmati , Avanti in Madhyadesa , Madra , Gandhara , Bahlika people , Kambojas and many others . Before war being declared , Balarama had expressed his unhappiness at the developing conflict and leaves to go on pilgrimage ; thus he does not take part in the battle itself . Krishna takes part in a non-combatant role , as charioteer for Arjuna . Before the battle , Arjuna noticing that the opposing army includes his own kith and kin , including his great grandfather Bhishma and his teacher Drona , has grave doubts about the fight and falls into despair.At this time , Krishna reminds him of duty as a Kshatriya to fight for his just cause in the famous Bhagavad Gita section of the epic . Though initially sticking to chivalrous notions of warfare , both sides soon adopt dishonourable tactics . At the end of the 18 - day battle , only the Pandavas , Satyaki , Kripa , Ashwatthama , Kritavarma , Yuyutsu and Krishna survive . The end of the Pandavas Gandhari , blindfolded , supporting Dhrtarashtra and following Kunti when Dhrtarashtra became old and infirm and retired to the forest . A miniature painting from a 16th - century manuscript of part of the Razmnama , a Persian translation of the Mahabharata After `` seeing '' the carnage , Gandhari , who had lost all her sons , curses Krishna to be a witness to a similar annihilation of his family , for though divine and capable of stopping the war , he had not done so . Krishna accepts the curse , which bears fruit 36 years later . The Pandavas , who had ruled their kingdom meanwhile , decide to renounce everything . Clad in skins and rags they retire to the Himalaya and climb towards heaven in their bodily form . A stray dog travels with them . One by one the brothers and Draupadi fall on their way . As each one stumbles , Yudhishthira gives the rest the reason for their fall ( Draupadi was partial to Arjuna , Nakula and Sahadeva were vain and proud of their looks , and Bhima and Arjuna were proud of their strength and archery skills , respectively ) . Only the virtuous Yudhishthira , who had tried everything to prevent the carnage , and the dog remain . The dog reveals himself to be the god Yama ( also known as Yama Dharmaraja ) , and then takes him to the underworld where he sees his siblings and wife . After explaining the nature of the test , Yama takes Yudhishthira back to heaven and explains that it was necessary to expose him to the underworld because ( Rajyante narakam dhruvam ) any ruler has to visit the underworld at least once . Yama then assures him that his siblings and wife would join him in heaven after they had been exposed to the underworld for measures of time according to their vices . Arjuna 's grandson Parikshit rules after them and dies bitten by a snake . His furious son , Janamejaya , decides to perform a snake sacrifice ( sarpasattra ) in order to destroy the snakes . It is at this sacrifice that the tale of his ancestors is narrated to him . The reunion The Mahābhārata mentions that Karna , the Pandavas , Draupadi and Dhritarashtra 's sons eventually ascended to svarga and `` attained the state of the gods '' and banded together -- `` serene and free from anger . '' Themes Just war The Mahābhārata offers one of the first instances of theorizing about dharmayuddha , `` just war '' , illustrating many of the standards that would be debated later across the world . In the story , one of five brothers asks if the suffering caused by war can ever be justified . A long discussion ensues between the siblings , establishing criteria like proportionality ( chariots can not attack cavalry , only other chariots ; no attacking people in distress ) , just means ( no poisoned or barbed arrows ) , just cause ( no attacking out of rage ) , and fair treatment of captives and the wounded . Versions , translations , and derivative works Critical edition Between 1919 and 1966 , scholars at the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute , Pune , compared the various manuscripts of the epic from India and abroad and produced the Critical Edition of the Mahabharata , on 13,000 pages in 19 volumes , followed by the Harivamsha in another two volumes and six index volumes . This is the text that is usually used in current Mahābhārata studies for reference . This work is sometimes called the `` Pune '' or `` Poona '' edition of the Mahabharata . Regional versions Many regional versions of the work developed over time , mostly differing only in minor details , or with verses or subsidiary stories being added . These include the Tamil street theatre , terukkuttu and kattaikkuttu , the plays of which use themes from the Tamil language versions of Mahabharata , focusing on Draupadi . The Pandavas and Krishna in an act of the Javanese wayang wong performance Outside the Indian subcontinent , in Indonesia , a version was developed in ancient Java as Kakawin Bhāratayuddha in the 11th century under the patronage of King Dharmawangsa ( 990 -- 1016 ) and later it spread to the neighboring island of Bali , which remains a Hindu majority island today . It has become the fertile source for Javanese literature , dance drama ( wayang wong ) , and wayang shadow puppet performances . This Javanese version of the Mahābhārata differs slightly from the original Indian version . For example , Draupadi is only wed to Yudhishthira , not to all the Pandava brothers ; this might demonstrate ancient Javanese opposition to polyandry . The author later added some female characters to be wed to the Pandavas , for example , Arjuna is described as having many wives and consorts next to Subhadra . Another difference is that Shikhandini does not change her sex and remains a woman , to be wed to Arjuna , and takes the role of a warrior princess during the war . Another twist is that Gandhari is described as antagonistic character who hates the Pandavas : her hate is out of jealousy because during Gandhari 's swayamvara , she was in love with Pandu but was later wed to his blind elder brother instead , whom she did not love , so she blindfolded herself as protest . Another notable difference is the inclusion of the Punakawans , the clown servants of the main characters in the storyline . These characters include Semar , Petruk , Gareng and Bagong , who are much - loved by Indonesian audiences . There are also some spin - off episodes developed in ancient Java , such as Arjunawiwaha composed in 11th century . A Kawi version of the Mahabharata , of which eight of the eighteen parvas survive , is found on the Indonesian island of Bali . It has been translated into English by Dr. I. Gusti Putu Phalgunadi . Translations Bhishma on his death - bed of arrows with the Pandavas and Krishna . Folio from the Razmnama ( 1761 -- 1763 ) , Persian translation of the Mahabharata , commissioned by Mughal emperor Akbar . The Pandavas are dressed in Persian armour and robes . A Persian translation of Mahabharta , titled Razmnameh , was produced at Akbar 's orders , by Faizi and ` Abd al - Qadir Bada'uni in the 18th century . The first complete English translation was the Victorian prose version by Kisari Mohan Ganguli , published between 1883 and 1896 ( Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers ) and by M.N. Dutt ( Motilal Banarsidass Publishers ) . Most critics consider the translation by Ganguli to be faithful to the original text . The complete text of Ganguli 's translation is in the public domain and is available online . Another English prose translation of the full epic , based on the Critical Edition , is in progress , published by University Of Chicago Press . It was initiated by Indologist J.A.B. van Buitenen ( books 1 -- 5 ) and , following a 20 - year hiatus caused by the death of van Buitenen , is being continued by D. Gitomer of DePaul University ( book 6 ) , J.L. Fitzgerald of Brown University ( books 11 -- 13 ) and Wendy Doniger of the University of Chicago ( books 14 -- 18 ) . An early poetry translation by Romesh Chunder Dutt and published in 1898 condenses the main themes of the Mahābhārata into English verse . A later poetic `` transcreation '' ( author 's own description ) of the full epic into English , done by the poet P. Lal , is complete , and in 2005 began being published by Writers Workshop , Calcutta . The P. Lal translation is a non-rhyming verse - by - verse rendering , and is the only edition in any language to include all slokas in all recensions of the work ( not just those in the Critical Edition ) . The completion of the publishing project is scheduled for 2010 . Sixteen of the eighteen volumes are now available . A project to translate the full epic into English prose , translated by various hands , began to appear in 2005 from the Clay Sanskrit Library , published by New York University Press . The translation is based not on the Critical Edition but on the version known to the commentator Nīlakaṇṭha . Currently available are 15 volumes of the projected 32 - volume edition . Indian economist Bibek Debroy has also begun an unabridged English translation in ten volumes . Volume 1 : Adi Parva was published in March 2010 . Many condensed versions , abridgements and novelistic prose retellings of the complete epic have been published in English , including works by Ramesh Menon , William Buck , R.K. Narayan , C. Rajagopalachari , K.M. Munshi , Krishna Dharma , Romesh C. Dutt , Bharadvaja Sarma , John D. Smith and Sharon Maas . Derivative literature Bhasa , the 2nd - or 3rd - century CE Sanskrit playwright , wrote two plays on episodes in the Marabharata , Urubhanga ( Broken Thigh ) , about the fight between Duryodhana and Bhima , while Madhyamavyayoga ( The Middle One ) set around Bhima and his son , Ghatotkacha . The first important play of 20th century was Andha Yug ( The Blind Epoch ) , by Dharamvir Bharati , which came in 1955 , found in Mahabharat , both an ideal source and expression of modern predicaments and discontent . Starting with Ebrahim Alkazi it was staged by numerous directors . V.S. Khandekar 's Marathi novel , Yayati ( 1960 ) and Girish Karnad 's debut play Yayati ( 1961 ) are based on the story of King Yayati found in the Mahabharat . Bengali writer and playwright , Buddhadeva Bose wrote three plays set in Mahabharat , Anamni Angana , Pratham Partha and Kalsandhya . Pratibha Ray wrote an award winning novel entitled Yajnaseni from Draupadi 's perspective in 1984 . Later , Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni wrote a similar novel entitled The Palace of Illusions : A Novel in 2008 . Gujarati poet Chinu Modi has written long narrative poetry Bahuk based on character Bahuka . Krishna Udayasankar , a Singapore - based Indian author has written several novels which are modern - day retellings of the epic , most notably the Aryavarta Chronicles Series . Suman Pokhrel wrote a solo play based on Ray 's novel by personalizing and taking Draupadi alone in the scene . Amar Chitra Katha published a 1,260 page comic book version of the Mahabharata . In film and television Krishna as portrayed in Yakshagana from Karnataka which is based largely on stories of Mahabharata In Indian cinema , several film versions of the epic have been made , dating back to 1920 . In Telugu film Daana Veera Soora Karna ( 1977 ) directed by and starring N.T. Rama Rao depicts Karna as the lead character . The Mahābhārata was also reinterpreted by Shyam Benegal in Kalyug . Prakash Jha directed 2010 film Raajneeti was partially inspired by the Mahabharata . A 2013 animated adaptation holds the record for India 's most expensive animated film . In the late 1980s , the Mahabharat TV series , directed by Ravi Chopra , was televised on India 's national television ( Doordarshan ) . The same year as Mahabharat was being shown on Doordarshan , that same company 's other television show , Bharat Ek Khoj , also directed by Shyam Benegal , showed a 2 - episode abbreviation of the Mahabharata , drawing from various interpretations of the work , be they sung , danced , or staged . In the Western world , a well - known presentation of the epic is Peter Brook 's nine - hour play , which premiered in Avignon in 1985 , and its five - hour movie version The Mahābhārata ( 1989 ) . Uncompleted projects on the Mahābhārata include a ones by Rajkumar Santoshi , and a theaterical adaptation planned by Satyajit Ray . Jain version Further information : Salakapurusa Depiction of wedding procession of Lord Neminatha . The enclosure shows the animals that are to be slaughtered for food for weddings . Overcome with Compassion for animals , Neminatha refused to marry and renounced his kingdom to become a Shramana Jain versions of Mahābhārata can be found in the various Jain texts like Harivamsapurana ( the story of Harivamsa ) Trisastisalakapurusa Caritra ( Hagiography of 63 Illustrious persons ) , Pandavacaritra ( lives of Pandavas ) and Pandavapurana ( stories of Pandavas ) . From the earlier canonical literature , Antakrddaaśāh ( 8th cannon ) and Vrisnidasa ( upangagama or secondary canon ) contain the stories of Neminatha ( 22nd Tirthankara ) , Krishna and Balarama . Prof. Padmanabh Jaini notes that , unlike in the Hindu Puranas , the names Baladeva and Vasudeva are not restricted to Balarama and Krishna in Jain puranas . Instead they serve as names of two distinct class of mighty brothers , who appear nine times in each half of time cycles of the Jain cosmology and rule the half the earth as half - chakravartins . Jaini traces the origin of this list of brothers to the Jinacharitra by Bhadrabahu swami ( 4th -- 3rd century BCE ) . According to Jain cosmology Balarama , Krishna and Jarasandha are the ninth and the last set of Baladeva , Vasudeva , and Partivasudeva . The main battle is not the Mahabharata , but the fight between Krishna and Jarasandha ( who is killed by Krishna ) . Ultimately , the Pandavas and Balarama take renunciation as Jain monks and are reborn in heavens , while on the other hand Krishna and Jarasandha are reborn in hell . In keeping with the law of karma , Krishna is reborn in hell for his exploits ( sexual and violent ) while Jarasandha for his evil ways . Prof. Jaini admits a possibility that perhaps because of his popularity , the Jain authors were keen to rehabilitate Krishna . The Jain texts predict that after his karmic term in hell is over sometime during the next half time - cycle , Krishna will be reborn as a Jain Tirthankara and attain liberation . Krishna and Balrama are shown as contemporaries and cousins of 22nd Tirthankara , Neminatha . According to this story , Krishna arranged young Neminath 's marriage with Rajamati , the daughter of Ugrasena , but Neminatha , empathizing with the animals which were to be slaughtered for the marriage feast , left the procession suddenly and renounced the world . Kuru family tree This shows the line of royal and family succession , not necessarily the parentage . See the notes below for detail . Kuru Gangā Shāntanu Satyavati Pārāshara Bhishma Chitrāngada Ambikā Vichitravirya Ambālikā Vyāsa Dhritarāshtra Gāndhāri Shakuni Kunti Pāndu Mādri Karna Yudhishthira Bhima Arjuna Subhadrā Nakula Sahadeva Duryodhana Dussalā Dushāsana ( 98 sons ) Abhimanyu Uttarā Parikshit Janamejaya Key to Symbols Male : blue border Female : red border Pandavas : green box Kauravas : yellow box Notes a : Shantanu was a king of the Kuru dynasty or kingdom , and was some generations removed from any ancestor called Kuru . His marriage to Ganga preceded his marriage to Satyavati . b : Pandu and Dhritarashtra were fathered by Vyasa in the niyoga tradition after Vichitravirya 's death . Dhritarashtra , Pandu and Vidura were the sons of Vyasa with Ambika , Ambalika and a maid servant respectively . c : Karna was born to Kunti through her invocation of Surya , before her marriage to Pandu . d : Yudhishthira , Bhima , Arjuna , Nakula and Sahadeva were acknowledged sons of Pandu but were begotten by the invocation by Kunti and Madri of various deities . They all married Draupadi ( not shown in tree ) . e : Duryodhana and his siblings were born at the same time , and they were of the same generation as their Pandava cousins . f : Although the succession after the Pandavas was through the descendants of Arjuna and Subhadra , it was Yudhishthira and Draupadi who occupied the throne of Hastinapura after the great battle . The birth order of siblings is correctly shown in the family tree ( from left to right ) , except for Vyasa and Bhishma whose birth order is not described , and Vichitravirya and Chitrangada who were born after them . The fact that Ambika and Ambalika are sisters is not shown in the family tree . The birth of Duryodhana took place after the birth of Karna , Yudhishthira and Bhima , but before the birth of the remaining Pandava brothers . Some siblings of the characters shown here have been left out for clarity ; these include Chitrāngada , the eldest brother of Vichitravirya . Vidura , half - brother to Dhritarashtra and Pandu . Cultural influence In the Bhagavad Gita , Krishna explains to Arjuna his duties as a warrior and prince and elaborates on different Yogic and Vedantic philosophies , with examples and analogies . This has led to the Gita often being described as a concise guide to Hindu philosophy and a practical , self - contained guide to life . In more modern times , Swami Vivekananda , Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Mahatma Gandhi and many others used the text to help inspire the Indian independence movement . Various modern day television shows and novels have taken inspiration from the Mahabharata . Editions The Mahabharata : Complete and Unabridged ( set of 10 volumes ) by Bibek Debroy , Penguin Books India . The Mahābhārata of Vyasa ( 18 volumes ) , transcreated from Sanskrit by P. Lal , Writers Workshop . See also Kali Yuga Characters in the Mahabharata References Jump up ^ `` Mahabharata '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary , Jump up ^ `` Mahabharata '' . Oxford Dictionaries Online . Jump up ^ Datta , Amaresh ( 1 January 2006 ) . `` The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature ( Volume Two ) ( Devraj to Jyoti ) '' . ISBN 978 - 81 - 260 - 1194 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Brockington ( 1998 , p. 26 ) Jump up ^ Van Buitenen ; The Mahabharata -- 1 ; The Book of the Beginning . Introduction ( Authorship and Date ) Jump up ^ bhārata means the progeny of Bharata , the legendary king who is claimed to have founded the Bhāratavarsha kingdom . Jump up ^ James G. Lochtefeld ( 2002 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism : A-M . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 399 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3179 - 8 . Jump up ^ T.R.S. Sharma ; June Gaur ; Sahitya Akademi ( New Delhi , Inde ) . ( 2000 ) . Ancient Indian Literature : An Anthology . Sahitya Akademi . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 260 - 0794 - 3 . Jump up ^ Spodek , Howard . Richard Mason . The World 's History . Pearson Education : 2006 , New Jersey . 224 , 0 - 13 - 177318 - 6 Jump up ^ Amartya Sen , The Argumentative Indian . Writings on Indian Culture , History and Identity , London : Penguin Books , 2005 . Jump up ^ W.J. Johnson ( 1998 ) . The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahabharata : The Massacre at Night . Oxford University Press . p. ix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 282361 - 8 . Jump up ^ Davis , Richard H. ( 2014 ) . The `` Bhagavad Gita '' : A Biography . Princeton University Press . p. 38 . ISBN 9781400851973 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Krishnan , Bal ( 1978 ) . Kurukshetra : Political and Cultural History . B.R. Publishing Corporation . p. 50 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hermann Oldenberg , Das Mahabharata : seine Entstehung , sein Inhalt , seine Form , Göttingen , 1922 , Jump up ^ `` The Mahabharata '' at The Sampradaya Sun Jump up ^ A History of Indian Literature , Volume 1 by Maurice Winternitz ^ Jump up to : Buitenen ( 1973 ) pp. xxiv -- xxv Jump up ^ `` The Mahabharata : How an oral narrative of the bards became a text of the Brahmins '' . Jump up ^ Sukthankar ( 1933 ) `` Prolegomena '' p. lxxxvi . Emphasis is original . Jump up ^ Gupta & Ramachandran ( 1976 ) , citing Mahabharata , Critical Edition , I , 56 , 33 Jump up ^ SP Gupta and KS Ramachandran ( 1976 ) , p. 3 - 4 , citing Vaidya ( 1967 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ Brockington , J.L. ( 1998 ) . The Sanskrit epics , Part 2 . Volume 12 . BRILL . p. 21 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10260 - 4 . Jump up ^ 18 books , 18 chapters of the Bhagavadgita and the Narayaniya each , corresponding to the 18 days of the battle and the 18 armies ( Mbh. 5.152. 23 ) Jump up ^ The Spitzer Manuscript ( Beitrage zur Kultur - und Geistesgeschichte Asiens ) , Austrian Academy of Sciences , 2004 . It is one of the oldest Sanskrit manuscripts found on the Silk Road and part of the estate of Dr. Moritz Spitzer . Jump up ^ The Oldest Extant Parvan - List of the Mahābhārata , Dieter Schlingloff , Journal of the American Oriental Society , Vol. 89 , No. 2 , April -- June 1969 , pp. 334 -- 338 , at JSTOR Jump up ^ J.A.B. van Buitenen , Mahābhārata , Volume 1 , p. 445 , citing W. Caland , The Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa , p. 640 - 2 Jump up ^ Dio Chrysostom , 53. 6 - 7 , trans . H. Lamar Crosby , Loeb Classical Library , 1946 , vol. 4 , p. 363 . Jump up ^ Christian Lassen , in his Indische Alterthumskunde , supposed that the reference is ultimately to Dhritarashtra 's sorrows , the laments of Gandhari and Draupadi , and the valor of Arjuna and Suyodhana or Karna ( cited approvingly in Max Duncker , The History of Antiquity ( trans . Evelyn Abbott , London 1880 ) , vol. 4 , p. 81 ) . This interpretation is endorsed in such standard references as Albrecht Weber 's History of Indian Literature but has sometimes been repeated as fact instead of as interpretation . Jump up ^ `` The Mahabharata , Book 6 : Bhishma Parva : Bhagavat - Gita Parva : Section XXV ( Bhagavad Gita Chapter I ) '' . Sacred-texts.com . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Mahabharata , Book 6 : Bhishma Parva : Bhagavat - Gita Parva : Section XLII ( Bhagavad Gita , Chapter XVIII ) '' . Sacred-texts.com . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ The Ashvamedhika - parva is also preserved in a separate version , the Jaimini - Bharata ( Jaiminiya - ashvamedha ) where the frame dialogue is replaced , the narration being attributed to Jaimini , another disciple of Vyasa . This version contains far more devotional material ( related to Krishna ) than the standard epic and probably dates to the 12th century . It has some regional versions , the most popular being the Kannada one by Devapurada Annama Lakshmisha ( 16th century ). The Mahabharata Jump up ^ In discussing the dating question , historian A.L. Basham says : `` According to the most popular later tradition the Mahabharata War took place in 3102 BCE , which in the light of all evidence , is quite impossible . More reasonable is another tradition , placing it in the 15th century BCE , but this is also several centuries too early in the light of our archaeological knowledge . Probably the war took place around the beginning of the 9th century BCE ; such a date seems to fit well with the scanty archaeological remains of the period , and there is some evidence in the Brahmana literature itself to show that it can not have been much earlier . '' Basham , p. 40 , citing HC Raychaudhuri , Political History of Ancient India , pp. 27ff . Jump up ^ M Witzel , Early Sanskritization : Origin and Development of the Kuru state , EJVS vol. 1 no. 4 ( 1995 ) ; also in B. Kölver ( ed . ) , Recht , Staat und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien . The state , the Law , and Administration in Classical India , München , R. Oldenbourg , 1997 , p. 27 - 52 Jump up ^ A.D. Pusalker , History and Culture of the Indian People , Vol I , Chapter XIV , p. 273 Jump up ^ FE Pargiter , Ancient Indian Historical Tradition , p. 180 . He shows estimates of the average as 47 , 50 , 31 and 35 for various versions of the lists . Jump up ^ Pargiter , op. cit . p. 180 - 182 Jump up ^ B.B. Lal , Mahabharata and Archaeology in Gupta and Ramachandran ( 1976 ) , p. 57 - 58 Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 2000 ) . India : A History . New York City : Grove Press . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3797 - 0 . Jump up ^ Gupta and Ramachandran ( 1976 ) , p. 246 , who summarize as follows : `` Astronomical calculations favor 15th century BCE as the date of the war while the Puranic data place it in the 10th / 9th century BCE . Archaeological evidence points towards the latter . '' ( p. 254 ) Jump up ^ `` Lord Krishna lived for 125 years '' . Jump up ^ `` 5151 years of Gita '' . Jump up ^ Gupta and Ramachandran ( 1976 ) , p. 55 ; AD Pusalker , HCIP , Vol I , p. 272 Jump up ^ AD Pusalker , op. cit . p. 272 Jump up ^ `` Sanskrit , Tamil and Pahlavi Dictionaries '' ( in German ) . Webapps.uni-koeln.de. 11 February 2003 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Book 1 : Adi Parva : Jatugriha Parva '' . Sacred-texts.com . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Book 2 : Sabha Parva : Sabhakriya Parva '' . Sacred-texts.com . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Rajagopalachari , Chakravarti ( 2005 ) . `` Yudhishthira 's final trial '' . Mahabharata ( 45th ed . ) . Mumbai : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan . ISBN 81 - 7276 - 368 - 9 . Jump up ^ Robinson , P.F. ( 2003 ) . Just War in Comparative Perspective . Ashgate . p. 117 . ISBN 9780754635871 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhandarkar Institute , Pune -- Virtual Pune Jump up ^ Srinivas , Smriti ( 2004 ) ( 2001 ) . Landscapes of Urban Memory . Orient Longman . p. 23 . ISBN 81 - 250 - 2254 - 6 . OCLC 46353272 . Jump up ^ `` The Javanization of the Mahābhārata , Chapter 15 . Indic Transformation : The Sanskritization of Jawa and the Javanization of the Bharata '' . Jump up ^ `` picture details '' . Plant Cultures . Archived from the original on 13 November 2007 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Gaṅgā Rām , Garg ( 1992 ) . Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world , Volume 1 . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 376 - 4 . Jump up ^ Several editions of the Kisari Mohan Ganguli translation of the Mahabharata incorrectly cite the publisher , Pratap Chandra Roy , as the translator and this error has been propagated into secondary citations . See the publishers preface to the current Munshiram Manoharlal edition for an explanation . Jump up ^ The Mahabharata of Krishna - Dwaipayana Vyasa translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli at the Internet Sacred Text Archive Jump up ^ P. Lal . `` Kisari Mohan Ganguli and Pratap Chandra Roy '' . An Annotated Mahabharata Bibliography . Calcutta : Writers Workshop . Jump up ^ The Mahabharata of Krishna - Dwaipayana Vyasa translated by Romesh Chunder Dutt at the Online Library of Liberty . Jump up ^ Don Rubin ( 1998 ) . The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre : Asia . Taylor & Francis . p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05933 - X . Jump up ^ The Mahabharata as Theatre by Pradip Bhattacharya , June 13 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Topiwala , Chandrakant ( 1990 ) . `` Bahuk '' . Gujarati Sahityakosh ( Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature ) ( in Gujarati ) . 2 . Ahmedabad : Gujarati Sahitya Parishad . p. 394 . Jump up ^ Pai , Anant ( 1998 ) . Pai , Anant , ed . Amar Chitra Katha Mahabharata . Kadam , Dilip ( illus . ) . Mumbai : Amar Chitra Katha . p. 1200 . ISBN 81 - 905990 - 4 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mahabharat on IMDb ( 1920 film ) Jump up ^ Daana Veera Shura Karna on IMDb Jump up ^ `` What makes Shyam special '' . Hinduonnet.com. 17 January 2003 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Anuj ( 27 May 2010 ) . `` Fact of the matter '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Mahabharat : Theatrical Trailer ( Animated Film ) '' . Jump up ^ Mahabharat on IMDb ( 1988 -- 1990 TV series ) Jump up ^ The Mahabharata on IMDb ( 1989 mini-series ) Jump up ^ `` In brief : Mahabharat will be most expensive Indian movie ever '' . Jump up ^ C.J. Wallia ( 1996 ) . `` IndiaStar book review : Satyajit Ray by Surabhi Banerjee '' . Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 31 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh ( 2000 ) . Collected Papers on Jaina Studies . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publ . ISBN 81 - 208 - 1691 - 9 . p. 351 - 52 Jump up ^ Shah , Natubhai ( 1998 ) . Jainism : The World of Conquerors . Volume I and II . Sussex : Sussex Academy Press . ISBN 1 - 898723 - 30 - 3 . vol 1 pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh ( 2000 ) . Collected Papers on Jaina Studies . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publ . ISBN 81 - 208 - 1691 - 9 . p. 377 ^ Jump up to : Jaini , Padmanabh ( 1998 ) . The Jaina Path of Purification . New Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 81 - 208 - 1578 - 5 . p. 305 Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh ( 2000 ) . Collected Papers on Jaina Studies . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publ . ISBN 81 - 208 - 1691 - 9 . p. 351 Jump up ^ Roy , Ashim Kumar ( 1984 ) . A history of the Jainas . New Delhi : Gitanjali Pub . House . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8364 - 1136 - 2 . OCLC 11604851 . Jump up ^ Helen , Johnson ( 2009 ) ( 1931 ) . Muni Samvegayashvijay Maharaj , ed . Trisastiśalākāpurusacaritra of Hemacandra : The Jain Saga . Part II . Baroda : Oriental Institute . ISBN 978 - 81 - 908157 - 0 - 3 . refer story of Neminatha Jump up ^ Devdutt Pattanaik ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` How different are the Jain Ramayana and Jain Mahabharata from Hindu narrations ? '' . Devdutt . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Bhagavad Gita '' . Yoga.about.com . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Maharishi Mahesh Yogi ; On The Bhagavad Gita ; A New Translation and Commentary With Sanskrit Text Chapters 1 to 6 , Preface p. 9 Jump up ^ Stevenson , Robert W. , `` Tilak and the Bhagavadgita 's Doctrine of Karmayoga '' , in : Minor , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Jordens , J.T.F. , `` Gandhi and the Bhagavadgita '' , in : Minor , p. 88 . Sources Badrinath , Chaturvedi . The Mahābhārata : An Inquiry in the Human Condition , New Delhi , Orient Longman ( 2006 ) Bandyopadhyaya , Jayantanuja ( 2008 ) . Class and Religion in Ancient India . Anthem Press . Basham , A.L. ( 1954 ) . The Wonder That Was India : A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before The Coming of the Muslims . New York : Grove Press . Bhasin , R.V. `` Mahabharata '' published by National Publications , India , 2007 . J. Brockington . The Sanskrit Epics , Leiden ( 1998 ) . Buitenen , Johannes Adrianus Bernardus ( 1978 ) . The Mahābhārata. 3 volumes ( translation / publication incomplete due to his death ) . University of Chicago Press . Chaitanya , Krishna ( K.K. Nair ) . The Mahabharata , A Literary Study , Clarion Books , New Delhi 1985 . Gupta , S.P. and Ramachandran , K.S. ( ed . ) . Mahabharata : myth and reality . Agam Prakashan , New Delhi 1976 . Hiltebeitel , Alf . The Ritual of Battle , Krishna in the Mahabharata , SUNY Press , New York 1990 . Hopkins , E.W. The Great Epic of India , New York ( 1901 ) . Jyotirmayananda , Swami . Mysticism of the Mahabharata , Yoga Research Foundation , Miami 1993 . Katz , Ruth Cecily Arjuna in the Mahabharata , University of South Carolina Press , Columbia 1989 . Keay , John ( 2000 ) . India : A History . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3797 - 0 . Majumdar , R.C. ( general editor ) ( 1951 ) . The History and Culture of the Indian People : ( Volume 1 ) The Vedic Age . London : George Allen & Unwin Ltd . Lerner , Paule . Astrological Key in Mahabharata , David White ( trans . ) Motilal Banarsidass , New Delhi 1988 . Mallory , J. P ( 2005 ) . In Search of the Indo - Europeans . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27616 - 1 Mehta , M. The problem of the double introduction to the Mahabharata , JAOS 93 ( 1973 ) , 547 -- 550 . Minkowski , C.Z. Janamehayas Sattra and Ritual Structure , JAOS 109 ( 1989 ) , 410 -- 420 . Minkowski , C.Z. ' Snakes , Sattras and the Mahabharata ' , in : Essays on the Mahabharata , ed . A. Sharma , Leiden ( 1991 ) , 384 -- 400 . Oldenberg , Hermann . Zur Geschichte der Altindischen Prosa , Berlin ( 1917 ) Oberlies , Th . ' The Counsels of the Seer Narada : Ritual on and under the Surface of the Mahabharata ' , in : New methods in the research of epic ( ed . H.L.C. Tristram ) , Freiburg ( 1998 ) . Oldenberg , H. Das Mahabharata , Göttingen ( 1922 ) . Pāṇini . Ashtādhyāyī . Book 4 . Translated by Chandra Vasu . Benares , 1896 . ( in Sanskrit ) ( in English ) Pargiter , F.E. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition , London 1922 . Repr . Motilal Banarsidass 1997 . Sattar , Arshia ( transl . ) ( 1996 ) . The Rāmāyaṇa by Vālmīki . Viking . p. 696 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 029866 - 6 . Sukthankar , Vishnu S. and Shrimant Balasaheb Pant Pratinidhi ( 1933 ) . The Mahabharata : for the first time critically edited . Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute . Sullivan , Bruce M. Seer of the Fifth Veda , Krsna Dvaipayana Vyasa in the Mahabharata , Motilal Banarsidass , New Delhi 1999 . Sutton , Nicholas . Religious Doctrines in the Mahabharata , Motilal Banarsidass , New Delhi 2000 . Utgikar , N.B. The mention of the Mahābhārata in the Ashvalayana Grhya Sutra , Proceedings and Transactions of the All - India Oriental Conference , Poona ( 1919 ) , vol. 2 , Poona ( 1922 ) , 46 -- 61 . Vaidya , R.V. A Study of Mahabharat ; A Research , Poona , A.V.G. Prakashan , 1967 Witzel , Michael , Epics , Khilas and Puranas : Continuities and Ruptures , Proceedings of the Third Dubrovnik International Conference on the Sanskrit Epics and Puranas , ed . P. Koskiallio , Zagreb ( 2005 ) , 21 -- 80 . External links Sanskrit Wikisource has original text related to this article : Mahabharata Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mahabharata Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Mahabharat Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mahabharata . Mahābhārata online All volumes in 12 PDF - files ( Holybooks.com , 181 MB in total ) Reading Suggestions , J.L. Fitzgerald , Das Professor of Sanskrit , Department of Classics , Brown University Mahabharata Books ( parvas ) Adi Sabha Vana Virata Udyoga Bhishma Drona Karna Shalya Sauptika Stri Shanti Anushasana Ashvamedhika Ashramavasika Mausala Mahaprasthanika Svargarohana Harivamsa Kuru Kingdom Shantanu Ganga Bhishma Satyavati Chitrāngada Vichitravirya Ambika Ambalika Vidura Dhritarashtra Gandhari Pandu Kunti Madri Pandavas Yudhisthira Bhima Arjuna Nakula Sahadeva Draupadi Kauravas Duryodhana Dushasana Vikarna Yuyutsu Dushala Hidimbi Ghatotkacha Ahilawati Subhadra Uttarā Ulupi Chitrāngadā Abhimanyu Iravan Babruvahana Barbarika Upapandavas Parikshit Janamejaya Other characters Amba Ashwatthama Balarama Bhagadatta Brihannala Chekitana Chitrasena Dhrishtadyumna Drona Drupada Durvasa Ekalavya Hidimba Jarasandha Jayadratha Kali ( demon ) Karna Kichaka Kindama Kripa Krishna Kritavarma Mayasura Sanjaya Satyaki Shakuni Shalya Shikhandi Shishupala Bahlika Sudeshna Uttara Kumara Virata Vrishasena Vyasa Related articles Avatars Hastinapur Indraprastha Kingdoms Kurukshetra War Bhagavad Gita Vedic - 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814067538875541918 | Kristian Alfonso | Kristian Alfonso - wikipedia Kristian Alfonso Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kristian Alfonso Peter Reckell and Kristian Alfonso Kristian - Joy Alfonso ( 1963 - 09 - 05 ) September 5 , 1963 ( age 54 ) Brockton , Massachusetts , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1981 -- present Spouse ( s ) Simon Macauley ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 1 child Danny Daggenhurst ( 2001 -- present ) 1 child Website http://www.kristianonline.com/ Kristian - Joy Alfonso ( born September 5 , 1963 ) is an American actress , former figure skater and fashion model . She is best known for playing Hope Williams Brady , which she has played since 1983 on the NBC dramatic serial Days of Our Lives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early career 1.2 Return to Days of our Lives 1.3 Other credits 2 Personal life 3 Other 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) She began her career as a figure skater and gold medal champion at the Junior Olympic Figure Skating Championships . At the age of 13 , a tobogganing accident ended her skating career and Alfonso began modeling . By the time she was 15 she had appeared on the cover of over 30 magazines , including Vogue and Harper 's Bazaar . She was first seen on TV playing opposite Rock Hudson in the TV movie The Starmaker in 1981 . Her career took off in April 1983 when she started playing Hope Williams on the soap opera Days of Our Lives . During that time , her character fell in love with , and married , Bo Brady ( Peter Reckell ) . Alfonso left the show in April 1987 for a two - year stint on the night time soap opera Falcon Crest as Pilar Ortega for its last two seasons . She returned to Days briefly from April to July 1990 ; this return culminated in the entire town of Salem believing that Hope had died . In 1993 she starred alongside Dolph Lundgren in the film Joshua Tree ( 1993 film ) in which she played a cop abducted by an innocent convict on the run . Return to Days of Our Lives ( edit ) She returned to the show for a third time in May 1994 as `` Gina , '' an amnesiac who looked a lot like Hope . She ended up being Hope , but not before a drawn - out storyline involving evil Stefano DiMera ( Joseph Mascolo ) brainwashing Hope into believing she was Princess Gina Von Amberg . In 2015 Hope , a prominent detective in the Salem Police Department , was the one to finally kill the evil Stefano Dimera , now elderly and in a wheelchair , by shooting him in cold blood in his own study at the Dimera mansion . She , and Detective Raphael `` Rafe '' Hernandez hid his body in a condemned building . Stefano appeared several times as a ghost as the actor Joseph Mascolo had retired , until Mascolo 's death in late 2016 . Hope 's decision to kill Stefano ( and the subsequent visitations ) would have repercussions that will weighed heavily on her conscience in the years to come . She also played in Season 6 of Friends in an episode titled `` The One That Could Have Been , Part 1 '' as Hope Brady from Days of Our Lives . Alfonso gained her start with the talent show TALENT AMERICA held in NYNY . From there she was picked up by a modeling agency in New York . She later was a frequent Judge for the competition . She was in her very early teens at this time and considered a face model for the agency . Career ups and downs lead her back to a more permanent position with Days of Our Lives , where she has recently re-signed for two more years . Other credits ( edit ) Alfonso 's other film and television credits include Army of One , aka Joshua Tree , MacGyver , Blindfold : Acts of Obsession , Full House , Burke 's Law , Murder , She Wrote , Melrose Place , Baywatch , Amazing Stories , Love Stories , and Who 's The Boss ? . Personal life ( edit ) Alfonso was married to Simon Macauley from 1987 to 1991 . They have a son , Gino William ( born October 1990 ) . She married Danny Daggenhurst on October 6 , 2001 . The couple have two children , Jack ( born July 18 , 2002 ) , and Spartan ( her stepson ) . Other ( edit ) In November 2006 , Kristian Alfonso created her own jewelry line called Hope Faith Miracles . She has appeared on QVC and runs her jewelry website , which contains all of her See also ( edit ) Bo Brady and Hope Williams Supercouple References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Official Kristian Alfonso Website '' . Official Kristian Alfonso Website . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Army of One , AKA Joshua Tree , ( 1993 film ) on IMDb Jump up ^ `` MacGuyver : Unfinished Business '' on IMDb Jump up ^ `` MacGuyver : The Negotiator '' on IMDb Jump up ^ Full House : Star Search on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Full House : Half a Love Story '' on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Unfinished Business '' on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Amazing Stories : Remote Control Man '' on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Kristian Alfonso 411 '' . Soap Opera Digest . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Official website Kristian Alfonso on IMDb VIAF : 27270268 ISNI : 0000 0000 0312 7083 BNF : cb14056265b ( data ) SNAC : w6cg0m66 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristian_Alfonso&oldid=822712381 '' Categories : Female models from Massachusetts Actresses from Massachusetts American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses Living people People from Brockton , Massachusetts 1963 births Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from January 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Norsk Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 01 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays hope on days of our lives | [
"Kristian-Joy Alfonso (born September 5, 1963)[1] is an American actress, former figure skater and fashion model. She is best known for playing Hope Williams Brady, which she has played since 1983 on the NBC dramatic serial Days of Our Lives."
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"Kristian-Joy Alfonso"
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-6655838962209662201 | Shave and a Haircut | Shave and a Haircut - wikipedia Shave and a Haircut `` Shave and a Haircut '' in C major . Play ( help info ) These notes are : C-G-G-A-G B-C . In a variation on this tune , the second and third notes are replaced with a triplet with the middle a semitone lower , and the fourth note is flatted . `` Shave and a Haircut '' in G major and then with chords . Play ( help info ) or play with chords ( help info ) . `` Shave and a Haircut '' and the associated response `` two bits '' is a 7 - note musical call and response couplet , riff or fanfare popularly used at the end of a musical performance , usually for comic effect . It is used both melodically and rhythmically , for example as a door knock . `` Two bits '' is an archaism in the United States for 25 cents ; a quarter . `` Six bits '' is occasionally used . The final words may also be `` get lost '' , `` drop dead '' ( in Australia ) , or some other facetious expression . In England , it was often said as `` five bob '' ( slang for five shillings ) , although words are now rarely used to accompany the rhythm or the tune . Contents 1 History 2 Popularity 3 Uses in other countries 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) An early occurrence of the tune is from an 1899 Charles Hale song , `` At a Darktown Cakewalk '' . Other songs from the same period also used the tune . The same notes form the bridge in the `` Hot Scotch Rag '' , written by H.A. Fischler in 1911 . An early recording used the 7 - note tune at both the beginning and the ending of a humorous 1915 song , by Billy Murray and the American Quartet , called `` On the 5 : 15 '' . In his 1933 novel , Hizzoner the Mayor , Joel Sayre wrote of boats `` tooting the official Malta welcome blast to the tempo of ' Shave - and - a-haircut - two - bits , shave - and - a-haircut - two - bits , shave - and - a-haircut - two - bits , ' which was soon taken up by every craft in the harbor that had a boiler , '' indicating that the tune was already associated by that time with the lyric . In 1939 , Dan Shapiro , Lestor Lee and Milton Berle released `` Shave and a Haircut -- Shampoo , '' which used the tune in the closing bars and has been thought to be the origin of the lyric . Popularity ( edit ) The tune can be heard on customized car horns , while the rhythm may be tapped as a door knock or as a Morse code `` dah - di - di - dah - di , di - dit '' ( -- -- ) at the end of an amateur radio contact . The former prisoner of war and U.S. Navy seaman Doug Hegdahl reports fellow U.S. captives in the Vietnam War would authenticate a new prisoner 's U.S. identity by `` Shave and a Haircut '' as a shibboleth , tapping the first five notes of against a cell wall and waiting for the appropriate response . U.S. POWs were then able to communicate securely with one another via the quadratic alphabet code . The tune has been used innumerable times as a coda or ending in musical pieces . It is strongly associated with the stringed instruments of bluegrass music , particularly the 5 - string banjo . Earl Scruggs often ended a song with this phrase or a variation of it . On the television show The Beverly Hillbillies , musical cues signifying the coming of a commercial break ( cues which were in bluegrass style ) frequently ended with `` Shave and a Haircut '' . It is the most popular bluegrass run , after the G run . `` Shave and a Haircut '' was used in many early cartoons , particularly Looney Tunes cartoons , played on things varying from car horns to window shutters banging in the wind . It was also used as an ending to many cartoon shows , just after the credits . Decades later , the couplet became a plot device used by the chief antagonist Judge Doom in the film Who Framed Roger Rabbit , the idea being that Toons can not resist finishing with the `` two bits '' when they hear the opening rhythm . The phrase has been incorporated into countless recordings and performances . Notable examples include : ' That 's a Lot of Bunk ' , a 1920s novelty song by Billy Jones and Ernest Hare , known as `` The Happiness Boys , '' uses the riff at the end of the song . R&B singer and bandleader Dave Bartholomew used the phrase on two of his recordings : `` Country Boy '' ( 1950 ) at the very end , and the original version of `` My Ding - A-Ling '' ( 1952 ) as a figure introducing each verse . Les Paul and Mary Ford 's Capitol recording of `` Magic Melody '' concluded with the phrase minus the last two notes ( `` two bits '' ) . Responding to complaints from disc jockeys , Capitol in 1955 released `` Magic Melody Part 2 '' -- consisting solely of the missing notes -- on a 45 , said to be the shortest tune on record . P.D.Q. Bach ends his `` Blaues Gras '' ( `` bluegrass '' ) aria with `` Shave and a Haircut '' , sung in Denglisch ( mangled German and English ) : `` Rasieren und Haarschneiden , zwei bitte '' ( `` Shave and haircut , two please '' , ungrammatical in either language ) . `` Zwei bitte '' is a Denglisch pun , sounding like `` two bits '' to a speaker of both languages . The melody is also used in The Short - Tempered Clavier . The song `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' from Leonard Bernstein 's musical West Side Story ends with the tune . The opening theme to the TV series The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson ends with the tune . The original version of `` Love and Marriage '' by Frank Sinatra ( recorded for Capitol Records in 1955 ) ends with the tune . `` Everything About You '' , by Ugly Kid Joe ( recorded for Mercury Records in 1992 ) , ends with the tune . `` Unsquare Dance '' ( 1961 ) by Dave Brubeck ends with the tune , and also features part of `` Turkey in the Straw '' . Uses in other countries ( edit ) Shave and a Haircut An example of the couplet . Problems playing this file ? See media help . In Mexico , the melody is highly offensive , as it is commonly used to stand in for the rhythmically similar vulgar phrase `` chinga tu madre , cabrón '' ( English : `` Fuck your mother , asshole ! '' ) . The Italian version is Ammazza la vecchia ... col Flit ! ( English : `` Kill the old lady ... with Flit ! '' ) -- Flit being an old brand of DDT insecticide . This is a humorous popular version of a post-World War II commercial Ammazza la mosca ... col Flit ( English : `` Kill the fly with Flit ! '' ) . This version is never perceived as offensive , but just as a joke . In the Canadian province of Quebec , the tune is frequently used among children to induce silence . The lyrics are `` Chip chocolat gomme , Peanut ! '' ( English : `` Chip chocolate gum , Peanut ! '' ) . The tune is used in Catalan with a different lyric : `` Nas de barraca . Sant Boi '' ( English : `` Shack nose . Sant Boi '' ) . It is also tapped , as a door knock . The Catalan lyrics may come from Blanes , where it was sung twice with Nas de barraca . Sant Boi . Cinc de carmelos pel noi ( English : Shack nose . Sant Boi . Five candies for the boy ) . In Spain , it is sung with the lyrics , Una copita ... de Ojén ( English : `` A shot of schnapps '' ) . In Sweden it was used in a commercial for the Bronzol brand of candy with the slogan Hälsan för halsen -- Bronzol ( English : Health for your throat -- Bronzol ) . In the Netherlands , the phrase is used when someone leaves with the intention to not return . Die zien we nooit meer , te - rug ( English : We shall never see them , a-gain ) . It is used as a way to make fun of someone / something , if it suddenly disappears from the scene . In Argentina , Carlos Balá , a former children 's TV programmes host , used to include a bit in his routine in which he would hum the `` shave and a haircut '' part of the tune , prompting the children in the audience to answer `` Ba - lá '' to the rhythm of the two final notes . See also ( edit ) Banjo roll Oriental riff Bo Diddley beat References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Traum , Happy ( 1974 ) . Bluegrass Guitar , p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 8256 - 0153 - 3 . Jump up ^ Much of this article is taken from James Fuld , The Book of World - Famous Music : Classical , Popular , and Folk . 5th ed. , revised and enlarged ( New York : Dover Publications , 2000 ) , p. 495 . Jump up ^ Sayre , Joel ( 1933 ) . Hizzoner the Mayor : A Novel . New York : John Day Company . pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ `` Catchy Tune Central Archived 2010 - 06 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Members.MultiMania.NL . ^ Jump up to : Franz , Carl ; Havens , Lorena ( 2006 ) . The People 's Guide to Mexico . Avalon Travel Publishing . p. 319 . ISBN 1 - 56691 - 711 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Arellano , Gustavo ( 2008 ) . Ask a Mexican . Scribner . p. 26 . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 4003 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Chuck ( 2009 ) . To Hellholes and Back : Bribes , Lies , and the Art of Extreme Tourism . Holt Paperbacks . p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 8788 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stanton , John ( September 20 , 1948 ) . `` In Mexico City Traffic is Terrific '' . LIFE . Time , Inc . Jump up ^ Keenan , Joseph John ( 2004 ) . Breaking Out of Beginner 's Spanish . University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 74322 - X . Jump up ^ Axtell , Roger E. ; Fornwald , Mike ( 1998 ) . Gestures : The Do 's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World . Wiley . p. 101 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 18342 - 3 . Jump up ^ Axtell , Roger E. ( 1998 ) . Do 's and Taboos of Humor Around the World . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 25403 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ruiz Fornells , Enrique ; Ruiz - Fornells , Cynthia Y. ( 1979 ) . The United States and the Spanish World . Sociedad General Española de Librería . ISBN 84 - 7143 - 192 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wilder , Cora Sarjeant ; Sherrier , James ( 1992 ) . Celebrating Diversity . Ginn Press . ISBN 0 - 536 - 58133 - 9 . Jump up ^ Partridge , Eric ; Dalzell , Tom ; and Victor , Terry ( 2007 ) . The concise new Partridge dictionary of slang and unconventional English , p. 571 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21259 - 5 . Jump up ^ King , Thomas W. ( 1999 ) . Modern Morse Code in Rehabilitation and Education . Allyn & Bacon . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 205 - 28751 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brace , Ernest C. ( May 2 , 2008 ) . `` Messages From John '' . JohnMcCain.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096438/quotes?qt=qt0406091 Jump up ^ Bartholomew , Dave , `` The King Sides '' Collectables ( CD ) 2883 , 2004 Jump up ^ Cleveland , Barry ( Sep 1 , 2002 ) . `` It Happened This Month '' . OnStageMag.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Cantata ' Blaus Gras ' '' . The Peter Schickele / P.D.Q. Bach Web Site . July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.mcgath.com/pdq.html#3.14159265 Jump up ^ Gerrard , Arthur Bryson ( ed . ) ( 1980 ) . Cassell 's Colloquial Spanish , 3rd revised ed . London : Cassell Ltd. p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 07943 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ https://sites.google.com/a/sdgscolaire.com/educateur-en-milieu-scolaire/trucs-et-astuces/obtenir-le-silence/chip-chocolat-gomme-peannut . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sola i Ramos , Elisa ( December 1999 ) . `` PROVERBIS , DITES I FRASES FETES DE BLANES '' ( PDF ) . Servei de Català de Blanes ( CPNL ) . Retrieved March 2016 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Description Dutch article on `` Shave and a haircut '' Sheet music for `` At A Darktown Cakewalk '' from the IN Harmony system at Indiana University Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shave_and_a_Haircut&oldid=854372584 '' Categories : Looney Tunes Rhythm and meter Riffs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : dates Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Italiano 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 21 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | shave and a haircut two bits who framed roger rabbit | [] | [] |
-774867325663489561 | Seven Archangels | Seven archangels - wikipedia Seven archangels It has been requested that the title of this article be changed to Seven archangels . Please see the relevant discussion on the discussion page . Do not move the page until the discussion has reached consensus for the change and is closed . `` Synaxis of the Archangel Michael '' ( `` Собор Архистратига Михаила '' ) . An Eastern Orthodox Church icon of the `` Seven Archangels '' . From left to right : Jegudiel , Gabriel , Selaphiel , Michael , Uriel , Raphael , and Barachiel . Beneath the mandorla of Christ Emmanuel are representations of Cherubim ( in blue ) and Seraphim ( in red ) . The concept of Seven Archangels is found in some works of early Jewish literature . Contents 1 Bible 2 Tobit 3 1 Enoch 4 Christian traditions 4.1 Archangels in current church traditions 5 Other ideas 6 Notes and references Bible ( edit ) The term archangel itself is not found in equivalent in the Hebrew Bible , and in the Greek New Testament the term archangel only occurs in 1 Thessalonians 4 : 16 and the Epistle of Jude 1 : 9 , where it is used of Michael , who in Daniel is called ' one of the chief princes , ' and ' the great prince ' . In the Septuagint this is rendered `` the great angel '' . Tobit ( edit ) The idea of seven archangels is most explicitly stated in the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit when Raphael reveals himself , declaring : `` I am Raphael , one of the seven angels who stand in the glorious presence of the Lord , ready to serve him . '' ( Tobit 12 : 15 ) The other two archangels mentioned by name in the Bible are Michael and Gabriel . The four names of the other archangels come from tradition . 1 Enoch ( edit ) One such tradition of archangels comes from the Old Testament Jewish apocrypha , namely the third century BCE Book of the Watchers , which at some point was merged with some other books in what is known today as 1 Enoch ( the Book of Enoch ) , and was made part of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 's scriptural canon , although by the seventh century it was rejected by Christian leaders from all other denominations as canonical scripture , and despite having been prevalent in Jewish and early Christian apostolic traditions ( as well as the early Christian leaders writings ) the book just fell from academic and religious status in regards to the rest of the canonical scripture , resulting in the text not being found in most parts of the world , as it was forbidden , from 7th century AD onwards . The list of angels survived only as part of oral traditions that differed to one another depending on the geographical area that they were present , and thus many different lists of angels ( termed `` archangel '' ) exist , but to different levels of acceptance . The Jewish people borrowed the names for angels from the Babylonian culture , which under the dualistic influence of Zoroastrianism , and as an addition to its own development of early Mesopotamian belief systems , had resulted in a folklore and cosmology that centered around the anthropomorphic and zoomorphic representation of stars and planets , in which it was later introduced the same concept for star constellations , whose characteristics and names were imported by notable Jewish prophets during their forced exile known as the Babylonian captivity starting in 605 BCE , first with the prophet Daniel , then later with authors such as Ezekiel who styled the Babylonian constellations ( the abstract forms of the constellations ) , that were held as `` sons of the gods '' ( the four sons of the Sky Father deity in Babylonia that carried the Winged Sun , the throne of the Wisdom ) , as angels from the Lord of Israel , in fact living animals in the heaven that were referred to as cherubim , and with that he repurposed some of the characters found in the Mesopotamian polytheistic belief system as angelic servants of the Lord of Israel , thus establishing the prevalence of the God of Israel . The 2 BC Book of the Parables , chapter XL , echoes such folkloric representations , and gives the name of the four angels with whom the Ancient of Days comes , the ones standing before the Lord of Spirits , `` the voices of those upon the four sides magnifying the Lord of Glory '' as : Michael , Raphael , Gabriel , and Phanuel . From the Book of the Watchers chapter IX , a list of group of angels is given , in this case , the ones who saw the quantity of blood which was shed on earth in account of the transgression of the `` sons of the gods '' , a group of rogue celestial spirits , termed `` the Watchers '' , that arrived to earth during the antediluvian times , and it is given as a group of five that interceded on behalf of humankind to the Most High : Michael , Gabriel , Raphael , and Uriel . Whereas the most popular tradition was borrowed from chapter XX , in which a list of `` seven angels who watch '' is given as : Uriel , Raphael , Raguel , Michael , Sarakiel , Gabriel , and Remiel . Christian traditions ( edit ) The earliest specific Christian references are in the late 5th to early 6th century : Pseudo-Dionysius gives them as Michael , Gabriel , Raphael , Uriel , Camael , Jophiel , and Zadkiel . Pope Saint Gregory I lists them as Michael , Gabriel , Raphael , Uriel ( or Anael ) , Simiel , Oriphiel , and Raguel . In most Protestant Christian oral traditions only Michael and Gabriel are referred to as `` archangels '' , which echoes the most mainstream Muslim view on the subject , whereas in the Roman Catholic Christian traditions Raphael is also included , resulting in a group of three . In Yazidi religion , there are seven archangels , named Jabra'il , Mika'il , Rafa'il ( Israfil ) , Dadra'il , Azrail and Shamkil ( Shemna'il ) and Azazil , who are emanations from God and entrusted to care about the created world . Lists of characters referred to as `` angels '' also exist in traditions foreign to the largest religious groups , and are usually regarded as occultist or superstitious . A later reference to seven archangels appeared in an 8th or 9th - century talisman attributed to Auriolus , a `` servant of God '' in north - western Spain . He issues a prayer to `` all you patriarchs Michael , Gabriel , Cecitiel , Oriel , Raphael , Ananiel , Marmoniel . Archangels in current Church traditions ( edit ) The four archangels in Anglican tradition , from left to right : Gabriel , Michael , Uriel and Raphael . In the Catholic Church , three archangels are mentioned by name in its canon of scripture : Michael , Gabriel , and Raphael . Raphael appears in the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit , where he is described as `` one of the seven angels who stand ready and enter before the glory of the lord of spirits '' , a phrase recalled in Revelation 8 : 2 -- 6 . Some strands of the Eastern Orthodox Church , exemplified in the Orthodox Slavonic Bible ( Ostrog Bible , Elizabeth Bible , and later consequently Russian Synodal Bible ) , recognize as authoritative also 2 Esdras , which mentions Uriel . The Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches of the Byzantine tradition , venerate seven archangels and sometimes an eighth . Michael , Gabriel , Raphael , Uriel , Selaphiel ( Salathiel ) , Jegudiel ( Jehudiel ) , Barachiel , and the eighth , Jerahmeel ( Jeremiel ) ( The Synaxis of the Chief of the Heavenly Hosts , Archangel Michael and the Other Heavenly Bodiless Powers : Feast Day : November 8 ) . As well as Uriel , the Book of Enoch , not regarded as canonical by any of these Christian churches , mentions ( chapter 21 ) Raguel , Sariel , and Jerahmeel , while other apocryphal sources give instead the names Izidkiel , Hanael , and Kepharel . In the Coptic Orthodox tradition the seven archangels are named as Michael , Gabriel , Raphael , Suriel , Zadkiel , Sarathiel , and Aniel . In Anglican and Episcopal tradition , there are three or four archangels in the calendar for September 29 , the feast of St Michael and All Angels ( also called Michaelmas ) , namely Michael , Gabriel , and Raphael , and often also Uriel . Other ideas ( edit ) Although in the Book of Enoch , Ramiel is described as one of the leaders of the 200 Grigori , the fallen angels , the leader is identified as Semjaza . Other names derived from pseudepigrapha and recognized by Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches are Selaphiel , Jegudiel , and Raguel . Seven angels or archangels are given as related to the seven days of the week : Michael ( Sunday ) , Gabriel ( Monday ) , Raphael ( Tuesday ) , Uriel ( Wednesday ) , Selaphiel ( Thursday ) , Raguel or Jegudiel ( Friday ) , and Barachiel ( Saturday ) . Various occult systems associate each archangel with one of the traditional `` seven luminaries '' ( the seven naked - eye moving objects in the sky : the seven classical planets ) : the sun , the moon , Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn ; but there is disagreement as to which archangel corresponds to which body . Regardless , each day of week has a name of a celestial body . Monday is Moon day . Tuesday is Mars . Wednesday is Mercury . Thursday is Jupiter . Friday is Venus . Saturday is Saturn . Sunday is the Sun . According to Rudolf Steiner , four important archangels also display periodic spiritual activity over the seasons : Spring is Raphael , summer is Uriel , autumn is Michael , and winter is Gabriel . Following this line of reasoning , Aries ( astrologically ruled by Mars ) represents spring , Cancer ( ruled by the moon ) represents summer , Libra ( ruled by Venus ) represents autumn , and Capricorn ( ruled by Saturn ) represents winter . Therefore , by association , Raphael is Mars , Uriel is the moon , Michael is Venus , and Gabriel is Saturn . Rudolf Steiner 's Northern Hemisphere indications regarding the seasons and their placement in the Zodiac will be the opposite in the Southern Hemisphere , making Michael the autumn archangel -- with Mars in Aries ; Raphael the spring archangel -- with Venus in Libra ; and in mid-winter Gabriel in Cancer ; Uriel presides in Capricorn during mid-summer in the south . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nickelsburg , George W.E. ( 2001 ) . 1 Enoch 1 : A Commentary on the Book of 1 Enoch , Chapters 1 - 36 ; 81 - 108 ( PDF ) . Minneapolis : Fortress . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia , Jewish . `` ANGELOLOGY - Angelology systematized '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Angels , Including the Fallen Angels by Gustav Davidson , 1980 , Free Press Publishing Jump up ^ Adam Valen Levinson The Abu Dhabi Bar Mitzvah : Fear and Love in the Modern Middle East W.W. Norton & Company 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 60837 - 3 Jump up ^ Julia M.H. Smith , Europe After Rome : A New Cultural History 500 - 1000 . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2005 . Page 77 Jump up ^ Tobit 12 : 15 Jump up ^ `` Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers '' . oca.org . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ James F. Driscoll , `` St. Raphael '' in The Catholic Encyclopedia ( New York 1911 ) Jump up ^ `` 2 . Intercessors : : The Heavenly Orders Doxology : : ذوكصولوجية للسمائيين '' . tasbeha.org . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Alex , Michael Ghaly -. `` رؤساء الملائكة الآخرين - كتاب الملائكة - St-Takla.org '' . st-takla.org . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ghlay , Michael . `` الملائكة ... ما هم ، وما هو عدد وأسماء رؤساء الملائكه ؟ - St-Takla.org '' . st-takla.org . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Oremus.org website . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Saint Uriel Church website patron Saint web page Archived 2015 - 09 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lesser Feasts and Fasts , p. 380 . Jump up ^ Anglican.org website Michaelmas page . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ St. George 's Lennoxville website , What Are Anglicans , Anyway ? page Archived 2008 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Christ Church Eureka website , September Feasts page Archived 2008 - 05 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Morals and Dogma ( of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry ) by Albert Pike ( 1871 , 1948 , L.H. Jenkins ) Jump up ^ The encyclopedia of angels , p. 45 , by Rosemary Guiley , Infobase Publishing , 2004 . Coptic saints Patriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Prophets Moses Job Samuel David Hosea Amos Micah Joel Obadiah Jonah Nahum Noah Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Isaiah Jeremiah Baruch Ezekiel Daniel John the Baptist Theotokos Mary , Our Lady of Assiut Warraq Zeitoun Seven Archangels Michael Gabriel Raphael Suriel Zedekiel Sarathiel Aniel Apostles Andrew Bartholomew James , son of Alphaeus James , son of Zebedee John Jude Matthew Matthias Paul Peter Philip Simon Thomas Disciples Apollos Barnabas Mary Magdalene Philemon Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy Titus Seventy disciples Evangelists Matthew Mark Luke John Martyrs 21 martyrs in Libya Abāmūn Abāmūn Abanoub Abaskhiron Alexandrian Martyrs Apollonia Barbara Bashnouna Basilides Catherine Chiaffredo Chrysanthus Colluthus Cyprian Cyrus Sarah Damian Daria Dasya George George Bishop of Assiut Demiana Dorothea Epimachus Faustus , Abibus and Dionysius Felix and Regula Gabriel Abdel El - Metgaly Gallicanus George El Mozahem Gereon Theban Legion Varus Theodora and Didymus Theodore Stratelates Hor , Besoy , and Daydara Otimus Memnon Rais Imbaba Martyrs John Moura John of Senhout Elias and four companions Justina Kosheh Martyrs Saint Marina the Martyr Malati Maspero Martyrs Maurice Menas Mohrael Nag Hammadi Philomena Philotheos Potamiana Regula Sidhom Bishay Thecla Theoclia Veronica Wanas Wadamoun Popes Mark I Anianus Avilius Kedron Justus Eumenes Markianos Celadion Agrippinus Julian Demetrius I Heraclas Dionysius Theonas Peter I Alexander I Athanasius I Peter II Timothy I Theophilus I Cyril I Dioscorus I Timothy II Peter III Dioscorus II Timothy III Theodosius I Peter IV Damian Anastasius Andronicus Benjamin I Agathon Simeon I Alexander II Theodore I Michael I John IV Mark II James Simeon II Joseph I Michael II Cosmas II Michael III Gabriel I Cosmas III Abraham Zacharias Cyril II Macarius II Matthew I Gabriel VII John XIV Cyril V Macarius III Cyril VI Bishops Abadiu of Antinoe Abraam of Faiyum Alexander of Jerusalem Amun of Scetes Athanasius of Beni Suef Basil of Caesarea Cyril of Jerusalem Epiphanius of Cyprus Eusebius of Caesarea Gregory of Nyssa Gregory of Neocaesarea Ignatius of Antioch Jacob of Nisibis James of Jerusalem John of Nikiu John of Jerusalem Karas of California Mikhaeil of Asyut Narcissus of Jerusalem Nicholas of Myra Paphnutius of Scetes Paphnutius of Thebes Polycarp of Smyrna Porphyry of Gaza Psote of Ebsay Serapion of Thmuis Severian of Gabala Yousab el - Abah of Girga Monks Ababius Abdel Messih El - Makari Abib and Apollo Abraham of Farshut Abraham of Scetes Amun Anthony the Great Awgin Bashnouna Clement of Alexandria Hilarion Isaac of Nineveh Isidore of Pelusium John Climacus John the Dwarf Macarius of Alexandria Macarius of Egypt Marina the Monk Moses the Black Mother Irini Hospitius Nilus of Sinai Pachomius the Great Pambo Parsoma Paul of Thebes Paul of Tammah Paul the Simple Patapios of Thebes Pishoy Poemen Samuel the Confessor Saint Patapios of Thebes Tekle Haymanot Sisoes the Great Theodorus of Tabennese Theodora of Alexandria Anchorites Karas Mary Misael Onuphrius Paphnutius Paul Pijimi Shenouda Thomas Zosimas Other Saints Ambrose Didymus the Blind Euphrosyne Habib Girgis Candidus Simon the Tanner Three Holy Children Maximus and Domatius Verena Oriental Orthodoxy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_Archangels&oldid=866195461 '' Categories : Angels Archangels Christian terminology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Italiano ქართული Македонски 日本 語 Română Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 21 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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-2092231050480220754 | Break a leg | Break a leg - wikipedia Break a leg For other uses , see Break a leg ( disambiguation ) . `` Break a leg '' is an idiom in theatre used to wish a performer `` good luck '' in an ironic way . Well - wishers typically say `` Break a leg '' to actors and musicians before they go on stage to perform . The origin of the phrase remains obscure . The expression reflects a theatrical superstition in which wishing a person `` good luck '' is considered bad luck . The expression is sometimes used outside the theatre as superstitions and customs travel through other professions and then into common use . Among professional dancers , the traditional saying is not `` break a leg , '' but `` merde '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 The Leg Line 1.2 Bowing 1.3 Greek origin 1.4 German and Yiddish origin 1.5 Lincoln theory 1.6 Non-literal 1.7 Cast theory 1.8 Richard III theory 1.9 Vaudeville theory 2 Alternative terms 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Origins ( edit ) Urbane Irish nationalist Robert Wilson Lynd published an article , `` A Defence of Superstition '' , in the 1 October 1921 edition of the New Statesman , a British liberal political and cultural magazine . Lynd regarded the theatre as the second-most superstitious institution in England , after horse racing . In horse racing , Lynd asserted , to wish a man luck is considered unlucky , so `` You should say something insulting such as , ' May you break your leg ! ' '' Lynd did not attribute the phrase in any way to theatre people , though he was familiar with many of them and frequently mingled with actors backstage . The earliest known example in print is from Edna Ferber 's 1939 A Peculiar Treasure in which she writes about the fascination of the theater , `` ... and all the understudies sitting in the back row politely wishing the various principals would break a leg '' . In Bernard Sobel 's 1948 The Theatre Handbook and Digest of Plays , he writes about theatrical superstitions : `` ... before a performance actors never wish each other good luck , but say ' I hope you break a leg . ' '' There is anecdotal evidence from theatrical memoirs and personal letters as early as the 1920s . There are several theories behind the origin of the phrase . Few are supported by contemporary writings . The theories listed below are some of the more popular explanations . The leg line ( edit ) The edge of a stage was marked with a line known as the `` leg '' or `` leg line '' . Beyond this point , one could be seen by the audience and those not required to be on stage had to remain back stage and not cross ( break ) the `` leg line '' . In a time when performers would queue for an opportunity to perform and were only paid if they did perform , to `` break a leg '' meant the performer crossed the line onto the stage and would therefore get paid . So to tell a performer to `` break a leg '' was to wish them the luck to have the opportunity to perform and get paid . The sentiment remains the same today , `` good luck , give a good performance '' . Bowing ( edit ) To `` break a leg '' is archaic slang for bowing or curtsying ; placing one foot behind the other and bending at the knee `` breaks '' the line of the leg . In theatre , pleased audiences may applaud for an extended time allowing the cast to take multiple curtain calls , bowing to the audience . Related to this , some argue the mechanism for raising and lowering the curtain was controlled by a crank arm ' leg ' . Therefore for popular performers , continued curtain calls may result in a broken crank arm . Greek origin ( edit ) In the time of Ancient Greece , people did n't clap . Instead , they stomped for their appreciation and if they stomped long enough , they would break a leg . Or , some would have it that the term originated during Elizabethan times when , instead of applause the audience would bang their chairs on the ground -- and if they liked it enough , the leg of the chair would break . German and Yiddish origin ( edit ) Some etymologists believe it to be an adaptation from the Yiddish translation into German . The phrase `` Hatsloche un Broche '' ( הצלחה און ברכה ) ( `` success and blessing '' ) had been calqued from the German phrase `` Hals - und Beinbruch '' ( `` neck and leg fracture '' ) , because of its similar pronunciation . The autobiography of Manfred von Richthofen records pilots of the German air force during the First World War as using the phrase `` Hals - und Beinbruch '' ( neck and leg fracture ) to wish each other luck before a flight . The phrase is now most typically used to wish an actor good luck before a performance , or a student good luck before an exam . Lincoln theory ( edit ) One popular , but false , etymology derives the phrase from the 1865 assassination of Abraham Lincoln . The story goes that John Wilkes Booth , the actor turned assassin , claimed in his diary that he broke his leg leaping to the stage of Ford 's Theatre after murdering the President . While Booth 's roles as an actor are not well remembered , wishing an actor to `` break a leg '' is to wish them a performance worthy of remembrance . However , the fact that actors did not start wishing each other to `` break a leg '' until the 1920s ( more than 50 years later ) makes this an unlikely source . Furthermore the phrase has distinct origins in other languages that well predate the late 19th century . Also , some historians contend that he broke his leg when he fell from his horse trying to escape . They also cite that Booth often exaggerated and falsified his diary entries to make them more dramatic . Non-literal ( edit ) There are many non-literal references this expression could be referring to . Another popular alternative theory concerning the physical `` legs , '' or side curtains , of the theatre proposes that the company of actors should rush onstage through the curtains to take a considerable amount of bows , thus `` breaking a leg ( side curtain ) '' in the process . To get a leg up , and catch your big / lucky break . Cast theory ( edit ) From the dual meaning of cast , where it can mean a mold used to support a broken leg , as well as the members of a theatre production . `` May you get into the cast . '' Richard III theory ( edit ) Some attribute the line to a performance of Shakespeare 's Richard III , where the famed 18th - century British actor , David Garrick , became so entranced in the performance that he was unaware of a fracture . Vaudeville theory ( edit ) In the days of Vaudeville , companies would book more performers than could possibly make it onstage , but would only pay those who performed . Since the Renaissance , stage curtain legs have been used as part of the masking in proscenium theaters , which remain the most popular style of theater to this day . Thus , to make it on stage , one had to enter the line of sight of the audience or `` break a leg '' , to be paid . Alternative terms ( edit ) Professional dancers do not wish each other good luck by saying `` break a leg '' ; instead they say `` Merde ! '' , the French word for `` shit '' . In turn , theater people have picked up this usage and may wish each other `` merde '' , alone or in combination with `` break a leg '' . In Spanish , the phrase is `` mucha mierda '' , or `` lots of shit '' . This term refers to the times when carriages would take the audience to the theatre . A quick look to the street in front of the venue would tell if the play was successful : a lot of horse dung would mean many carriages had stopped to leave spectators . Opera singers use `` Toi toi toi '' , an idiom used to ward off a spell or hex , often accompanied by knocking on wood , and onomatopoeic , spitting ( or imitating the sound of spitting ) . Saliva traditionally had demon - banishing powers . From Rotwelsch tof , from Yiddish tov ( `` good '' , derived from the Hebrew טוב and with phonetic similarities to the Old German word for `` Devil . '' ) One explanation sees `` toi toi toi '' as the onomatopoeic rendition of spitting three times . Spitting three times over someone 's head or shoulder is a gesture to ward off evil spirits . A similar - sounding expression for verbal spitting occurs in modern Hebrew as `` Tfu , tfu '' ( here , only twice ) , which some say that Hebrew - speakers borrowed from Russian . An alternate operatic good luck charm , originating from Italy , is the phrase `` in bocca al lupo ! '' ( `` In the mouth of the wolf '' ) with the response `` Crepi il lupo ! '' ( `` May the wolf die '' ) ( see Standard Dictionary of Folklore , Myth & Legend ) . In Australia , the term `` chookas '' has been used also . According to one oral tradition , one of the performers would check audience numbers . If there were not many in the seats , the performers would have bread to eat following the performance . If the theatre was full they could then have `` chooks '' -- Australian slang for chicken -- for dinner . Therefore , if it was a full house , the performer would call out `` Chookas ! '' It is now used by performers prior to a show regardless of the number of patrons ; and may be a wish for a successful turnout . See also ( edit ) The Scottish play Thespis Knocking on wood Spilling water for luck References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Urdang , Laurence ; Hunsinger , Walter W. ; LaRoche , Nancy ( 1985 ) . Picturesque Expressions : A thematic dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . Gale Research . p. 321 . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 1606 - 4 . Jump up ^ Libby , Steve ( July 1985 ) . `` It 's a superstitious world : Of black cats , lucky numbers , broken mirrors ... '' The Rotarian. 147 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 31 . ISSN 0035 - 838X . Jump up ^ Peterson , Lenka ; O'Connor , Dan ( 2006 ) . Kids Take the Stage : Helping Young People Discover the Creative Outlet of Theater ( 2 ed . ) . Random House Digital . p. 203 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7746 - 2 . Jump up ^ Helterbran , Valeri R. ( 2008 ) . Exploring Idioms : A Critical - Thinking Resource for Grades 4 -- 8 . Maupin House Publishing . p. 24 . ISBN 1 - 934338 - 14 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Joan ; McConnell , Teena ( 1977 ) . Ballet as body language . Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 012964 - 6 . Jump up ^ A Defense of Superstition . The Living Age . 311 . 1921 . p. 427 . As published in The New Statesman , 1 October 1921 . Jump up ^ Ferber , Edna ( 1939 ) . A Peculiar Treasure . Doubleday , Doran & Co. p. 354 . Jump up ^ Sobel , Bernard ( 1948 ) . The Theatre Handbook and Digest of Plays . Crown Publishers , p. 722 . ^ Jump up to : `` Break a Leg '' . World Wide Words . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Break a Leg '' . idiomsite.com . Archived from the original on 2002 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Break a leg '' . phrases.org.uk. 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Theatre Superstitions '' . Steppenwolf Theatre Company . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mark Israel , ' Phrase Origins : `` Break a leg ! '' ' , The alt. usage. english FAQ file Archived 16 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , ( line 4544 ) , ( 29 Sept 1997 ) Jump up ^ Wilton , Dave . `` Break a leg '' . Word Myths : Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Re : Break a Leg '' . Phrases.org.uk . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kauffman , Michael W. ( 2004 ) . John Wilkes Booth and the Lincoln Conspiracies . American Brutus . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75974 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Break A Leg '' . IdiomSite.com . Archived from the original on 2002 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Tom Dale Keever ( 18 December 1995 ) . `` Richard III as rewritten by Colley Cibber '' . Primary Texts and Secondary Sources On - line . Richard III Society -- American Branch . Archived from the original on 17 March 2013 . Retrieved 11 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Theatre Superstitions '' . Steppenwolf Theatre Company . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Proscenium ( theatre ) '' . britannica.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ The QI Elves . `` No Such Thing As The Ugly Panda '' . No Such Thing as a Fish ( 62 ) . Quite Interesting Ltd . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spit Your Way To Safety : Toi , toi , toi ! '' . Forward Association , Inc. 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Word of the Day / Jook ג ׳ וק A grisly load from Russian '' . Haaretz online , 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chookas ! '' Archived 8 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , By Colin Peasley , manager , Education Programme for The Australian Ballet Bevington , David . The Complete Works of Shakespeare , Fifth Edition . United States : Longman ; 5 edition , 2003 External links ( edit ) Look up break a leg in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Break a Leg - Glossary of Technical Theatre Terms ( With many explanations as to the origins of the term ) Break a Leg , and Other Good Wishes , by Matthew Alice , in the San Diego Reader . Break a Leg by Gary Martin , phrases.org.uk , 1996 - 2006 . Resource on Ortaoyunu hide Superstition Main topics Amulet Evil eye Luck Omen Talismans Myth and ritual Lists List of superstitions List of lucky symbols List of unlucky symbols Sailors ' superstitions Theatrical superstitions Africa Buda Gris - gris Sampy Sleeping child Americas Ascalapha odorata Carranca Curupira Djucu Fortune cookie I'noGo tied White lighter myth Witch window Asia Superstition in India list Superstition in Pakistan Japanese superstitions Bhoot ( ghost ) Chhaupadi Churel Ghosts in Bengali culture Jackal 's horn Muhurta Navaratna Nazar battu Pichal Peri Puppy pregnancy syndrome Akabeko Kanai Anzen Maneki - neko Okiagari - koboshi Omamori Fan death Agimat Albularyo Barang Kulam Lihi Pagtatawas Pasma Usog Kuman Thong Palad khik Takrut Nang Kwak Curse of 39 Jin Chan Numbers in Chinese culture Russian traditions and superstitions Superstitions of Malaysian Chinese Europe Barbary macaques in Gibraltar Blarney Stone Cimaruta Cornicello Goodman 's Croft In bocca al lupo Kitchen witch Nazar Painted pebbles Rabbit rabbit rabbit Ravens of the Tower of London Spilling water for luck Troll cross Tycho Brahe days Witch post Wolfssegen General 11 : 11 4 ( Four - leaf clover , Tetraphobia ) 7 ( Seventh son of a seventh son ) 8 9 13 ( Friday the 13th , The Thirteen Club , Thirteenth floor , Triskaidekaphobia ) 108 111 666 ( Number of the Beast ) Ace of spades Auspicious wedding date Baseball superstition Bayern - luck Beginner 's luck Black cat Bread and butter Break a leg Chain letter Cooties Cramp - ring Curse Davy Jones ' Locker End - of - the - day betting effect Fear of frogs Fear of ghosts First - foot Flying Dutchman Four Eleven Forty Four Gambler 's conceit Good luck charm Groundhog Day Himmelsbrief Human sacrifice Jinx Klabautermann Knocking on wood Law of contagion Literomancy Lock of hair Maternal impression Miasma theory Mooncalf Need - fire Nelson Night air Oscar love curse Penny Powder of sympathy Rabbit 's foot Rainmaking The Scottish Play Ship sponsor Shoes on a table Sign of the horns Something old Spilling salt Susto Three on a match Threshold Toi toi toi Wishing well Witch ball Witching hour Related Apotropaic magic Astrology and science Coincidence Debunker Divination Folk religion Fortune - telling Magic and religion Magical thinking Numerology Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena Post hoc ergo propter hoc Traditional medicine Urban legend Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Break_a_leg&oldid=845909745 '' Categories : Theatre Stage terminology Superstitions English - language idioms Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 23 : 40 . 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-404488864045071896 | Penalty corner | Penalty corner - wikipedia Penalty corner Jump to : navigation , search Penalty corner for China against South Korea during London Olympics 2012 In field hockey , a penalty corner , sometimes known as a short corner , is a penalty given against the defending team . It is predominantly awarded for a defensive infringement in the penalty circle or for a deliberate infringement within the defensive 23 - metre area . They are eagerly sought by attacking players and provide an excellent opportunity to score . There are particular rules for that only apply at penalty corners and players develop specialist skills , such as the drag flick , for this particular phase in the game . The penalty corner has always been an important part of the game , that importance has become more pronounced since artificial turf became mandatory for top - level competitions in the 1970s . The Netherlands ' Paul Litjens was the former leading international scorer with 267 goals in 177 matches and was a specialist in hitting goals from penalty corners . Litjens and early specialists were accurate , hard - hitters of the ball ; however , the introduction of the drag flick to counter the goalkeepers that lie down during the hit became the favoured technique . This led to the introduction of experts in this skill and Litjens ' record was surpassed by Pakistani player Sohail Abbas who is often described as the `` world 's best '' penalty corner and drag flick specialist . India 's Sandeep Singh is also regarded as one of the best and has the fastest drag - flick at 145 km / h ( 90 mph ) . The importance of penalty corners has drawn criticism , with the proportion of field goals scored through open play reduced as attackers look to create a foul in the penalty circle , particularly from defenders ' feet , rather than shooting directly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Awarding a penalty corner 2 Procedure 3 History 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading Awarding a penalty corner ( edit ) There are six ways a penalty corner may be awarded : For an offense on an attacking player in the penalty circle that does not prevent the `` probable scoring of a goal '' . For an intentional offence on an attacking player outside the penalty circle but within the 23 - metre ( 25 - yard ) area they are defending For deliberately playing the ball over the backline . However , a goalkeeper is permitted to deflect the ball over the backline . For an intentional offence by a defender in their penalty circle against an opponent who `` does not have possession of the ball or an opportunity to play the ball . '' When the ball becomes lodged in a defending player 's clothing or equipment within the penalty circle . When the ball hits a defending players foot inside the circle . Procedure ( edit ) Simon Gougnard prepares to take a penalty corner from the 10 m mark . The 5 m line above demarcates the closest position a defender may stand . To award a penalty corner , the umpire points both arms horizontally towards the respective goal . Although time in the match is not stopped , it may be prolonged beyond half - time or full - time to allow for the completion of a penalty corner , or any subsequent penalty corner or penalty stroke . However , as of September 2014 , an intended rule change will give a 40 - second timeout for a penalty corner . When a penalty corner is awarded , a maximum of five defending players ( including the goalkeeper ) line up behind the back line either in the goal or on the back line at least five metres from the ball . All other players on the defending team must be behind the centre line . One attacking player places themselves on the back line , with the ball in the circle at least 10 metres from the nearest goal post on either side of the goal . The remainder of the attacking team players place themselves on the field outside of the shooting circle . All players other than the attacking player on the back line must not have any part of their body or stick touch the ground inside the circle or over the centre line until the ball is in play . The attacking player on the back line is allowed one foot within the circle , but the other foot must remain behind the back line . If any player enters the circle or crosses the centre line prematurely , or the attacking player on the back line does not have one foot outside the circle , the penalty corner is reset and taken again . When the attacking player on the back line pushes the ball into play , the players may then enter the shooting circle or cross the centre line . Before a shot at goal can be taken , the ball must first travel outside the circle . In a typical penalty corner , the attacking player on the back line will push the ball to a player at the top of the circle who will stop the ball just outside the circle . Another player will take the stopped ball and push or drag it back into the circle before attempting to shoot at goal ( as per normal rules , the ball must be last played by an attacking player within the shooting circle for a goal to count ) . If the first attempt at goal in a penalty corner is hit , as opposed to a flick , scoop or push , the ball must be hit so that it will be travelling no higher than the backboard in the goal ( 460 mm or 18 in ) at the point when it crosses the goal line , for the goal to count . This must be assessed regardless of any deflections , so for example , if the ball is hit on a trajectory that would see it crossing the goal line below the required height then a goal will be awarded even if it is deflected over this height and into the goal . Conversely , it does not matter that the ball travels above 460 mm in its flight , provided it does not constitute dangerous play , so long as it drops below 460 mm under its own accord ( i.e. not as a result of a deflection ) before crossing the goal line , it is still counted as a goal . Flicks , scoops , pushes , deflections and hits on second and subsequent attempts at goal may cross the goal line at any height , provided it does not constitute dangerous play . The penalty corner ends when a goal is scored , the ball is played over the back line and another penalty corner is not awarded , a penalty stroke is awarded , the defending team is awarded a free hit , or the ball travels more than 5 metres outside the circle ( i.e. beyond the dotted line outside the shooting circle ) . If the penalty corner was awarded on half or full - time , then the ball only has to travel outside the circle for the second time for the penalty corner ( and the half ) to end . History ( edit ) The penalty corner was introduced in 1908 , and required all attacking players to be outside the penalty circle and all defenders behind the goalline . Early penalty corners only required the ball to be stopped before a shot and was not required to be stopped or travel outside the penalty circle . In the first set of hockey rules ( 1886 ) the use of hands and feet was permitted to stop the ball ; the use of feet was outlawed in 1938 but hands could still be used to stop the ball . As such , a hand stop became a large part of early penalty corners ; one player would inject , a second would hand stop and the third would shoot . In 1961 , the number of defenders behind the goalline was reduced to six ; the remainder had to stand beyond the 25 - yard line and two years later this became the halfway line . There were too many goals from penalty corners and the use of the hands to stop the ball , and thus the hand stop , were prohibited from 1982 ; a result was that the same player at a penalty corner would stop and strike the ball . A few years later , in 1987 , the number of defenders was reduced to the current quota of five . Additionally , it was required that the first hit at goal could must cross the goalline at a height no greater than 18 inches ( 460 mm ) for a goal to be awarded -- this rule ceased to apply once the ball had travelled more than 5 yards outside the penalty circle . In 1998 , the location where the ball was injected was metricised to 10 metres from the goal post ( as opposed to the previous rule which stated it must be at least 10 yards ) ; a specific mark inside the circle was introduced in 2000 . Additionally , for a period from 1995 , substitutions were permitted at penalty corners . This rule caused the development of specialist penalty corner takers who just came on for this and was abolished three years later . In 1996 , a penalty corner required that the ball was stopped outside the circle before a goal could be scored . From 2003 , it did not need to be stopped but did have to travel outside the circle . See also ( edit ) Field hockey history Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ An offense that did prevent the `` probable scoring of a goal '' would result in a penalty stroke . Jump up ^ When a ball is deflected over the backline by the goalkeeper or is unintentially played over the backline by a defender this results in a long corner . Jump up ^ Following the metricisation of units in 1998 this became the 23 - metre line Jump up ^ Following the metricisation of units in 1998 this became 5 metres References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hockey : penalty corner rules '' . BBC Sport. 5 October 2005 . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitchell - Taverner , Claire ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 13 : Penalty corners '' . Field Hockey Techniques & Tactics . Human Kinetics . ISBN 0736054375 . Jump up ^ `` Four - goal Litjens licks Malaysia '' . New Straits Times . 29 August 1981 . p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` Litjens meets Sohail for first time '' . Dawn. 9 December 2004 . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's got the hottest shot in hockey ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sallay , Alvin ( 27 October 2013 ) . `` Hockey superstar Sohail Abbas left scoreless in debut in Hong Kong '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vasavda , Mihir ( 3 March 2012 ) . `` Teams will be wary of Sandeep Singh at the Games : Sohail Abbas '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Malhotra , Sahil ( 10 March 2012 ) . `` I 'm a player , not a terrorist ' '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ A `` field goal '' is one scored through open play as opposed to a penalty corner or penalty stroke Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 23 February 2014 ) . `` Astro - turf is beneficial for Indian hockey : Balbir Singh Sr '' . NDTV . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Rule 12.3 , FIH Rules of Hockey Jump up ^ Rule 12.4 , FIH Rules of Hockey Jump up ^ Rule 7.4 b , FIH Rules of Hockey Jump up ^ Rule 4.6 d , FIH Rules of Hockey Jump up ^ Rule 13.4 , FIH Rules of Hockey Jump up ^ `` FIH decides to implement 4 - quarter match format from Sept '' . Times of India . 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Rule 13.3 a-g , FIH Rules of Hockey Jump up ^ Rule 13.7 , FIH Rules of Hockey Jump up ^ Rule 13.3 h-j , FIH Rules of Hockey Jump up ^ Rule 8.1 , FIH Rules of Hockey Jump up ^ Rule 13.3 k , FIH Rules of Hockey Jump up ^ Rule 13.3 l , FIH Rules of Hockey Jump up ^ Rule 13.5 , FIH Rules of Hockey Jump up ^ Rule 13.6 , FIH Rules of Hockey ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Rules '' . International Hockey Federation . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Kutch , Dave ( 7 November 1979 ) . `` Brandywine Gains District Finals '' . Reading Eagle . p. 55 ... when Patty Reich flipped in a perfect shot off Patty Howell 's hand stop of a penalty corner . ^ Jump up to : `` New hockey rules favour the Asians '' . The Straits Times . 6 April 1981 . p. 30 . Jump up ^ D'Cruz , Errol ( 27 February 2010 ) . `` New hockey laws ended India 's rule '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) `` FIH Rules of Hockey - Outdoor - from 1 January 2013 '' ( PDF ) . International Hockey Federation ( FIH ) . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penalty_corner&oldid=813970212 '' Categories : Field hockey terminolgy Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 05 : 30 . About Wikipedia | when is a short corner given in field hockey | [] | [] |
8007897090746447670 | Late Devonian extinction | Late Devonian extinction - wikipedia Late Devonian extinction One of the five most severe extinction events in the history of the Earth 's biota Marine extinction intensity during the Phanerozoic % Millions of years ago ( H ) K -- Pg Tr -- J P -- Tr Cap Late D O -- S Comparison of the three episodes of extinction in the Late Devonian ( Late D ) to other mass extinction events in Earth 's history . Plotted is the extinction intensity , calculated from marine genera . Side view of a stromatoporoid showing laminae and pillars ; Columbus Limestone ( Devonian ) of Ohio The Late Devonian extinction was one of five major extinction events in the history of life on Earth . A major extinction , the Kellwasser event , occurred at the boundary that marks the beginning of the last phase of the Devonian period , the Famennian faunal stage ( the Frasnian -- Famennian boundary ) , about 376 -- 360 million years ago . Overall , 19 % of all families and 50 % of all genera became extinct . A second , distinct mass extinction , the Hangenberg event , closed the Devonian period . Although it is clear that there was a massive loss of biodiversity in the Late Devonian , the timespan of this event is uncertain , with estimates ranging from 500,000 to 25 million years , extending from the mid-Givetian to the end - Famennian . Nor is it clear whether there were two sharp mass extinctions or a series of smaller extinctions , though the latest research suggests multiple causes and a series of distinct extinction pulses during an interval of some three million years . Some consider the extinction to be as many as seven distinct events , spread over about 25 million years , with notable extinctions at the ends of the Givetian , Frasnian , and Famennian stages . By the Late Devonian , the land had been colonized by plants and insects . In the oceans were massive reefs built by corals and stromatoporoids . Euramerica and Gondwana were beginning to converge into what would become Pangaea . The extinction seems to have only affected marine life . Hard - hit groups include brachiopods , trilobites , and reef - building organisms ; the reef - building organisms almost completely disappeared . The causes of these extinctions are unclear . Leading hypotheses include changes in sea level and ocean anoxia , possibly triggered by global cooling or oceanic volcanism . The impact of a comet or another extraterrestrial body has also been suggested , such as the Siljan Ring event in Sweden . Some statistical analysis suggests that the decrease in diversity was caused more by a decrease in speciation than by an increase in extinctions . This might have been caused by invasions of cosmopolitan species , rather than by any single event . Surprisingly , jawed vertebrates seem to have been unaffected by the loss of reefs or other aspects of the Kellwasser event , while agnathans were in decline long before the end of the Frasnian . Contents 1 The Late Devonian world 2 Duration and timing of the extinction events 2.1 The Kellwasser event 2.2 The Hangenberg event 3 Effects of the events 3.1 Biological impact 3.2 Magnitude 4 Causes of the extinctions 4.1 Bolide impact 4.2 Plant evolution 4.2. 1 Effect on weathering 4.2. 2 Effect on CO 4.3 Magmatism 4.4 Other suggestions 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links The Late Devonian world ( edit ) Events of the Devonian Period view discuss edit - 420 -- -- - 415 -- -- - 410 -- -- - 405 -- -- - 400 -- -- - 395 -- -- - 390 -- -- - 385 -- -- - 380 -- -- - 375 -- -- - 370 -- -- - 365 -- -- - 360 -- -- - 355 -- l o z o i Silurian o n i n Carboniferous r l y i d d l Lochkovian Pragian Emsian Eifelian Givetian Frasnian Famennian ← Rhynie chert ← Hangenberg event ; last placoderms disappear ← Kellwasser event ( s ) ← first tetrapods ← most jawless fish disappear ← Hunsrück fauna Key events of the Devonian Period . Axis scale : millions of years ago . A restored Tiktaalik During the Late Devonian , the continents were arranged differently from today , with a supercontinent , Gondwana , covering much of the Southern Hemisphere . The continent of Siberia occupied the Northern Hemisphere , while an equatorial continent , Laurussia ( formed by the collision of Baltica and Laurentia ) , was drifting towards Gondwana , closing the Iapetus ocean . The Caledonian mountains were also growing across what is now the Scottish Highlands and Scandinavia , while the Appalachians rose over America . The biota was also very different . Plants , which had been on land in forms similar to mosses , liverworts , and lichens since the Ordovician , had just developed roots , seeds , and water transport systems that allowed them to survive away from places that were constantly wet -- and consequently built huge forests on the highlands . Several different clades had developed a shrubby or tree - like habit by the Late Givetian , including the cladoxylalean ferns , lepidosigillarioid lycopsids , and aneurophyte and archaeopterid progymnosperms . Fish were also undergoing a huge radiation , and the first tetrapods , such as Tiktaalik , were beginning to evolve leg - like structures . Duration and timing of the extinction events ( edit ) Extinction rates appear to have been higher than the background rate , for an extended interval covering the last 20 -- 25 million years of the Devonian . During this time , about eight to ten distinct events can be seen , of which two stand out as particularly severe . The Kellwasser event was preceded by a longer period of prolonged biodiversity loss . The fossil record of the first 15 million years of the Carboniferous period which followed is largely void of terrestrial animal fossils , likely related to losses during the end - Devonian Hangenberg event . This period is known as Romer 's gap . The Kellwasser event ( edit ) The Kellwasser event , named for its locus typicus , the Kellwassertal in Lower Saxony , Germany , is the term given to the extinction pulse that occurred near the Frasnian -- Famennian boundary . Most references to the `` Late Devonian extinction '' are in fact referring to the Kellwasser , which was the first event to be detected based on marine invertebrate record . There may in fact have been two closely spaced events here , as shown by the presence of two distinct anoxic shale layers . The Hangenberg event ( edit ) The Hangenberg event is found on or just below the Devonian -- Carboniferous boundary and marks the last spike in the period of extinction . It is marked by an anoxic black shale layer and an overlying sandstone deposit . Unlike the Kellwasser event , the Hangenberg event affected both marine and terrestrial habitats . Effects of the events ( edit ) The extinction events were accompanied by widespread oceanic anoxia ; that is , a lack of oxygen , prohibiting decay and allowing the preservation of organic matter . This , combined with the ability of porous reef rocks to hold oil , has led to Devonian rocks being an important source of oil , especially in the USA . Biological impact ( edit ) The Kellwasser event and most other Later Devonian pulses primarily affected the marine community , and had a greater effect on shallow warm - water organisms than on cool - water organisms . The most important group to be affected by the Kellwasser event were the reef - builders of the great Devonian reef - systems , including the stromatoporoids , and the rugose and tabulate corals . Reefs of the later Devonian were dominated by sponges and calcifying bacteria , producing structures such as oncolites and stromatolites . The collapse of the reef system was so stark that bigger reef - building by new families of carbonate - secreting organisms , the modern scleractinian or `` stony '' corals , did not recover until the Mesozoic era . Further taxa to be starkly affected include the brachiopods , trilobites , ammonites , conodonts , and acritarchs . Both graptolites and cystoids disappeared during this event . The surviving taxa show morphological trends through the event . Trilobites evolved smaller eyes in the run - up to the Kellwasser event , with eye size increasing again afterwards . This suggests vision was less important around the event , perhaps due to increasing water depth or turbidity . The brims of trilobites ( i.e. the rims of their heads ) also expanded across this period . The brims are thought to have served a respiratory purpose , and the increasing anoxia of waters led to an increase in their brim area in response . The shape of conodonts ' feeding apparatus varied with the oxygen isotope ratio , and thus with the sea water temperature ; this may relate to them occupying different trophic levels as nutrient input changed . As with most extinction events , specialist taxa occupying small niches were harder hit than generalists . The Hangenberg event affected both marine and freshwater communities . This mass extinction affected ammonites and trilobites , as well as jawed vertebrates , including tetrapod ancestors . The Hangenberg is linked to the extinction of 44 % of high - level vertebrate clades , including all placoderms and most sarcopterygians , and the complete turnover of the vertebrate biota. 97 per cent of vertebrate species disappeared , with only smaller forms surviving . After the event only sharks less than a meter and most fishes and tetrapods less than 10 centimeters remained , and it would take 40 million years before they started to increase in size again . This led to the establishment of the modern vertebrate fauna in the Carboniferous , consisting mostly of actinopterygians , chondrichthyans , and tetrapods . Romer 's gap , a 15 million - year hiatus in the early Carboniferous tetrapod record , has been linked to this event . Also , the poor Famennian record for marine invertebrates suggests that some of the losses attributed to the Kellwasser event likely actually occurred during the Hangenberg extinction . Magnitude ( edit ) The late Devonian crash in biodiversity was more drastic than the familiar extinction event that closed the Cretaceous . A recent survey ( McGhee 1996 ) estimates that 22 % of all the ' families ' of marine animals ( largely invertebrates ) were eliminated . The family is a great unit , and to lose so many signifies a deep loss of ecosystem diversity . On a smaller scale , 57 % of genera and at least 75 % of species did not survive into the Carboniferous . These latter estimates need to be treated with a degree of caution , as the estimates of species loss depend on surveys of Devonian marine taxa that are perhaps not well enough known to assess their true rate of losses , so it is difficult to estimate the effects of differential preservation and sampling biases during the Devonian . Causes of the extinctions ( edit ) Since the Kellwasser - related extinctions occurred over such a long time , it is difficult to assign a single cause , and indeed to separate cause from effect . The sedimentary record shows that the late Devonian was a time of environmental change , which directly affected organisms and caused extinction . What caused these changes is somewhat more open to debate . From the end of the Middle Devonian , into the Late Devonian , several environmental changes can be detected from the sedimentary record . Evidence exists of widespread anoxia in oceanic bottom waters ; the rate of carbon burial shot up , and benthic organisms were devastated , especially in the tropics , and especially reef communities . Good evidence has been found for high - frequency sea - level changes around the Frasnian -- Famennian Kellwasser event , with one sea level rise associated with the onset of anoxic deposits . The Hangenberg event has been associated with sea - level rise followed swiftly by glaciation - related sea - level fall . Possible triggers are as follows : Bolide impact ( edit ) Bolide impacts can be dramatic triggers of mass extinctions . An asteroid impact was proposed as the prime cause of this faunal turnover , but no secure evidence of a specific extraterrestrial impact has been identified in this case . Impact craters , such as the Kellwasser - aged Alamo and the Hangenberg - aged Woodleigh , can not generally be dated with sufficient precision to link them to the event ; others dated precisely are not contemporaneous with the extinction . Although some minor features of meteoric impact have been observed in places ( iridium anomalies and microspherules ) , these were probably caused by other factors . Plant evolution ( edit ) During the Devonian , land plants underwent a hugely significant phase of evolution . Their maximum height went from 30 cm at the start of the Devonian , to 30 m at the end of the period . This increase in height was made possible by the evolution of advanced vascular systems , which permitted the growth of complex branching and rooting systems . In conjunction with this , the development of seeds permitted reproduction and dispersal in areas which were not waterlogged , allowing plants to colonise previously inhospitable inland and upland areas . The two factors combined to greatly magnify the role of plants on the global scale . In particular , Archaeopteris forests expanded rapidly during the closing stages of the Devonian . Effect on weathering ( edit ) These tall trees required deep rooting systems to acquire water and nutrients , and provide anchorage . These systems broke up the upper layers of bedrock and stabilised a deep layer of soil , which would have been of the order of metres thick . In contrast , early Devonian plants bore only rhizoids and rhizomes that could penetrate no more than a few centimetres . The mobilisation of a large portion of soil had a huge effect : soil promotes weathering , the chemical breakdown of rocks , releasing ions which are nutrients for plants and algae . The relatively sudden input of nutrients into river water may have caused eutrophication and subsequent anoxia . For example , during an algal bloom , organic material formed at the surface can sink at such a rate that decomposing organisms use up all available oxygen by decaying them , creating anoxic conditions and suffocating bottom - dwelling fish . The fossil reefs of the Frasnian were dominated by stromatolites and ( to a lesser degree ) corals -- organisms which only thrive in low - nutrient conditions . Therefore , the postulated influx of high levels of nutrients may have caused an extinction , just as phosphate run - off from Australian farmers is causing immeasurable damage to the Great Barrier Reef today . Anoxic conditions correlate better with biotic crises than phases of cooling , suggesting anoxia may have played the dominant role in extinction . Effect on CO ( edit ) The `` greening '' of the continents occurred during the Devonian . The covering of the planet 's continents with massive photosynthesizing land plants in the first forests may have reduced CO levels in the atmosphere . Since CO is a greenhouse gas , reduced levels might have helped produce a chillier climate . Evidence such as glacial deposits in northern Brazil ( near the Devonian South Pole ) suggests widespread glaciation at the end of the Devonian , as a broad continental mass covered the polar region . A cause of the extinctions may have been an episode of global cooling , following the mild climate of the Devonian period . The Hangenberg event has also been linked to glaciation in the tropics equivalent to that of the Pleistocene ice age . The weathering of silicate rocks also draws down CO from the atmosphere . This acted together with the burial of organic matter to decrease atmospheric CO concentrations from about 15 to three times present levels . Carbon in the form of plant matter would be produced on prodigious scales , and given the right conditions , could be stored and buried , eventually producing vast coal measures ( e.g. in China ) which locked the carbon out of the atmosphere and into the lithosphere . This reduction in atmospheric CO would have caused global cooling and resulted in at least one period of late Devonian glaciation ( and subsequent sea level fall ) , probably fluctuating in intensity alongside the 40ka Milankovic cycle . The continued drawdown of organic carbon eventually pulled the Earth out of its Greenhouse Earth state into the Icehouse that continued throughout the Carboniferous and Permian . Magmatism ( edit ) Magmatism was suggested as a cause of the Late Devonian extinction in 2002 . The end of the Devonian Period was a time of extremely widespread trap magmatism and rifting in the Russian and Siberian platforms , which were situated above the hot mantle plumes and suggested as a cause of the Frasnian / Famennian and end - Devonian extinctions . The Viluy and Pripyat - Dniepr - Donets large igneous provinces were suggested to correlate with the Frasnian / Famennian extinction and the Kola and Timan - Pechora magmatism was suggested to correspond to the end Devonian - Carboniferous extinction . Most recently , scientists have confirmed a correlation between Viluy traps ( in the Vilyuysk region ) on the Siberian Craton and the Kellwasser extinction by Ar / Ar dating . The Viluy Large igneous province covers most of the present day north - eastern margin of the Siberian Platform . The triple - junction rift system was formed during the Devonian Period ; the Viluy rift is the western remaining branch of the system and two other branches form the modern margin of the Siberian Platform . Volcanic rocks are covered with post Late Devonian -- Early Carboniferous sediments . Volcanic rocks , dyke belts , and sills that cover more than 320 × 10 km , and a gigantic amount of magmatic material ( more than 1000 × 10 km ) formed in the Viluy branch . Ages show that the two volcanic phase hypotheses are well supported and the weighted mean ages of each volcanic phase are 376.7 ± 3.4 and 364.4 ± 3.4 Ma or 373.4 ± 2.1 and 363.2 ± 2.0 Ma , which the first volcanic phase is in agreement with the age of 372.2 ± 3.2 Ma proposed for the Kellwasser event . However , the second volcanic phase is slightly older than Hangenberg event which place at 358.9 ± 1.2 Ma . Viluy magmatism may have injected enough CO and SO into the atmosphere to have generated a destabilised greenhouse and ecosystem , causing rapid global cooling , sea - level falls and marine anoxia occur during Kellwasser black shale deposition . Other suggestions ( edit ) Other mechanisms put forward to explain the extinctions include tectonic - driven climate change , sea - level change , and oceanic overturning . These have all been discounted because they are unable to explain the duration , selectivity , and periodicity of the extinctions . See also ( edit ) Evolutionary history of plants Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The species estimate is the toughest to assess and most likely to be adjusted . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Racki , 2005 ^ Jump up to : McGhee , George R. , Jr , 1996 . The Late Devonian Mass Extinction : the Frasnian / Famennian Crisis ( Columbia University Press ) ISBN 0 - 231 - 07504 - 9 Jump up ^ `` John Baez , Extinction , April 8 , 2006 '' . Jump up ^ Caplan and Bustin , 1999 ^ Jump up to : Stigall , 2011 Jump up ^ Racki , Grzegorz , `` Toward understanding of Late Devonian global events : few answers , many questions '' GSA Annual meeting , Seattle 2003 ( abstract ) ; McGhee 1996 . Jump up ^ Sole , R.V. , and Newman , M. , 2002 . `` Extinctions and Biodiversity in the Fossil Record - Volume Two , The earth system : biological and ecological dimensions of global environment change '' pp. 297 - 391 , Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change John Wiley & Sons . Jump up ^ Sole , R.V. , and Newman , M. Patterns of extinction and biodiversity in the fossil record Jump up ^ Bambach , R.K. ; Knoll , A.H. ; Wang , S.C. ( December 2004 ) . `` Origination , extinction , and mass depletions of marine diversity '' . Paleobiology. 30 ( 4 ) : 522 -- 542 . doi : 10.1666 / 0094 - 8373 ( 2004 ) 030 < 0522 : OEAMDO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ^ Jump up to : Sallan and Coates , 2010 Jump up ^ Parry , S.F. ; Noble S.R. ; Crowley Q.G. ; Wellman C.H. ( 2011 ) . `` A high - precision U -- Pb age constraint on the Rhynie Chert Konservat - Lagerstätte : time scale and other implications '' . Journal of the Geological Society . London : Geological Society . 168 ( 4 ) : 863 -- 872 . doi : 10.1144 / 0016 - 76492010 - 043 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann , B. ; Trapp , E. ; Mezger , K. ( 2004 ) . `` The numerical age of the Upper Frasnian ( Upper Devonian ) Kellwasser horizons : A new U-Pb zircon date from Steinbruch Schmidt ( Kellerwald , Germany ) '' . The Journal of Geology. 112 ( 4 ) : 495 -- 501 . Bibcode : 2004JG ... 112 ... 495K . doi : 10.1086 / 421077 . Jump up ^ McKerrow , W.S. ; Mac Niocaill , C. ; Dewey , J.F. ( 2000 ) . `` The Caledonian Orogeny redefined '' . Journal of the Geological Society . 157 : 1149 -- 1154 . Bibcode : 2000JGSoc. 157.1149 M . doi : 10.1144 / jgs. 157.6. 1149 . ^ Jump up to : Algeo , T.J. ; Scheckler , S.E. ( 1998 ) . `` Terrestrial - marine teleconnections in the Devonian : links between the evolution of land plants , weathering processes , and marine anoxic events '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 353 ( 1365 ) : 113 -- 130 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1998.0195 . PMC 1692181 . Jump up ^ Algeo , T.J. , S.E. Scheckler and J.B. Maynard ( 2001 ) . `` Effects of the Middle to Late Devonian spread of vascular land plants on weathering regimes , marine biota , and global climate '' . In P.G. Gensel ; D. Edwards . Plants Invade the Land : Evolutionary and Environmental Approaches . Columbia Univ . Press : New York . pp. 13 -- 236 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Streel , M. ; Caputo , M.V. ; Loboziak , S. ; Melo , J.H.G. ( 2000 ) . `` Late Frasnian -- Famennian climates based on palynomorph analyses and the question of the Late Devonian glaciations '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 52 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 121 -- 173 . Bibcode : 2000ESRv ... 52 ... 121S . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 00 ) 00026 - X . Jump up ^ Ward , P. et al. ( 2006 ) : Confirmation of Romer 's Gap as a low oxygen interval constraining the timing of initial arthropod and vertebrate terrestrialization . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences no 103 ( 45 ) : pp 16818 - 16822 . ^ Jump up to : Brezinski , D.K. ; Cecil , C.B. ; Skema , V.W. ; Kertis , C.A. ( 2009 ) . `` Evidence for long - term climate change in Upper Devonian strata of the central Appalachians '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 284 : 315 -- 325 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2009.10. 010 . ^ Jump up to : Balter , Vincent ; Renaud , Sabrina ; Girard , Catherine ; Joachimski , Michael M. ( November 2008 ) . `` Record of climate - driven morphological changes in 376 Ma Devonian fossils '' . Geology. 36 ( 11 ) : 907 . Bibcode : 2008Geo ... 36 ... 907B . doi : 10.1130 / G24989A. 1 . Jump up ^ Korn , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Mass extinctions hit large animals the hardest : Small vertebrates flourish after deadly global catastrophes '' . Daily Mail . UK . Jump up ^ Foote , 2005 Jump up ^ David P.G. Bond ; Paul B. Wignalla ( 2008 ) . `` The role of sea - level change and marine anoxia in the Frasnian - Famennian ( Late Devonian ) mass extinction '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 263 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 107 -- 118 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2008.02. 015 . Jump up ^ Algeo et al. , 2008 Jump up ^ Digby McLaren , 1969 ; ^ Jump up to : Algeo , T.J. ; Berner , R.A. ; Maynard , J.B. ; Scheckler , S.E. ; Archives , G.S.A.T. ( 1995 ) . `` Late Devonian Oceanic Anoxic Events and Biotic Crises : `` Rooted '' in the Evolution of Vascular Land Plants ? '' ( PDF ) . GSA Today . 5 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Wang K , Attrep M , Orth CJ ( December 2017 ) . `` Global iridium anomaly , mass extinction , and redox change at the Devonian - Carboniferous boundary '' . Geology. 21 : 1071 -- 1074 . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1993 ) 021 < 1071 : giamea > 2.3.co ; 2 . Jump up ^ Archaeopterids , see Beck ( 1981 ) in Algeo 1998 Jump up ^ Carbon locked in Devonian coal , the earliest of Earth 's coal deposits , is currently being returned to the atmosphere . Jump up ^ ( Caputo 1985 ; Berner 1992 , 1994 ) in Algeo 1998 Jump up ^ Kravchinsky , V.A. , K.M. Konstantinov , V. Courtillot , J. - P. Valet , J.I. Savrasov , S.D. Cherniy , S.G. Mishenin , B.S. Parasotka ( 2002 ) . `` Palaeomagnetism of East Siberian traps and kimberlites : two new poles and palaeogeographic reconstructions at about 360 and 250 Ma '' . Geophysical Journal International . 148 : 1 -- 33 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 0956 - 540x. 2001.01548. x . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Kravchinsky , V.A. ( 2012 ) . `` Paleozoic large igneous provinces of Northern Eurasia : Correlation with mass extinction events '' . Global and Planetary Change . 86 -- 87 : 31 -- 36 . Bibcode : 2012GPC ... 86 ... 31K . doi : 10.1016 / j. gloplacha. 2012.01. 007 . Jump up ^ Courtillot , V. et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Preliminary dating of the Viluy traps ( Eastern Siberia ) : Eruption at the time of Late Devonian extinction events ? '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 102 : 29 -- 59 . Bibcode : 2010ESRv ... 102 ... 29K . doi : 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2010.06. 004 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Ricci , J. et al. ( 2013 ) . `` New Ar / Ar and K -- Ar ages of the Viluy traps ( Eastern Siberia ) : Further evidence for a relationship with the Frasnian -- Famennian mass extinction '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 386 : 531 -- 540 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2013.06. 020 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Kuzmin , M.I. , Yarmolyuk , V.V. , Kravchinsky , V.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Phanerozoic hot spot traces and paleogeographic reconstructions of the Siberian continent based on interaction with the African large low shear velocity province '' . GEarth - Science Reviews . 148 : 1 -- 33 . Bibcode : 2010ESRv ... 102 ... 29K . doi : 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2010.06. 004 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Bond , D.P.G. ; Wignall , P.B. ( 2014 ) . `` Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions : An update '' . GSA Special Papers. 505 : 29 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Joachimski , M.M. et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Conodont apatite δ18O signatures indicate climatic cooling as a trigger of the Late Devonian mass extinction '' . Geology. 30 : 711 . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 2002 ) 030 < 0711 : caosic > 2.0.co ; 2 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Ma , X.P. et al. ( 2015 ) . `` The Late Devonian Frasnian -- Famennian event in South China -- Patterns and causes of extinctions , sea level changes , and isotope variations '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 448 : 224 -- 244 . doi : 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.10. 047 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Sources ( edit ) McGhee , George R. ( 1 January 1996 ) . The Late Devonian Mass Extinction : The Frasnian / Famennian Crisis . Columbia University Press . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 07505 - 3 . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Racki , Grzegorz , `` Toward understanding Late Devonian global events : few answers , many questions '' in Jeff Over , Jared Morrow , P. Wignall ( eds . ) , Understanding Late Devonian and Permian - Triassic Biotic and Climatic Events , Elsevier , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Late Devonian mass extinctions at The Devonian Times . An excellent overview . Devonian Mass Extinction BBC `` The Extinction files '' `` The Late Devonian Extinction '' `` Understanding Late Devonian and Permian - Triassic Biotic and Climatic Events : Towards an Integrated Approach '' : a Geological Society of America conference in 2003 reflects current approaches PBS : Deep Time hide Extinction events Minor events ↓ End - Ediacaran ? ↓ Lau event ↓ Toarcian turnover ↓ Aptian ↓ Cenomanian - Turonian ↓ Middle Miocene disruption ↓ Carboniferous rainforest collapse ↓ Olson 's Extinction ↓ Cambro - Ordovician ↓ Ordo - Silurian ↓ Late Devonian ↓ Permo - Triassic ↓ Triassic -- Jurassic ↓ Cretaceous -- Paleogene Major events Ediacaran Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Quaternary Neoproterozoic Palæozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic │ − 600 │ − 550 │ − 500 │ − 450 │ − 400 │ − 350 │ − 300 │ − 250 │ − 200 │ − 150 │ − 100 │ − 50 │ 0 Millions of years before present Extinction Phenomena Background extinction rate Coextinction De-extinction Ecological extinction Extinct in the wild Functional extinction Genetic pollution Lazarus taxon Local extinction Pseudoextinction Models Extinction vortex Causes Genetic erosion Habitat destruction Human overpopulation Muller 's ratchet Mutational meltdown Overexploitation Paradox of enrichment Theories & concepts Extinction debt Extinction risk from global warming Extinction threshold Field of Bullets Hypothetical species Latent extinction risk Major extinction events Ordovician -- Silurian Late Devonian Permian -- Triassic Triassic -- Jurassic Cretaceous -- Paleogene Holocene Timeline Other extinction events Great Oxygenation End - Ediacaran End - Botomian Dresbachian Cambrian -- Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson 's End - Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End - Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian - Turonian Eocene -- Oligocene Middle Miocene Pliocene -- Pleistocene Quaternary Extinct species Lists of extinct species Lists of extinct animals List of extinct plants IUCN Red List extinct species Organizations International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN Species Survival Commission Voluntary Human Extinction Movement See also Decline in amphibian populations Human extinction Category Portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Late_Devonian_extinction&oldid=861627064 '' Categories : Late Devonian extinctions Extinction events Climate history Devonian events Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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4702662363985941683 | Third place playoff | Third place playoff - wikipedia Third place playoff This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A third place playoff , match / game for third place , bronze medal game or consolation game is a single match that is included in many sporting knockout tournaments to decide which competitor or team will be credited with finishing third and fourth . The teams that compete in the third place playoff game are usually the two losing semi-finalists in a particular knockout tournament . Many tournaments use the third place playoff to determine who wins the bronze medal . In some tournaments , a third place playoff is necessary for seeding purposes if three or all four semi-finalists advance to another tournament . In tournaments that do not award medals or have the third place finisher advance to something else , a third place playoff is a classification match that serves little more than as a consolation to the losing semi-finalists . A consolation game also allows teams to play more than one game after having invested time , effort and money in the quest for a championship . Third place playoffs held as such consolation games are subject to debate . Many sports tournaments do not have a third place playoff due to a lack of interest . It has been criticised by some who feel that the match serves little purpose , but others see this game as an occasion for the losing semi-finalists to salvage some pride . How seriously the competitors or teams take a third place playoff , may also be mixed : a heavily favoured team that lost in an upset in the semi-final round may not have as much incentive to win as would a `` Cinderella '' team who was not expected to advance that far . Contents 1 Olympics 2 IRB Rugby World Cup 3 FIFA World Cup and other association football tournaments 4 Little League World Series 5 Early season College Basketball Tournaments 6 Defunct third place playoff games 7 See also 8 References Olympics ( edit ) Most sports using a knockout format in the Olympic Games have a third place game to determine who wins the bronze medal , with the exception being boxing which awards two bronze medals ( judo , taekwondo , and wrestling , which also award two bronze medals , both feature two bronze medal matches , between the losing semi-finalists and the winners of the repechage ) . As the difference between a bronze medal and no medal is quite significant , competitors still take this game seriously . IRB Rugby World Cup ( edit ) The Rugby World Cup used to give automatic qualification to all teams in the top three of the ongoing tournament to the one that would follow it four years later thus making the third place playoff game important , but this was later scrapped after the 1999 edition of the tournament allowing teams outside the top three to automatically qualify depending on their IRB co-efficient in the rankings . FIFA World Cup and other association football tournaments ( edit ) The 1980 edition was the last UEFA European Football Championship to have a third place match . That was one of the few third place football matches ever to be decided by a penalty shootout , where Czechoslovakia defeated hosts Italy 9 - 8 . The FIFA World Cup features a third place playoff , usually on the day before the final . It is often there to provide a spectacle as there is often a gap of a few days between the semi-finals and the final . The third place playoff is considered a lower - priority match to organizers , as it is frequently scheduled in one of the smaller stadia ; the largest stadium ( usually located in the host nation 's capital city ) is reserved for the final , while the semi-finals occupy the second and third - largest stadia . However , the third place match in the 1994 World Cup did use the Rose Bowl stadium , the same venue that would later host the tournament final , setting a record attendance of 91,500 for a third place playoff in FIFA World Cup history . The third - place match in the FIFA Women 's World Cup has been somewhat more important to the organizers -- the 1999 , 2003 , and 2007 matches were all held in the same stadium as the final . In fact , the 1999 and 2007 third - place matches were both held as the first half of a doubleheader that culminated in the final . The 2011 third - place match returned to the more traditional scheduling of the day before the final in a different stadium . Notably , the 1999 third - place match was the curtain - raiser to the most - attended women 's sporting event in history , the 1999 final also held in the Rose Bowl . The third place match is generally a high - scoring affair , as no men 's match has seen fewer than two goals scored since Poland 's 1 - 0 win over Brazil in 1974 , while all bronze - medal games since 1994 ( except for 1998 , 2014 and 2018 ) have seen four goals or more . For tournament top scorers , the third place match 's tendency of attacking football is a great opportunity to win the Golden Shoe , with players such as Salvatore Schillaci ( 1990 ) , Davor Šuker ( 1998 ) , and Thomas Müller ( 2010 ) getting the goal they needed to take sole possession of the lead . The FIFA Women 's World Cup has had only seven editions to date , therefore creating less opportunity for a pattern to form . However , two of the third - place games in that competition have seen fewer than three goals . In 1995 , the USA defeated China 2 -- 0 . In 1999 , the third - place match between Brazil and Norway ended in a scoreless draw and penalty shootout ( won by Brazil ) , as did the final between the USA and China ( won by the USA ) . In 2015 , the third place match between Germany and England was the first to go to extra time , and in the second period of extra time , England scored a single penalty kick goal and held on to the lead to upset Germany . How seriously the competing teams take this match is subject to debate . Certain teams , especially ones which had been expected to reach the final , will rest some of their starters to allow some of their reserve team players to participate in a World Cup game . For instance French team captain Michel Platini did not play in either the 1982 or 1986 third place matches , while German goalkeeper Hans - Jörg Butt received his only competitive international appearance in a third place playoff , and Michel Vorm came on during injury time of the 3 -- 0 third place play - off win against Brazil in Brasília thus ensuring that all 23 Dutch squad members played at the tournament . By contrast , teams that are not expected to get this far usually take this match seriously , as third place can be a historical achievement . In the 1994 World Cup , the Sweden national team branded the game as `` the bronze match '' and after victory they landed at Arlanda with a fighter escort and were then paraded through the streets of Stockholm to millions live on national TV . Another example of a high - profile third place match was in 1998 , when the recently established Croatian football team upset the Netherlands . If the host nation is involved in the third place match , the team generally uses the match to thank the support of their fans ( such as the South Korean football team in 2002 , and the German football team in 2006 . German goalkeeper Oliver Kahn , who had been a reserve to Jens Lehmann during the 2006 tournament , was allowed to retire in the third place playoff by then manager Jürgen Klinsmann . Germany and Portugal fielded strong lineups in that match , after both were narrowly eliminated in their respective semi-finals ( Germany and Italy nearly went to a penalty shootout , while Portugal was defeated by the lower - ranked France ) . For Brazil , the dismal 3 -- 0 loss to the Netherlands in the 2014 third place match , along with the 7 - 1 semi-final defeat to Germany , led to coach Luiz Felipe Scolari being dismissed . For the Dutch , this was their first bronze medal in the FIFA World Cup . Germany currently holds the most third - place finishes in the ( men 's ) World Cup , with four , their most recent in 2010 . The U.S. has the most third - place finishes in the Women 's World Cup , with three ; they have never finished outside the top three . Little League World Series ( edit ) For most of its history , the Little League World Series has featured either a consolation bracket , or consolation games . Currently , the tournament features a single consolation game between the United States runner - up and the International runner - up . Like the championship , the game allows an American team to compete against an International team . All other games are played within their respective American or International pool of eight teams each , except two exhibition games which match the United States teams and International teams which went 0 - 2 in their respective brackets . Early season college basketball tournaments ( edit ) Third place games ( and consolation games for lower placings ) are common in early season college basketball tournaments , as it gives each team an opportunity to play more games before the conference games start in earnest . It also provides the tournament venue with additional games . Defunct third place playoff games ( edit ) Many sports tournaments do not have a third place playoff , mostly due to a lack of interest from the competitors and also from the fans . Two of the most celebrated knockout tournaments -- the FA Cup Third - fourth place matches ( 1970 -- 1974 ) and the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship ( 1946 -- 1981 ) -- did feature the third place game for a period of time , but later abandoned it . For most of its years , the NCAA consolation game held interest because it usually featured two nationally ranked teams in which only a few teams qualified for the tournament . However , as the field expanded beyond 32 teams , the game lost significance . In addition , eliminating the game allowed the losing teams to return home rather than remaining in the Final Four city for an additional two days to play a game many believed was irrelevant . Relevancy aside , others supported the game for competitive reasons because it typically featured a match between two of the best college teams in the nation ; and , it allowed each of those teams to be honored as a Final Four team for the entire weekend . The National Football League had a consolation game , the Playoff Bowl , from 1960 to 1969 , which pitted the second - place team in each of the two conferences ( based on regular season record from 1960 to 1966 ) against each other in Miami , Florida . Through the 1966 season , the only scheduled NFL playoff game was the Championship Game ( with unscheduled conference tie - breaker games as necessary ; only in 1965 during the 1960s ) . In 1967 , the NFL playoff field expanded to four ( division champions ) , and its first round losers went to the Playoff Bowl , increasingly unpopular with the participating players . With interest declining for a third - place game and an eight - team playoff field arriving with the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , the Playoff Bowl was abandoned with little objection . Third place playoffs are especially controversial when they are used in tournaments that use a Page playoff system since there is only one `` semi-final '' game in this format . Critics argue that in such a formula , the loser of the semi-final should simply be awarded third place . Proponents of the third place game argue that without it , the importance of the medal round is cheapened since the top two teams heading into the Page playoff would otherwise be `` guaranteed '' a medal - this argument carries less weight in tournaments where medals are not awarded or where they are considered of relatively minor importance in comparison to winning the tournament . See also ( edit ) Classification match Knockout tournament Single - elimination tournament References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fogarty , Eugene . `` 2010 FIFA World Cup : Third Place Play - Off Preview Germany vs. Uruguay '' . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany beat Uruguay to bronze '' . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 3 - 1 Portugal '' . BBC . 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil 0 -- 3 Netherlands '' . BBC . 12 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Last - gasp Italy knock Germany out '' . 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 -- via news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 0 - 1 France '' . 5 July 2006 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 -- via news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/28173517 ) Jump up ^ Scott , Andy ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` World Cup disaster leaves Scolari reputation tainted '' . AFP . Retrieved 10 July 2018 -- via Yahoo . Jump up ^ `` - The Washington Post '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Third - place magic for Germany '' . 10 July 2010 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 -- via The Globe and Mail . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_place_playoff&oldid=854588773 '' Categories : Sports terminology Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 12 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-1383500562335534811 | Blood type distribution by country | Blood Type distribution by Country - wikipedia Blood Type distribution by Country Jump to : navigation , search Contents ( hide ) 1 ABO and distribution by country 2 Maps of allele ABO among native populations 3 References 4 See also ABO and distribution by Country ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Blood type distribution by country . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ABO and Rh blood type distribution by country ( population averages ) Country Population O+ A+ B+ AB+ O − A − B − AB − Argentina 44,270,440 45.4 % 34.26 % 8.59 % 2.64 % 8.4 % 0.44 % 0.21 % 0.06 % Armenia 2,931,568 29.0 % 46.3 % 12.0 % 5.6 % 2.0 % 3.7 % 1.0 % 0.4 % Australia 24,642,693 40.0 % 31.0 % 8.0 % 2.0 % 9.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Austria 8,592,470 30.0 % 33.0 % 12.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 8.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Bahrain 1,418,695 48.48 % 19.35 % 22.61 % 3.67 % 3.27 % 1.33 % 1.04 % 0.25 % Bangladesh 164,833,667 31.18 % 21.44 % 34.58 % 8.85 % 1.39 % 0.96 % 0.96 % 0.64 % Belgium 11,444,053 38.0 % 34.0 % 8.6 % 4.1 % 7.0 % 6.0 % 1.5 % 0.8 % Bolivia 11,053,376 51.53 % 29.45 % 10.11 % 1.15 % 4.39 % 2.73 % 0.54 % 0.1 % Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,792,730 31.0 % 36.0 % 12.0 % 6.0 % 5.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Brazil 211,248,418 36.0 % 34.0 % 8.0 % 2.5 % 9.0 % 8.0 % 2.0 % 0.5 % Bulgaria 7,045,097 28.0 % 37.0 % 13.0 % 7.0 % 5.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Cambodia 16,077,172 46.7 % 27.2 % 18.5 % 4.9 % 1.3 % 0.8 % 0.5 % 0.1 % Cameroon 24,515,533 42.8 % 38.8 % 12.0 % 3.3 % 1.4 % 1.2 % 0.4 % 0.1 % Canada 36,627,140 39.0 % 36.0 % 7.6 % 2.5 % 7.0 % 6.0 % 1.4 % 0.5 % Chile 18,314,060 85.5 % 8.7 % 3.35 % 1.0 % 1.2 % 0.1 % 0.05 % 0.1 % China 1,388,251,023 47.7 % 27.8 % 18.9 % 5.0 % 0.28 % 0.19 % 0.1 % 0.03 % Colombia 49,069,267 61.3 % 26.11 % 2.28 % 1.47 % 5.13 % 2.7 % 0.7 % 0.31 % Côte d'Ivoire 23,869,656 46.5 % 22.5 % 22.5 % 4.3 % 2.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % 0.2 % Croatia 4,207,355 29.0 % 36.0 % 15.0 % 5.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Cuba 11,486,750 45.8 % 33.5 % 10.2 % 2.9 % 3.6 % 2.8 % 1.0 % 0.2 % Cyprus 1,189,395 35.22 % 40.35 % 11.11 % 4.72 % 3.85 % 3.48 % 0.87 % 0.40 % Czech Republic 10,555,152 27.0 % 36.0 % 15.0 % 7.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Denmark 5,711,902 35.0 % 37.0 % 8.0 % 4.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Dominican Republic 10,766,932 46.2 % 26.4 % 16.9 % 3.1 % 3.7 % 2.1 % 1.4 % 0.2 % Ecuador 16,665,756 75.0 % 14.0 % 7.1 % 0.5 % 2.38 % 0.7 % 0.3 % 0.02 % Egypt 95,220,838 52.0 % 24.0 % 12.4 % 3.8 % 5.0 % 2.0 % 0.6 % 0.2 % El Salvador 6,171,483 62.0 % 23.0 % 11.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % 0.7 % 0.3 % Estonia 1,305,745 29.5 % 30.8 % 20.7 % 6.3 % 4.3 % 4.5 % 3.0 % 0.9 % Ethiopia 104,352,727 39.0 % 28.0 % 21.0 % 5.0 % 3.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % Finland 5,541,328 27.0 % 38.0 % 15.0 % 7.0 % 4.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % France 64,939,560 36.0 % 37.0 % 9.0 % 3.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % Germany 80,635,980 35.0 % 37.0 % 9.0 % 4.0 % 6.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Greece 10,892,849 37.4 % 32.9 % 11.0 % 3.7 % 7.0 % 5.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Guinea 13,291,741 46.88 % 21.64 % 22.86 % 4.52 % 2.0 % 0.9 % 1.0 % 0.2 % Honduras 9,348,898 57.5 % 27.0 % 7.8 % 2.5 % 2.7 % 1.7 % 0.6 % 0.2 % Hong Kong 7,402,115 41.5 % 26.13 % 25.34 % 6.35 % 0.32 % 0.17 % 0.14 % 0.05 % Hungary 9,787,801 27.0 % 33.0 % 16.0 % 8.0 % 5.0 % 7.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Iceland 334,311 47.6 % 26.4 % 9.3 % 1.6 % 8.4 % 4.6 % 1.7 % 0.4 % India 1,342,561,902 27.85 % 20.8 % 38.14 % 8.93 % 1.43 % 0.57 % 1.79 % 0.49 % Indonesia 263,519,317 36.82 % 25.87 % 28.85 % 7.96 % 0.18 % 0.13 % 0.15 % 0.04 % Iran 80,982,137 33.5 % 27.0 % 22.2 % 7.0 % 4.0 % 3.0 % 2.5 % 0.8 % Iraq 38,657,787 32.1 % 25.0 % 25.6 % 7.4 % 3.6 % 2.7 % 2.7 % 0.9 % Ireland 4,749,263 47.0 % 26.0 % 9.0 % 2.0 % 8.0 % 5.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Israel 8,323,659 32.0 % 34.0 % 17.0 % 7.0 % 3.0 % 4.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Italy 59,797,969 39.0 % 36.0 % 7.5 % 2.5 % 7.0 % 6.0 % 1.5 % 0.5 % Jamaica 2,813,316 47.0 % 23.0 % 20.0 % 3.0 % 3.5 % 2.0 % 1.0 % 0.5 % Japan 126,044,340 29.9 % 39.8 % 19.9 % 9.9 % 0.15 % 0.2 % 0.1 % 0.05 % Kenya 48,470,780 45.6 % 25.2 % 21.28 % 4.2 % 1.8 % 1.0 % 0.9 % 0.02 % Latvia 1,944,122 30.6 % 31.0 % 17.0 % 6.0 % 5.4 % 6.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Lebanon 6,039,438 38.4 % 32.3 % 9.5 % 3.2 % 7.7 % 6.5 % 1.7 % 0.7 % Libya 6,408,990 42.64 % 28.86 % 11.19 % 4.5 % 6.26 % 4.24 % 1.64 % 0.67 % Lithuania 2,827,573 36.0 % 33.0 % 11.0 % 4.0 % 7.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Luxemburg 587,297 35.0 % 37.0 % 9.0 % 4.0 % 6.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Macao 606,413 41.5 % 26.1 % 25.4 % 6.3 % 0.33 % 0.17 % 0.15 % 0.05 % Macedonia 2,083,690 30.0 % 34.0 % 15.0 % 6.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % Malaysia 31,165,480 34.32 % 30.35 % 27.37 % 7.46 % 0.17 % 0.15 % 0.14 % 0.04 % Mauritania 4,266,765 46.3 % 26.68 % 17.47 % 3.85 % 2.8 % 1.6 % 1.1 % 0.2 % Mauritius 1,267,303 38.3 % 26.0 % 25.0 % 6.7 % 1.7 % 1.0 % 1.0 % 0.3 % Mexico 130,227,836 55.79 % 29.9 % 8.0 % 1.63 % 2.7 % 1.5 % 0.4 % 0.08 % Mongolia 3,052,044 55.4 % 27.7 % 10.9 % 4.96 % 0.6 % 0.3 % 0.1 % 0.04 % Myanmar 53,507,932 35.7 % 23.8 % 32.7 % 6.95 % 0.3 % 0.2 % 0.3 % 0.05 % Nepal 29,188,100 35.2 % 28.3 % 27.1 % 8.6 % 0.3 % 0.2 % 0.2 % 0.1 % Netherlands 17,033,012 39.5 % 35.0 % 6.7 % 2.5 % 7.5 % 7.0 % 1.3 % 0.5 % New Zealand 4,604,996 38.0 % 32.0 % 9.0 % 3.0 % 9.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Nigeria 191,851,411 51.3 % 22.4 % 20.7 % 2.6 % 1.6 % 0.7 % 0.6 % 0.1 % Norway 5,330,986 33.0 % 41.5 % 6.8 % 3.4 % 6.0 % 7.5 % 1.2 % 0.6 % North Korea 25,432,033 27.15 % 31.08 % 30.15 % 11.32 % 0.08 % 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.03 % Pakistan 180,440,005 24.63 % 20.6 % 34.40 % 9.52 % 4.17 % 2.66 % 3.57 % 0.45 % Papua New Guinea 7,952,511 48.0 % 37.2 % 9.6 % 2.8 % 1.0 % 0.8 % 0.4 % 0.2 % Peru 32,167,717 70.0 % 18.4 % 7.8 % 1.6 % 1.4 % 0.5 % 0.28 % 0.02 % Philippines 103,801,747 36.9 % 28.9 % 26.9 % 6.97 % 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.1 % 0.03 % Poland 38,563,480 31.0 % 32.0 % 15.0 % 7.0 % 6.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Portugal 10,264,672 36.3 % 40.0 % 6.6 % 2.9 % 6.0 % 6.6 % 1.1 % 0.5 % Republic of Moldova 4,043,722 28.5 % 31.8 % 17.6 % 7.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 3.0 % 1.1 % Romania 19,237,087 28.0 % 37.0 % 14.0 % 7.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Russia 143,374,801 28.0 % 30.0 % 20.0 % 7.0 % 4.9 % 5.8 % 3.2 % 1.1 % Saudi Arabia 32,744,532 47.8 % 23.9 % 17.0 % 4.0 % 4.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % 0.3 % Serbia 8,776,827 31.92 % 35.28 % 12.6 % 4.2 % 6.08 % 6.72 % 2.4 % 0.8 % Singapore 5,784,819 43.6 % 23.9 % 24.4 % 6.0 % 0.9 % 0.7 % 0.4 % 0.1 % Slovakia 5,432,265 27.2 % 35.7 % 15.3 % 6.8 % 4.8 % 6.3 % 2.7 % 1.2 % Slovenia 2,071,258 31.0 % 33.0 % 12.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 7.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % South Africa 55,437,815 39.0 % 32.0 % 12.0 % 3.0 % 6.0 % 5.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % South Korea 50,748,307 27.9 % 33.87 % 26.92 % 10.98 % 0.1 % 0.13 % 0.08 % 0.02 % Spain 46,070,163 36.0 % 34.0 % 8.0 % 2.5 % 9.0 % 8.0 % 2.0 % 0.5 % Sudan 40,827,975 48.0 % 27.7 % 15.2 % 2.8 % 3.5 % 1.8 % 0.8 % 0.2 % Sweden 9,920,843 32.0 % 37.0 % 10.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % Switzerland 8,454,321 35.0 % 40.0 % 7.0 % 3.0 % 6.0 % 7.0 % 1.0 % 1.0 % Syria 18,920,698 43.0 % 30.0 % 14.0 % 3.7 % 5.0 % 3.0 % 1.0 % 0.3 % Taiwan 23,234,936 43.9 % 25.9 % 23.9 % 6.0 % 0.17 % 0.1 % 0.01 % 0.02 % Thailand 68,298,027 40.8 % 16.9 % 36.8 % 4.97 % 0.2 % 0.1 % 0.2 % 0.03 % Turkey 80,420,065 29.8 % 37.8 % 14.2 % 7.2 % 3.9 % 4.7 % 1.6 % 0.8 % Uganda 43,276,492 43.7 % 39.0 % 10.7 % 3.9 % 1.3 % 1.0 % 0.3 % 0.1 % Ukraine 44,404,078 32.0 % 34.0 % 15.0 % 5.0 % 5.0 % 6.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % United Arab Emirates 3,398,017 44.1 % 21.9 % 20.9 % 4.3 % 4.3 % 2.1 % 2.0 % 0.4 % United Kingdom 65,512,375 37.0 % 35.0 % 8.0 % 3.0 % 7.0 % 7.0 % 2.0 % 1.0 % United States 326,481,533 37.4 % 35.7 % 8.5 % 3.4 % 6.6 % 6.3 % 1.5 % 0.6 % Venezuela 32,011,082 58.5 % 28.3 % 5.3 % 1.8 % 3.5 % 1.7 % 0.7 % 0.2 % Vietnam 95,414,640 41.7 % 21.9 % 30.8 % 4.98 % 0.3 % 0.1 % 0.2 % 0.02 % Zimbabwe 16,642,880 63.3 % 18.5 % 14.6 % 0.99 % 1.7 % 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.01 % World 6,635,281,257 38.67 % 27.42 % 22.02 % 5.88 % 2.55 % 1.99 % 1.11 % 0.36 % 50.0 % and above 40.0 -- 49.9 % 30.0 -- 39.9 % 20.0 -- 29.9 % 10.0 -- 19.9 % 5.0 -- 9.9 % ( show ) Ethnic distribution of ABO ( without Rh ) blood types ( This table has more entries than the table above but does not distinguish between Rh types . ) People group O ( % ) A ( % ) B ( % ) AB ( % ) Aboriginal people 61 39 0 0 Abyssinians 43 27 25 5 Ainu ( Japan ) 17 32 32 18 Albanians 38 43 13 6 Grand Andamanese 9 60 23 9 Arabs 34 31 29 6 Armenians 31 50 13 6 Asian Americans 40 28 27 5 Austrians 36 44 13 6 Bantus 46 30 19 5 Basques 51 44 Belgians 47 42 8 Bororo ( Brazil ) 100 0 0 0 Brazilians 47 41 9 Bulgarians 32 44 15 8 Burmese 36 24 33 7 Buryats ( Siberia ) 33 21 38 8 Bushmen 56 34 9 Chinese - Canton 46 23 25 6 Chinese - Peking 29 27 32 13 Chuvash 30 29 33 7 Croats 42 34 17 7 Czechs 30 44 18 9 Danes 41 44 11 Dutch 45 43 9 Egyptians 33 36 24 8 English 47 42 9 Inuit ( Alaska ) 38 44 13 5 Inuit ( Greenland ) 54 36 23 8 Estonians 34 36 23 8 Fijians 44 34 17 6 Finns 34 41 18 7 French 43 47 7 Georgians 46 37 12 Germans 41 43 11 5 Greeks 40 42 14 5 Romani people ( Hungary ) 29 27 35 10 Hawaiians 37 61 Hindus ( Bombay ) 29 25 35 11 Hungarians 36 43 16 5 Icelanders 56 32 10 Indians ( India ) 29 21 40 9 Native Americans 79 16 Irish 52 35 10 Italians ( Milan ) 46 41 11 Japanese 30 38 22 10 Jews ( Germany ) 42 41 12 5 Jews ( Poland ) 33 41 18 8 Kalmuks 26 23 41 11 Kikuyu ( Kenya ) 60 19 20 Koreans 28 32 31 10 Sami people 29 63 Latvians 32 37 24 7 Lithuanians 40 34 20 6 Malays 62 18 20 0 Māori 46 54 0 Mayans 98 Moros 64 16 20 0 Navajo Indians 73 27 0 0 Nicobarese 74 9 15 Norwegians 39 50 8 Papuans ( New Guinea ) 41 27 23 9 Persians 38 33 22 7 Peruvian Indians 100 0 0 0 Filipinos 45 22 27 6 Poles 33 39 20 9 Portuguese 35 53 8 Romanians 33 43 16 8 Russians 33 36 23 8 Sardinians 50 26 19 5 Scots 51 34 12 Serbians 38 42 16 5 Shompen Nicobarese 100 0 0 0 Slovaks 42 37 16 5 South Africans 45 40 11 Spanish 38 47 10 5 Sudanese 62 16 21 0 Swedish 38 47 10 5 Swiss 40 50 7 Tatars 28 30 29 13 Thais 37 22 33 8 Turks 43 34 18 6 Ukrainians 37 40 18 6 Black Americans 49 27 20 White Americans 45 40 11 Vietnamese 42 22 30 5 Mean 43.91 34.80 16.55 5.14 Standard deviation 16.87 13.80 9.97 3.41 Blood group B has its highest frequency in South Asia where it ranks first as the largest share of the earth 's population . In Southeast Asia the share of the population is high , especially in Thailand and Indonesia , then in East Asia , Northern Asia and neighboring Central Asia , and its incidence diminishes both towards the east and the west , falling to single digit percentages in Netherlands , Norway , Portugal and Switzerland . It is believed to have been entirely absent from Native American and Australian Aboriginal populations prior to the arrival of Europeans in those areas . Blood group A is associated with high frequencies in Europe , especially in Scandinavia and Central Europe , although its highest frequencies occur in some Australian Aboriginal populations and the Blackfoot Indians of Montana , the US . Maps of allele ABO among native populations ( edit ) Map of allele A among native populations Map of allele B among native populations Map of allele O among native populations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook Jump up ^ `` Study of Blood Immunogenetical Markers in Armenian Population '' ( PDF ) . 1989 . Jump up ^ Blood Types - What Are They ? , Australian Red Cross Jump up ^ `` Austrian Red Cross - Blood Donor Information '' . Old.roteskreuz.at. 2006 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Rode Kruis Wielsbeke - Blood Donor information material '' . Rodekruiswielsbeke.be . Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Tipos Sanguíneos Archived 9 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Canadian Blood Services - Société canadienne du sang . `` Types & Rh System , Canadian Blood Services '' . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ - ΚENTΡΟ ΑΙΜΑΤΟΣ Jump up ^ Czech Red Cross . `` Podíl krevních skupin v populaci České republiky '' . Archived from the original on 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Frequency of major blood groups in the Danish population . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Por qué donar Sangre ? ¡ Para Salvar Vidas ! '' ( Why donate blood ? to save lives ! ) . Cruz Roja Salvadoreña ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Veregruppidest '' ( Blood groups ) . verekeskus.ee ( in Estonian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Suomalaisten veriryhmäjakauma '' ( in Finnish ) . 2009 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Les groupes sanguins ( système ABO ) '' . Centre Hospitalier Princesse GRACE - Monaco ( in French ) . C.H.P.G. MONACO. 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Blóðflokkar '' ( in Icelandic ) ... landspitali.is . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Blood Type Frequencies by Country including the Rh Factor '' . Jump up ^ `` Irish Blood Transfusion Service - Irish Blood Group Type Frequency Distribution '' . Irish Blood Transfusion Service . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The national rescue service in Israel '' ( in Hebrew ) . Mdais.org . Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Blood Types in Jamaica '' . National Blood Transfusion Service . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 血液 の 知識 '' . Japanese Red Cross Society . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Croix Rouge '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Voorraad Erytrocytenconcentraten Bij Sanquin '' ( in Dutch ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` What are Blood Groups ? '' . NZ Blood . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Hva er en blodtype ? '' ( What is a blood type ? ) ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Red Cross '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Regionalne Centrum Krwiodawstwa i Krwiolecznictwa we Wroclawiu '' ( in Polish ) . Rckik.wroclaw.pl. 2010 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese Blood Institute '' ( in Portuguese ) . ( assuming Rh and AB antigens are independent ) Jump up ^ Sanguina Jump up ^ BASHAWRI , Layla A. ; AL - MULHIMiz , Abdul Az ; AHMAD , Malik S. ( 2001 ) . `` Frequency of ABO blood groups in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia '' . Saudi Medical Journal . 22 ( 11 ) : 1008 -- 1101 . ISSN 0379 - 5284 . PMID 11744976 . Jump up ^ `` Najčastejšie otázky '' ( Frequently Asked Questions ) ( in Slovak ) . Národná transfúzna služba SR . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Your Type ? '' . South African National Blood Service . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Federación Nacional de Donantes de Sangre / La sangre / Grupos '' . Donantesdesangre.net . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency of major blood groups in the Swedish population '' . Geblod.nu. 2007 - 10 - 02 . Archived from the original on 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ - BLUTSPENDE https://www.blutspende.ch/fr/don_de_sang/sanguin_groupe/groupe_sanguin - BLUTSPENDE Check url = value ( help ) . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Turkey Blood Group Site '' . Kangrubu.com . Archived from the original on 29 May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Blood Group Basics '' . Blood.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Blood Types in the U.S '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` preguntas - frecuentes '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Racial and ethnic distribution of ABO blood types '' . Bloodbook.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Blood Transfusion Division , United States Army Medical Research Laboratory ( 1971 ) . Selected contributions to the literature of blood groups and immunology. 1971 v. 4 . United States Army Medical Research Laboratory , Fort Knox , Kentucky ... In northern India , in Southern and Central China and in the neighboring Central Asiatic areas , we find the highest known frequencies of B. If we leave this center , the frequency of the B gene decreases almost everywhere ... ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2002 ) . The New Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . ISBN 0 - 85229 - 787 - 4 ... The maximum frequency of the B gene occurs in Central Asia and northern India . The B gene was probably absent from Native Americans and Australian Aboriginal people before racial admixture occurred with the coming of the white man ... Jump up ^ Carol R. Ember , Melvin Ember ( 1973 ) . Anthropology . Appleton - Century - Crofts ... Blood type B is completely absent in most North and South American Indians ... Jump up ^ Dean 2005 , 2.1. 4 : Blood Type A : Central and Eastern Europe Type A is common in Central and Eastern Europe . In countries such as Austria , Denmark , Norway , and Switzerland , about 45 -- 50 % of the population have this blood type , whereas about 40 % of Poles and Ukrainians do so . The highest frequencies are found in small , unrelated populations . For example , about 80 % of the Blackfoot Indians of Montana have blood type A ... Jump up ^ Technical Monograph No. 2 : The ABO Blood Group System and ABO Subgroups ( PDF ) . Biotec . March 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 February 2007 ... The frequency of blood group A is quite high ( 25 -- 55 % ) in Europe , especially in Scandinavia and parts of central Europe . High group A frequency is also found in the Aboriginal people of South Australia ( up to 45 % ) and in certain American Indian tribes where the frequency reaches 35 % ... See also ( edit ) Blood type ABO blood group system Human genetics Sub-topics Evolutionary genetics Genetic engineering Genetic variation Race and genetics Human genome Timeline Genetic genealogy Genealogical DNA test Surname DNA project Blood type distribution by country Population genetics by region Americas Europe British Isles African admixture Iberia Italy Near East North Africa Egypt Morocco South Asia Population genetics Albanians Arabs Azerbaijanis Basques Bosniaks Bulgarians Croats Gujaratis Hutu and Tutsi Jews Romanians Russians Sami Serbs Sinhalese Sri Lankan Tamils Turks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_type_distribution_by_country&oldid=832740512 '' Categories : Blood Human genetics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Slovak - language sources ( sk ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with URL errors CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Accuracy disputes from April 2012 All accuracy disputes Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 19 : 05 . 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-4950420829592869928 | Peloponnesian War | Peloponnesian war - wikipedia Peloponnesian war Jump to : navigation , search `` Athenian War '' redirects here . For the earlier war beginning in 460 BC , see First Peloponnesian War . For the book by the Greek historian Thucydides , see History of the Peloponnesian War . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Peloponnesian War The Peloponnesian war alliances at 431 BC . Orange : Athenian Empire and Allies ; Green : Spartan Confederacy Date 431 -- April 25 , 404 BC Location Mainland Greece , Asia Minor , Sicily Result Peloponnesian League victory Territorial changes Dissolution of the Delian League , Spartan hegemony over Athens and its allies Belligerents Delian League ( led by Athens ) Peloponnesian League ( led by Sparta ) Supported by : Achaemenid Empire Commanders and leaders Pericles Cleon † Nicias Alcibiades Demosthenes Archidamus II Brasidas † Lysander Alcibiades Peloponnesian War Sybota Potidaea Spartolos Rhium Naupactus Mytilene Tanagra Aetolia Olpae Megara Idomene Pylos Sphacteria Delium Amphipolis Mantinea Hysiae Orneae Melos Sicilian Expedition Syme Eretria Cynossema Abydos Cyzicus Notium Arginusae Aegospotami The Peloponnesian War ( 431 -- 404 BC ) was an ancient Greek war fought by the Delian League led by Athens against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta . Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases . In the first phase , the Archidamian War , Sparta launched repeated invasions of Attica , while Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the coast of the Peloponnese and attempt to suppress signs of unrest in its empire . This period of the war was concluded in 421 BC , with the signing of the Peace of Nicias . That treaty , however , was soon undermined by renewed fighting in the Peloponnese . In 415 BC , Athens dispatched a massive expeditionary force to attack Syracuse in Sicily ; the attack failed disastrously , with the destruction of the entire force , in 413 BC . This ushered in the final phase of the war , generally referred to either as the Decelean War , or the Ionian War . In this phase , Sparta , now receiving support from Persia , supported rebellions in Athens ' subject states in the Aegean Sea and Ionia , undermining Athens ' empire , and , eventually , depriving the city of naval supremacy . The destruction of Athens ' fleet at Aegospotami effectively ended the war , and Athens surrendered in the following year . Corinth and Thebes demanded that Athens should be destroyed and all its citizens should be enslaved , but Sparta refused . The term `` Peloponnesian War '' was never used by Thucydides , by far its major historian : that the term is all but universally used today is a reflection of the Athens - centric sympathies of modern historians . As prominent historian J.B. Bury remarks , the Peloponnesians would have considered it the `` Attic War . '' The Peloponnesian War reshaped the ancient Greek world . On the level of international relations , Athens , the strongest city - state in Greece prior to the war 's beginning , was reduced to a state of near - complete subjection , while Sparta became established as the leading power of Greece . The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece ; poverty became widespread in the Peloponnese , while Athens found itself completely devastated , and never regained its pre-war prosperity . The war also wrought subtler changes to Greek society ; the conflict between democratic Athens and oligarchic Sparta , each of which supported friendly political factions within other states , made civil war a common occurrence in the Greek world . Greek warfare , meanwhile , originally a limited and formalized form of conflict , was transformed into an all - out struggle between city - states , complete with atrocities on a large scale . Shattering religious and cultural taboos , devastating vast swathes of countryside , and destroying whole cities , the Peloponnesian War marked the dramatic end to the fifth century BC and the golden age of Greece . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 1.1 Breakdown of the peace 2 The `` Archidamian War '' 3 Peace of Nicias 4 Sicilian Expedition 5 The Second War 5.1 Athens recovers 6 Lysander triumphs , Athens surrenders 7 Aftermath 8 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Classical authors 9.2 Modern authors 10 External links Prelude As the preeminent Athenian historian , Thucydides , wrote in his influential History of the Peloponnesian War , `` The growth of the power of Athens , and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon , made war inevitable . '' Indeed , the nearly fifty years of Greek history that preceded the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War had been marked by the development of Athens as a major power in the Mediterranean world . Its empire began as a small group of city - states , called the Delian League -- from the island of Delos , on which they kept their treasury -- that came together to ensure that the Greco - Persian Wars were truly over . After defeating the Persian invasion of Greece in the year 480 BC , Athens led the coalition of Greek city - states that continued the Greco - Persian Wars with attacks on Persian territories in the Aegean and Ionia . What then ensued was a period , referred to as the Pentecontaetia ( the name given by Thucydides ) , in which Athens increasingly became in fact an empire , carrying out an aggressive war against Persia and increasingly dominating other city - states . Athnes proceeded to bring under its control all of Greece except for Sparta and its allies , ushering in a period which is known to history as the Athenian Empire . By the middle of the century , the Persians had been driven from the Aegean and forced to cede control of a vast range of territories to Athens . At the same time , Athens greatly increased its own power ; a number of its formerly independent allies were reduced , over the course of the century , to the status of tribute - paying subject states of the Delian League . This tribute was used to support a powerful fleet and , after the middle of the century , to fund massive public works programs in Athens , ensuring resentment . Friction between Athens and Peloponnesian states , including Sparta , began early in the Pentecontaetia ; in the wake of the departure of the Persians from Greece , Sparta attempted to prevent the reconstruction of the walls of Athens ( without the walls , Athens would have been defenseless against a land attack and subject to Spartan control ) , but was rebuffed . According to Thucydides , although the Spartans took no action at this time , they `` secretly felt aggrieved '' . Conflict between the states flared up again in 465 BC , when a helot revolt broke out in Sparta . The Spartans summoned forces from all of their allies , including Athens , to help them suppress the revolt . Athens sent out a sizable contingent ( 4,000 hoplites ) , but upon its arrival , this force was dismissed by the Spartans , while those of all the other allies were permitted to remain . According to Thucydides , the Spartans acted in this way out of fear that the Athenians would switch sides and support the helots ; the offended Athenians repudiated their alliance with Sparta . When the rebellious helots were finally forced to surrender and permitted to evacuate the country , the Athenians settled them at the strategic city of Naupactus on the Corinthian Gulf . In 459 BC , Athens took advantage of a war between its neighbors Megara and Corinth , both Spartan allies , to conclude an alliance with Megara , giving the Athenians a critical foothold on the Isthmus of Corinth . A fifteen - year conflict , commonly known as the First Peloponnesian War , ensued , in which Athens fought intermittently against Sparta , Corinth , Aegina , and a number of other states . For a time during this conflict , Athens controlled not only Megara but also Boeotia ; at its end , however , in the face of a massive Spartan invasion of Attica , the Athenians ceded the lands they had won on the Greek mainland , and Athens and Sparta recognized each other 's right to control their respective alliance systems . The war was officially ended by the Thirty Years ' Peace , signed in the winter of 446 / 5 BC . Breakdown of the Peace The Delian League in 431 BC The Thirty Years ' Peace was first tested in 440 BC , when Athens ' powerful ally Samos rebelled from its alliance with Athens . The rebels quickly secured the support of a Persian satrap , and Athens found itself facing the prospect of revolts throughout the empire . The Spartans , whose intervention would have been the trigger for a massive war to determine the fate of the empire , called a congress of their allies to discuss the possibility of war with Athens . Sparta 's powerful ally Corinth was notably opposed to intervention , and the congress voted against war with Athens . The Athenians crushed the revolt , and peace was maintained . The more immediate events that led to war involved Athens and Corinth . After suffering a defeat at the hands of their colony of Corcyra , a sea power that was not allied to either Sparta or Athens , Corinth began to build an allied naval force . Alarmed , Corcyra sought an alliance with Athens , which after debate and input from both Corcyra and Corinth , decided to swear a defensive alliance with Corcyra . At the Battle of Sybota , a small contingent of Athenian ships played a critical role in preventing a Corinthian fleet from capturing Corcyra . In order to uphold the Thirty Years ' Peace , however , the Athenians were instructed not to intervene in the battle unless it was clear that Corinth was going to press onward to invade Corcyra . However , the Athenian warships participated in the battle nevertheless , and the arrival of additional Athenian warships was enough to dissuade the Corinthians from exploiting their victory , thus sparing much of the routed Corcyraean and Athenian fleet . Following this , Athens instructed Potidaea ( Chalcidice peninsula ) , a tributary ally of Athens but a colony of Corinth , to tear down its walls , send hostages to Athens , dismiss the Corinthian magistrates from office , and refuse the magistrates that the city would send in the future . The Corinthians , outraged by these actions , encouraged Potidaea to revolt and assured them that they would ally with them should they revolt from Athens . Meanwhile , the Corinthians were unofficially aiding Potidaea by sneaking contingents of men into the besieged city to help defend it . This was a direct violation of the Thirty Years ' Peace , which had ( among other things ) stipulated that the Delian League and the Peloponnesian League would respect each other 's autonomy and internal affairs . A further source of provocation was an Athenian decree , issued in 433 / 2 BC , imposing stringent trade sanctions on Megarian citizens ( once more a Spartan ally after the conclusion of the First Peloponnesian War ) . It was alleged that the Megarians had desecrated the Hiera Orgas . These sanctions , known as the Megarian decree , were largely ignored by Thucydides , but some modern economic historians have noted that forbidding Megara to trade with the prosperous Athenian empire would have been disastrous for the Megarans , and have accordingly considered the decree to be a contributing factor in bringing about the war . Historians that attribute responsibility for the war to Athens cite this event as the main cause for blame . At the request of the Corinthians , the Spartans summoned members of the Peloponnesian League to Sparta in 432 BC , especially those who had grievances with Athens to make their complaints to the Spartan assembly . This debate was attended by members of the league and an uninvited delegation from Athens , which also asked to speak , and became the scene of a debate between the Athenians and the Corinthians . Thucydides reports that the Corinthians condemned Sparta 's inactivity up to that point , warning the Spartans that if they continued to remain passive while the Athenians were energetically active , they would soon find themselves outflanked and without allies . The Athenians , in response , reminded the Spartans of their record of military success and opposition to Persia , and warned them of the dangers of confronting such a powerful state , ultimately encouraging Sparta to seek arbitration as provided by the Thirty Years ' Peace . Undeterred , a majority of the Spartan assembly voted to declare that the Athenians had broken the peace , essentially declaring war . The `` Archidamian war '' The walls surrounding Athens Sparta and its allies , with the exception of Corinth , were almost exclusively land - based powers , able to summon large land armies which were very nearly unbeatable ( thanks to the legendary Spartan forces ) . The Athenian Empire , although based in the peninsula of Attica , spread out across the islands of the Aegean Sea ; Athens drew its immense wealth from tribute paid from these islands . Athens maintained its empire through naval power . Thus , the two powers were relatively unable to fight decisive battles . The Spartan strategy during the first war , known as the Archidamian War ( 431 -- 421 BC ) after Sparta 's king Archidamus II , was to invade the land surrounding Athens . While this invasion deprived Athenians of the productive land around their city , Athens itself was able to maintain access to the sea , and did not suffer much . Many of the citizens of Attica abandoned their farms and moved inside the Long walls , which connected Athens to its port of Piraeus . At the end of the first year of the war , Pericles gave his famous Funeral Oration ( 431 BC ) . The Spartans also occupied Attica for periods of only three weeks at a time ; in the tradition of earlier hoplite warfare the soldiers were expected to go home to participate in the harvest . Moreover , Spartan slaves , known as helots , needed to be kept under control , and could not be left unsupervised for long periods of time . The longest Spartan invasion , in 430 BC , lasted just forty days . The Athenian strategy was initially guided by the strategos , or general , Pericles , who advised the Athenians to avoid open battle with the far more numerous and better trained Spartan hoplites , relying instead on the fleet . The Athenian fleet , the most dominant in Greece , went on the offensive , winning a victory at Naupactus . In 430 BC an outbreak of a plague hit Athens . The plague ravaged the densely packed city , and in the long run , was a significant cause of its final defeat . The plague wiped out over 30,000 citizens , sailors and soldiers , including Pericles and his sons . Roughly one - third to two - thirds of the Athenian population died . Athenian manpower was correspondingly drastically reduced and even foreign mercenaries refused to hire themselves out to a city riddled with plague . The fear of plague was so widespread that the Spartan invasion of Attica was abandoned , their troops being unwilling to risk contact with the diseased enemy . After the death of Pericles , the Athenians turned somewhat against his conservative , defensive strategy and to the more aggressive strategy of bringing the war to Sparta and its allies . Rising to particular importance in Athenian democracy at this time was Cleon , a leader of the hawkish elements of the Athenian democracy . Led militarily by a clever new general Demosthenes ( not to be confused with the later Athenian orator Demosthenes ) , the Athenians managed some successes as they continued their naval raids on the Peloponnese . Athens stretched their military activities into Boeotia and Aetolia , quelled the Mytilenean revolt and began fortifying posts around the Peloponnese . One of these posts was near Pylos on a tiny island called Sphacteria , where the course of the first war turned in Athens 's favour . The post off Pylos struck Sparta where it was weakest : its dependence on the helots , who tended the fields while its citizens trained to become soldiers . The helots made the Spartan system possible , but now the post off Pylos began attracting helot runaways . In addition , the fear of a general revolt of helots emboldened by the nearby Athenian presence drove the Spartans to action . Demosthenes , however , outmanoeuvred the Spartans in the Battle of Pylos in 425 BC and trapped a group of Spartan soldiers on Sphacteria as he waited for them to surrender . Weeks later , though , Demosthenes proved unable to finish off the Spartans . After boasting that he could put an end to the affair in the Assembly , the inexperienced Cleon won a great victory at the Battle of Sphacteria . The Athenians captured 300 Spartan hoplites . The hostages gave the Athenians a bargaining chip . After these battles , the Spartan general Brasidas raised an army of allies and helots and marched the length of Greece to the Athenian colony of Amphipolis in Thrace , which controlled several nearby silver mines ; their product supplied much of the Athenian war fund . Thucydides was dispatched with a force which arrived too late to stop Brasidas capturing Amphipolis ; Thucydides was exiled for this , and , as a result , had the conversations with both sides of the war which inspired him to record its history . Both Brasidas and Cleon were killed in Athenian efforts to retake Amphipolis ( see Battle of Amphipolis ) . The Spartans and Athenians agreed to exchange the hostages for the towns captured by Brasidas , and signed a truce . Peace of Nicias Main article : Peace of Nicias With the death of Cleon and Brasidas , zealous war hawks for both nations , the Peace of Nicias was able to last for some six years . However , it was a time of constant skirmishing in and around the Peloponnese . While the Spartans refrained from action themselves , some of their allies began to talk of revolt . They were supported in this by Argos , a powerful state within the Peloponnese that had remained independent of Lacedaemon . With the support of the Athenians , the Argives succeeded in forging a coalition of democratic states within the Peloponnese , including the powerful states of Mantinea and Elis . Early Spartan attempts to break up the coalition failed , and the leadership of the Spartan king Agis was called into question . Emboldened , the Argives and their allies , with the support of a small Athenian force under Alcibiades , moved to seize the city of Tegea , near Sparta . The Battle of Mantinea was the largest land battle fought within Greece during the Peloponnesian War . The Lacedaemonians , with their neighbors the Tegeans , faced the combined armies of Argos , Athens , Mantinea , and Arcadia . In the battle , the allied coalition scored early successes , but failed to capitalize on them , which allowed the Spartan elite forces to defeat the forces opposite them . The result was a complete victory for the Spartans , which rescued their city from the brink of strategic defeat . The democratic alliance was broken up , and most of its members were reincorporated into the Peloponnesian League . With its victory at Mantinea , Sparta pulled itself back from the brink of utter defeat , and re-established its hegemony throughout the Peloponnese . Sicilian expedition Main article : Sicilian Expedition Sicily and the Peloponnesian War In the 17th year of the war , word came to Athens that one of their distant allies in Sicily was under attack from Syracuse . The people of Syracuse were ethnically Dorian ( as were the Spartans ) , while the Athenians , and their ally in Sicilia , were Ionian . The Athenians felt obliged to assist their ally . The Athenians did not act solely from altruism : rallied on by Alcibiades , the leader of the expedition , they held visions of conquering all of Sicily . Syracuse , the principal city of Sicily , was not much smaller than Athens , and conquering all of Sicily would have brought Athens an immense amount of resources . In the final stages of the preparations for departure , the hermai ( religious statues ) of Athens were mutilated by unknown persons , and Alcibiades was charged with religious crimes . Alcibiades demanded that he be put on trial at once , so that he might defend himself before the expedition . The Athenians however allowed Alcibiades to go on the expedition without being tried ( many believed in order to better plot against him ) . After arriving in Sicily , Alcibiades was recalled to Athens for trial . Fearing that he would be unjustly condemned , Alcibiades defected to Sparta and Nicias was placed in charge of the mission . After his defection , Alcibiades claimed to the Spartans that the Athenians planned to use Sicily as a springboard for the conquest of all of Italy and Carthage , and to use the resources and soldiers from these new conquests to conquer the Peloponnese . The Athenian force consisted of over 100 ships and some 5,000 infantry and light - armored troops . Cavalry was limited to about 30 horses , which proved to be no match for the large and highly trained Syracusan cavalry . Upon landing in Sicily , several cities immediately joined the Athenian cause . Instead of attacking at once , Nicias procrastinated and the campaigning season of 415 BC ended with Syracuse scarcely damaged . With winter approaching , the Athenians were then forced to withdraw into their quarters , and they spent the winter gathering allies and preparing to destroy Syracuse . The delay allowed the Syracusans to send for help from Sparta , who sent their general Gylippus to Sicily with reinforcements . Upon arriving , he raised up a force from several Sicilian cities , and went to the relief of Syracuse . He took command of the Syracusan troops , and in a series of battles defeated the Athenian forces , and prevented them from invading the city . Nicias then sent word to Athens asking for reinforcements . Demosthenes was chosen and led another fleet to Sicily , joining his forces with those of Nicias . More battles ensued and again , the Syracusans and their allies defeated the Athenians . Demosthenes argued for a retreat to Athens , but Nicias at first refused . After additional setbacks , Nicias seemed to agree to a retreat until a bad omen , in the form of a lunar eclipse , delayed any withdrawal . The delay was costly and forced the Athenians into a major sea battle in the Great Harbor of Syracuse . The Athenians were thoroughly defeated . Nicias and Demosthenes marched their remaining forces inland in search of friendly allies . The Syracusan cavalry rode them down mercilessly , eventually killing or enslaving all who were left of the mighty Athenian fleet . The second war The Lacedaemonians were not content with simply sending aid to Sicily ; they also resolved to take the war to the Athenians . On the advice of Alcibiades , they fortified Decelea , near Athens , and prevented the Athenians from making use of their land year round . The fortification of Decelea prevented the shipment of supplies overland to Athens , and forced all supplies to be brought in by sea at increased expense . Perhaps worst of all , the nearby silver mines were totally disrupted , with as many as 20,000 Athenian slaves freed by the Spartan hoplites at Decelea . With the treasury and emergency reserve fund of 1,000 talents dwindling away , the Athenians were forced to demand even more tribute from her subject allies , further increasing tensions and the threat of further rebellion within the Empire . The Corinthians , the Spartans , and others in the Peloponnesian League sent more reinforcements to Syracuse , in the hopes of driving off the Athenians ; but instead of withdrawing , the Athenians sent another hundred ships and another 5,000 troops to Sicily . Under Gylippus , the Syracusans and their allies were able to decisively defeat the Athenians on land ; and Gylippus encouraged the Syracusans to build a navy , which was able to defeat the Athenian fleet when they attempted to withdraw . The Athenian army , attempting to withdraw overland to other , more friendly Sicilian cities , was divided and defeated ; the entire Athenian fleet was destroyed , and virtually the entire Athenian army was sold off into slavery . Following the defeat of the Athenians in Sicily , it was widely believed that the end of the Athenian Empire was at hand . Her treasury was nearly empty , her docks were depleted , and the flower of her youth was dead or imprisoned in a foreign land . They overestimated the strength of their own empire and the beginning of the end was indeed imminent . Athens recovers The key actions of each phase Following the destruction of the Sicilian Expedition , Lacedaemon encouraged the revolt of Athens 's tributary allies , and indeed , much of Ionia rose in revolt against Athens . The Syracusans sent their fleet to the Peloponnesians , and the Persians decided to support the Spartans with money and ships . Revolt and faction threatened in Athens itself . The Athenians managed to survive for several reasons . First , their foes were lacking in initiative . Corinth and Syracuse were slow to bring their fleets into the Aegean , and Sparta 's other allies were also slow to furnish troops or ships . The Ionian states that rebelled expected protection , and many rejoined the Athenian side . The Persians were slow to furnish promised funds and ships , frustrating battle plans . At the start of the war , the Athenians had prudently put aside some money and 100 ships that were to be used only as a last resort . These ships were then released , and served as the core of the Athenians ' fleet throughout the rest of the war . An oligarchical revolution occurred in Athens , in which a group of 400 seized power . A peace with Sparta might have been possible , but the Athenian fleet , now based on the island of Samos , refused to accept the change . In 411 BC this fleet engaged the Spartans at the Battle of Syme . The fleet appointed Alcibiades their leader , and continued the war in Athens 's name . Their opposition led to the reinstitution of a democratic government in Athens within two years . Alcibiades , while condemned as a traitor , still carried weight in Athens . He prevented the Athenian fleet from attacking Athens ; instead , he helped restore democracy by more subtle pressure . He also persuaded the Athenian fleet to attack the Spartans at the battle of Cyzicus in 410 . In the battle , the Athenians obliterated the Spartan fleet , and succeeded in re-establishing the financial basis of the Athenian Empire . Between 410 and 406 , Athens won a continuous string of victories , and eventually recovered large portions of its empire . All of this was due , in no small part , to Alcibiades . Lysander triumphs , Athens surrenders Faction triumphed in Athens following a minor Spartan victory by their skillful general Lysander at the naval battle of Notium in 406 BC . Alcibiades was not re-elected general by the Athenians and he exiled himself from the city . He would never again lead Athenians in battle . Athens was then victorious at the naval battle of Arginusae . The Spartan fleet under Callicratidas lost 70 ships and the Athenians lost 25 ships . But , due to bad weather , the Athenians were unable to rescue their stranded crews or to finish off the Spartan fleet . Despite their victory , these failures caused outrage in Athens and led to a controversial trial . The trial resulted in the execution of six of Athens 's top naval commanders . Athens 's naval supremacy would now be challenged without several of its most able military leaders and a demoralized navy . Unlike some of his predecessors the new Spartan general , Lysander , was not a member of the Spartan royal families and was also formidable in naval strategy ; he was an artful diplomat , who had even cultivated good personal relationships with the Persian prince Cyrus , the son of Darius II . Seizing its opportunity , the Spartan fleet sailed at once to the Hellespont , the source of Athens ' grain . Threatened with starvation , the Athenian fleet had no choice but to follow . Through cunning strategy , Lysander totally defeated the Athenian fleet , in 405 BC , at the Battle of Aegospotami , destroying 168 ships and capturing some three or four thousand Athenian sailors . Only 12 Athenian ships escaped , and several of these sailed to Cyprus , carrying the `` strategos '' ( General ) Conon , who was anxious not to face the judgment of the Assembly . Facing starvation and disease from the prolonged siege , Athens surrendered in 404 BC , and its allies soon surrendered as well . The democrats at Samos , loyal to the bitter last , held on slightly longer , and were allowed to flee with their lives . The surrender stripped Athens of its walls , its fleet , and all of its overseas possessions . Corinth and Thebes demanded that Athens should be destroyed and all its citizens should be enslaved . However , the Spartans announced their refusal to destroy a city that had done a good service at a time of greatest danger to Greece , and took Athens into their own system . Athens was `` to have the same friends and enemies '' as Sparta . Aftermath This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For a short period of time , Athens was ruled by the `` Thirty Tyrants '' , and democracy was suspended . This was a reactionary regime set up by Sparta . In 403 BC , the oligarchs were overthrown and a democracy was restored by Thrasybulus . Although the power of Athens was broken , it made something of a recovery as a result of the Corinthian War and continued to play an active role in Greek politics . Sparta was later humbled by Thebes at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC , but the rivalry between Athens and Sparta was brought to an end a few decades later when Philip II of Macedon conquered all of Greece except Sparta . References Jump up ^ Bury , J.B. ; Meiggs , Russell ( 1956 ) . A history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great . London : Macmillan . p. 397 . Jump up ^ Kagan , The Peloponnesian War , 488 . Jump up ^ Fine , The Ancient Greeks , 528 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Kagan , The Peloponnesian War , Introduction xxiii -- xxiv . Jump up ^ Thucydides , History of the Peloponnesian War 1.23 Jump up ^ Fine , The Ancient Greeks , 371 Jump up ^ Kagan , The Peloponnesian War , 8 Jump up ^ Thucydides , The Peloponnesian War 1.89 -- 93 Jump up ^ Thucydides , The Peloponnesian War 1.92. 1 Jump up ^ Thucydides , The Peloponnesian War 1.102 Jump up ^ Thucydides , The Peloponnesian War 1.103 Jump up ^ Kagan , The Peloponnesian War , 16 -- 18 Jump up ^ In the Hellenic calendar , years ended at midsummer ; as a result , some events can not be dated to a specific year of the modern calendar . Jump up ^ Kagan , The Peloponnesian War , 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ Thucydides , Book I , 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Thucydides , History of the Peloponnesian War 1.56 Jump up ^ Fine , The Ancient Greeks , 454 -- 56 Jump up ^ Buckley Aspects of Greek History , 319 -- 22 Jump up ^ Thucydides , The Peloponnesian War 1.67 -- 71 Jump up ^ Thucydides , The Peloponnesian War 1.73 -- 75 Jump up ^ Kagan , The Peloponnesian War , 45 . Jump up ^ Xenophon , Hellenica , 2.2. 20,404 / 3 Further reading Classical authors Eight bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre written by Thucydides the sonne of Olorus . Interpreted with faith and diligence immediately out of the Greeke by Thomas Hobbes secretary to ye late Earle of Deuonshire . ( Houghton Library ) Aristophanes , Lysistrata Diodorus Siculus Herodotus , Histories sets the table of events before Peloponnesian War that deals with Greco - Persian Wars and the formation of the Classical Greece Plutarch , known primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moralia Thucydides , History of the Peloponnesian War Xenophon , Hellenica Modern authors Bagnall , Nigel . The Peloponnesian War : Athens , Sparta , And The Struggle For Greece . New York : Thomas Dunne Books , 2006 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 312 - 34215 - 2 ) . Cawkwell , George . Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War . London : Routledge , 1997 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 415 - 16430 - 3 ; paperback , ISBN 0 - 415 - 16552 - 0 ) . Hanson , Victor Davis . A War Like No Other : How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War . New York : Random House , 2005 ( hardcover , ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6095 - 8 ) ; New York : Random House , 2006 ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6970 - 7 ) . Heftner , Herbert . Der oligarchische Umsturz des Jahres 411 v. Chr . und die Herrschaft der Vierhundert in Athen : Quellenkritische und historische Untersuchungen . Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang , 2001 ( ISBN 3 - 631 - 37970 - 6 ) . Hutchinson , Godfrey . Attrition : Aspects of Command in the Peloponnesian War . Stroud , Gloucestershire , UK : Tempus Publishing , 2006 ( hardcover , ISBN 1 - 86227 - 323 - 5 ) . Kagan , Donald : The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 1969 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0501 - 7 ) ; 1989 ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9556 - 3 ) . The Archidamian War . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 1974 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0889 - X ) ; 1990 ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9714 - 0 ) . The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 1981 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 1367 - 2 ) ; 1991 ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9940 - 2 ) . The Fall of the Athenian Empire . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 1987 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 1935 - 2 ) ; 1991 ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9984 - 4 ) . The Peloponnesian War . New York : Viking , 2003 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 670 - 03211 - 5 ) ; New York : Penguin , 2004 ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 14 - 200437 - 5 ) ; a one - volume version of his earlier tetralogy . Kallet , Lisa . Money and the Corrosion of Power in Thucydides : The Sicilian Expedition and its Aftermath . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2001 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 520 - 22984 - 3 ) . Krentz , Peter . The Thirty at Athens . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 1982 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 1450 - 4 ) . The Landmark Thucydides : A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War , edited by Robert B. Strassler . New York : The Free Press , 1996 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 684 - 82815 - 4 ) ; 1998 ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 684 - 82790 - 5 ) . Roberts , Jennifer T . The Plague of War : Athens , Sparta , and the Struggle for Ancient Greece . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2017 ( hardcover , ISBN 9780199996643 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peloponnesian War . `` Peloponnesian War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . LibriVox : The History of the Peloponnesian War ( Public Domain Audiobooks in the US -- 20 : 57 : 23 hours , at least 603.7 MB ) Richard Crawley , The History of the Peloponnesian War ( Translation of Thukydides ' books -- in Project Gutenberg ) Peloponnesian war Peloponnesian war on Lycurgus.org Ancient Greek wars Mycenaean Trojan War Archaic First Messenian War Lelantine War Second Messenian War First Sacred War Sicilian Wars Classical Greco - Persian Wars Aeginetan War Wars of the Delian League First Peloponnesian War Second Sacred War Samian War Second Peloponnesian War Phyle Campaign Corinthian War Boeotian War Wars of the Theban hegemony Theban -- Spartan War Social War ( 357 -- 355 BC ) Third Sacred War Foreign War Rise of Macedon Wars of Alexander the Great Hellenistic Lamian War Wars of the Diadochi Antigonid -- Nabataean confrontations Seleucid -- Mauryan war Pyrrhic War Syrian Wars Pyrrhus ' invasion of the Peloponnese Chremonidean War Seleucid -- Parthian wars Cleomenean War War against Lyctus Social War ( 220 -- 217 BC ) First Macedonian War Cretan War Second Macedonian War Roman -- Seleucid War Aetolian War War against Nabis Galatian War Third Macedonian War Maccabean Revolt Seleucid Dynastic Wars Fourth Macedonian War Achaean War Mithridatic Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Final War of the Roman Republic Military history GND : 4045067 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peloponnesian_War&oldid=799346817 '' Categories : Wars involving Sparta Wars involving ancient Greece Wars involving the Achaemenid Empire Peloponnesian War Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from June 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 04 : 02 . 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4908454886223372572 | 2018 Winter Olympics medal table | 2018 Winter Olympics medal table - wikipedia 2018 Winter Olympics medal table Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the 2018 Winter Olympics Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG The 2018 Winter Olympics medal table is a list of National Olympic Committees ranked by the number of medals won during the 2018 Winter Olympics , held in Pyeongchang County ( stylized as PyeongChang for the games ) , South Korea , from 9 -- 25 February 2018 . The games featured 102 events in 15 sports , making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events . Four new disciplines in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic programme in PyeongChang , including big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing . The Netherlands achieved a podium sweep in speed skating , in the women 's 3,000 metres . Norway achieved a podium sweep in cross-country skiing , in the men 's 30 km skiathlon . Germany achieved a podium sweep in nordic combined , in the individual large hill / 10 km . At the 2018 Winter Olympics , athletes were tied in three events . In the women 's 10 km cross-country skiing , two bronze medals were awarded due to a tie . In the two - man bobsleigh , two gold medals and no silver medal were awarded due to a tie . In the four - man bobsleigh , two silver medals and no bronze medal were awarded due to a tie . Going in , Canada held the record for most gold medals won at a single Winter Olympics with 14 , which it won in Vancouver in 2010 . This mark was equalled by both Norway and Germany at these Olympics . Norway set the record for most total medals at a single Winter Olympics with 39 , surpassing the 37 medals of the United States won at the 2010 Winter Olympics . The mark of 30 NOCs winning medals is the highest for any Winter Olympic Games . Hungary won its first Winter Olympic gold medal ever . Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen ( two gold , one silver , and two bronze ) achieved five medals , more than any other athlete . With 15 medals , she became the most decorated athlete in Winter Olympics history . Swedish cross-country skier Charlotte Kalla finished with four medals ( one gold , three silver ) , as did her compatriot and fellow cross-country skier Stina Nilsson ( one gold , two silvers , one bronze ) and Russian cross-country skier Alexander Bolshunov ( three silver , one bronze ) who was competing for the OAR . Norwegian cross-country skier Johannes Høsflot Klæbo and French biathlete Martin Fourcade tied for the most gold medals , with three each . Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic became the first female Winter Olympian to achieve a gold medal in two separate sports at a single Games , winning in both alpine skiing and snowboarding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal table 2 Changes in medal standings 3 See also 4 References Medal table ( edit ) The medal table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables . By default , the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won , where nation is an entity represented by a National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) . The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals . If there is still a tie after that , then the nations shared the tied rank and are listed alphabetically according to their NOC code . * Host nation ( South Korea ) Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 14 14 11 39 Germany ( GER ) 14 10 7 31 Canada ( CAN ) 11 8 10 29 United States ( USA ) 9 8 6 23 5 Netherlands ( NED ) 8 6 6 20 6 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 6 14 7 South Korea ( KOR ) * 5 8 17 8 Switzerland ( SUI ) 5 6 15 9 France ( FRA ) 5 6 15 10 Austria ( AUT ) 5 6 14 11 Japan ( JPN ) 5 13 12 Italy ( ITA ) 5 10 13 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 6 9 17 14 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 7 15 Belarus ( BLR ) 0 16 China ( CHN ) 6 9 17 Slovakia ( SVK ) 0 18 Finland ( FIN ) 6 19 Great Britain ( GBR ) 0 5 20 Poland ( POL ) 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 0 0 Ukraine ( UKR ) 0 0 23 Australia ( AUS ) 0 24 Slovenia ( SLO ) 0 25 Belgium ( BEL ) 0 0 26 Spain ( ESP ) 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 0 28 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 0 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 0 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 0 0 Total ( 30 NOCs ) 103 102 102 307 Changes in medal Standings ( edit ) See also : List of stripped Olympic medals Ruling date Sport / Event NOC 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total List of official changes in medal standings ( during the Games ) 22 February 2018 Curling Mixed doubles Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) − 1 − 1 On 18 February 2018 , it was reported that Russian curler Alexander Krushelnitskiy failed a doping test for meldonium . After the testing of the B sample , the Court of Arbitration for Sport confirmed that they were instituting the formal proceedings . On 22 February 2018 , Krushelnitskiy and his partner Anastasia Bryzgalova were stripped of their bronze medals in the mixed doubles . The bronze medals were then awarded to the Norwegian mixed curling team , who had lost the bronze medal game to Krushelnitskiy and Bryzgalova . Norway ( NOR ) + 1 + 1 See also ( edit ) 2018 Winter Paralympics medal table References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Big air , mixed curling among new 2018 events '' . BBC Sport. 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Dutch fire ominous warning by sweeping podium '' . 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ NEWS , KYODO . `` Olympics : Krueger takes gold as Norway sweeps men 's skiathlon podium '' . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rydzek leads Nordic combined podium sweep for Germany at Pyeongchang 2018 '' . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Canada and Germany share two - man bobsleigh gold '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Henley , Jon ( 25 February 2018 ) . `` ' Born with skis on ' : Norway celebrates Winter Olympics medal record '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary wins first - ever Winter Olympics gold with 5,000 - meter short track relay victory '' . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bjoergen dominates in last Olympic race , wins 5th medal '' . 25 February 2018 . Retrieved 25 February 2018 -- via www.nzherald.co.nz . Jump up ^ Tansey , Joe . `` 2018 Olympics : Athletes and Countries with Most Medals from Pyeongchang Games '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Jack ( 25 February 2018 ) . `` From start to finish , Pyeongchang Olympics entertained and showcased splendid collection of global athletes '' . Retrieved 25 February 2018 -- via Japan Times Online . Jump up ^ Falkingham , Katie ( 24 February 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics : History - maker Ester Ledecka wins gold in two sports '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 24 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Medal Standings '' . Pyeongchang 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian curling bronze medallist suspected of failed drugs test at Winter Olympics '' . The Telegraph . 18 February 2018 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Nick ( 18 February 2018 ) . `` Russian mixed doubles curling Olympic bronze medallist fails drugs test '' . www.insidethegames.biz . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New case registered by the Anti-Doping Division of the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) in Pyeongchang '' ( PDF ) . Court of Arbitration for Sport. 19 February 2018 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Russia curler Alexander Krushelnitsky stripped of bronze for doping '' . BBC . 22 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curling -- Final Standings Mixed Doubles -- Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Winter Games '' . www.olympic.org . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Olympic Games medal tables Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Pierre de Coubertin medal Intercalated Games ( 1906 ) Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Lists of Olympic medalists List of stripped Olympic medals List of Olympic medals by host nation List of ties for medals at the Olympics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics_medal_table&oldid=834495492 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics South Korea sports - related lists Winter Olympics medal tables Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Interlingue Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 12 . About Wikipedia | who won the most medals for the 2018 winter olympics | [
"\n\nRank\nNOC\nGold\nSilver\nBronze\nTotal\n\n\n1\n Norway (NOR)\n14\n14\n11\n39\n\n\n2\n Germany (GER)\n14\n10\n7\n31\n\n\n3\n Canada (CAN)\n11\n8\n10\n29\n\n\n4\n United States (USA)\n9\n8\n6\n23\n\n\n5\n Netherlands (NED)\n8\n6\n6\n20\n\n\n6\n Sweden (SWE)\n7\n6\n1\n14\n\n\n7\n South Korea (KOR)*\n5\n8\n4\n17\n\n\n8\n Switzerland (SUI)\n5\n6\n4\n15\n\n\n9\n France (FRA)\n5\n4\n6\n15\n\n\n10\n Austria (AUT)\n5\n3\n6\n14\n\n\n11\n Japan (JPN)\n4\n5\n4\n13\n\n\n12\n Italy (ITA)\n3\n2\n5\n10\n\n\n13\n Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)\n2\n6\n9\n17\n\n\n14\n Czech Republic (CZE)\n2\n2\n3\n7\n\n\n15\n Belarus (BLR)\n2\n1\n0\n3\n\n\n16\n China (CHN)\n1\n6\n2\n9\n\n\n17\n Slovakia (SVK)\n1\n2\n0\n3\n\n\n18\n Finland (FIN)\n1\n1\n4\n6\n\n\n19\n Great Britain (GBR)\n1\n0\n4\n5\n\n\n20\n Poland (POL)\n1\n0\n1\n2\n\n\n21\n Hungary (HUN)\n1\n0\n0\n1\n\n\n Ukraine (UKR)\n1\n0\n0\n1\n\n\n23\n Australia (AUS)\n0\n2\n1\n3\n\n\n24\n Slovenia (SLO)\n0\n1\n1\n2\n\n\n25\n Belgium (BEL)\n0\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n26\n Spain (ESP)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\n New Zealand (NZL)\n0\n0\n2\n2\n\n\n28\n Kazakhstan (KAZ)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Latvia (LAT)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n Liechtenstein (LIE)\n0\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n\nTotal (30 NOCs)\n103\n102\n102\n307\n"
] | [
"Norway"
] |
7802222889434527389 | You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth | You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth - Wikipedia You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth `` Hot Summer Night '' redirects here . For the 1957 film , see Hot Summer Night ( film ) . `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' Side - A label of U.S. 7 - inch vinyl single Single by Meat Loaf from the album Bat Out of Hell B - side `` For Crying Out Loud '' Released October 1977 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1976 Genre Rock Length 3 : 40 ( single version ) 5 : 04 ( album version ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Todd Rundgren Meat Loaf singles chronology `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' ( 1977 ) `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' ( 1978 ) `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' ( 1977 ) `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' ( 1978 ) `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' ( also known as `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth ( Hot Summer Night ) '' ) is the first solo single by the American singer Meat Loaf , released in 1977 . It is a track from his album Bat Out of Hell , written by Jim Steinman . Contents 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Personnel 4 Covers 5 Chart history 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Steve Popovich reportedly listened to the intro to the song and it became a key factor of his accepting Bat Out of Hell for Cleveland International Records . According to his autobiography , Meat Loaf asked Jim to write a song that was n't 15 or 20 minutes long , and , in Meat Loaf 's words , a `` pop song . '' His autobiography also dates the writing of the song to 1975 , the song reportedly being a key factor in Meat and Steinman deciding to do an album together . The song was the first single released from the album , with an edit of `` For Crying Out Loud '' as the B - side . The record peaked at No. 73 in the Record World singles chart , but only reached No. 97 in Cash Box did n't appear at all in Billboard . Following the success of the next two singles , `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' and `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' , the song was re-released in October 1978 with `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' as the B - side . This issue peaked at No. 39 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , over a year after the first release of the song . Music video ( edit ) The video , as with `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' , `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' , and the others in the `` Bat out of Hell '' set , was filmed on a soundstage as if it were a live performance , with Meat Loaf in his signature suspenders , ripped formal shirt , and bearing a red scarf . Personnel ( edit ) Meat Loaf - lead vocals , percussion Todd Rundgren - guitar , percussion , backing vocals Kasim Sulton - bass guitar Roy Bittan - piano , keyboards Jim Steinman - keyboards , percussion , male dialogue intro Roger Powell - synthesizer Edgar Winter - saxophone Max Weinberg - drums Rory Dodd , Ellen Foley - additional backing vocals Covers ( edit ) Reg Livermore covered the song as `` Hot Summer Night . '' The song was covered by Sleaze Unit member M $ C for MC Chorbles ' album The Prawn Net . Wizard rock group Remus and the Lupins covered this song on Wizard Rock EP of the Month Club 's April 2007 release . The cover differs slightly from the original in that the opening dialogue featured Remus Lupin asking Tonks out for ice cream . Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position US Cash Box Top 100 97 US Record World Singles Chart 73 Chart ( 1978 - 79 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop ) Canada RPM Top Singles 31 Germany 22 Netherlands New Zealand UK Singles Chart 33 US Billboard Hot 100 39 US Cash Box Top 100 42 US Record World Singles Chart 49 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Australia 9 New Zealand US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 223 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Angelina Jolie - The Lightning Star - Page 200 1471089355 C. Duthel `` ... songs , `` Bat Out Of Hell , '' `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light , '' `` You Took the Words Right out of My Mouth '' and `` Two out of Three Ai n't Bad ... Meat Loaf 's final show in New York was Gower Champion 's Rockabye Hamlet , a Hamlet musical . '' ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2015 ) . The Comparison Book . Menonomee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 299 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 213 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ http://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/162fa/Meat-Loaf-You-Took-The-Words-Right-Out-Of-My-Mouth-(Hot-Summer-Night ) Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1979 - 02 - 10 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Meat+Loaf&titel=You+Took+The+Words+Right+Out+Of+My+Mouth+%28Hot+Summer+Night%29&cat=s Jump up ^ https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Meat+Loaf&titel=You+Took+The+Words+Right+Out+Of+My+Mouth+%28Hot+Summer+Night%29&cat=s Jump up ^ https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Meat+Loaf&titel=You+Took+The+Words+Right+Out+Of+My+Mouth+%28Hot+Summer+Night%29&cat=s Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf '' . www.officialcharts.com . Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1978 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bat Out of Hell Meat Loaf Songs by Jim Steinman Produced by Todd Rundgren Side 1 `` Bat Out of Hell '' `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` All Revved Up with No Place to Go '' Side 2 `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' ( duet with Ellen Foley ) `` For Crying Out Loud '' Related articles Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Cleveland International Records Meat Loaf Studio albums Stoney & Meatloaf ( 1971 ) Bat Out of Hell ( 1977 ) Dead Ringer ( 1981 ) Midnight at the Lost and Found ( 1983 ) Bad Attitude ( 1984 ) Blind Before I Stop ( 1986 ) Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell ( 1993 ) Welcome to the Neighbourhood ( 1995 ) Could n't Have Said It Better ( 2003 ) Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose ( 2006 ) Hang Cool Teddy Bear ( 2010 ) Hell in a Handbasket ( 2011 ) Braver Than We Are ( 2016 ) Live albums Live at Wembley ( 1987 ) Live Around the World ( 1996 ) VH1 : Storytellers ( 1999 ) Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra ( 2004 ) 3 Bats Live ( 2008 ) Compilations Hits Out of Hell ( 1984 ) Heaven & Hell ( 1989 ) Heaven Can Wait -- The Best Ballads of Meat Loaf Vol. 1 ( 1996 ) The Very Best of Meat Loaf ( 1998 ) Videography Live Hits Out of Hell Bad Attitude -- Live ! Bat Out of Hell II : Picture Show VH1 : Storytellers To Hell and Back Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra 3 Bats Live Meat Loaf : In Search of Paradise Tours The Seize the Night Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) The Casa de Carne Tour ( 2008 ) The Hang Cool Tour ( 2010 -- 11 ) Guilty Pleasure Tour ( 2011 ) Mad , Mad World Tour ( 2012 ) Last at Bat Tour ( 2013 ) Singles `` What You See Is What You Get '' `` It Takes All Kinds of People '' `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' `` Bat Out of Hell '' `` I 'm Gonna Love Her for Both of Us '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` Read ' Em and Weep '' `` Peel Out '' `` In Europe ' 82 '' `` If You Really Want To '' `` Razor 's Edge '' `` Midnight at the Lost and Found '' `` Modern Girl '' `` Nowhere Fast '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Mercenaries '' `` Blind Before I Stop '' `` Special Girl '' `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' `` Life Is a Lemon and I Want My Money Back '' `` Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through '' `` Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer Than They Are '' `` I 'd Lie for You ( And That 's the Truth ) '' `` Not a Dry Eye in the House '' `` Runnin ' for the Red Light ( I Gotta Life ) '' `` A Kiss Is a Terrible Thing to Waste '' `` No Matter What '' `` Is Nothing Sacred '' `` Did I Say That ? '' `` Could n't Have Said It Better '' `` Man of Steel '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` Cry Over Me '' `` Los Angeloser '' Related articles Discography Neverland Express Stoney & Meatloaf Ted Nugent Jim Steinman Patti Russo Shaun Murphy Amanda Aday Pearl Aday This 1970s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Took_the_Words_Right_Out_of_My_Mouth&oldid=851916464 '' Categories : 1977 singles Meat Loaf songs Songs written by Jim Steinman Song recordings produced by Todd Rundgren 1977 songs Epic Records singles 1970s single stubs Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 11 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | meatloaf song you took the words right out of my mouth | [] | [] |
-1003991855993018571 | Da Boom | Da Boom - wikipedia Da Boom Jump to : navigation , search `` Da Boom '' Family Guy episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 3 Directed by Bob Jaques Written by Neil Goldman Garrett Donovan Production code 2ACX06 Original air date December 26 , 1999 Guest appearance ( s ) Patrick Duffy as Bobby Ewing Victoria Principal as Pam Ewing Jack Perkins as himself Will Sasso as Randy Newman Joey Slotnick Episode chronology ← Previous `` Holy Crap '' Next → `` Brian in Love '' Family Guy ( season 2 ) List of Family Guy episodes `` Da Boom '' is the third episode of the second season of the animated comedy series Family Guy and the tenth episode of the series . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on December 26 , 1999 . The episode features the Griffin family after a nuclear holocaust occurs , due to Y2K on New Year 's Eve . The family then travels in search of food , and eventually decide to establish a town around a Twinkie factory . Peter then takes over the town , establishing himself as mayor , but eventually becomes power hungry , and is overthrown . The episode was written by Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan and directed by Bob Jaques . The episode featured guest performances by Patrick Duffy , Victoria Principal , Jack Perkins , Will Sasso , and Joey Slotnick along with several recurring voice actors for the series . This is the first episode that aired to feature Mila Kunis as the voice of Meg Griffin . The episode was rated TV - 14 - V for intense violence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) On December 31 , 1999 , Quahog prepares for New Year 's Day ( which is the last New Year 's Day of the millennium ) , and the family has been invited to Joe 's millennium party . At a store , a man in a chicken suit asks Peter if he wants a coupon , but Peter refuses , recalling the time he got a bad coupon from Ernie the Giant Chicken and started a massive fistfight . The man warns Peter that the world will end because of the Y2K problem , so Peter locks himself and the family in their basement in hazmat suits . Just after midnight a nuclear holocaust occurs , destroying much of the world and mutating , injuring , and killing many people . The Griffins remain unharmed , and as they look for survivors , they discover that Joe has been melted into his driveway , his son Kevin has been vaporized , and Quagmire and Cleveland have been stitched together and are now called `` Clevemire '' ( or `` Quagland '' ) , and Tom Tucker and Diane Simmons have eaten Tricia Takanawa . Starving , Peter immediately eats all the dehydrated meals , without adding water . Peter recalls that the snackfood Twinkies are the only food that can survive a nuclear holocaust , so the family travels to Natick , Massachusetts in hopes that the Twinkie factory has survived . On the way , They start up the car after meg puts mouse traps for the big mouse . Soon they are stopped by the survivors , Who were looking for food , But the griffins do n't have any food so they have to distract them . They continue their journey only to find that the car have ran out of gas . The griffins now have to walk to Natick just as they found new home , But peter thinks that our main journey was natick as lois take an appleand bite it while and old man play 's the song . So they once again continue their journey after lois thorws the apple at him Stewie is exposed to nuclear waste and mutates into an octopus - like creature . Upon their arrival at Natick , they discover the factory is still standing and in perfect condition . Expecting to be able to live off of the snackfood , they establish the town of New Quahog around the factory . Peter proclaims himself mayor , and Joe and Clevemire join him to form a ruling council . One year later , New Quahog has become a fresh new community , complete with houses and wells . Peter has successfully reigned as mayor despite many mistakes , such as giving people jobs picked out of a hat rather than based on the person 's skills . However , when Brian points out how New Quahog is a peaceful place with no violence , Peter realises that they are completely defenseless and uses the pipes from the city 's water irrigation system to make guns and other weapons , outraging the citizens . Meanwhile , Stewie , who has continued to transform into an octopus , suddenly lays hundreds of eggs in the basement of their house . Despite Peter 's insistence that he is fit to continue to be the leader of the new community , the townspeople run him out of New Quahog , and his family follows him . The citizens proceed to burn the guns Peter had made with the pipes in the middle of the town square , but as the final gun in thrown onto the pile , hundreds of newly spawned Octopus - Stewies hatch and begin to destroy the city , with the townspeople unable to protect themselves from the mutants . As the family walks away , oblivious to the town 's destruction , they decide to continue to a Carvel factory in Framingham . The episode ends with a live - action parody of Dallas , in which Pam Ewing ( Victoria Principal ) wakes up and tells her husband Bobby ( Patrick Duffy ) about a dream she had of a strange episode of Family Guy . Bobby comforts her , but pauses and then asks `` What 's Family Guy ? '' , and the two turn and look with confusion into the camera . Production ( edit ) This is the first episode to include the voice of Mila Kunis as Meg . `` Da Boom '' was the third episode of the second season of Family Guy , and the first for director Bob Jaques . It first aired on December 26 , 1999 . The episode was written by writing team Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan , who had written episodes for the show in the first season including `` Mind Over Murder '' . This was the first episode to have Mila Kunis providing the voice of Meg . Lacey Chabert , the original voice of Meg , left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five , as well as schoolwork . Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character , in part due to her performance on That ' 70s Show . Seth MacFarlane , the show 's creator , called Kunis back after her first audition , instructing her to speak slower , and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more . Once she claimed that she had it under control , MacFarlane hired her . Ernie the Giant Chicken was introduced in this episode . He is an anthropomorphic chicken who serves as a rival to Peter . He has a long , unexpected fight with Peter , which interrupts the main storyline . This has become a running gag , having reappeared in episodes such as `` Blind Ambition '' , `` Internal Affairs '' , `` No Chris Left Behind '' and `` Meet the Quagmires '' . He is voiced by regular show writer Danny Smith . In addition to the regular cast , actress Victoria Principal , comedian and actor Will Sasso , reporter , commentator , war correspondent , anchorman Jack Perkins , voice actor Joey Slotnick , and character actor Patrick Duffy guest starred in the episode . Recurring guest voice actress Lori Alan , writer Danny Smith , and actor Patrick Warburton also made minor appearances . Cultural references ( edit ) The live - action sequence in the episode is a reference to the episode of the CBS soap opera Dallas that erased the death of Bobby Ewing ( Patrick Duffy ) , which turns out to be a dream of Pamela Ewing ( Victoria Principal ) . Randy Newman appears singing everything he sees in a musical moment . The plot includes references to the Y2K bug . Peter takes away Trix from the Rabbit , which is a reference to commercials for Trix cereal . Chris tells E.T. to run when he thinks Peter is the government coming for him . When travelling to find food they are stopped and there 's a reference to Family Feud . Stewie 's line , `` Game over man ! Game over ! '' is a nod to the science fiction film Aliens . Arriving at the Twinkie factory , Peter uses the same words to describe what he sees that Dr. Ellie Arroway used in Contact when witnessing a celestial event in a foreign galaxy . Reception ( edit ) The episode received positive reviews . Ahsan Haque of IGN rated the episode a 10 / 10 , saying `` Overall , this episode easily ranks as one of the best episodes in the series . Almost every joke succeeds , and the far - fetched alternate reality storyline thoroughly entertains . Despite the fact that all of the events in the episode are revealed to be a dream , it does n't take away from the high degree of amusement provided . '' Tom Eames of entertainment website Digital Spy placed the episode at number sixteen on his listing of the best Family Guy episodes in order of `` yukyukyuks '' and described it as `` classic bonkers Family Guy '' . He added that the episode was `` potentially the first time fans realised this was n't just a Simpsons ripoff . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plot synopsis information for the episode `` Da Boom '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Family Guy : Da Boom '' . Film.com . RealNetworks , Inc . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy -- Mind Over Murder Cast and crew '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy Cast and Details '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sonic the Horndog '' . Gamespy . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Family Guy -- Casting Mila Kunis '' . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Callaghan , Steve ( 2005 ) . `` The Giant Chicken '' . Family Guy : The Official Episode Guide Seasons 1 -- 3 . Harper Paperbacks . New York : HarperCollins . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 083305 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wong , Kevin ( June 13 , 2005 ) . `` Family Guy '' . Popmatters.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Haque , Ahsan ( 2007 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Family Guy : `` No Chris Left Behind '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danny Smith : Credits '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Love , Brett ( 2007 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Family Guy : Meet The Quagmires '' . TV Squad . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Haque , Ashan ( 2008 ) . `` Family Guy Flashback : `` Da Boom '' Review `` . IGN . News Corp . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Eames , Tom ( 19 March 2017 ) . `` The 16 best ever Family Guy episodes in order of yukyukyuks '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Da Boom Family Guy portal Da Boom on IMDb `` Da Boom '' at TV.com ( hide ) Family Guy episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Season 2 `` Peter , Peter , Caviar Eater '' `` Holy Crap '' `` Da Boom '' `` Brian in Love '' `` Love Thy Trophy '' `` Death Is a Bitch '' `` The King Is Dead '' `` I Am Peter , Hear Me Roar '' `` If I 'm Dyin ' , I 'm Lyin ' '' `` Running Mates '' `` A Picture Is Worth a 1,000 Bucks '' `` Fifteen Minutes of Shame '' `` Road to Rhode Island '' `` Let 's Go to the Hop '' `` Dammit Janet '' `` There 's Something About Paulie '' `` He 's Too Sexy for His Fat '' `` E. Peterbus Unum '' `` The Story on Page One '' `` Wasted Talent '' `` Fore , Father '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Da_Boom&oldid=801088906 '' Categories : 1999 American television episodes Apocalyptic television episodes Family Guy ( season 2 ) episodes New Year television episodes Natick , Massachusetts Dreams in fiction Post-apocalyptic fiction Television episodes with live action and animation Works about gun politics in the United States Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 16 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | family guy season 2 episode 3 full episode | [] | [] |
-190259502349180406 | Hound Dog (song) | Hound Dog ( song ) - wikipedia Hound Dog ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Hound Dog '' Single by Big Mama Thornton B - side `` Night Mare '' Released March 1953 ( 1953 - 03 ) Format 10 - inch 78 rpm Recorded August 13 , 1952 Studio Radio Recorders Annex , Los Angeles Genre Blues Length 2 : 52 Label Peacock Songwriter ( s ) Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Producer ( s ) Johnny Otis Big Mama Thornton singles chronology `` Everytime I Think Of You '' ( 1952 ) `` Hound Dog '' ( 1953 ) `` Cotton Pickin ' Blues '' ( 1953 ) `` Everytime I Think Of You '' ( 1952 ) `` Hound Dog '' ( 1953 ) `` Cotton Pickin ' Blues '' ( 1953 ) `` Hound Dog '' is a twelve - bar blues song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller . Recorded originally by Willie Mae `` Big Mama '' Thornton on August 13 , 1952 , in Los Angeles and released by Peacock Records in late February 1953 , `` Hound Dog '' was Thornton 's only hit record , selling over 500,000 copies , spending 14 weeks in the R&B charts , including seven weeks at # 1 . Thornton 's recording of `` Hound Dog '' is listed as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' , and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in February 2013 `` Hound Dog '' has been recorded more than 250 times . The best - known version of `` Hound Dog '' is the July 1956 recording by Elvis Presley , which is ranked No. 19 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ; it is also one of the best - selling singles of all time . Presley 's version , which sold about 10 million copies globally , was his best - selling song and `` an emblem of the rock ' n ' roll revolution '' . It was simultaneously No. 1 on the US pop , country , and R&B charts in 1956 , and it topped the pop chart for 11 weeks -- a record that stood for 36 years . Presley 's 1956 RCA recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1988 , and it is listed as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . `` Hound Dog '' has been at the center of controversies and several lawsuits , including disputes over authorship , royalties , and copyright infringement by the many answer songs released by such artists as Rufus Thomas and Roy Brown . From the 1970s onward , the song has been featured in numerous films , including Grease , Forrest Gump , Lilo & Stitch , A Few Good Men , Hounddog , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , and Nowhere Boy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Big Mama Thornton 's version ( 1952 ) 2.1 Recording 2.2 Release and reception 2.3 Re-releases 2.4 Awards and accolades 2.5 Chart succession 2.6 Responses ( 1953 -- 1955 ) 2.6. 1 Cover versions 2.6. 2 Answers and parodies 2.6. 2.1 `` Bear Cat '' ( 1953 ) 2.6. 2.2 Other Answer records 2.6. 3 `` Rip offs '' 3 Freddie Bell and the Bellboys ' versions ( 1955 -- 1956 ) 4 Elvis Presley 's version ( 1956 ) 4.1 Early performances 4.2 Television performances 4.2. 1 Milton Berle Show 4.2. 2 Steve Allen Show 4.3 Recording 4.4 Release and reception 4.4. 1 Ed Sullivan Show 4.4. 2 Later notable performances 4.5 Awards and accolades 4.6 Charts and certifications 4.6. 1 Weekly charts 4.6. 2 Year - End charts 4.6. 3 Sales and certifications 4.6. 4 Chart succession 4.7 Responses 4.8 Other cover versions 4.8. 1 Beatles and John Lennon cover versions 4.9 Foreign language versions 4.10 Parodies 5 Litigation 5.1 Lion Music Publishing Company v. Sun Records ( 1953 ) 5.1. 1 Background 5.1. 2 Proceedings 5.2 King Records vs Lion Publishing Co. and Lion Publishing Co. vs King Records & Valjo Music ( 1953 ) 5.3 Valjo Music Publishing Corporation v. Elvis Presley Music ( 1956 -- 1957 ) 5.3. 1 Background 5.3. 2 Proceedings 6 In popular culture 7 Discography 7.1 Willie Mae `` Big Mama '' Thornton 7.2 Freddie Bell and the Bellboys 7.3 Elvis Presley 7.4 Cover versions 7.4. 1 Thornton version 7.4. 2 Presley version 7.5 Answers and parodies 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background and composition ( edit ) On August 12 , 1952 , R&B bandleader Johnny Otis asked 19 - year - old songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller to his home to meet blues singer Willie Mae `` Big Mama '' Thornton . Thornton had been signed by `` Diamond '' Don Robey 's Houston - based Peacock Records the year before , and after two failed singles , Robey had enlisted Otis to reverse her fortunes . After hearing Thornton rehearse several songs , Leiber and Stoller `` forged a tune to suit her personality -- brusque and badass '' . In an interview in Rolling Stone in April 1990 , Stoller said : `` She was a wonderful blues singer , with a great moaning style . But it was as much her appearance as her blues style that influenced the writing of ' Hound Dog ' and the idea that we wanted her to growl it . '' Leiber recalled : `` We saw Big Mama and she knocked me cold . She looked like the biggest , baddest , saltiest chick you would ever see . And she was mean , a ' lady bear , ' as they used to call ' em . She must have been 350 pounds , and she had all these scars all over her face '' conveying words which could not be sung . `` But how to do it without actually saying it ? And how to do it telling a story ? I could n't just have a song full of expletives . '' In 1999 , Leiber said , `` I was trying to get something like the Furry Lewis phrase ' Dirty Mother Furya ' . I was looking for something closer to that but I could n't find it , because everything I went for was too coarse and would not have been playable on the air . '' Using a `` black slang expression referring to a man who sought a woman to take care of him '' , the song 's opening line , `` You ai n't nothin ' but a hound dog '' , was a euphemism , said Leiber The song , a Southern blues lament , is `` the tale of a woman throwing a gigolo out of her house and her life '' : You ai n't nothin ' but a hound dog Quit snoopin ' ' round my door You can wag your tail But I ai n't gon na feed you no more The song was written for a woman to sing in which she berates `` her selfish , exploitative man '' , and in it she `` expresses a woman 's rejection of a man -- the metaphorical dog in the title '' . According to Iain Thomas , `` ' Hound Dog ' embodies the Thornton persona she had crafted as a comedienne prior to entering the music business '' by parading `` the classic puns , extended metaphors , and sexual double entendres so popular with the bawdy genre . '' R&B expert George A. Moonoogian concurs , calling it `` a biting and scathing satire in the double - entendre genre '' of 1950s rhythm and blues . Leiber and Stoller wrote the song `` Hound Dog '' in 12 to 15 minutes , with Leiber scribbling the lyrics in pencil on ordinary paper and without musical notation in the car on the way to Stoller 's apartment . Said Leiber , `` ' Hound Dog ' took like twelve minutes . That 's not a complicated piece of work . But the rhyme scheme was difficult . Also the metric structure of the music was not easy . '' According to Leiber , as soon as they reached the parking lot and Stoller 's 1937 Plymouth , `` I was beating out a rhythm we called the ' buck dance ' on the roof of the car . We got to Johnny Otis 's house and Mike went right to the piano ... did n't even bother to sit down . He had a cigarette in his mouth that was burning his left eye , and he started to play the song . '' Leiber and Stoller along with Johnny Otis , also wrote a different version to the `` Hound Dog '' song structure on behalf of Big Mama Thornton , recorded with an alternative lyric entitled `` Tom Cat '' . Big Mama Thornton 's version ( 1952 ) ( edit ) Thornton 's recording of `` Hound Dog '' is credited with `` helping to spur the evolution of black R&B into rock music '' . Brandeis University professor Stephen J. Whitefield , in his 2001 book In Search of American Jewish Culture , regards `` Hound Dog '' as significant , as it `` marked the success of race - mixing in music a year before the desegregation of public schools was mandated '' in Brown v. Board of Education . Leiber regarded the original recording by the 350 - pound `` blues belter '' Big Mama Thornton as his favorite version , while Stoller said , `` If I had to name my favorite recordings , I 'd say they are Big Mama Thornton 's ' Hound Dog ' and Peggy Lee 's ' Is That All There Is ? ' '' Recording ( edit ) Thornton recorded `` Hound Dog '' at Radio Recorders Annex in Los Angeles on August 13 , 1952 , the day after its composition . It subsequently became her biggest hit . According to Hound Dog : The Leiber and Stoller Autobiography , Thornton 's `` Hound Dog '' was the first record that Leiber and Stoller produced themselves , taking over from bandleader Johnny Otis . Said Stoller : We were worried because the drummer was n't getting the feel that Johnny had created in rehearsal . `` Johnny , '' Jerry said , `` ca n't you play drums on the record ? No one can nail that groove like you . '' `` Who 's gon na run the session ? '' he asked . Silence . `` You two ? '' he asked . `` The kids are gon na run a recording session ? '' `` Sure , '' I said . `` The kids wrote it . Let the kids do it . '' Johnny smiled and said , ' Why not ? ' '' Otis played drums on the recording , replacing Ledard `` Kansas City '' Bell . As Otis was still signed exclusively to Federal Records , a subsidiary of Syd Nathan 's King Records as `` Kansas City Bill '' or perhaps with Mercury Records at this time , Otis used the pseudonym `` Kansas City Bill '' ( after his drummer `` Kansas City '' Bell ) on this record . Therefore , Otis , Louisiana blues guitarist Pete `` Guitar '' Lewis , and Puerto Rican bass player Mario Delagarde ( some sources say erroneously it was Albert Winston ) are listed as `` Kansas City Bill & Orchestra '' on the Peacock record labels . In an interview included on the album Leavin ' Chicago , Thornton credits Lewis for establishing the feel of her recording . During the rehearsal , Leiber objected to Thornton 's vocal approach , as she was crooning rather than belting it out . in an interview with Wayne Robins , Leiber recalled that it was terrible , `` It was like Ethel Waters 's ' Cabin in the Sky ' thinking that 's what the song required . '' In June 2001 Leiber recalled : `` We took the song back to Big Mama and she snatched the paper out of my hand and said , ' Is this my big hit ? ' And I said , ' I hope so . ' Next thing I know , she starts crooning ' Hound Dog ' like Frank Sinatra would sing ' In The Wee Small Hours of the Morning . ' And I 'm looking at her , and I 'm a little intimidated by the razor scars on her face , and she 's about 280 -- 320 pounds , and I said , ' It do n't go that way . ' And she looked at me like looks could kill and said -- and this was when I found out I was white -- ' White boy , do n't you be tellin ' me how to sing the blues . ' '' After this `` testy exchange '' , Leiber sang the song himself to demonstrate how they wanted it done . Said Stoller : `` Big Mama heard how Jerry was singing the thing . She heard the rough - and - tough of the song and , just as important , the implicit sexual humor . In short , she got it . '' In an interview with music writer Ralph J. Gleason , Thornton said : `` They were just a couple of kids , and they had this song written on the back of a paper bag . '' Thornton claims that she added a few interjections of her own , played around with the rhythm ( some of the choruses have thirteen rather than twelve bars ) , and had the band bark and howl like hound dogs at the end of the song : `` I started to sing the words and join in some of my own . All that talkin ' and hollerin ' -- that 's my own . '' Thornton interacts constantly in a call and response fashion during a one - minute long guitar `` solo '' by Lewis . Her vocals include lines such as : `` Aw , listen to that ole hound dog howl ... OOOOoooow '' , `` Now wag your tail '' , and `` Aw , get it , get it , get it '' . This `` blues talk '' , is `` a common practice in blues music '' . Years later Thornton helped launch a controversy over `` Hound Dog '' , claiming to have written it . However , when questioned further on the matter , Thornton explained that , while the song had been composed by Leiber and Stoller , she had transformed it : `` They gave me the words , but I changed it around and did it my way '' . In his book Race , Rock , and Elvis , Michael T. Bertrand says that Thornton 's explanation `` ingenuously stresses artist interpretation as the sole yardstick with which to measure authenticity '' . Thornton recorded two takes of the song , and the second take was released . Habanera and Habanera - mambo variations can be found in this recording . Puerto Rican bass player Mario Delagarde is credited with adding `` a jazz - based rhythm . '' Influenced by African - American musical cultures , its `` sounds range from the gravelly beginning of several phrases , to her spoken and howled interpolations , and the ending with dog sounds from the band . '' According to Robert Fink , Thornton 's delivery has flexible phrasing making use of micro-inflections and syncopations . Over a steady backbeat , she starts out singing each line as one long upbeat . When the words change from `` You ai n't nothin ' but a HOUND Dog '' , she begins to shift the downbeat around : `` You TOLD me you was high - class / but I can SEE through that , You ai n't NOTHIN ' but a hound dog . '' Each has a focal accent which is never repeated . According to Maureen Mahon : Thornton 's `` Hound Dog '' differed from most of the rhythm and blues records of the era in its spare arrangement . There are none of the honking saxophone solos or pounding piano flourishes that marked the R&B sound . Instead , supported by guitar , bass and drums , her resonant vocals dominate the foreground , conveying her haughty relief at being through with a trifling man . Thornton maintains a confident attitude , bringing the blues tradition of outspoken women into the R&B context and helping to set the style for rock and roll by putting sexuality and play with gender expectations in the foreground . On September 9 , 1952 the copyright application for `` Hound Dog '' was lodged . On the application the words & music are attributed to Don Deadric Robey & Willie Mae Thornton , with the copyright claimants listed as : `` Murphy L. Robey ( W ) & Willie Mae Thornton ( A ) . '' It was renewed subsequently on May 13 , 1980 with the same details . Release and reception ( edit ) In late February 1953 `` Hound Dog '' was released by Peacock ( Peacock 1612 ) , with the song credited erroneously on the label to Leiber - Stroller ( sic ) - Otis . Thornton recalled later that she learned her record was in circulation while she was on her way to a performance with the Johnny Otis Orchestra during this tour in Dayton , Ohio . `` I was going to the theater and I just turned the radio on in the car and the man said , ' Here 's a record that 's going nationwide : ' Hound Dog ' by Willie Mae Thornton . ' I said , ' That 's me ! ' ( laughs ) I had n't heard the record in so long . So when we get to the theater they was blasting it . You could hear it from the theater , from the loudspeaker . They were just playing ' Hound Dog ' all over the theater . So I goes up in the operating room , I say , ' Do you mind playing that again ? ' ' Cause I had n't heard the record in so long I forgot the words myself . So I stood there while he was playing it , listening to it . So that evening I sang it on the show , and everybody went for it . ' Hound Dog ' just took off like a jet . '' On March 7 , 1953 , `` Hound Dog '' was advertised in Billboard , and reviewed positively on March 14 , 1953 as a new record to watch , described as `` a wild and exciting rhumba blues '' with `` infectious backing that rocks all the way '' . According to Johnny Ace biographer James M Salem , `` The rawness of the sound combined with the overt sexuality of the lyric made ' Hound Dog ' an immediate smash hit in urban black America from late March to the middle of July 1953 . '' `` Hound Dog '' takes off immediately and looks like a national hit record . Rufus Thomas quickly records an answer song called `` Bear Cat '' on Sun # 181 . Thornton 's record is such a big seller that Peacock Records has three new pressing plants running full - time to try and keep up with demand . Debuting in the charts on March 28 , 1953 , it spent fourteen weeks on the Billboard Rhythm and Blues charts , seven of them at number one . By April 30 , 1953 , Cash Box magazine listed the song as `` the nation 's top - selling blues record '' , and it topped the charts in New York , Chicago , New Orleans , San Francisco , Newark , Memphis , Dallas , Cincinnati , St. Louis , and Los Angeles . `` By mid summer , it is obvious that `` Hound Dog '' will be the biggest seller in the history of Peacock Records . '' The song was named as the Best Rhythm and Blues song of 1953 by Cash Box magazine , and was ranked # 3 on Billboard 's Best Selling Rhythm & Blues Chart for 1953 . Don Robey estimated that Thornton 's version of `` Hound Dog '' sold between 500,000 and 750,000 copies , and would have sold more had its sales not been diluted by an abundance of cover versions and `` answer songs '' . The success of `` Hound Dog '' secured Peacock Record 's place as a major independent label . However , despite its success , neither the composers nor artist were compensated well for their efforts . According to Stoller , `` Big Mama 's ' Hound Dog ' went to # 1 , sold a million copies , and did nothing for our bank statements . We were getting screwed . '' After suing Robey , `` We were given an advance check for $1,200 , '' said Stoller , `` but the check bounced . '' As a result , Leiber and Stoller started their own label , Spark Records , and publishing company , Quintet Music . Those ventures were successful , but Leiber and Stoller would only earn substantial royalties from `` Hound Dog '' when it was covered by Elvis Presley ( RCA # 6604 ) in July 1956 . Similarly , Thornton stated : `` That song sold over two million records . I got one check for $500 and never saw another . '' In 1984 , she told Rolling Stone , `` Did n't get no money from them at all . Everybody livin ' in a house but me . I 'm just livin . '' Re-releases ( edit ) By July 1956 `` the rock ' n roll age was upon the world , and as the new sensation Elvis Presley recorded `` Hound Dog '' to international acclaim , Peacock re-released Willa Mae Thornton 's original '' by August 18 , 1956 , backing it with `` Rock - a-Bye Baby '' ( Peacock 5 - 1612 ) , but it failed to chart . In Australia and New Zealand , Prestige Records ( founded in Auckland by 17 year - old Phil Warren and Bruce Henderson ) released the same record on licence in 1956 ( Prestige PSP - 1004 ) , but the composition is credited to Robey - Thornton - Leiber - Stoller . By early 1957 `` Willa Mae Thornton is seen as one who is out of the rock / pop mainstream and so her affiliation with Peacock Records ends ... Thornton continues to make personal appearances and is always remembered for her original version of `` Hound Dog '' which gets a spate of airplay during the summer of 1958 which leads to another re-release of the original . '' On October 7 , 1965 Thornton 's live performance of `` Hound Dog '' with Eddie Boyd and Buddy Guy at American Folk Blues Festival ' 65 in Hamburg , Germany is recorded and released subsequently by Fontana Records on an album American Folk Blues Festival ' 65 ( Fontana 681 529 TL ) with other artists . Awards and accolades ( edit ) In February 2013 , Thornton 's recording of `` Hound Dog '' was inducted into Grammy Hall of Fame . It has also received the following accolades : # 2 Acclaimed Music : The Top Songs From 1953 # 18 Women Who Rock -- The Top 25 Girl - Power Anthems # 36 Rolling Stone Fifty Essential Recordings From The Fifties ( 1990 ) # 65 Acclaimed Music : The Top 200 Songs from the 1950s # 675 Acclaimed Music : All Time Top 3000 Thornton 's recording of `` Hound Dog '' is listed as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' In 2017 , Thornton 's recording of `` Hound Dog '' was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or artistically significant . '' Chart succession ( edit ) Preceded by `` ( Mama ) He Treats Your Daughter Mean '' by Ruth Brown Billboard R&B National Best Sellers number - one single ( Big Mama Thornton version ) April 18 , 1953 -- June 6 , 1953 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I 'm Mad '' by Willie Mabon and His Combo Responses ( 1953 -- 1955 ) ( edit ) Cover versions ( edit ) Thornton 's `` Hound Dog '' was so popular that it spawned at least ten cover versions of the original before Elvis Presley recorded it in July 1956 . One of the earliest covers of Thornton 's original was that of Little Esther , who recorded an R&B cover on March 11 , 1953 ( b / w `` Sweet Lips '' ) on Federal Records ( Federal 12126 ) that was released by April . While Federal 's trade ads touted this release as the greatest record ever made by Little Esther , in its review on April 11 , 1953 , Billboard opined : `` It fails to build the same excitement of the original . '' Within a month of the release of Thornton 's `` Hound Dog '' , the following six country cover versions of the song -- all credited erroneously to Leiber - Stoller ( or Stroller ( sic ) ) - Otis -- were released on several different labels by white artists : Jack Turner & his Granger County Gang ( RCA 20 - 5267 ; 47 - 5267 ) label shot sample ( actually Henry D. Haynes on vocals , with his Homer and Jethro partner Kenneth C. Burns on mandolin , with Chet Atkins on lead guitar , Charles Green on bass , and Jerry Byrd on steel guitar ) , recorded a Rockabilly Boogie or hillbilly Country - Western version on March 20 , 1953 in New York City . After the success of Patti Page 's version of the Bob Merrill - penned ( How Much Is ) That Doggie in the Window ? , as Homer and Jethro they recorded a parody version , `` ( How Much Is ) That Hound Dog in the Window '' ( RCA Victor 47 - 5280 ) in March that went to # 2 on the US Country charts , and # 17 on the Billboard national charts . Billboard noted : `` By coincidence or intent , the use of ' hound dog ' also recognizes the top r&b record of the moment . '' After Elvis Presley released his version of `` Hound Dog '' in 1956 , by early November Homer & Jethro released a parody version , `` Houn ' Dawg '' ( RCA Victor 6706 ) . Billy Starr ( Imperial 8186 ) label shot sample This version is described as `` a juke joint - honed blend of country and pre-rockabilly raunch '' . Eddie Hazelwood ( Intro 6069 ) label shot sample His version `` two - steps in honky - tonk style . '' Former Hollywood child actress and 1946 National Yodeling champion Betsy Gay ( Intro 6070 ) recorded a hillbilly version with Joe Maphis and Merle Travis at Radio Recorders studio in Los Angeles on 18 March 1953 . listing . Billboard described her recording : `` She sings it well , shouting out the lyrics with occasional excitement , tho without the power the tune needs . '' Former Texas Playboy band Western swing vocalist Tommy Duncan and the Miller Bros. ( Intro 6071 ) label shot sample Duncan 's version is described as `` a smoother , jazzy reading featuring fine guitar and piano contributions . '' Cleve Jackson ( Jackson Cleveland Toombs ) & His Hound Dogs ( Herald 6000 ) , label shot sample On February 24 , 1954 , The Cozy Cole All Stars recorded an instrumental version , `` Hound Dog Special '' ( MGM 11794 ) , a `` spend off ( sic ) of Willie Mae Thornton 's '' version . Bass player Al Rex , who joined Bill Haley and His Comets in the fall of 1955 , told of performing the song when given the spotlight at live performances . `` I used to do ' Hound Dog . ' Haley would get mad at me if I 'd do that . This was even before Presley did it . Haley did n't like those guys from Philadelphia that wrote the song . '' As Leiber and Stoller were not from Philadelphia ( and Haley recorded other Leiber and Stoller songs ) , Haley was probably referring to Freddie Bell and Bernie Lowe , of Philadelphia 's Teen Records . In later years Big Mama Thornton 's version was covered by such artists as : The Dirty Blues Band on their 1968 album Dirty Blues Band ; Etta James ; Robert Palmer ; and Macy Gray . Answers and parodies ( edit ) By the end of 1953 at least six `` answer songs '' that responded to ' Big Mama ' Thornton 's original version of `` Hound Dog '' were released . According to Peacock 's Don Robey , these songs were `` bastardizations '' of the original and reduced its sales potential . `` Bear Cat '' ( 1953 ) ( edit ) The first and most popular answer song to `` Hound Dog '' was `` Bear Cat ( The Answer To Hound Dog ) '' ( Sun 101 ) , recorded at Sun Studios at 706 Union Avenue , Memphis , Tennessee on March 8 , 1953 , just two weeks after Thornton 's original version was released , and even before a review of `` Hound Dog '' had been published in Billboard . `` Bear Cat '' had new lyrics written by Sun Records founder Sam Phillips , in which he altered the gender of the singer , who bemoaned that his woman was a `` bear cat '' , a Jazz Age slang term for `` a hot - blooded or fiery girl '' . According to Phillips ' biographer Peter Guralnick : Sam was knocked out by Big Mama Thornton 's `` Hound Dog '' the first time he heard it . Performed with ripsaw gusto by the singer , ... and modified by a delicate Latin - flavored `` rhumba - boogie '' beat , the record struck a communal chord somewhere between low comedy and bedrock truth . It totally tickled Sam on both levels . `` I said , my God , it 's so true . You ai n't nothing but a hound dog . You ai n't met your responsibilities . You did n't go to work like you ( should ) . '' And it gave him an immediate idea for a follow - up -- from the man 's point of view ... `` Bear Cat '' , `` ( i ) n the time - honored tradition of answer songs , was a virtual carbon copy of `` Hound Dog '' with lyrics , chord progressions , and rhythmic structure all patterned directly on the original . Looking for a suitable man to record this song , Phillips selected part - time local WDIA disk jockey Rufus Thomas , who adopted the nickname , `` Rufus ' Hound Dog ' Thomas '' for this recording . `` With his gruff Louis Armstrong - influenced voice , quick wit , and eye - popping antics , he was the perfect candidate to reply to the harsh accusations Big Mama Thornton had thrown out in her song , this time leveling them at a ' bossy woman ' '' . Despite his reluctance to record the song and his reservations about the band assembled by Phillips , Thomas `` threw himself into the song with the same brash charm that he brought to all his performances , complete with yowls , growls , and fervent imprecations '' . The record 's spare electric guitar work by Memphis bluesman Joe Hill Louis was greatly influenced by that of Pete Lewis on the original . According to James M. Salem : ( I ) nstead of barking and howling there is meowing and hissing in the background . In true answer form , the gender of the participants was reversed . This time the protagonist is male , directly challenging the worthless female of the original song -- correcting her previous insults and re-directing them at her . `` You know what you said about me woman ? '' says the man in open confrontation . `` Well ... You ai n't nothin ' but a bear cat , scratchin ' at my door . '' All the irony and sarcasm of the original is captured in the answer , even the sexuality : `` You can purr , pretty kitty , but I ai n't gon na rub you no more . '' While `` the result was peppier than Big Mama 's version , with a more straight - ahead beat , ... ( Phillips ) was under no illusions about surpassing the original '' : `` Hell , we did n't come close to being as good as Big Mama . She could have done that song a cappella and convinced me that , by God , you ai n't nothing but a damned hound dog ! '' Thomas was dissatisfied with the result , especially Joe Hill Louis 's country - style blues guitar playing . In 1978 Robert Palmer wrote : `` Even today , Rufus takes perverse delight in pointing out the wrong notes in Louis 's solo . '' Within two weeks , `` Bear Cat '' ( Sun 181 ) was in stores , prompting Billboard to describe it on March 28 as `` the fastest answer song to hit the market '' . It became both Thomas ' and Sun Records ' first hit , More than 5,000 copies were ordered in the first days by distributors , and by mid-April it had charted nationally , eventually reaching # 3 on the R&B charts . However , as Phillips claimed a writing credit for the song , a copyright - infringement suit ensued that nearly bankrupted Phillips ' record label . Other answer Records ( edit ) In the months after the release of `` Hound Dog '' and `` Bear Cat '' , a spate of answer records followed : On March 18 , Blues shouter Roy Brown recorded `` Mr. Hound Dog 's in Town '' for King Records ( 45 -- 4627 ) . While it had the same melody and many of the same lyrics as the original , Brown is credited as the sole writer . Despite the threat of legal action , Brown 's `` Mr. Hound Dog 's in Town '' was still being advertised in Billboard on June 6 , 1953 . Vocalist Charlie Gore and guitarist Louis Innis recorded `` ( You Ai n't Nothin ' But A Female ) Hound Dog '' ( King 45 - 1212 ) for King Records on March 22 . This song was credited to Innis , Lois Mann ( a pseudonym of King Records owner Syd Nathan , the latter his wife 's maiden name ) , and Johnny Otis . At the request of Leonard Chess , Blues guitarist John Brim wrote an answer song called `` Rattlesnake '' for Chess Records ' Checker subsidiary . In March 1953 Brim and his His Gary Kings recorded `` Rattlesnake '' ( Checker 769 ) at Universal Recording in Chicago . `` Rattlesnake '' and `` It Was a Dream '' were backed by Little Walter on blues harp ; Willie Dixon on string bass ; Fred Below on drums ; and Louis and Dave Myers on guitar ) . However , when Don Robey threatened an injunction against Sun Records for the similar `` Bear Cat '' , Leonard and Phil Chess , decided to not to release `` Rattlesnake '' at that time . In 1969 these songs were released officially on Whose Muddy Shoes ( 1969 : Chess LP 1537 ) with songs by both Brim and Elmore James , and the backing musicians credited as `` his Stompers '' . Jake Porter 's Combo Records released `` Real Gone Hound Dog '' ( Combo 25 ) , `` an obscure ' answer ' record to ' Hound Dog ' '' , by Chuck Higgins and His Mellotones ' with a vocal by Higgins ' brother `` Daddy Cleanhead '' . The composition was credited to Higgins and Porter ( as V. Haven ) . `` Call Me a Hound Dog '' , written by Bob Geddins , in which the hound dog states his case , was recorded by Blues singer Jimmy Wilson ( as Jimmie Wilson ) and His All Stars ( with Hal `` King '' Solomon on piano ) and released by Geddins ' Big Town Records in May 1953 ( Big Town Records 103 ) . The review in the May 23 edition of Billboard describes this song as `` the latest , and possibly the last in the long line of answers to ' Hound Dog ' , featuring Jimmy Wilson singing the tune okay style . Ork backs him in a blues manner but they could have added a stronger beat . '' Former Our Gang child actor Eugene Jackson and actress Juanita Moore ( backed by the Eugene Jackson Trio and All Stars ) also recorded `` You Call Me a Hound Dog '' about this time which was released on John Dolphin 's Recorded In Hollywood label ( 421A ) . `` New Hound Dog '' ( Big Town 116 ) by Frank `` Dual Trumpeter '' Motley and His Motley Crew , with vocals provided by Curley Bridges was recorded in October 1954 for Big Town Records , a subsidiary of 4 Star Records , owned by Bob Geddins . Motley is credited as the sole composer , and `` King '' Herbert Whitaker plays tenor saxophone . This song is described as `` the first rocking rearrangement of ' Hound Dog ' . '' It was re-released in Canada in 1956 by Quality Records ( Quality K1544 ) . When the dust settled , the publishing for `` Hound Dog '' ( in all variations ) remained with Lion , and writing credit with Leiber and Stoller . In April , 1954 , Billboard 's Rolontz summed up the events thusly : `` The year 1953 saw an important precedent set in regard to answer tunes ... since the ' Hound Dog ' decision , few record firms have attempted to ' answer ' smash hits by other companies by using same tune with different lyrics . '' `` Rip offs '' ( edit ) Two records were released that were neither cover versions of nor answers to Thornton 's release , yet used a similar melody without any attribution to Leiber and Stoller . The first was Smiley Lewis 's `` Play Girl '' , credited to D. Bartholomew and released by the Imperial Records label ( Imperial 45 - 5234 ) by the end of March 1953 . Described as a `` stomping uptempo boogie rocker '' , it began : `` You ai n't nothin ' but a Play Girl / Staying out all night long '' . In April 1955 , female impersonator Jesse `` Big ' Tiny ' '' Kennedy recorded `` Country Boy '' accompanied by His Orchestra that was released by RCA 's Groove Records ( Groove 4G - 0106 ) by May 21 . While credited solely to Kennedy , this song has a similar melody to `` Hound Dog '' : `` ' Country Boy ' has a deceptively slouching flip on the ' Hound Dog ' motif -- this time with Tiny proclaiming proudly that he ' ai n't nothing but a country boy ' '' . In the early 1970s Robert Loers , owner of Dutch label Redita Records , found a song with the same melody as `` Hound Dog '' called `` ( You Ai n't Nuttin ' But a ) Juicehead '' on an anonymous acetate at Select - o - Hits , the Memphis distributorship owned by Sam Phillips ' brother , Tom , where Sun artifacts were stored . When Juice Head first appeared on a Redita Records LP ( in 1974 ) , it was credited to Rosco Gordon . But it 's not Rosco . It simply is not him . Really . Even Rosco confirmed that . It might not even be a Memphis Recording Service demo . Just substitute the words `` Hound Dog '' for `` Juice Head '' and what have you got ? Of course the inspiration for this song came from Big Mama Thornton 's `` Hound Dog '' or perhaps even from Rufus Thomas ' `` Bear Cat '' . But the song 's other parent is Eddie Vinson 's slowed down `` Juicehead Blues '' which harks to the previous decade ... If indeed this originated from Sam Phillips ' studio , it was nothing that Phillips needed to touch because it was another lawsuit waiting to happen . '' Philip H. Ennis sees `` Two Hound Dogs '' , which was recorded on May 10 , 1955 by Bill Haley & His Comets ( Decca 29552 ) , as a response to Thornton 's recording . While not an answer record in the traditional sense , the lyric characterized `` Rhythm '' and `` Blues '' as the titular `` Two Hound Dogs , '' an apparent testament to the stature of `` Hound Dog . '' Freddie Bell and the Bellboys ' versions ( 1955 -- 1956 ) ( edit ) `` Hound Dog '' Single by Freddie Bell and the Bellboys B - side `` Move Me Baby '' Released 1955 ( 1955 ) Format 7 - inch 45 rpm Recorded Philadelphia , 1955 Genre Rock and roll Length 2 : 45 Label Teen Songwriter ( s ) Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller By 1955 Philadelphia - based Teen Records co-founder Bernie Lowe suspected that `` Hound Dog '' could potentially have greater appeal , but knew it had to be sanitized for mainstream acceptance , and so asked popular Las Vegas lounge act Freddie Bell of Freddie Bell and the Bellboys , who had been performing songs with `` tongue - in - cheek '' humour as the band in residence at The Silver Queen Bar and Cocktail Lounge at The Sands Hotel and Casino soon after its opening in December 1952 , to rewrite the lyrics for their first release on his label . `` They replaced the racy with the ridiculous , turned a declaration of no more sex ( ' You can wag your tail but I ai n't gon na feed you no more ' ) into a reprimand for poor hunting skills ( ' Well , you ai n't never caught a rabbit and you ai n't no friend of mine ' ) '' . Additionally , they replaced `` Snoopin ' ' round my door '' with `` cryin ' all the time '' . The song was now literally about a dog . Jerry Leiber , the original lyricist , found these changes irritating , saying that the rewritten words made `` no sense '' . Described as `` one of their trademark spoofs , a send - up of Big Mama Thornton 's ' Hound Dog ' complete with vulgar beat and mock drum fusillades '' , their new `` slightly ' big band ' style of rock ' n ' roll ' '' became a staple of their act : `` Now street legal , the song was given a rock and roll rhythm and put on the Bell Boys ' playlist . '' As performed by Bell and the Bellboys in their Las Vegas act , `` Hound Dog '' was a comedy - burlesque song with `` show - stopping va - va - voom choreography . '' In early 1955 this version of `` Hound Dog '' became the first record released on Teen Records ( TEEN 101 ) , `` a subsidiary of the equally obscure Sound Records '' , that was owned by Lowe ; jazz impresario Nat Segal , who owned Downbeat , the first integrated nightclub in Philadelphia ; and partially by American Bandstand 's creator and first host Bob Horn . Their version of `` Hound Dog '' , which includes `` arf arf '' dog sounds made by the band throughout the song , also included the `` most overused rhythmic pattern '' of the 1950s , the three - beat Latin bass riff pioneered by Dave Bartholomew that was also used in Rufus Thomas ' `` Bear Cat '' , a 1953 answer song to Thornton 's original recording , and subsequently in Presley 's 1956 recording . In June 1984 music researcher and historian George A. Moonoogian also `` found a stylistic similarity '' between Frank `` Dual Trumpeter '' Motley & His Crew 's 1954 number `` New Hound Dog '' ( Big Town 116 ) and Bell 's 1955 Teen Records release of `` Hound Dog '' . On the single 's label , authorship is credited to Leibler ( sic ) and Stoller . No credit is given to Bell or anyone else for the revised lyrics . Their recording of `` Hound Dog '' was a local hit in the Philadelphia area , and received `` lots of radio play on the east coast , and Bell found himself with a regional hit , that included Philadelphia , Cleveland , and New York . Despite `` Hound Dog '' spending 16 weeks at No. 1 on the pre-Dick Clark Bandstand , it attracted no national attention . However , the regional popularity of this release , along with the group 's showmanship , yielded a tour ; an appearance in the seminal pioneer Rock and Roll musical film Rock Around the Clock in January 1956 ; and eventually a recording contract with Mercury Records ' Wing Records subsidiary by February 1956 . In May 1956 ( two months before Presley recorded his version ) , Bell and the Bell Boys recorded a more up tempo version of the song for Mercury that was over 20 seconds shorter , and that also omitted the comedic `` arf arf '' dog sounds of their 1955 Teen Records version . However , Mercury did not release this new version until after the success of Presley 's version . Initially released in France in late 1956 on an EP Rock ' n ' Roll ( Barclay 14159 ) , it was released subsequently in 1957 in Australia ( July 1957 : Mercury Records 45152 ) , Sweden ( Rock'n'Roll Vol. 2 ; Mercury EP - 1 - 3502 ) , and Norway ( Mercury EP MN5 ) . As the legal dispute about its composition had not been resolved , authorship of the Mercury Records version is attributed to Leiber - Stoller - Otis. Mercury finally released Freddie Bell and the Bellboys ' new version of `` Hound Dog '' in the USA on their debut album Rock & Roll ... All Flavors ( Mercury MG 20289 ) in January 1958 , but now crediting Leiber & Stoller only . Both the 1955 Teen Records ( 2 : 45 ) and the 1956 Mercury Records ( 2 : 22 ) versions of `` Hound Dog '' are included in the 1996 compilation album Rockin ' Is Our Business ( Germany : Bear Family Records BCD 15901 ) . Elvis Presley 's version ( 1956 ) ( edit ) `` Hound Dog '' One of artworks for the original U.S. vinyl release Single by Elvis Presley B - side `` Do n't Be Cruel '' Released July 13 , 1956 ( 1956 - 07 - 13 ) Format 7 - inch 45 rpm , 10 - inch 78 rpm Recorded July 2 , 1956 Studio RCA Studios , New York City Genre Rock and roll , rockabilly Length 2 : 15 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Producer ( s ) Steve Sholes Elvis Presley singles chronology `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' ( 1956 ) `` Hound Dog '' ( 1956 ) `` Love Me Tender '' ( 1956 ) `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' ( 1956 ) `` Hound Dog '' ( 1956 ) `` Love Me Tender '' ( 1956 ) Larry Birnbaum described Elvis Presley 's rendition of `` Hound Dog '' as `` an emblem of the rock ' n ' roll revolution '' . George Plasketes argues that Elvis Presley 's version of `` Hound Dog '' should not be considered a cover `` since ( most listeners ) ... were innocent of Willie Mae Thornton 's original 1953 release '' . Michael Coyle asserts that `` Hound Dog '' , like almost all of Presley 's `` covers were all of material whose brief moment in the limelight was over , without the songs having become standards . '' While , because of its popularity , Presley 's recording `` arguably usurped the original '' , Plasketes concludes : `` anyone who 's ever heard the Big Mama Thornton original would probably argue otherwise . '' Presley was aware of and appreciated Big Mama Thornton 's original recording of `` Hound Dog '' , and had a copy in his personal record collection . Ron Smith , a schoolfriend of Presley 's , says he remembers Elvis singing along to a version by Tommy Duncan ( lead singer for the classic lineup of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys ) . According to another schoolmate , Elvis ' favorite r'n'b song was `` Bear Cat ( the Answer to Hound Dog ) '' by Rufus Thomas , a hero of Presley 's . Agreeing with Robert Fink , who claims that `` Hound Dog '' as performed by Presley was intended as a `` witty multiracial piece of sygnifyin ' humor , troping off white overreactions to a black sexual innuendo '' , Freya Jarman - Ivens asserts that `` Presley 's version of ' Hound Dog ' started its life as a blackface comedy '' , in the manner of Al Jolson , but more especially `` African - American performers with a penchant for ' clowning ' -- - Louis Armstrong , Dizzy Gillespie , and Louis Jordan . It was Freddie Bell and the Bellboys ' performance of the song ( with Bell 's amended lyrics ) that influenced Presley 's decision to perform , and later record and release , his own version : `` Elvis 's version of ' Hound Dog ' ( 1956 ) came about , not as an attempt to cover Thornton 's record , but as an imitation of a parody of her record performed by Freddie Bell and the Bellboys. ... The words , the tempo , and the arrangement of Elvis ' ' Hound Dog ' come not from Thornton 's version of the song , but from the Bellboys ' . '' According to Rick Coleman , the Bellboys ' version `` featured ( Dave ) Bartholomew 's three - beat Latin riff , which had been heard in Bill Haley 's ' Shake , Rattle and Roll ' . '' Just as Haley had borrowed the riff from Bartholomew , Presley borrowed it from Bell and the Bellboys . The Latin riff form that was used in Presley 's `` Hound Dog '' was known as `` Habanera rhythm , '' which is a Spanish and African - American musical beat form . After the release of `` Hound Dog '' by Presley , the Habanera rhythm gained much popularity in American popular music . Presley 's first appearance in Las Vegas was in the Venus Room of the New Frontier Hotel and Casino from Monday , April 23 through May 6 , 1956 , as an `` extra added attraction '' , third on the bill to Freddy Martin and His Orchestra and to comedian Shecky Greene . However , `` because of audience dissatisfaction , low attendance , and unsavory behavior by underage fans '' , the booking was reduced to one week At that time , Freddie Bell and the Bellboys , who had been performing as a resident act in the Silver Queen Bar and Cocktail Lounge in the Sands Casino since 1952 , were one of the hottest acts in town . Presley and his band decided to take in their show , and not only enjoyed the show , but also loved their reworking of `` Hound Dog '' , which was a comedy - burlesque with show - stopping va - va - voom choreography . According to Paul W. Papa : `` From the first time Elvis heard this song he was hooked . He went back over and over again until he learned the chords and lyrics . '' Presley 's guitarist Scotty Moore recalled : `` When we heard them perform that night , we thought the song would be a good one for us to do as comic relief when we were on stage . We loved the way they did it . They had a piano player ( Russ Conti ) who stood up and played -- and the way he did his legs they looked like rubber bands bending back and forth . Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller wrote the song for Big Mama Thornton , but Freddie and The Bell Boys had a different set of lyrics . Elvis got his lyrics from those guys . He knew the original lyrics but he did n't use them '' . '' When asked about `` Hound Dog '' , Presley 's drummer D.J. Fontana admitted : `` We took that from a band we saw in Vegas , Freddie Bell and the Bellboys . They were doing the song kinda like that . We went out there every night to watch them . He 'd say : ' Let 's go watch that band . It 's a good band ! ' That 's where he heard ' Hound Dog , ' and shortly thereafter he said : ' Let 's try that song . ' '' When asked if Bell had any objections to Presley recording his own version , Bell gave Colonel Tom Parker , Presley 's manager , a copy of his 1955 Teen Records ' recording , hoping that if Presley recorded it , `` he might reap some benefit when his own version was released on an album . '' According to Bell , `` ( Parker ) promised me that if I gave him the song , the next time Elvis went on tour , I would be the opening act for him -- which never happened . '' In another interview Bell said : `` I hope my career is more than giving ' Hound Dog ' to Elvis '' . In May 1956 , two months before Presley 's release , Bell re-recorded the song in a more frantic version for the Mercury label , however it was not released as a single until 1957 . It was later included on Bell 's 1957 album , Rock & Roll ... All Flavors ( Mercury Records MG 20289 ) . Early performances ( edit ) Presley first added `` Hound Dog '' to his live performances at the New Frontier Hotel . Ace Collins indicates that `` Far from being the frenetic , hard - driving song that he would eventually record , Elvis ' early live renditions of ' Hound Dog ' usually moved pretty slowly , with an almost burlesque feel . '' Just weeks after they had seen Bell and the Bellboys perform , `` Hound Dog '' became Elvis and Scotty and Bill 's closing number for the first time on May 15 , 1956 at Ellis Auditorium in Memphis , during the Memphis Cotton Festival before an audience of 7,000 . Like Bell and the Bellboys , Presley performed the song `` as comic relief , basing the lyrics and his ' gyrations ' ... on what he had seen in Vegas . '' Presley 's performance , including the lyrics ( which he sometimes changed ) and the gyrations always got a big reaction . It became the standard closer until the late 1960s . By the spring of 1956 , Presley was fast becoming a national phenomenon and teenagers came to his concerts in unprecedented numbers . There were many riots at his early concerts . Scotty Moore recalled : `` He 'd start out , ' You ai n't nothin ' but a Hound Dog , ' and they 'd just go to pieces . They 'd always react the same way . There 'd be a riot every time . '' Presley 's then manager Bob Neal wrote : `` It was almost frightening , the reaction ... from teenage boys . So many of them , through some sort of jealousy , would practically hate him . '' In Lubbock , Texas , a teenage gang fire - bombed Presley 's car . Some performers became resentful ( or resigned to the fact ) that Presley going on stage before them would `` kill '' their own act ; he thus rose quickly to top billing . At the two concerts he performed at the 1956 Mississippi - Alabama Fair and Dairy Show , one hundred National Guardsmen were on hand to prevent crowd trouble . Presley researcher Guillermo F. Perez - Argüello contends that : Whatever Presley got from hearing Freddy Bell 's version , which was sometime in April of 1956 , lasted a couple of months only . In fact he sang it 21 times , live , at concerts and on television , using Bell 's vocal arrangement but which also included his own blues version , at half speed , and only at the end , until he recorded it with what was undeniably , his own arrangement based not just on Scotty Moore ' tremendously modern guitar work but his own rage and disgust at what had taken place the night before , at Steve Allen ' s Tonight show , when he was forced to sing the song to a bassett hound , and dressed in tails while simultaneously ( sic . ) facing an audience of 40 million . And once he recorded it , it was his version which he chose to deliver , although by the end of 1956 , he 'd added inflections from the Thornton version as well . '' Television performances ( edit ) Milton Berle show ( edit ) Presley first performed `` Hound Dog '' for a nationwide television audience on The Milton Berle Show on June 5 , 1956 . It was his second appearance on Berle 's program , and his eighth appearance on national television since his debut on January 28 , 1956 on Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey 's Stage Show which was then recorded and broadcast from the CBS - TV studio in New York City . For the first time Presley appeared on national television sans guitar . Berle later told an interviewer that he had told Elvis to leave his guitar backstage . `` Let ' em see you , son '' , advised Uncle Miltie . By this time , Scotty Moore had added a guitar solo to the song , and D.J. Fontana had added a hot drum roll between verses of the song . However , in performing `` Hound Dog '' `` Elvis sings the first line like Freddie Bell and the Bellboys , who repeat `` hound dog '' behind the lead singer : Elvis sings `` hound dog '' and his `` second voice '' repeats `` hound dog . '' By the third verse , he sings the phrase like Thornton . '' An upbeat version ended abruptly as Presley threw his arm back , then began to vamp at half tempo , `` You ai n't - a nuthin ' but a hound dog , cuh - crying all the time . You ai n't never caught a rabbit ... '' A final wave signaled the band to stop . Elvis pointed threateningly at the audience , and belted out , `` You ai n't no friend of mine . '' Presley 's movements during the performance were energetic and exaggerated and the reactions of young women in the studio audience were enthusiastic , as shown on the broadcast . Over 40,000,000 people saw the performance , and the next day , controversy exploded . According to Robert Fink , while `` Hound Dog '' as performed by Presley was intended as a `` witty multiracial piece of sygnifyin ' humor , troping off white overreactions to a black sexual innuendo , ... nobody got the joke ... The display was not taken as parody . ' Hound Dog ' confirmed mainstream America 's worst fears about rock and roll , and sparked nationwide vituperation ; for the first time , Presley ... was attacked in the media as a sexual exhibitionist with no musical talent . '' This performance of `` Hound Dog '' `` triggers the first controversy of his career . Presley sings his latest single , `` Hound Dog , '' with all the pelvis - shaking intensity his fans scream for . Television critics across the country slam the performance for its `` appalling lack of musicality , '' for its `` vulgarity '' and `` animalism . '' The Catholic Church takes up the criticism in its weekly organ in a piece headlined `` Beware Elvis Presley . '' Concerns about juvenile delinquency and the changing moral values of the young find a new target in the popular singer . After Berle 's show , Ed Sullivan , whose variety show is one of television 's most popular , declares that he will never hire Presley . Steve Allen , who has already booked Presley for The Tonight Show , resists pressure from NBC to cancel the performance , promising he will not allow the singer to offend . '' Cultural theorist David Shumway wrote , `` Berle 's network , NBC , received letters of protest , and the various self - appointed guardians of public morality attacked Elvis in the press . '' TV critics began a merciless campaign against Elvis , making statements that he had a `` caterwauling voice and nonsense lyrics '' and was an `` influence on juvenile delinquency '' ( despite the fact that when he started the movements , most of the audience laughed at it ) , and began using the sobriquet , `` Elvis the Pelvis '' . Steve Allen show ( edit ) Elvis next appeared on national television singing `` Hound Dog '' on The Steve Allen Show on July 1 . Steve Allen wrote : `` When I booked Elvis , I naturally had no interest in just presenting him vaudeville - style and letting him do his spot as he might in concert . Instead we worked him into the comedy fabric of our program ... We certainly did n't inhibit Elvis ' then - notorious pelvic gyrations , but I think the fact that he had on formal evening attire made him , purely on his own , slightly alter his presentation . '' As Allen was notoriously contemptuous of rock ' n ' roll music and songs such as `` Hound Dog '' , he smirkingly presented Elvis `` with a roll that looks exactly like a large roll of toilet paper with , says Allen , the ' signatures of eight thousand fans , ' '' and the singer had to wear a tuxedo while singing an abbreviated version of `` Hound Dog '' to an actual top hat - wearing Basset Hound . Although by most accounts Presley was a good sport about it , according to Scotty Moore , the next morning they were all angry about their treatment the previous night . Recording ( edit ) For 7 hours from 2.00 pm on July 2 , 1956 , the day after the Steve Allen Show performance , Presley recorded `` Hound Dog '' along with `` Do n't Be Cruel '' and `` Any Way You Want Me '' for RCA Victor at RCA 's New York City studio with his regular band of Scotty Moore on lead guitar , Bill Black on bass , D.J. Fontana on drums , and backing vocals from the Jordanaires . Despite its popularity in his live shows , Presley had not planned nor prepared to record `` Hound Dog '' , but agreed to do so at the insistence of RCA 's assigned producer Steve Sholes , who argued that `` ' Hound Dog ' was so identified with Elvis that fans would demand a record of the concert standard . '' According to Ace Collins : `` Elvis may not have wanted to record ' Hound Dog ' , but he had a definite idea of how he wanted the finished product to sound . Though he usually slowed it down and treated it like a blues number in concert , in the studio Elvis wanted the song to come off as fast and dynamic . '' While the producing credit was given to Sholes , the studio recordings reveal that Presley produced the songs himself , which is verified by the band members . Gordon Stoker , First Tenor of The Jordanaires , who were chosen to provide backup vocals , recalls : `` They had demos on almost everything that Elvis recorded , and we 'd take it from the demo . We 'd listen to the demo , most of the time , and we 'd take it from the demo . We had ( Big ) Mama Thornton 's record on ' Hound Dog ' , since she had a record on that . After listening to it we actually thought it was awful and could n't figure out why Elvis wanted to do that . '' However , what Stoker did not realize was that Presley wanted to record the version he saw in Las Vegas by Freddie Bell and the Bellboys that he had been performing since May . As session pianist Emidio `` Shorty Long '' Vagnoni left to work on a rehearsal for a stage show , Stoker plays piano on this recording of `` Hound Dog '' . As Stoker was unable to also sing first tenor , `` the Jordanaires try to come up with a combined sound as best they can to cover it , and Gordon laughs as he states , ' That 's one of the worst sounds we ever got on any record ! ' However Elvis insists on doing the song , and the results , albeit without Gordon singing tenor , will still do more than please the masses . Gordon also related that Elvis very much knew in his mind what he wanted the final results to be so they did n't spend a lot of time working out tempos . '' In response to journalist Dave Schwensen , who said : `` I remember reading an interview a few years ago with Keith Richards from The Rolling Stones , ... `` He was talking about the second guitar break on the recording of ' Hound Dog ' and said it sounded like you just took off your guitar , dropped it on the floor and it got the perfect sound . He said he 's never been able to figure out how you did that . '' , in 2002 Scotty Moore indicated : `` I do n't know either , '' ... `` Ahh ... I was actually pissed off to tell'ya the truth . '' ... `` It was just ... Sometimes in the studio you do it too many times and you go past that peak . Like three takes before was really the one you should use . That was it . We had done the thing , ( '' Hound Dog `` ) . I think it was printed somewhere that we did it about forty or sixty ... I do n't know , give or take . But if someone was counting it off , just a couple notes and we stop , that 's a take . You know ? ' Take Two . ' But I was frustrated for some reason and in the second solo I just went , BLAH , '' Musicologist Robert Fink asserts that `` Elvis drove the band through thirty - one takes , slowly fashioning a menacing , rough - trade version quite different than the one they had been performing on the stage . '' The result of Presley 's efforts was an `` angry hopped - up version '' of `` Hound Dog '' . Citing Presley 's anger at his treatment on the Steve Allen Show the previous evening , Peter Nazareth sees this recording as `` revenge on Steve ( '' you ai n't no friend of mine `` ) Allen , and as a protest at being censored on national TV . '' In analyzing Presley 's recording , Fink asserts that `` Hound Dog '' is `` notable for an unremitting level of what can only be called rock and roll dissonance : Elvis just shouts , leaving behind almost completely the rich vocal timbres ( '' romantic lyricism `` ) and mannerist rhythmic play on added syllables ( '' boogification `` ) that Richard Middleton identifies as the cornerstones of his art . Scotty Moore 's guitar is feral : playing rhythm he stays in the lowest register , slashing away at open fifths and hammering the strong beats with bent and distorted pitches ; his repetitive breaks are stinging and even , when he begins one chorus in the wrong key , quite literally atonal ... And the Jordanaires , a gospel quartet who would provide wonderfully subtle rhythmic backup on the next song Elvis recorded at the session , ' Do n't Be Cruel ' , are just hanging on for the ride during this one , while drummer D.J. Fontana just goes plumb crazy . Fontana 's machine - gun drumming on this record has become deservedly famous : the only part of his kit consistently audible in the mix is the snare , played so loud and insistently that the RCA engineers just gave up and let his riffs distort into splatters of clipped noise . The overall effect could not be more different from the amuse , relaxed contempt of Big Mama Thornton ; it is reminiscent of nothing so much s late 1970s white punk rage -- the Ramones , Iggy Pop , the Sex Pistols . In the end , Presley chose version 28 , declaring : `` This is the one . '' During the day Presley 's manager Colonel Tom Parker told RCA vice president Larry Kananga that `` Hound Dog '' `` may become such a big hit that RCA may have to change its corporate symbol from the ' Victor Dog ' to the ' Hound Dog ' . '' After this recording , Presley performed this `` angry hopped - up version '' of `` Hound Dog '' in his concerts , and also on his performances on The Ed Sullivan Show on September 9 and October 28 , 1956 . Release and reception ( edit ) `` Hound Dog '' ( G2WW - 5935 ) was initially released as the B - side to the single `` Do n't Be Cruel '' ( G2WW - 5936 ) on July 13 , 1956 . Soon after the single was re-released with `` Hound Dog '' first and in larger print than `` Do n't Be Cruel '' on the record sleeve . Both sides of the record topped Billboard 's Best Sellers in Stores and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts alongside `` Do n't Be Cruel '' , while `` Hound Dog '' on its own merit topped the country & western and rhythm & blues charts and peaked at number two on Billboard 's main pop chart , the Top 100 . Later reissues of the single by RCA in the 1960s designated the pair as double - A-sided . While Presley was performing `` Hound Dog '' on television and his record was scaling the charts , Stoller , who had been on vacation in Europe , was returning on the ill - fated final voyage of the Andrea Doria . On July 26 , 1956 , Leiber met the just - rescued Stoller on the docks and told him , `` We got a smash hit on Hound Dog , '' Stoller said , `` Big Mama 's record ? '' And Leiber replied : ' `` No . Some white guy named Elvis Presley . '' Stoller added : `` And I heard the record and I was disappointed . It just sounded terribly nervous , too fast , too white . But you know , after it sold seven or eight million records it started to sound better . '' Leiber and Stoller tired of explaining that Presley had dropped most of their lyrics . For example , Leiber complained about Presley adding the line , `` You ai n't caught a rabbit , and you ai n't no friend of mine '' , calling it `` inane ... It does n't mean anything to me . '' Forty years later , Leiber told music journalist Rikky Rooksby that Presley had stamped the hit with his own identity : `` ( A ) white singer from Memphis who 's a hell of a singer -- he does have some black attitudes -- takes the song over ... But here 's the thing : we did n't make it . His version is like a combination of country and skiffle . It 's not black . He sounds like Hank Snow . In most cases where we are attributed with rock and roll , it 's misleading , because what we did is usually the original record -- which is R&B -- and some other producer ( and a lot of them are great ) covered our original record . '' By August 18 , 1956 , Peacock Records re-released Big Mama Thornton 's original recording of `` Hound Dog '' , backing it with `` Rock - a-Bye Baby '' ( Peacock 5 - 1612 ) , but it failed to chart . Ed. Sullivan show ( edit ) Despite refusing publicly to invite Presley to perform on his popular Sunday television evening program , after the ratings success of his appearance on The Steve Allen Show , Ed Sullivan agreed to pay $50,000 for Presley to appear three times . `` Hound Dog '' was performed during each of those programs . On September 9 , 1956 , with the song topping several U.S. charts , Presley appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show ( hosted that evening by Charles Laughton ) . After performing `` Ready Teddy '' , Presley performed an abbreviated version of `` Hound Dog '' , introducing the song with the following statement : `` Friends , as a great philosopher once said ... '' This performance garnered `` a 43.7 and 82.6 rating and share , respectively , which meant 60 -- 62 million were watching , the largest audience in history up to that time , although the share in itself has never been beaten , or even equalled , to this day . '' In September 1956 , Democratic congressman Emanuel Celler , chairman of the House Judiciary Antitrust Subcommittee was disgusted at `` the bad taste that is exemplified by Elvis Presley 's ' Hound Dog ' music , with his animal gyrations , which are certainly most distasteful to me , are violative of all that I know to be in good taste . '' In October 1956 Melody Maker critic Steve Race reacted negatively to Presley 's rendition of `` Hound Dog '' : `` When Hound Dog was released -- and believe me ' released ' is the word -- I sat up and took rather special notice . Lo these many times I have heard bad records , for sheer repulsiveness coupled with the monotony of incoherence , Hound Dog hit a new low in my experience . '' Race added : `` My particular interest in Presley 's ' Hound Dog ' does not lie simply in the fact that I do n't like it . The point about the whole thing is that , by all and any standards , it is a thoroughly bad record '' , lacking in `` tone , intelligibility , musicianship , taste ( and ) subtlety '' , through defying `` the decent limits of guitar amplification '' . During his second Sullivan show appearance on October 28 , Presley introduced the song thusly ( although unable to keep a straight face ) : `` Ladies and gentlemen , could I have your attention please . Ah , I 'd like to tell you we 're going to do a sad song for you . This song here is one of the saddest songs we 've ever heard . It really tells a story , friends . Beautiful lyrics . It goes something like this . '' He then launched into a full version of the song . Elvis was shown in full during this performance . In the third and final show on January 6 , 1957 , Presley performed seven songs , including `` Hound Dog '' . Despite Presley being filmed only above the waist , at the end of the show Sullivan looked to the audience , saying `` I wanted to say to Elvis Presley and the country that this is a real decent , fine boy , and wherever you go , Elvis , we want to say we 've never had a pleasanter experience on our show with a big name than we 've had with you . So now let 's have a tremendous hand for a very nice person ! '' This proved to be Presley 's last live performance on American television . In 1957 Frank Sinatra supported US Senator George Smathers ' crusade against `` inferior music '' , including `` Hound Dog '' , which Sinatra sarcastically referred to as `` a masterpiece . '' Oscar Hammerstein II had `` a particular loathing of ' Hound Dog ' '' . In 1960 , Perry Como told The Saturday Evening Post : `` When I hear ' Hound Dog ' I have to vomit a little , but in 1975 it will probably be a slightly ancient classic . '' Albin J. Zak III , Professor of Music at the State University of New York , Albany , in his inaugural American Musicological Society / Rock & Roll Hall of Fame lecture , `` ' A Thoroughly Bad Record ' : Elvis Presley 's ' Hound Dog ' as Rock and Roll Manifesto '' , in October 2011 asserted : `` In retrospect ... we can recognize defining moments of crystallization ... The record was widely scorned by music industry veterans and high - pop aficionados , yet in its rude enthusiasm it represents an emphatic assertion of aesthetic principle at the dawn of rock and roll . '' In 1997 Bob Dylan indicated that Presley 's record influenced his decision to get into music : `` What got me into the whole thing in the beginning was n't songwriting . When ' Hound Dog ' came across the radio , there was nothing in my mind that said , ' Wow , what a great song , I wonder who wrote that ? ' ... It was just ... it was just there . '' Presley 's `` Hound Dog '' sold over 4 million copies in the United States on its first release . It was his best - selling single and , starting in July 1956 , it spent eleven weeks at # 1 -- a record not eclipsed until Boyz II Men 's `` End of the Road '' held at # 1 for 13 weeks in 1992 . It stayed in the # 1 spot until it was replaced by `` Love Me Tender '' , also recorded by Elvis . Billboard ranked it as the No. 2 song for 1956 . `` Hound Dog '' would go on to sell 10 million copies worldwide , including 5 million in the United States alone . In 1958 the `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' single became just the third record to sell more than three million copies , following Bing Crosby 's `` White Christmas '' and Gene Autry 's `` Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . Despite its commercial success , `` Elvis used to say that ' Hound Dog ' was the silliest song he 'd ever sung and thought it might sell ten or twelve records right around his folks ' neighborhood . '' By the end of summer 1956 , after Presley 's recording of the song was a million - seller , Freddie Bell , who had introduced the song to Presley in April , told an interviewer : `` I did n't feel bad about that at all . In fact , I encouraged him to record it . '' However , after the success of Presley 's recording , `` Bell sued to get some of the composer royalties because he had changed the words and indeed the song , and he would have made millions as the songwriter of Elvis 's version : but he lost because he did not ask Leiber & Stoller for permission to make the changes and thereby add his name as songwriter . '' Later notable performances ( edit ) Presley 's final performance on stage for almost 8 years was a benefit concert for the USS Arizona Memorial on Sunday , March 25 , 1961 at the Bloch Arena in Pearl Harbor . During this concert , which raised nearly $65,000 the USS Arizona Memorial building fund , Presley closed the concert singing `` Hound Dog '' . Presley performed a high - energy version of `` Hound Dog '' in his legendary Comeback Special that aired on December 3 , 1968 on the NBC television network . After the ratings success of this program , on July 31 , 1969 , Presley returned to perform in Las Vegas for the first time since his unsuccessful performances in April and May 1956 . Booked for a four - week , fifty - seven show engagement at the International Hotel , which has just been built and has the largest showroom in the city , `` this engagement breaks all existing Las Vegas attendance records and attracts rave reviews from the public and the critics . It is a triumph . '' Elvis ' first live album , Elvis in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas , Nevada is recorded during this engagement and is soon released . During this concert , Presley introduced `` Hound Dog '' as his `` special song . '' `` Never one to take himself too seriously , Elvis joked with the crowd about the old days and the old songs . At one point , he decided to dedicate his next number to the audience and the staff at the International : ' This is the only song I could think of that really expresses my feeling toward the audience ' , he said in all earnestness , before bursting into ' Hound Dog ' . '' Presley performed `` Hound Dog '' in his historic Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite concert that was the `` first entertainment special to be broadcast live around the world , '' on January 14 , 1973 . Beamed via Globecam Satellite to Australia , South Korea , Japan , Thailand , the Philippines , South Vietnam and other countries , it was also seen on a delayed basis in around thirty European countries . An expanded version was broadcast on NBC in the USA on April 4 , 1973 on NBC , attracting 51 % of the television viewing audience , and was seen in more American households than the July 1969 Moon landing . Eventually it was seen in about forty countries by one billion to 1.5 billion people . Awards and accolades ( edit ) In 1988 , Presley 's original 1956 RCA recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . In December 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked it No. 19 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , the highest ranked of Presley 's eleven entries . In March 2005 , Q magazine placed Presley 's version at No. 55 of Q Magazine 's 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks . Presley 's version is listed as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard The Hot 100 US Billboard Best Sellers in Stores US Billboard Most Played by Jockeys US Billboard Most Played in Jukeboxes US Billboard Most Played Country & Western Singles 6 US Billboard Most Played Country & Western in Jukeboxes US Billboard Most Played Rhythm and Blues Singles US Billboard Most Played Rhythm and Blues in Jukeboxes US Billboard Top Selling Country & Western Singles US Billboard Top Selling Rhythm and Blues Singles US Cash Box Magazine Top Country & Western Singles Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 41 Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 21 Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 25 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 83 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 Year - End charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1956 ) Peak position US Billboard ( Best Sellers in Stores ) 8 US Singles ( Cash Box ) 15 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 5,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Chart succession ( edit ) Preceded by `` My Prayer '' by The Platters US Best Sellers in Stores number - one single August 18 , 1956 -- September 16 , 1956 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Do n't Be Cruel '' by Elvis Presley US Cash Box number - one single August 18 , 1956 -- September 8 , 1956 ( 4 weeks ) US Most Played in Jukeboxes number - one single September 1 , 1956 -- November 10 , 1956 ( 11 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Green Door '' by Jim Lowe Preceded by `` Honky Tonk '' ( Part 1 & 2 ) by Bill Doggett US Top Selling Rhythm and Blues Singles number - one single September 15 , 1956 -- October 20 , 1956 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Honky Tonk '' ( Part 1 & 2 ) by Bill Doggett Preceded by `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' by Elvis Presley US Top Selling Country & Western Singles number one single September 15 , 1956 -- November 17 , 1956 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Singing the Blues '' by Marty Robbins Preceded by `` Do n't Be Cruel '' by Elvis Presley US Best Sellers in Stores number - one single September 29 , 1956 -- October 27 , 1956 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Love Me Tender '' by Elvis Presley Responses ( edit ) The commercial success of Presley 's 1956 RCA version of `` Hound Dog '' precipitated a proliferation of cover versions , answer songs , and parodies . Additionally , `` Hound Dog '' was translated into several languages , including German , Spanish , Portuguese , French , and even Bernese German . Other cover versions ( edit ) By 1964 , Presley 's version of `` Hound Dog '' had been covered over 26 times , and by 1984 , there were at least 85 different cover versions of the song , making it `` the best - known and most often recorded Rock & Roll song '' . In July 2013 the official Leiber & Stoller website listed 266 different versions of `` Hound Dog '' , but acknowledged that its list is incomplete . Among the notable artists who have covered Presley 's version of `` Hound Dog '' are : Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps ; Jerry Lee Lewis ; Chubby Checker ; Pat Boone ; Sammy Davis , Jr. ; Betty Everett ; Little Richard ; The Surfaris ; The Everly Brothers ; Junior Wells ; The Mothers of Invention ; The Easybeats ; Jimi Hendrix ; Vanilla Fudge ; Van Morrison ; Conway Twitty ; Jimi Hendrix & Little Richard ; John Lennon and the Plastic Ono Elephant 's Memory Band ; John Entwistle ; Carl Perkins ; Eric Clapton ; James Taylor ; and ( in 1993 ) Tiny Tim ( in his full baritone voice ) . In 1999 David Grisman , John Hartford , and Mike Seeger included `` Hound Dawg '' on their 1999 album Retrograss , which was nominated for a Grammy in the Traditional Folk Album category in 2000 . Beatles and John Lennon cover versions ( edit ) As Elvis Presley was a major seminal influence on Paul McCartney and John Lennon , and `` Hound Dog '' was a favorite of the young Lennon and his mother , during The Beatles ' early career `` Hound Dog '' was one of the songs Lennon and McCartney as the Quarrymen later as the Beatles played from August 1957 through 1961 . No recorded version is known to survive . On August 30 , 1972 , Lennon performed the song with the Plastic Ono Elephant 's Memory Band at Madison Square Garden , New York City , in one of his last charity concerts , and was released on his Live in New York album on January 24 , 1986 . John Lennon also recorded `` Hound Dog '' during his huge rehearsal of early Rock and Roll classics ( for the Madison Square Garden concert ) that was released on the unauthorized album S.I.R. John Winston Ono Lennon . Tony Sheridan ( who was asked to join the young Beatles ) also recorded the Presley version of `` Hound Dog '' . Foreign language versions ( edit ) Among those artists who have recorded non-English versions of `` Hound Dog '' are : Ralf Bendix ( in German , as `` Heut Geh ' Ich Nicht Nach Hause '' ) ( 1957 ) ; ( Today I 'm Not Going Home ) Die Rock and Rollers with the Johannes Fehring Orchestra ( in German , as `` Das Ist Rock And Roll '' ) ( lyrics : Fini Busch ) ( 1957 ) ; Dyno Y Los Solitarios ( in Mexican Spanish , as `` Sabueso '' ) ( 1960 : Discos Audiomex ) . ( Hound ) Los Rogers ( in Spanish , as `` El Twist Del Perro '' ) ( 1961 ) ; ( Dog Twist ) Lucky Blondo ( in French , as `` Un Vieux Chien de Chasse '' ) on his album To Elvis from Nashville ( 1977 : Philips ) ( An Old Hound ) Angela Ro Ro ( in Brazilian Portuguese , as `` Hot - Dog '' ) ( 1984 ) Züri West ( in Bernese German as `` Souhung '' ) on their album Elvis ( June 15 , 1990 : Black Cat at Sound Service ) Aurelio Morata ( in Spanish , as `` Perra Boba '' ) Tributo Al Rey ( 1997 : Picap ) Parodies ( edit ) After the Presley version of `` Hound Dog '' became a commercial success , Homer and Jethro parodied it as `` Houn ' Dawg '' ( RCA Victor 47 - 6706 ; 20 - 6706 ) , including such lines as : `` You look like an Airedale , with the air let out '' . Several parodies emphasized the cross-cultural appeal of Presley 's record . Lalo `` Pancho Lopez '' Guerrero , the father of Chicano music , released a parody version in 1956 entitled `` Pound Dog '' ( L&M LM1002 ) about a chihuahua . In January 1957 , Jewish American satirist Mickey Katz released a Yinglish novelty song version , `` You 're a Doity Dog '' ( Capitol F3607 ) , singing with a Yiddish accent , and having a klezmer break between verses . In this freilach - rock song , Katz sang `` You ai n't nothin ' but a paskudnick '' . By March 1957 , veteran country singer Cliff Johnson responded to the popularity of Presley 's `` Hound Dog '' by recording his self - penned `` Go ' Way Hound Dog ( Let Me Sing My Blues ) '' ( Columbia 4 - 40865 ; Australia : Coronet Records KW - 022 ) , described in Billboard as `` rockabilly that professes satiation with rockabilly music . '' In 1991 , Elvis `` translator '' El Vez , backed by The Memphis Mariachis , released `` ( You Ai n't Nothin ' But A ) Chihuahua '' , a `` Chicano Power parody '' that opens with : `` You ai n't nothin ' but a Chihuahua / Yapping all the time . '' Encouraged by the 1994 decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Campbell v. Acuff - Rose Music , Inc. that `` ruled that ... musicians do not have to obtain permission from the original artists to perform and record parodies of those compositions '' , other parodies of `` Hound Dog '' emerged subsequently . These include `` Found God '' , a self - acknowledged parody of Presley 's version by popular Christian band ApologetiX , which , using the original tune , opens with : `` I ai n't nothin ' but I found God / It took quite a long time '' . Litigation ( edit ) Over the years `` Hound Dog '' `` has been the subject of an inordinate number of lawsuits '' , and `` would eventually become one of the most litigated songs in recorded music history '' . Lion Music Publishing Company v. Sun Records ( 1953 ) ( edit ) Background ( edit ) On September 9 , 1952 the copyright application for `` Hound Dog '' was lodged . On the application the words & music are attributed to Don Deadric Robey & Willie Mae Thornton , with the copyright claimants listed as : `` Murphy L. Robey ( W ) & Willie Mae Thornton ( A ) . It was renewed subsequently on May 13 , 1980 with the same details . By the end of 1953 at least six `` answer songs '' that responded to ' Big Mama ' Thornton 's original version of `` Hound Dog '' were released . According to Peacock Records 's Don Robey , these songs were `` bastardizations '' of the original and reduced its sales potential . These included : `` Mr. Hound Dog 's in Town '' recorded on March 18 by Blues shouter Roy Brown for King Records ( 45 -- 4627 ) . While it had the same melody and many of the same lyrics as the original , Brown is credited as the sole writer . `` ( You Ai n't Nothin ' But A Female ) Hound Dog '' ( King 45 - 1212 ) recorded by Vocalist Charlie Gore and guitarist Louis Innis on March 22 for King Records on March 22 . This song was credited to Innis , Lois Mann ( a pseudonym of King Records owner Syd Nathan , the latter his wife 's maiden name ) , and Johnny Otis . `` Rattlesnake '' recorded by Blues guitarist John Brim for Chess Records ' Checker subsidiary with Little Walter on blues harp . `` Real Gone Hound Dog '' ( Combo 25 ) , `` an obscure ' answer ' record to ' Hound Dog ' '' , recorded by Chuck Higgins and His Mellotones ' with a vocal by Higgins ' brother `` Daddy Cleanhead '' for Jake Porter 's Combo Records . The composition was credited to Higgins and Porter ( as V. Haven ) . However , the most popular of the answer songs to `` Hound Dog '' was `` Bear Cat ( The Answer To Hound Dog ) '' ( Sun 181 ) recorded by Memphis disc jockey Rufus Thomas ( adopting the nickname , `` Rufus ' Hound Dog ' Thomas '' ) at Sun Studios at 706 Union Avenue , Memphis. on March 8 , 1953 , just two weeks after Thornton 's original version was released , and even before a review of `` Hound Dog '' had been published in Billboard , While retaining the same melody as `` Hound Dog '' , Sun founder Sam Phillips wrote new lyrics , in which he altered the gender of the singer , who bemoaned that his woman was a `` bear cat '' , a Jazz Age slang term for `` a hot - blooded or fiery girl '' . The record 's spare electric guitar work by Memphis bluesman Joe Hill Louis was greatly influenced by that of Pete Lewis on the original . According to James M. Salem : ( I ) nstead of barking and howling there is meowing and hissing in the background . In true answer form , the gender of the participants was reversed . This time the protagonist is male , directly challenging the worthless female of the original song -- correcting her previous insults and re-directing them at her . `` You know what you said about me woman ? '' says the man in open confrontation . `` Well ... You ai n't nothin ' but a bear cat , scratchin ' at my door . '' All the irony and sarcasm of the original is captured in the answer , even the sexuality : `` You can purr , pretty kitty , but I ai n't gon na rub you no more . '' By the end of March , `` Bear Cat '' was in stores , prompting Billboard to describe it as `` the fastest answer song to hit the market '' . It became both Thomas ' and Sun Records ' first hit , eventually reaching # 3 on the R&B charts . However , as Phillips claimed a writing credit for the song , a copyright - infringement suit ensued that nearly bankrupted Phillips ' record label . On March 28 , Billboard reported that , `` In an effort to combat what has become a rampant practice by small labels -- the rushing out of answers which are similar in melody and / or theme to ditties which have become smash hits -- many pubbers are now retaining attorneys . Common practice , of course is to regard the answer as an original . Currently publishers are putting up a fight to protect their originals from unauthorised or infringing answers . '' In that same issue , Robey told Billboard he had notified the Harry Fox publishing agency `` to issue Sun a license on ' Bear Cat ' in order that Robey might collect a royalty '' . On April 4 , 1953 , Robey wrote to Phillips that , `` unless contracts are signed and in the office of Mr. Harris Fox by Wednesday , April 8th , 1953 , I will be forced to take immediate steps with Court Actions '' , hoping `` this will not cause any unfriendly relations , but please remember that I have to pay when I intrude upon the rights of others , and certainly must protect my own rights . '' On April 11 Bob Rolontz reported in Billboard : `` The answers to r&b tunes , which have become prolific with the many replies to such smash hits as ' I Do n't Know ' , ' Mama ' and ' Hound Dog ' are being given a serious scrutiny by the original copyright holders of the tunes on the original hit waxings . It appears they do not think too highly of writing an answer to a hit unless a license is obtained and permission to write a parody is given by the publisher . '' On the prior page , Peacock Records placed an advertisement promoting Thornton 's release as `` The Original Version of ' Hound Dog ' '' , warning : `` Beware of Imitations -- Follow the Leader for Good Results '' before reminding the reader : `` The Original -- The Best '' . Two pages later , Intro Records touted the version by Tommy Duncan and the Miller Bros. as `` Best of them all ! ! ! '' Proceedings ( edit ) Their requests for payment having been ignored , Robey and two other music publishers initiated unprecedented legal proceedings in April against the record companies that released these competing songs , alleging copyright infringement . As a result , Chess Records withdrew Brim 's `` Rattlesnake '' from sale . In the Memphis courts , Lion Publishing Co. sought royalties and treble damages , claiming `` Bear Cat '' was `` a dead steal '' . In May , Phillips responded : `` There 's a lot of difference in the words . As for the tune , there 's practically no melody , but a rhythm pattern '' , adding that it is hard to differentiate between any two 12 - bar blues songs . By June 1953 in a `` precedent - setting '' decision the Court ruled against Phillips , and upheld the charges of plagiarism , finding the tune and some of the lyrics of `` Bear Cat '' to be identical to those of `` Hound Dog '' . Phillips was ordered to pay 2 % of all of the profits of `` Bear Cat '' plus court costs . As this amounted to $35,000 compensation , Phillips was reduced to near bankruptcy , ultimately forcing him to sell Elvis Presley 's Sun contract to RCA for $35,000 to raise the funds to settle his debts . On June 4 , 1953 , Jet reported that : `` The Sun Record Company of Memphis agreed to pay $2,080 to a Texas Recording firm because its blues tune , Bear Cat , is too similar to Hound Dog . Lion Publishing Company of Houston , Tex. , won the out - of - court settlement after contending in a court suit that Bear Cat was a `` conscious imitation '' of their own recording with `` only minor variations . '' Sam C. Phillips of Sun Record agreed to pay Hound Dog owners two cents per record for 79,000 waxings of Bear Cat already sold and two cents a record for future sales . On July 8 Robey wrote to Phillips again , thanking him `` kindly for your co-operation in this matter '' , but Phillips still refused to purchase a mechanical license for Thomas ' `` Bear Cat '' . Robey then instructed his company lawyer Irving Marcus to sue Phillips and Sun Records , hoping to use this as a test case to determine the legal status of all answer songs . While earlier pressings of Sun 181 bore the caption `` ( The Answer To Hound Dog ) '' above the A-side title , as a result of the legal action this was removed from all later pressings . In the 1980s , Sam Phillips conceded : `` I should have known better . The melody was exactly the same as theirs , but we claimed the credit for writing the damn thing '' . King Records vs. Lion Publishing Co. and Lion Publishing Co. vs. King Records & Valjo Music ( 1953 ) ( edit ) In late July 1953 Syd Nathan , president of King Records , took Robey and his Lion Publishing Company to court . The August 1 , 1953 BillBoard reported : `` Lion ( Music ) itself was in court defending the contention of Syd Nathan Records ( sic ) in Cincinnati that he had an interest in the song ' Hound Dog ' and should have a fifty per cent share of its success . '' Nathan claimed that Valjo Music , one of King Records ' publishing affiliates , had legal rights to the song as Johnny Otis , who claimed to be a co-author , was under exclusive contract to them at the time . An article entitled `` New Howl Goes Up Over ' Hound Dog ' Infringement '' in The Pittsburgh Courier of August 8 , 1953 reported : You ai n't nothin ' but a hound dog '' is becoming a battle cry faster than a pup can clean a bone . `` Hound Dog '' has been howling on the juke boxes for several months and all this time the record has been hounded by imitations and sundry other misfortunes . One thing is sure : this is the most profitable hound dog since Eliza slid across the ice . This is the latest episode : King Records joined the pack this week in the legal hassle over who 's gon na get the profits from the current rhythm Dog . '' ... Valjo , meanwhile , is complaining that one of the writers of the tune , Johnny Otis , was under exclusive contract to them when he wrote the tune in collaboration with others and they are claiming 50 per cent of the publisher 's share of the tune . At any rate , on it goes and the big problem now seems to be , how much Is that `` Hound Dog '' In the juke box worth ? In response , Robey counter-sued both King Records and Valjo Music over Roy Brown 's answer record , and also over Little Esther 's cover record ( King 12126 ) . When the dust settled , the publishing for `` Hound Dog '' ( in all variations ) remained with Lion , and writing credit with Leiber and Stoller . In April , 1954 , Billboard 's Rolontz summed up the events thusly : `` The year 1953 saw an important precedent set in regard to answer tunes ... since the ' Hound Dog ' decision , few record firms have attempted to ' answer ' smash hits by other companies by using same tune with different lyrics . '' Valjo Music Publishing Corporation v. Elvis Presley Music ( 1956 -- 1957 ) ( edit ) The most protracted lawsuit involving `` Hound Dog '' was Valjo Music Publishing Corporation v. Elvis Presley Music that was initiated in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in October 1956 , after the commercial success of Elvis Presley 's version of the song , and concluded in December 1957 . It would be the first `` legal spat '' for Presley 's publishing company , Elvis Presley Music . Background ( edit ) Leiber and Stoller were introduced to Otis in July 1952 by Federal Records ' Ralph Bass when Otis needed songs for artists he was recording for Federal , including Little Esther , Little Willie Littlefield , and Bobby Nunn of The Robins . In exchange for Otis using their songs , Leiber and Stoller gave Otis a one - third interest in those songs and assigned the publishing to Otis ' company , Valjo Music Publishing Company . Similarly , on August 30 , 1952 , Leiber and Stoller signed a contract with Spin Music Inc. -- another publishing company in which Otis held an interest -- assigning it certain rights to `` Hound Dog '' and some other songs in exchange for royalties to be divided equally between Leiber , Stoller , and Otis . When the song was copyrighted initially on September 9 , 1952 , words and music were credited to Don Deadric Robey and Willie Mae Thornton , with Lion Publishing Co. identified as the registered publisher . However , on March 26 , 1953 , it was credited to Leiber , Stoller , and Otis ; and Valjo Music -- not Spin -- was the registered publisher . According to the findings of the court in Valjo Music Publishing Corporation v. Elvis Presley Music : `` Thereafter Otis , in apparent disregard of the contracts both with Spin Music Inc. and plaintiff , arranged to have ' Hound Dog ' published by Lion Music Publishing Company of Houston , Texas , and released by its affiliate Peacock Records . Otis executed a writer - publisher contract on October 10 , 1952 with Lion Music Publishing Company in which Leiber , Otis and Stoller were described as the writers of ' Hound Dog . ' '' Thus , Otis received a co-writing credit with Leiber and Stoller on Thornton 's Peacock Records release and on all of the 1953 cover versions . The court also noted : `` Otis signed not only his name but also signed -- or perhaps forged -- the names of Stoller and Leiber to it . The president or proprietor of Lion Music Publishing Company noted the similarity of the handwriting of the signatures and made contact with Leiber and Stoller who advised him that Otis had no authority to sign their names to the agreement and that Otis was not a co-author of the song , although he was entitled to receive one - third of the royalties . Lion then arranged for a contract with Leiber and Stoller alone for the publishing rights . '' In order for Leiber and Stoller to execute the contract with Lion -- `` which , because we were underage , had to be signed by our mothers '' -- a court appointed Mary Stein ( for Leiber ) and Adelyn Stoller ( for Stoller ) as their legal guardians in late April 1953 . The contract assigned the publishing for `` Hound Dog '' to Lion . Otis ' credit was omitted from all subsequent records . Following on the popularity of Elvis ' live and televised performances of `` Hound Dog '' , Elvis Presley Music made the acquisition of half the publishing for the song from Lion Music a precondition to issuing a recording , to which Robey assented . Proceedings ( edit ) In October 1956 , the success of Presley 's version ( sales at that time exceeded 2 million copies ) prompted Valjo to sue Leiber and Stoller and Elvis Presley Music ( an affiliate of Hill & Range Songs ) for an accounting of profits and for damages and to have Otis restored as co-writer and recover damages for lost royalties . In Valjo Music Publishing Corporation v. Elvis Presley Music , Otis as plaintiff alleged that he was the co-author of `` Hound Dog '' along with two defendants , Leiber and Stoller . The defendants denied that Otis wrote any part of the song . On August 26 , 1956 , Otis signed a release of any claims to the song in exchange for $750 . In court , Otis claimed that he had done so because he had learned that the defendants were legally infants at the time of the original contracts in 1952 , and would , therefore , disaffirm any contract that they had with him . This made no sense to the United States Southern District of Court of New York : `` Otis was a man who had many years experience in the music business . He must have realized that even though Leiber and Stoller were infants they could not disaffirm his co-authorship of a song , if in fact he had been a co-author . '' Further , while Leiber and Stoller acknowledged that they had given Otis one - third of the mechanical rights for the original Thornton recording , they denied giving him one - third authorship credit . On December 4 , 1957 , Federal Court Judge Archie O. Dawson dismissed Valjo 's claim in the New York Federal Court , on the basis that Otis was `` unworthy of belief '' , that he admitted forging Leiber and Stoller 's signatures on a declaration to third - party publisher Lion Music , that Leiber and Stoller were underage at the time , and that Otis had signed a release to any claims for $750 . As the evidence would not sustain Valjo 's contention that Otis had collaborated in the writing of `` Hound Dog '' , the Court voided Leiber and Stoller 's contract , ordered Otis to pay the legal costs of the defendants , and awarded 46.25 % of the song to Leiber and Stoller , with Lion Music receiving 28.75 % and Elvis Presley Music receiving the final 25 % . Despite the Court 's findings , Otis continued to claim that he wrote the third verse and rewrote some of the lyrics in the second verse -- including adding `` You made me feel so bad . You make me weep and moan . You ai n't looking for a woman . You 're looking for a home '' -- and edited out what he described later as `` derogatory crap '' . In 2000 , Otis claimed : `` Lieber and Stoller brought me the song , ' Hound Dog , ' '' Otis recalls , of the time he produced Big Mama Thornton 's recording of what was to become an R&B , and then rock ' n ' roll , classic . `` Parts of it were n't really acceptable . I did n't like that reference to chicken and watermelon , said ' Let 's get that crap out of there . ' ... This came out and was a big smash , and everything was all right . I had half the publishing rights and one third of the song - writing . Then Elvis Presley made it a mega hit , and they got greedy . They sued me in court . They won , they beat me out of it . I could have sent my kids to college , like they sent theirs , '' Otis said . `` But , oh well , if I dwell on that I get quite unhappy , so we try to move on . '' However , Leiber and Stoller maintained consistently and emphatically that Otis was `` not a writer of the song '' ( emphasis theirs ) . As he had provided lyrics for the version of `` Hound Dog '' recorded by Presley , Freddie Bell `` sued to get some of the composer royalties because he had changed the words and indeed the song , and he would have made millions as the songwriter of Elvis ' version : but he lost because he did not ask Lieber & Stoller for permission '' to make those changes . Broadcast Music , Incorporated ( BMI ) is the performing rights organization for `` Hound Dog '' ( BMI Work # 94632 , ISWC # T - 905246869 - 6 ) , while Sony / ATV SONGS LLC owns the publishing rights . In Popular Culture ( edit ) The AGM - 28 Hound Dog missile 's name is inspired by Presley 's version of the song . The song was one of six that Johnny Casino and the Gamblers ( Sha Na Na ) performed in the school dance scene in the 1978 musical film Grease . The instrumental version by Les Welch & His Orchestra was used in Phillip Noyce 's 1978 Australian film Newsfront and its soundtrack album , Music and Songs from the Film Newsfront . `` Hound Dog '' was included in Alan Bleasdale 's 1985 stage musical Are You Lonesome Tonight ? and on the subsequent soundtrack album by the original London Cast . The Big Mama Thornton original was included in the soundtrack of the 1992 courtroom drama A Few Good Men . The song was included in the 1995 musical revue Smokey Joe 's Cafe , and in the 2002 TV special Smokey Joe 's Cafe : The Songs of Leiber and Stoller . The 1995 soundtrack album Smokey Joe 's Cafe : The Songs Of Leiber And Stoller performed by the original Broadway Cast won a Grammy award in 1996 . The song was included in the 1996 stage musical , Hound Dog : A Hip hOpera `` , a musical sendup that was written , and produced by Jeff Rake , that ran for three months at Hollywood 's Hudson Theatre , receiving five LA Weekly Theatre Award nominations , including Musical of the Year . In the 2002 animated film Lilo & Stitch , the song is one of the five Presley songs included . Big Mama Thornton 's version is included in Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues : A Musical Journey , the soundtrack of Martin Scorsese 's PBS 2003 film series , The Blues . The song appeared in the musical All Shook Up in 2005 . The 2007 coming of age film Hounddog takes its name from the song . Presley 's version is the favorite song of the film 's lead character , a 12 - year - old Presley - obsessed girl ( played by Dakota Fanning ) , who is encouraged to sing after she was raped . Grammy - winning American singer - songwriter Jill Scott made her film debut in `` Hounddog '' portraying Big Mama Thornton , including a performance of the song . In 2008 , Presley 's version was included in the opening sequence of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . Discography ( edit ) Willie Mae `` Big Mama '' Thornton ( edit ) with Kansas City Bill and Orchestra `` Hound Dog '' / `` Night Mare '' ( US : February 1953 ; Peacock 1612 ) ( UK : 1954 ; Vogue V 2284 ) ( Sweden , 1954 ; Karusell K 66 ) ( France , 1954 : Vogue V 3328 ) Song is credited to Leiber - Stroller ( sic ) - Otis . with Kansas City Bill and Orchestra `` Hound Dog '' / `` Rock - a-Bye Baby '' ( US : August 1956 ; Peacock 5 - 1612 ) with Kansas City Bill and Orchestra `` Hound Dog '' / `` Rock - a-Bye Baby '' ( Aust & NZ : 1956 ; Prestige PSP - 1004 ) Song is credited to Robey - Thornton - Leiber - Stoller . The Big Ones From Duke and Peacock Records ( US : 1967 ; Peacock Records PLP - 2000 ) Various Artists `` Hound Dog '' / `` Let 's Go Get Started '' ( 1969 : Mercury Records 72981 ) She 's Back ( 1970 : Back Beat Records BLP - 68 ) Reissued : ( 1974 : ABC / Back Beat BBLX - 68 ) . Hound Dog : The Peacock Recordings ( 1992 : Peacock MCAD - 10668 ) Freddie Bell and the Bellboys ( edit ) `` Hound Dog '' ( Leibler - Stoller ) ( 2 : 45 ) / `` Move Me Baby '' ( 1955 : Teen 101 ) . This version is slower and includes `` arf arf '' sounds . * ( 2 : 20 ) ( Leiber - Stoller - * `` Hound Dog '' ( Leiber - Stoller - Otis ) ( 2 : 20 ) Rock'n'Roll Vol. 1 ( UK : 1956 : Barclay 14159 EP ) ( France : Mercury 14159 ) `` Hound Dog '' ( Leiber - Stoller - Otis ) ( 2 : 20 ) / `` Big Bad Wolf '' ( 1957 : Mercury Records 45152 ) ( Australia : July 1957 ; Mercury 45152 ) `` Hound Dog '' Rock ' N ' Roll Vol. 2 ( Sweden : 1957 ; Mercury EP - 1 - 3502 ) ( Norway : 1957 ; Mercury EP MN5 ) `` Hound Dog '' ( Leiber - Stoller ) Rock _́ n Roll All Flavors ( 1957 : Mercury MG 20289 ) Elvis Presley ( edit ) Elvis : The First Live Recordings These are recordings from the Louisiana Hayride radio show from 1955 and 1956 . ( 1982 : Music Works PB 3601 ) `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' ( Recorded : July 2 , 1956 ; Released : July 13 , 1956 : RCA Victor 47 - 6604 ) ( Canada : July 13 , 1956 ; RCA Victor 20 - 6604 ) ( Germany : August 4 , 1956 ; RCA 20 - 6604 ; 47 - 6604 ) ( UK : September 1956 ; HMV POP 249 ) ( Belgium : September 1956 ; 47 - 6604 ) ( Australia : 1956 ; RCA 10186 ) ( Italy , 1956 : RCA Italiana 45N 0515 ) `` Perro De Caza ( Hound Dog ) '' ( Spain : 1957 ; RCA 3 - 10052 ) ( Japan : August 1962 ; Victor SS - 1297 ) Cover versions ( edit ) Thornton version ( edit ) Little Esther ( Recorded : March 11 , 1953 ; Released : April 1953 : Federal 12126 ) Jack Turner and His Granger County Gang ( Recorded : March 20 , 1953 ; Released : April 4 , 1953 : RCA Victor 47 - 5267 ) , who was actually Henry D. Haynes on vocals , with his Homer and Jethro partner Kenneth C. Burns on mandolin , with Chet Atkins on lead guitar , Charles Green on bass , and Jerry Byrd on steel guitar . de : Billy Starr ( Recorded : November 1952 ; released : April 4 , 1953 : 78pm : IF - 452 ; Imperial 45 - 8186 ) Betsy Gay ( Recorded : March 18 , 1953 ; Released : April 11 , 1953 : Intro Records 45 - 6070 ) ( w / Joe Maphis and Merle Travis ) . Eddie Hazlewood ( April 11 , 1953 : Intro Records 45 - 6069 ) Tommy Duncan and the Miller Bros. ( April 18 , 1953 : Intro Records 45 - 6071 ) Cleve Jackson ( Jackson Cleveland Toombs ) and His Hound Dogs ( 1953 : Herald H - 1015 ) on Various Artists , Chicago Rock ( Netherlands : 1974 ; Redita ( 1st series ) 108 ) Various Artists Boppin ' Hillbilly , Vol. 5 ( Netherlands : 1989 ; White Label WLP2805 ) The Cozy Cole All Stars ( William Randolph Cole ) `` Hound Dog Special '' ( Recorded : February 24 , 1954 : MGM 11794 ) `` A spend off ( sic ) of Willie Mae Thornton 's '' version . ( instrumental ) The Dirty Blues Band Dirty Blues Band ( 1967 : Bluesway 6010 ) ( 1968 : Bluesway 45 - 61016 ) Modified Thornton version Etta James Matriarch of the Blues ( 2000 : Private Music ) Robert Palmer Drive ( 2003 ) Macy Gray Various Artists Lightning In a Bottle : A One Night History of the Blues ( Recorded live at Radio City Music Hall in New York City ; 2004 DVD directed by Antoine Fuqua ) Presley version ( edit ) Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps ( Recorded : 1956 ; Released : 2004 ; Norton 45 -- 114 ) The Capitol Years ' 56 -- ' 63 ( Recorded 1956 ; Released : 1987 : Charly Records BOX 108 ) Hoosier Hot Shots Hoosier Hot Shots ( Recorded & released : 1957 ; Tops Records L1541 ) ) . Novelty version . Jerry Lee Lewis Whole Lotta ' Shakin ' Goin ' On ( recorded at Sun Studios February 14 , 1958 ) Whole Lotta ' Shakin ' Goin ' On : Where Rock Began ( 1977 : Gusto GT - 103 ) ( 1992 : Dragon Street 7822 ) The Greatest Live Show On Earth ( Recorded live in Birmingham , Alabama on July 1 , 1964 ; December 1964 , # 71 : Smash Records MGS 27056 / SRS 67056 ) Chubby Checker For Twisters Only ( Recorded 1960 ; Released : December 1961 , # 8 : Parkway P - 7002 ) Your Twist Party ( December 1961 , # 2 ; Parkway P - 7007 ) Dickie Valentine ( UK : 1962 ) Live In Concert ( UK : June 12 , 2012 ; Record label : Master Classics Records ) Comedy version featuring Valentine singing the song , then reciting it as Mr Magoo and Edward G. Robinson Pat Boone Sings Guess Who ? ( September 1963 : Dot Records DLP - 3501 / 25501 ) Sammy Davis , Jr . ( Recorded : 1963 at the Coconut Grove ) ( part of a medley ) Betty Everett You 're No Good ( Retitled : It 's in His Kiss ( Shoop Shoop ) ) ( December 1963 : Vee - Jay Records VJS - 1077 ) I Need You So ( 1968 : Sunset Records SUS - 5220 ) Little Richard Little Richard Is Back ... And There 's a Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On ! ( June 1964 : Vee - Jay Records VJS - 1107 ) The Surfaris Fun City , U.S.A. ( US : 1964 ; Decca 4560 ) ( UK : 1964 ; Brunswick ) The Everly Brothers Rock ' n Soul album ( Recorded December 1 , 1964 ; Released March 1965 : Warner Bros. W / WS 1578 ) Junior Wells Hoodoo Man Blues ( September 22 , 1965 : Delmark Records DS 9613 ) The Mothers of Invention ' Tis the Season to Be Jelly -- Live in Sweden ( Recorded September 30 , 1967 ) in Beat the Boots set ( July 1991 : Rhino / Foo - eee label R2 70542 ) Jimi Hendrix on the BBC Sessions ( The Jimi Hendrix Experience album ) ( Recorded : 1967 ; Released : 1998 ) Vanilla Fudge The Beat Goes On ( February 1968 ; Atco Records 33 - 237 ) Van Morrison Live at Pacific High Studios ( 1971 ) Bootleg Conway Twitty Conway Twitty Sings the Blues ( 1972 : MGM Records SE - 4837 ) Jimi Hendrix & Little Richard on the album Friends From The Beginning ( 1972 ) John Lennon Performed by Lennon and the Plastic Ono Elephant 's Memory Band on August 30 , 1972 at Madison Square Garden , New York City , from one of his last charity concerts . Released on Live in New York ( US : January 24 , 1986 : UK : February 24 , 1986 : Parlophone PCS 7301 ) John Entwistle Rigor Mortis Sets In ( Recorded : 1973 ; Released : 1973 on Track Records ) Carl Perkins ( UK : 1985 ; Magnum Force MFLP - 2.039 ) Eric Clapton ( Germany : 1989 ; Reprise 5439 - 19719 - 7 ) Journeyman ( November 1989 : Duck Records 7599 - 2 6074 - 1 ) ( 1990 : Warner Bros. 19848 ) Tiny Tim : Tiny Tim Rock ( 1993 ; Regular Records D 31093 ) David Grisman , John Hartford , and Mike Seeger `` Hound Dawg '' on Retrograss ( 1999 : Acoustic Disc ) Nominated for Grammy in the Traditional Folk Album category in 2000 . James Taylor Covers ( 2008 ) Answers and parodies ( edit ) Charlie Gore & Louis Innis `` ( You Ai n't Nothin but a Female ) Hound Dog '' ( March 22 , 1953 : King 3587 ) Homer and Jethro `` ( How Much Is ) That Hound Dog In The Window ? '' ( Bob Merrill ) ( March 1953 : RCA Victor 47 - 5280 ) Roy Brown and His Mighty , Mighty Men `` Mr. Hound Dog 's in Town '' ( March 1953 : King Records 45 - 4627 ) John Brim `` Rattlesnake '' ( 1953 : Checker 769 ) Chuck Higgins and His Mellotones ( vocal by `` Daddy Cleanhead '' ) `` Real Gone Hound Dog '' ( written by C. Higgins & V. Haven ) ( 1953 : Combo 25 ) Smiley Lewis `` Play Girl '' ( D. Bartholomew ) ( 1953 : Imperial 45 - 5234 ) Rufus `` Hound Dog '' Thomas , Jr . `` Bear Cat ( The Answer To Hound Dog ) '' ( March 1953 : Sun Records 181 ) Unknown ( attributed to Rosco Gordon ) `` ( You Ai n't Nuttin ' But a ) Juicehead '' ( Probably March 1953 : unreleased demo recorded at Sun Records ) On Various Artists `` 706 Blues '' : A Collection of Rare Memphis Blues ( Netherlands , 1974 : Redita LP - 111 ) On Various Artists ( Netherlands 1988 : Keep On Rolling ( Redita 131 ) Various Artists Sun Records : The Blues Years 1950 -- 1958 ( 1996 : Charly CDSUNBOX 7 ) Juanita Moore and the Eugene Jackson Trio `` Call Me a Hound Dog '' ( Robert Geddins ) on Various Artists Toast of the Coast : 1950s R&B from Dolphin 's of Hollywood , Vol. 2 ( Recorded ca . 1953 ; Released : UK : March 10 , 2009 : Ace ) Frank `` Dual Trumpeter '' Motley & His Crew ( with vocal by Curley Bridges ) `` New Hound Dog '' ( 1954 : Big Town 116 ) Big `` Tiny '' Kennedy ( Jesse Kennedy , Jr . ) and His Orchestra `` Country Boy '' ( Tiny Kennedy ) ( October 1955 : Groove 4G - 0106 ) Re-released 2011 : Juke Box Jam JBJ 1025 ) Homer and Jethro `` Houn ' Dawg '' ( November 10 , 1956 : RCA Victor 20 - 6706 ; 47 - 6706 ) Lalo `` Pancho Lopez '' Guerrero `` Pound Dog '' ( 1956 : L&M LM1002 ) Cliff Johnson `` Go ' Way Hound Dog ( Let Me Sing My Blues ) '' ( 1956 : Columbia 4 - 40865 ; Australia : 1957 ; Coronet Records KW - 022 ) Mickey Katz and His Orchestra `` You 're A Doity Dog ( Hound Dog ) '' ( January 1957 ; Capitol F3607 ) ( Germany : 1957 ; Capitol F 80 411 ) Johnny Madera `` Too Many Hound Dogs '' ( Bob Crewe , Frank Slay ) ( November 1960 : Swan Records 4063 ) The Raging Storms `` Hound Dog ( Twist ) '' ( Fred Kelly ) December 1961 : Warwick Records M677 ; Trans Atlas M677 ) El Vez and The Memphis Mariachis ( as `` ( You Ai n't Nothin ' But A ) Chihuahua '' ) ( 1991 ) Son of a Lad From Spain ? ( December 14 , 1999 : Sympathy 4 the R.I. ) See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United States List of number - one singles of 1956 ( U.S. ) List of number - one rhythm and blues hits of 1956 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` bigmama '' . Home.earthlink.net . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Blues Archive : University of Mississippi Libraries '' . Olemiss.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael Spörke . `` Big Mama Thornton : The Life and Music '' . Mcfarlandbooks.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ George Moonoogian , in James M. Salem , The Late , Great Johnny Ace and the Transition from R & B to Rock ' n ' Roll ( University of Illinois Press , 2001 ) : 80 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Crouse , Who Wrote The Book Of Love ? ( Random House Digital , Inc. , 2012 ) . ^ Jump up to : David Fricke , `` Leiber and Stoller : Rolling Stone 's 1990 Interview With the Songwriting Legends '' , Rolling Stone ( April 19 , 1990 ; reprinted : August 22 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Jerry Leiber , in Richard Buskin , Insidetracks : a first - hand history of popular music from the world 's greatest record producers and engineers ( Spike , 1999 ) : 40 . ^ Jump up to : Rick Kennedy and Randy MacNutt , Little Labels -- Big Sound : Small Record Companies and the Rise of American Music ( Indiana University Press , 1999 ) : 74 . Jump up ^ Freya Jarman - Ivens , Oh Boy ! : Masculinities and Popular Music ( Routledge , 2007 ) : 188 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas Barber , `` Elvis Presley 's pedigree chum '' , The Independent ( October 29 , 1995 ) . ^ Jump up to : Leiber and Stoller interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Billig , Rock and Roll Jews ( Syracuse University , 2001 ) : 43 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Birnbaum , Before Elvis : The Prehistory of Rock ' n ' Roll ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2012 ) : 234 . ^ Jump up to : Iain Ellis , Rebels Wit Attitude : Subversive Rock Humorists ( Counterpoint Press , 2008 ) : 44 . Jump up ^ Galen Gart and Roy C. Ames , Duke / Peacock Records : An Illustrated History with Discography ( Big Nickel Publications , 1990 ) : 54 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Gritten , `` Jerry Leiber tribute '' , The Telegraph ( August 23 , 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : Martin Chilton , `` Hound Dog : 10 facts about Elvis Presley 's hit song '' , The Telegraph ( August 23 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Stephen J. Whitfield , In Search of American Jewish Culture ( UPNE , 2001 ) : 162 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived April 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Simpson , Pierette Domenica ( 2008 ) . Alive on the Andrea Doria ! : The Greatest Sea Rescue in History . Morgan James Publishing . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 1600374609 . ^ Jump up to : Leiber , Jerry ; Stoller , Mike ; Ritz , David ( 2009 ) . Hound Dog : The Leiber and Stoller Autobiography ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 5938 - 2 . Jump up ^ George Lipsitz , Midnight at the Barrelhouse : The Johnny Otis Story ( University of Minnesota Press , 2010 ) : xii . ^ Jump up to : Steve Sullivan , `` Hound Dog ( 1953 ) '' in Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 1 ( Scarecrow Press , 2013 ) : 466 . Jump up ^ `` The Once And Always Godfather : Johnny Otis '' , JAMM 19 ( 2001 ) : http://home.earthlink.net/~jaymar41/jotis1.html Jump up ^ Larry Beniciewicz , `` Remembering Johnny Otis 1921 -- 2012 : Part 1 : The Early Years Archived April 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Craig Morrison , `` Rock ' N ' Roll '' , The Blues Encyclopedia , eds . Edward Komara and Peter Lee ( Routledge , 2004 ) : 839 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20071028182147/http://dram.nyu.edu/dram/note.cgi?id=1768 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2007 . Retrieved February 9 , 2007 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Johnny Otis , Upside Your Head ! ( Wesleyan University Press , 1993 ) : xxi . Jump up ^ Wayne Robins , A Brief History of Rock , Off the Record ( Routledge , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Cleothus Hardcastle , `` The Backpages Interview : Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller '' , Rock 's Backpages ( June 30 , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ In Jim Windolf , `` Stand By Them '' , The New York Times ( June 12 , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ William R. Ferris , Blues from the Delta : The Roots of Jazz ( Capo Press , 1978 ) : 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Antoine Hennion , contrib. , in 1789 -- 1989 : musique , histoire , démocratie , Vibrations , musiques , médias et sociétés , Vol. 3 ( Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme , 1992 ) : 773 . Jump up ^ Michael T. Bertrand , Race , Rock , and Elvis ( University of Illinois Press , 2005 ) : 190 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Fink , `` Elvis Everywhere : Musicology and Popular Music Studies at the Twilight of the Canon '' . American Music 16 : 2 ( University of Illinois Press , Summer 1998 ) : 175 . ^ Jump up to : Roy Brewer , `` The Use of Habanera Rhythm in Rockabilly Music '' , American Music 17 : 3 ( September 1999 ) : 316 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Dhu McLucas , The Musical Ear : Oral Tradition in the USA ( Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. , 2011 ) : 58 . Jump up ^ Robert Fink , `` Elvis Everywhere : Musicology and Popular Music Studies at the Twilight of the Canon '' . American Music 16 : 2 ( University of Illinois Press , Summer 1998 ) : 173 . ^ Jump up to : Maureen Mahon , `` Mama 's Voice : The Lasting Influence of Willie Mae ' Big Mama ' Thornton '' . Jump up ^ Array : RE0000059284 / 1980 - 05 - 13 EU0000287247 / 1952 - 09 - 09 Title : Hound dog . Words & music : Don Deadric Robey & Willie Mae Thornton . Variant title : Hound dog . Copyright Claimant : Murphy L. Robey ( W ) & Willie Mae Thornton ( A ) . See Copyright Encyclopedia , http://www.copyrightencyclopedia.com/they-call-me-big-mama-lyrics-and-music-by-don-deadric-robey/#ixzz11KjBKmKd ; Musical work Registration Number / Date : RE0000048383 / 1980 - 01 - 11 EU0000287247 / 1952 - 09 - 09 . Type of Work : Musical work Registration Number / Date : RE0000048383 / 1980 - 01 - 11 EU0000287247 / 1952 - 09 - 09 Title : Hound dog . Words & music : Don D. Robey & Willie Mae Thornton . Variant title : Hound dog . Copyright Claimant : Mrs. Murphy L. Robey ( E ) See : http://www.popsike.com/CLASSIC-WILLIE-MAE-BIG-MAMA-THORNTON-78-HOUND-DOG/120646307690.html ^ Jump up to : `` Theelvisforum.com '' . Theelvisforum.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Big Mama Thornton : The Life and Music . McFarland Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7759 - 3 Jump up ^ Billboard ( March 14 , 1953 ) : 32 . ^ Jump up to : James M. Salem , The Late Great Johnny Ace and the Transition from R&B to Rock ' N ' Roll ( University of Illinois Press , 2001 ) : 83 . ^ Jump up to : `` They Call Her Big Mama -- Willa Mae Thornton '' JAMM 23 ( 2001 : http://home.earthlink.net/~jaymar41/bigmama.html Jump up ^ Arnold Shaw , Honkers and Shouters : The Golden Years of Rhythm and Blues ( Macmillan , 1978 ) : 482 . Jump up ^ Michael T. Bertrand , Race , Rock , and Elvis ( University of Illinois Press , 2000 ) : 190 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hound Dog ' Top - Selling Blues Record '' , Jet ( April 30 , 1953 ) : 61 . Jump up ^ `` Best Selling Rhythm & Blues Records 1949 -- 1953 '' , The Billboard ( April 24 , 1954 ) : 16 . Jump up ^ Timothy J. O'Brien , `` Peacock Records '' , in Encyclopedia of African American History , 1896 to the Present : From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty - first Century , ed . Paul Finkelman ( NY : Oxford University Press , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Leiber '' , Billboard ( December 17 , 2011 ) : 137 . Jump up ^ John Broven , Record Makers and Breakers : Voices of the Independent Rock ' n ' Roll Pioneers ( University of Illinois Press , 2009 ) : 233 . Jump up ^ Willie Mae Thornton , in `` Heart Attack Claims ' Big Mama ' Thornton , 57 '' , Jet ( August 13 , 1984 ) : 63 . Jump up ^ George Lipsitz , Midnight at the Barrelhouse : The Johnny Otis Story ( University of Minnesota Press , 2010 ) : xiv . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone ( September 13 , 1984 ) : 43 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard ( 18 Aug 1956 ) : 70 Jump up ^ `` Willie Mae `` Big Mama '' Thornton * -- Hound Dog / Rock A Bye Baby '' https://www.discogs.com/Willie-Mae-Big-Mama-Thornton-Hound-Dog-Rock-A-Bye-Baby/release/5210046 Jump up ^ `` Willie Mae `` Big Mama '' Thornton - Hound Dog `` . Jump up ^ Chris Bourke , `` Phil Warren Profile '' ( 25 Feb 2014 ) : http://www.audioculture.co.nz/people/phil-warren ^ Jump up to : `` '' Big Mama '' Thornton - Hound Dog `` . Jump up ^ Simon Grigg , `` Prestige '' , ( 10 April 2013 ) : http://www.audioculture.co.nz/labels/prestige Jump up ^ Various American Folk Blues Festival ' 65 ( Fontana 885 422 TY ) , https://www.discogs.com/Various-American-Folk-Blues-Festival-65/release/3826359 Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney , Bob Dylan Recordings Added to Grammy Hall of Fame '' , Rolling Stone ( November 21 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` Top Songs of 1953 '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Women Who Rock list '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Rocklist.net Rolling Stone Lists -- Main Page '' . Rocklistmusic.co.uk. 2002 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Top Songs of the 1950s '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Top 6000 Songs of All Time '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Experience The Music : One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' . Rockhall.com. 2013 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` National Recording Registry Picks Are `` Over the Rainbow '' `` . Library of Congress . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` esther '' . Home.earthlink.net. 1951 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythm & Blues Record Reviews '' , The Billboard ( April 11 , 1953 ) : 41 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Turner And His Granger County Gang - Hound Dog / I Could n't Keep From Crying '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ The Billboard ( April 11 , 1953 ) : 31 . ^ Jump up to : The Billboard ( April 11 , 1953 ) : 18 . Jump up ^ Scott Childers , Chicago 's WLS Radio ( Arcadia Publishing , 2008 ) : 47 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Bogdanov , Chris Woodstra , and Stephen Thomas Erlewine , eds. , All Music Guide to Country : The Definitive Guide to Country Music , 2nd ed . ( Backbeat Books , 2003 ) : 357 . Jump up ^ B. Lee Cooper and Wayne S. Haney , Response Recordings : An Answer Song Discography , 1950 -- 1990 ( Scarecrow Press , 1990 ) : 38 . Jump up ^ Philip H. Ennis , The Seventh Stream : The Emergence of Rocknroll in American Popular Music ( Wesleyan University Press , 1992 ) : 193 . Jump up ^ Billboard ( 10 November 1956 ) : 124 . Jump up ^ Hillbilly-Music.com . `` hillbilly-music.com - Billy Starr '' . www.hillbilly-music.com . Jump up ^ `` Big Mama Thornton : Hound Dog '' , AllMusic . Jump up ^ http://rcs-discography.com/rcs/ss/01/ss1611.mp3sample . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Hillbilly-Music.com . `` Hillbilly-Music.com - Betsy Gay '' . www.hillbilly-music.com . line feed character in title = at position 22 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Record Reviews '' , The Billboard ( April 11 , 1953 ) : 43 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Nazareth , `` Nineteen Fifty - Five '' : Alice , Elvis And The Black Matrix '' Journal of the African Literature Association 1 : 2 ( Summer / Fall 2007 ) : 157 . ^ Jump up to : `` Instrumental Groups '' . History-of-rock.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Haley Recordings '' . Thegardnerfamily.org . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bill Haley : The Daddy of Rock and Roll . John Swenson. 1982 . Stein and Day. page 64 . ISBN 0 - 8128 - 2909 - 3 ^ Jump up to : James M. Salem , The Late Great Johnny Ace and the Transition from R&B to Rock ' N ' Roll ( University of Illinois Press , 2001 ) : 84 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1953 Sun Sessions '' . 706unionavenue.nl ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Colin Escott and Martin Hawkins , Good Rockin ' Tonight : Sun Records and the Birth of Rock ' n ' Roll ( Open Road Media , 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : The Billboard ( April 18 , 1953 ) . ^ Jump up to : David Mahony , Excel Preliminary English ( Pascal Press , 2003 ) : 177 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Clayton and Peter Gammond , The Guinness Jazz Companion ( Guinness Books , 1989 ) : 24 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Guralnick , Sam Phillips : The Man Who Invented Rock ' n ' Roll ( Hachette UK , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Palmer , `` The Sun King : Sam Phillips '' ( December 1978 ) : http://www.teachrock.org/resources/article/the-sun-king-sam-phillips/ ^ Jump up to : Rob Bowman Soulsville , U.S.A. : The Story of Stax Records ( Music Sales Group , 1997 ) : 9 . ^ Jump up to : John Broven , Record Makers and Breakers : Voices of the Independent Rock ' n ' Roll Pioneers ( University of Illinois Press , 2009 ) : 152 -- 153 . ^ Jump up to : Galen Gart , ed. , First Pressings : The History of Rhythm & Blues , Vol. 4 ( 1954 ) : 41 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blues Legend Rufus Thomas Succumbs at 84 '' , Jet ( January 7 , 2002 ) : 16 ^ Jump up to : `` The Sun Records Label Story '' . Bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Answer to the ' Answers ' '' , The Billboard ( April 4 , 1953 ) : 18 . ^ Jump up to : Walter Bruyninckx , comp. , 60 Years of Recorded Jazz 1917 -- 1977 , Volume 2 ( W. Bruyninckx ) : B - 899 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Tosches , Unsung Heroes of Rock ' n ' Roll : The Birth of Rock ' n ' Roll in the Wild Years Before Elvis , rev . ed ( Harmony Books , 1991 ) : 209 . ^ Jump up to : J.C. Marion , `` Good Rockin ' Roy Brown : part two '' Jamm Up 41 ( 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress . Copyright Office , Catalog of Copyright Entries : Musical Compositions ( U.S. Government Printing Office , 1954 ) : 37 . Jump up ^ `` Ladder of Best Sellers From King and Federal Records '' , The Billboard ( June 6 , 1953 ) : 32 . ^ Jump up to : Michel Ruppli and William R. Daniels , The King Labels : A Discography , Volume 1 ( Greenwood Press , 1985 ) : 68 . ^ Jump up to : `` Praguefrank 's Country Music Discographies : Louis Innis '' . Countrydiscography.blogspot.com. 2009 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Wallenfeldt , ed. , The Birth of Rock and Roll : Music in the 1950s Through The 1960s ( The Rosen Publishing Group , 2013 ) : 162 . ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress . Copyright Office. , Catalog of Copyright Entries , 3D Ser Vol 7 Pt 5A , ( U.S. Govt . Print . Off. , 1953 ) : 180 . Jump up ^ Tony Glover , Scott Dirks , and Ward Gaines , Blues with a Feeling : The Little Walter Story ( Routledge , 2012 ) : 99 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elvis Presley -- Awards '' . Allmusic . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : George R. White , Robert L. Campbell , Tom Kelly , and Dr. Robert Stallworth , The Chess Label Part II ( 1953 -- 1955 ) ( July 4 , 2016 ) : http://campber.people.clemson.edu/chess2.html Jump up ^ Justin O'Brien , `` Brim , John '' , The Blues Encyclopedia , eds . Edward Komara and Peter Lee ( Routledge , 2004 ) : 148 . Jump up ^ `` Elmore James - John Brim - Whose Muddy Shoes '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Grace and John Brim discography '' : http://www.wirz.de/music/brimfrm.htm ^ Jump up to : `` Review '' , AMG AllMusic Guide : Pop Albums : Central Rocks : The Central Ave Scene 1951 -- 58 , Vol. 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` 45 discography for Combo Records '' . Globaldogproductions.info . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Wilson Discography '' , http://www.wirz.de/music/wilsjfrm.htm ; label indicates : Jimmie Wilson : http://www.wirz.de/music/wilsjfrm.htm Jump up ^ `` Rhythm & Blues Record Reviews '' , The Billboard ( May 23 , 1953 ) : 162 . Jump up ^ JC Marion , `` Forgotten Sessions ( part 3 ) '' ( 2002 ) JammUpp 23 ( 2002 ) : http://home.earthlink.net/~jaymar41/labels-3a.html Jump up ^ Rhythm & Blues Record Reviews `` , Billboard ( 23 May 1953 ) : 162 . Jump up ^ `` In Memoriam : Juanita Moore , 1914 -- 2014 '' ( January 4 , 2014 ) : http://selfstyledsiren.blogspot.com.au/2014/01/in-memoriam-juanita-moore-1914-2014.html Jump up ^ `` 45 Discography for Hollywood Records '' : http://www.globaldogproductions.info/h/hollywood.html Jump up ^ `` Recorded In Hollywood / Hollywood Records -- An R & B Split Personality '' JAMMUP 8 ' ( 2001 ) : http://home.earthlink.net/~jaymar41/RIH.html Jump up ^ Merna Oliver , `` Eugene Jackson , 84 ; Child Actor Starred in ' Our Gang ' '' , Los Angeles Times ( October 28 , 2001 ) : http://articles.latimes.com/2001/oct/28/local/me-62611 Jump up ^ Eugene W. Jackson II with Gwendolyn Sides St. Julian , Eugene `` Pineapple '' Jackson : His Own Story ( Jefferson , NC : McFarland , c1999 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bill Munson , `` Bridges , Curley '' , The Blues Encyclopedia , eds . Edward Komara and Peter Lee ( Routledge , 2004 ) : 147 . Jump up ^ Robert Eagle , `` Big Town '' , The Blues Encyclopedia , eds . Edward Komara and Peter Lee ( Routledge , 2004 ) : 81 . Jump up ^ `` 45 Discography for Big Town Records '' : http://www.globaldogproductions.info/b/big-town.html Jump up ^ `` Singles Discography for Quality Records -- CA -- K series '' : http://www.globaldogproductions.info/q/quality-ca-k-series.html Jump up ^ `` Frank ( Dual Trumpet ) Motley And His Crew * -- New Hound Dog '' : https://www.discogs.com/Frank-Dual-Trumpet-Motley-And-His-Crew-New-Hound-Dog/release/8806061 ^ Jump up to : Rolontz , Bob ( 24 April 1954 ) . `` Rhythm and Blue Notes '' . The Billboard . p. 23 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dave Bartholomew Detailed Song List '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` 45 Discography for Imperial Records 5000 series '' . Globaldogproductions.info . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Billboard ( March 28 , 1953 ) : 42 . Jump up ^ Blues Unlimited , Volumes 128 -- 132 ( BU Publications Limited , 1978 ) : 46 . Jump up ^ `` Smiley Lewis -- Play Girl '' on YouTube Jump up ^ Colin Larkin , `` Jesse ' Tiny '' Kennedy `` , The Virgin Encyclopedia of The Blues ( Virgin Books , 1998 ) : 207 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews of New R&B Records '' , The Billboard ( May 21 , 1955 ) : 67 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived May 23 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Big Tiny Kennedy -- Country Boy '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` / from '' . Piccadilly Records . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The discredited LP Keep On Rocking Redita 131 '' On Various Artists `` 706 Blues '' : A Collection of Rare Memphis Blues ( Netherlands , 1974 : Redita LP - 111 ) and Keep On Rolling ( Netherlands 1988 : Redita 131 ) . Jump up ^ Otto Fuchs , Bill Haley : Father of Rock ' n ' Roll ( Wagner Verlag sucht Autoren ) : 350 . Jump up ^ Philip H. Ennis , The Seventh Stream : The Emergence of Rocknroll in American Popular Music ( Wesleyan University Press , 1992 ) : 194 . ^ Jump up to : `` RAB Hall of Fame : Bill Black '' . Rockabillyhall.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mike Weatherford , Cult Vegas : The Weirdest ! the Wildest ! the Swingin'est Town on Earth ! ( Huntington Press , 2001 ) : 59 . Jump up ^ Ace Collins , Untold Gold : The Stories Behind Elvis 's # 1 Hits ( Chicago Review Press , 2005 ) : 27 . ^ Jump up to : James P. Kraft , Vegas at Odds : Labor Conflict in a Leisure Economy , 1960 -- 1985 ( JHU Press , 2010 ) : 72 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hound Dog Meaning '' . Shmoop.com. 2004 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story.asp?StoryId= 78132abf - 0ac9 - 4405 - a56e - fd3d896c8b8d ^ Jump up to : Jim Miller , Flowers in the Dustbin : The Rise of Rock and Roll , 1947 -- 1977 ( Simon & Schuster , 1999 ) : 135 . Jump up ^ Colin Larkin , The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music , Volume 1 , 2nd ed . ( Guinness Pub. , 1995 ) : 345 . ^ Jump up to : All Roots Lead to Rock : Legends of Early Rock ' n ' Roll : a Bear Family Reader , ed . Colin Escott ( Schirmer Books , 1999 ) : 75 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Fink , `` Elvis Everywhere : Musicology and Popular Music Studies at the Twilight of the Canon '' , in Roger Beebe , Denise Fulbrook , Ben Saunders , ed. , Rock Over the Edge : Transformations in Popular Music Culture ( Duke University Press , 2002 ) : 97 . Jump up ^ Productions , Global Dog. `` 45 Discography for Teen Records '' . www.globaldogproductions.info . Jump up ^ Colin Escott , All Roots Lead to Rock : Legends of Early Rock ' n ' Roll : A Bear Family Reader ( Schirmer Books , 1999 ) : 74 . Jump up ^ Shaun Brady , `` Last Call at the Downbeat '' My City Paper ( New York : October 4 , 2014 ) . http://mycitypaper.com/Arts/Last-Call-at-the-Downbeat-shines-a-spotlight-on-a-jazz-legendrsquos-forgotten-Philly-connection/ Jump up ^ Charlie Gracie & John A. Jackson , Rock & Roll 's Hidden Giant : The Story of Rock Pioneer Charlie Gracie ( Alfred Music , 2014 ) : 54 , 68 . Jump up ^ Rick Coleman , Blue Monday : Fats Domino and the Lost Dawn of Rock ' n ' Roll ( Da Capo Press , 2007 ) : 6 , 73 , 126 . Jump up ^ Rick Coleman , Blue Monday : Fats Domino and the Lost Dawn of Rock ' n ' Roll ( Da Capo Press , 2007 ) : 317 . Jump up ^ Steve Sullivan , `` Hound Dog ( 1956 ) - Elvis Presely '' in Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 1 ( Screcrow Press , 2013 ) : 542 , n. 168 . Jump up ^ See George A. Moonoogian and Roger Meedem , `` Ai n't Nothin ' But a Hound Dog '' in Whiskey , Women , And ... 14 ( June 1984 ) : 4 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Mike Weatherford , Cult Vegas : The Weirdest ! the Wildest ! the Swingin'est Town on Earth ! ( Huntington Press , 2001 ) : 59 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frankie Brent '' . Rockabillyeurope.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Project , Jazz Discography . `` Mercury Records Discography : 1956 '' . www.jazzdisco.org . Jump up ^ Billboard ( 6 January 1958 ) : 13 . Jump up ^ David Edwards , Randy Watts , Mike Callahan , and Patrice Eyries , `` Mercury Album Discography , Part 5 : MG - 20200 to MG - 20399 Main Popular Music Series '' ( December 19 , 2008 ) : http://www.bsnpubs.com/mercury/mercury/04-popmain-20200/05mercury-20200-20399.html ^ Jump up to : George Plasketes , Play It Again : Cover Songs in Popular Music ( Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. , 2010 ) : 243 . Jump up ^ Michael Coyle , `` Hijacked Hits and Antic Authenticity '' , in Roger Beebe , Denise Fulbrook , Ben Saunders , ed. , Rock Over the Edge : Transformations in Popular Music Culture ( Duke University Press , 2002 ) : 145 . Jump up ^ Larry Birnbaum , Before Elvis : The Prehistory of Rock ' n ' Roll ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2012 ) : 235 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis ' Original Record Collection '' : http://www.scottymoore.net/records.html , http://www.scottymoore.net/interview_by_kevin_woods04.html Jump up ^ Nick Tosches , Country : The Twisted Roots of Rock ' n ' Roll ( Da Capo Press , 2009 ) : 55 . Jump up ^ Freya Jarman - Ivens , Oh Boy ! : Masculinities and Popular Music ( Routledge , 2013 ) : 109 . Jump up ^ Gilbert B. Rodman , Elvis After Elvis : The Posthumous Career of a Living Legend ( Routledge , 1996 ) : 50 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Rick Coleman , Blue Monday : Fats Domino and the Lost Dawn of Rock ' n ' Roll ( Da Capo Press , 2007 ) : 125 . Jump up ^ Lee Cotten , All shook up : Elvis day - by - day , 1954 -- 1977 ( Pierian Press , 1985 ) : 77 . Jump up ^ Craig Morrison , Go Cat Go ! : Rockabilly Music and Its Makers , 3rd ed . ( University of Illinois Press , 1996 ) : 67 . Jump up ^ Don Tyler , Music of the Postwar Era ( ABC - CLIO , 2008 ) : 223 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Fink , `` Elvis Everywhere : Musicology and Popular Music Studies at the Twilight of the Canon '' . American Music 16 : 2 ( University of Illinois Press , Summer 1998 ) : 168 . Jump up ^ Paul W. Papa , It Happened in Las Vegas : Remarkable Events that Shaped History ( Globe Pequot , 2009 ) : 69 . Jump up ^ Barbara N. Land and Myrick Land , A Short History of Las Vegas , 2nd ed . ( University of Nevada Press , 2004 ) : 137 . Jump up ^ Scotty Moore ( with James L. Dickerson ) , Scotty and Elvis : Aboard the Mystery Train ( Univ . Press of Mississippi , 2013 ) : 111 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with D.J. Fontana '' . Elvis.com.au . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mike Weatherford , Cult Vegas : The Weirdest ! the Wildest ! the Swingin'Est Town on Earth ! ( Huntington Press Inc , 2001 ) : 117 . Jump up ^ Freddie Bell , in Mike Weatherford , Cult Vegas : The Weirdest ! the Wildest ! the Swingin'Est Town on Earth ! ( Huntington Press Inc , 2001 ) : 117 . Jump up ^ Freddie Bell , in All Roots Lead to Rock : Legends of Early Rock ' n ' Roll : a Bear Family Reader , ed . Colin Escott ( Schirmer Books , 1999 ) : 79 . ^ Jump up to : `` 45 Discography for Mercury Records -- OZ -- 45000 series '' . Globaldogproductions.info . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Bell '' . Rockabilly.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ David Edwards , Randy Watts , Mike Callahan , and Patrice Eyries , `` Mercury Album Discography , Part 5 : MG - 20200 to MG - 20399 Main Popular Music Series '' ( December 19 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Elvis live 1956 '' . Web.archive.org. 2007 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ace Collins , Untold Gold : The Stories Behind Elvis 's # 1 Hits ( Chicago Review Press , 2005 ) : 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ellis Auditorium '' . Scotty Moore . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elvis Presley In Concert '' . Elvisconcerts.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael Coyle , `` Hijacked Hits and Antic Authenticity '' , in Roger Beebe , Denise Fulbrook , Ben Saunders , ed. , Rock Over the Edge : Transformations in Popular Music Culture ( Duke University Press , 2002 ) : 97 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with D.J. Fontana : Elvis Articles : ' For Elvis Fans Only ' Official Elvis Presley Fan Club '' . Elvis.com.au . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Robert Fink , `` Elvis Everywhere : Musicology and Popular Music Studies at the Twilight of the Canon '' . American Music 16 : 2 ( University of Illinois Press , Summer 1998 ) : 168 , 169 . Jump up ^ Culture Shock : Flashpoints : Music and Dance : Elvis Presley . pbs.org Jump up ^ Scotty Moore and James Dickerson . That 's Alright , Elvis . Schirmer Books ; 1997 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864599 - 5 . p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Carr and Farren , p. 12 Jump up ^ `` Elvis Rock ' n ' Roll History Archived 2007 - 12 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . '' . showbuzz.CBSnews.com ( August 10 , 2007 ) . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Guillermo F. Perez - Argüello , comments on By Rick Moore , `` Lyric Of The Week : Big Mama Thornton , `` Hound Dog '' `` , American Songwriter ( November 10 , 2014 ) : http://americansongwriter.com/2014/11/lyric-week-big-mama-thornton-hound-dog/ Jump up ^ Jan , `` Elvis Presley , his Hound Dog , and the controversy that followed '' ( June 10 , 2014 ) : http://thepoodleanddogblog.typepad.com/the_poodle_and_dog_blog/2014/06/elvis-presley-his-hound-dog-and-the-controversy-that-followed.html ^ Jump up to : `` Elvis Presley : 1956 '' , https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/cultureshock/flashpoints/music/elvis.html Jump up ^ Jack Doyle , `` Elvis Riles Florida , 1955 -- 56 , '' PopHistoryDig.com , ( February 29 , 2012 ) : http://www.pophistorydig.com/topics/tag/elvis-presley-controversy/ Jump up ^ The Blue Moon Boys : The Story of Elvis Presley 's Band . Ken Burke and Dan Griffin . 2006 . Chicago Review Press. page 52 . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 614 - 8 Jump up ^ Peter Nazareth , `` Elvis as Anthology , '' in In search of Elvis : music , race , art , religion , ed . Vernon Chadwick ( Westview Press , 1997 ) : 58 . Jump up ^ The Blue Moon Boys : The Story of Elvis Presley 's Band . Ken Burke and Dan Griffin . 2006 . Chicago Review Press. page 53 . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 614 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Hound Dog LIVE '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Elvis ' 56 DVD Jump up ^ Jake Austen , TV - a-Go - Go : Rock on TV from American Bandstand to American Idol ( Chicago Review Press , 2005 ) : 11 . Jump up ^ Shumway , David ( 1999 ) . Bruce Horner and Thomas Swiss , ed . Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture ( 1st ed . ) . Blackwell Publishers Ltd. p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 21264 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Allen Comedy Show '' . Steveallen.com. 1956 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Sold on Song -- Song Library -- Hound Dog '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ See Dundy , Elaine , Elvis and Gladys ( University Press of Mississippi , 2004 ) , p. 259 . Jump up ^ See Austen , Jake , TV - A-Go - Go : Rock on TV from American Bandstand to American Idol ( 2005 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Robert Fink , `` Elvis Everywhere : Musicology and Popular Music Studies at the Twilight of the Canon '' . American Music 16 : 2 ( University of Illinois Press , Summer 1998 ) : 169 . ^ Jump up to : Ace Collins , Untold Gold : The Stories Behind Elvis 's # 1 Hits ( Chicago Review Press , 2005 ) : 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sold on Song -- Song Library -- Hound Dog '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon Stoker , quoted in `` The New York Sessions 1956 '' , : http://www.elvispresleymusic.com.au/elvis-presley-new-york-sessions.html Jump up ^ Jonathan Wingate , `` On Stage with Elvis '' ( Interview with Scotty Moore ) , Music Mart ( 2005 ) : http://www.scottymoore.net/interview_by_Jonathan_Wingate.html Jump up ^ `` Playing Rock'n Roll Guitar For Elvis And Beyond : Interview with Scotty Moore by Dave Schwensen '' ( July 2 , 2016 ) : https://theclassicrocker.wordpress.com/2016/07/02/interview-with-scotty-moore/ Jump up ^ Robert Fink , `` Elvis Everywhere : Musicology and Popular Music Studies at the Twilight of the Canon '' , in Roger Beebe , Denise Fulbrook , Ben Saunders , ed. , Rock Over the Edge : Transformations in Popular Music Culture ( Duke University Press , 2002 ) : 97 . Jump up ^ Robert Fink , `` Elvis Everywhere : Musicology and Popular Music Studies at the Twilight of the Canon '' , in Roger Beebe , Denise Fulbrook , Ben Saunders , ed. , Rock Over the Edge : Transformations in Popular Music Culture ( Duke University Press , 2002 ) : 98 . Jump up ^ Peter Nazareth , `` Elvis as Anthology , '' In Search of Elvis : Music , Race , Art , Religion , ed . Vernon Chadwick ( Boulder , CO : Westview Press , 1997 ) : 37 -- 72 , plus Endnotes 253 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Robert Fink , `` Elvis Everywhere : Musicology and Popular Music Studies at the Twilight of the Canon '' , in Roger Beebe , Denise Fulbrook , Ben Saunders , ed. , Rock Over the Edge : Transformations in Popular Music Culture ( Duke University Press , 2002 ) : 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ David Troedson , `` Elvis Presleys National TV Appearances In The 1950s '' , Elvis Australia ( April 16 , 2011 ) : http://www.elvis.com.au/presley/elvis-presleys-national-tv-appearances-in-the-1950s.shtml Jump up ^ `` RCS Label Shot for RCA Victor ( N.J. ) 6604 '' . Rcs-discography.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley -- Do n't Be Cruel / Hound Dog -- RCA Victor -- USA -- 47 - 6604 '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller '' at the Atheanæn Hotel , London , June 27 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Jerry Leiber , in Rikky Rooksby , Lyrics : Writing Better Words for Your Songs ( Hal Leonard Corporation , 2006 ) ; from `` Before Elvis , ' Big Mama ' Thornton : ' Hound Dog ' '' ( April 27 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Guillermo F. Perez - Argüello , in `` Elvis Presley 's 8 Most Successful Chart Singles for His 80th Birthday : `` Jailhouse Rock , '' `` Hound Dog , '' `` Love Me Tender '' and More ... What 's No. 1 ? '' by Ryan Book , The Music Times ( January 8 , 2015 ) : http://www.musictimes.com/articles/23801/20150108/elvis-presleys-8-successful-chart-singles-80th-birthday-jail-house.htm Jump up ^ R. Serge Denisoff and William D. Romanowski , Risky Business : Rock in Film ( Transaction Publishers , 1991 ) : 37 . Jump up ^ Steve Race , Melody Maker ( October 10 , 1956 ) in Ulf Lindberg , ed. , Rock Criticism from the Beginning : Amusers , Bruisers And Cool - Headed Cruisers ( Peter Lang , 2005 ) : 83 . Jump up ^ Steve Race , in Albin Zak , I Do n't Sound Like Nobody : Remaking Music in 1950s America ( University of Michigan Press , 2010 ) : 168 . Jump up ^ Steve Race , in Andrew Caine , Interpreting Rock Movies : The Pop Film and Its Critics in Britain ( Manchester University Press , 2004 ) : 56 . Jump up ^ The Ed Sullivan Shows DVD SOFA ENTERTAINMENT , INC . Jump up ^ Cf . William Patry , Moral Panics and the Copyright Wars ( Oxford University Press , 2009 ) : 134 , which indicates that the television cameras were forbidden to show Presley from the waist down . Jump up ^ `` The Ed Sullivan Shows '' : http://www.scottymoore.net/edsullivanDVD.html Jump up ^ Larry Jordan , Jim Reeves : His Untold Story ( 2011 ) : 226 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Ian Whitcomb , After the Ball : Pop Music from Rag to Rock ( Faber & Faber , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Perry Como , in Serene Dominic , Burt Bacharach , Song by Song : The Ultimate Burt Bacharach Reference for Fans , Serious Record Collectors , and Music Critics ( Music Sales Group , 2003 ) : 68 . Jump up ^ Albin J. Zak III , `` ' A Thoroughly Bad Record ' : Elvis Presley 's ' Hound Dog ' as Rock and Roll Manifesto '' , American Musicological Society lecture ( October 5 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Zollo , Paul ( 1997 ) . Songwriters On Songwriting . Da Capo Press . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 0306812651 . Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Hombach , Heidi Klum & Seal : The Truth About the Divorce ( epubli ) : 235 . Jump up ^ `` Number One Song of the Year : 1946 -- 2015 '' . Bobborst.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Don ( 2008 ) . Music of the Postwar Era . ABC - CLIO . p. 226 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Rees , Dafydd ; Crampton , Luke ( 1991 ) . Rock movers & shakers , Volume 1991 , Part 2 . ABC - CLIO . p. 400 . ISBN 9780874366617 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Maxine Brown , Looking Back To See : A Country Music Memoir ( University of Arkansas Press , 2005 ) : 137 . Jump up ^ Dave Laing , `` Freddie Bell : Rock'n'roll pioneer who was a primary influence on Elvis '' , The Guardian ( February 15 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley Benefit Concert '' : http://www.elvisinhawaii.com/1961_concert.htm Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley : March 25 , 1961 : Honolulu , HI . Bloch Arena : U.S.S. Arizona Benefit Concert '' : http://www.elvispresleymusic.com.au/pictures/1961-march-25.html Jump up ^ Miss Cellania , `` The Story of Elvis Presley 's ' Hound Dog ' '' , Neatorma ( October 21 , 2012 ) : http://www.neatorama.com/2012/10/21/The-Story-of-Elvis-Presleys-Hound-Dog/ Jump up ^ `` Elvis Aaron Presley 1967 -- 1969 : From Elvis In Memphis '' , : http://www.elvispresleymusic.com.au/elvis-presley-1967-1969.html Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley : Live In Concert : International Hotel , Las Vegas : July 31 , 1969 '' : http://www.elvispresleymusic.com.au/pictures/1969-july-31.html Jump up ^ `` Q Lists '' . Rock List Net . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 2005 ) . Australian Chart Book : 1940 -- 1969 : the Hit Songs and Records from Thirty Years of Specially Compiled Charts . Australian Chart Book Limited . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Elvis Presley -- Hound Dog ! '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1956 - 10 - 27 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Joel Whitburn 's top pop singles 1955 -- 2006 . Record Research . 2008 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1971 - 10 - 02 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Elvis Presley -- Hound Dog '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` sc_Dutch100_Elvis_Presley '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . 2008 . To use , type `` Hound Dog '' in the `` Search by Song Title '' search var and click search . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 35 , 2007 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2007 - 09 - 08 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 50 -- 1956 '' . Billboard . Longbored Surfer. 1956 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1956 '' . Cash Box Magazine . 1957 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Elvis Presley -- Hound Dog_Don_t Be Cruel '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ George Moonoogian , in James M. Salem , The Late , Great Johnny Ace and the Transition from R & B to Rock ' n ' Roll '' ( University of Illinois Press , 2001 ) : 83 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography '' . Leiberstoller.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Harry , The John Lennon Encyclopedia ( Virgin , 2000 ) : 727 . Jump up ^ Jeff Burlingame , John Lennon : `` Imagine '' ( Enslow Publishers , Inc. , 2010 ) : 30 . Jump up ^ Mark Lewisohn , The Complete Beatles Chronicles ( Harmony Books , 1992 ) : 15 , 23 , 363 . ^ Jump up to : Joe . `` John Lennon : Hound Dog '' . The Beatles Bible . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Ralf Bendix -- Heute geh ich nicht nach Hause '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Sabueso -- Los Solitarios '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Reviews of New C&W Records '' , The Billboard ( November 10 , 1956 ) : 124 . Jump up ^ Paul C. Mawhinney , MusicMaster , the 45 RPM Record Directory : 1947 to 1982 , Volume 2 ( Record-Rama , 1983 ) : 348 . Jump up ^ Max Décharné , A Rocket in My Pocket : The Hipster 's Guide to Rockabilly Music ( Profile Books , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Cordelia Chávez Candelaria , Peter J. Garcâia , Arturo J. Aldama , eds. , Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture , Vol. 1 : A -- L ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2004 ) : 135 . Jump up ^ Anthony Macías , Mexican American Mojo : Popular Music , Dance , and Urban Culture in Los Angeles , 1935 -- 1968 ( Duke University Press , 2008 ) : 205 . Jump up ^ Mickey Katz ; Hannibal Coons ; and Joel Grey , Papa , Play for Me : The Hilarious , Heartwarming Autobiography of Comedian and Bandleader Mickey Katz . As told to Hannibal Coons ( Simon & Schuster , 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Josh Kun , Audiotopia : Music , Race , And America ( University of California Press , 2005 ) : 78 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson , Cliff ( RCS Artist Discography ) '' . Rcs-discography.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews of New C&W Records '' , The Billboard ( March 16 , 1957 ) : 49 . Jump up ^ Junu Bryan Kim , `` What If Elvis Were Mexican ? '' , Vegetarian Times ( April 1991 ) : 96 . Jump up ^ Erika Lee Doss , Elvis Culture : Fans , Faith , & Image ( University Press of Kansas , 1999 ) : 206 . Jump up ^ Harold Fiske , Hack Like Me ( Penguin Books Canada , 1999 ) : 98 . Jump up ^ American Graphic Systems , Inc , I am Elvis : A Guide to Elvis Impersonators ( Pocket Books , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Jason Blake Meyler , Reconstructing the US Latino / a image in literature and performance art ( Stony Brook University , 2006 ) : 170 . Jump up ^ Stuart Thornton , `` El Vez is part Weird Al , part Elvis -- and all entertainment '' , Monterey County Weekly ( May 8 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Steve Hoffman , `` Christian group ApologetiX readies for Farmer City concert '' , Pantagraph ( Bloomington : October 31 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Song Lyrics : Found God '' . ApologetiX.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Is Apologetix the way to welcome God 's return ? '' The Daily News Journal ( Murfreesboro , TN : March 15 , 2007 ) : B. 2 Jump up ^ Brian Lukasavitz , `` Blues Law : Hound Dog vs. Bear Cat '' , American Blues Scene Magazine ( March 19 , 2014 ) : http://www.americanbluesscene.com/2014/03/blues-law-hound-dog-vs-bear-cat/ Jump up ^ Catalog of Copyright Entries : Third Series . Volume 6 , Part B , Number 2 ( Copyright Office . The Library of Congress . Washington : 1953 ) : 508 . : https://archive.org/stream/catalogofcopyrig365lib#page/508/mode/1up ; Array : RE0000059284 / 1980 - 05 - 13 EU0000287247 / 1952 - 09 - 09 Title : Hound dog . Words & music : Don Deadric Robey & Willie Mae Thornton . Variant title : Hound dog . Copyright Claimant : Murphy L. Robey ( W ) & Willie Mae Thornton ( A ) . See Copyright Encyclopedia , http://www.copyrightencyclopedia.com/they-call-me-big-mama-lyrics-and-music-by-don-deadric-robey/#ixzz11KjBKmKd ; Jump up ^ Musical work Registration Number / Date : RE0000048383 / 1980 - 01 - 11 EU0000287247 / 1952 - 09 - 09 . Type of Work : Musical work Registration Number / Date : RE0000048383 / 1980 - 01 - 11 EU0000287247 / 1952 - 09 - 09 Title : Hound dog . Words & music : Don D. Robey & Willie Mae Thornton . Variant title : Hound dog . Copyright Claimant : Mrs. Murphy L. Robey ( E ) See : http://www.popsike.com/CLASSIC-WILLIE-MAE-BIG-MAMA-THORNTON-78-HOUND-DOG/120646307690.html Jump up ^ Bob Rolontz , `` Rhythm & Blues Notes '' , The Billboard ( April 11 , 1953 ) : 41 . Jump up ^ The Billboard ( April 11 , 1953 ) : 40 . Jump up ^ The Billboard ( April 11 , 1953 ) : 42 . Jump up ^ `` Recording Companies In Law Suit Over ' Hound Dog ' '' , Jet ( May 14 , 1953 ) : 62 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wrote That There Song ? '' The Pittsburgh Courier ( June 6 , 1953 ) : 19 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Kobrin , ed. , Chosen Capital : The Jewish Encounter with American Capitalism ( Rutgers University Press , 2012 ) : 151 . ^ Jump up to : `` King Hops Into ' Hound ' Hassle '' , The Billboard ( August 1 , 1953 ) : 15 . Jump up ^ James M. Salem , The Late , Great Johnny Ace and the Transition from R & B to Rock ' n ' Roll ' ( University of Illinois Press , 2001 ) : 85 . Jump up ^ Richard Buskin , `` Sam Phillips : Sun Records : The Man Who Invented Rock & Roll '' , Sound On Sound ( October 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` ' Hound Dog ' Owners Win $2,080 in Recording Suit '' , Jet 4 : 4 ( June 4 , 1953 ) : 61 . Jump up ^ James M. Salem , The Late , Great Johnny Ace and the Transition from R & B to Rock ' n ' Roll ' ( University of Illinois Press , 2001 ) : 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Ed Ward , Geoffrey Stokes , and Ken Tucker , eds. , Rock of Ages : The Rolling Stone History of Rock & Roll ( Rolling Stone Press / Prentice Hall , Incorporated , 1986 ) : 75 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Howl Goes Up Over ' Hound Dog ' Infringement '' , The Pittsburgh Courier ( August 8 , 1953 ) : 18 . Jump up ^ see also : James M. Salem , The Late , Great Johnny Ace and the Transition from R & B to Rock ' n ' Roll ' Music in American life ( University of Illinois Press , 2001 ) : 85 . Jump up ^ J.C. Marion , `` Johnny Otis -- Part Two '' JammUpp19 ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Clinton Heylin , It 's One For The Money : The Song Snatchers Who Carved Up a Century of Pop & Sparked a Musical Revolution ( Hachette UK , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK , `` VALJO MUSIC PUBL . CORP. v. ELVIS PRESLEY MUSIC '' ( December 4 , 1957 ) . ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress . Copyright Office , Decisions of the United States Courts Involving Copyright , 1957 -- 1958 : Copyright Office Bulletin No. 31 . Reprint 1972 ( 1972 ) : 639 -- 641 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress . Copyright Office. , Catalog of Copyright Entries 1952 Unpublished Music Jan -- Dec 3D Ser Vol 6 Pt 5B ( U.S. Govt . Print . Off. , 1952 ) : 508 , 804 , 824 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress . Copyright Office. , Catalog of Copyright Entries , 3D Ser Vol 7 Pt 5A , ( U.S. Govt . Print . Off. , 1953 ) : 211 . Jump up ^ Galen Gart , ed. , First Pressings : The History of Rhythm & Blues , First Pressings : The History of Rhythm & Blues , Vol. 3 ( Big Nickel Publications , May 1986 ) : 40 . Jump up ^ `` Who Let That Hound Dog Off His Leash ? '' Billboard ( October 27 , 1956 ) : 18 , 21 . Jump up ^ Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal 18 ( Hastings , 1995 ) : 130ff . Jump up ^ Library of Congress . Copyright Office , Decisions of the United States Courts Involving Copyright , 1957 -- 1958 : Copyright Office Bulletin No. 31 . Reprint 1972 ( Library of Congress . Copyright Office , 1972 ) : 638 . Jump up ^ Julie Cromer Young , `` From the Mouths of Babes : Protecting Child Authors From Themselves '' , West Virginia Law Review 112 ( 2000 ) : 442 . Jump up ^ 156 F. Supp. 568 -- 570 ( S.D.N.Y. 1957 ) . Jump up ^ Julie Cromer Young , `` From the Mouths of Babes : Protecting Child Authors From Themselves '' , West Virginia Law Review 112 ( 2000 ) : 42 - 443 . Jump up ^ George Lipsitz , Midnight at the Barrelhouse : The Johnny Otis Story ( University of Minnesota Press , 2010 ) : 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ `` Vajo Music Loses ' Hound Dog ' Suit '' , Billboard ( 16 December 1957 ) : 28 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion , Valjo Music vs. Elvis Presley Music in US District Court , Southern District of New York , December 4 , 1957 '' . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 16 December 1957 ) . `` Billboard '' . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ United States . Copyright Office . Bulletin , Decisions of the United States Courts Involving Copyright ( U.S. Government Printing Office , 1973 ) : 637ff . Jump up ^ United States . Courts , Modern Federal Practice Digest : All Federal Case Law in the Modern Era , Volume 37 ( West Publishing Company , 1961 ) : 14 . Jump up ^ Dennis Hartman , Motion Picture Law Review : Including Radio , and the Theater , Volume 20 ( D. Hartman , 1959 ) : 105 . ^ Jump up to : George Lipsitz , Midnight at the Barrelhouse : The Johnny Otis Story ( University of Minnesota Press , 2010 ) : 43 . Jump up ^ `` Valjo Music Loses ' Hound Dog ' Suit '' , The Billboard ( December 16 , 1957 ) : 28 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A. , Volume 5 ( New York University Law Center , 1957 ) : 161 . Jump up ^ Johnny Otis , in John Orr , `` Johnny Otis ' R&B Caravan keeps on rolling : A talk with one of the great champions of music '' , ( September 22 , 2000 ) : http://triviana.com/BLUES/sfb00/otis.htm Jump up ^ Peter Nazareth , `` ' Nineteen Fifty - Five ' : Alice , Elvis And The Black Matrix '' , Journal of the African Literature Association , Vol. 1 ( Spring 2007 ) : 157 . Jump up ^ Ellis Katz ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` A Brief Account of the Beginning of the Hounddog ( GAM 77 ) Program '' . AMMS Alumni . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . I recall Joe Berrer ( Joe was president of the Missile Division at the time ; not sure of the spelling of his last name ) returning from Inglewood where he had met with Dutch Kindleberger and Lee Atwood regarding the contract award and telling us that it had been decided to name the GAM - 77 as `` Hounddog '' . At the time Elvis was `` King '' and his musical fame carried over to our bird . Jump up ^ `` Newsfront '' . Tvmem.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived August 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ F. Kathleen Foley , `` ' Hound Dog ' : Elvis Meets Rap Music '' , LA Times ( November 29 , 1996 ) . Jump up ^ `` Shop PBS '' . Shop PBS . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Blues . The Road to Memphis '' . PBS.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Dakota Fanning -- Hounddog '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Dakota Fanning -- Hounddog '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Jill Scott as ( Big Momma Thornton ) ( sic ) -- Hound Dog '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 78 RPM -- Willie Mae `` Big Mama '' Thornton -- Hound Dog / Night Mare -- Peacock -- USA -- 1612 `` . 45worlds.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Sun Sessions '' ( in Dutch ) . www.706unionavenue.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Billboard 18 December 1961 ) : 27 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' ( 27 January 1962 ) : 23 . Further reading ( edit ) Burroughs , Alison Joy . `` Alice Walker 's ' Nineteen Fifty - Five ' '' . Chilton , Martin . `` Hound Dog : 10 facts about Elvis Presley 's hit song '' , The Telegraph ( August 23 , 2011 ) . Cooper , B. Lee and Wayne S. Haney , Response Recordings : An Answer Song Discography , 1950 -- 1990 , Scarecrow Press , 1990 . Corliss , Richard . `` Remembering Jerry Leiber , the ' Hound Dog ' Poet of Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Time ( August 24 , 2011 ) . Du Verger , Jean . `` From Musical Revolution to Countercultural Music : The Poet and the King '' , Revue Ecolle 2 ( March 19 , 2012 ) . Fink , Robert . `` Elvis Everywhere : Musicology and Popular Music Studies at the Twilight of the Canon '' . American Music 16 : 2 ( University of Illinois Press , Summer 1998 ) : 135 -- 179 . Gart , Galen and Roy C. Ames , Duke / Peacock Records : An Illustrated History with Discography . Big Nickel Publications , 1990 . Gritten , Dave . `` Jerry Leiber tribute '' , The Telegraph ( August 23 , 2011 ) . Lillistam , Lars. ( 1988 ) `` Musical Acculturation : ' Hound Dog ' From Blues to Swedish Rock'n'Roll . In Hennion , ed. 1789 -- 1989 : Musique , Histoire , Democratie , Vol . III . 1988 . Moonoogian , George A. `` Ai n't Nothin ' But a Hound Dog . '' Whiskey , Women and ... 14 ( June 1984 ) : 4 -- 10 . Moonoogian , George A . `` The Answer Record in R&B . '' Record Exchanger 22 ( 1976 ) : 24 -- 25 , 28 . Myers , Marc . `` The House That ' Hound Dog ' Built '' , The Wall Street Journal ( February 28 , 2013 ) . Nazareth , Peter . `` Elvis as Anthology '' , in Vernon Chadwick , ed. , In Search of Elvis : Music , Race , Art , Religion . Boulder , CO : Westview Press , 1997 . Nazareth , Peter . `` Nineteen Fifty - Five '' : Alice , Elvis And The Black Matrix `` . Journal of the African Literature Association 1 : 2 ( Summer / Fall 2007 ) : 150 -- 162 . Norton , Cherry . `` ` Hound Dog ' -- the Song That Did Most to Leave World All Shook Up '' . The Independent . London , England : January 24 , 2000 . `` Soundaffects '' , `` Elvis , Hound Dog and questions of intended meaning '' Soundaffects ( September 24 , 2008 ) . Spörke , Michael . `` Big Mama Thornton : The Life and Music . '' McFarland Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7759 - 3 ( July 22 , 2014 ) St. Pierre , Roger . `` Big Mama Thornton : The Hound Dog Howler Who Inspired Janis '' . New Musical Express ( January 1 , 1972 ) . External links ( edit ) `` Leiber & Stoller Discography '' Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Elvis Presley Albums discography Singles discography Filmography Studio albums Elvis Presley Elvis Peace in the Valley ( EP ) Elvis ' Christmas Album For LP Fans Only A Date with Elvis Elvis Is Back ! His Hand in Mine Something for Everybody Pot Luck Elvis for Everyone ! How Great Thou Art From Elvis in Memphis From Memphis to Vegas / From Vegas to Memphis Elvis Country ( I 'm 10,000 Years Old ) Love Letters from Elvis Elvis sings The Wonderful World of Christmas Elvis Now He Touched Me Elvis Raised on Rock / For Ol ' Times Sake Good Times Promised Land Today From Elvis Presley Boulevard , Memphis , Tennessee Moody Blue Live albums On Stage As Recorded at Madison Square Garden Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis Having Fun with Elvis on Stage Elvis in Concert An Afternoon in the Garden Soundtrack albums and EPs Love Me Tender ( EP ) Loving You Jailhouse Rock ( EP ) King Creole G.I. Blues Flaming Star ( EP ) Blue Hawaii Follow That Dream ( EP ) Kid Galahad ( EP ) Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! It Happened at the World 's Fair Fun in Acapulco Kissin ' Cousins Viva Las Vegas ( EP ) Roustabout Girl Happy Tickle Me ( EP ) Harum Scarum Frankie and Johnny Paradise Hawaiian Style Spinout Easy Come , Easy Go ( EP ) Double Trouble Clambake Speedway Elvis That 's the Way It Is Viva Elvis Compilation albums Elvis ' Golden Records 50,000,000 Elvis Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Elvis ' Golden Records Volume 3 Elvis ' Gold Records Volume 4 Elvis Sings Flaming Star Let 's Be Friends Almost in Love C'mon Everybody I Got Lucky Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 1 Elvis ' 40 Greatest Pure Gold Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 2 The Sun Sessions Welcome to My World Mahalo from Elvis Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 3 Greatest Hits Volume 1 Elvis ' Gold Records Volume 5 Amazing Grace : His Greatest Sacred Performances Command Performances : The Essential 60s Masters II Elvis 56 Tiger Man Memories : The ' 68 Comeback Special Sunrise Suspicious Minds : The Memphis 1969 Anthology ELV1S : 30 No. 1 Hits 2nd to None Elvis at Sun Hitstory Elvis Inspirational Elvis Rock Elvis Christmas The Essential Elvis Presley Christmas Duets If I Can Dream Way Down in the Jungle Room The Wonder of You The 50 Greatest Hits Box sets Worldwide 50 Gold Award Hits Vol. 1 The King of Rock ' n ' Roll : The Complete 50 's Masters From Nashville to Memphis : The Essential ' 60s Masters Walk a Mile in My Shoes : The Essential ' 70s Masters Live in Las Vegas Today , Tomorrow , and Forever Elvis the King The Complete ' 68 Comeback Special The Complete Elvis Presley Masters Bootlegs Elvis ' Greatest Shit Feature films Love Me Tender Loving You Jailhouse Rock King Creole G.I. Blues Flaming Star Wild in the Country Blue Hawaii Follow That Dream Kid Galahad Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! It Happened at the World 's Fair Fun in Acapulco Kissin ' Cousins Viva Las Vegas Roustabout Girl Happy Tickle Me Harum Scarum Frankie and Johnny Paradise , Hawaiian Style Spinout Easy Come , Easy Go Double Trouble Clambake Stay Away , Joe Speedway Live a Little , Love a Little Charro ! The Trouble with Girls Change of Habit Biographical films Elvis ( 1979 film ) Elvis ( 1990 series ) Elvis Meets Nixon Elvis ( 2005 miniseries ) Elvis & Nixon Documentaries The Pied Piper of Cleveland Elvis : That 's the Way It Is Elvis on Tour This Is Elvis The New Gladiators TV specials The Frank Sinatra Timex Show : Welcome Home Elvis Elvis Presley 's ' 68 Comeback Special Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Elvis in Concert Stage shows based on Elvis Cooking with Elvis All Shook Up Elvis . The Musical Elvis : The Concert Viva Elvis Top 10 singles `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Hound Dog '' `` Love Me Tender '' `` Love Me '' `` Too Much '' `` All Shook Up '' `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' `` One Night '' `` I Got Stung '' `` ( Now and Then There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' `` Stuck on You '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' `` Surrender '' `` I Feel So Bad '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Good Luck Charm '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' `` ( You 're The ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' `` Crying in the Chapel '' `` In the Ghetto '' `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` Burning Love '' Related people Sam Phillips The Blue Moon Boys The Jordanaires The Imperials The Sweet Inspirations TCB Band J.D. Sumner Stephen H. Sholes June Juanico Memphis Mafia Colonel Tom Parker George C. Nichopoulos Lisa Marie Presley Priscilla Presley Judy Spreckels Linda Thompson Ginger Alden Larry Geller Related Graceland Audubon Street House Cultural depictions Cultural impact Personal relationships Impersonators Elvis and Gladys Elvis and Me Elvis : What Happened ? Elvis - A-Rama Museum Hit singles Sun recordings Million Dollar Quartet List of Elvis Presley songs Songs about Elvis Elvis Presley Enterprises Elvis Presley Lake `` Elvis has left the building '' Elvis Radio FBI files on Elvis Presley Army career Eight Elvises Triple Elvis Elvis Presley 's Pink Cadillac Elvis Presley 's guitars Elvis Presley Forever stamp Elvis sightings Book Category Portal Elvis Presley singles discography 1950s 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960s 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come From '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro ! '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970s 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Book Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hound_Dog_(song)&oldid=799606649 '' Categories : 1953 songs 1953 singles 1955 singles 1956 singles Big Mama Thornton songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billy `` Crash '' Craddock songs Crossover ( music ) Elvis Presley songs Etta James songs Jerry Lee Lewis songs Little Richard songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Number - one singles in the United States Works involved in plagiarism controversies Songs written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Song recordings produced by Stephen H. 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5947661931915479915 | Finances of the British royal family | Finances of the British Royal family - wikipedia Finances of the British Royal family Jump to : navigation , search The British royal family is financed mainly by the hereditary revenues of the Crown . The British Parliament uses a percentage of the Crown Estate , a part of the Crown 's hereditary revenues belonging to the sovereign that is placed at the disposal of the House of Commons , to meet the costs of the sovereign 's official expenditures . This includes the costs of the upkeep of the various royal residences , staffing , travel and state visits , public engagements , and official entertainment . Other sources of income include revenues from the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall , a parliamentary annuity , and income from private investments . The Keeper of the Privy Purse is Head of the Privy Purse and Treasurer 's Office and has overall responsibility for the management of the sovereign 's financial affairs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Income 1.1 Civil List 1.2 Sovereign Grant 1.3 Duchy of Lancaster 1.4 Duchy of Cornwall 1.5 Parliamentary annuities 1.6 Taxation 2 Assets 2.1 Private wealth of the Queen 2.2 Crown Estate 2.3 Assets held in trust 3 References Income ( edit ) Civil List ( edit ) Main article : Civil list Until 1760 the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues , which included the profits of the Crown Estate ( the royal property portfolio ) . King George III agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the Civil List , and this arrangement persisted from 1760 until 2012 . The Civil List was paid from public funds and was intended to support the exercise of the monarch 's duties as head of state of the United Kingdom . In modern times , the Government 's profits from the Crown Estate always significantly exceeded the Civil List . Under the Civil List arrangements the royal family faced criticism for the lack of transparency surrounding Royal finances . The National Audit Office was not entitled to audit the Royal Household . The Queen received an annual £ 7.9 million a year from the Civil List between 2001 and 2012 . The total income of the Royal Household from the Treasury was always significantly larger than the Civil List because it included additional income such as Grants - in - Aid from the Treasury and revenues from the Duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster . The total Royal Household income for the financial years 2011 - 12 and 2012 - 13 was £ 30 million per annum , followed by a 14 % cut in the following year . However , the Treasury provided an additional £ 1 million to pay for Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 2012 . Royal expenditure differs from income due to the use of a Reserve Fund , which can be added to or drawn from . The official reported annual expenditure of the Head of State was £ 41.5 million for the 2008 - 09 financial year . This figure did not include the cost of security provided by the police and the Army and some other expenses . Sovereign Grant ( edit ) Main article : Sovereign Grant Act 2011 Under the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 , the system of funding the Royal Household by a mixture of Civil List payments and Grants - in - Aid was replaced . From 1 April 2012 a single annual Sovereign Grant has been paid by the Treasury . The level of funding for the Royal Household is now linked to the Government 's revenue from The Crown Estate . The Sovereign Grant Annual Report states that the Sovereign Grant was £ 31 million for 2012 - 13 , £ 36.1 million for 2013 - 14 and £ 37.9 million for 2014 - 15 . The amount of the Sovereign Grant is 15 % of the income account net surplus of the Crown Estate for the financial year that began two years previously . The arrangements will be reviewed by 2016 ( subsection 7 ( 5 ) of the Act ) . Step 4 of subsection 6 ( 1 ) , and subsection 6 ( 4 ) , of the Act provide a mechanism to prevent the amount of the Sovereign Grant increasing beyond what is necessary because of the growth in Crown Estate revenue . Under the Sovereign Grant the National Audit Office is able to audit the Royal Household . On November 18 , 2016 a plan was announced to increase the Sovereign Grant from 15 % to 25 % to renovate and repair Buckingham Palace . The percentage is set to revert to 15 % when the project is finished in 2027 . Duchy of Lancaster ( edit ) Main article : Duchy of Lancaster The Duchy of Lancaster is the private estate of the British sovereign consisting of land holdings and other assets . As it is held in perpetual trust for future generations of Sovereigns , the Sovereign is not entitled to the estate 's capital . The revenue profits of the Duchy are presented to the Sovereign each year and form part of the Privy Purse , providing income for both the official and private expenses of the monarch . In the financial year ending 31 March 2015 , the Duchy was valued at £ 472 million , providing £ 16 million in income . Duchy of Cornwall ( edit ) Main article : Duchy of Cornwall The Duchy of Cornwall is a Crown entity holding land and other assets to produce an income for the monarch 's eldest child . The Duke of Cornwall ( Charles , Prince of Wales ) receives revenue towards charitable work and official activities , supported by The Queen 's Grant - in - aid funding to provide assistance with official travel and property . These financial arrangements also cover the official expenditure of some members of his immediate family . The Duchess of Cornwall , The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry all have their official expenses paid from Duchy income , assisted by grants - in aid from The Queen . For the fiscal year 2011 - 12 the Duchy was valued at £ 728 million with an annual profit of £ 18.3 million paid to the Prince . Parliamentary annuities ( edit ) The Duke of Edinburgh receives a parliamentary annuity of £ 359,000 per year from the Treasury . In the past some other members of the British royal family also received funding in the form of parliamentary annuities . The Civil List Act 1952 provided for an allowance to Princess Margaret as well as allowances to the queen 's younger children among others . The Civil List Act 1972 added further members of the royal family to the annuity list . By 2002 there were eight recipients of parliamentary annuities ( all children or cousins of the Queen ) receiving a combined total of £ 1.5 million annually . Between 1993 and 2012 the Queen voluntarily refunded the cost of these annuities to the Treasury . The Sovereign Grant Act 2011 abolished all of these other than that received by the Duke of Edinburgh . Subsequently the living costs of the members of the royal family who carry out official duties , including the Princess Royal , the Duke of York , and the Earl and Countess of Wessex , have mainly been met through the Queen 's income from the Duchy of Lancaster . Taxation ( edit ) The Crown has a legal tax - exempt status because certain acts of parliament do not apply to it . Crown bodies such as The Duchy of Lancaster are not subject to legislation concerning income tax , capital gains tax or inheritance tax . Furthermore , the Sovereign has no legal liability to pay such taxes . The Duchy of Cornwall has a Crown exemption and the Prince of Wales is not legally liable to pay income tax on Duchy revenues . A `` Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation '' was published on 5 February 1993 and amended in 1996 , 2009 and 2013 . It is intended that the arrangements in the memorandum will be followed by the next monarch . The memorandum describes the arrangements by which The Queen and The Prince of Wales make voluntary payments to the HM Revenue and Customs in lieu of tax to compensate for their tax exemption . The details of the payments are private . The Queen voluntarily pays a sum equivalent to income tax on her private income and income from the Privy Purse ( which includes the Duchy of Lancaster ) that is not used for official purposes . The Sovereign Grant is exempted . A sum equivalent to capital gains tax is voluntarily paid on any gains from the disposal of private assets made after 5 April 1993 . Many of the Sovereign 's assets were acquired earlier than this date but payment is only made on the gains made afterwards . Arrangements also exist for a sum in lieu of inheritance tax to be voluntarily paid on some of the Queen 's private assets . Property passing from monarch to monarch is exempted , as is property passing from the consort of a former monarch to the current monarch . The Prince of Wales voluntarily pays a sum equivalent to income tax on that part of his income from the Duchy of Cornwall that is in excess of what is needed to meet official expenditure . From 1969 he made voluntary tax payments of 50 % of the profits , but this reduced to 25 % in 1981 when he married Lady Diana Spencer . These arrangements were replaced by the memorandum in 1993 . The income of the Prince of Wales from sources other than the Duchy of Cornwall is subject to tax in the normal way . Assets ( edit ) Private wealth of the Queen ( edit ) The Queen has a private income from her personal investment portfolio , though her personal wealth and income are not known . Jock Colville , a former private secretary to the Queen ( when she was Princess Elizabeth ) and a director of her bank , Coutts , estimated her wealth at £ 2 million in 1971 ( the equivalent of about £ 25 million today ) . An official statement from Buckingham Palace in 1993 called estimates of £ 100 million `` grossly overstated '' . In 2002 , she inherited her mother 's estate , thought to have been worth £ 70 million ( the equivalent of about £ 103 million today ) . Forbes magazine estimated the Queen 's net worth at around $500 million ( about £ 325 million ) in 2011 , while an analysis by the Bloomberg Billionaires Index put it at $425 million ( about £ 275 million ) in 2015 . In 2012 the Sunday Times estimated the Queen 's wealth as being £ 310 million ( $504 million ) , and that year the Queen received a Guinness World Record as Wealthiest Queen . The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her wealth at £ 340 million , making her the 302nd richest person in the United Kingdom ; that was the first year she was not among the Sunday Times Rich List 's top 300 most wealthy since the list began in 1989 . She was number one on the list when it began in 1989 . Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen . Crown Estate ( edit ) Main article : Crown Estate The Crown Estate is one of the largest property owners in the United Kingdom , producing £ 211 million for the Treasury in the financial year 2007 -- 8 . and with holdings of £ 7.3 billion in 2011 . The Crown Estate is not the private property of the Monarch . It can not be sold or owned by the Sovereign in a private capacity , nor do any revenues , or debts , from the estate accrue to her . Instead the Crown Estate is owned by the Crown , a corporation representing the legal embodiment of the State . It is held in trust and governed by Act of Parliament , to which it makes an annual report . Revenue from the Crown Estate is thought to be due to double in real terms between 2010 and 2020 with additional lease revenues deriving from the development of offshore wind farms within Britain 's Renewable Energy Zone , the rights of which were granted to the Crown Estate by the Energy Act 2004 . Assets held in trust ( edit ) A number of State possessions are held in trust by the Sovereign . The Royal Collection is the art collection of the British royal family . It is one of the largest and most important art collections in the world , containing over 7,000 paintings , 40,000 watercolours and drawings , about 150,000 old master prints , historical photographs , tapestries , furniture , ceramics , books , gold and silver plate , arms and armour , jewellery and other works of art . The collection includes the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London ( including the crown , orb and sceptre ) . It is physically dispersed between thirteen Royal residences and former residences across Britain . Although the collection belongs to the sovereign , it is not the personal property of Elizabeth II as a private individual . Instead the collection is held in trust by the Queen for her successors and the nation . The Treasury refers to these assets as `` vested in the sovereign and can not be alienated '' . Income is generated by the collection from public admissions and other sources . This income is received by the Royal Collection Trust , the collection 's management charity , and not by the Queen . The occupied royal palaces in the United Kingdom such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle are held in trust by the sovereign . The Royal Household is expected to use the Sovereign Grant to maintain the palaces . In May 2009 the Queen requested an extra £ 4 million annually from the government to carry out a backlog of repairs to Buckingham Palace . In 2010 , the Royal Household requested an additional grant from the Department for Culture , Media and Sport but were refused on the basis that the scheme was `` aimed at schools , hospitals , councils and housing associations for heating programmes which benefit low - income families '' . Over a third of the Royal estate was in disrepair by 2012 - 13 according to a report by the Public Accounts Committee . The cost of restoration was estimated to be £ 50 million , but the Reserve Fund was at a historic low of £ 1m . The Monarch is also responsible for using the Sovereign Grant to pay the wages of 431 of the approximately 1200 Royal Household staff , amounting to £ 18.2 million in 2014 - 15 . In 2013 , the Guardian newspaper reported that Buckingham Palace was using zero - hour contract for its summer staff and in 2015 it was reported that at least four senior officials had been made redundant to reduce costs . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Sovereign 's gracious message to the House of Commons re : The Sovereign Grant Bill '' ( PDF ) . Buckingham Palace . 29 June 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sovereign Grant Bill -- Further background information provided to Members of Parliament in advance of the Bill 's Second Reading Debate on 14 July 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Her Majesty 's Treasury . July 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Royal Finances : The Civil List , Official web site of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ The Privy Purse and Treasurer 's Office , accessed 13 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Royals ' cost the taxpayer £ 37.4 m ' '' . BBC News . 28 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Verkaik , Robert ( 28 June 2002 ) . `` First look at royal finances fails to satisfy MPs '' . The Independent . London . ^ Jump up to : Royal Finances : Head of State Expenditure , Official web site of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 14 May 2010 , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Spending Review : Royal family to face 14 % cuts '' . BBC News . 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Verkaik , Robert ( 21 October 2010 ) . `` Royal ' cuts ' could make Charles the richest king in British history '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Cost of Royal Family rises £ 1.5 m '' . BBC News . 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sovereign Grant Annual Report 2012 - 13 '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal funding changes become law '' . BBC News . 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Determination of the amount of Sovereign Grant '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Davies , Caroline ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Buckingham Palace to undergo ' essential ' £ 370m refurbishment '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Duchy of Lancaster - FAQs '' . Duchy of Lancaster . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster '' . Royal Household . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Duchy of Lancaster. 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Royal Finances : Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster , Official web site of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Duchy of Lancaster - Management and Finance '' . Duchy of Lancaster . Archived from the original on 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who pays for The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry ? '' . The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall Website . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report and Accounts Year Ended 31st March 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Duchy Of Cornwall. 1 June 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ The amount was set by the Civil List ( Increase of Financial Provision ) Order 1990 . It was initially set at £ 40,000 in the Civil List Act 1952 , raised to £ 65,000 by the Civil List Act 1972 , and raised to £ 165,000 by the Civil List ( Increase of Financial Provision ) Order 1984 . Jump up ^ `` What Is The True Cost Of The Monarchy ? '' . Royal Central . 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civil List Act 1952 : Chapter 37 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Verkaik , Robert ( 30 May 2002 ) . `` Royal aides want to see abolition of Civil List '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Further provision for members of the Royal Family '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation '' ( PDF ) . HM Government . 2013 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rayner , Gordon ( 21 Jun 2015 ) . `` Queen 's finances are safe from cuts for two years '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Vivien ( 12 February 1993 ) . `` The Queen 's Finances : Ordinary tax allowances for royals '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Philip Hall , 1992 , Royal Fortune , Tax , Money and the Monarchy , page xxii , Bloomsbury , ISBN 0 - 7475 - 1098 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Royal overspend prompts call to open palace doors '' . BBC News . 28 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Gregory Clark ( 2016 ) , `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' , MeasuringWorth.com . Jump up ^ The Times , 9 July 1971 ; Pimlott , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Lord Chamberlain Lord Airlie quoted in Hoey , p. 225 and Pimlott , p. 561 Jump up ^ `` Queen inherits Queen Mother 's estate '' . 17 May 2002 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Luisa . `` Just How Rich Are Queen Elizabeth And Her Family ? '' . Forbs , com . Forbs . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Tom . `` Queen Elizabeth II Is n't as Rich as You Think '' . bloomberg.com . bloomberg . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wealthiest Queen '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Helen Nianias ( 26 April 2015 ) . `` The Queen drops off the top end of the Sunday Times Rich List for the first time since its inception '' . The Independent . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Royal Residences : Overview , Royal Household , archived from the original on 1 May 2011 , retrieved 9 December 2009 ^ Jump up to : About Us , Crown Estate , 6 July 2011 , archived from the original on 1 September 2011 , retrieved 1 September 2011 Jump up ^ FAQs , Crown Estate , archived from the original on 3 September 2011 , retrieved 1 September 2011 Jump up ^ Martin Delgado and Christopher Leake ( 24 October 2010 ) . `` Queen 's £ 38m a year offshore windfarm windfall - because she owns the seabed '' . London : Mail Online . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Special : Sovereign wealth '' . The Independent . London . 31 May 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Collection '' . The Royal Household . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ What is the Royal Collection ? , The Royal Collection , retrieved 12 November 2008 Jump up ^ Pierce , Andrew ( 30 May 2009 ) . `` Queen must open palace more in return for extra funds '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Queen asked for heating grant from Government '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Younger , Rachel ( 28 January 2014 ) . `` Royal Estate Overspend Leaves £ 50m Repair Bill '' . Sky News . London . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Richard ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Royal Family faces major financial review as costs soar by a third in three years '' . Daily Express . London . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon Neville , Matthew Taylor and Phillip Inman . `` Buckingham Palace uses zero - hours contracts for summer staff Money '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sabur , Rozina ( 23 May 2015 ) . `` Buckingham Palace ' axes at least four ' of the Queen 's senior officials '' . The telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finances_of_the_British_royal_family&oldid=803169959 '' Categories : British monarchy British Royal Family Finance in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use British English from January 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 22 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the royal family get there money | [
"The British royal family is financed mainly by the hereditary revenues of the Crown.[1] The British Parliament uses a percentage of the Crown Estate, a part of the Crown's hereditary revenues belonging to the sovereign that is placed at the disposal of the House of Commons, to meet the costs of the sovereign's official expenditures.[1][2] This includes the costs of the upkeep of the various royal residences, staffing, travel and state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment.[3] Other sources of income include revenues from the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, a parliamentary annuity, and income from private investments. The Keeper of the Privy Purse is Head of the Privy Purse and Treasurer's Office and has overall responsibility for the management of the sovereign's financial affairs.[4]",
"The British royal family is financed mainly by the hereditary revenues of the Crown.[1] The British Parliament uses a percentage of the Crown Estate, a part of the Crown's hereditary revenues belonging to the sovereign that is placed at the disposal of the House of Commons, to meet the costs of the sovereign's official expenditures.[1][2] This includes the costs of the upkeep of the various royal residences, staffing, travel and state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment.[3] Other sources of income include revenues from the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, a parliamentary annuity, and income from private investments. The Keeper of the Privy Purse is Head of the Privy Purse and Treasurer's Office and has overall responsibility for the management of the sovereign's financial affairs.[4]",
"The British royal family is financed mainly by the hereditary revenues of the Crown.[1] The British Parliament uses a percentage of the Crown Estate, a part of the Crown's hereditary revenues belonging to the sovereign that is placed at the disposal of the House of Commons, to meet the costs of the sovereign's official expenditures.[1][2] This includes the costs of the upkeep of the various royal residences, staffing, travel and state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment.[3] Other sources of income include revenues from the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, a parliamentary annuity, and income from private investments. The Keeper of the Privy Purse is Head of the Privy Purse and Treasurer's Office and has overall responsibility for the management of the sovereign's financial affairs.[4]",
"The British royal family is financed mainly by the hereditary revenues of the Crown.[1] The British Parliament uses a percentage of the Crown Estate, a part of the Crown's hereditary revenues belonging to the sovereign that is placed at the disposal of the House of Commons, to meet the costs of the sovereign's official expenditures.[1][2] This includes the costs of the upkeep of the various royal residences, staffing, travel and state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment.[3] Other sources of income include revenues from the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, a parliamentary annuity, and income from private investments. The Keeper of the Privy Purse is Head of the Privy Purse and Treasurer's Office and has overall responsibility for the management of the sovereign's financial affairs.[4]"
] | [
"hereditary revenues of the Crown",
"the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall",
"a parliamentary annuity",
"income from private investments"
] |
3856756119826026699 | Leo (constellation) | Leo ( constellation ) - wikipedia Leo ( constellation ) Jump to : navigation , search Leo Constellation List of stars in Leo Abbreviation Leo Genitive Leonis Pronunciation / ˈliːoʊ / , genitive / liːˈoʊnɪs / Symbolism the Lion Right ascension 11 Declination + 15 Quadrant NQ2 Area 947 sq. deg . ( 12th ) Main stars 9 , 15 Bayer / Flamsteed stars 92 Stars with planets 13 Stars brighter than 3.00 5 Stars within 10.00 pc ( 32.62 ly ) 5 Brightest star Regulus ( α Leo ) ( 1.35 ) Messier objects 5 Meteor showers Leonids Bordering constellations Ursa Major Leo Minor Lynx ( corner ) Cancer Hydra Sextans Crater Virgo Coma Berenices Visible at latitudes between + 90 ° and − 65 ° . Best visible at 21 : 00 ( 9 p.m. ) during the month of April . Leo / ˈliːoʊ / is one of the constellations of the zodiac , lying between Cancer the crab to the west and Virgo the maiden to the east . Its name is Latin for lion , and to the ancient Greeks represented the Nemean Lion killed by the mythical Greek hero Heracles ( known to the ancient Romans as Hercules ) as one of his twelve labors . Its symbol is ( Unicode ♌ ) . One of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd - century astronomer Ptolemy , Leo remains one of the 88 modern constellations today , and one of the most easily recognizable due to its many bright stars and a distinctive shape that is reminiscent of the crouching lion it depicts . The lion 's mane and shoulders also form an asterism known as `` The Sickle , '' which to modern observers may resemble a backwards `` question mark . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 1.1 Stars 1.2 Deep - sky objects 1.3 Meteor showers 2 History and mythology 3 Astrology 4 Visualizations 5 Namesakes 6 References 7 External links 7.1 Observer links 7.2 Science 7.3 Myths Features ( edit ) The constellation Leo as it can be seen by the naked eye ( the bright object in center of the picture is the planet Jupiter ) . Stars ( edit ) See also : List of stars in Leo Leo contains many bright stars , many of which were individually identified by the ancients . There are four stars of first or second magnitude , which render this constellation especially prominent : Regulus , designated Alpha Leonis , is a blue - white main - sequence star of magnitude 1.34 , 77.5 light - years from Earth . It is a double star divisible in binoculars , with a secondary of magnitude 7.7 . Its traditional name ( Regulus ) means `` the little king '' . Beta Leonis , called Denebola , is at the opposite end of the constellation to Regulus . It is a blue - white star of magnitude 2.23 , 36 light - years from Earth . The name Denebola means `` the lion 's tail '' . Algieba , Gamma Leonis , is a binary star with a third optical component ; the primary and secondary are divisible in small telescopes and the tertiary is visible in binoculars . The primary is a gold - yellow giant star of magnitude 2.61 and the secondary is similar but at magnitude 3.6 ; they have a period of 600 years and are 126 light - years from Earth . The unrelated tertiary , 40 Leonis , is a yellow - tinged star of magnitude 4.8 . Its traditional name , Algieba , means `` the forehead '' . Delta Leonis , called Zosma , is a blue - white star of magnitude 2.58 , 58 light - years from Earth . Epsilon Leonis is a yellow giant of magnitude 3.0 , 251 light - years from Earth . Zeta Leonis , called Adhafera , is an optical triple star . The brightest and only star designated Zeta Leonis , is a white giant star of magnitude 3.65 , 260 light - years from Earth . The second - brightest , 39 Leonis , is widely spaced to the south and of magnitude 5.8 . 35 Leonis is to the north and of magnitude 6.0 . Iota Leonis is a binary star divisible in medium amateur telescopes ; they are divisible in small amateur telescopes at their widest in the years 2053 -- 2063 . To the unaided eye , Iota Leonis appears to be a yellow - tinged star of magnitude 4.0 . The system , 79 light - years from Earth , has components of magnitude 4.1 and 6.7 with a period of 183 years . Tau Leonis is a double star visible in binoculars . The primary is a yellow giant of magnitude 5.0 , 621 light - years from Earth . The secondary is a star of magnitude 8 . 54 Leonis is a binary star 289 light - years from Earth , divisible in small telescopes . The primary is a blue - white star of magnitude 4.5 and the secondary is a blue - white star of magnitude 6.3 . The other named stars in Leo are Mu Leonis , Rasalas ( an abbreviation of `` Al Ras al Asad al Shamaliyy '' , meaning `` The Lion 's Head Toward the South '' ) ; and Theta Leonis , Chertan or Coxa ( `` hip '' ) . Leo is also home to one bright variable star , the red giant R Leonis . It is a Mira variable with a minimum magnitude of 10 and normal maximum magnitude of 6 ; it periodically brightens to magnitude 4.4 . R Leonis , 330 light - years from Earth , has a period of 310 days and a diameter of 450 solar diameters . The star Wolf 359 ( CN Leonis ) , one of the nearest stars to Earth at 7.8 light - years away , is in Leo . Wolf 359 is a red dwarf of magnitude 13.5 ; it periodically brightens by one magnitude or less because it is a flare star . Gliese 436 , a faint star in Leo about 33 light - years away from the Sun , is orbited by a transiting Neptune - mass extrasolar planet . The carbon star CW Leo ( IRC + 10216 ) is the brightest star in the night sky at the infrared N - band ( 10 μm wavelength ) . The star SDSS J102915 + 172927 ( Caffau 's star ) is a population II star in the galactic halo seen in Leo . It is about 13 billion years old , making it one of the oldest stars in the Galaxy . It has the lowest metallicity of any known star . Modern astronomers , including Tycho Brahe in 1602 , excised a group of stars that once made up the `` tuft '' of the lion 's tail and used them to form the new constellation Coma Berenices ( Berenice 's hair ) , although there was precedent for that designation among the ancient Greeks and Romans . Deep - sky objects ( edit ) Messier 66 Leo contains many bright galaxies ; Messier 65 , Messier 66 , Messier 95 , Messier 96 , Messier 105 , and NGC 3628 are the most famous , the first two being part of the Leo Triplet . The Leo Ring , a cloud of hydrogen and helium gas , is found in orbit of two galaxies found within this constellation . M66 is a spiral galaxy that is part of the Leo Triplet , whose other two members are M65 and NGC 3628 . It is at a distance of 37 million light - years and has a somewhat distorted shape due to gravitational interactions with the other members of the Triplet , which are pulling stars away from M66 . Eventually , the outermost stars may form a dwarf galaxy orbiting M66 . Both M65 and M66 are visible in large binoculars or small telescopes , but their concentrated nuclei and elongation are only visible in large amateur instruments . The notable gravitational lens known as the Cosmic Horseshoe is found in Leo . M95 and M96 are both spiral galaxies 20 million light - years from Earth . Though they are visible as fuzzy objects in small telescopes , their structure is only visible in larger instruments . M95 is a barred spiral galaxy . M105 is about a degree away from the M95 / M96 pair ; it is an elliptical galaxy of the 9th magnitude , also about 20 million light - years from Earth . NGC 2903 is a barred spiral galaxy discovered by William Herschel in 1784 . It is very similar in size and shape to the Milky Way and is located 25 million light - years from Earth . In its core , NGC 2903 has many `` hotspots '' , which have been found to be near regions of star formation . The star formation in this region is thought to be due to the presence of the dusty bar , which sends shock waves through its rotation to an area with a diameter of 2,000 light - years . The outskirts of the galaxy have many young open clusters . Leo is also home to some of the largest structures in the observable universe . Some of the structures found in the constellation are the Clowes -- Campusano LQG , U1. 11 , U1. 54 , and the Huge - LQG , which are all large quasar groups ; the latter being the second largest structure known ( see also NQ2 - NQ4 GRB overdensity ) . Meteor Showers ( edit ) The Leonids occur in November , peaking on November 14 -- 15 , and have a radiant close to Gamma Leonis . Its parent body is Comet Tempel - Tuttle , which causes significant outbursts every 35 years . The normal peak rate is approximately 10 meteors per hour . The January Leonids are a minor shower that peaks between January 1 and 7 . History and mythology ( edit ) Leo from a western scientific manuscript , c. 1000 Leo was one of the earliest recognized constellations , with archaeological evidence that the Mesopotamians had a similar constellation as early as 4000 BCE . The Persians called Leo Ser or Shir ; the Turks , Artan ; the Syrians , Aryo ; the Jews , Arye ; the Indians , Simha , all meaning `` lion '' . Greek stamp depicting a mosaical image of the encounter between Hercules and Leo , the Nemean Lion . Some mythologists believe that in Sumeria , Leo represented the monster Humbaba , who was killed by Gilgamesh . In Babylonian astronomy , the constellation was called UR.GU.LA , the `` Great Lion '' ; the bright star Regulus was known as `` the star that stands at the Lion 's breast . '' Regulus also had distinctly regal associations , as it was known as the King Star . In Greek mythology , Leo was identified as the Nemean Lion which was killed by Heracles ( Hercules to the Romans ) during the first of his twelve labours . The Nemean Lion would take women as hostages to its lair in a cave , luring warriors from nearby towns to save the damsel in distress , to their misfortune . The Lion was impervious to any weaponry ; thus , the warriors ' clubs , swords , and spears were rendered useless against it . Realizing that he must defeat the Lion with his bare hands , Hercules slipped into the Lion 's cave and engaged it at close quarters . When the Lion pounced , Hercules caught it in midair , one hand grasping the Lion 's forelegs and the other its hind legs , and bent it backwards , breaking its back and freeing the trapped maidens . Zeus commemorated this labor by placing the Lion in the sky . The Roman poet Ovid called it Herculeus Leo and Violentus Leo . Bacchi Sidus ( star of Bacchus ) was another of its titles , the god Bacchus always being identified with this animal . However , Manilius called it Jovis et Junonis Sidus ( Star of Jupiter and Juno ) . Astrology ( edit ) Main article : Leo ( astrology ) As of 2002 , the Sun appears in the constellation Leo from August 10 to September 10 . In tropical astrology , the Sun is considered to be in the sign Leo from July 23 to August 27 , and in sidereal astrology , from August 16 to September 17 . Visualizations ( edit ) Leo , with Leo Minor above , as depicted in Urania 's Mirror , a set of constellation cards published in London c. 1825 . Leo is commonly represented as if the sickle - shaped asterism of stars is the back of the Lion 's head . The sickle is marked by six stars : Epsilon Leonis , Mu Leonis , Zeta Leonis , Gamma Leonis , Eta Leonis , and Alpha Leonis . The lion 's tail is marked by Beta Leonis ( Denebola ) and the rest of his body is delineated by Delta Leonis and Theta Leonis . Diagram of H.A. Rey 's alternative way to connect the stars of the constellation Leo . The lion is shown walking . H.A. Rey has suggested an alternative way to connect the stars , which graphically shows a lion walking . The stars delta Leonis , gamma Leonis , eta Leonis , and theta Leonis form the body of the lion , with gamma Leonis being of the second magnitude and delta Leonis and theta Leonis being of the third magnitude . The stars gamma Leonis , zeta Leonis , mu Leonis , epsilon Leonis , and eta Leonis form the lion 's neck , with epsilon Leonis being of the third magnitude . The stars mu Leonis , kappa Leonis , lambda Leonis , and epsilon Leonis form the head of the lion . Delta Leonis and beta Leonis form the lion 's tail : beta Leonis , also known as Denebola , is the bright tip of the tail with a magnitude of two . The stars theta Leonis , iota Leonis , and sigma Leonis form the left hind leg of the lion , with sigma Leonis being the foot . The stars theta Leonis and rho Leonis form the right hind leg , with rho Leonis being the foot . The stars eta Leonis and Alpha Leonis mark the lion 's heart , with alpha Leonis , also known as Regulus , being the bright star of magnitude one . The stars eta Leonis and omicron Leonis form the right front foot of the Lion . Namesakes ( edit ) USS Leonis ( AK - 128 ) was a United States Navy Crater class cargo ship named after the Latin version of this constellation name . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ridpath & Tirion 2001 , pp. 166 - 168 . Jump up ^ `` Leo '' . Constellationsofwords.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Astronomers discover smallest `` exoplanets '' yet `` . Toronto . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ L. Phil Simpson ( Springer 2012 ) Guidebook to the Constellations : Telescopic Sights , Tales , and Myths , p. 235 ( ISBN 9781441969415 ) . ^ Jump up to : Wilkins , Jamie ; Dunn , Robert ( 2006 ) . 300 Astronomical Objects : A Visual Reference to the Universe . Buffalo , New York : Firefly Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55407 - 175 - 3 . Jump up ^ Prostak , Sergio ( 11 January 2013 ) . `` Universe 's Largest Structure Discovered '' . scinews.com . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ridpath & Tirion 2001 , pp. 166 - 167 . Jump up ^ Jenniskens , Peter ( September 2011 ) . `` Mapping Meteoroid Orbits : New Meteor Showers Discovered '' . Sky & Telescope : 24 . ^ Jump up to : Pasachoff , Jay M. ( 2006 ) . Stars and Planets . Boston , Massachusetts : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 9780395537596 . Jump up ^ Tamra Andrews ( Oxford University Press 2000 ) Dictionary of Nature Myths : Legends of the Earth , Sea , and Sky ( ISBN 9780195136777 ) . Jump up ^ Babylonian Star - lore by Gavin White , Solaria Publications , 2008 page 140 , ISBN 978 - 0955903700 ^ Jump up to : Janet Parker ; et al. , eds. ( 2007 ) . Mythology : Myths , Legends and Fantasies . Struik . pp. 121 -- 122 . ISBN 9781770074538 . Jump up ^ H.A. Rey , The Stars -- A New Way To See Them . Enlarged World - Wide Edition . Houghton Mifflin , Boston , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 24830 - 2 . Star Names : Their Lore and Meaning , by Richard Allen Hinckley , Dover . ISBN 0 - 486 - 21079 - 0 Ridpath , Ian ; Tirion , Wil ( 2001 ) , Stars and Planets Guide , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 08913 - 2 Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion ( 2007 ) . Stars and Planets Guide , Collins , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 725120 - 9 . Princeton University Press , Princeton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13556 - 4 . Dictionary of Symbols , by Carl G. Liungman , W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31236 - 4 External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Media related to Leo ( constellation ) at Wikimedia Commons Observer links ( edit ) The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations : Leo Information from Windows to the Universe Star Map of Leo and Information from Students for Exploration and Development of Space Information about Leo from Chris Dolan Information from StarDate Online Leo 's skymap and information from Gary Madison Star Map of Leo and basic information Science ( edit ) New planet discovery in Leo 's constellation Myths ( edit ) Star Tales -- Leo Myth Info from comfychair.org Myth Info from TheGreekGods.org Myth Info from ColdWater Schools Myth Info from Star Watch GeoCity Myth Info from heavens-above.com Warburg Institute Iconographic Database ( over 300 medieval and early modern images of Leo ) Stars of Leo Bayer α ( Regulus ) β ( Denebola ) γ ( Algieba ) δ ( Zosma ) ε ( Algenubi ) ζ ( Adhafera ) η θ ( Chertan ) ι κ ( Al Minliar al Asad ) λ ( Alterf ) μ ( Rasalas ) ν ξ ο ( Subra ) π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω Flamsteed 6 ( h ) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 ( f ) 18 19 20 21 22 ( g ) 23 26 31 ( A ) 33 34 35 37 39 40 42 43 44 45 46 48 49 50 51 ( m ) 52 ( k ) 53 ( l ) 54 55 56 57 58 ( d ) 59 ( c ) 60 ( b ) 61 ( p ) 62 ( p ) 64 65 ( p ) 66 67 69 ( p ) 71 72 73 ( n ) 75 76 79 80 81 82 83 85 86 87 ( e ) 88 89 90 92 93 95 ( o ) 6 LMi 18 LMi 49 LMi 52 LMi 10 Sex 11 Sex 37 Sex 38 Sex Variable X Y RR RZ SS ST TU TV UV UZ XY XZ AD AM AP AQ CE CW DH DK DN DP DR DX DY EE EO EX GX HN HR 3736 3792 3804 3820 3869 3876 3942 3969 4006 4012 4032 4048 4097 4197 4244 4245 4249 4253 ( p ) 4303 4341 4358 4394 4404 4419 4459 4465 4512 4531 4535 4543 HD 81040 84680 86986 88133 89307 95089 96063 96372 97658 99109 100456 100659 100777 102272 Gliese Gliese 408 Gliese 410 Gliese 436 GJ 3685 Other BD + 20 ° 2457 2MASSI J0937347 + 293142 PG 1031 + 234 PSR B0919 + 06 PSR B0943 + 10 PSR B0950 + 08 PSR B1133 + 16 PSR J1022 + 1001 SDSS J102915 + 172927 WD 1105 - 048 Wolf 359 ( CN ) List The 88 modern constellations Andromeda Antlia Apus Aquarius Aquila Ara Aries Auriga Boötes Caelum Camelopardalis Cancer Canes Venatici Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Carina Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Chamaeleon Circinus Columba Coma Berenices Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Crux Cygnus Delphinus Dorado Draco Equuleus Eridanus Fornax Gemini Grus Hercules Horologium Hydra Hydrus Indus Lacerta Leo Leo Minor Lepus Libra Lupus Lynx Lyra Mensa Microscopium Monoceros Musca Norma Octans Ophiuchus Orion Pavo Pegasus Perseus Phoenix Pictor Pisces Piscis Austrinus Puppis Pyxis Reticulum Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Sculptor Scutum Serpens Sextans Taurus Telescopium Triangulum Triangulum Australe Tucana Ursa Major Ursa Minor Vela Virgo Volans Vulpecula Lists of constellations Constellation history The 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy after 150 AD Andromeda Aquarius Aquila Ara Argo Navis Aries Auriga Boötes Cancer Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Cygnus Delphinus Draco Equuleus Eridanus Gemini Hercules Hydra Leo Lepus Libra Lupus Lyra Ophiuchus Orion Pegasus Perseus Pisces Piscis Austrinus Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Serpens Taurus Triangulum Ursa Major Ursa Minor Virgo The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries Vespucci or Corsalius early 16c : Crux Triangulum Australe Vopel 1536 : Coma Berenices Keyser & de Houtman 1596 : Apus Chamaeleon Dorado Grus Hydrus Indus Musca Pavo Phoenix Tucana Volans Plancius 1613 : Camelopardalis Columba Monoceros Habrecht 1621 : Reticulum Hevelius 1683 : Canes Venatici Lacerta Leo Minor Lynx Scutum Sextans Vulpecula de Lacaille 1763 : Antlia Caelum Carina Circinus Fornax Horologium Mensa Microscopium Norma Octans Pictor Puppis Pyxis Sculptor Telescopium Vela Obsolete constellations ( including Ptolemy 's Argo Navis ) Anser Antinous Apes Argo Navis Asterion Cancer Minor Cerberus Chara Custos Messium Felis Frederici Honores / Gloria Frederici Gallus Globus Aerostaticus Jordanus Lilium Lochium Funis Machina Electrica Malus Mons Maenalus Musca Borealis Noctua Officina Typographica Polophylax Psalterium Georgianum / Harpa Georgii Quadrans Muralis Ramus Pomifer Robur Carolinum Sceptrum Brandenburgicum Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae Solarium Rangifer / Tarandus Taurus Poniatovii Telescopium Herschelii Testudo Tigris Triangulum Minus Turdus Solitarius Vespa Vultur cadens Vultur volans obsolete constellation names Apis Phoenicopterus Serpentarius Xiphias The Zodiac Astrological signs Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces Alternative signs Ophiuchus Cetus Western astrology House Triplicity Mode Cardinal Fixed Mutable Binary Positive Negative Related Astronomy Axial precession Constellations of the Ecliptic Ecliptic coordinate system Planets in astrology Zodiacal light Coordinates : 11 00 00 , + 15 ° 00 ′ 00 '' GND : 4036178 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_(constellation)&oldid=798619536 '' Categories : Constellations Constellations listed by Ptolemy Equatorial constellations Leo ( constellation ) Western astrology Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2002 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia external links cleanup from January 2016 Wikipedia spam cleanup from January 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many stars in the constellation of leo | [] | [] |
-4391590214810751242 | Commerce Clause | Commerce Clause - wikipedia Commerce Clause Jump to : navigation , search Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism The Commerce Clause describes an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution ( Article I , Section 8 , Clause 3 ) . The clause states that the United States Congress shall have power `` To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes . '' Courts and commentators have tended to discuss each of these three areas of commerce as a separate power granted to Congress . It is common to see the individual components of the Commerce Clause referred to under specific terms : the Foreign Commerce Clause , the Interstate Commerce Clause , and the Indian Commerce Clause . Dispute exists within the courts as to the range of powers granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause . As noted below , it is often paired with the Necessary and Proper Clause , and the combination used to take a broad , expansive perspective of these powers . However , the effect of the Commerce Clause has varied significantly depending on the US Supreme Court 's interpretation . During the Marshall Court era , Commerce Clause interpretation empowered Congress to gain jurisdiction over numerous aspects of intrastate and interstate commerce as well as non-commerce . During the post-1937 era , the use of the Commerce Clause by Congress to authorize federal control of economic matters became effectively unlimited . Since the latter half of the Rehnquist Court era , congressional use of the Commerce Clause has become slightly restricted again , being limited only to matters of trade or any other form of restricted area ( whether interstate or not ) and production ( whether commercial or not ) . The Commerce Clause is the source of federal drug prohibition laws under the Controlled Substances Act . In a recent medical marijuana case , Gonzales v. Raich , the Supreme Court rejected the argument that the ban on growing medical marijuana for personal use exceeded Congress ' powers under the Commerce Clause . Even if no goods were sold or transported across state lines , the Court found that there could be an indirect effect on interstate commerce . The Court relied heavily on a New Deal case , Wickard v. Filburn , which held that the government may regulate personal cultivation and consumption of crops because the aggregate effect of individual consumption could have an indirect effect on interstate commerce . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text and pairing 1.1 Significance -- federal rights in navigable waters 1.2 Early years ( 1800s -- 1830s ) 1.3 Dormant Commerce Clause jurisprudence 1.4 New Deal 1.5 Civil rights 1.6 The Rehnquist Court 2 Themes 2.1 Rational basis review 2.2 Role of the political process 2.3 Debate over applicability to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Text and pairing ( edit ) Article I , Section 8 , Clause 3 : ( The Congress shall have Power ) To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ; The significance of the Commerce Clause is described in the Supreme Court 's opinion in Gonzales v. Raich , 545 U.S. 1 ( 2005 ) : The Commerce Clause emerged as the Framers ' response to the central problem giving rise to the Constitution itself : the absence of any federal commerce power under the Articles of Confederation . For the first century of our history , the primary use of the Clause was to preclude the kind of discriminatory state legislation that had once been permissible . Then , in response to rapid industrial development and an increasingly interdependent national economy , Congress `` ushered in a new era of federal regulation under the commerce power , '' beginning with the enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 and the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 . The Commerce Clause represents one of the most fundamental powers delegated to the Congress by the founders . The outer limits of the Interstate Commerce Clause power have been the subject of long , intense political controversy . Interpretation of the sixteen words of the Commerce Clause has helped define the balance of power between the federal government and the states and the balance of power between the two elected branches of the federal government and the Judiciary . As such , it directly affects the lives of American citizens . Significance -- federal rights in navigable waters ( edit ) The commerce clause provides comprehensive powers to the United States over navigable waters . These powers are critical to understanding the rights of landowners adjoining or exercising what would otherwise be riparian rights under the common law . The Commerce Clause confers a unique position upon the Government in connection with navigable waters . `` The power to regulate commerce comprehends the control for that purpose , and to the extent necessary , of all the navigable waters of the United States ... For this purpose they are the public property of the nation , and subject to all the requisite legislation by Congress . '' United States v. Rands , 389 U.S. 121 ( 1967 ) . The Rands decision continues : This power to regulate navigation confers upon the United States a dominant servitude , FPC v. Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. , 347 U.S. 239 , 249 ( 1954 ) , which extends to the entire stream and the stream bed below ordinary high - water mark . The proper exercise of this power is not an invasion of any private property rights in the stream or the lands underlying it , for the damage sustained does not result from taking property from riparian owners within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment but from the lawful exercise of a power to which the interests of riparian owners have always been subject . United States v. Chicago , M. , St. P. & P.R. Co. , 312 U.S. 592 , 596 -- 597 ( 1941 ) ; Gibson v. United States , 166 U.S. 269 , 275 -- 276 ( 1897 ) . Thus , without being constitutionally obligated to pay compensation , the United States may change the course of a navigable stream , South Carolina v. Georgia , 93 U.S. 4 ( 1876 ) , or otherwise impair or destroy a riparian owner 's access to navigable waters , Gibson v. United States , 166 U.S. 269 ( 1897 ) ; Scranton v. Wheeler , 179 U.S. 141 ( 1900 ) ; United States v. Commodore Park , Inc. , 324 U.S. 386 ( 1945 ) , even though the market value of the riparian owner 's land is substantially diminished . Other scholars , such as Robert H. Bork and Daniel E. Troy , argue that prior to 1887 , the Commerce Clause was rarely invoked by Congress , and thus a broad interpretation of the word `` commerce '' was clearly never intended by the Founders . In support of this claim , they argue that the word `` commerce '' , as used in the Constitutional Convention and the Federalist Papers , can be substituted with either `` trade '' or `` exchange '' interchangeably while preserving the meaning of the statements . They also point to Madison 's statement in an 1828 letter that the `` Constitution vests in Congress expressly ... ' the power to regulate trade ' . '' Examining contemporaneous dictionaries does not neatly resolve the matter . For instance , the 1792 edition of Samuel Johnson 's A Dictionary of the English Language defines the noun `` commerce '' narrowly as `` ( e ) xchange of one thing for another ; interchange of any thing ; trade ; traffick '' , but it defines the corresponding verb `` to commerce '' more broadly as `` ( t ) o hold intercourse . '' The word `` intercourse '' also had a different and wider meaning back in 1792 than it does now . Early years ( 1800s -- 1830s ) ( edit ) Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824 ) that the power to regulate interstate commerce also included the power to regulate interstate navigation : `` Commerce , undoubtedly is traffic , but it is something more -- it is intercourse ... ( A ) power to regulate navigation is as expressly granted , as if that term had been added to the word ' commerce ' ... ( T ) he power of Congress does not stop at the jurisdictional lines of the several states . It would be a very useless power if it could not pass those lines . '' The Court 's decision contains language supporting one important line of Commerce Clause jurisprudence , the idea that the electoral process of representative government represents the primary limitation on the exercise of the Commerce Clause powers : The wisdom and the discretion of Congress , their identity with the people , and the influence which their constituents possess at elections , are , in this , as in many other instances , as that , for example , of declaring war , the sole restraints on which they have relied , to secure them from its abuse . They are the restraints on which the people must often rely solely , in all representative governments ... In Gibbons , the Court struck down New York 's attempt to grant a steamboat monopoly to Robert Fulton , which he had then ultimately franchised to Ogden . Ogden claimed river traffic was not `` commerce '' under the Commerce Clause and further that Congress could not interfere with New York State 's grant of an exclusive monopoly within its own borders . Ogden 's assertion was untenable : he contended New York could control river traffic within New York all the way to the border with New Jersey , that New Jersey could control river traffic within New Jersey all the way to the border with New York , leaving Congress with the power to control the traffic as it crossed the state line . Thus , Ogden contended , Congress could not invalidate his monopoly as long as he only transported passengers within New York . The Supreme Court , however , found that Congress could invalidate his monopoly since it was operational on an interstate channel of navigation . In its decision , the Court assumed interstate commerce required movement of the subject of regulation across state borders . The decision contains the following principles , some of which have since been altered by subsequent decisions : Commerce is `` intercourse , all its branches , and is regulated by prescribing rules for carrying on that intercourse . '' Commerce among the states can not stop at the external boundary - line of each state , but may be introduced into the interior ... Comprehensive as the word `` among '' is , it may very properly be restricted to that commerce which concerns more states than one . '' The Commerce power is the power to regulate , that is `` to prescribe the rule by which commerce is to be governed '' which `` may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution . '' Additionally , the Marshall Court limited the extent of federal maritime and admiralty jurisdiction to tidewaters in The Steamboat Thomas Jefferson . In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia , 30 U.S. 1 ( 1831 ) , the Supreme Court addressed whether the Cherokee nation is a foreign state in the sense in which that term is used in the constitution . The Court provided a definition of Indian tribe that clearly made the rights of tribes far inferior to those of foreign states . In part the court said : Though the Indians are acknowledged to have an unquestionable , and , heretofore , unquestioned right to the lands they occupy , until that right shall be extinguished by a voluntary cession to our government ; yet it may well be doubted whether those tribes which reside within the acknowledged boundaries of the United States can , with strict accuracy , be denominated foreign nations . They may , more correctly be denominated domestic dependent nations . They occupy a territory to which we assert a title independent of their will , which must take effect in point of possession when their right of possession ceases . Meanwhile , they are in a state of pupilage . Their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian . Dormant commerce Clause jurisprudence ( edit ) Main article : Dormant Commerce Clause As explained in United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 ( 1995 ) , `` For nearly a century thereafter ( that is , after Gibbons ) , the Court 's Commerce Clause decisions dealt but rarely with the extent of Congress ' power , and almost entirely with the Commerce Clause as a limit on state legislation that discriminated against interstate commerce . Under this line of precedent , the Court held that certain categories of activity such as `` exhibitions '' , `` production '' , `` manufacturing '' , and `` mining '' were within the province of state governments , and thus were beyond the power of Congress under the Commerce Clause . When Congress began to engage in economic regulation on a national scale , the Court 's dormant Commerce Clause decisions influenced its approach to Congressional regulation . In this context , the Court took a formalistic approach , which distinguished between services and commerce , manufacturing and commerce , direct and indirect effects on commerce , and local and national activities . See concurring opinion of Justice Kennedy in United States v. Lopez . ( `` One approach the Court used to inquire into the lawfulness of state authority was to draw content - based or subject - matter distinctions , thus defining by semantic or formalistic categories those activities that were commerce and those that were not . '' ) The Dormant Commerce Clause formalisms spilled over into its Article I jurisprudence . While Congress had the power to regulate commerce , it could not regulate manufacturing , which was seen as being entirely local . In Kidd v. Pearson , 128 U.S. 1 ( 1888 ) , the Court struck a federal law which prohibited the manufacture of liquor for shipment across state lines . Similar decisions were issued with regard to agriculture , mining , oil production , and generation of electricity . In Swift v. United States , 196 U.S. 375 ( 1905 ) , the Court ruled that the clause covered meatpackers ; although their activity was geographically `` local '' , they had an important effect on the `` current of commerce '' , and thus could be regulated under the Commerce Clause . The Court 's decision halted price fixing . Stafford v. Wallace ( 1922 ) upheld a federal law ( the Packers and Stockyards Act ) regulating the Chicago meatpacking industry , because the industry was part of the interstate commerce of beef from ranchers to dinner tables . The stockyards `` are but a throat through which the current ( of commerce ) flows , '' Chief Justice Taft wrote , referring to the stockyards as `` great national public utilities . '' As Justice Kennedy wrote : ( in a concurring opinion to United States v. Lopez ) , `` Though that ( formalistic ) approach likely would not have survived even if confined to the question of a State 's authority to enact legislation , it was not at all propitious when applied to the quite different question of what subjects were within the reach of the national power when Congress chose to exercise it . '' Similarly , the court excluded most services by distinguishing them from commerce . In Federal Baseball Club v. National League , 259 U.S. 200 ( 1922 ) , which was later upheld in Toolson v. New York Yankees ( 1953 ) and Flood v. Kuhn ( 1973 ) , the court excluded nonproduction - related services , such as live entertainment , from the definition of commerce : That to which it is incident , the exhibition , although made for money , would not be called trade of commerce in the commonly accepted use of those words . As it is put by defendant , personal effort not related to production is not a subject of commerce . New Deal ( edit ) Main article : Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 In 1935 the Supreme Court of the United States , in Schecter Poultry Corporation v. United States , invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the nondelegation doctrine and as an invalid use of Congress 's power under the commerce clause . This was a unanimous decision that rendered the National Industrial Recovery Act , a main component of President Roosevelt 's New Deal , unconstitutional . Again in 1936 , in Carter v. Carter Coal Company , the Supreme Court struck down a key element of the New Deal 's regulation of the mining industry , on the grounds that mining was not `` commerce . '' In the preceding decades , the Court had struck down a laundry list of Progressive legislation -- minimum - wage laws , child labor laws , agricultural relief laws , and virtually every element of the New Deal legislation that had come before it . After winning re-election in 1936 , Roosevelt proposed the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill , wherein the President could appoint an additional Justice for each sitting Justice over age 70 . Given the age of the current Justices , this allowed a Supreme Court size of up to 15 Justices . Roosevelt claimed that this was intended to lessen the load on the older Justices , rather than being an attempt to achieve a majority that would cease to strike his New Deal acts . Ultimately , there was widespread opposition to this `` court packing '' plan and in the end Roosevelt abandoned it . However , in what became known as `` the switch in time that saved nine '' , shortly after the `` court packing '' plan was proposed , Justice Owen Roberts joined the 5 - 4 majority opinion in West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish ( 1937 ) . The majority narrowly upheld a Washington state minimum wage law , abandoning prior jurisprudence , ending the Lochner era . This essentially marked the beginning of the end of Supreme Court opposition to the New Deal , obviating the political need for the `` court packing '' scheme as well . In United States v. Darby Lumber Co. ( 1941 ) , the Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act which regulated the production of goods shipped across state lines . The Court stated that the Tenth Amendment `` is but a truism '' and was not considered to be an independent limitation on Congressional power . In United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co. ( 1942 ) the Court upheld federal price regulation of intrastate milk commerce , stating : The commerce power is not confined in its exercise to the regulation of commerce among the states . It extends to those activities intrastate which so affect interstate commerce , or the exertion of the power of Congress over it , as to make regulation of them appropriate means to the attainment of a legitimate end , the effective execution of the granted power to regulate interstate commerce . ( ... ) The power of Congress over interstate commerce is plenary and complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution . ( ... ) It follows that no form of state activity can constitutionally thwart the regulatory power granted by the commerce clause to Congress . Hence , the reach of that power extends to those intrastate activities which in a substantial way interfere with or obstruct the exercise of the granted power . In Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 ) the Court upheld the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 , which sought to stabilize wide fluctuations in the market price for wheat . The Court found that Congress could apply national quotas to wheat grown on one 's own land , for one 's own consumption , because the total of such local production and consumption could potentially be sufficiently large as to affect the overall national goal of stabilizing prices . The Court cited its recent Wrightwood decision and decided that `` ( w ) hether the subject of the regulation in question was `` production , '' `` consumption , '' or `` marketing '' is , therefore , not material for purposes of deciding the question of federal power before us . '' The Court re-iterated Marshall 's decision in Gibbons : `` He made emphatic the embracing and penetrating nature of this power by warning that effective restraints on its exercise must proceed from political , rather than from judicial , processes . '' The Court also stated that `` ( t ) he conflicts of economic interest between the regulated and those who advantage by it are wisely left under our system to resolution by the Congress under its more flexible and responsible legislative process . Such conflicts rarely lend themselves to judicial determination . And with the wisdom , workability , or fairness , of the plan of regulation , we have nothing to do . '' Thereafter , the Court began to defer to the Congress on the theory that determining whether legislation affected commerce appropriately was a political and legislative , not a judicial , decision . This overall change in the Court 's jurisprudence , beginning with Parrish , is often referred to as the Constitutional Revolution of 1937 , in which the Court shifted from exercising judicial review of legislative acts to protect economic rights , to a paradigm which focused most strongly on protecting civil liberties . It was not until United States v. Lopez ( 1995 ) decision , after nearly 60 years of leaving any restraint on the use of the Commerce Clause to political means only , that the Court again ruled that a regulation enacted under the Clause was unconstitutional . Civil rights ( edit ) The wide interpretation of the scope of the Commerce Clause continued following the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which aimed to prevent business from discriminating against black customers . The United States Supreme Court issued several opinions which supported this use of the Commerce Clause . Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States , 379 U.S. 241 ( 1964 ) , ruled that Congress could regulate a business that served mostly interstate travelers . Daniel v. Paul , 395 U.S. 298 ( 1969 ) , ruled that the federal government could regulate a recreational facility because three out of the four items sold at its snack bar were purchased from outside the state . The Rehnquist Court ( edit ) The Rehnquist Court 's Commerce Clause jurisprudence restored limits to the Interstate Commerce Clause that were removed in post-New Deal decisions , based primarily on concerns of federalism and encroachment by Congress on the several States ' police powers . It upheld Congress 's plenary authority to legislate in Indian affairs that was derived from the Worcester decision 's interpretation of the Indian Commerce Clause , but modified Worcester by giving the several states some jurisdiction over Indian affairs beyond what had been granted to them by Congress . Another view is that the Court was compelled to define limits to address Congressional legislation which sought to use the Interstate Commerce Clause power in new and unprecedented ways . In United States v. Lopez , the Court confronted conviction of a 12th Grade student for carrying a concealed handgun into school in violation of the Gun - Free School Zones Act of 1990 , 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( q ) ( 1 ) ( A ) . The Gun - Free School Zones Act made it a federal offense for any individual knowingly to possess a firearm at a place that individual knows or has reasonable cause to believe is a school zone . The legislation posed several challenging problems for Commerce Clause jurisprudence . Education is a traditionally local government activity , and while education undoubtedly has an economic aspect , the nexus between regulating gun violence and the Commerce Clause power to regulate interstate commerce seems particularly strained . In Wickard v. Filburn , the Court ruled Congress was exercising its Commerce Clause power to regulate local economic activity in ways that the States were powerless to regulate , because only the federal government could effectively control the national wheat supply . The Court reasoned that if Wickard could be applied to acts of gun violence , simply because crime impaired education , Congress might conclude that crime in schools substantially affects commerce , and may be regulated . Under this logic , all police power could be nationalized and local police and criminal courts eliminated on the theory that all crime affects commerce . As the majority explained : Section 922 ( q ) is a criminal statute that by its terms has nothing to do with `` commerce '' or any sort of economic enterprise , however broadly one might define those terms . Section 922 ( q ) is not an essential part of a larger regulation of economic activity , in which the regulatory scheme could be undercut unless the intrastate activity were regulated . It can not , therefore , be sustained under our cases upholding regulations of activities that arise out of or are connected with a commercial transaction , which viewed in the aggregate , substantially affects interstate commerce . The opinion pointed out that prior decisions had identified three broad categories of activity that Congress may regulate under its commerce power . First , Congress may regulate the use of the channels of interstate commerce ; Second , Congress is empowered to regulate and protect the instrumentalities of interstate commerce , or persons or things in Interstate Commerce , even though the threat may come only from intrastate activities ; Finally , Congress 's commerce authority includes the power to regulate those activities having a substantial relation to interstate commerce ( i.e. , those activities that substantially affect interstate commerce ) . Thus the federal government did not have the power to regulate relatively unrelated things such as the possession of firearms near schools , as in Lopez . This was the first time in sixty years , since the conflict with President Roosevelt in 1936 -- 37 , that the Court had overturned a putative regulation on interstate commerce because it exceeded Congress 's commerce power . Justice Clarence Thomas , in a separate concurring opinion , argued that allowing Congress to regulate intrastate , noncommercial activity under the Commerce Clause would confer on Congress a general `` police power '' over the entire nation . The Lopez decision was clarified in United States v. Morrison , 529 U.S. 598 ( 2000 ) , in which the Supreme Court invalidated § 40302 of the Violence Against Women Act ( `` VAWA '' ) . The VAWA created civil liability for the commission of a gender - based violent crime , but without any jurisdictional requirement of a connection to Interstate Commerce or commercial activity . 42 U.S.C. § 13981 ( c ) . Once again , the Court was presented with a Congressional attempt to criminalize traditional local criminal conduct . As in Lopez , it could not be argued that State regulation alone would be ineffective to protect the aggregate effects of local violence . The Court explained that in both Lopez and Morrison `` the noneconomic , criminal nature of the conduct at issue was central to our decision . '' Furthermore , the Court pointed out that in neither case was there an `` ' express jurisdictional element which might limit its reach ( to those instances that ) have an explicit connection with or effect on interstate commerce . ' '' Id . at 1751 . In both cases , Congress criminalized activity that was not commercial in nature without including a jurisdictional element establishing the necessary connection between the criminalized activity and Interstate Commerce . The Court found in Seminole Tribe v. Florida , 517 U.S. 44 ( 1996 ) that , unlike the Fourteenth Amendment , the Commerce Clause does not give the federal government the power to abrogate the sovereign immunity of the states . Many described the Rehnquist Court 's Commerce Clause cases as a doctrine of `` New Federalism '' . The outer limits of that doctrine were delineated by Gonzales v. Raich , in which Justices Antonin Scalia and Anthony Kennedy departed from their previous positions as parts of the Lopez and Morrison majorities to uphold a federal law regarding marijuana . The Court found the federal law valid , although the marijuana in question had been grown and consumed within a single state , and had never entered Interstate Commerce . The court held Congress may regulate an intrastate economic good if it does so as part of a complete scheme of legislation designed to regulate Interstate Commerce . During the Rehnquist court and to present , the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution has played an integral part in the Court 's view of the Commerce Clause . The Tenth Amendment states that the federal government has only the powers specifically delegated to it by the Constitution while other powers are reserved to the states , or to the people . The Commerce Clause is an important source of those powers delegated to Congress , and therefore its interpretation is very important in determining the scope of federal power in controlling innumerable aspects of American life . The Commerce Clause has been the most broadly interpreted clause in the Constitution , making way for many laws which , some argue , contradict the original intended meaning of the Constitution . Justice Clarence Thomas has gone so far as to state in his dissent to Gonzales , Respondents Diane Monson and Angel Raich use marijuana that has never been bought or sold , that has never crossed state lines , and that has had no demonstrable effect on the national market for marijuana . If Congress can regulate this under the Commerce Clause , then it can regulate virtually anything -- and the federal Government is no longer one of limited and enumerated powers . Themes ( edit ) Rational basis review ( edit ) The evolving level of scrutiny applied by Federal courts to Commerce Clause cases should be considered in the context of rational basis review . The idea behind rational basis review is that the judiciary must show deference to the elected representatives of the people . A respect for the democratic process requires that the Courts uphold legislation if there are rational facts and reasons that could support Congressional judgment , even if the Justices would come to different conclusions . Throughout the 20th century , in a variety of contexts , courts sought to avoid second guessing the legislative branch , and Commerce Clause jurisprudence can be seen as a part of this trend . Lawrence Tribe states : Since 1937 , in applying the factual test in Jones & Laughlin to hold a broad range of activities sufficiently related to interstate commerce , the Supreme Court has exercised little independent judgment , choosing instead to defer to the expressed or implied findings of Congress to the effect that regulated activities have the requisite `` economic effect '' . Such findings have been upheld whenever they could be said to rest upon some rational basis . ( Citing Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v United States ( 1964 ) . ) Justice Rehnquist echoed this point in his opinion in United States v. Lopez , stating : `` Since ( Wickard ) , the Court has ... undertaken to decide whether a rational basis existed for concluding that a regulated activity sufficiently affected interstate commerce . See , e.g. , Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association , 452 U.S. 264 , 276 -- 280 ( 1981 ) ; Perez v. United States , 402 U.S. 146 , 155 -- 156 ( 1971 ) ; Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States , 379 U.S. 241 , 252 -- 253 ( 1964 ) . '' Rational basis review begins with establishing the factual predicate upon which the exercise of Congressional power is based . This factual basis might come from a variety of sources . It might come from factual determinations made by Congress , passed in the legislation itself , or found in the Congressional Reports issued to accompany the legislation . It might come from the record of testimony compiled in Committee Hearings . It might come from facts posited by proponents in their briefs in support of the legislation . For example , the Court referenced extensive testimony presented in hearings in support of the conclusion that discrimination in public accommodations reduces interstate commerce . The Court wrote : Of course , the mere fact that Congress has said when particular activity shall be deemed to affect commerce does not preclude further examination by this Court . But where we find that the legislators , in light of the facts and testimony before them , have a rational basis for finding a chosen regulatory scheme necessary to the protection of commerce , our investigation is at an end . Similarly , in Gonzales v. Raich the Court upheld a ban on growing marijuana intended for medical use on the grounds that Congress could rationally conclude that such cultivation might make enforcement of drug laws more difficult by creating an otherwise lawful source of marijuana that could be diverted into the illicit market : In assessing the scope of Congress ' authority under the Commerce Clause , we stress that the task before us is a modest one . We need not determine whether respondents ' activities , taken in the aggregate , substantially affect interstate commerce in fact , but only whether a `` rational basis '' exists for so concluding . Given the enforcement difficulties that attend distinguishing between marijuana cultivated locally and marijuana grown elsewhere , 21 U.S.C. § 801 ( 5 ) , and concerns about diversion into illicit channels , we have no difficulty concluding that Congress had a rational basis for believing that failure to regulate the intrastate manufacture and possession of marijuana would leave a gaping hole in the CSA . Role of the political process ( edit ) Since its decision in Gibbons , the Supreme Court has held that Congress may regulate only those activities within a state that arise out of or are connected with a commercial transaction and that , viewed in the aggregate , substantially affect interstate commerce . Since judicial interpretations of constitutional limitations on Congressional exercise of its Commerce Clause powers represent an invasion of the democratic process which may not be overturned through ordinary democratic means , the Court has continued to assert that the primary limitation on the unwise exercise of Congressional Commerce Clause power by Congress must be found at the ballot box . Thus in Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority , 469 U.S. 528 ( 1985 ) , the Court stated : Of course , we continue to recognize that the States occupy a special and specific position in our constitutional system and that the scope of Congress ' authority under the Commerce Clause must reflect that position . But the principal and basic limit on the federal commerce power is that inherent in all congressional action -- the built - in restraints that our system provides through state participation in federal governmental action . The political process ensures that laws that unduly burden the States will not be promulgated . Debate over applicability to the Patient protection and Affordable Care Act ( edit ) Questions over the range and applicability of the Commerce Clause have arisen in debate over the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( `` PPACA '' ) . The debate centers around whether Congress is authorized to require citizens to purchase health insurance from the private market , known as the individual mandate . Congress claims authority from the Commerce Clause . However , many opponents of the PPACA have claimed that the individual mandate exceeds Congress 's authority thereunder , primarily on the position that the law attempts to define the non-purchase of insurance as `` commerce '' . Twenty - six state attorneys general filed a lawsuit against the federal government claiming the insurance mandate is unconstitutional . On June 8 , 2011 , a panel of three judges from the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals in Atlanta held hearings on the issue . On August 12 , 2011 . The 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the Individual Mandate portion unconstitutional , stating that Congress had exceeded its authority by requiring Americans to buy coverage . Differing court opinions have clashed over the question of whether failure to purchase insurance can be considered an economic activity that affects interstate commerce . In Virginia v. Sebelius , Judge Henry Hudson overturned the law , claiming that failure to purchase health insurance coverage could not be considered economic activity , being rather economic `` inactivity '' . In Liberty University v. Geithner , Judge Norman Moon upheld the law , countering : Far from ' inactivity , ' by choosing to forgo insurance , Plaintiffs are making an economic decision to try to pay for health care services later , out of pocket , rather than now , through the purchase of insurance . '' Similarly , in Thomas More Law Center v. Obama , judge George Steeh ruled that such decisions have `` a documented impact on interstate commerce . '' In response to the Virginia decision , Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli petitioned the Supreme Court to hear the appeal immediately , rather than going through the Fourth Circuit . On November 14 , 2011 , the Supreme Court announced it would hear the case in the spring of 2012 . The Supreme Court heard arguments on March 26 -- 28 , 2012 . Its majority opinion agreed that upholding the PPACA under the commerce clause `` would open a new and potentially vast domain to congressional authority '' and that `` the power to regulate commerce presupposes the existence of commercial activity to be regulated '' . The Court held that Congress did not have authority under the Commerce Clause to require citizens to purchase health insurance , but still upheld the law 's `` individual mandate '' provision under Congress ' taxing authority . See also ( edit ) Australian commerce clause Dual federalism National Recovery Administration Section 51 ( i ) of the Constitution of Australia Section 91 ( 2 ) of the Constitution Act , 1867 ( Canadian Constitution ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller and Cross . `` The Legal Environment Today '' Fifth Edition . ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the Constitution of the United States - Official Text '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzales v. Raich , 545 US 1 ( 2005 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Gonzales , Attorney General , et al. v. Raich et al. , certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the ninth circuit , No. 03 - 1454 . Argued November 29 , 2004 -- Decided June 6 , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bork , Robert ; Troy , Daniel E. ( 2002 ) . `` Locating the Boundaries : The Scope of Congress 's Power to Regulate Commerce '' . Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy . 25 : 849 , 861 -- 62 . Jump up ^ `` purple motes '' peer production `` . Purplemotes.net . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ A dictionary of the English language Jump up ^ The Steamboat Thomas Jefferson , 23 U.S. ( 10 Wheat . ) 428 ( 1825 ) . Jump up ^ See also L. Tribe , American Constitutional Law 306 ( 2d ed. 1988 ) . Jump up ^ `` Carter v. Carter Coal Co. , 298 U.S. 238 ( 1936 ) . '' Jump up ^ `` United States v. Darby Lumber Co. , 312 U.S. 100 ( 1941 ) . '' Jump up ^ `` United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co . ( Cornell University Law School ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Wickard v. Filburn ( Cornell University Law School ) '' . Jump up ^ `` PBS Supreme Court Timeline '' . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg , E. ( 1996 ) . The Supreme Court Reborn : The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511131 - 1 Jump up ^ Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States , 379 U.S. 241 , 357 ( 1964 ) ( ' ( T ) he authority of Congress to keep the channels of interstate commerce free from immoral and injurious uses has been frequently sustained , and is no longer open to question . ' `` ( quoting Caminetti v. United States , 242 U.S. 470 , 491 ( 1917 ) ) ) . Jump up ^ See e.g. , Shreveport Rate Cases , 234 U.S. 342 ( 1914 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 , 558 - 59 ( 1995 ) ( citing NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. , 301 U.S. 1 , 37 ( 1937 ) ; Maryland v. Wirtz , 392 U.S. 185 , 195 , n . 27 ( 1968 ) ) Jump up ^ `` Gonzales v. Raich '' . Straylight.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Laurence H. Tribe , American Constitutional Law , § 5 -- 4 , at P 309 ( 2d ed. 1988 ) . Jump up ^ `` Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Assn. , Inc. , 452 US 264 - Supreme Court 1981 '' . Jump up ^ `` Perez v. United States , 402 US 146 - Supreme Court 1971 '' . Jump up ^ `` Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States , 379 US 241 - Supreme Court 1964 '' . Jump up ^ `` National Conference of State Legislatures '' ( PDF ) . Twenty - Six State AGs Seek Appeals Court Ruling . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Appeals court rules against Obama healthcare mandate '' . Jump up ^ Federal Courts Split on Constitutionality of Individual Mandate in Health Care Law - RegBlog Jump up ^ Supreme Court to Rule This Spring on Health Care Law - ABC News Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Health - Care Ruling : Why Not the Commerce Clause ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/11-393c3a2.pdf Further reading ( edit ) `` Constitutional Law . Foreign Commerce Clause . Ninth Circuit Holds That Congress Can Regulate Sex Crimes Committed by U.S. Citizens Abroad . United States v. Clark , 435 F. 3d 1100 ( 9th Cir. 2006 ) . '' Harvard Law Review . Volume 119 , No. 8 , June 2006 , p. 2612 - 2619 . Available at JSTOR . External links ( edit ) Clause 3 . Commerce Power POWER TO REGULATE COMMERCE Capsule history of Commerce Clause cases FindLaw Fetter , Frank Albert ( 1911 ) . `` Interstate Commerce '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . History of How States and Nations Regulated their Commerce with each other Madison , P.A. 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-2908023101118246821 | Network science | Network Science - wikipedia Network Science For other uses , see Network ( disambiguation ) . Network science Theory Graph Complex network Contagion Small - world Scale - free Community structure Percolation Evolution Controllability Graph drawing Social capital Link analysis Optimization Reciprocity Closure Homophily Transitivity Preferential attachment Balance theory Network effect Social influence Network types Informational ( computing ) Telecommunication Transport Social Scientific collaboration Biological Artificial neural Interdependent Semantic Spatial Dependency Flow on - Chip Graphs Features Clique Component Cut Cycle Data structure Edge Loop Neighborhood Path Vertex Adjacency list / matrix Incidence list / matrix Types Bipartite Complete Directed Hyper Multi Random Weighted Metrics Algorithms Centrality Degree Betweenness Closeness PageRank Motif Clustering Degree distribution Assortativity Distance Modularity Efficiency Models Topology Random graph Erdős -- Rényi Barabási -- Albert Fitness model Watts -- Strogatz Exponential random ( ERGM ) Random geometric ( RGG ) Hyperbolic ( HGN ) Hierarchical Stochastic block model Lancichinetti -- Fortunato -- Radicchi benchmark Dynamics Boolean network agent based Epidemic / SIR Lists Categories Topics Software Network scientists Category : Network theory Category : Graph theory Network science is an academic field which studies complex networks such as telecommunication networks , computer networks , biological networks , cognitive and semantic networks , and social networks , considering distinct elements or actors represented by nodes ( or vertices ) and the connections between the elements or actors as links ( or edges ) . The field draws on theories and methods including graph theory from mathematics , statistical mechanics from physics , data mining and information visualization from computer science , inferential modeling from statistics , and social structure from sociology . The United States National Research Council defines network science as `` the study of network representations of physical , biological , and social phenomena leading to predictive models of these phenomena . '' Contents 1 Background and history 1.1 Department of Defense initiatives 2 Network properties 2.1 Size 2.2 Density 2.3 Planar Network Density 2.4 Average degree 2.5 Average shortest path length ( or characteristic path length ) 2.6 Diameter of a network 2.7 Clustering coefficient 2.8 Connectedness 2.9 Node centrality 2.10 Node influence 3 Network models 3.1 Erdős -- Rényi random graph model 3.2 Configuration model 3.3 Watts -- Strogatz small world model 3.4 Barabási -- Albert ( BA ) preferential attachment model 3.4. 1 Mediation - driven attachment ( MDA ) model 3.5 Fitness model 4 Network analysis 4.1 Social network analysis 4.2 Dynamic network analysis 4.3 Biological network analysis 4.4 Link analysis 4.4. 1 Network robustness 4.4. 2 Pandemic analysis 4.4. 2.1 Susceptible to infected 4.4. 2.2 Infected to recovered 4.4. 2.3 Infectious period 4.4. 3 Web link analysis 4.4. 3.1 PageRank 4.4. 3.1. 1 Random jumping 4.5 Centrality measures 5 Spread of content in networks 5.1 The SIR model 5.2 The master equation approach 6 Interdependent networks 7 Multilayer networks 8 Network optimization 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading Background and history ( edit ) The study of networks has emerged in diverse disciplines as a means of analyzing complex relational data . The earliest known paper in this field is the famous Seven Bridges of Königsberg written by Leonhard Euler in 1736 . Euler 's mathematical description of vertices and edges was the foundation of graph theory , a branch of mathematics that studies the properties of pairwise relations in a network structure . The field of graph theory continued to develop and found applications in chemistry ( Sylvester , 1878 ) . Dénes Kőnig , a Hungarian mathematician and professor , wrote the first book in Graph Theory , entitled `` Theory of finite and infinite graphs '' , in 1936 . Moreno 's sociogram of a 1st grade class . In the 1930s Jacob Moreno , a psychologist in the Gestalt tradition , arrived in the United States . He developed the sociogram and presented it to the public in April 1933 at a convention of medical scholars . Moreno claimed that `` before the advent of sociometry no one knew what the interpersonal structure of a group ' precisely ' looked like ( Moreno , 1953 ) . The sociogram was a representation of the social structure of a group of elementary school students . The boys were friends of boys and the girls were friends of girls with the exception of one boy who said he liked a single girl . The feeling was not reciprocated . This network representation of social structure was found so intriguing that it was printed in The New York Times ( April 3 , 1933 , page 17 ) . The sociogram has found many applications and has grown into the field of social network analysis . Probabilistic theory in network science developed as an offshoot of graph theory with Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi 's eight famous papers on random graphs . For social networks the exponential random graph model or p * is a notational framework used to represent the probability space of a tie occurring in a social network . An alternate approach to network probability structures is the network probability matrix , which models the probability of edges occurring in a network , based on the historic presence or absence of the edge in a sample of networks . In 1998 , David Krackhardt and Kathleen Carley introduced the idea of a meta - network with the PCANS Model . They suggest that `` all organizations are structured along these three domains , Individuals , Tasks , and Resources '' . Their paper introduced the concept that networks occur across multiple domains and that they are interrelated . This field has grown into another sub-discipline of network science called dynamic network analysis . More recently other network science efforts have focused on mathematically describing different network topologies . Duncan Watts reconciled empirical data on networks with mathematical representation , describing the small - world network . Albert - László Barabási and Reka Albert developed the scale - free network which is a loosely defined network topology that contains hub vertices with many connections , that grow in a way to maintain a constant ratio in the number of the connections versus all other nodes . Although many networks , such as the internet , appear to maintain this aspect , other networks have long tailed distributions of nodes that only approximate scale free ratios . Department of Defense initiatives ( edit ) The U.S. military first became interested in network - centric warfare as an operational concept based on network science in 1996 . John A. Parmentola , the U.S. Army Director for Research and Laboratory Management , proposed to the Army 's Board on Science and Technology ( BAST ) on December 1 , 2003 that Network Science become a new Army research area . The BAST , the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences for the National Research Council ( NRC ) of the National Academies , serves as a convening authority for the discussion of science and technology issues of importance to the Army and oversees independent Army - related studies conducted by the National Academies . The BAST conducted a study to find out whether identifying and funding a new field of investigation in basic research , Network Science , could help close the gap between what is needed to realize Network - Centric Operations and the current primitive state of fundamental knowledge of networks . As a result , the BAST issued the NRC study in 2005 titled Network Science ( referenced above ) that defined a new field of basic research in Network Science for the Army . Based on the findings and recommendations of that study and the subsequent 2007 NRC report titled Strategy for an Army Center for Network Science , Technology , and Experimentation , Army basic research resources were redirected to initiate a new basic research program in Network Science . To build a new theoretical foundation for complex networks , some of the key Network Science research efforts now ongoing in Army laboratories address : Mathematical models of network behavior to predict performance with network size , complexity , and environment Optimized human performance required for network - enabled warfare Networking within ecosystems and at the molecular level in cells . As initiated in 2004 by Frederick I. Moxley with support he solicited from David S. Alberts , the Department of Defense helped to establish the first Network Science Center in conjunction with the U.S. Army at the United States Military Academy ( USMA ) . Under the tutelage of Dr. Moxley and the faculty of the USMA , the first interdisciplinary undergraduate courses in Network Science were taught to cadets at West Point . In order to better instill the tenets of network science among its cadre of future leaders , the USMA has also instituted a five - course undergraduate minor in Network Science . In 2006 , the U.S. Army and the United Kingdom ( UK ) formed the Network and Information Science International Technology Alliance , a collaborative partnership among the Army Research Laboratory , UK Ministry of Defense and a consortium of industries and universities in the U.S. and UK . The goal of the alliance is to perform basic research in support of Network - Centric Operations across the needs of both nations . In 2009 , the U.S. Army formed the Network Science CTA , a collaborative research alliance among the Army Research Laboratory , CERDEC , and a consortium of about 30 industrial R&D labs and universities in the U.S. The goal of the alliance is to develop a deep understanding of the underlying commonalities among intertwined social / cognitive , information , and communications networks , and as a result improve our ability to analyze , predict , design , and influence complex systems interweaving many kinds of networks . Subsequently , as a result of these efforts , the U.S. Department of Defense has sponsored numerous research projects that support Network Science . Network properties ( edit ) Often , networks have certain attributes that can be calculated to analyze the properties & characteristics of the network . The behavior of these network properties often define network models and can be used to analyze how certain models contrast to each other . Many of the definitions for other terms used in network science can be found in Glossary of graph theory . Size ( edit ) The size of a network can refer to the number of nodes N ( \ displaystyle N ) or , less commonly , the number of edges E ( \ displaystyle E ) which ( for connected graphs with no multi-edges ) can range from N − 1 ( \ displaystyle N - 1 ) ( a tree ) to E max ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ max ) ) ( a complete graph ) . In the case of a simple graph ( a network in which at most one ( undirected ) edge exists between each pair of vertices , and in which no vertices connect to themselves ) , we have E max = ( N 2 ) = N ( N − 1 ) / 2 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ max ) = ( \ tbinom ( N ) ( 2 ) ) = N ( N - 1 ) / 2 ) ; for directed graphs ( with no self - connected nodes ) , E max = N ( N − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ max ) = N ( N - 1 ) ) ; for directed graphs with self - connections allowed , E max = N 2 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ max ) = N ^ ( 2 ) ) . In the circumstance of a graph within which multiple edges may exist between a pair of vertices , E max = ∞ ( \ displaystyle E_ ( \ max ) = \ infty ) . Density ( edit ) The density D ( \ displaystyle D ) of a network is defined as a ratio of the number of edges E ( \ displaystyle E ) to the number of possible edges in a network with N ( \ displaystyle N ) nodes , given ( in the case of simple graphs ) by the binomial coefficient ( N 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ tbinom ( N ) ( 2 ) ) ) , giving D = 2 ( E − N + 1 ) N ( N − 3 ) + 2 . ( \ displaystyle D = ( \ frac ( 2 ( E-N + 1 ) ) ( N ( N - 3 ) + 2 ) ) . ) Another possible equation is D = T − 2 N + 2 N ( N − 3 ) + 2 , ( \ displaystyle D = ( \ frac ( T - 2N + 2 ) ( N ( N - 3 ) + 2 ) ) , ) whereas the ties T ( \ displaystyle T ) are unidirectional ( Wasserman & Faust 1994 ) . This gives a better overview over the network density , because unidirectional relationships can be measured . Planar network density ( edit ) The density D ( \ displaystyle D ) of a network , where there is no intersection between edges , is defined as a ratio of the number of edges E ( \ displaystyle E ) to the number of possible edges in a network with N ( \ displaystyle N ) nodes , given by a graph with no intersecting edges ( E max = 3 N − 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( E_ ( \ max ) = 3N - 6 ) ) , giving D = E − N + 1 2 N − 5 . ( \ displaystyle D = ( \ frac ( E-N + 1 ) ( 2N - 5 ) ) . ) Average degree ( edit ) The degree k ( \ displaystyle k ) of a node is the number of edges connected to it . Closely related to the density of a network is the average degree , ⟨ k ⟩ = 2 E N ( \ displaystyle \ langle k \ rangle = ( \ tfrac ( 2E ) ( N ) ) ) ( or , in the case of directed graphs , ⟨ k ⟩ = E N ( \ displaystyle \ langle k \ rangle = ( \ tfrac ( E ) ( N ) ) ) , the former factor of 2 arising from each edge in an undirected graph contributing to the degree of two distinct vertices ) . In the ER random graph model ( G ( N , p ) ( \ displaystyle G ( N , p ) ) ) we can compute the expected value of ⟨ k ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ langle k \ rangle ) ( equal to the expected value of k ( \ displaystyle k ) of an arbitrary vertex ) : a random vertex has N − 1 ( \ displaystyle N - 1 ) other vertices in the network available , and with probability p ( \ displaystyle p ) , connects to each . Thus , E ( ⟨ k ⟩ ) = E ( k ) = p ( N − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( E ) ( \ langle k \ rangle ) = \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ) = p ( N - 1 ) ) . Average shortest path length ( or characteristic path length ) ( edit ) The average shortest path length is calculated by finding the shortest path between all pairs of nodes , and taking the average over all paths of the length thereof ( the length being the number of intermediate edges contained in the path , i.e. , the distance d u , v ( \ displaystyle d_ ( u , v ) ) between the two vertices u , v ( \ displaystyle u , v ) within the graph ) . This shows us , on average , the number of steps it takes to get from one member of the network to another . The behavior of the expected average shortest path length ( that is , the ensemble average of the average shortest path length ) as a function of the number of vertices N ( \ displaystyle N ) of a random network model defines whether that model exhibits the small - world effect ; if it scales as O ( ln N ) ( \ displaystyle O ( \ ln N ) ) , the model generates small - world nets . For faster - than - logarithmic growth , the model does not produce small worlds . The special case of O ( ln ln N ) ( \ displaystyle O ( \ ln \ ln N ) ) is known as ultra-small world effect . Diameter of a network ( edit ) As another means of measuring network graphs , we can define the diameter of a network as the longest of all the calculated shortest paths in a network . It is the shortest distance between the two most distant nodes in the network . In other words , once the shortest path length from every node to all other nodes is calculated , the diameter is the longest of all the calculated path lengths . The diameter is representative of the linear size of a network . Clustering coefficient ( edit ) The clustering coefficient is a measure of an `` all - my - friends - know - each - other '' property . This is sometimes described as the friends of my friends are my friends . More precisely , the clustering coefficient of a node is the ratio of existing links connecting a node 's neighbors to each other to the maximum possible number of such links . The clustering coefficient for the entire network is the average of the clustering coefficients of all the nodes . A high clustering coefficient for a network is another indication of a small world . The clustering coefficient of the i ( \ displaystyle i ) ' th node is C i = 2 e i k i ( k i − 1 ) , ( \ displaystyle C_ ( i ) = ( 2e_ ( i ) \ over k_ ( i ) ( ( k_ ( i ) - 1 ) ) ) \ , , ) where k i ( \ displaystyle k_ ( i ) ) is the number of neighbours of the i ( \ displaystyle i ) ' th node , and e i ( \ displaystyle e_ ( i ) ) is the number of connections between these neighbours . The maximum possible number of connections between neighbors is , then , ( k 2 ) = k ( k − 1 ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ binom ( k ) ( 2 ) ) = ( ( k ( k - 1 ) ) \ over 2 ) \ , . ) From a probabalistic standpoint , the expected local clustering coefficient is the likelihood of a link existing between two arbitrary neighbors of the same node . Connectedness ( edit ) The way in which a network is connected plays a large part into how networks are analyzed and interpreted . Networks are classified in four different categories : Clique / Complete Graph : a completely connected network , where all nodes are connected to every other node . These networks are symmetric in that all nodes have in - links and out - links from all others . Giant Component : A single connected component which contains most of the nodes in the network . Weakly Connected Component : A collection of nodes in which there exists a path from any node to any other , ignoring directionality of the edges . Strongly Connected Component : A collection of nodes in which there exists a directed path from any node to any other . Node centrality ( edit ) Main article : Centrality Centrality indices produce rankings which seek to identify the most important nodes in a network model . Different centrality indices encode different contexts for the word `` importance . '' The betweenness centrality , for example , considers a node highly important if it form bridges between many other nodes . The eigenvalue centrality , in contrast , considers a node highly important if many other highly important nodes link to it . Hundreds of such measures have been proposed in the literature . Centrality indices are only accurate for identifying the most central nodes . The measures are seldom , if ever , meaningful for the remainder of network nodes . Also , their indications are only accurate within their assumed context for importance , and tend to `` get it wrong '' for other contexts . For example , imagine two separate communities whose only link is an edge between the most junior member of each community . Since any transfer from one community to the other must go over this link , the two junior members will have high betweenness centrality . But , since they are junior , ( presumably ) they have few connections to the `` important '' nodes in their community , meaning their eigenvalue centrality would be quite low . The concept of centrality in the context of static networks was extended , based on empirical and theoretical research , to dynamic centrality in the context of time - dependent and temporal networks . Node influence ( edit ) Main article : Node influence metric Limitations to centrality measures have led to the development of more general measures . Two examples are the accessibility , which uses the diversity of random walks to measure how accessible the rest of the network is from a given start node , and the expected force , derived from the expected value of the force of infection generated by a node . Both of these measures can be meaningfully computed from the structure of the network alone . Network models ( edit ) Network models serve as a foundation to understanding interactions within empirical complex networks . Various random graph generation models produce network structures that may be used in comparison to real - world complex networks . Erdős -- Rényi random graph model ( edit ) This Erdős -- Rényi model is generated with N = 4 nodes . For each edge in the complete graph formed by all N nodes , a random number is generated and compared to a given probability . If the random number is less than p , an edge is formed on the model . The Erdős -- Rényi model , named for Paul Erdős and Alfréd Rényi , is used for generating random graphs in which edges are set between nodes with equal probabilities . It can be used in the probabilistic method to prove the existence of graphs satisfying various properties , or to provide a rigorous definition of what it means for a property to hold for almost all graphs . To generate an Erdős -- Rényi model G ( n , p ) ( \ displaystyle G ( n , p ) ) two parameters must be specified : the total number of nodes n and the probability p that a random pair of nodes has an edge . Because the model is generated without bias to particular nodes , the degree distribution is binomial : for a randomly chosen vertex v ( \ displaystyle v ) , P ( deg ( v ) = k ) = ( n − 1 k ) p k ( 1 − p ) n − 1 − k . ( \ displaystyle P ( \ deg ( v ) = k ) = ( n - 1 \ choose k ) p ^ ( k ) ( 1 - p ) ^ ( n - 1 - k ) . ) In this model the clustering coefficient is 0 a.s . The behavior of G ( n , p ) ( \ displaystyle G ( n , p ) ) can be broken into three regions . Subcritical n p < 1 ( \ displaystyle np < 1 ) : All components are simple and very small , the largest component has size C 1 = O ( log n ) ( \ displaystyle C_ ( 1 ) = O ( \ log n ) ) ; Critical n p = 1 ( \ displaystyle np = 1 ) : C 1 = O ( n 2 3 ) ( \ displaystyle C_ ( 1 ) = O ( n ^ ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) ) ) ; Supercritical n p > 1 ( \ displaystyle np > 1 ) : C 1 ≈ y n ( \ displaystyle C_ ( 1 ) \ approx yn ) where y = y ( n p ) ( \ displaystyle y = y ( np ) ) is the positive solution to the equation e − p n y = 1 − y ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( - pny ) = 1 - y ) . The largest connected component has high complexity . All other components are simple and small C 2 = O ( log n ) ( \ displaystyle C_ ( 2 ) = O ( \ log n ) ) . Configuration model ( edit ) The configuration model takes a degree sequence or degree distribution ( which subsequently is used to generate a degree sequence ) as the input , and produces randomly connected graphs in all respects other than the degree sequence . This means that for a given choice of the degree sequence , the graph is chosen uniformly at random from the set of all graphs that comply with this degree sequence . The degree k ( \ displaystyle k ) of a randomly chosen vertex is an independent and identically distributed random variable with integer values . When E ( k 2 ) − 2 E ( k ) > 0 ( \ textstyle \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) - 2 \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ) > 0 ) , the configuration graph contains the giant connected component , which has infinite size . The rest of the components have finite sizes , which can be quantified with the notion of the size distribution . The probability w ( n ) ( \ displaystyle w ( n ) ) that a randomly sampled node is connected to a component of size n ( \ displaystyle n ) is given by convolution powers of the degree distribution : w ( n ) = ( E ( k ) n − 1 u 1 ∗ n ( n − 2 ) , n > 1 , u ( 0 ) n = 1 , ( \ displaystyle w ( n ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) ( \ frac ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ) ) ( n - 1 ) ) u_ ( 1 ) ^ ( * n ) ( n - 2 ) , &n > 1 , \ \ u ( 0 ) &n = 1 , \ end ( cases ) ) ) where u ( k ) ( \ displaystyle u ( k ) ) denotes the degree distribution and u 1 ( k ) = ( k + 1 ) u ( k + 1 ) E ( k ) ( \ displaystyle u_ ( 1 ) ( k ) = ( \ frac ( ( k + 1 ) u ( k + 1 ) ) ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ) ) ) ) . The giant component can be destroyed by randomly removing the critical fraction p c ( \ displaystyle p_ ( c ) ) of all edges . This process is called percolation on random networks . When the second moment of the degree distribution is finite , E ( k 2 ) < ∞ ( \ textstyle \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) < \ infty ) , this critical edge fraction is given by p c = 1 − E ( k ) E ( k 2 ) − E ( k ) ( \ displaystyle p_ ( c ) = 1 - ( \ frac ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ) ) ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) - \ mathbb ( E ) ( k ) ) ) ) , and the average vertex - vertex distance l ( \ displaystyle l ) in the giant component scales logarithmically with the total size of the network , l = O ( log N ) ( \ displaystyle l = O ( \ log N ) ) . In the directed configuration model , the degree of a node is given by two numbers , in - degree k in ( \ displaystyle k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) and out - degree k out ( \ displaystyle k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) , and consequently , the degree distribution is two - variate . The expected number of in - edges and out - edges coincides , so that E ( k in ) = E ( k out ) ( \ textstyle \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) = \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ) . The directed configuration model contains the giant component iff 2 E ( k in ) E ( k in k out ) − E ( k in ) E ( k out 2 ) − E ( k in ) E ( k in 2 ) + E ( k in 2 ) E ( k out 2 ) − E ( k in k out ) 2 > 0 . ( \ displaystyle 2 \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) - \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) - \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) + \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) - \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) > 0 . ) Note that E ( k in ) ( \ textstyle \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) ) and E ( k out ) ( \ textstyle \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ) are equal and therefore interchangeable in the latter inequality . The probability that a randomly chosen vertex belongs to a component of size n ( \ displaystyle n ) is given by : h in ( n ) = E ( k i n ) n − 1 u ~ in ∗ n ( n − 2 ) , n > 1 , u ~ in = k in + 1 E ( k in ) ∑ k out ≥ 0 u ( k in + 1 , k out ) , ( \ displaystyle h_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ( n ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( in ) ) ) ( n - 1 ) ) ( \ tilde ( u ) ) _ ( \ text ( in ) ) ^ ( * n ) ( n - 2 ) , \ ; n > 1 , \ ; ( \ tilde ( u ) ) _ ( \ text ( in ) ) = ( \ frac ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) + 1 ) ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) ) ) \ sum \ limits _ ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) \ geq 0 ) u ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) + 1 , k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) , ) for in - components , and h out ( n ) = E ( k out ) n − 1 u ~ out ∗ n ( n − 2 ) , n > 1 , u ~ out = k out + 1 E ( k out ) ∑ k in ≥ 0 u ( k in , k out + 1 ) , ( \ displaystyle h_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ( n ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ) ( n - 1 ) ) ( \ tilde ( u ) ) _ ( \ text ( out ) ) ^ ( * n ) ( n - 2 ) , \ ; n > 1 , \ ; ( \ tilde ( u ) ) _ ( \ text ( out ) ) = ( \ frac ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) + 1 ) ( \ mathbb ( E ) ( k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ) ) \ sum \ limits _ ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) \ geq 0 ) u ( k_ ( \ text ( in ) ) , k_ ( \ text ( out ) ) + 1 ) , ) for out - components . Watts -- Strogatz small world model ( edit ) The Watts and Strogatz model uses the concept of rewiring to achieve its structure . The model generator will iterate through each edge in the original lattice structure . An edge may changed its connected vertices according to a given rewiring probability . ⟨ k ⟩ = 4 ( \ displaystyle \ langle k \ rangle = 4 ) in this example . The Watts and Strogatz model is a random graph generation model that produces graphs with small - world properties . An initial lattice structure is used to generate a Watts -- Strogatz model . Each node in the network is initially linked to its ⟨ k ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ langle k \ rangle ) closest neighbors . Another parameter is specified as the rewiring probability . Each edge has a probability p ( \ displaystyle p ) that it will be rewired to the graph as a random edge . The expected number of rewired links in the model is p E = p N ⟨ k ⟩ / 2 ( \ displaystyle pE = pN \ langle k \ rangle / 2 ) . As the Watts -- Strogatz model begins as non-random lattice structure , it has a very high clustering coefficient along with high average path length . Each rewire is likely to create a shortcut between highly connected clusters . As the rewiring probability increases , the clustering coefficient decreases slower than the average path length . In effect , this allows the average path length of the network to decrease significantly with only slightly decreases in clustering coefficient . Higher values of p force more rewired edges , which in effect makes the Watts -- Strogatz model a random network . Barabási -- Albert ( BA ) preferential attachment model ( edit ) The Barabási -- Albert model is a random network model used to demonstrate a preferential attachment or a `` rich - get - richer '' effect . In this model , an edge is most likely to attach to nodes with higher degrees . The network begins with an initial network of m nodes . m ≥ 2 and the degree of each node in the initial network should be at least 1 , otherwise it will always remain disconnected from the rest of the network . In the BA model , new nodes are added to the network one at a time . Each new node is connected to m ( \ displaystyle m ) existing nodes with a probability that is proportional to the number of links that the existing nodes already have . Formally , the probability p that the new node is connected to node i is p i = k i ∑ j k j , ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) = ( \ frac ( k_ ( i ) ) ( \ sum _ ( j ) k_ ( j ) ) ) , ) where k is the degree of node i . Heavily linked nodes ( `` hubs '' ) tend to quickly accumulate even more links , while nodes with only a few links are unlikely to be chosen as the destination for a new link . The new nodes have a `` preference '' to attach themselves to the already heavily linked nodes . The degree distribution of the BA Model , which follows a power law . In loglog scale the power law function is a straight line . The degree distribution resulting from the BA model is scale free , in particular , it is a power law of the form : P ( k ) ∼ k − 3 ( \ displaystyle P ( k ) \ sim k ^ ( - 3 ) \ , ) Hubs exhibit high betweenness centrality which allows short paths to exist between nodes . As a result , the BA model tends to have very short average path lengths . The clustering coefficient of this model also tends to 0 . While the diameter , D , of many models including the Erdős Rényi random graph model and several small world networks is proportional to log N , the BA model exhibits D ~ loglogN ( ultrasmall world ) . Note that the average path length scales with N as the diameter . Mediation - driven attachment ( MDA ) model ( edit ) In the mediation - driven attachment ( MDA ) model in which a new node coming with m ( \ displaystyle m ) edges picks an existing connected node at random and then connects itself not with that one but with m ( \ displaystyle m ) of its neighbors chosen also at random . The probability Π ( i ) ( \ displaystyle \ Pi ( i ) ) that the node i ( \ displaystyle i ) of the existing node picked is Π ( i ) = k i N ∑ j = 1 k i 1 k j k i . ( \ displaystyle \ Pi ( i ) = ( \ frac ( k_ ( i ) ) ( N ) ) ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( k_ ( i ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( k_ ( j ) ) ) ) ( k_ ( i ) ) ) . ) The factor ∑ j = 1 k i 1 k j k i ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( k_ ( i ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( k_ ( j ) ) ) ) ( k_ ( i ) ) ) ) is the inverse of the harmonic mean ( IHM ) of degrees of the k i ( \ displaystyle k_ ( i ) ) neighbors of a node i ( \ displaystyle i ) . Extensive numerical investigation suggest that for an approximately m > 14 ( \ displaystyle m > 14 ) the mean IHM value in the large N ( \ displaystyle N ) limit becomes a constant which means Π ( i ) ∝ k i ( \ displaystyle \ Pi ( i ) \ propto k_ ( i ) ) . It implies that the higher the links ( degree ) a node has , the higher its chance of gaining more links since they can be reached in a larger number of ways through mediators which essentially embodies the intuitive idea of rich get richer mechanism ( or the preferential attachment rule of the Barabasi -- Albert model ) . Therefore , the MDA network can be seen to follow the PA rule but in disguise . However , for m = 1 ( \ displaystyle m = 1 ) it describes the winner takes it all mechanism as we find that almost 99 % ( \ displaystyle 99 \ % ) of the total nodes have degree one and one is super-rich in degree . As m ( \ displaystyle m ) value increases the disparity between the super rich and poor decreases and as m > 14 ( \ displaystyle m > 14 ) we find a transition from rich get super richer to rich get richer mechanism . Fitness model ( edit ) Another model where the key ingredient is the nature of the vertex has been introduced by Caldarelli et al. Here a link is created between two vertices i , j ( \ displaystyle i , j ) with a probability given by a linking function f ( η i , η j ) ( \ displaystyle f ( \ eta _ ( i ) , \ eta _ ( j ) ) ) of the fitnesses of the vertices involved . The degree of a vertex i is given by k ( η i ) = N ∫ 0 ∞ f ( η i , η j ) ρ ( η j ) d η j ( \ displaystyle k ( \ eta _ ( i ) ) = N \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) f ( \ eta _ ( i ) , \ eta _ ( j ) ) \ rho ( \ eta _ ( j ) ) \ , d \ eta _ ( j ) ) If k ( η i ) ( \ displaystyle k ( \ eta _ ( i ) ) ) is an invertible and increasing function of η i ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( i ) ) , then the probability distribution P ( k ) ( \ displaystyle P ( k ) ) is given by P ( k ) = ρ ( η ( k ) ) ⋅ η ′ ( k ) ( \ displaystyle P ( k ) = \ rho ( \ eta ( k ) ) \ cdot \ eta ' ( k ) ) As a result , if the fitnesses η ( \ displaystyle \ eta ) are distributed as a power law , then also the node degree does . Less intuitively with a fast decaying probability distribution as ρ ( η ) = e − η ( \ displaystyle \ rho ( \ eta ) = e ^ ( - \ eta ) ) together with a linking function of the kind f ( η i , η j ) = Θ ( η i + η j − Z ) ( \ displaystyle f ( \ eta _ ( i ) , \ eta _ ( j ) ) = \ Theta ( \ eta _ ( i ) + \ eta _ ( j ) - Z ) ) with Z ( \ displaystyle Z ) a constant and Θ ( \ displaystyle \ Theta ) the Heavyside function , we also obtain scale - free networks . Such model has been successfully applied to describe trade between nations by using GDP as fitness for the various nodes i , j ( \ displaystyle i , j ) and a linking function of the kind δ η i η j 1 + δ η i η j . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ delta \ eta _ ( i ) \ eta _ ( j ) ) ( 1 + \ delta \ eta _ ( i ) \ eta _ ( j ) ) ) . ) Network analysis ( edit ) Social network analysis ( edit ) Social network analysis examines the structure of relationships between social entities . These entities are often persons , but may also be groups , organizations , nation states , web sites , scholarly publications . Since the 1970s , the empirical study of networks has played a central role in social science , and many of the mathematical and statistical tools used for studying networks have been first developed in sociology . Amongst many other applications , social network analysis has been used to understand the diffusion of innovations , news and rumors . Similarly , it has been used to examine the spread of both diseases and health - related behaviors . It has also been applied to the study of markets , where it has been used to examine the role of trust in exchange relationships and of social mechanisms in setting prices . Similarly , it has been used to study recruitment into political movements and social organizations . It has also been used to conceptualize scientific disagreements as well as academic prestige . More recently , network analysis ( and its close cousin traffic analysis ) has gained a significant use in military intelligence , for uncovering insurgent networks of both hierarchical and leaderless nature . Dynamic network analysis ( edit ) Dynamic network analysis examines the shifting structure of relationships among different classes of entities in complex socio - technical systems effects , and reflects social stability and changes such as the emergence of new groups , topics , and leaders . Dynamic Network Analysis focuses on meta - networks composed of multiple types of nodes ( entities ) and multiple types of links . These entities can be highly varied . Examples include people , organizations , topics , resources , tasks , events , locations , and beliefs . Dynamic network techniques are particularly useful for assessing trends and changes in networks over time , identification of emergent leaders , and examining the co-evolution of people and ideas . Biological network analysis ( edit ) With the recent explosion of publicly available high throughput biological data , the analysis of molecular networks has gained significant interest . The type of analysis in this content are closely related to social network analysis , but often focusing on local patterns in the network . For example , network motifs are small subgraphs that are over-represented in the network . Activity motifs are similar over-represented patterns in the attributes of nodes and edges in the network that are over represented given the network structure . The analysis of biological networks has led to the development of network medicine , which looks at the effect of diseases in the interactome . Link analysis ( edit ) Link analysis is a subset of network analysis , exploring associations between objects . An example may be examining the addresses of suspects and victims , the telephone numbers they have dialed and financial transactions that they have partaken in during a given timeframe , and the familial relationships between these subjects as a part of police investigation . Link analysis here provides the crucial relationships and associations between very many objects of different types that are not apparent from isolated pieces of information . Computer - assisted or fully automatic computer - based link analysis is increasingly employed by banks and insurance agencies in fraud detection , by telecommunication operators in telecommunication network analysis , by medical sector in epidemiology and pharmacology , in law enforcement investigations , by search engines for relevance rating ( and conversely by the spammers for spamdexing and by business owners for search engine optimization ) , and everywhere else where relationships between many objects have to be analyzed . Network robustness ( edit ) The structural robustness of networks is studied using percolation theory . When a critical fraction of nodes is removed the network becomes fragmented into small clusters . This phenomenon is called percolation and it represents an order - disorder type of phase transition with critical exponents . Pandemic analysis ( edit ) The SIR model is one of the most well known algorithms on predicting the spread of global pandemics within an infectious population . Susceptible to infected ( edit ) S = β ( 1 N ) ( \ displaystyle S = \ beta \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ right ) ) The formula above describes the `` force '' of infection for each susceptible unit in an infectious population , where β is equivalent to the transmission rate of said disease . To track the change of those susceptible in an infectious population : Δ S = β × S 1 N Δ t ( \ displaystyle \ Delta S = \ beta \ times S ( 1 \ over N ) \ , \ Delta t ) Infected to recovered ( edit ) Δ I = μ I Δ t ( \ displaystyle \ Delta I = \ mu I \ , \ Delta t ) Over time , the number of those infected fluctuates by : the specified rate of recovery , represented by μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) but deducted to one over the average infectious period 1 τ ( \ displaystyle ( 1 \ over \ tau ) ) , the numbered of infectious individuals , I ( \ displaystyle I ) , and the change in time , Δ t ( \ displaystyle \ Delta t ) . Infectious period ( edit ) Whether a population will be overcome by a pandemic , with regards to the SIR model , is dependent on the value of R 0 ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 0 ) ) or the `` average people infected by an infected individual . '' R 0 = β τ = β μ ( \ displaystyle R_ ( 0 ) = \ beta \ tau = ( \ beta \ over \ mu ) ) Web link analysis ( edit ) Several Web search ranking algorithms use link - based centrality metrics , including ( in order of appearance ) Marchiori 's Hyper Search , Google 's PageRank , Kleinberg 's HITS algorithm , the CheiRank and TrustRank algorithms . Link analysis is also conducted in information science and communication science in order to understand and extract information from the structure of collections of web pages . For example , the analysis might be of the interlinking between politicians ' web sites or blogs . PageRank ( edit ) PageRank works by randomly picking `` nodes '' or websites and then with a certain probability , `` randomly jumping '' to other nodes . By randomly jumping to these other nodes , it helps PageRank completely traverse the network as some webpages exist on the periphery and would not as readily be assessed . Each node , x i ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) ) , has a PageRank as defined by the sum of pages j ( \ displaystyle j ) that link to i ( \ displaystyle i ) times one over the outlinks or `` out - degree '' of j ( \ displaystyle j ) times the `` importance '' or PageRank of j ( \ displaystyle j ) . x i = ∑ j → i 1 N j x j ( k ) ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) = \ sum _ ( j \ rightarrow i ) ( 1 \ over N_ ( j ) ) x_ ( j ) ^ ( ( k ) ) ) Random jumping ( edit ) As explained above , PageRank enlists random jumps in attempts to assign PageRank to every website on the internet . These random jumps find websites that might not be found during the normal search methodologies such as Breadth - First Search and Depth - First Search . In an improvement over the aforementioned formula for determining PageRank includes adding these random jump components . Without the random jumps , some pages would receive a PageRank of 0 which would not be good . The first is α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) , or the probability that a random jump will occur . Contrasting is the `` damping factor '' , or 1 − α ( \ displaystyle 1 - \ alpha ) . R ( p ) = α N + ( 1 − α ) ∑ j → i 1 N j x j ( k ) ( \ displaystyle R ( ( p ) ) = ( \ alpha \ over N ) + ( 1 - \ alpha ) \ sum _ ( j \ rightarrow i ) ( 1 \ over N_ ( j ) ) x_ ( j ) ^ ( ( k ) ) ) Another way of looking at it : R ( A ) = ∑ R B B ( outlinks ) + ⋯ + R n n ( outlinks ) ( \ displaystyle R ( A ) = \ sum ( R_ ( B ) \ over B_ ( \ text ( ( outlinks ) ) ) ) + \ cdots + ( R_ ( n ) \ over n_ ( \ text ( ( outlinks ) ) ) ) ) Centrality measures ( edit ) Information about the relative importance of nodes and edges in a graph can be obtained through centrality measures , widely used in disciplines like sociology . Centrality measures are essential when a network analysis has to answer questions such as : `` Which nodes in the network should be targeted to ensure that a message or information spreads to all or most nodes in the network ? '' or conversely , `` Which nodes should be targeted to curtail the spread of a disease ? '' . Formally established measures of centrality are degree centrality , closeness centrality , betweenness centrality , eigenvector centrality , and katz centrality . The objective of network analysis generally determines the type of centrality measure ( s ) to be used . Degree centrality of a node in a network is the number of links ( vertices ) incident on the node . Closeness centrality determines how `` close '' a node is to other nodes in a network by measuring the sum of the shortest distances ( geodesic paths ) between that node and all other nodes in the network . Betweenness centrality determines the relative importance of a node by measuring the amount of traffic flowing through that node to other nodes in the network . This is done by measuring the fraction of paths connecting all pairs of nodes and containing the node of interest . Group Betweenness centrality measures the amount of traffic flowing through a group of nodes . Eigenvector centrality is a more sophisticated version of degree centrality where the centrality of a node not only depends on the number of links incident on the node but also the quality of those links . This quality factor is determined by the eigenvectors of the adjacency matrix of the network . Katz centrality of a node is measured by summing the geodesic paths between that node and all ( reachable ) nodes in the network . These paths are weighted , paths connecting the node with its immediate neighbors carry higher weights than those which connect with nodes farther away from the immediate neighbors . Spread of content in networks ( edit ) Content in a complex network can spread via two major methods : conserved spread and non-conserved spread . In conserved spread , the total amount of content that enters a complex network remains constant as it passes through . The model of conserved spread can best be represented by a pitcher containing a fixed amount of water being poured into a series of funnels connected by tubes . Here , the pitcher represents the original source and the water is the content being spread . The funnels and connecting tubing represent the nodes and the connections between nodes , respectively . As the water passes from one funnel into another , the water disappears instantly from the funnel that was previously exposed to the water . In non-conserved spread , the amount of content changes as it enters and passes through a complex network . The model of non-conserved spread can best be represented by a continuously running faucet running through a series of funnels connected by tubes . Here , the amount of water from the original source is infinite Also , any funnels that have been exposed to the water continue to experience the water even as it passes into successive funnels . The non-conserved model is the most suitable for explaining the transmission of most infectious diseases . The SIR model ( edit ) In 1927 , W.O. Kermack and A.G. McKendrick created a model in which they considered a fixed population with only three compartments , susceptible : S ( t ) ( \ displaystyle S ( t ) ) , infected , I ( t ) ( \ displaystyle I ( t ) ) , and recovered , R ( t ) ( \ displaystyle R ( t ) ) . The compartments used for this model consist of three classes : S ( t ) ( \ displaystyle S ( t ) ) is used to represent the number of individuals not yet infected with the disease at time t , or those susceptible to the disease I ( t ) ( \ displaystyle I ( t ) ) denotes the number of individuals who have been infected with the disease and are capable of spreading the disease to those in the susceptible category R ( t ) ( \ displaystyle R ( t ) ) is the compartment used for those individuals who have been infected and then recovered from the disease . Those in this category are not able to be infected again or to transmit the infection to others . The flow of this model may be considered as follows : S → I → R ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( S ) ) \ rightarrow ( \ mathcal ( I ) ) \ rightarrow ( \ mathcal ( R ) ) ) Using a fixed population , N = S ( t ) + I ( t ) + R ( t ) ( \ displaystyle N = S ( t ) + I ( t ) + R ( t ) ) , Kermack and McKendrick derived the following equations : d S d t = − β S I d I d t = β S I − γ I d R d t = γ I ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ frac ( dS ) ( dt ) ) & = - \ beta SI \ \ ( 8pt ) ( \ frac ( dI ) ( dt ) ) & = \ beta SI - \ gamma I \ \ ( 8pt ) ( \ frac ( dR ) ( dt ) ) & = \ gamma I \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Several assumptions were made in the formulation of these equations : First , an individual in the population must be considered as having an equal probability as every other individual of contracting the disease with a rate of β ( \ displaystyle \ beta ) , which is considered the contact or infection rate of the disease . Therefore , an infected individual makes contact and is able to transmit the disease with β N ( \ displaystyle \ beta N ) others per unit time and the fraction of contacts by an infected with a susceptible is S / N ( \ displaystyle S / N ) . The number of new infections in unit time per infective then is β N ( S / N ) ( \ displaystyle \ beta N ( S / N ) ) , giving the rate of new infections ( or those leaving the susceptible category ) as β N ( S / N ) I = β S I ( \ displaystyle \ beta N ( S / N ) I = \ beta SI ) ( Brauer & Castillo - Chavez , 2001 ) . For the second and third equations , consider the population leaving the susceptible class as equal to the number entering the infected class . However , a number equal to the fraction ( γ ( \ displaystyle \ gamma ) which represents the mean recovery rate , or 1 / γ ( \ displaystyle 1 / \ gamma ) the mean infective period ) of infectives are leaving this class per unit time to enter the removed class . These processes which occur simultaneously are referred to as the Law of Mass Action , a widely accepted idea that the rate of contact between two groups in a population is proportional to the size of each of the groups concerned ( Daley & Gani , 2005 ) . Finally , it is assumed that the rate of infection and recovery is much faster than the time scale of births and deaths and therefore , these factors are ignored in this model . More can be read on this model on the Epidemic model page . The master equation approach ( edit ) A master equation can express the behaviour of an undirected growing network where , at each time step , a new node is added to the network , linked to an old node ( randomly chosen and without preference ) . The initial network is formed by two nodes and two links between them at time t = 2 ( \ displaystyle t = 2 ) , this configuration is necessary only to simplify further calculations , so at time t = n ( \ displaystyle t = n ) the network have n ( \ displaystyle n ) nodes and n ( \ displaystyle n ) links . The master equation for this network is : p ( k , s , t + 1 ) = 1 t p ( k − 1 , s , t ) + ( 1 − 1 t ) p ( k , s , t ) , ( \ displaystyle p ( k , s , t + 1 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( t ) ) p ( k - 1 , s , t ) + \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( t ) ) \ right ) p ( k , s , t ) , ) where p ( k , s , t ) ( \ displaystyle p ( k , s , t ) ) is the probability to have the node s ( \ displaystyle s ) with degree k ( \ displaystyle k ) at time t + 1 ( \ displaystyle t + 1 ) , and s ( \ displaystyle s ) is the time step when this node was added to the network . Note that there are only two ways for an old node s ( \ displaystyle s ) to have k ( \ displaystyle k ) links at time t + 1 ( \ displaystyle t + 1 ) : The node s ( \ displaystyle s ) have degree k − 1 ( \ displaystyle k - 1 ) at time t ( \ displaystyle t ) and will be linked by the new node with probability 1 / t ( \ displaystyle 1 / t ) Already has degree k ( \ displaystyle k ) at time t ( \ displaystyle t ) and will not be linked by the new node . After simplifying this model , the degree distribution is P ( k ) = 2 − k . ( \ displaystyle P ( k ) = 2 ^ ( - k ) . ) Based on this growing network , an epidemic model is developed following a simple rule : Each time the new node is added and after choosing the old node to link , a decision is made : whether or not this new node will be infected . The master equation for this epidemic model is : p r ( k , s , t ) = r t 1 t p r ( k − 1 , s , t ) + ( 1 − 1 t ) p r ( k , s , t ) , ( \ displaystyle p_ ( r ) ( k , s , t ) = r_ ( t ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( t ) ) p_ ( r ) ( k - 1 , s , t ) + \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( t ) ) \ right ) p_ ( r ) ( k , s , t ) , ) where r t ( \ displaystyle r_ ( t ) ) represents the decision to infect ( r t = 1 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( t ) = 1 ) ) or not ( r t = 0 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( t ) = 0 ) ) . Solving this master equation , the following solution is obtained : P ~ r ( k ) = ( r 2 ) k . ( \ displaystyle ( \ tilde ( P ) ) _ ( r ) ( k ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( r ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( k ) . ) Interdependent networks ( edit ) Main article : Interdependent networks An interdependent network is a system of coupled networks where nodes of one or more networks depend on nodes in other networks . Such dependencies are enhanced by the developments in modern technology . Dependencies may lead to cascading failures between the networks and a relatively small failure can lead to a catastrophic breakdown of the system . Blackouts are a fascinating demonstration of the important role played by the dependencies between networks . A recent study developed a framework to study the cascading failures in an interdependent networks system . Multilayer networks ( edit ) Main article : Multidimensional network Multilayer networks are networks with multiple kinds of relations . Increasingly sophisticated attempts to model real - world systems as multidimensional networks have yielded valuable insight in the fields of social network analysis , economics , history , urban and international transport , ecology , psychology , medicine , biology , commerce , climatology , physics , computational neuroscience , operations management , and finance . Network optimization ( edit ) Network problems that involve finding an optimal way of doing something are studied under the name of combinatorial optimization . Examples include network flow , shortest path problem , transport problem , transshipment problem , location problem , matching problem , assignment problem , packing problem , routing problem , Critical Path Analysis and PERT ( Program Evaluation & Review Technique ) . See also ( edit ) Climate as complex networks Collaborative innovation network Communicative ecology Complex network Core - periphery structures in networks Dual - phase evolution Erdős -- Rényi model Glossary of graph theory Higher category theory Immune network theory Irregular warfare Network analyzer Network dynamics Network formation Network theory in risk assessment Network topology Networks in labor economics Non-linear preferential attachment Percolation Policy network analysis Polytely Quantum complex network Random networks Rumor spread in social network Scale - free networks Sequential dynamical system Service network Small - world networks Structural cut - off Systems theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Committee on Network Science for Future Army Applications ( 2006 ) . Network Science . National Research Council . ISBN 0309653886 . 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Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 : 0101 . arXiv : 1511.04453 ( q - bio. QM ) . doi : 10.1038 / s41559 - 017 - 0101 . Cite uses deprecated parameter class = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kouvaris , N.E. ; Hata , S. ; Diaz - Guilera , A. ( 2015 ) . `` Pattern Formation in Multiplex Networks '' . Scientific Reports . 5 ( 1 ) : 10840 . arXiv : 1412.2923 . Bibcode : 2015NatSR ... 510840K . doi : 10.1038 / srep10840 . Jump up ^ Fiori , K.L. ; Smith , J ; Antonucci , T.C. ( 2007 ) . `` Social network types among older adults : A multidimensional approach '' . The Journals of Gerontology Series B. 62 ( 6 ) : P322 -- 30 . doi : 10.1093 / geronb / 62.6. p322 . PMID 18079416 . Jump up ^ De Domenico , M. ; Nicosia , V. ; Arenas , A. ; Latora , V. ( 2015 ) . `` Structural reducibility of multilayer networks '' . Nature Communications . 6 : 6864 . Bibcode : 2015NatCo ... 6E6864D . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms7864 . PMID 25904309 . 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( 2016 ) . `` Mapping multiplex hubs in human functional brain networks '' . Frontiers in Neuroscience. 10 . doi : 10.3389 / fnins. 2016.00326 . Jump up ^ Battiston , F. ; Nicosia , V. ; Chavez , M. ; Latora , V. ( 2016 ) . `` Multilayer motif analysis of brain networks '' . Chaos : An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science . 27 : 047404 . arXiv : 1606.09115 ( physics. soc - ph ) . Bibcode : 2017Chaos ... 27d7404B . doi : 10.1063 / 1.4979282 . Cite uses deprecated parameter class = ( help ) Further Reading ( edit ) `` A Very Short Introduction to Networks , '' G. Caldarelli , M. Catanzaro ( Oxford University Press , Oxford 2007 ) `` Network Science Center , '' http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Network_Science_Center.asf `` Connected : The Power of Six Degrees , '' http://ivl.slis.indiana.edu/km/movies/2008-talas-connected.mov Cohen , R. ; Erez , K. ; Havlin , S. ( 2000 ) . `` Resilience of the Internet to random breakdown '' . Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 ( 21 ) : 4626 -- 4628 . arXiv : cond - mat / 0007048 . Bibcode : 2000PhRvL ... 85.4626 C . doi : 10.1103 / physrevlett. 85.4626 . PMID 11082612 . Pu , Cun - Lai ; Wen - ; Pei , Jiang ; Michaelson , Andrew ( 2012 ) . `` Robustness analysis of network controllability '' ( PDF ) . Physica A. 391 ( 18 ) : 4420 -- 4425 . Bibcode : 2012PhyA ... 391.4420 P . doi : 10.1016 / j. physa. 2012.04. 019 . `` Leader Profile : The Burgeoning Field of Network Science , The Military Engineer recently had the opportunity to speak with Frederick I. Moxley , Ph. D , '' http://themilitaryengineer.com/index.php/item/160-leader-profile-the-burgeoning-field-of-network-science S.N. Dorogovtsev and J.F.F. Mendes , Evolution of Networks : From biological networks to the Internet and WWW , Oxford University Press , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 851590 - 1 Linked : The New Science of Networks , A. - L. Barabási ( Perseus Publishing , Cambridge ) ' Scale - Free Networks , G. Caldarelli ( Oxford University Press , Oxford ) Network Science , Committee on Network Science for Future Army Applications , National Research Council . 2005 . The National Academies Press ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 309 - 10026 - 7 Network Science Bulletin , USMA ( 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 934808 - 00 - 9 The Structure and Dynamics of Networks Mark Newman , Albert - László Barabási , & Duncan J. Watts ( The Princeton Press , 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 691 - 11357 - 2 Dynamical processes on complex networks , Alain Barrat , Marc Barthelemy , Alessandro Vespignani ( Cambridge University Press , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87950 - 7 Network Science : Theory and Applications , Ted G. Lewis ( Wiley , March 11 , 2009 ) ISBN 0 - 470 - 33188 - 7 Nexus : Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Theory of Networks , Mark Buchanan ( W.W. Norton & Company , June 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 32442 - 7 Six Degrees : The Science of a Connected Age , Duncan J. Watts ( W.W. Norton & Company , February 17 , 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 32542 - 3 Kitsak , M. ; Gallos , L.K. ; Havlin , S. ; Liljeros , F. ; Muchnik , L. ; Stanley , H.E. ; Makse , H.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Influential Spreaders in Networks '' . Nature Physics. 6 : 888 -- 893 . arXiv : 1001.5285 . Bibcode : 2010NatPh ... 6 ... 888K . doi : 10.1038 / nphys1746 . Social networks and social media Types City Personal Professional Sexual Value Networks Distributed social network ( list ) Enterprise social networking Mobile social network Personal knowledge networking Services List of social networking websites List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users List of virtual communities with more than 100 million active users Concepts and theories Assortative mixing Interpersonal bridge Organizational network analysis Small - world experiment Social aspects of television Social capital Social data revolution Social exchange theory Social identity theory Social network analysis Social web Structural endogamy Models and processes Aggregation Change detection Collaboration graph Collaborative consumption Giant Global Graph Lateral communication Social graph Social network analysis software Social networking potential Social television Structural cohesion Economics Collaborative finance Social commerce Phenomena Community recognition Complex contagion Consequential strangers Friend of a friend Friendship paradox Six degrees of separation Social invisibility Social network game Social occultation Tribe Related topics Researchers User profile Viral messages Virtual community Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_science&oldid=864056840 '' Categories : Cybernetics Networks Network theory Hidden categories : CS1 errors : deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ido मराठी Nederlands Português Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 20 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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"Network science is an academic field which studies complex networks such as telecommunication networks, computer networks, biological networks, cognitive and semantic networks, and social networks, considering distinct elements or actors represented by nodes (or vertices) and the connections between the elements or actors as links (or edges). The field draws on theories and methods including graph theory from mathematics, statistical mechanics from physics, data mining and information visualization from computer science, inferential modeling from statistics, and social structure from sociology. The United States National Research Council defines network science as \"the study of network representations of physical, biological, and social phenomena leading to predictive models of these phenomena.\"[1]\n"
] | [
"links (or edges)"
] |
4062444051303599012 | Irish Car Bomb | Irish Car Bomb - wikipedia Irish Car Bomb Jump to : navigation , search This article refers to the alcoholic drink . For prominent car - bombing incidents within Ireland during the Troubles , refer to the Dublin and Monaghan bombings or the Omagh bombing . Irish Car Bomb Cocktail An Irish Car Bomb with Guinness and Irish cream . Type Beer cocktail Primary alcohol by volume Irish whiskey Irish cream Standard drinkware A pub glass and a shot glass . Commonly used ingredients 1 / 2 oz whiskey 1 / 2 oz Irish cream liqueur 1 / 2 pint stout Preparation The whiskey is floated on top of the Irish cream in a shot glass , and the shot glass is then dropped into the stout An Irish Car Bomb or Irish Bomb Shot is an American bomb shot cocktail , similar to a boilermaker , made by dropping a shot of Irish cream and whiskey into a glass of stout . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Preparation 3 Other uses 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origin ( edit ) The `` Irish '' in the name refers to the drink 's Irish ingredients ; typically Guinness stout , Baileys Irish Cream , and Jameson Irish Whiskey . The term `` car bomb '' combines reference to its `` bomb shot '' style as well as the noted car bombings of Northern Ireland 's Troubles . The name is often deemed offensive , with some bartenders refusing to serve it . The inclusion of the drink in an English bar 's 2014 promotional material drew complaints , followed by withdrawal of the promotion and a public apology by the bar manager . Increasingly , bartenders prefer the title `` Irish Bomb Shot '' or simply the `` Irish Bomb '' to avoid offending patrons . Preparation ( edit ) The whiskey is poured over the Irish cream in a shot glass , and the shot glass is then dropped into a glass of stout . The drink should be consumed quickly as the cream will cause it to curdle within a short time . While Kahlúa was part of the original recipe , it is often excluded from the drink today . Some refer to the original recipe as a Belfast Car Bomb . Other uses ( edit ) MMA fighter Todd Duffee uses The Irish Car Bomb as his nickname . See also ( edit ) List of cocktails Sake bomb Jägerbomb Drink portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Irish Car Bomb drink recipe '' . Drinknation.com . Retrieved 18 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Dicke , Scott ( March 6 , 2007 ) . `` History of Irish Car Bombs Is n't Something to Drink To '' . Daily Nexus . University of California , Santa Barbara . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Halleron , Chris ( September 28 , 2005 ) . `` Hal Wastes His Wages Defuse the ' Irish Car Bomb ' '' . Hudson Reporter . Hoboken , New Jersey . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Detelj , Tina ( July 5 , 2010 ) . `` Irish group slams cocktail '' . New Haven , CT : WTNH . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nightclub scraps Irish Car Bomb shots poster '' . March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sennett , Bob . Complete world bartender guide . Jump up ^ Charming , Cheryl ( October 1 , 2007 ) . The Everything Bartender 's Book : 750 recipes for classic and mixed drinks ( 2nd ed . ) . Everything Books . p. 178 . ISBN 1598695908 . Jump up ^ `` Carbomb Creation '' . April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Meaning of an Irish Car Bomb '' . March 11 , 2009 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IrishCarBomb.com '' . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Belfast Carbomb # 1 '' . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Duffee '' . mmalinker.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Bartending has a page on the topic of : Irish Car Bomb Cocktails List of cocktails Absinthe Corpse Reviver # 2 Death in the Afternoon Earthquake Green Russians The Modernista Moloko Plus Sazerac Beer Black and Tan Black Velvet Boilermaker Hangman 's Blood Irish Car Bomb Michelada Porchcrawler Sake Bomb Shandy Snakebite U-Boot Brandy or cognac B & B The Blenheim Brandy Manhattan Brandy Sour ( Cyprus ) Brandy Sour / Brandy Daisy Chicago Cocktail Curacao Punch Four Score Hennchata Incredible Hulk Jack Rose Nikolaschka Orgasm Panama Savoy Affair Savoy Corpse Reviver Tom and Jerry Zombie Cachaça Batida Caju Amigo Leite de Onça Quentão Rabo - de-galo Royce Champagne Black Velvet Buck 's Fizz Kir Royal Gin 20th Century Alexander Bijou Bloodhound Bronx Gibson Gimlet Gin and tonic Gin buck ( a Buck variant ) Gin pahit Gin Sour Hanky - Panky Joker The Last Word Lime Rickey Lorraine Mickey Slim My Fair Lady Old Etonian Paradise Pegu Pimm 's Cup ( incl . Nos. 1 , 3 , 6 , and variants ) Pink Gin Pink Lady Royal Arrival Salty Dog Shirley Temple Black Tom Collins White Lady or Delilah Wolfram Ouzo Ouzini Rum Blue Hawaii Brass Monkey Bumbo ( also called a Bombo or Bumboo ) Bushwacker Caribou Lou Cojito Corn N ' Oil Culto A La Vida El Presidente Fish House Punch Flaming Dr Pepper Flaming Volcano Fluffy Critter The Goldeneye Grog Gunfire Havana Cooler Hurricane Jagertee Macuá Painkiller Royal Bermuda Cocktail Rum Swizzle Staten Island Ferry Sundowner Ti ' Punch Tom and Jerry Tschunk Yellow Bird Zombie Sake Ginza Mary Sake Bomb Tamagozake Tequila Bananarita Bloody Aztec Chimayó Cocktail El Toro Loco Patron and Redbull Juan Collins Matador Paloma Slammer Royale or Tequila Slammer Tequila and Tonic Tequila Mockingbird Tequila Sour Torito Tequila Cocktail Two kids in A Cup Vodka Agent Orange Apple Martini or Appletini Astro pop Batida Bay Breeze BLT cocktail Blue Lagoon Bull Shot Caesar Caipivodka Cape Cod Chi - Chi Colombia Fizzy apple cocktail Flirtini Gimlet The Goldeneye Greyhound Harrogate Nights Hi - fi Ice Pick Kensington Court Special Kremlin Colonel Lemon Drop Lime Rickey Link Up Mudslide Orange Tundra Paralyzer Red Lotus Red Russian Rose Kennedy Cocktail Salmiakki Koskenkorva Salty Dog Vodka Gimlet Vodka Martini or Kangaroo . 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-2138294266173392605 | List of Bob's Burgers characters | List of Bob 's Burgers characters - wikipedia List of Bob 's Burgers characters Jump to : navigation , search The Belcher family From left to right : Tina , Gene , Bob , Linda and Louise Belcher The following is a list of characters from American animated television series Bob 's Burgers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Belcher family 1.1 Bob 1.2 Linda 1.3 Tina 1.4 Gene 1.5 Louise 1.6 Relatives of the Belcher Family 2 Regular customers at Bob 's Burgers 3 Pesto family 4 Wagstaff School staff 5 Wagstaff School students 6 Other recurring characters 7 References Belcher family ( edit ) The Belcher family is a family who runs the family business called Bob 's Burgers . Loren Bouchard described their ethnicity : `` For better , for worse we gave ( the main characters ) the name Belcher so at least one of Bob 's parents hails from some French or French - Canadian lineage . But in a perfect world , we 'd have the show about a sort of Greek - Armenian - Italian - Jewish - German polyglot . '' The Belcher family consists of : Bob ( edit ) Robert `` Bob '' Belcher , Jr. ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) -- Bob Belcher is the husband of Linda ; the father of Tina , Gene , and Louise ; the son of Robert Belcher , Sr. ( nicknamed `` Big Bob '' ) ; and the main character of the series . He is a second - generation restaurant owner , as his father owns a diner , and currently the proprietor of his eponymous burger restaurant ( Bob 's Burgers ) in a shore town . The Season 5 episode `` Father of the Bob '' begins with a flashback set 30 years prior in which a young Bob states that he is 14 years old , making him 44 in the episode 's present . It is also mentioned in the episode that Bob 's mother had died sometime prior to the series ' beginning . Bob has a tendency to entertain himself by having conversations with inanimate objects and then speak back as the inanimate object , usually in a high , squeaky voice . He also enjoys making puns , utilizing this talent to name his burger specials ( i.e. the If Looks Could Kale Burger , New Bacon - ings Burger , etc . ) His childhood has been described as `` crappy , '' as his father discouraged play . While poor with business management , and cursed with an unlucky streak , his skills at burger cooking have been shown to be excellent , to the point where he has been referred to as a `` beef artist . '' As shown in the flashback during `` Father of the Bob , '' the `` Burger of the Day '' special stems from an incident in which he customized a burger by adding chives to it , calling it `` Baby You Can Chive My Car . '' He tried to serve it to one of Big Bob 's regular customers who normally ordered a tuna melt , but Big Bob threw the burger away in front of the whole diner . Ten years later , still resentful over not being allowed to cook the way he wanted , Bob turned down Big Bob 's offer of a partnership in the diner and opened his own restaurant . Bob prides himself on giving the customer a quality meal and goes the extra mile to ensure that , choosing fresh ingredients he gets from the local farmer 's markets and co-op's . His biggest accomplishment is the Meatsiah , a concoction that consists of a steak tartare center with a medium - well cooked burger surrounding it and a burger Wellington surrounding the burger . Bob is allergic to shellfish , particularly lobster , as it causes his face to swell any time he eats it . This is a problem , as the town the Belchers live in has an annual lobster festival ( which Bob hates because it takes away from his business ) . Bob , along with Linda , enjoys drinking and many of the episode gags involve Bob or Linda drinking and getting drunk from wine . Bob also has a tendency to take mind - altering substances such as crack in `` Sheesh ! Cab , Bob ? '' , absinthe in `` An Indecent Thanksgiving Proposal '' , pain relievers in `` Housetrap '' , and his pain medication in `` Burgerboss '' . Linda ( edit ) Linda Belcher ( voiced by John Roberts ) -- Linda Belcher is Bob 's happy - go - lucky and supportive wife and the mother of Tina , Gene , and Louise . Prior to her marriage to Bob , she was engaged to Hugo , who is now a local health inspector ( `` Human Flesh '' ) . In the fifth - season episode `` Eat , Spray , Linda '' she turned forty - four years old . She has also referred to herself as a `` pre middle aged mother '' ( `` Lindapendent Woman '' ) Linda often calls her husband Bobby , and her attraction to Bob is in part due to his passion for his work , and also due to his `` Tom Selleckian '' mustache . She remains a loyal and devoted wife despite their frequent financial problems and never having had a honeymoon or a day off in 10 years ( `` Weekend at Mort 's '' ) . She has a preference for mustaches , and says Bob `` made himself ugly '' when he shaved it off ( `` Sheesh ! Cab , Bob ? '' ) . Her passions include singing , dinner theater , porcelain baby figurines , Tom Selleck , nautically themed romance novels , and prenatal yoga . She handles the accounting for the restaurant , though her bookkeeping methods are sometimes troublesome and overly complicated . She is fond of alcohol and is known to say that `` Mommy does n't get drunk ; she just has fun . '' Linda is extroverted , has a thick New Jersey accent , and is somewhat odd ; she is also fond of tackling problems using unconventional methods , though her methods are frequently over-optimistic and things sometimes go awry . She often encourages her kids to engage in behavior that Bob finds annoying , and though she wants what 's best for her kids , she tends to be scatter - brained . Bob has described her as a `` pushover '' because she allows people ( the kids ) to take advantage of her . She has a contentious relationship with Louise and often misunderstands her , even once organizing a slumber party for Louise against her will . She is a talented lyricist , as shown in `` Lil Hard Dad ; '' Gene may have inherited his musical predilection from her . She has tendency to spontaneously burst into song , a trait she shares with her voice actor John Roberts . Many of the songs she is known for are improvised by Roberts , including her `` Thanksgiving Song '' , `` Dish - a-Dee - Doo '' ( a jazzy ditty sung while washing the dishes , as seen in Mother Daughter Laser Razor ) , and a hair - brushing ditty that references the late Harry Truman . Her songs are frequently remade and set to music for the episode 's end credits . Tina ( edit ) Tina Ruth Belcher ( voiced by Dan Mintz ) -- Tina Belcher is the eldest Belcher child . She was said to be autistic in the first episode , but the claim was immediately dismissed by her parents . She generally speaks in a low , monotone voice , works part - time at the family restaurant , and is often the voice of reason among the Belcher children , though it is made quite clear Tina 's own characteristics rival those of her siblings . She is trying to come to grips with her entry into adulthood , and claims to have a complicated relationship with zombies . She is obsessed with horses , boys ( particularly Jimmy Jr . ) , and buttocks ; in various episodes she writes in her journal about touching people 's butts , which , to her , is the height of sexual contact . According to her siblings , Tina has written erotic fanfiction of several television shows and movies and has moved on to `` erotic friend fiction '' , in which she uses real - life people . She is a member of the Hormone - iums , a musical revue at Wagstaff that sings songs about puberty , and was formerly a member of the Thundergirls , a Girl Scout - like organization . Tina was aged 12 in early episodes and now 13 since the episode `` Sheesh ! Cab , Bob ? '' . She is generally soft - spoken and reserved , often in contrast to her more strident siblings . In the show 's early developmental stages , the eldest Belcher child was originally written as a boy , Daniel Belcher . Daniel was also voiced by Mintz , whose personality in the never - broadcast pilot is said to have been similar to that of Tina . Tina is shown to have difficulties with her schoolwork , although she is a hard worker , as shown in `` Ca n't Buy Me Math '' when she is put into remedial math and `` Bob and Deliver '' when guidance counselor Mr. Frond refers to her as a `` dum - dum '' . Gene ( edit ) Gene Belcher ( voiced by Eugene Mirman ) -- Eugene `` Gene '' Belcher is the middle child and only son in the family , revealed to be 11 years old in season 3 . Like Linda , he has an upbeat and enthusiastic attitude about almost everything ; however , he closely resembles Bob and has inherited his lobster allergy . He often promotes the restaurant by wearing a burger costume , which he uses to run in a mascot race in the season 1 episode `` Torpedo '' and using a toy megaphone to hand out samples . In `` It Snakes a Village '' , it is shown that he suffers from ophidiophobia . Gene has a variety of interests and hobbies , with his most well - known being food and music . Though he has no training , he occasionally demonstrates great skill in music and aspires to be a musician ; he enjoys playing a Casio - type keyboard and makes fart sounds using it , and creates an elaborate love duet in `` Topsy '' as well as a one - man show in `` Work Hard or Die Trying , Girl . '' Despite this , Gene is not without his flaws , namely a tendency to be easily distracted , which the family refers to as `` Gene - ing out '' in `` Best Burger '' , but very loving and loyal to his family . He is also rather unathletic , as shown in several episodes including `` Synchronized Swimming '' , when he has trouble opening a door which Tina then opens with ease , and `` Spaghetti Western and Meatballs '' , when he runs away from a fight in fear . Louise ( edit ) Louise Belcher ( voiced by Kristen Schaal ) -- Louise Belcher is the youngest of the Belcher siblings and is revealed to be 9 years old in season 1 . She is still 9 by Christmas five seasons later . In spite of being the youngest , she usually dominates her two older siblings by `` wear ( ing ) down your self esteem over a period of years . '' Precociously intelligent , manipulative , and aggressive ( even towards adults ) , she is more than willing to exploit people if there is anything to be gained . She has an offbeat and dark sense of humor and picks locks as a hobby . Louise always wears her signature pink hat with bunny ears , regardless of the time of day or situation ; to date , viewers have never seen her uncovered head . She claims that she has `` a raging staph infection under here '' in the episode `` Synchronized Swimming '' when they try to make her take it off . In `` Ear - sy Rider , '' when a high - schooler stole her hat from her , her head was off screen , then she wore a hoodie till she got it back . Louise is not immune to breaking her tough character persona , however : she called Bob `` daddy '' until she was eight , felt guilty about almost electrocuting her sister to death , still believes in Santa Claus , has a disturbing crush on a boy - band member , and proclaims she does love her family in the face of death at the end of season 4 . Since she was a baby , Louise has always liked Bob more than Linda , opting to spend more time with him as she finds him much more interesting ; it can generally be assumed that Louise and Bob have a very strong relationship , although she is the most prone amongst her siblings to mock him . In `` Carpe Museum '' , Louise accidentally reveals her plan to take over the family restaurant when Bob retires , after renaming it to `` Louise 's Burgers . '' Relatives of the Belcher family ( edit ) Gayle ( voiced by Megan Mullally ) -- Linda 's neurotic artist sister , the aunt of Tina , Gene and Louise and the sister - in - law of Bob . Bob dislikes her , much to Linda 's consternation . She is desperately lonely and once fell in love with Bob because , Linda explains , she always wants what Linda has . However , men often take an interest in her , including Dr. Yap , Mort , Mr. Frond and Mr. Fischoeder . She loves cats and may suffer from some form of factitious disorder , as she often fakes injuries . Al ( voiced by Sam Seder ) -- Linda 's father , father - in - law of Bob , and the maternal grandfather of Tina , Gene , and Louise . He rarely speaks , is hard of hearing , and wears a hearing aid . He accompanies Gloria everywhere . He has a fetish for the sound of popping balloons . Gloria ( voiced by Renée Taylor ) -- Linda 's mother , mother - in - law of Bob , and maternal grandmother of Tina , Gene and Louise . Bob does n't like her very much and he always tries to hide from her when she and Al come over to visit . Bob Belcher , Sr. ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin in `` Bob Fires the Kids , '' Bill Hader in `` Father of the Bob '' ) -- Robert `` Big Bob '' Belcher , Sr. is Bob 's father , the father - in - law of Linda , and the paternal grandfather of Tina , Gene and Louise . Like his son , Big Bob is a restaurateur who owns his own business called `` Big Bob 's Diner . '' He 's shown to be a tough loving father towards his own son , as shown in flashbacks . Since his pre-teens , Big Bob has been very controlling of Bob and has put him to work most of the time . He enjoys line - dancing , which he practices at the bar next to his diner . Regular customers at Bob 's Burgers ( edit ) Bob 's Burgers features regular ups and downs in customer volume , but two loyal customers help keep the restaurant open . Teddy ( voiced by Larry Murphy ) -- Teddy Francisco is a talkative , burly contractor , who is a loyal and regular customer of the Belcher family restaurant , and a close family friend . He is divorced , lives alone and dates infrequently . In the episode `` Thanks - Hoarding '' , it is revealed that Teddy is a hoarder . Teddy loves the Belchers and wants to be part of their family . Long - winded at times , he frequently tells needlessly detailed stories about mundane things that usually bore the listener . While he is known to eat nearly anything ( on one occasion , he ate a piece of a sponge Bob handed to him and , according to Linda , a receipt ) Bob 's hamburgers seem to be among his favorite foods . In the episode `` Friends with Burger - fits '' , Teddy learns that his daily consumption of Bob 's burgers have caused him to develop extremely high cholesterol . Generally mild mannered and affable , Teddy participates in on - going therapy sessions as he sometimes has angry , violent outbursts over minor things . He was attractive and physically fit enough in his youth to be cast as a lifeguard in a 1980s exploitation movie filmed at Wonder Wharf , but it took such a psychological toll on him that he resorted to eating and gained a substantial amount of weight . Mort ( voiced by Andy Kindler ) -- Mort is the owner of the `` It 's Your Funeral '' funeral home next to the restaurant and also a regular customer of Bob 's Burgers . He is a little odd and has a stereotypically morbid sense of humor . He is good friends with Bob and Teddy , and he has cared for the Belcher children and acted as the Belcher family driver when Tina crashed Bob 's car . He has a good sense of humor about the macabre questions to which he is often subjected . Pesto family ( edit ) Jimmy Pesto , Sr. ( voiced by Jay Johnston ) -- Jimmy Pesto , Sr. , real surname Poplopovich , is the owner of the Italian restaurant across the street called `` Jimmy Pesto 's Pizzeria . '' Although of eastern European descent he goes by the Italian - sounding name of Pesto , presumably to increase the appeal of his restaurant ; he and his family members are invariably referred to by the Pesto last name . He is the father of Ollie , Andy , and Jimmy Pesto , Jr. , and is Bob 's personal rival . Their rivalry often seems to border on stalking each other and occasionally descends into violence . Their families actually get along well and apart from a few isolated incidents , neither of their businesses actually endanger the other . This is in part because Bob 's burgers are genuinely better than the food Jimmy serves , which is often described as being of sub par quality . In one episode where Jimmy tries to outdo Bob by serving burgers , he can be seen weeping in the middle of the night , knowing that the ruse wo n't last ; in another episode , Jimmy competes in a burger cookoff against Bob and a celebrity chef and his `` Oregano Burger '' is poorly received . It is revealed in `` The Belchies '' that he and his children 's mother are divorced ; she has not yet been seen . Jimmy Pesto , Jr. ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) -- Almost always referred to as `` Jimmy Junior '' , Jimmy Pesto , Jr. is Jimmy Pesto , Sr. 's son and Ollie and Andy 's older brother and speaks with a lisp . Jimmy works as the busboy at `` Jimmy Pesto 's Pizzeria . '' He is Tina 's classmate , love interest and on - again , off - again boyfriend . Tina has a crush on him and tries her best to get his attention ( slow dancing with him , forcibly sharing a pasta strand with him , etc . ) . He switches between thinking Tina is weird and reciprocating her feelings . He is close friends with Zeke , has a noticeable speech impediment , and loves dancing . He appears to be among the most popular students at Wagstaff , though many students turned against him in `` The Millie - Churian Candidate '' after Louise sabotaged his class president campaign . He has jealous tendencies ; in `` Stand By Gene '' he resents Gene for his friendship with Zeke , and in `` Two for Tina '' he feuds with Tina 's love interest Josh despite their on - and - off relationship . Jimmy has gone on dates with Tina , and Louise said they were dating , however Jimmy tends to forget this from time to time . Louise calls him `` brace face '' in `` The Belchies , '' implying he wears braces , but these are never seen , as Bob 's Burgers rarely shows its characters ' teeth . Ollie and Andy Pesto ( voiced by Sarah Silverman and Laura Silverman ) -- Ollie and Andy Pesto are Jimmy Pesto , Sr. 's blonde twin sons who are the brothers of Jimmy Pesto , Jr . They are very childish and care for each other a lot , experiencing extreme anxiety whenever they must be separated -- at one point they imply that their backpacks will miss each other when separated and are nearly run over because they were trying to carry each other across the street . They are classmates and good friends with Louise despite the rivalry between their fathers ( as well as Louise 's tendency to take advantage of them , such as in `` Art Crawl '' ) . Ollie and Andy 's intense fondness for each other mimics that of Walter and Perry from Loren Bouchard 's previous animated television series Home Movies . Wagstaff School staff ( edit ) The following characters work at Wagstaff School : Phillip Frond ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Phillip Frond is the `` self - certified '' school counselor of Wagstaff School . Bob describes him as a `` tall drink of annoying '' , and he has stuffed dolls that he talks to as if they were real . He feels underused and underappreciated at the school , since nobody really likes him , due to his uptight and strict personality , and his advice is never sought after . He occasionally concocts harebrained schemes to advance his own career , which usually backfire spectacularly . Coach Blevins ( voiced by Larry Murphy ) -- Coach Blevins is the gym teacher who wears shatterproof goggles . Mr. Ambrose ( voiced by Billy Eichner ) -- Mr. Ambrose is the school librarian and the cheerleading coach who has a penchant for dramatism . Mr. Branca ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Mr. Branca is an immigrant janitor from an unknown country . Back in his country , he was its President before a coup d'état occurred . Ms. Jacobson ( voiced by Melissa Bardin Galsky ) -- Ms. Jacobson is an eighth grade teacher who is usually seen teaching Tina 's class which often includes Jimmy Pesto , Jr. , Jocelyn , Tammy Larsen , and Zeke . She was included in Tina 's erotic friend fiction in `` Bad Tina '' , where she paired her with Mr. Frond . She is described by Bob as `` ridiculously attractive '' in `` Two for Tina '' . Ms. LaBonz ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) -- Ms. LaBonz is the 4th grade teacher who is usually teaching Louise 's class which also consisted of Andy and Ollie Pesto , Millie Frock , Regular Size Rudy , and Wayne . She has a habit of stealing supplies from the school . Ms. Merkin ( voiced by Brian Huskey ) -- Ms. Merkin is a longtime music teacher at Wagstaff . She is a very proficient musician , competent at multiple instruments including drums , ukulele , piano , and guitar . She is supportive of Gene 's talent , defecting to his guerrilla Die Hard musical after being replaced in the school musical . In `` Itty Bitty Ditty Committee , '' Gene enlists her to help him improve his musicianship , but he gives up three seconds later , because of the commitment required . Ms. Schnur ( voiced by Sarah Silverman ) -- Ms. Schnur is the secretary to Principal Spoors who is usually distracted by kids who are sent to Spoors . Wagstaff School students ( edit ) The following students attend Wagstaff school with the Belcher siblings and the Pesto siblings : Chloe Barbash ( voiced by Stephanie Beatriz ) - Chloe Barbash is a student at Wagstaff School . In `` Bob Actually '' , it is revealed that Regular - Sized Rudy has an unrequited crush on her . Choo - Choo ( voiced by Brian Posehn ) -- Choo - Choo is a student at Wagstaff School and Gene 's nemesis . He constantly annoys Gene whenever he tells a joke by saying the punchline before him . He first appeared in `` Spaghetti Western and Meatballs '' and got his name for saying `` choo choo '' every time he got into a fight . Courtney Wheeler ( voiced by David Wain ) -- Gene 's ex-girlfriend ; an annoying girl who likes Gene in the episode `` The Unbearable Like - Likeness of Gene . '' Gene begins going out with her when he is stuck with answering if he `` like - likes '' her , so he pairs up with her temporarily . Gene 's plans were to dump her until he meets her father Doug who he believes can launch his career in writing jingles . He breaks up with her at her birthday party after she interrupts one of his performances , and she retaliates by upstaging him by staging a musical based on the film Working Girl . In `` The Gene & Courtney Show , '' they reconcile and appear to kindle a romance . Courtney has blonde curly hair and always wears a necklace with a heart pendant on it that always seems to wind up in her mouth . Darryl ( voiced by Aziz Ansari ) -- Darryl is a student at Wagstaff School and a video game enthusiast . He goes by DRL in reference to his initials for arcade scoreboards . In the episode Nude Beach , he returns to team up with the Belchers in their attempt to sell tickets to a view of the titular nude beach to children at their school . Henry Haber ( voiced by Jim Gaffigan ) -- Henry Haber is a student at Wagstaff School . He first appears in `` Carpe Museum '' where he is assigned as Tina 's buddy for the museum field trip . In `` The Millie - churian Candidate '' Henry runs for student body president under the campaign `` Chess we Can '' . He later wins by default after Millie and Louise both get disqualified . Jeremy ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) -- Jeremy is one of Louise 's classmates . He appears in `` Topsy '' and has increasingly accompanied the Belcher children and their crew . He was first characterized as uptight , ratting on Louise 's science project to Mr. Frond in `` Topsy , '' but as evidenced by his willingness to engage in bounce house theft in `` House Of 1000 Bounces , '' he 's loosened up a little . Jocelyn ( voiced by John Roberts ) -- Jocelyn is a student at Wagstaff School . She has blonde curly hair that she wears in a side ponytail and is a cheerleader as well . She displays an obsession with being cool and popular to the point of being unable to have a mind of her own to avoid embarrassing herself . She can often be heard saying things like `` That 's so cool . Unless you guys do n't think so . Then it 's lame . '' Jodi ( voiced by Rachel Dratch ) -- Jodi is a student at Wagstaff School who has a severe fear of germs . It is extreme enough that she struggles to sit down or touch anything without using hand sanitizer or wearing rubber gloves . Large Tommy ( voiced by Larry Murphy ) -- Large Tommy is an overweight nerd - looking student who has brown hair and wears a red shirt and glasses . Like Speedo Guy , he appears randomly in the series , mainly in background roles . Lenny DeStefano ( voiced by Larry Murphy ) -- A student at Wagstaff School . Lenny is an extremely popular and handsome boy , considered the biggest catch at Wagstaff among the girls . His charm apparently extends to adults , as Bob seemed very taken with Lenny during a short car ride together and Ms. Merkin even expressed interest in attending his birthday party . Mabel `` Abby '' Haddington ( voiced by Rachel Dratch ) -- Mabel Haddington ( better known as Abby ) is a student who attends Wagstaff School . She is obsessed with braiding . Millie Frock ( voiced by Molly Shannon ) -- Millie Frock is a Wagstaff Middle School student who first appeared in the second Bob 's Burgers ' Halloween episode `` Fort Night . '' She is Louise 's age and is obsessed with her . She displays psychopathic tendencies ; in `` Fort Night , '' she traps the Belcher children and their friends in a fort overnight as retaliation for Louise refusing to be her friend . Peter Pescadero ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) -- Peter Pescadero is a wimpy boy who is one of Gene 's classmates . He is a terrible dancer and owns a Sasquatch Mask that Gene borrowed as seen in `` Beefsquatch . '' He has partial hearing loss ( as mentioned in `` The Unbrearable Like - Likeness of Gene '' ) and is also an award winning magician ( `` Presto Tina - O '' ) Regular - Sized Rudy ( voiced by Brian Huskey ) -- Rudolph Steiblitz , known as Regular - Sized Rudy to distinguish him from a smaller classmate ( Pocket - Sized Rudy ) , is Louise 's classmate , best friend and love interest . He has asthma and needs to use his inhaler every two hours . Despite his condition , he loves to have fun and often joins Louise in her mischievous escapades . He keeps cymbals in his backpack . He is a frequent guest on the wine tasting train ( `` The Kids Rob a Train '' ) where he spends his time with Beans the bean bag chair while his father goes on internet dates . Tammy Larsen ( voiced by Jenny Slate ) -- Tina 's mean girl nemesis , who continuously bullies her . She usually wears heavy makeup and has blonde hair , which she wears in a side ponytail . She acts like the `` popular '' and `` hot '' girl , despite the fact that nobody likes her . She was a brunette in her first appearance on the show ( in the episode `` Bad Tina '' ) , but in subsequent episodes she is blonde ( this fact is acknowledged twice in the show : once in the episode `` Broadcast Wagstaff School News , '' in which she taunts Tina by saying `` I 'm a blonde now so I 'm better than you , '' and the second in the episode `` Lice Things Are Lice , '' in which she says , `` You 're not a blonde , '' and Tina replies , `` Neither are you . '' ) Andy and Ollie once described her as a `` bathroom clown '' due to her makeup . Tammy comes from a Jewish family and is at least twelve years old , as she has celebrated her bat mitzvah -- or rather she tried to , as Tina wound up taking her place at the party , much to the relief of everyone , including Tammy 's own relatives . She is also Wagstaff 's head cheerleader and has a problem with passing gas , caused by laughing too hard , by someone lifting her up wrong , or because of nerves . Zeke ( voiced by Bobby Tisdale ) -- Zeke is a boisterous and immature boy with a slight southern accent , who usually hangs out with Jimmy Jr . Zeke 's middle name is Anthony . He 's obsessed with wrestling and boobs and makes fart jokes often . He may be a gifted chef , as suspected by Bob in `` Bob And Deliver . '' Other recurring characters ( edit ) Bryce ( voiced by Joe Lo Truglio ) -- Bryce is a teenage resident of King 's Head Island who participates in the annual Hell Hunt on Halloween night as seen in `` Full Bars . '' He appears again in `` Speakeasy Rider '' where he is an expert in Go - Karting racing under the name `` Bryced Lightning . '' Bryce finished third in the King 's Head Island Grand Prix . Calvin Fischoeder ( voiced by Kevin Kline ) -- Calvin Fischoeder is an odd local businessman who dresses in a white suit , a white cape , and a white eyepatch over his left eye , and who has a hairstyle similar to Vanity Fair publisher Graydon Carter . He owns or has a stake in just about everything on the harbor ( and many things in town ) including the Belcher and Pesto restaurants . He likes Bob despite Bob always being late with his rent ( partially because Bob knows a legendary burger recipe that he greatly enjoys and Bob reminds him of his father due to Bob 's hairy arms ) . Louise describes him as being `` one white cat away from being a supervillain '' . His last name is pronounced `` Fish - odor . '' He smokes marijuana , as revealed in `` Bob Fires The Kids . '' In `` Ambergris , '' it is revealed that Calvin has a brother named Felix who is the reason why Calvin wears an eyepatch . Chuck Charles ( voiced by Thomas Lennon ) -- A daytime talk - show host along with his co-host and ( secretly ex - ) wife Pam until the Belchers ' participation on his show caused their show to be cancelled . He then became the host of a game show called `` Family Fracas '' . He and Pam hid their divorce for the sake of their talk - show , but have an antagonistic relationship behind the scenes . Chuck blames the Belchers for his show being cancelled and harbors a grudge against them that has apparently yet to dissipate , if events of `` Best Burger '' are any indication . Cynthia Bush ( voiced by Lindsey Stoddart ) -- The mother of Logan Barry Bush . She has appeared in both of the episodes that Logan has appeared in as well and has a similarly contentious relationship with Linda as Logan does with Louise . Dr. Yap ( voiced by Ken Jeong ) -- He works as the Belcher Family 's dentist . He appears as a competent professional , but when the surface is scratched , he is fairly irresponsible and erratic . He is shown to be somewhat lonely and socially awkward , which leads him to inappropriate behavior with his patients and his fraternity brothers . He is the subject of one of Tina Belcher 's youthful crushes . Edith and Harold Cranwinkle ( voiced by Larry Murphy and Sam Seder ) -- The elderly owners of Reflections ( an art sale , supplies , and lessons store ) . Edith is the chairperson of the Art Crawl ( an event where local businesses display art work ) . She frequently antagonizes Bob , but it 's never explained why she hates him . Fanny ( voiced by Jordan Peele ) -- Fanny is Felix Fischoeder 's girlfriend . Felix promises her a recording studio at the planned high end condo development along with a nightclub where she can sing . She attempts to kill Calvin Fischoeder and the Belchers , but her plan is ruined by Linda , knocking a rotten wooden pole into the peddle boat that Fanny was on . Fanny is later seen being taken away by the police for attempted murder with the Belchers covering up Felix 's attempted murder by stating that Fanny manipulated him . Felix Fischoeder ( voiced by Zach Galifianakis ) -- Felix Fischoeder is the younger brother of Calvin Fischoeder . Felix is known to be rather neurotic and has emotional issues likely stemming from childhood . Felix is the cause of Calvin 's poked out eye . Also to calm him down , they would have to sing a song tributing to Felix , revealing that he is a narcissist . He first appeared in `` Ambergris '' when he decided to install a new , high - tech bathroom in the restaurant . In the two - part episode `` World Wharf II , '' he and Bob conspire to convince Calvin to destroy Wonder Wharf in order to put up a condominium and get a nightclub for his girlfriend Fanny . When Bob goes back on his deal to convince Calvin to sell Wonder Wharf , Felix ties them up under the pier with the intention of having them drown when the tide comes in but soon regrets his actions and tries to save them . Felix later returned in `` Dawn of the Peck '' where he conceived the idea of a Running of the Bulls style event called the `` Turkey Trot '' for the town 's Thanksgiving festival , which turned out to be a disaster when the birds attacked the participants . Gretchen ( voiced by Larry Murphy ) -- She was first introduced in `` Lobsterfest '' . Gretchen has blonde hair , and is Linda 's hairstylist . She is somewhat overweight and provocative , speaking frankly about sex and personal issues , to the point of making others uncomfortable . She also is attracted to men with badges or so called `` authority - figures '' . She also goes to the nude beach and has a tattoo of a dolphin on her back . Hugo Habercore ( voiced by Sam Seder ) -- Hugo is a health inspector who used to be engaged to Linda but was jilted by her for Bob , a fact that causes him no end of frustration . This fact alone causes him to target Bob any chance he gets , to the point of malpractice as a health inspector . His last name was revealed on a chyron during a news report in `` Human Flesh '' . Ron ( voiced by Ron Lynch ) -- Ron is Hugo 's assistant , a trainee health inspector . Often quiet , he is willing to point out Hugo 's malpractices when they go too far . Jairo ( voiced by Jon Glaser ) -- Jairo is a Brazilian capoeira instructor . He first appeared in `` Sexy Dance Fighting '' as an antagonist and returned in `` Sexy Dance Healing '' as an ally of Bob , healing his arm with massage . He does not pay rent and has been serially evicted from numerous buildings . His carefree attitude borders on sociopathy , as seen when he dumps excess oil on the street with no thought for potential pedestrian slippage . Jen ( voiced by Wendy Molyneux ) -- Jen is the babysitter for Gene and Louise when Tina is unavailable or when Tina is n't trusted to watch them . Tina resents her because she replaced her job as a babysitter in `` Purple Rain - Union . '' In the same episode , she is shown to be extremely ticklish and gives Tina a black eye in reaction to being tickled . Josh ( voiced by Ben Schwartz ) -- A boy that Tina met while in the milk fridge of the supermarket from `` Lindapendent Woman . '' He returns in `` Two for Tina '' where both he and Jimmy Pesto Jr. both attempt to win over her heart and take her to the dance . He goes to a school for the performing arts and is a ballet dancer . Kevin ( voiced by Tim Heidecker ) -- The manager of Dusty 's Feedbag , a burger restaurant that serves the Belt Buckle Belly Buster burger . The 5 lb . burger proves problematic as Bob is concerned for Teddy 's cardiac health . Logan Barry Bush ( voiced by Kurt Braunohler ) -- Louise 's nemesis and Cynthia 's son . He first premiered in `` Ear - sy Rider '' as a bully to the Belcher kids , eventually stealing Louise 's hat . He manages to keep it from her until the climax of the episode where Louise gets a biker gang to get it back . He later appears in the episode `` Mother Daughter Laser Razor '' attending the Mother Daughter seminar where Dakota calls him a `` male daughter . '' His middle name was chosen to make his full name a play on words based on the loganberry bush ; his mother Cynthia admits `` we did n't think it through . '' Marshmallow ( voiced by David Herman ) -- A transgender prostitute that first appeared in `` Sheesh ! Cab , Bob ? '' She is dark - skinned and is usually seen in a white monokini. She also appears in Bod to beach . Marbles ( voiced by Jack McBrayer ) -- A transgender prostitute that first appeared in `` Sheesh ! Cab , Bob ? '' She is light - skinned , blonde , and is usually seen in a red dress . Glitter ( voiced by Steve Agee ) -- a transgender sex worker who Bob regularly ferries around in his taxi in Sheesh ! Cab , Bob ? . She is also said to be going under gender reassignment because she mentions the town being full of `` Doctors who refuse to cut off your penis . '' Bob later invites her to Tina 's 13th birthday party . Cha - Cha ( voiced by Oscar Nunez ) -- A transgender prostitute that first appeared in `` Sheesh ! Cab , Bob ? '' Mickey ( voiced by Bill Hader ) -- A former bank robber who took a shine to the Belcher kids . In contrast to stereotypes of criminals , he has an amiable demeanor . He later reformed himself enough to get a job as a ride operator at Wonder Wharf . He also has worked as a pedicab driver . Mike Wobbles ( voiced by Tim Meadows ) -- The reticent , reluctant , yet available mailman . One of his legs is shorter than the other. He is kinda mysterious , does n't tell who he is . Officer Julia ( voiced by Jerry Minor ) -- Officer Julia is a local police officer . She acts tough with people she arrests . She appears mostly with Officer Cliffany . From the beginning of the season 2 , she is written out of the storylines for unknown reasons , though she has made a few cameo appearances since then . Officer Cliffany ( voiced by Sam Seder ) -- Officer Cliffany is a local tall , androgynous , and overweight police officer . She works frequently with Officer Julia whenever there is a case in town . Like Officer Julia , she was written out of the show after Season 1 , though she has made some cameo appearances since then . One Eyed Snakes -- The One Eyed Snakes are a biker gang who are good friends with the Belcher Family . The One Eyed Snakes was founded by Horny Dave and led by him until his death when his motorcycle collided with a semi-trailer truck . There are a total of 18 members in the One Eyed Snakes . Critter ( voiced by Robert Ben Garant ) -- Critter is the leader of the One Eyed Snakes following the death of Horny Dave . Afterwards , he 's seen as a friend of the Belchers , helping the kids build a go - kart from stolen motorcycle parts , sitting with Bob and Linda at the go - kart races , and calling on Bob for help getting out of jail . Mudflap ( voiced by Wendi McLendon - Covey ) -- Mudflap is a female member of the One Eyed Snakes . At the beginning of `` Ear - sy Rider , '' she is heavily pregnant with a baby whom everybody assumes is Horny Dave 's . After Tom delivers her baby boy , she reveals to Critter that she slept with him nine months ago and that he is the father as Horny Dave had a vasectomy in 1995 . Olsen Benner ( voiced by Pamela Adlon ) -- A local news correspondent . Pam ( voiced by Samantha Bee ) -- A daytime talk - show host along with her co-host and ( secretly ) ex-husband , Chuck . The Belchers cause her show to be cancelled . Pam later gets a daytime court show called `` Pam 's Court '' despite not being a real judge . Unlike Chuck , she does not harbor resentment toward the Belchers ( likely because she does n't have to put up with Chuck as much thanks to them ) . Despite initially keeping their divorce secret to the public , Pam harbors deep resentment toward Chuck . She claims that fame ruined their marriage . Pam is a binge drinker . The Prince of Persuasia ( voiced by Rob Huebel ) -- The Prince of Persuasia ( also known as The Deuce ) is a `` love guru , '' or more accurately a `` pick - up artist '' mentioned in the episode `` Dr. Yap '' . Dr. Yap himself is a graduate of the prince 's three - step program known as `` The Persuasion Arts : The Ancient Art of Picking Up Women . '' Yap describes the prince to Bob saying : `` He 's a prophet , and for 3 payments of $900 he can be your best friend . '' In the subsequent episode `` The Unnatural '' , it was revealed that he also operates several other instructional businesses , including baseball coaching and close - up magic . He uses a different alias / identity for each of these . Randy Watkins ( voiced by Paul F. Tompkins ) -- Randy is a jack - of - all - trades who alternately appears as a friend or enemy of the Belchers . He has held various odd - jobs in his appearances . In `` Sacred Cow , '' Randy worked as a film maker who constantly makes Bob feel guilty about making burgers by putting a cow next to his restaurant and convincing people not to eat there . In `` Food Truckin ' , '' Randy worked as a food truck caterer . In `` Easy Commercial , Easy Gommercial , '' Randy helped the Belcher Family film their Super Bowl commercial . Reggie ( voices by Eddie Pepitone ) -- The owner of Reggie 's Deli . He appears to be a careless restaurateur , openly admitting to using stale bread . Yuli the Security Guard ( voiced by Robert Smigel ) -- A security guard that works at Family Funtime in `` Burger Boss . '' In `` Adventures in Chinchilla - sitting , '' the security guard was seen working at the roller rink indicating that he is a freelancer . In `` Ex Mach Tina '' , he works as a nighttime security guard for Wagstaff . Sergeant Bosco ( voiced by Gary Cole ) -- An authoritarian , no - nonsense police sergeant . He arrests Linda in `` My Fuzzy Valentine '' when she takes his gun in retaliation for his undermining her Speed Dating night . In spite of this , he has a fun - loving side and takes glee in telling his deepest , darkest secrets during speed dating ; his partners happily oblige , indicating he might have a way with women . Gretchen is attracted to him . His last name is a reference to the movie Heat , where a detective played by Ted Levine bears the same last name Speedo Guy ( voiced by H. Jon Benjamin ) -- A unnamed blonde man in a pink speedo and roller blades . He appears randomly in the series , often seen in background scenes in various episodes such as `` Burger Wars '' ' and `` The Deepening . '' Trev ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Trev is a bartender at Jimmy Pesto 's Pizzeria . He serves as Pesto 's sycophant , often laughing excessively at his terrible jokes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/News/Bobs-Burgers-Kind-1027563.aspx Jump up ^ `` Bad Tina '' . Bob 's Burgers . Season 2 . Jump up ^ `` Extended Q - and - A With The Cast Of ' Bob 's Burgers ' -- Long Island Weekly '' . longislandweekly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Full Bars '' . Bob 's Burgers . Season 3 . Episode 24 . 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Torpedo '' . Bob 's Burgers . Season 1 . Episode 13 . 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Belcher , Louise ( 15 November 2015 ) . `` Nice - Capades '' . Bob 's Burgers . Season 6 . Episode 93 . You got to be ten to get a shark , is that it ? Okay , I can wait , starter shark , love it . Next year though , I want a great white Jump up ^ `` Extended Q - and - A With The Cast Of ' Bob 's Burgers ' -- Long Island Weekly '' . longislandweekly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Zeke . `` The Gene and Courtney Show '' . Bob 's Burgers. 2 minutes in . Do me , do me ! My middle name 's Anthony , that 's easy to rhyme with . ( hide ) Bob 's Burgers episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bob%27s_Burgers_characters&oldid=815935739 '' Categories : Bob 's Burgers Lists of characters in American television animation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 04 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the mom in bob's burgers | [
"\nLinda Belcher (voiced by John Roberts) – Linda Belcher is Bob's happy-go-lucky and supportive wife and the mother of Tina, Gene, and Louise. Prior to her marriage to Bob, she was engaged to Hugo, who is now a local health inspector (\"Human Flesh\"). In the fifth-season episode \"Eat, Spray, Linda\" she turned forty-four years old. She has also referred to herself as a \"pre middle aged mother\" (\"Lindapendent Woman\") Linda often calls her husband Bobby, and her attraction to Bob is in part due to his passion for his work, and also due to his \"Tom Selleckian\" mustache. She remains a loyal and devoted wife despite their frequent financial problems and never having had a honeymoon or a day off in 10 years (\"Weekend at Mort's\"). She has a preference for mustaches, and says Bob \"made himself ugly\" when he shaved it off (\"Sheesh! Cab, Bob?\"). Her passions include singing, dinner theater, porcelain baby figurines, Tom Selleck, nautically themed romance novels, and prenatal yoga. She handles the accounting for the restaurant, though her bookkeeping methods are sometimes troublesome and overly complicated. She is fond of alcohol and is known to say that \"Mommy doesn't get drunk; she just has fun.\" Linda is extroverted, has a thick New Jersey accent, and is somewhat odd; she is also fond of tackling problems using unconventional methods, though her methods are frequently over-optimistic and things sometimes go awry. She often encourages her kids to engage in behavior that Bob finds annoying, and though she wants what's best for her kids, she tends to be scatter-brained. Bob has described her as a \"pushover\" because she allows people (the kids) to take advantage of her. She has a contentious relationship with Louise and often misunderstands her, even once organizing a slumber party for Louise against her will. She is a talented lyricist, as shown in \"Lil Hard Dad;\" Gene may have inherited his musical predilection from her. She has tendency to spontaneously burst into song, a trait she shares with her voice actor John Roberts. Many of the songs she is known for are improvised by Roberts, including her \"Thanksgiving Song\", \"Dish-a-Dee-Doo\" (a jazzy ditty sung while washing the dishes, as seen in Mother Daughter Laser Razor), and a hair-brushing ditty that references the late Harry Truman. Her songs are frequently remade and set to music for the episode's end credits.\n"
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"John Roberts"
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4581514681903450524 | Quakers | Quakers - wikipedia Quakers `` Quaker '' redirects here . For other uses , see Quaker ( disambiguation ) . `` Society of Friends '' redirects here . For the Greek movement for independence , see Filiki Eteria . Religious Society of Friends or Friends Church Symbol used by Friends ' service organizations since the late 19th century Classification Protestant Theology Variable ; depends on meeting Polity Congregational Distinct fellowships Friends World Committee for Consultation Associations Britain Yearly Meeting , Friends United Meeting , Evangelical Friends International , Central Yearly Meeting of Friends , Conservative Friends , Friends General Conference , Beanite Quakerism Founder George Fox Origin Mid-17th century England Separated from Church of England Separations Shakers Part of a series on Quakers Notable individuals ( show ) Susan B. Anthony Robert Barclay Anthony Benezet Kenneth E. Boulding Howard Brinton John Cadbury Levi Coffin Judi Dench Margaret Fell George Fox Elizabeth Fry Edward Hicks Elias Hicks Herbert Hoover Rufus Jones Thomas R. Kelly Benjamin Lay Dave Matthews Lucretia Mott James Nayler Richard Nixon Parker Palmer Alice Paul William Penn Robert Pleasants Bayard Rustin Jessamyn West John Greenleaf Whittier John Woolman Meetings and other groups ( show ) Yearly Meeting Monthly Meeting American Friends Service Committee A Quaker Action Group Britain Yearly Meeting Evangelical Friends Church International Friends Committee on National Legislation Friends General Conference Friends United Meeting Friends World Committee for Consultation Nontheist Quakers Quaker Council for European Affairs Quaker Peace and Social Witness Quaker United Nations Office World Gathering of Young Friends Testimonies ( show ) Peace Equality Integrity ( `` Truth '' ) Simplicity By region ( show ) North America Latin America Europe Africa Other themes ( show ) Faith and Practice or Book of Discipline Clerk Businesses and charities History Homosexuality Inner light Meeting houses Query Schools Science Tapestry Wedding Women Part of a series on Protestantism Topics ( show ) Reformation Great Awakenings History Culture Demographics Persecution Criticism Major branches ( show ) Adventism Anabaptism Anglicanism Baptist churches Calvinism Lutheranism Methodism Pentecostalism Minor branches ( show ) Hussitism Waldensianism Plymouth Brethren Holiness movement Quakerism Multiple others Interdenominational movements ( show ) Evangelicalism Charismatic movement Neo-charismatic movement Other developments ( show ) Arminianism Pietism Puritanism Neo-orthodoxy Paleo - orthodoxy Christian fundamentalism Modernism and liberalism Related movements ( show ) Nondenominational churches House churches Quakers ( or Friends ) are members of a historically Christian group of religious movements formally known as the Religious Society of Friends or Friends Church . Members of the various Quaker movements are all generally united in a belief in the ability of each human being to experientially access `` the light within '' , or `` that of God in every one '' . Some may profess the priesthood of all believers , a doctrine derived from the First Epistle of Peter . They include those with evangelical , holiness , liberal , and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity . There are also Nontheist Quakers whose spiritual practice is not reliant on the existence of a Christian God . To differing extents , the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends / Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures . In 2007 , there were about 359,000 adult Quakers worldwide . In 2012 , there were 377,055 adult Quakers , with 52 % in Africa . Around 89 % of Quakers worldwide belong to the `` evangelical '' and `` programmed '' branches of Quakerism -- these Quakers worship in services with singing and a prepared message from the Bible , coordinated by a pastor . Around 11 % of Friends practice waiting worship , or unprogrammed worship ( more commonly known today as Meeting for Worship ) , where the order of service is not planned in advance , is predominantly silent , and may include unprepared vocal ministry from those present . Some meetings of both types have Recorded Ministers in their meetings -- Friends recognised for their gift of vocal ministry . The first Quakers lived in mid-17th - century England . The movement arose from the Legatine - Arians and other dissenting Protestant groups , breaking away from the established Church of England . The Quakers , especially the ones known as the Valiant Sixty , attempted to convert others to their understanding of Christianity , travelling both throughout Great Britain and overseas , preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ . Some of these early Quaker ministers were women . They based their message on the religious belief that `` Christ has come to teach his people himself '' , stressing the importance of a direct relationship with God through Jesus Christ , and a direct religious belief in the universal priesthood of all believers . They emphasized a personal and direct religious experience of Christ , acquired through both direct religious experience and the reading and studying of the Bible . Quakers focused their private life on developing behaviour and speech reflecting emotional purity and the light of God . In the past , Quakers were known for their use of thee as an ordinary pronoun , refusal to participate in war , plain dress , refusal to swear oaths , opposition to slavery , and teetotalism . Some Quakers founded banks and financial institutions , including Barclays , Lloyds , and Friends Provident ; manufacturing companies , including shoe retailer C. & J. Clark and the big three British confectionery makers Cadbury , Rowntree and Fry ; and philanthropic efforts , including abolition of slavery , prison reform , and social justice projects . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Beginnings in England 1.2 Immigration into North America 1.3 Quietism 1.4 Splits 1.4. 1 Hicksite -- Orthodox split 1.4. 2 Beaconite controversy 1.4. 3 Rise of Gurneyite Quakerism , and the Gurneyite -- Conservative split 1.5 Richmond Declaration 1.6 Missions to Asia and Africa 1.7 Theory of evolution 1.8 Quaker Renaissance 1.9 Conscientious objection 1.10 Formation of Friends World Committee for Consultation 1.11 Evangelical Friends 1.12 Role of women 1.13 Friends in business 1.14 Friends in international development 1.15 Friends in education 1.16 Friends and slavery 2 Theology 2.1 Conservative 2.2 Evangelical 2.3 Gurneyite 2.4 Holiness 2.5 Liberal 2.6 Universalist 2.7 Non-theist 3 Practical theology 3.1 Calendar and church holidays 4 Worship 4.1 Programmed worship 4.2 Unprogrammed worship 5 Governance and organisation 5.1 Church government and polity 5.2 International organisation 5.3 Yearly meetings 5.4 Membership 6 Meetings for worship for specific tasks 6.1 Memorial services 6.2 Marriage 7 National and international divisions and organisation 7.1 Africa 7.2 Australia and New Zealand 7.3 Asia 7.4 Europe 7.5 Middle East 7.6 North and South America 8 Relations with other churches and faiths 8.1 Ecumenical relations 8.2 Relations with other faiths 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 10.2 Children 's books 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Religious Society of Friends Beginnings in England ( edit ) See also : Britain Yearly Meeting § History George Fox , an early Quaker During and after the English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) many dissenting Christian groups emerged , including the Seekers and others . A young man , George Fox , was dissatisfied with the teachings of the Church of England and non-conformists . He had a revelation that `` there is one , even , Christ Jesus , who can speak to thy condition '' , and became convinced that it was possible to have a direct experience of Christ without the aid of an ordained clergy . He had a vision on Pendle Hill in Lancashire , England , in which he believed that `` the Lord let me see in what places he had a great people to be gathered '' . Following this he travelled around England , the Netherlands , and Barbados preaching and teaching with the aim of converting new adherents to his faith . The central theme of his Gospel message was that Christ has come to teach his people himself . His followers considered themselves to be the restoration of the true Christian church , after centuries of apostasy in the churches in England . In 1650 , Fox was brought before the magistrates Gervase Bennet and Nathaniel Barton , on a charge of religious blasphemy . According to George Fox 's autobiography , Bennet `` was the first that called us Quakers , because I bade them tremble at the word of the Lord '' . It is thought that George Fox was referring to Isaiah 66 : 2 or Ezra 9 : 4 . Thus , the name Quaker began as a way of ridiculing George Fox 's admonition , but became widely accepted and is used by some Quakers . Quakers also described themselves using terms such as true Christianity , Saints , Children of the Light , and Friends of the Truth , reflecting terms used in the New Testament by members of the early Christian church . James Nayler , a prominent Quaker leader , being pilloried and whipped Quakerism gained a considerable following in England and Wales , and the numbers increased to a peak of 60,000 in England and Wales by 1680 ( 1.15 % of the population of England and Wales ) . However , the dominant discourse of Protestantism viewed the Quakers as a blasphemous challenge to social and political order , leading to official persecution in England and Wales under the Quaker Act 1662 and the Conventicle Act 1664 . This was relaxed after the Declaration of Indulgence ( 1687 -- 1688 ) and stopped under the Act of Toleration 1689 . One modern view of Quakerism at this time was that the relationship with Christ was encouraged through spiritualisation of human relations , and `` the redefinition of the Quakers as a holy tribe , ' the family and household of God ' '' . Together with Margaret Fell , the wife of Thomas Fell , who was the vice-chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and a pre-eminent judge , Fox developed new conceptions of family and community that emphasised `` holy conversation '' : speech and behaviour that reflected piety , faith , and love . With the restructuring of the family and household came new roles for women ; Fox and Fell viewed the Quaker mother as essential to developing `` holy conversation '' in her children and husband . Quaker women were also responsible for the spirituality of the larger community , coming together in `` meetings '' that regulated marriage and domestic behaviour . Immigration into North America ( edit ) See also : History of the Quakers § William Penn and settlement in colonial Pennsylvania Quaker Mary Dyer led to execution on Boston Common , 1 June 1660 William Penn , the founder of Pennsylvania , as a young man The persecution of Quakers in North America began in 1656 when English Quaker missionaries Mary Fisher and Ann Austin began preaching in Boston . They were considered heretics because of their insistence on individual obedience to the Inner light . They were imprisoned and banished by the Massachusetts Bay Colony . Their books were burned , and most of their property was confiscated . They were imprisoned in terrible conditions , then deported . In 1660 , English Quaker Mary Dyer was hanged on Boston Common for repeatedly defying a Puritan law banning Quakers from the colony . She was one of the four executed Quakers known as the Boston martyrs . In 1661 , King Charles II forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism . In 1684 , England revoked the Massachusetts charter , sent over a royal governor to enforce English laws in 1686 and , in 1689 , passed a broad Toleration Act . Some Friends immigrated to what is now the Northeastern region of the United States in the early 1680s in search of economic opportunities and a more tolerant environment in which to build communities of `` holy conversation '' . They were able to establish thriving communities in the Delaware Valley , although they continued to experience persecution in some areas , such as New England . The three colonies that tolerated Quakers at this time were West Jersey , Rhode Island , and Pennsylvania , where Quakers established themselves politically . In Rhode Island , 36 governors in the first 100 years were Quakers . West Jersey and Pennsylvania were established by affluent Quaker William Penn in 1676 and 1682 respectively , with Pennsylvania as an American commonwealth run under Quaker principles . William Penn signed a peace treaty with Tammany , leader of the Delaware tribe , and other treaties followed between Quakers and Native Americans . This peace endured almost a century , until the Penn 's Creek Massacre of 1755 . Early colonial Quakers also established communities and meeting houses in North Carolina and Maryland , after fleeing persecution by the Anglician Church in Virginia . In a 2007 interview , author David Yount ( How the Quakers Invented America ) stated that Quakers first introduced many ideas which later became mainstream , such as democracy in the Pennsylvania legislature , the Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution from Rhode Island Quakers , trial by jury , equal rights for men and women , and public education . Even the Liberty Bell itself was cast by Quakers . Quietism ( edit ) Early Quakerism tolerated boisterous behaviour that challenged conventional etiquette , but by 1700 , they continued to encourage spontaneity of expression but they no longer supported disruptive and unruly behaviour . During the 18th century , Quakers entered the Quietist period in the history of their church , and they became more inward looking spiritually and less active in converting others . Marrying outside the Society was outlawed . Numbers dwindled , dropping to 19,800 in England and Wales by 1800 ( 0.21 % of population ) , and 13,859 by 1860 ( 0.07 % of population ) . The formal name `` Religious Society of Friends '' dates from this period and was probably derived from the appellations `` Friends of the Light '' and `` Friends of the Truth '' . Divisions of the Religious Society of Friends Orthodox Wilburite Conservative Conservative Friends Gurneyite Gurneyite Friends United Meeting Evangelical Evangelical Friends International Beaconite Hicksite Friends General Conference Friends General Conference Showing the divisions of Quakers occurring in the 19th and 20th centuries . Splits ( edit ) In the 19th century , there was a diversification of theological beliefs in the Religious Society of Friends , and this led to several large splits within the Quaker movement . Hicksite -- orthodox split ( edit ) The Hicksite -- Orthodox split arose out of both ideological and socio - economic tensions . Philadelphia Yearly Meeting Hicksites tended to be agrarian and poorer than the more urban , wealthier , Orthodox Quakers . With increasing financial success , Orthodox Quakers wanted to `` make the Society a more respectable body -- to transform their sect into a church -- by adopting mainstream Protestant orthodoxy '' . Hicksites , though they held a variety of views , generally saw the market economy as corrupting , and believed Orthodox Quakers had sacrificed their orthodox Christian spirituality for material success . Hicksites viewed the Bible as secondary to the individual cultivation of God 's light within . With Gurneyite Quakers shift towards Protestant principles and away from the spiritualisation of human relations , women 's role as promoters of `` holy conversation '' started to decrease . Conversely , within the Hicksite movement the rejection of the market economy and the continuing focus on community and family bonds tended to encourage women to retain their role as powerful arbiters . Elias Hicks ' religious views were claimed to be universalist and to contradict Quakers ' historical orthodox Christian beliefs and practices . Elias Hicks ' Gospel preaching and teaching precipitated the Great Separation of 1827 , which resulted in a parallel system of Yearly Meetings in America , joined by Friends from Philadelphia , New York , Ohio , Indiana , and Baltimore . They were referred to by their opponents as Hicksites and by others , and sometimes themselves , as orthodox . Quakers in Great Britain only recognised the Orthodox Quakers and refused to correspond with the Hicksites . Beaconite controversy ( edit ) Isaac Crewdson was a Recorded Minister in Manchester , UK . He published a book titled A Beacon to the Society of Friends in 1835 , which strongly argued that the inward light could not exist alongside a religious belief in salvation by the atonement of Christ . This Christian controversy led to Isaac Crewdson 's resignation from the Religious Society of Friends , along with 48 fellow members of Manchester Meeting and about 250 other British Quakers in 1836 -- 1837 . Some of these Quakers joined the Plymouth Brethren Church . Rise of Gurneyite Quakerism , and the Gurneyite -- Conservative split ( edit ) Joseph John Gurney was a prominent 19th century British Friend and a strong proponent of evangelical views Orthodox Friends became more evangelical during the 19th century and were influenced by the Second Great Awakening . This movement was led by British Quaker Joseph John Gurney . Christian Friends held Revival meetings in America and became involved in the Holiness movement of churches . Quakers such as Hannah Whitall Smith and Robert Pearsall Smith became speakers in the religious movement and introduced Quaker phrases and practices to it . British Friends became involved with the Higher Life movement , with Robert Wilson from Cockermouth meeting founding the Keswick Convention . From the 1870s it became commonplace in Great Britain to have home mission meetings on a Sunday evening with Christian hymns and a Bible - based sermon alongside the silent meetings for worship on Sunday morning . The Quaker Yearly Meetings supporting the religious beliefs of Joseph John Gurney were known as Gurneyite yearly meetings . Many eventually collectively became the Five Years Meeting and then Friends United Meeting , although London Yearly Meeting , which had been strongly Gurneyite in the nineteenth century , did not join either of these groups . These Quaker yearly meetings make up the largest proportion of Quakers in the world today . Some orthodox Quakers in America disliked the move towards evangelical Christianity and saw it as a dilution of Friends ' traditional orthodox Christian belief in being inwardly led by the Holy Spirit . These Friends were led by John Wilbur who was expelled from his yearly meeting in 1842 . He and his supporters formed their own Conservative Friends Yearly Meeting . In the UK in 1868 some Friends broke away from London Yearly Meeting for the same reason . They formed a separate body of Friends called Fritchley General Meeting , which remained distinct and separate from London Yearly Meeting until 1968 . Similar Christian splits took place in Canada . The Yearly Meetings that supported John Wilbur 's religious beliefs were known as Conservative Friends . Richmond Declaration ( edit ) In 1887 , a Gurneyite Quaker of British descent , Joseph Bevan Braithwaite , proposed to Friends a statement of faith known as the Richmond Declaration . This statement of faith was agreed to by 95 of the representatives at a meeting of Five Years Meeting Friends ; but unexpectedly the Richmond Declaration was not adopted by London Yearly Meeting because a vocal minority , including Edward Grubb , opposed it . Missions to Asia and Africa ( edit ) Friends ' Syrian Mission , 1874 , built this mission house in Ramallah Following the Christian revivals in the mid-19th century , Friends in Great Britain wanted to start missionary activity overseas . The first missionaries were sent to Benares ( Varanasi ) , in India , in 1866 . The Friends Foreign Mission Association was formed in 1868 , and sent missionaries to Madhya Pradesh , India , forming what is now Mid-India Yearly Meeting ; and later to Madagascar from 1867 , China from 1896 , Sri Lanka from 1896 , and Pemba Island from 1897 . The Friends Syrian Mission was established in 1874 , which among other institutions ran the Ramallah Friends Schools , which still exist today . Swiss missionary Theophilus Waldmeier founded Brummana High School in Lebanon in 1873 . Evangelical Friends Churches from Ohio Yearly Meeting sent missionaries to India in 1896 , forming what is now Bundelkhand Yearly Meeting . Cleveland Friends went to Mombasa , Kenya , and started what was the most successful Friends ' mission . Christian Quakerism spread within Kenya and to Uganda , Tanzania , Burundi , and Rwanda . Theory of evolution ( edit ) Main article : Quakers in science The theory of evolution described by Charles Darwin in On the Origin of Species ( 1859 ) was opposed by many Quakers in the nineteenth century , particularly by older evangelical Quakers who dominated the Religious Society of Friends in Great Britain . These religious leaders were suspicious of Darwin 's theory , and believed that natural selection needed to be supplemented by another process . For example , influential British Quaker scientist Edward Newman stated that this theory was `` not compatible with our notions of creation as delivered from the hands of a Creator '' . However , some young Friends such as John Wilhelm Rowntree and Edward Grubb supported Darwin 's theories adopting a doctrine of progressive revelation with evolutionary ideas . In the United States , Joseph Moore taught the theory of evolution at the Quaker Earlham College as early as 1861 and was probably one of the first teachers in the Midwest to do so . Acceptance of the theory of evolution became more widespread in those Yearly Meetings , which moved towards liberal Christianity in the twentieth century , while a belief in creationism persists within evangelical Friends Churches , particularly in East Africa and parts of the U.S. Quaker Renaissance ( edit ) In the late 19th century and early 20th century a religious movement known as the Quaker Renaissance movement began within London Yearly Meeting . Young Friends in London Yearly Meeting at this time moved away from evangelicalism and towards liberal Christianity . This Quaker Renaissance movement was particularly influenced by John Wilhelm Rowntree , Edward Grubb , and Rufus Jones . These Liberal Friends promoted the theory of evolution , modern biblical criticism , and the social meaning of Jesus Christ 's teaching -- encouraging Friends to follow the New Testament example of Christ by performing good works . These Quaker men downplayed the evangelical Quaker belief in the atonement of Christ on the Cross at Calvary . After the Manchester Conference in England in 1895 , one thousand British Friends met to consider the future of British Quakerism and , as a result , liberal Quaker thought gradually increased within London Yearly Meeting . Conscientious objection ( edit ) FAU ambulance and driver , Germany , 1945 During World War I and World War II , Friends ' opposition to war was put to the test . Many Friends became conscientious objectors and some formed the Friends Ambulance Unit with the aim of co-operating with others to build up a new world rather than fighting to destroy the old , and the American Friends Service Committee . Birmingham , UK had a strong Quaker community during the war . Many British Quakers were conscripted into the Non-Combatant Corps during both world wars . Formation of Friends World Committee for Consultation ( edit ) After the two great wars had brought the different kinds of Quakers closer together , Friends from different yearly meetings -- many of whom had served together in the Friends Ambulance Unit , and on the American Friends Service Committee and in other relief work -- later held several Quaker World Conferences ; this subsequently resulted in the creation of a standing body of Friends named Friends World Committee for Consultation . Evangelical Friends ( edit ) After World War I , a growing desire for a more fundamentalist approach among some Friends began a split among Five Years Meetings . In 1926 , Oregon Yearly Meeting seceded from Five Years Meeting , bringing together several other yearly meetings and scattered monthly meetings . In 1947 , the Association of Evangelical Friends was formed , with triennial meetings until 1970 . In 1965 , this was replaced by the Evangelical Friends Alliance , which in 1989 , became Evangelical Friends Church International . Role of women ( edit ) Sugar Grove Conservative Friends Meeting House , built 1870 in Indiana , with an openable partition between male and female sections In the 1650s , individual Quaker women prophesied and preached publicly , developing charismatic personas and spreading the sect . This practice was bolstered by the movement 's firm concept of spiritual equality for men and women . Moreover , Quakerism initially was propelled by the non-conformist behaviours of its followers , especially women who broke from social norms . By the 1660s , the progress of the movement resulted in more structured organisation , which led to separate women 's meetings . Through the women 's meeting , women oversaw domestic and community life , including marriage . From the beginning , Quaker women , most notably Margaret Fell , played an important role in defining Quakerism . Others active in proselytising included Mary Penington , Mary Mollineux and Barbara Blaugdone . Quaker women even published at least 220 texts during the seventeenth century . However , within the Quaker movement , some resented the power of women within the community . In the early years of Quakerism , George Fox faced resistance in developing and establishing women 's meetings . As controversy increased , Fox did not fully adhere to this agenda ; For example , he established the London Six Weeks Meeting in 1671 , as a regulatory body , led by thirty - five women and forty - nine men . Regardless , conflict culminated in the Wilkinson -- Story split , in which a portion of the Quaker community left to worship independently in protest of women 's meetings . After several years , the schism became largely resolved , testifying to the resistance of some within the Quaker community , and to the radical spiritual role of women that George Fox and Margaret Fell had encouraged . Also particularly within the relatively prosperous Quaker communities of the eastern United States , the focus on the child and `` holy conversation '' gave women unusual community power , although they were largely excluded from the market economy . With the Hicksite -- Orthodox split of 1827 -- 1828 , Orthodox women found their spiritual role decreased , while Hicksite women retained greater influence . Friends in business ( edit ) English Quaker John Cadbury founded Cadbury in Birmingham , England in 1824 , selling tea , coffee and drinking chocolate . Described as `` natural capitalists '' by the BBC , dynasties of Quakers were successful in business matters . This included ironmaking by Abraham Darby I ( which played an important role in the Industrial Revolution that commenced in Britain ) , and his family ; banking , including Lloyds Banking Group ( founded by Sampson Lloyd ) , Barclays PLC , Backhouse 's Bank and Gurney 's Bank ; life assurance ( Friends Provident ) ; pharmaceuticals ( Allen & Hanburys ) ; chocolate ( Cadbury , Terry 's , Fry 's ) ; confectionery ( Rowntree ) ; biscuit manufacturing ( Huntley & Palmers ) ; match manufacture ( Bryant & May , Francis May and William Bryant ) and shoe manufacturing ( Clarks ) . Friends in International development ( edit ) International volunteering organisations such as Service Civil International and International Voluntary Service were founded by leading Quakers . Friends in education ( edit ) Initially , Quakers had no ordained clergy , and thus needed no seminaries for theological training . In England , Quaker schools sprang up , with Friends School Saffron Walden being the most prominent . Later in America they founded William Penn Charter School ( 1689 ) , Wilmington Friends School ( 1748 ) , Moorestown Friends School ( 1785 ) , Westtown School ( 1799 ) , Germantown Friends School ( 1845 ) , Scattergood Friends School ( 1890 ) , Haverford College ( 1833 ) , Guilford College ( 1837 ) , Olney Friends School ( 1837 ) , Pickering College ( 1842 ) , Earlham College & Earlham School of Religion ( 1847 ) , Swarthmore College ( 1864 ) , Wilmington College ( Ohio ) ( 1870 ) , Penn College ( Iowa ) ( 1873 ) , Bryn Mawr College ( 1885 ) , Friends Pacific Academy ( now George Fox University ) ( 1885 ) , Cleveland Bible College ( now Malone University ) ( 1892 ) , George School ( 1893 ) , Friends University ( 1898 ) , Training School for Christian Workers ( now Azusa Pacific University ) ( 1899 ) , Whittier College ( 1901 ) , and Friends Bible College ( now Barclay College ) ( 1917 ) . In Australia , the Friends ' School , Hobart was founded in 1887 and has grown to become the largest Quaker school in the world . In Great Britain , they organised Woodbrooke College in 1903 . In Kenya , Quakers founded Friends Bible Institute ( now Friends Theological College ) in Kaimosi , Kenya , in 1942 . Friends and slavery ( edit ) Some Quakers in North America and Great Britain became well known for their involvement in the abolition of slavery . However , prior to the American Revolution , it was fairly common for Friends in British America to own slaves . During the early to mid-1700s a disquiet about this practice arose among Friends , best exemplified by the testimonies of Anthony Benezet and John Woolman , and this resulted in an abolition movement among Friends . By the time of the American Revolution few Friends owned slaves . At the end of the war in 1783 , Yarnall family members along with fellow Meeting House Friends petitioned the Continental Congress to abolish slavery . This petition preceded the 13th Amendment in 1865 by nearly eighty years . In 1790 , the Society of Friends petitioned the United States Congress as the first organisation to take a collective stand against slavery and the slave trade . One example of a reversal in sentiment about slavery took place in the life of Moses Brown , one of four Rhode Island brothers who , in 1764 , organised and funded the tragic and fateful voyage of the slave ship named Sally . Moses Brown broke away from his three brothers , became an abolitionist , and converted to Christian Quakerism . During the 19th Century , Quakers such as Levi Coffin played a major role in helping enslaved people escape through the Underground Railroad . Quaker Paul Cuffee , a free black sea captain and businessman , was active in the abolitionist and resettlement movement in the early part of that century . Theology ( edit ) The theological beliefs of Quaker yearly meetings vary considerably . Tolerance of dissent widely varies among yearly meetings . Most Friends believe in continuing revelation , which is the religious belief that truth is continuously revealed directly to individuals from God . George Fox , an `` early Friend '' , described it as `` Christ has come to teach His people Himself . '' Friends often focus on trying to hear God . As Isaac Penington wrote in 1670 , `` It is not enough to hear of Christ , or read of Christ , but this is the thing -- to feel him to be my root , my life , and my foundation ... '' Quakers reject the idea of priests , believing in the priesthood of all believers . Some Friends express their concept of God using various phrases including the inner light , or inward light of Christ , the Holy Spirit or other phrases . See also : Friends United Meeting , Evangelical Friends Church International , and Central Yearly Meeting of Friends Diverse theological beliefs , understandings of the `` leading of the Holy Spirit '' , and statements of `` faith and practice '' have always existed among Friends . Due in part to the emphasis on the immediate guidance of the Holy Spirit , Quaker doctrines have only sometimes been codified as statements of faith , confessions or theological texts ; those that do exist include the Letter to the Governor of Barbados ( Fox , 1671 ) , An Apology for the True Christian Divinity ( Barclay , 1678 ) , A Catechism and Confession of Faith ( Barclay , 1690 ) , The Testimony of the Society of Friends on the Continent of America ( adopted jointly by all orthodox yearly meetings in U.S. , 1830 ) , the Richmond Declaration of Faith ( adopted by Five Years Meeting , 1887 ) , and Essential Truths ( Jones and Wood , adopted by Five Years Meeting , 1922 ) . As a public statement of faith , most yearly meetings publish their own Book of Discipline , that expresses Christian discipleship within the experience of Friends in that yearly meeting . Conservative ( edit ) Conservative Friends worshipping in London in 1809 . Friends are in traditional plain dress . At the front of the meeting house , the recorded ministers sit on a raised ministers ' gallery facing the rest of the meeting , with the elders sitting on the bench in front of them , also facing the meeting . Men and women are segregated , but both are able to minister . Main article : Conservative Friends Conservative Friends ( also known as `` Wilburites '' after their founder , John Wilbur ) , share some of the beliefs of George Fox and the Early Friends . Many Wilburites see themselves as the Quakers whose beliefs are most true to original Quaker doctrine , arguing that the majority of Friends `` broke away '' from the Wilburite Quakers in the 19th and 20th centuries ( rather than the Wilburites being the `` breakaway '' sect ) . Conservative Friends place their trust in the immediate guidance of God . Conservative Friends completely reject all forms of religious symbolism and outward sacraments , such as the Eucharist and water baptism . Conservative Friends do not believe in relying upon the practice of outward rites and sacraments , to have a living relationship with God through Christ ; believing that holiness can exist in all of the activities of one 's daily life -- and that all of life is sacred in God . Many Conservative Friends believe that a meal held with others can become a form of communion with God , and with one another . In the U.S. , Conservative Friends are part of three small Quaker Yearly Meetings in Ohio , North Carolina and Iowa ; Ohio Yearly Meeting ( Conservative ) is generally considered to be the most Bible - centred of the three Conservative Friends Yearly Meetings , retaining Christian Quakers who use the plain language , who continue to wear plain dress , and who live in small villages or rural areas ; more than the Conservative Friends from the other two Conservative Friends Yearly Meetings . In 2007 , total membership of these Yearly Meetings was around 1642 , making them around 0.4 % of the world family of Quakers . Evangelical ( edit ) See also : Evangelical Friends Church International Sign at entrance of Phoenix Friends Church Evangelical Friends regard Jesus Christ as their personal Lord and Saviour , and have similar religious beliefs to other evangelical Christians . They believe in , and hold a high regard for , the penal substitution of the atonement of Christ on the Cross at Calvary , biblical infallibility , and the need for every person to personally experience a relationship with God . They believe that the purpose of the Evangelical Friends Church is to evangelise the unsaved people of the world , to spiritually transform them through God 's love , and through social service to others . Evangelical Friends regard the Bible as the infallible and self - authenticating Word of God . The statement of faith of Evangelical Friends International , is comparable to the statement of faith of other Evangelical churches . Evangelical Friends who are members of Evangelical Friends International , are mainly located in the U.S. , Central America , and Asia . Beginning in the 1880s , some Friends began using outward sacraments in their Sunday services , first in Evangelical Friends Church -- Eastern Region ( then known as Ohio Yearly Meeting ( Damascus ) ) . Friends Church -- Southwest Region , has also approved the practice of using the outward sacraments in their Sunday services . In places where Evangelical Friends are engaged in missionary work , such as in Africa , Latin America , and Asia , adult baptism by immersion in water , is carried out . This practice differs from most other Quaker branches of the Religious Society of Friends . As of 2014 , EFCI claims to represent more than 140,000 Friends , equalling roughly 39 % of the total number of Friends worldwide . Gurneyite ( edit ) See also : Friends United Meeting Gurneyite Friends ( aka Friends United Meeting Friends ) , are the modern - day followers of the Evangelical Quaker theology which was first proclaimed by Joseph John Gurney , a 19th - century British Friend . They make up 49 % of the total number of Quakers worldwide . They regard Jesus Christ as their Teacher and Lord , and favour working closely with other Protestant Christian churches . Gurneyite Friends place more emphasis on the authority of the Bible as the direct Word of God than on personal and direct experience of God in their lives . Both children and adults participate in ongoing religious education which emphasises orthodox Christian teaching from the Bible , and in relationship to both orthodox Christian Quaker history and Quaker testimonies . Gurneyite Friends subscribe to a set of orthodox Christian doctrines , such as those found in the Richmond Declaration of faith . In subsequent years , conflict arose among Gurneyite Friends in relation to the Richmond Declaration of faith . Thus , after a while , the Richmond Declaration of faith was adopted by nearly all of the Gurneyite yearly meetings . The Five Years Meeting of Friends reaffirmed their loyalty to the Richmond Declaration of faith in 1912 , but specifically stated that it was not to constitute a Christian creed . Although Gurneyism was the main form of Quakerism in Great Britain in the 19th century , Gurneyite Friends are today located in America , Ireland , Africa and India . Many Gurneyite Friends combine `` waiting worship '' ( unprogrammed worship ) , with religious practices commonly found in other Protestant Christian churches , such as the reading of the Bible and the singing of Hymns . A small minority of Gurneyite Friends practice entirely unprogrammed worship . Holiness ( edit ) See also : Central Yearly Meeting of Friends Holiness Friends are heavily influenced by the Holiness movement , in particular John Wesley 's doctrine of Christian perfection , also called `` entire sanctification '' . This doctrine states that loving God and humanity totally , as exemplified by Christ , enables believers to rid themselves of voluntary sin . This was a predominant view within Quakerism in the United Kingdom and United States in the 19th century , and it influenced other branches of Quakerism . Holiness Friends argue ( leaning on writings which include George Fox 's message of perfection ) that early Friends had the same understanding of holiness . Today , while there are some Friends who hold holiness beliefs within most yearly meetings , it is the predominant theological view of Central Yearly Meeting of Friends , ( founded in 1926 specifically to promote holiness theology ) , and the Holiness Mission of the Bolivian Evangelical Friends Church ( founded by missionaries from that meeting in 1919 , the largest group of Friends in Bolivia ) . Liberal ( edit ) See also : Friends General Conference , Britain Yearly Meeting , and Beanite Quakerism Liberal Quakerism generally refers to Friends who have taken ideas from liberal Christianity , often sharing a similar mix of ideas , such as more critical Biblical hermeneutics , often with a focus on the social gospel . The ideas of That of God in everyone and the inner light were popularised by American Friend Rufus Jones , in the early 20th century . He and John Wilhelm Rowntree originated the movement . Liberal Friends were predominant in Great Britain in the 20th century , and among US meetings affiliated to Friends General Conference ; and some meetings in Canada , Europe , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa . These ideas remain an important part of liberal Friends ' understanding of God . Liberal Friends highlight the importance of good works , particularly living a life that upholds the virtues preached by Jesus . They often emphasise pacifism , treating others equally , living simply and telling the truth . Like Conservative Friends , Liberal Friends reject religious symbolism and sacraments , such as water baptism and the Eucharist . While Liberal Friends recognise the potential of these outward forms for awakening experiences of the Inward Light of Christ , they are not part of their worship , and are believed unnecessary to authentic Christian spirituality . The Bible remains central to most Liberal Friends ' worship , and almost all meetings make it available in the meeting house , ( often on a table in the centre of the room ) , which attendees may read privately or publicly during worship . However , Liberal Friends , decided that the Scriptures should give way to God 's leading , if God leads them in a way that is contrary to the Bible . Many Friends are also influenced by liberal Christian theologians , and modern Biblical criticism . They often adopt non-propositional Biblical hermeneutics , such as believing that the Bible is an anthology of human authors ' beliefs and feelings about God , rather than Holy Writ , and that multiple interpretations of the Scriptures are acceptable . Liberal Friends believe that a corporate confession of faith would be an obstacle -- both to authentic listening and to new insight . As a non-creedal form of Christianity , Liberal Quakerism is receptive to a wide range of religious faith understandings . Most Liberal Quaker Yearly Meetings publish a Faith and Practice , a book with a range of religious experiences of what it means to be a Friend in that Yearly Meeting . Universalist ( edit ) Main article : Quaker Universalist Fellowship Universalist Friends affirm religious pluralism , that there are many different paths to God and that understandings of the divine reached through non-Christian religious experiences are as valid as Christian understandings . This group was founded in the late 1970s by John Linton . Linton had worshipped God with the Delhi Worship Group in India ( an independent meeting not affiliated to any yearly meeting or wider Quaker group ) with Christians , Muslims and Hindus worshipping together . Following a move to Great Britain , he founded the Quaker Universalist Fellowship in 1978 . Later his views spread to the US where the Quaker Universalist Fellowship was founded in 1983 . Most of the Friends who joined these two fellowships were Liberal Friends from Britain Yearly Meeting in the United Kingdom , and Liberal Friends from Friends General Conference in the United States . Interest in Quaker Universalism is low among Friends from other Yearly meetings . The views of the Universalists provoked controversy between themselves and Christian Quakers within Britain Yearly Meeting , and within Friends General Conference , during the 1980s . Despite the label , Quaker `` Universalists '' are not necessarily Christian Universalists , embracing the doctrine of universal reconciliation . Nontheist ( edit ) Main article : Nontheist Quakers These Friends have views similar to other post-Christian non-theists in other churches such as the Sea of Faith within the Anglican church . They are predominantly atheists , agnostics , and humanists who nevertheless value membership in a religious organization . The first organisation for non-theist Friends was the Humanistic Society of Friends , founded in Los Angeles in 1939 . This organisation remained small and was absorbed into the American Humanist Association . More recently , interest in non-theism resurfaced , particularly led by British Friend David Boulton , who founded the 40 member Nontheist Friends Network in 2011 . Non-theism is controversial , leading some Christian Quakers from within Britain Yearly Meeting to call for non-theists to be refused membership . In one study of Friends in Britain Yearly Meeting , around 30 % of Quakers had views that were described as non-theistic , agnostic , or atheist . Another study of British Quakers , found that of the 727 members of the Religious Society of Friends who completed the survey , 75.1 % said that they consider themselves to be Christian ; 17.6 % did not consider themselves Christian ; and 7.3 % of the members either did not answer or circled both answers . A further 22 % of Quakers did not consider themselves to be a Christian , but fulfilled a definition of being a Christian in that they said that they devoutly followed the teachings and example of Jesus Christ . In the same survey 86.9 % said that they believed in God . Practical theology ( edit ) In 1688 , at this table in Germantown , Philadelphia , Quakers and Mennonites signed a common declaration denouncing slavery Quakers bear witness or testify to their religious beliefs in their spiritual lives , drawing on the James advice that faith by itself , if it is not accompanied by action , is dead . This religious witness is rooted in their immediate experience of God and verified by the Bible , especially in Jesus Christ 's life and teachings . They may bear witness in many ways , according to how they believe God is leading them . Although Quakers share how they relate to God and the world , mirroring Christian ethical codes , for example the Sermon on the Mount or the Sermon on the Plain , Friends argue that they feel personally moved by God rather than following an ethical code . Some theologians classify Friends ' religious witness into categories -- known by some Friends as testimonies . These Friends believe these principles and practices testify to , witness to , or provide evidence for God 's truth . No categorisation is universally accepted . In East Africa , Friends teach peace and non-violence , simplicity , honesty , equality , humility , marriage and sexual ethics ( defining marriage as lifelong between one man and one woman ) , sanctity of life ( opposition to abortion ) , cultural conflicts and Christian life . In the United States , the acronym SPICES is often used by many Yearly Meetings ( Simplicity , Peace , Integrity , Community , Equality and Stewardship ) . Stewardship is not recognised as a Testimony by all Yearly Meetings . Rocky Mountain Yearly Meeting Friends put their faith in action through living their lives by the following principles : prayer , personal integrity , stewardship ( which includes giving away minimum of 10 % income and refraining from lotteries ) , marriage and family ( lifelong commitment ) , regard for mind and body ( refraining from certain amusements , propriety and modesty of dress , abstinence from alcohol , tobacco and drugs ) , peace and non-violence ( including refusing to participate in war ) , abortion ( opposition to abortion , practical ministry to women with unwanted pregnancy and promotion of adoption ) , human sexuality , the Christian and state ( look to God for authority , not the government ) , capital punishment ( find alternatives ) , human equality , women in ministry ( recognising women and men have an equal part to play in ministry ) . The Southern Appalachian Yearly Meeting and Association lists as testimonies : Integrity , Peace , Simplicity , Equality and Community ; Areas of witness lists Children , Education , Government , Sexuality and Harmony with Nature . In the UK , the acronym STEP or PEST is used ( peace , equality , simplicity and truth ) . In his book Quaker Speak , British Friend Alastair Heron , lists the following ways in which British Friends testify to God : Opposition to betting and gambling , capital punishment , conscription , hat honour ( the largely historical practice of dipping one 's hat toward social superiors ) , oaths , slavery , times and seasons , tithing and promotion of integrity ( or truth ) , peace , penal reform , plain language , relief of suffering , simplicity , social order , Sunday observance , sustainability , temperance and moderation . Coanwood Friends Meeting House Calendar and Church holidays ( edit ) Quakers traditionally use numbers to denominate the names of the months and days of the week , something they call the plain calendar . This does not use names of calendar units derived from the names of pagan deities . The days begin with First Day ( Sunday ) and ends on Seventh Day ( Saturday ) , and months run from First Month ( January ) to Twelfth Month ( December ) . This is based on the terms used in the Bible : e.g. , Jesus Christ 's followers went to the tomb early on the First Day of the week . The plain calendar emerged in the 17th century in England in the Puritan movement , but became closely identified with Friends by the end of the 1650s , and was commonly employed into the 20th century . It is less commonly encountered today . The term First Day School is commonly used , for what is called by most churches Sunday School . In common with other Christian denominations derived from the 16th century Puritanism , many Friends do not observe religious festivals ( e.g. Christmas , Lent , or Easter ) , but instead believe that Christ 's birth , crucifixion , and resurrection , should be commemorated every day of the year . For example , many Quakers feel that fasting at Lent , but then eating in excess at other times of the year is hypocrisy and therefore many Quakers , rather than observing Lent , live a simple lifestyle all the year round ( see Testimony of Simplicity ) . These practices are often referred to as the testimony against times and seasons . Some Friends are non-Sabbatarians , holding that `` every day is the Lord 's day '' , and that what should be done on a First Day should be done every day of the week , although Meeting for Worship is usually held on a First Day , which has been advised since the first advice issued by elders in 1656 . Worship ( edit ) See also : Meeting for worship Most groups of Quakers meet for regular worship . There are two main types of worship worldwide : programmed worship and waiting worship . Programmed worship ( edit ) See also : Friends United Meeting , Evangelical Friends Church International , and Central Yearly Meeting of Friends West Mansfield Friends Church , Ohio , affiliated with the Evangelical Friends Church International In programmed worship there is often a prepared Biblical message , which may be delivered by an individual with theological training from a Bible College . There may be hymns , a sermon , Bible readings , joint prayers and a period of silent worship . The worship resembles the church services of other Protestant denominations , although in most cases does not include any Eucharist service . A paid pastor may be responsible for pastoral care . Worship of this kind is celebrated by about 89 % of Friends worldwide . It is found in many Yearly Meetings in Africa , Asia and parts of the US ( central and southern ) , and is common in programmed meetings affiliated to Friends United Meeting , ( who make up around 49 % of worldwide membership ) , and evangelical meetings , including those affiliated to Evangelical Friends International , ( who make up at least 40 % of Friends worldwide ) . The religious event is sometimes called a Quaker meeting for worship or sometimes called a Friends church service . This religious tradition arose among Friends in the United States , in the 19th century , and in response to the many converts to Christian Quakerism during the national spiritual revival of the time . Friends meetings in Africa and Latin America were generally started by Orthodox Friends from programmed elements of the Society , therefore most African and Latin American Friends worship in a programmed style . Some Friends also hold `` Semi-Programmed '' Worship , which brings programmed elements such as hymns and readings into an otherwise unprogrammed worship service . Unprogrammed worship ( edit ) See also : Conservative Friends , Friends General Conference , Britain Yearly Meeting , and Beanite Quakerism External video What to Expect in Quaker Meeting for Worship , QuakerSpeak Unprogrammed worship ( also known as waiting worship , `` silent worship '' , or holy communion in the manner of Friends ) is based on the practices of George Fox and the Early Friends , who based their religious beliefs and practices on their interpretation of how the early Christians worshipped God their Heavenly Father . Friends gather together in `` expectant waiting upon God '' to experience his still small voice leading them from within . There is no plan on how the meeting will proceed , and actual practice varies widely between Meetings and individual worship services . Friends believe that God plans what will happen , with his spirit leading people to speak . When a participant feels led to speak , he or she will stand and share a spoken message of ( `` vocal ministry '' ) in front of others . When this happens , Quakers believe that the spirit of God is speaking through the speaker . After someone has spoken , it is customary to allow a few minutes pass in silence for reflection on what has been said , before further vocal ministry is given . Sometimes a meeting is entirely silent , sometimes many speak . These meetings lasted for several hours in George Fox 's day . Modern meetings are often limited to an hour , ending when two people ( usually the elders ) exchange the sign of peace by handshake . This handshake is often shared by the others . This style of worship is the norm in Great Britain , Ireland , the continent of Europe , Australia , New Zealand , Southern Africa , Canada , and parts of the United States ( particularly yearly meetings associated with Friends General Conference and Beanite Quakerism ) -- constituting about 11 % of Quakers . Those who worship in this style hold each person to be equal before God and capable of knowing the light of God directly . Anyone present may speak if they feel led to do so . Traditionally , Recorded Ministers were recognised for their particular gift in vocal ministry . This religious practice continues among Conservative Friends and Liberal Friends ( e.g. New York Yearly Meeting ) . Many meetings where Liberal Friends predominate abolished this religious practice . London Yearly Meeting of Friends abolished the acknowledging and recording of Recorded Ministers in 1924 . Governance and organisation ( edit ) Church government and polity ( edit ) Quaker Business Meeting in York Governance and decision making is conducted at a special meeting for worship -- often called a meeting for worship with a concern for business or meeting for worship for church affairs at which all members can attend , as in a Congregational church . Quakers consider this to be a form of worship , conducted in the manner of meeting for worship . They believe this is the gathering of believers who wait upon the Lord to discover God 's will , believing that they are not making their own decisions . They seek to understand God 's will for the religious community , via the actions of the Holy Spirit within the meeting . As in a meeting for worship , each member is expected to listen to God , and , if led by Him , stand up and contribute . In some business meetings , Friends wait for the clerk to acknowledge them before speaking . Direct replies to someone 's contribution are not permitted , with an aim of seeking truth rather than of debating . A decision is reached when the meeting , as a whole , feels that the `` way forward '' has been discerned ( also called `` coming to unity '' ) . There is no voting . On some occasions Friends may delay a decision because they feel the meeting is not following God 's will . Others ( especially non-Friends ) may describe this as consensus decision - making ; however in general Friends continue to seek God 's will . It is assumed that , if everyone is attuned to God 's spirit , the way forward will become clear . International organisation ( edit ) Main article : Friends World Committee for Consultation Friends World Committee for Consultation ( FWCC ) is the international Quaker organisation that loosely unifies the different religious traditions of Quakers ; FWCC brings together the largest variety of Friends in the world . Friends World Committee for Consultation is divided into four sections to represent different regions of the world : Africa , Asia West Pacific , Europe and Middle East , and the Americas . Various organisations associated with Friends include a U.S. lobbying organisation based in Washington , D.C. called the Friends Committee on National Legislation ( FCNL ) ; service organisations such as the American Friends Service Committee ( AFSC ) , the Quaker United Nations Offices , Quaker Peace and Social Witness , Friends Committee on Scouting , the Quaker Peace Centre in Cape Town , South Africa , and the Alternatives to Violence Project . Yearly meetings ( edit ) Main article : Yearly Meeting Quakers today are organised into independent and regional , national bodies called Yearly Meetings , which have often split from one another because of Christian doctrinal differences . Several associations unite Quakers who share similar religious beliefs -- for example Evangelical Friends Church International unites evangelical Christian Friends ; Friends United Meeting unites Friends into `` fellowships where Jesus Christ is known , loved , and obeyed as Teacher and Lord ; '' and Friends General Conference links together Quakers that have non-creedal , liberal religious beliefs . Many Quaker Yearly Meetings , are also members of Friends World Committee for Consultation , an international fellowship of Yearly Meetings from different Quaker religious traditions . Membership ( edit ) A Friend is a member of a Yearly Meeting , usually beginning with membership in a local monthly meeting . Methods for acquiring membership vary ; for example , in most Kenyan yearly meetings , attenders who wish to become members are required to take part in around two years of adult education , memorising key Bible passages , and learning about the history of orthodox Christianity , and of Christian Quakerism . Within Britain Yearly Meeting , membership is acquired through a process of peer review , where a potential member is visited by several members who present a report to the other members of the monthly meeting before a decision is reached . Within some Friends Churches in the Evangelical Friends Church , in particular in Rwanda , Burundi , and parts of the U.S. , an adult believer 's baptism by immersion in water , is optional . Within Liberal Friends , Conservative Friends , and Pastoral Friends Churches , Friends do not practise water baptism , Christening , or other initiation ceremonies to admit a new member or a newborn baby . Children are often welcomed into the meeting at their first attendance . Formerly , children born to Quaker parents automatically became members ( sometimes called Birthright membership ) , but this is no longer the case in many areas . Some parents apply for membership on behalf of their children , while others allow the child to decide whether to become a member when they are ready , and older in age . Some meetings adopt a policy that children , some time after becoming young adults , must apply independently for membership . Meetings for worship for specific tasks ( edit ) Memorial services ( edit ) The Quaker testimony of simplicity extends to memorialisation as well . Founder George Fox is remembered with a simple grave marker at Quaker Gardens , Islington . Traditional Quaker memorial services are held as a form of worship and are known as memorial meetings . Friends gather for worship and offer remembrances about the deceased . In some Quaker religious traditions , the coffin or ashes are not present . Memorial meetings may be held many weeks after the death , which can enable wider attendance , and can also replace grief with spiritual reflection , and celebration of life to dominate . Memorial meetings can last over an hour , particularly if many people attend . Memorial services give everyone a chance to remember the lost individual in their own way , comforting those present , and re-affirming the love of the people in the wider community . Marriage ( edit ) Main article : Quaker wedding A meeting for worship for the solemnisation of marriage in an unprogrammed Friends meeting is similar to any other unprogrammed Meeting for Worship . The pair exchange vows before God and gathered witnesses , and the meeting returns to open worship . At the rise of meeting , the witnesses , including the youngest children , are asked to sign the wedding certificate as a record . In Great Britain , Quakers keep a separate record of the union and notify the General Register Office . In the early days of the United States , there was doubt whether a marriage solemnised in that manner was entitled to legal recognition . Over the years , each state has set rules for the procedure . Most US states expect the marriage document to be signed by a single officiant ( a priest , rabbi , minister , Justice of the Peace , etc . ) . Quakers routinely modify the document to allow three or four Friends to sign as the officiant . Often , these are the members of a committee of ministry and oversight , who have helped the couple plan their marriage . Usually , a separate document containing their vows and the signatures of all present is kept by the couple , and often displayed prominently in their home . In many Friends meetings , the couple meet with a clearness committee prior to the wedding . This committee 's purpose is to discuss with the couple the many aspects of marriage and life as a couple . If the couple seems ready , the marriage is recommended to the meeting . As in the wider society , there is a wide diversity of views on the issue of same - sex marriage , and Friends have varying views on the topic . Various Friends meetings around the world have voiced support for , and have recognised , same - sex marriages . In 1986 , Hartford Friends Meeting in Connecticut , U.S. , reached the decision that `` the Meeting recognised a committed union in a celebration of marriage , under the care of the Meeting . The same loving care and consideration should be given to both homosexual and heterosexual applicants as outlined in Faith and Practice . '' Since then , some other meetings of liberal and progressive Friends from Australia , Britain , New Zealand , parts of North America , and other countries have recognised marriage between partners of the same sex . In jurisdictions , where same - sex marriage is not recognised by the civil authorities , some meetings follow the practice of early Quakers in overseeing the union without reference to the state . There are also Friends who do not support same - sex marriage , and some Evangelical and Pastoral yearly meetings in the United States have issued public statements stating that homosexuality is a sin . National and International divisions and organisation ( edit ) Like many religious movements , the Religious Society of Friends has evolved , changed , and split into subgroups . Quakerism started in England and Wales , and quickly spread to Ireland , the Netherlands , Barbados and North America . Today Kenya is , by far , the country with the most Quakers . Other countries with over 5,000 Quakers are Burundi , Bolivia , Canada , Guatemala , Nepal , Taiwan , Uganda , United Kingdom , and the United States . Although the total number of Quakers is around 377,000 worldwide , Quaker influence is concentrated in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; Kaimosi , Kenya ; Newberg , Oregon ; Greenleaf , Idaho ; Whittier , California ; Richmond , Indiana ; Friendswood , Texas ; Birmingham , England ; Ramallah , Palestine , and Greensboro , North Carolina . Africa ( edit ) Quakers in Africa ( 2012 ) Country Number of Quakers Burundi 35,000 South Africa 140 Congo ( Republic of ) 10 Congo ( Democratic Republic of ) 3,000 Kenya 146,300 Madagascar 20 Nigeria 20 Rwanda 4,200 Tanzania 3,100 Uganda 5,000 Main article : Religious Society of Friends in Africa The highest concentration of Quakers is in Africa . The Friends of East Africa were at one time part of a single East Africa Yearly Meeting , then the world 's largest yearly meeting . Today , this region is served by several distinct yearly meetings . Most of these are affiliated with the Friends United Meeting , practise programmed worship and employ pastors . Friends meet in Rwanda and Burundi , as well as new work beginning in North Africa . Small unprogrammed meetings exist also in Botswana , Ghana , Lesotho , Namibia , Nigeria , South Africa and Zimbabwe . In 2012 , there were 196,800 adult Quakers in Africa . Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) Quakers in Australia and New Zealand ( 2012 ) Country Number of Quakers Australia 1,000 New Zealand 660 Friends in Australia and New Zealand follow the unprogrammed tradition , similar to Britain Yearly Meeting . Considerable distances between the colonies and small numbers of Quakers meant that Australia Friends were dependent on London until the 20th century . The Society remained unprogrammed and is named Australia Yearly Meeting , with local organizations around seven Regional Meetings : Canberra ( which extends into southern New South Wales ) , New South Wales , Queensland , South Australia ( which extends into Northern Territory ) , Tasmania , Victoria , and Western Australia . The Friends ' School is found in Hobart . An annual meeting each January , is hosted by a different Regional Meeting over a seven - year cycle , with a Standing Committee each July or August . The Australia Yearly Meeting published This We Can Say : Australian Quaker Life , Faith and Thought , in 2003 . Meetings for worship in New Zealand started in Nelson in 1842 , and in Auckland in 1885 . In 1889 it was estimated that there were about 30 Quakers in Auckland . The New Zealand Yearly Meeting , today consists of nine monthly meetings . The Yearly Meeting published Quaker Faith and Practice in Aotearoa New Zealand , in 2003 . Asia ( edit ) Quakers in Asia ( 2012 ) Country Number of Quakers Bangladesh 475 Bhutan 800 Cambodia 410 China 100 India 4,300 Indonesia 1,800 Japan 140 Korea 50 Nepal 6,000 Philippines 2,500 Singapore 10 Taiwan 5,000 Quaker meetings occur in India , Hong Kong , Korea , Philippines , Japan and Nepal . India has four yearly meetings -- the unprogrammed Mid-India Yearly Meeting , programmed Bhopal Yearly Meeting , and the Mahoba Yearly Meeting . Bundelkhand Yearly Meeting is an evangelical Friends Church affiliated to Evangelical Friends International . Other programmed and unprogrammed worship groups are not affiliated with any yearly meeting . Evangelical Friends Churches exist in the Philippines and Nepal , and are affiliated with Evangelical Friends International . Europe ( edit ) Quakers in Europe ( 2012 ) Country Number of Quakers Albania 380 Belgium & Luxembourg 40 Croatia 50 Denmark 30 Finland 20 France 70 Georgia 20 Germany & Austria 340 Hungary 4,000 Ireland 1,600 Italy 20 Netherlands 120 Norway 150 Romania 920 Russia 30 Serbia 50 Spain 20 Sweden 100 Switzerland 100 United Kingdom 15,775 In the United Kingdom , the predominantly liberal and unprogrammed Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) in Britain , has 478 local meetings , and a total of 14,260 adult members , and an additional 8,560 non-member adults who attend worship and 2,251 children . The number has declined steadily since the mid-20th century . Programmed meetings occur , including in Wem and London . Small groups of Conservative Friends meet in Ripley and Greenwich in England , and Arbroath in Scotland , who follow Ohio Yearly Meeting 's Book of Discipline . Evangelical Friends Central Europe Yearly Meeting has 4,306 members across six nations , including Albania , Hungary and Romania . Ireland Yearly Meeting is unprogrammed and is more conservative than Britain Yearly Meeting . They have 1,591 members in 28 meetings across the Republic of Ireland , and in Northern Ireland . German Yearly Meeting is unprogrammed and liberal , and has 340 members , worshipping in 31 meetings , in Germany and in Austria . Small groups of Friends in Czech Republic , Estonia , Greece , Latvia , Lithuania , Malta , Poland , Portugal , and Ukraine attend meetings for worship there . Middle East ( edit ) Quakers in the Middle East ( 2012 ) Country Number of Quakers Lebanon / Palestine 70 Middle East Yearly Meeting has meetings in Lebanon and Palestine . There has been an active and vibrant Palestinian Quaker community in Ramallah since the late 1800s . In 1910 this community built the Ramallah Friends Meetinghouse and later added another building that was used for community outreach . The Ramallah Friends Meeting has always played a vital role in the community . In 1948 the buildings and grounds became the home to many Palestinian refugees . Throughout the years , the members of the Ramallah Friends Meeting organised numerous community programmes such as the Children 's Play Centre , the First Day School , and women 's activities . By the early 1990s the Meetinghouse and Annex , which housed meeting rooms and bathroom facilities , fell into disrepair as a result of damage inflicted by time and impact of conflict . So serious was the deterioration of the meetinghouse that by the middle 1990s it was impossible to use the building at all . A further blow to the Friends and the wider Palestinian community was the high level of emigration brought on by the economic situation and the hardships arising from the continuing Israeli military occupation . The Meetinghouse , which had served as a place of worship for the Friends in Ramallah could no longer be used as such and the Annex could no longer be used for community outreach . In 2002 a committee consisting of members of the Religious Society of Friends in the US and the Clerk of the Ramallah Meeting began to raise funds for the renovations of the buildings and grounds of the Meetinghouse . By November 2004 the renovations were complete , and on 6 March 2005 , exactly 95 years to the day after the dedication , the Meetinghouse and Annex were rededicated as a Quaker and community resource . Friends meet every Sunday morning at 10 : 30 a.m. for unprogrammed Meeting for Worship . Everyone is welcome to attend . North and South America ( edit ) Quakers in the Americas ( 2016 ) Country Number of Quakers Bolivia 23,300 Canada 1,300 Chile 15 Colombia 10 Costa Rica 72 Cuba 900 Dominican Republic 110 El Salvador 1,600 Guatemala 19,620 Haiti 1,000 Honduras 2,500 Jamaica 2,100 Mexico 1,400 Nicaragua 200 Peru 3,500 United States 76,360 Quakers can be found throughout Canada . Some of the largest concentrations are in Southern Ontario . Friends in the United States have diverse worship styles and differences of theology , vocabulary , and practice . A local congregation in the unprogrammed tradition is called a meeting , or a monthly meeting ( e.g. , Smalltown Meeting or Smalltown Monthly Meeting ) . The reference to `` monthly '' is because the meeting meets monthly to conduct the group 's business . Most `` monthly meetings '' meet for worship at least once a week ; some meetings have several worship meetings during the week . In programmed traditions , local congregations are often referred to as `` Friends Churches '' . Monthly meetings are often part of a regional group called a quarterly meeting , which is usually part of an even larger group called a yearly meeting ; with the adjectives `` quarterly '' and `` yearly '' referring specifically to the frequency of meetings for worship with a concern for business . Some yearly meetings belong to larger organisations to help maintain order and communication within the Society . The three chief ones are Friends General Conference ( FGC ) , Friends United Meeting ( FUM ) , and Evangelical Friends Church International ( EFCI ) . In all three groups , most member organisations , though not necessarily members are from the United States . FGC is theologically the most liberal of the three groups , while EFCI is the most evangelical . FUM is the largest . Friends United Meeting was originally known as `` Five Years Meeting '' . Some monthly meetings belong to more than one larger organisation , while others are fully independent . Relations with other Churches and faiths ( edit ) Ecumenical relations ( edit ) Many Quakers prior to the 20th century , considered the Religious Society of Friends to be a Christian movement , but did not feel that their religious faith fit within the categories of Catholic , Orthodox , or Protestant . Many Conservative Friends , while fully seeing themselves as orthodox Christians , choose to remain separate from other Christian groups . Many Friends in Liberal Friends ' meetings are actively involved in the ecumenical movement , often working closely with other Mainline Protestant and liberal Christian churches , with whom they share common religious ground . A concern for peace and social justice often brings Friends together with other Christian churches and other Christian groups . Some Liberal Quaker yearly meetings are members of ecumenical pan-Christian organisations , which include Protestant , Orthodox , and Anglican churches -- for example Philadelphia Yearly Meeting is a member of the National Council of Churches . Britain Yearly Meeting is a member of Churches Together in Britain and Ireland , and Friends General Conference is a member of the World Council of Churches . Guerneyite Friends would typically see themselves as part of an orthodox Christian movement and work closely with other Christian groups . Friends United Meeting ( the international organisation of Gurneyite yearly meetings ) is a member of the National Council of Churches and the World Council of Churches , which are pan-Christian organisations , which include Protestant , Orthodox , and Anglican churches . Evangelical Friends work closely with other evangelical churches from other Christian traditions . The North American branch of Evangelical Friends Church International is a member church of the National Association of Evangelicals . Evangelical Friends tend to be less involved with non-evangelical churches and are not members of the World Council of Churches or National Council of Churches . The majority of other Christian groups recognise Friends among their fellow - Christians . Some people who attend Quaker Meetings assume that Quakers are not Christians , when they do not hear overtly Christian language during the meeting for worship . Relations with other faiths ( edit ) Relationships between Quakers and non-Christians vary considerably , according to sect , geography , and history . Early Quakers distanced themselves from practices that they saw as pagan , such as by refusing to use the usual names of days of the week , since they derive from names of pagan deities . They refused to celebrate Christmas because they believed it was based on pagan festivities . Early Friends attempted to convert adherents of other world religions to Christianity . For example , George Fox wrote a number of open letters to Jews and Muslims , in which he encouraged them to turn to Jesus Christ as the only path to salvation ( e.g. A Visitation to the Jews , To the Great Turk and King of Algiers in Algeria , and all that are under his authority , to read this over , which concerns their salvation and To the Great Turk and King of Algiers in Algeria ) . Mary Fisher attempted to convert the Muslim Mehmed IV ( the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire ) in 1658 . In 1870 , Richard Price Hallowell argued that the logical extension of Christian Quakerism is a universal Church , which demands a religion which embraces Jew , Pagan and Christian , and which can not be limited by the dogmas of one or the other . Since the late 20th century , some attenders at Liberal Quaker Meetings have actively identified with world faiths other than Christianity , such as Judaism , Islam , Buddhism and Paganism . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Bjerknes Aune ; Valerie M. DeMarinis ( 1996 ) . Religious and Social Ritual : Interdisciplinary Explorations . SUNY Press . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2825 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs '' . Friends General Conference . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Fox , George ( 1903 ) . George Fox 's Journal . Isbister and Company Limited . pp. 215 -- 216 . This is the word of the Lord God to you all , and a charge to you all in the presence of the living God ; be patterns , be examples in all your countries , places , islands , nations , wherever you come ; that your carriage and life may preach among all sorts of people and to them : then you will come to walk cheerfully over the world , answering that of God in every one ; whereby in them ye may be a blessing , and make the witness of God in them to bless you : then to the Lord God you will be a sweet savour , and a blessing . Jump up ^ `` Membership Quaker faith & practice '' . qfp.quaker.org.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Yearly Meeting Faith & Practice '' . August 2011 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1 Peter 2 : 9 Jump up ^ `` ' That of God ' in every person '' . Quakers in Belgium and Luxembourg . Jump up ^ Fager , Chuck . `` The Trouble With `` Ministers '' `` . quakertheology.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs about Quakers -- Friends General Conference '' . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finding Quakers Around the World '' ( PDF ) . Friends World Committee for Consultation . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) in Britain ( 2012 ) . Epistles and Testimonies ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) in Britain ( 2012 ) . Epistles and Testimonies ( PDF ) . p. 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Drayton , Brian ( 23 December 1994 ) . `` FGC Library : Recorded Ministers in the Society of Friends , Then and Now '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bacon , Margaret ( 1986 ) . Mothers of Feminism : The Story of Quaker Women in America . San Francisco : Harper & Row . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Fox , George ( 1803 ) . Armistead , Wilson , ed . Journal of George Fox . 2 ( 7 ed . ) . p. 186 . Jump up ^ World Council of Churches . `` Friends ( Quakers ) '' . Church Families . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levy , Barry ( 1988 - 06 - 30 ) . Quakers and the American Family : British Settlement in the Delaware Valley . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 128 . ISBN 9780198021674 . Jump up ^ `` Society of Friends religion '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Peter ( 20 January 2010 ) . `` How did Quakers conquer the British sweet shop ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : George Fox ( 1694 ) . George Fox : An Autobiography ( George Fox 's Journal ) . ^ Jump up to : Nuttall , Geoffrey ( 1955 ) . `` Early Quakerism in the Netherlands : Its wider context '' ( PDF ) . The Bulletin of the Friends Historical Association . 44 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 18 . JSTOR 41944566 . ^ Jump up to : Gragg , Larry ( 2009 ) . The Quaker community on Barbados : challenging the culture of the planter class ( ( Online - Ausg . ) ed . ) . Columbia : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 9780826218476 . Jump up ^ Isaiah 66 : 2 , King James Version ( Authorized , 1611 ) Jump up ^ Ezra 9 : 4 , King James Version ( Authorized , 1611 ) Jump up ^ Margery Post Abbott ; et al. ( 2003 ) . Historical dictionary of the Friends ( Quakers ) . p. xxxi . ^ Jump up to : Wrigley , Edward Anthony ; Schofield , Roger ; Schofield , R.S. ( 1989 ) . The population history of England , 1541 -- 1871 : a reconstruction . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 35688 - 1 . Jump up ^ Levy , Barry . Quakers and the American Family . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Barry . Quakers and the American Family . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Levy , Barry . Quakers and the American Family . pp. 53 , 130 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Barry . Quakers and the American Family . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Edward Digby Baltzell , Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia ( 1996 ) p. 86 Jump up ^ Rogers , Horatio , 2009 . Mary Dyer of Rhode Island : The Quaker Martyr That Was Hanged on Boston pp. 1 -- 2 . BiblioBazaar , LLC ^ Jump up to : Bremer , Francis J. ; Webster , Tom , eds. ( 2006 ) . Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. xli . ISBN 9781576076781 . Jump up ^ Levy , Barry . Quakers and the American Family . p. 113 . Jump up ^ David Yount ( 2007 ) . How the Quakers invented America . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 82 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5833 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Religions -- Christianity : Quakers '' . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Penn Treaty Museum '' . Jump up ^ `` Quakers Often Fled Virginia '' , Rowlings , Virginia , Daily Press , 15 January 1989 Jump up ^ How the Quakers Invented America , an approximately five - minute interview of David Yount by Peter Slen , C - SPAN , 1 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Levy , Barry . Quakers and the American Family . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Crothers , Glenn ( 2012 ) . Quakers Living in the Lion 's Mouth : The Society of Friends in Northern Virginia , 1730 -- 1865 . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Crothers , Glenn . Quakers Living in the Lion 's Mouth . p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Bebbington , David William ( 1989 ) . Evangelicalism in modern Britain : a history from the 1730s to the 1980s . London : Unwin Hyman Ltd . ISBN 0 - 415 - 10464 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bronner , Edwin B. ( 1990 ) . `` Moderates in London Yearly Meeting , 1857 -- 1873 : Precursors of Quaker Liberals '' . Church History . 59 ( 3 ) : 356 -- 371 . doi : 10.2307 / 3167744 . JSTOR 3167744 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Thomas C. ( 2001 ) . British Quakerism 1860 -- 1920 : The Transformation of a Religious Community . New York : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Gateway to missionary collections in the United Kingdom '' . MUNDUS . Jump up ^ Nixon , Eva Anna ( 1985 ) . A Century of Planting : A history of the American Friends ' mission in India . Newburg , OR , USA : Barclay Press . ISBN 0 - 913342 - 55 - 6 . Jump up ^ Britain Yearly Meeting . `` Quakers and Science '' . ^ Jump up to : Cantor , Geoffrey ( 2005 ) . `` Quaker Responses to Evolution '' . Quakers , Jews , and science religious responses to modernity and the sciences in Britain , 1650 -- 1900 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199276684 . Jump up ^ Britain Yearly Meeting . `` Edward Newman ( 1801 -- 1876 ) '' . Jump up ^ Cooper , William ( June 1976 ) . `` Joseph Moore : Quaker Evolutionist '' . Indiana Magazine of History . 72 ( 2 ) : 123 -- 137 . JSTOR 27790107 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Gallery : Joseph Moore '' . ^ Jump up to : Packer , Ian ( 1 April 2003 ) . `` Religion and the New Liberalism : The Rowntree Family , Quakerism and Social Reform '' . Journal of British Studies . 42 ( 2 ) : 236 -- 257 . doi : 10.1086 / 345607 . ISSN 0021 - 9371 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 345607 . Jump up ^ Blamires , David ( 1996 ) . `` The context and character of the 1895 Manchester Conference '' . Friends Quarterly . 30 : 50 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sian . Birmingham Remembering 1914 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Northwest Yearly Meeting Historical Statement Archived 31 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mack , Phyllis ( 1995 ) . Visionary Women : Ecstatic Prophecy in Seventeenth - Century England . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 165 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Mack , Phyllis ( 1995 ) . Visionary Women : Ecstatic Prophecy in Seventeenth - Century England . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Trevett , Christine ( 2000 ) . Quaker Women Prophets in England and Wales , 1650 -- 1700 . Lewiston , NY : Edwin Mellen Press . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Levy , Barry . Quakers and the American Family . pp. 69 , 221 . Jump up ^ Bacon , Margaret . Mothers of Feminism . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Bonney , Richard ; Trim , David J.B. , eds. ( 2006 ) . Persecution and Pluralism : Calvinists and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Europe 1550 -- 1700 . Peter Lang . Jump up ^ Gill , Catie ( 2005 ) . Women in the Seventeenth - century Quaker Community : a Literary Study of Political Identities , 1650 -- 1700 . Burlington , VT : Ashgate . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Mack , Phyllis ( 1995 ) . VIsionary Women : Ecstatic Prophecy in Seventeenth - Century England . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 289 . Jump up ^ Janney , Samuel ( 1861 ) . History of the Religious Society of Friends , from its Rise to the Year 1828 . Philadelphia : Hayes & Zell . p. 298 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ryan ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` Danny Boyle 's intro on Olympics programme '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Burns Windsor , D ( 1980 ) . The Quaker Enterprise : Friends in Business . London : Frederick Muller Ltd . ISBN 0 - 584 - 10257 - 7 . Jump up ^ For information about Quaker schools in Great Britain and Ireland see Quaker Schools in Great Britain and Ireland : A selective bibliography of histories and guide to records . Jump up ^ Friends ' Intelligencer , Volume 74 . Philadelphia : Friends Intelligencer Association , Limited . 1917 . p. 613 . Jump up ^ David Yount ( 2007 ) . How the Quakers invented America . pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ `` History of Malone '' . Malone University . Jump up ^ `` History of Friends at APU '' . Azusa Pacific University . Jump up ^ `` About Barclay '' . Barclay College . Jump up ^ `` Voyage of the Slave Ship Sally '' . Jump up ^ Ralph Dannheiser , `` Quakers Played Major Role in Ending Slavery in the U.S '' , IIP Digital , 12 November 2008 Jump up ^ Cobb Wiggins , Rosland , `` Paul Cuffe : Early Pan-Africanist '' ; in Black Quakers , Brief Biographies ; Kenneth Ives , Editor ; Progressive Publisher , 1995 ^ Jump up to : Page 5 Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ; Introduction from Quaker World Relations Committee Jump up ^ `` Isaac Penington to Thomas Walmsley ( 1670 ) '' . Quaker Heritage Press . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Introduction to Quakerism '' . QuakerMaps.com ( Beta ) . 30 January 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , George . `` Letter to the Governor of Barbadoes '' . Jump up ^ Barclay , Robert ( 1678 ) . An Apology for the True Christian Divinity . Jump up ^ Barclay , Robert ( 1690 ) . A Catechism and Confession of Faith . Jump up ^ The Testimony of the Society of Friends on the Continent of America . New York : Richard and George S Wood . 1830 . Jump up ^ `` Richmond Declaration of Faith '' . QuakerInfo.com . Jump up ^ `` Essential Truths '' . QuakerInfo.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Quaker Finder '' . Friends General Conference . Retrieved 26 July 2009 . Jump up ^ anonymous . `` A short history of Conservative Friends '' . Jump up ^ `` FWCC Section of the Americas '' . fwccamericas.org . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evangelical Friends Church International . `` Friends Beliefs '' . Jump up ^ `` Evangelical Friends Church International '' . Jump up ^ `` Quaker Life -- Local Meeting Directory '' . Friends United Meeting . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Central Yearly Meeting of Friends . `` About Us '' . Jump up ^ Margery Post Abbott ; et al. Historical Dictionary of the Friends ( Quakers ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press . pp. 327 -- 328 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 7088 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Rickermann , Sally ( 2007 ) . `` Quaker Universalist Fellowship : Its History '' . Journal of the Quaker Universalist Fellowship ( 46 ) . Jump up ^ Cresson , Os . `` Roots and Flowers of Quaker Nontheism '' . Jump up ^ `` New Nontheist Friends Network in Britain '' . nontheistfriends.org . Jump up ^ Heathfield , D ( 27 May 2011 ) . `` Non-theist Friends Network '' . The Friend . 169 ( 21 ) . Jump up ^ Dandelion , Pink ( 1996 ) . A Sociological Analysis of the Theology of Quakers : The Silent Revolution . Lewiston , NY : Edwin Mellen Press . Jump up ^ Heron , Alistair ( 1992 ) . Caring , Conviction , Commitment : Dilemmas of Quaker Membership Today . London : Quaker Home Service . ^ Jump up to : Mellor , Katherine ( 2009 ) . Christian Belief in the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) : a Response to the Claim That British Friends Are Post-Christian ( PDF ) ( M. Phil . ) . University of Birmingham . pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Testimonies Committee of Quaker Peace and Social Witness ( 2005 ) . Living What We Believe : Quaker Testimonies : a way of living faithfully ( leaflet ) . Jump up ^ James 2 : 17 Jump up ^ `` Quaker Testimonies leaflet '' ( PDF ) . Britain Yearly Meeting . Jump up ^ Friends United Meeting in East Africa ( 2002 ) `` Christian Faith and Practice in the Friends Church '' . Jump up ^ Rocky Mountain Yearly Meeting of the Friends Church ( 1997 ) `` The Faith and Practice Archived 27 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . '' Jump up ^ Southern Appalachian Yearly Meeting and Association ( 2012 ) . `` Testifying to the Life of the SPIRIT '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Heron , Alastair ( 2008 ) . Quaker Speak . Jump up ^ Mark 16 : 2 , Luke 24 : 1 , John 20 : 1 , John 20 : 19 Jump up ^ Dewsbury , William ; Farnworth , Richard . `` The Epistle from the Elders at Balby , 1656 '' . Jump up ^ `` What to Expect in Quaker Meeting for Worship '' . QuakerSpeak. 20 November 2014 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ New York Yearly Meeting . `` Formal Guidelines from New York Yearly Meeting 's Faith and Practice '' . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Quaker Business Meetings '' . Quakers in Scotland . Jump up ^ `` Friends Beliefs '' . Evangelical Friends Church International . Jump up ^ `` Friends United Meeting - About Us '' . Friends United Meeting . Archived from the original on 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Britain Yearly Meeting ( 1999 ) . Quaker faith & practice ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) in Britain . ISBN 0 - 85245 - 306 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` The Society of Friends ( Quakers ) and Homosexuality '' . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ 43 percent of Quakers worldwide are found in Africa , versus 30 percent in North America , 17 percent in Latin America , and the Caribbean , 6 percent in Europe , and 4 percent in Asia / West Pacific . See Quaker Information Center . Jump up ^ `` Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) in Australia Inc '' . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Auckland Star '' . Auckland Star . 17 April 1889 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Structure of the Society of Friends '' . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) in Britain . `` Tabular Statement as at 31 xii 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Wem Quaker Meeting . `` Meeting Style -- Wem Quaker Meeting '' . Jump up ^ `` NW London Quakers -- Friends House Meeting '' . Jump up ^ `` Ripley Quaker Meeting '' . Jump up ^ `` News and Events '' . Ripley Christian Quakers . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Evangelical Friends Church International . `` Europe '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ireland Yearly Meeting . `` Quakers in Ireland '' . Jump up ^ `` Find Friends '' . Friends World Committee for Consultation , Section of the Americas . May 2016 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quakers -- The Religious Society of Friends '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Members of the National Council of Churches '' . Ncccusa.org . Archived from the original on 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends ( Quakers ) '' . Oikoumene.org . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` If Quakers were more Christian '' . The Guardian . 16 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Yount , David ( 2007 ) . How the Quakers invented America . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5833 - 9 . Jump up ^ Frost , Jerry William ( 1968 ) . The Quaker family in colonial America : a social history of the Society of Friends , Volume 2 . Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin . p. 436 . Jump up ^ Fox , George . `` A Visitation to the Jews . From Them Whom The Lord Hath Visited From on High , Among Whom He Hath Performed His Promise Made To Abraham , Isaac , And Jacob . The Mighty Day of the Lord Is Come , And Coming , Who Dwells Not in Temples Made With Hands , Nor Is He Worshipped With Men 's Hands , But in the Spirit , From Whom The Scripture Was Given Forth '' . Works of George Fox . Jump up ^ Fox , George ( 1821 ) . `` To the Great Turk and King of Algiers in Algeria , and all that are under his Authority , to read this over , which concerns their Salvation '' . The Works of George Fox : Gospel truth demonstrated , in a collection of doctrinal books , given forth by that faithful minister of Jesus Christ , George Fox : containing principles essential to Christianity and salvation , held among the people called Quakers . Marcus T.C. Gould . pp. 216 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Fox , George . To the Great Turk and King of Algiers in Algeria , And All That Are Under His Authority , To Read This Over , Which Concerns Their Salvation ( in : `` Works of George Fox '' ( volume 4 ) . Jump up ^ Fox , George . `` To The Great Turk And King at Algiers in Algeria '' . Works of George Fox ( volume 6 ) . Jump up ^ Richard Price Hollowell ( 1870 ) . The Quakers in New England : An Essay . Merrihew & Son , Printers . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Brett Miller - White ( 2004 ) The Journeyman -- The Making of a Muslim Quaker Quaker Theology , 10 Jump up ^ Valerie Brown ( 2006 ) The Mindful Quaker Further reading ( edit ) This article 's further reading may not follow Wikipedia 's content policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view ; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Abbott , Margery ; Chijioke , Mary Ellen ; Dandelion , Pink ; Oliver , John William , eds . ( June 2003 ) . Historical Dictionary of The Friends ( Quakers ) . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4483 - 4 . Bacon , Margaret Hope ( April 2000 ) . The Quiet Rebels : The Story of the Quakers in America . Pendle Hill Publications . p. 249 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87574 - 935 - 8 . Bacon , Margaret Hope . `` Quakers and Colonization '' Quaker History . 95 ( Spring 2006 ) , 26 -- 43 . Barbour , Hugh ; Frost , J. William . The Quakers. ( 1988 ) , 412pp ; historical survey , including many capsule biographies online edition Barbour , Hugh ( October 1985 ) . The Quakers in Puritan England . Friends United Press . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 913408 - 87 - 2 . Benjamin , Philip . Philadelphia Quakers in an Age of Industrialism , 1870 -- 1920 . ( 1976 ) , Bill , J. Brent , Holy Silence : The Gift of Quaker Spirituality . ISBN 1 - 55725 - 420 - 6 Boulton , David ( ed . ) 2006 . Godless for God 's Sake : Nontheism in Contemporary Quakerism . Dales Historical Monographs . ISBN 0 - 9511578 - 6 - 8 Birkel , Michael L. , Silence and Witness : The Quaker Tradition . ISBN 1 - 57075 - 518 - 3 ( in the UK , ISBN 0 - 232 - 52448 - 3 ) Braithwaite , William C. The Beginnings of Quakerism. ( 1912 ) ; revised by Henry J. Cadbury ( 1955 ) online edition Braithwaite , William C. Second Period of Quakerism. ( 1919 ) ; revised by Henry Cadbury ( 1961 ) , covers 1660 to 1720s in Britain Brinton , Howard H. , Friends for 350 Years . ISBN 0 - 87574 - 903 - 8 Brock , Peter . Pioneers of the Peaceable Kingdom . ( 1968 ) , on Peace Testimony from the 1650s to 1900 . Bronner , Edwin B. William Penn 's Holy Experiment. ( 1962 ) Burnet , G.B. , Story of Quakerism in Scotland . The Lutterworth Press 2007 , Cambridge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7188 - 9176 - 3 Connerley , Jennifer . Friendly Americans : Representing Quakers in the United States , 1850 -- 1920 . PhD dissertation U. of North Carolina , Chapel Hill 2006 . 277 pp. Citation : DAI 2006 67 ( 2 ) : 600 - A. DA3207363 online at ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Cooper , Wilmer A. , A Living Faith : An Historical and Comparative Study of Quaker Beliefs . 2nd ed . ISBN 0 - 944350 - 53 - 4 Crothers , A. Glenn . Quakers Living in the Lion 's Mouth : The Society of Friends in Northern Virginia , 1730 -- 1865 . Gainesville , FL : University Press of Florida , 2012 . Dandelion , Pink , A Sociological Analysis of the Theology of the Quakers : The Silent Revolution . ( Lewiston , NY : Edwin Mellen Press , 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 7734 - 8807 - 3 Dandelion , Pink , The Quakers : A Very Short Introduction . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920679 - 7 Davies , Adrian . The Quakers in English Society , 1655 -- 1725 . ( 2000 ) . 261 pp . Doherty , Robert . The Hicksite Separation. ( 1967 ) , uses the new social history to inquire who joined which side Dunn , Mary Maples . William Penn : Politics and Conscience. ( 1967 ) Frost , J. William . The Quaker Family in Colonial America : A Portrait of the Society of Friends . ( 1973 ) , emphasis on social structure and family life Frost , J. William . `` The Origins of the Quaker Crusade against Slavery : A Review of Recent Literature '' , Quaker History 67 ( 1978 ) : 42 -- 58 . JSTOR 41946850 . Fryer , Jonathan ( Ed . ) , George Fox and the Children of the Light . ( London : Kyle Cathie , 1991 ) ISBN 1 - 85626 - 024 - 0 Gillman , Harvey , A Light that is Shining : Introduction to the Quakers . ISBN 0 - 85245 - 213 - 6 Gorman , George H. , Introducing Quakers . ( 3rd revised reprint ) ( London : Quaker Home Service , 1981 ) ISBN 0 - 85245 - 005 - 2 Guiton , Gerard , The Growth and Development of Quaker Testimony . ISBN 0 - 7734 - 6002 - 0 Hamm , Thomas . The Quakers in America . ( 2003 ) . 293 pp. , strong analysis of current situation , with brief history Hamm , Thomas . The Transformation of American Quakerism : Orthodox Friends , 1800 -- 1907 . ( 1988 ) , looks at the impact of the Holiness movement on the Orthodox faction Hamm , Thomas D. Earlham College : A History , 1847 -- 1997 . ( 1997 ) . 448 pp . Hatton , Jean . Betsy : The Dramatic Biography of Prison Reformer Elizabeth Fry ( 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 85424 - 705 - 0 and ISBN 0 - 8254 - 6092 - 1 Hatton , Jean . George Fox : Founder of the Quakers ( 2007 ) ISBN 1854247530 and ISBN 978 - 0 - 8254 - 6106 - 4 . Hubbard , Geoffrey , Quaker by Convincement . ISBN 0 - 85245 - 189 - X and ISBN 0 - 14 - 021663 - 4 Illick , Joseph E. Colonial Pennsylvania : A History . 1976 . online edition Ingle , H. Larry , First Among Friends : George Fox and the Creation of Quakerism . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507803 - 9 and ISBN 0 - 19 - 510117 - 0 Ingle , H. Larry , Nixon 's First Cover - up : The Religious Life of a Quaker President . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 2042 - 4 Ingle , H. Larry , Quakers in Conflict : The Hicksite Reformation . ISBN 0 - 87574 - 926 - 7 James , Sydney . A People among Peoples : Quaker Benevolence in Eighteenth - Century America . ( 1963 ) , a broad ranging study that remains the best history in America before 1800 Jones , Rufus M. , Amelia M. Gummere and Isaac Sharpless . Quakers in the American Colonies. ( 1911 ) , history to 1775 online edition Jones , Rufus M. Later Periods of Quakerism. 2 vols. ( 1921 ) , covers England and America until World War I . Jones , Rufus M. The Story of George Fox . ( 1919 ) 169 pages online edition Jones , Rufus M. A Service of Love in War Time : American Friends Relief Work in Europe , 1917 -- 1919 . ( 1922 ) online edition Jordan , Ryan . `` The Dilemma of Quaker Pacifism in a Slaveholding Republic , 1833 -- 1865 '' , Civil War History . Vol. 53 , 2007 online edition Jordan , Ryan . Slavery and the Meetinghouse : The Quakers and the Abolitionist Dilemma , 1820 -- 1865 . ( 2007 ) 191 pp . Kennedy , Thomas C. British Quakerism , 1860 -- 1920 : The Transformation of a Religious Community . ( 2001 ) . 477 pp . Larson , Rebecca . Daughters of Light : Quaker Women Preaching and Prophesying in the Colonies and Abroad , 1700 -- 1775 . ( 1999 ) . 399 pp . LeShana , James David . `` ' Heavenly Plantations ' : Quakers in Colonial North Carolina . '' PhD dissertation : U. of California , Riverside 1998 . 362 pp. DAI 2000 61 ( 5 ) : 2005 - A. DA9974014 Fulltext : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Minear , Mark. , Richmond , 1887 : A Quaker Drama Unfolds ISBN 9780913408988 Moore , Rosemary , The Light in Their Consciences : The Early Quakers in Britain 1646 -- 1666 . ( 2000 ) 314 pp. ISBN 0 - 271 - 01989 - 1 Moretta , John A. , William Penn and the Quaker Legacy . ISBN 0 - 321 - 16392 - 3 Mullet , Michael , editor , New Light on George Fox . ISBN 1 - 85072 - 142 - 4 Nash , Gary . Quakers and Politics : Pennsylvania , 1680 -- 1726 . ( 1968 ) Punshon , John , Portrait in Grey : A Short History of the Quakers . ( 2nd ed . ) ( London : Quaker Books , 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 85245 - 399 - X Rasmussen , Ane Marie Bak . A History of the Quaker Movement in Africa . ( 1994 ) . 168 pp . Russell , Elbert . The History of Quakerism. ( 1942 ) . online edition Smuck , Harold . Friends in East Africa . ( Richmond , Indiana : 1987 ) Steere , Douglas . 1967 . On Being Present Where You Are . Wallingford , Pa : Pendle Hill Pamphlet No. 151 . Tolles , Frederick B. Meeting House and Counting House . ( 1948 ) , on Quaker businessmen in colonial Philadelphia Tolles , Frederick B. Quakers and the Atlantic Culture . ( 1960 ) Trueblood , D. Elton The People Called Quakers. ( 1966 ) Vlach , John Michael . `` Quaker Tradition and the Paintings of Edward Hicks : A Strategy for the Study of Folk Art '' , Journal of American Folklore . Vol. 94 , 1981 . doi : 10.2307 / 540122 . JSTOR 540122 . Vogel , Karen Anna . Christmas Union : Quaker Abolitionists of Chester County , PA . Murray Pura 's Cry of Freedom Series , Volume 5 . Walvin , James . The Quakers : Money and Morals. ( 1997 ) . 243 pp . Yarrow , Clarence H. The Quaker Experience in International Conciliation. ( 1979 ) , for post-1945 Primary sources ( edit ) Bill , J. Brent , Imagination and Spirit : A Contemporary Quaker Reader . ISBN 0 - 944350 - 61 - 5 Gummere , Amelia , ed . The Journal and Essays of John Woolman. ( 1922 ) online edition Jones , Rufus M. , ed . The Journal of George Fox : An Autobiography . online edition Mott , Lucretia Coffin . Selected Letters of Lucretia Coffin Mott . edited by Beverly Wilson Palmer , U. of Illinois Press , 2002 . 580 pp Smith , Robert Lawrence , A Quaker Book of Wisdom . ISBN 0 - 688 - 17233 - 4 West , Jessamyn , editor . The Quaker Reader. ( 1962 ) ISBN 0 - 87574 - 916 - X collection of essays by Fox , Penn and other notable Quakers Children 's books ( edit ) De Angeli , Marguerite . Thee , Hannah ! ISBN 0 - 8361 - 9106 - 4 . Milhous , Katherine The Egg Tree . ISBN 978 - 0 - 689 - 71568 - 6 . Appolonia 's Valentine . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 92306 - 2 . Turkle , Brinton The Adventures of Obadiah . ISBN 0 - 670 - 10614 - 3 . Obadiah the Bold . ISBN 1 - 893103 - 19 - 6 . Rachel and Obadiah . ISBN 1 - 893103 - 18 - 8 . Thy Friend , Obadiah . ISBN 0 - 14 - 050393 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutQuakersat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Britain Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends Canadian Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends Quakers at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Digital Quaker Collection : -- a list of Christian Quaker literature Post Reformation Digital Library : -- a library of early modern quaker texts Quaker Heritage Press publishes etexts of rare and out - of - print Quaker documents . Works by Society of Friends at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Quakers at Internet Archive Works by or about Society of Friends at Internet Archive Quakers Individuals Susan B. Anthony Robert Barclay Anthony Benezet Kenneth E. Boulding Howard Brinton John Cadbury Levi Coffin Judi Dench Margaret Fell George Fox Elizabeth Fry Edward Hicks Elias Hicks Herbert Hoover Rufus Jones Thomas R. 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7556745666371374964 | World population | World population - wikipedia World population Jump to : navigation , search An editor has expressed concern that this article may have a number of irrelevant citations . Please help improve this article by verifying these references and challenge any that are not reliable or do not support the article . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) World population estimates from 1800 to 2100 , based on `` high '' , `` medium '' and `` low '' United Nations projections in 2015 and UN historical estimates for pre-1950 data Population growth graph generated with data supplied by World Bank , via Google World population percentage by country In demographics , the world population is the total number of humans currently living , and was estimated to have reached 7.6 billion as of March 2018 . World population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 and the Black Death in 1350 , when it was near 370 million . The highest population growth rates -- global population increases above 1.8 % per year -- occurred between 1955 and 1975 , peaking to 2.06 % between 1965 and 1970 . The growth rate has declined to 1.18 % between 2010 and 2015 and is projected to decline further in the course of the 21st century . Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million , and as of 2011 were expected to remain essentially constant at a level of 135 million , while deaths numbered 56 million per year and were expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040 . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 30.1 years in 2016 . World population ( millions , UN estimates ) # Top ten most populous countries 2000 2015 2030 * China * 1,270 1,376 1,416 India 1,053 1,311 1,528 United States 283 322 356 Indonesia 212 258 295 5 Brazil 176 208 229 6 Pakistan 138 189 245 7 Nigeria 123 182 263 8 Bangladesh 131 161 186 9 Russia 146 146 149 10 Mexico 103 127 148 World total 6,127 7,349 8,501 Notes : China = excludes Hong Kong and Macau 2030 = Medium variant Contents ( hide ) 1 Population by region 1.1 Population by continent 2 History 2.1 Antiquity and Middle Ages 2.2 Modern era 2.3 Milestones by the billions 3 Global demographics 4 Largest populations by country 4.1 Most densely populated countries 5 Fluctuation 5.1 Population growth by region 5.2 Past population 5.3 Projections 6 Mathematical approximations 6.1 Years for world population to double 7 Overpopulation 7.1 Predictions of scarcity 7.2 Environmental impacts 7.3 Population control 7.4 Overpopulation skepticism 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Population by region ( edit ) Six of the Earth 's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale . Asia is the most populous continent , with its 4.3 billion inhabitants accounting for 60 % of the world population . The world 's two most populated countries , China and India , together constitute about 37 % of the world 's population . Africa is the second most populated continent , with around 1 billion people , or 15 % of the world 's population . Europe 's 733 million people make up 12 % of the world 's population as of 2012 , while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million ( 9 % ) . Northern America , primarily consisting of the United States and Canada , has a population of around 352 million ( 5 % ) , and Oceania , the least - populated region , has about 35 million inhabitants ( 0.5 % ) . Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population , Antarctica has a small , fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations . This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter , as visiting researchers return to their home countries . Population by continent ( edit ) Population by continent ( 2016 estimates ) Continent Density ( inhabitants / km ) Population ( millions ) Most populous country Most populous city ( metropolitan area ) Asia 96.4 4,436 1,382,300,000 - China 35,676,000 / 13,634,685 - Greater Tokyo Area / Tokyo Metropolis Africa 36.7 1,216 0186,987,000 - Nigeria 21,000,000 - Lagos Europe 72.9 738 0145,939,000 - Russia ; approx. 112 million in Europe ) 19,468,664 - Moscow North America 22.9 579 0324,991,600 - United States 23,723,696 / 08,537,673 - New York Metropolitan Area / New York City South America 22.8 422 0209,567,000 - Brazil 27,640,577 / 11,316,149 - Metro Area / São Paulo City Oceania 4.5 39.9 0024,458,800 - Australia 05,005,400 - Sydney Antarctica 0.0003 ( varies ) 0.004 in summer ( non-permanent , varies ) N / A 0000001,200 ( non-permanent , varies ) - McMurdo Station History ( edit ) See also : World population estimates and History of the world Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity , possible only since the Age of Discovery . Early estimates for the population of the world date to the 17th century : William Petty in 1682 estimated world population at 320 million ( modern estimates ranging close to twice this number ) ; by the late 18th century , estimates ranged close to one billion ( consistent with modern estimates ) . More refined estimates , broken down by continents , were published in the first half of the 19th century , at 600 to 1000 million in the early 1800s and at 800 to 1000 million in the 1840s . Antiquity and Middle ages ( edit ) Main articles : Classical demography and Medieval demography Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million . Even earlier , genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BC , according to the Toba catastrophe theory . By contrast , it is estimated that around 50 -- 60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century AD . The Plague of Justinian , which first emerged during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian , caused Europe 's population to drop by around 50 % between the 6th and 8th centuries AD . The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340 . The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century may have reduced the world 's population from an estimated 450 million in 1340 to between 350 and 375 million in 1400 ; it took 200 years for population figures to recover . The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393 , presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions , famine , and plague . Starting in AD 2 , the Han Dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers in order to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household . In that year , the population of Western Han was recorded as 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households , decreasing to 47,566,772 individuals in 9,348,227 households by AD 146 , towards the End of the Han Dynasty . At the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368 , China 's population was reported to be close to 60 million ; toward the end of the dynasty in 1644 , it may have approached 150 million . England 's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650 , up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500 . New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth . Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century , maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent . The pre-Columbian North American population probably numbered somewhere between 2 million and 18 million . Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence . According to the most extreme scholarly claims , as many as 90 % of the Native American population of the New World died due to Old World diseases such as smallpox , measles and influenza . Over the centuries , the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases , while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity . Modern era ( edit ) Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006 . Only 3 % of the world 's population lived in urban areas in 1800 ; this proportion had risen to 47 % by 2000 , and reached 50.5 % by 2010 . By 2050 , the proportion may reach 70 % . During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions , the life expectancy of children increased dramatically . The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5 % in 1730 -- 1749 to 31.8 % in 1810 -- 1829 . Between 1700 and 1900 , Europe 's population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million . Altogether , the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36 % of the world 's population in 1900 . Population growth in the West became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation . Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century . The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006 . The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920 , exceeding 307 million in 2010 . The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars , famines and other disasters which caused large - scale population losses ( approximately 60 million excess deaths ) . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , Russia 's population declined significantly -- from 150 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012 -- but by 2013 this decline appeared to have halted . Many countries in the developing world have experienced extremely rapid population growth since the early 20th century , due to economic development and improvements in public health . China 's population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953 , and now stands at over 1.3 billion . The population of the Indian subcontinent , which was about 125 million in 1750 , increased to 389 million in 1941 ; today , India , Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1.63 billion people . Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815 ; its present - day successor , Indonesia , now has a population of over 140 million . In just one hundred years , the population of Brazil decupled ( x10 ) , from about 17 million in 1900 , or about 1 % of the world population in that year , to about 176 million in 2000 , or almost 3 % of the global population in the very early 21st century . Mexico 's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010 . Between the 1920s and 2000s , Kenya 's population grew from 2.9 million to 37 million . Milestones by the billions ( edit ) Main article : World population milestones World population milestones in billions Population 5 6 7 8 9 Year 1804 1927 1960 1999 2011 2024 2042 Years elapsed -- -- 123 33 14 13 12 12 13 18 It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804 . It was another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927 , but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960 . Thereafter , the global population reached four billion in 1974 , five billion in 1987 , six billion in 1999 and , according to the United States Census Bureau , seven billion in March 2012 . The United Nations , however , estimated that the world population reached seven billion in October 2011 . According to current projections , the global population will reach eight billion by 2024 , and will likely reach around nine billion by 2042 . Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion . Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations , especially the fertility variable . Long - range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the `` low scenario '' , to `` high scenarios '' of 24.8 billion . One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150 , assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3.04 children per woman ; however , by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2.52 . There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world 's population surpassed one or two billion . The points at which it reached three and four billion were not officially noted , but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau placed them in July 1959 and April 1974 respectively . The United Nations did determine , and commemorate , the `` Day of 5 Billion '' on July 11 , 1987 , and the `` Day of 6 Billion '' on October 12 , 1999 . The Population Division of the United Nations declared the `` Day of 7 Billion '' to be October 31 , 2011 . Global Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the world 2012 map showing average life expectancy by country in years . In 2012 , the World Health Organization estimated the average global life expectancy as 70.5 years . 80 + 77.5 + 75 + 72.5 + 70 + 67.5 + 65 + 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + less than 40 As of 2012 , the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female . The greater number of men is possibly due to the significant sex imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations . Approximately 26.3 % of the global population is aged under 15 , while 65.9 % is aged 15 -- 64 and 7.9 % is aged 65 or over . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 29.7 years in 2014 , and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050 . According to the World Health Organization , the global average life expectancy is 70.5 years as of 2012 , with women living an average of 73 years and men approximately 68 years . In 2010 , the global fertility rate was estimated at 2.52 children per woman . In June 2012 , British researchers calculated the total weight of Earth 's human population as approximately 287 million tonnes , with the average person weighing around 62 kilograms ( 137 lb ) . The CIA estimated nominal 2013 gross world product at US $74.31 trillion , giving an annual global per capita figure of around US $10,500 . Around 1.29 billion people ( 18.4 % of the world population ) live in extreme poverty , subsisting on less than US $1.25 per day ; approximately 870 million people ( 12.25 % ) are undernourished. 83 % of the world 's over-15s are considered literate . In June 2014 , there were around 3.03 billion global Internet users , constituting 42.3 % of the world population . The Han Chinese are the world 's largest single ethnic group , constituting over 19 % of the global population in 2011 . The world 's most - spoken first languages are Mandarin Chinese ( spoken by 12.44 % of the world 's population ) , Spanish ( 4.85 % ) , English ( 4.83 % ) , Arabic ( 3.25 % ) and Hindustani ( 2.68 % ) . The world 's largest religion is Christianity , whose adherents account for 31 % of the global population ; Islam is the second - largest religion , accounting for 24.1 % , and Hinduism the third , accounting for 13.78 % . In 2005 , around 16 % of the global population were reported to be non-religious . Largest populations by country ( edit ) Further information : List of countries and dependencies by population A map of world population in 2014 10 most populous countries Rank Country / Territory Population Date Approx. % of world population Source China 1,390,400,000 April 17 , 2018 18.3 % India 1,330,560,000 April 17 , 2018 17.5 % United States 326,978,000 April 17 , 2018 4.29 % Indonesia 261,600,000 October 31 , 2016 3.43 % 5 Pakistan 211,268,000 April 17 , 2018 2.77 % 6 Brazil 208,929,000 April 17 , 2018 2.74 % 7 Nigeria 188,500,000 October 31 , 2016 2.47 % 8 Bangladesh 164,344,000 April 17 , 2018 2.16 % 9 Russia 146,773,226 June 1 , 2017 1.93 % 10 Japan 126,670,000 September 1 , 2017 1.66 % Approximately 4.3 billion people live in these ten countries , representing around 58 % of the world 's population as of March 2016 . Approximately 3.7 billion people , or half of the world population , live in the six most populous countries . Most densely populated countries ( edit ) Further information : List of countries and dependencies by population density The tables below list the world 's most densely populated countries , both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations . Population density ( people per km ) map of the world in 1994 . Red and pink areas denote regions of highest population density . 10 most densely populated countries ( with population above 5 million ) Rank Country Population Area ( km ) Density ( Pop . per km ) Singapore 5,612,300 710 7,905 Bangladesh 164,340,000 143,998 1,141 Taiwan 23,562,318 36,190 651 South Korea 51,446,201 99,538 517 5 Lebanon 6,082,000 10,452 582 6 Rwanda 11,809,295 26,338 448 7 Netherlands 17,210,000 41,526 415 8 Haiti 10,911,819 27,065 403 9 India 1,330,560,000 3,287,240 405 10 Israel 8,840,000 22,072 401 Countries ranking highly in both total population ( more than 20 million people ) and population density ( more than 250 people per square kilometer ) : Rank Country Population Area ( km ) Density ( Pop . per km ) Notes India 1,330,560,000 3,287,240 405 Growing population Pakistan 211,270,000 803,940 263 Rapidly growing population Bangladesh 164,340,000 143,998 1,141 Rapidly growing population Japan 126,670,000 377,873 335 Declining population 5 Philippines 105,740,000 300,000 352 Growing population 6 Vietnam 93,700,000 331,689 282 Growing population 7 United Kingdom 65,648,100 243,610 269 Slowly growing population 8 South Korea 51,446,201 99,538 517 Slowly growing population 9 Taiwan 23,562,318 36,190 651 Steady population 10 Sri Lanka 21,444,000 65,610 327 Growing population Fluctuation ( edit ) Main articles : World population growth , Population growth , and Projections of population growth Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050 , according to the United Nations . The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people . Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions . Nonetheless , population growth is the long - standing trend on all inhabited continents , as well as in most individual states . During the 20th century , the global population saw its greatest increase in known history , rising from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000 . A number of factors contributed to this increase , including the lessening of the mortality rate in many countries by improved sanitation and medical advances , and a massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution . In 2000 , the United Nations estimated that the world 's population was growing at an annual rate of 1.14 % ( equivalent to around 75 million people ) , down from a peak of 88 million per year in 1989 . By 2000 , there were approximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700 . Globally , the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19 % in 1963 , but growth remains high in Latin America , the Middle East , and Sub-Saharan Africa . A world map showing global variations in fertility rate per woman , according to the CIA World Factbook 's 2015 data . 7 -- 8 children 6 -- 7 children 5 -- 6 children 4 -- 5 children 3 -- 4 children 2 -- 3 children 1 -- 2 children 0 -- 1 children During the 2010s , Japan and some countries in Europe began to encounter negative population growth ( i.e. a net decrease in population over time ) , due to sub-replacement fertility rates . In 2006 , the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth was visibly diminishing due to the ongoing global demographic transition . If this trend continues , the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2050 , concurrent with a world population plateau of 9.2 billion . However , this is only one of many estimates published by the UN ; in 2009 , UN population projections for 2050 ranged between around 8 billion and 10.5 billion . An alternative scenario is given by the statistician Jorgen Randers , who argues that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility . Randers ' `` most likely scenario '' reveals a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people , followed by decline . Adrian Raftery , a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology , states that `` there 's a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century . Population , which had sort of fallen off the world 's agenda , remains a very important issue . '' Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BC -- AD 2000 Estimated world population figures , 10,000 BC -- AD 2000 ( in log y scale ) World population figures , 1950 -- 2000 Estimated global growth rates , 1950 -- 2050 Estimated and projected populations of the world and its continents ( except Antarctica ) from 1950 to 2100 . The shaded regions correspond to the range of projections by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Population growth by region ( edit ) Main article : World population growth Further information : Total fertility rate and Birth rate The table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions . The availability of historical population figures varies by region . World historical and predicted populations ( in millions ) Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2012 2050 2150 World 585 660 710 791 978 1,262 1,650 2,521 6,008 6,707 6,896 7,052 9,725 9,746 Africa 86 114 106 106 107 111 133 221 783 973 1,022 1,052 2,478 2,308 Asia 282 350 411 502 635 809 947 1,402 3,700 4,054 4,164 4,250 5,267 5,561 Europe 168 170 178 190 203 276 408 547 675 732 738 740 734 517 Latin America 40 20 10 16 24 38 74 167 508 577 590 603 784 912 North America 6 7 26 82 172 312 337 345 351 433 398 Oceania 6 13 30 34 37 38 57 51 World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2012 2050 2150 World 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Africa 14.7 17.3 14.9 13.4 10.9 8.8 8.1 8.8 13.0 14.5 14.8 15.2 25.48 23.7 Asia 48.2 53.0 57.9 63.5 64.9 64.1 57.4 55.6 61.6 60.4 60.4 60.3 54.16 57.1 Europe 28.7 25.8 25.1 20.6 20.8 21.9 24.7 21.7 11.2 10.9 10.7 10.5 7.55 5.3 Latin America 6.8 3.0 1.4 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.06 9.4 North America 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 2.1 5.0 6.8 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.45 4.1 Oceania 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.59 0.5 Past population ( edit ) The following table gives estimates , in millions , of population in the past . The data for 1750 to 1900 are from the UN report `` The World at Six Billion '' whereas the data from 1950 to 2015 are from a UN data sheet . Year World Africa Asia Europe Latin America & Carib . North America Oceania Notes 70,000 BC < 0.015 0 0 10,000 BC 8000 BC 5 6500 BC 5 5000 BC 5 4000 BC 7 3000 BC 14 2000 BC 27 1000 BC 50 7 33 9 500 BC 100 14 66 16 AD 1 200 23 141 28 1000 400 70 269 50 8 1500 458 86 243 84 39 1600 580 114 339 111 10 1700 682 106 436 125 10 1750 791 106 502 163 16 1800 1,000 107 656 203 24 7 1850 1,262 111 809 276 38 26 1900 1,650 133 947 408 74 82 6 1950 2,525 229 1,394 549 169 172 12.7 1955 2,758 254 1,534 577 193 187 14.2 1960 3,018 285 1,687 606 221 204 15.8 1965 3,322 322 1,875 635 254 219 17.5 1970 3,682 366 2,120 657 288 231 19.7 4,061 416 2,378 677 326 242 21.5 1980 4,440 478 2,626 694 365 254 23.0 1985 4,853 550 2,897 708 406 267 24.9 5,310 632 3,202 721 447 281 27.0 1995 5,735 720 3,475 728 487 296 29.1 2000 6,127 814 3,714 726 527 314 31.1 2005 6,520 920 3,945 729 564 329 33.4 6,930 1,044 4,170 735 600 344 36.4 2015 7,349 1,186 4,393 738 634 358 39.3 Using the above figures , the change in population from 2010 to 2015 was : World : + 420 million Africa : + 142 million Asia : + 223 million Europe : + 3 million Latin America and Caribbean : + 35 million Northern America : + 14 million Oceania : + 2.9 million ^ Jump up to : Northern America comprises the northern-most countries and territories of North America : Canada , the United States , Greenland , Bermuda , and St. Pierre and Miquelon . Latin America comprises Mexico , Central America , the Caribbean , and South America . Projections ( edit ) Main articles : World population estimates and Projections of population growth Long - term global population growth is difficult to predict . The United Nations and the US Census Bureau both give different estimates -- according to the UN , the world population reached seven billion in late 2011 , while the USCB asserted that this occurred in March 2012 . The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population , based on different assumptions . From 2000 to 2005 , the UN consistently revised these projections downward , until the 2006 revision , issued on March 14 , 2007 , revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million . Average global birth rates are declining fast , but vary greatly between developed countries ( where birth rates are often at or below replacement levels ) and developing countries ( where birth rates typically remain high ) . Different ethnicities also display varying birth rates . Death rates can change rapidly due to disease epidemics , wars and other mass catastrophes , or advances in medicine . 2012 United projections show a continued increase in population in the near future with a steady decline in population growth rate ; the global population is expected to reach between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050 . 2003 UN Population Division population projections for the year 2150 range between 3.2 and 24.8 billion . One of many independent mathematical models supports the lower estimate , while a 2014 estimate forecasts between 9.3 and 12.6 billion in 2100 , and continued growth thereafter . Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth , highlighting the growing pressures on the environment , global food supplies , and energy resources . UN ( medium variant -- 2012 revision ) and US Census Bureau ( June 2015 ) estimates Year UN est . ( millions ) Difference USCB est . ( millions ) Difference 2005 6,514 -- 6,473 -- 6,916 402 6,866 393 2015 7,324 408 7,256 390 2020 7,717 393 7,643 380 2025 8,083 366 8,007 363 2030 8,425 342 8,341 334 2035 8,743 318 8,646 306 2040 9,039 296 8,926 280 2045 9,308 269 9,180 254 2050 9,551 243 9,408 228 UN 2012 estimates and medium variant projections ( in millions ) Year World Asia Africa Europe Latin America / Caribbean Northern America Oceania 6,916 4,165 ( 60.2 % ) 1,031 ( 14.9 % ) 740 ( 10.7 % ) 596 ( 8.6 % ) 347 ( 5.0 % ) 37 ( 0.5 % ) 2015 7,324 4,385 ( 59.9 % ) 1,166 ( 15.9 % ) 743 ( 10.1 % ) 630 ( 8.6 % ) 361 ( 4.9 % ) 39 ( 0.5 % ) 2020 7,717 4,582 ( 59.4 % ) 1,312 ( 17.0 % ) 744 ( 9.6 % ) 662 ( 8.6 % ) 376 ( 4.9 % ) 42 ( 0.5 % ) 2025 8,083 4,749 ( 58.8 % ) 1,468 ( 18.2 % ) 741 ( 9.2 % ) 691 ( 8.5 % ) 390 ( 4.8 % ) 45 ( 0.6 % ) 2030 8,425 4,887 ( 58.0 % ) 1,634 ( 19.4 % ) 736 ( 8.7 % ) 717 ( 8.5 % ) 403 ( 4.8 % ) 47 ( 0.6 % ) 2035 8,743 4,997 ( 57.2 % ) 1,812 ( 20.7 % ) 730 ( 8.3 % ) 739 ( 8.5 % ) 415 ( 4.8 % ) 50 ( 0.6 % ) 2040 9,039 5,080 ( 56.2 % ) 1,999 ( 22.1 % ) 724 ( 8.0 % ) 757 ( 8.4 % ) 426 ( 4.8 % ) 52 ( 0.6 % ) 2045 9,308 5,136 ( 55.2 % ) 2,194 ( 23.6 % ) 717 ( 7.7 % ) 771 ( 8.3 % ) 436 ( 4.7 % ) 55 ( 0.6 % ) 2050 9,551 5,164 ( 54.1 % ) 2,393 ( 25.1 % ) 709 ( 7.4 % ) 782 ( 8.2 % ) 446 ( 4.7 % ) 57 ( 0.6 % ) 2055 9,766 5,168 ( 52.9 % ) 2,595 ( 26.6 % ) 700 ( 7.2 % ) 788 ( 8.1 % ) 456 ( 4.7 % ) 59 ( 0.6 % ) 2060 9,957 5,152 ( 51.7 % ) 2,797 ( 28.1 % ) 691 ( 6.9 % ) 791 ( 7.9 % ) 465 ( 4.7 % ) 61 ( 0.6 % ) 2065 10,127 5,120 ( 50.6 % ) 2,998 ( 29.6 % ) 681 ( 6.7 % ) 791 ( 7.8 % ) 474 ( 4.7 % ) 63 ( 0.6 % ) 2070 10,277 5,075 ( 49.4 % ) 3,195 ( 31.1 % ) 673 ( 6.5 % ) 788 ( 7.6 % ) 482 ( 4.7 % ) 64 ( 0.6 % ) 2075 10,409 5,019 ( 48.2 % ) 3,387 ( 32.5 % ) 665 ( 6.4 % ) 783 ( 7.5 % ) 490 ( 4.7 % ) 66 ( 0.6 % ) 2080 10,524 4,957 ( 47.1 % ) 3,570 ( 33.9 % ) 659 ( 6.3 % ) 776 ( 7.4 % ) 496 ( 4.7 % ) 67 ( 0.6 % ) 2085 10,626 4,894 ( 46.1 % ) 3,742 ( 35.2 % ) 653 ( 6.1 % ) 767 ( 7.2 % ) 502 ( 4.7 % ) 68 ( 0.6 % ) 2090 10,717 4,833 ( 45.1 % ) 3,903 ( 36.4 % ) 649 ( 6.1 % ) 757 ( 7.1 % ) 506 ( 4.7 % ) 69 ( 0.6 % ) 2095 10,794 4,773 ( 44.2 % ) 4,051 ( 37.6 % ) 644 ( 6.0 % ) 747 ( 6.9 % ) 510 ( 4.7 % ) 69 ( 0.6 % ) 2100 10,854 4,712 ( 43.4 % ) 4,185 ( 38.6 % ) 639 ( 5.9 % ) 736 ( 6.8 % ) 513 ( 4.7 % ) 70 ( 0.6 % ) Mathematical approximations ( edit ) In 1975 , Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025 . The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development . This feedback can be described as follows : technological advance → increase in the carrying capacity of land for people → demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration of technological advance → accelerating growth of the carrying capacity → faster population growth → accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors → faster technological advance → hence , the faster growth of the Earth 's carrying capacity for people , and so on . The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition . According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa , the world population grew between 67,000 BC and 1965 according to the following formula : N = C τ arccot T 0 − T τ ( \ displaystyle N = ( \ frac ( C ) ( \ tau ) ) \ operatorname ( arccot ) ( \ frac ( T_ ( 0 ) - T ) ( \ tau ) ) ) where N is current population T is the current year C = ( 1.86 ± 0.01 ) 10 T = 2007 ± 1 τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) = 42 ± 1 Years for world population to double ( edit ) According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates , the world population has doubled , or will double , in the years listed in the tables below ( with two different starting points ) . During the 2nd millennium , each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling , fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above . However , after 2024 , it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century . Historic chart showing the periods of time the world population has taken to double , from 1700 to 2000 Starting at 500 million Population ( in billions ) 0.5 8 Year 1500 1804 1927 2024 Years elapsed 304 123 47 50 Starting at 375 million Population ( in billions ) 0.375 0.75 1.5 6 Year 1171 1715 1881 1960 1999 Years elapsed 544 166 79 39 Overpopulation ( edit ) Main articles : Human overpopulation and Malthusian catastrophe Predictions of scarcity ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles lies on a coastal mediterranean savannah with a small watershed that is able to support at most one million people on its own water ; as of 2015 , the area has a population of over 18 million . Researchers predict that similar cases of resource scarcity will grow more common as the world population increases . In his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population , the British scholar Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that continued population growth would exhaust the global food supply by the mid-19th century . Malthus wrote the essay to refute what he considered the unattainable utopian ideas of William Godwin and Marquis de Condorcet , as presented in Political Justice and The Future Progress of the Human Mind . In 1968 , Paul R. Ehrlich reprised Malthus ' argument in The Population Bomb , predicting that mass global famine would occur in the 1970s and 1980s . The predictions of Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists , notably Julian Lincoln Simon , and advances in agriculture , collectively known as the Green Revolution , forestalled any potential global famine in the late 20th century . Between 1950 and 1984 , as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the world , grain production increased by over 250 % . The world population has grown by over four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution , but food production has so far kept pace with population growth . Most scholars believe that , without the Revolution , there would be greater levels of famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents . However , neo-Malthusians point out that fossil fuels provided the energy for the Green Revolution , in the form of natural gas - derived fertilizers , oil - derived pesticides , and hydrocarbon - fueled irrigation , and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a crop failure in any one country could potentially have global repercussions . In 2004 , a meta - analysis of 70 quantitative studies estimating a sustainable limit to the world population generated a meta - estimate of 7.7 billion people . Graph of the global human population from 10,000 BC to AD 2000 , from the US Census Bureau . The graph shows the extremely rapid growth in the world population that has taken place since the 18th century . The human population has been growing rapidly since the mid-1800s . In May 2008 , the price of grain was pushed up severely by the increased cultivation of biofuels , the increase of world oil prices to over $140 per barrel ( $880 / m ) , global population growth , the effects of climate change , the loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development , and growing consumer demand in the population centres of China and India . Food riots subsequently occurred in some countries . However , oil prices then fell sharply . Resource demands are expected to ease as population growth declines , but it is unclear whether mass food wastage and rising living standards in developing countries will once again create resource shortages . David Pimentel , professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University , estimates that the sustainable agricultural carrying capacity for the United States is about 200 million people ; its population as of 2015 is over 300 million . In 2009 , the UK government 's chief scientific advisor , Professor John Beddington , warned that growing populations , falling energy reserves and food shortages would create a `` perfect storm '' of shortages of food , water , and energy by 2030 . According to a 2009 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation ( FAO ) , the world will have to produce 70 % more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people . The observed figures for 2007 showed an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world , with 923 million undernourished in 2007 , versus 832 million in 1995 . The 2009 FAO estimates showed an even more dramatic increase , to 1.02 billion . Environmental impacts ( edit ) Illegal slash - and - burn agriculture in Madagascar , 2010 A number of scientists have argued that the current global population expansion and accompanying increase in resource consumption threatens the world 's ecosystem . The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth , which was ratified by 58 member national academies in 1994 , states that `` unprecedented '' population growth aggravates many environmental problems , including rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide , global warming , and pollution . Indeed , some analysts claim that overpopulation 's most serious impact is its effect on the environment . The situation has continued to worsen , as at the time of the 1994 IAP statement , the world population stood at 5.5 billion and lower - bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050 , a number that current estimates state will be reached in the late 2020s . Scientists contend that human overpopulation , continued human population growth and overconsumption , particularly by the wealthy , are the primary drivers of mass species extinction . By 2050 population growth , along with profligate consumption , could result in oceans containing more plastic than fish by weight . In November 2017 , a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries asserted that rapid human population growth is the `` primary driver behind many ecological and even societal threats . '' A July 2017 study published in Environmental Research Letters argued that the most significant way individuals could mitigate their own carbon footprint is to have fewer children , followed by living without a vehicle , forgoing air travel and adopting a plant - based diet . Population control ( edit ) Main article : Human population planning India is predicted to overtake China as the world 's most populous country by 2022 . Human population control is the practice of intervening to alter the rate of population growth . Historically , human population control has been implemented by limiting a region 's birth rate , by voluntary contraception or by government mandate . It has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty , environmental concerns , and religious reasons . The use of abortion in some population control strategies has caused controversy , with religious organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church explicitly opposing any intervention in the human reproductive process . The University of Nebraska publication Green Illusions argues that population control to alleviate environmental pressures need not be coercive . It states that `` Women who are educated , economically engaged , and in control of their own bodies can enjoy the freedom of bearing children at their own pace , which happens to be a rate that is appropriate for the aggregate ecological endowment of our planet . '' The book Fatal Misconception by Matthew Connelly similarly points to the importance of supporting the rights of women in bringing population levels down over time . Overpopulation skepticism ( edit ) The Population Research Institute ( PRI ) , an anti-abortion , anti-contraception advocacy group , has criticised predictions of overpopulation and attendant resource scarcity , with some describing overpopulation as a `` myth '' . The PRI argues that advances in agricultural , medical , and industrial technology have allowed global economic productivity to keep pace with rising populations despite Malthusian predictions to the contrary . PRI further says that family sizes are naturally declining worldwide due to higher living standards , increased availability of contraception and better economic opportunities for women . However , other commentators have described PRI 's arguments on overpopulation as deceptive . See also ( edit ) Anthropocene Birth control Coastal population growth Demographic transition Depopulation Doomsday argument Family planning Food security Megacity Natalism One - child policy Population boom Population Matters , population control think tank and campaign group Population Reference Bureau , population demographics and annual World Population Data Sheet Two - child policy World 's largest cities Lists : List of countries and dependencies by population List of urban areas by population List of population concern organizations List of countries by fertility rate List of countries by future population ( United Nations , medium fertility variant ) List of countries by past and future population List of countries by population in 1900 List of countries by population density List of countries by population growth rate Lists of organisms by population -- for non-human global populations List of religious populations Historical : Historical censuses Historical demography Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Excluding its Special Administrative Regions ( SARs ) of Hong Kong and Macau . Jump up ^ Including Central America and the Caribbean . Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty System limits the nature of national claims in Antarctica . Of the territorial claims in Antarctica , the Ross Dependency has the largest population . Jump up ^ Figure refers to Mainland China only . It excludes Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . Jump up ^ Figure including Crimea and Sevastopol . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Population Clock : 7.6 Billion People ( 2017 ) - Worldometers '' . www.worldometers.info . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1980 ) , `` An Essay Concerning Mankind 's Evolution '' . Population , Selected Papers . Vol. 4 . pp. 1 -- 13 . Original paper in French : ( b ) Jean - Noël Biraben ( 1979 ). `` Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes '' . Population . Vol. 34 ( no . 1 ) . pp. 13 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations '' . esa.un.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects , 2012 revision ( 697 million births from 1985 -- 1990 ) '' . United Nations . 2012 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annual number of births -- World '' . United Nations Population Division . 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Population estimates by the US Census Bureau '' . USCB . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ male 29.4 , female 30.9 years . `` CIA , The World Factbook : Field Listing : Median Age '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2015 Revision '' . UN Population Division . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 ... Linked to at Download Files , where it states that the figures are for July 1 of the given year . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2010 Revision Population Database '' . United Nations . 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Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . , Table 2 Jump up ^ Fewer than 15,000 individuals , according to the Toba catastrophe theory , though this theory has been criticized by some scientists . See : `` Toba super-volcano catastrophe idea `` dismissed '' `` . BBC News . April 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Historical Estimates of World Population ; see also * Kremer , Michael ( 1993 ) . `` Population Growth and Technological Change : One Million B.C. to 1990 '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 108 ( 3 ) : 681 -- 716 . doi : 10.2307 / 2118405 . JSTOR 2118405 . Jump up ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Total Midyear Population for the World : 1950 - 2050 Jump up ^ `` Notes on the World POPClock and World Vital Events '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . 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ISBN 0 - 393 - 31495 - 2 . `` World Population Prospects , the 2012 Revision '' . United Nations Population Division . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . `` World Population Prospects , the 2010 Revision '' . United Nations Population Division . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . `` World Population History Graph '' World population graph 10000 BC - AD 1950 . `` Symptoms of The Global Demographic Decline '' . Demographia.ru . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . World Factbook 2012 . US Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . `` The World in Balance '' ( transcript ) . Two - part PBS Nova on world population . April 20 , 2004 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . `` The Environmental Politics of Population and Overpopulation '' . University of California , Berkeley . 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . `` Global population : Faces of the future '' . The Economist . June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . `` Creating new life -- and other ways to feed the world '' . BBC . July 23 , 2013 . 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An Essay on the Principle of Population `` How Much Land Does a Man Need ? 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"\n10 most populous countries\n\nRank\nCountry / Territory\nPopulation\nDate\nApprox. % of world\npopulation\nSource\n\n\n1\n China[note 4]\n1,390,400,000\nApril 17, 2018\n18.3%\n[78]\n\n\n2\n India\n1,330,560,000\nApril 17, 2018\n17.5%\n[79]\n\n\n3\n United States\n326,978,000\nApril 17, 2018\n4.29%\n[80]\n\n\n4\n Indonesia\n261,600,000\nOctober 31, 2016\n3.43%\n[81]\n\n\n5\n Pakistan\n211,268,000\nApril 17, 2018\n2.77%\n[82]\n\n\n6\n Brazil\n208,929,000\nApril 17, 2018\n2.74%\n[83]\n\n\n7\n Nigeria\n188,500,000\nOctober 31, 2016\n2.47%\n[84]\n\n\n8\n Bangladesh\n164,344,000\nApril 17, 2018\n2.16%\n[85]\n\n\n9\n Russia[note 5]\n146,773,226\nJune 1, 2017\n1.93%\n[86]\n\n\n10\n Japan\n126,670,000\nSeptember 1, 2017\n1.66%\n[87]\n\n"
] | [
"4.29%"
] |
7470787807367536264 | Liam Cunningham | Liam Cunningham - wikipedia Liam Cunningham Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Liam Cunningham , see Liam Cunningham ( disambiguation ) . Liam Cunningham Cunningham at the 2017 San Diego Comic Con International ( 1961 - 06 - 02 ) 2 June 1961 ( age 56 ) East Wall , Dublin , Ireland Nationality Irish Education St Davids , Artane , Dublin Occupation Actor Director Producer Years active 1992 -- present Spouse ( s ) Colette Cunningham Children Liam Cunningham ( born 2 June 1961 ) is an Irish stage and screen actor . He is known for playing Davos Seaworth in the HBO epic - fantasy series Game of Thrones . He has been nominated for the London Film Critics ' Circle Award , the British Independent Film Award , has won two Irish Film & Television Awards , and shared a BAFTA with Michael Fassbender , for their crime - drama short film Pitch Black Heist . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.4 Music videos 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Cunningham was born in East Wall , which is an inner city area of the Northside of Dublin . He has three sisters and a brother , and was brought up in a Roman Catholic household . Cunningham dropped out of secondary school at 15 and pursued a career as an electrician . In the 1980s , Cunningham moved to Zimbabwe for three years where he maintained electrical equipment at a safari park and trained Zimbabwean electricians . After returning to Ireland , Cunningham became dissatisfied with his work as an electrician and decided to pursue his interest in acting . He attended acting classes and began to work in local theatre . He appeared in a production of `` Studs '' at The Tricycle Theatre in Kilburn , London . Career ( edit ) Liam at the Game of Thrones exhibition in May 2013 Cunningham 's debut film role came in Into the West , where he played a police officer . His on - screen acting continued with roles in War of the Buttons , and A Little Princess , before making his first major break - out role in Jude , playing Phillotson . He continued with character roles in RKO 281 , Falling for a Dancer , Shooting the Past , When the Sky Falls and Stranded . Cunningham came to international prominence with his role as Captain Ryan in the critically acclaimed , independent horror film , Dog Soldiers . Since then , he has starred in acclaimed films roles including , The Wind That Shakes the Barley , Hunger , The Guard , Black Butterflies and The Escapist and in numerous high budget British and American films including The League of Gentlemen 's Apocalypse , The Mummy : Tomb of the Dragon Emperor , Clash of the Titans , Centurion , and Harry Brown . On television , he appeared as President Richard Tate in the BBC programme Outcasts . In 2012 , Cunningham joined the main cast for the second season of HBO 's Game of Thrones portraying former smuggler Davos Seaworth , and in 2013 he starred in The Numbers Station alongside John Cusack . He was also cast in season 5 of the BBC series Merlin as a sorcerer . He featured in the music video for `` High Hopes '' by Irish alternative rock band Kodaline from their EP The High Hopes . In April 2013 , he was cast in the seventh season of the hit BBC1 series Doctor Who in the episode `` Cold War '' , where he played Captain Zhukov , the commander of a Russian submarine in 1983 facing one of the Ice Warriors . Personal life ( edit ) Cunningham currently resides in Dublin with his wife Colette , with whom he has three children , daughter Ellen and sons Liam Jr. and Sean . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1992 Public Toilet Short film 1992 Heaven Only Knows Paul Clarke Short film 1992 Into the West Police Officer 1993 The Sea Short film 1994 Undercurrent Greg Laughton 1994 War of the Buttons The Master 1995 A Little Princess Capt . Crewe / Prince Rama 1995 First Knight Sir Agravaine Jude ' Phillotson 1997 The Doherty Brothers Connor Doherty Short film 1997 The Life of Stuff Alex Sneddon 1998 The Tale of Sweety Barrett Detective Bone 1999 A Love Divided Sean Cloney 2000 When the Sky Falls John Cosgrave ( The Runner ) 2001 Revelation Father Ray Connolly 2001 The Island of the Mapmaker 's Wife John Wyndham 2002 Dog Soldiers Capt . Ryan 2002 The Abduction Club John Power 2003 Mystics Sean Foley 2003 The Crooked Man Hamilton The Card Player John Brennan Screwback Harry Short film 2003 The League of Gentlemen 's Apocalypse Director 2005 Breakfast on Pluto 1st Biker 2006 The Wind That Shakes the Barley Dan 2008 The Escapist Brodie 2008 Hunger Father Dominic Moran 2008 Paris Noir Douglas 2008 The Mummy : Tomb of the Dragon Emperor Mad Dog Maguire 2009 Blood : The Last Vampire Michael Harrison 2009 The Tournament Powers 2009 Perrier 's Bounty The Mutt 2009 Harry Brown Sid Rourke Centurion Brick Clash of the Titans Solon The Whistleblower Bill Hynes 2011 Pitch Black Heist Liam Short film Also executive producer 2011 The Guard Francis Sheehy - Skelfington 2011 Black Butterflies Jack Cope 2011 The Silence of Joan The English Captain 2011 War Horse The Army Doctor 2012 Safe House Alec Wade 2013 SLR Elliot Short film 2013 The Numbers Station Grey 2013 Good Vibrations 2014 I Am Here Father Short film 2014 Noble Thomas 2014 Let Us Prey Six 2015 Ladygrey Angus 2015 Dusha shpiona Hillsman 2015 The Childhood of a Leader The Father 2015 Pursuit Fionn 2017 24 Hours to Live Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1993 A Handful of Stars Stapler Television film 1993 Poor Beast in the Rain Danger Doyle Television film 1994 -- 1995 Roughnecks Chris 13 episodes 1995 Cracker Stuart Grady 2 episodes 1997 Police 2020 DCI Billy O'Connell Pilot 1998 Falling for a Dancer Mossie Sheehan Television film 1999 Shooting the Past Christopher Anderson Television film 1999 Too Rich : The Secret Life of Doris Duke Alec Cunningham - Reid Television film 1999 RKO 281 Gregg Toland Television film 2000 A Likeness in Stone Bill Armstrong Television film 2001 Rebel Heart Michael Malone Television film 2001 Attila Theodoric I 2 episodes 2002 Stranded David Robinson Television film 2003 Final Demand David Milner Television film 2003 Prime Suspect Robert West Episode : `` Part 1 '' Messiah Pace Tierney Episode : `` The Promise '' 2005 Showbands Tony Golden Television film 2005 The Clinic Malcolm Keown 5 episodes 2006 Hotel Babylon Adrian McBride Episode # 1.8 2006 Showbands II Tony Golden Television film 2006 Murphy 's Law Drew Johnstone 3 episodes 2007 Afterlife Jonathan Episode : `` Your Hand in Mine '' 2007 The Wild West Wyatt Earp Episode : `` The Gunfight at the OK Corral '' 2007 Northanger Abbey General Tilney Television film 2007 Anner House Neil Barry Television film 2007 The Catherine Tate Show Father Episode : `` Christmas Special '' 2009 The Street Thomas Miller Episode # 3.1 2011 Outcasts President Richard Tate 8 episodes 2011 Camelot Colfur Episode : `` Justice '' 2011 Strike Back : Project Dawn Daniel Connolly 2 episodes 2012 Saving the Titanic Narrator ( voice ) Documentary 2012 Titanic : Blood and Steel Jim Larkin 5 episodes 2012 -- present Game of Thrones Davos Seaworth Main role 2012 Merlin Ruadan 2 episodes 2013 Doctor Who Captain Zhukov Episode : `` Cold War '' 2013 Vera Sam Harper Episode : `` Prodigal Son '' 2015 The Musketeers Belgard Episode : `` The Prodigal Father '' 2017 Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams General Olin Episode : `` Human Is '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2017 Squadron 42 Captain Noah White Performance capture Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Notes 2013 `` High Hopes '' By Kodaline Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Film / Television Award Result 1999 Falling for a Dancer Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in a Lead Television Role Nominated 1999 A Love Divided Irish Film and Television Award for Best Male Actor in a Lead Film Role Nominated 2006 Showbands II Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role in Television Nominated 2006 Murphy 's Law Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in Television Nominated 2006 The Wind That Shakes the Barley Irish Film and Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Film Won 2008 Hunger London Film Critics ' Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor of the Year Nominated 2008 Irish Film and Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Film Won 2008 British Independent Film Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Film Nominated 2012 Pitch Black Heist BAFTA Award for Best Short Film Won 2012 The Guard Irish Film and Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Film Nominated 2014 Game of Thrones Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Drama Nominated 2015 Nominated 2016 Nominated 2017 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated 2017 Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Drama Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham signs for next six season of Game of Thrones '' . Independent Women . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for Liam Cunningham '' . IMDb . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA : Pitch Black Heist '' . Latitude Festival . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Falling for an Irish Lad '' . Irish News , Belfast , Northern Ireland , 27 November 1999 -- by Robert McMillen . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Casts Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Numbers Station '' . Matador Pictures . Archived from the original on 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham cast in BBC 's Merlin '' . Irish Film and Television Network . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kodaline - High Hopes. 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards '' . entertainment.ie . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Liam Cunningham on IMDb VIAF : 85816998 LCCN : nr98001464 ISNI : 0000 0001 2142 2665 GND : 124393519 SUDOC : 113729022 BNF : cb14167736r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liam_Cunningham&oldid=809312632 '' Categories : 1961 births Living people Irish male film actors Irish male television actors Irish male stage actors Male actors from Dublin ( city ) 20th - century Irish male actors 21st - century Irish male actors Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from August 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Malagasy მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 10 : 40 . 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437314671507249929 | Covering a base | Covering a base - wikipedia Covering a base This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A first baseman ( standing in white ) covering first base during a pickoff attempt . In baseball , part of the infielders ' and pitcher 's jobs is to cover bases . That is , they stand next to a base in anticipation of receiving the ball thrown from another fielder , so that they may make a play on an opposing baserunner who is approaching that base . On a force play or appeal play , the fielder covering the base stands with one foot on that base . In general , the first baseman covers first base , the second baseman or shortstop covers second , the third baseman covers third , and the catcher covers home plate . However , on ground balls hit to the first baseman away from first base , the pitcher will cover first base instead . On a ground ball to either the shortstop or the second baseman , the other of those will cover second base . With a runner on first base , when a ground ball is hit to the third baseman , second base will be covered by the second baseman , because unlike the shortstop he does not have to turn his back to the third baseman in order to get to second base . Likewise , with a runner on first base , when a ground ball is hit to the first baseman , second base will be covered by the shortstop , who unlike the second baseman does not have to turn his back toward the first baseman in order to get to second base . When a runner on first base attempts to steal second base , the shortstop and second baseman will have arranged in advance which one will cover second base to receive the ball from the catcher . Likewise , when the pitcher attempts to pick off a runner at second base , the shortstop and second baseman will have arranged in advance which one will cover second base . With baserunners on first and second bases , sometimes the shortstop will cover third base on a bunt , a coverage plan known as the `` rotation play '' or `` wheelplay . '' This occurs if the batter bunts the ball toward third base so that the third baseman can not cover third base because he is moving forward to field the ball . If the defense is employing an extreme shift , with the shortstop playing on the first - base side of second base and with the third baseman playing near second base ( because by reputation the batter is anticipated to hit the ball to the right side of the infield ) , in some cases the pitcher may need to cover third base . When the pitcher throws a wild pitch , or when the catcher permits a passed ball , so that in either case the catcher has to retreat farther into foul territory away from home plate to retrieve the ball , if there is a runner on third base the pitcher will cover home plate . Depending on the situation , however , various fielders can cover any base , and sometimes even an outfielder can cover a base . In American English , the expression `` cover your bases '' used outside of a baseball setting means to be thoroughly prepared for something . Baseball concepts Outline , Glossary Rules Rules of baseball Ground rules Infield fly rule Interference Pitch clock Park / Field Backstop Baseball diamond Batter 's box Batter 's eye Bullpen Dugout Foul pole Foul territory Infield On - deck circle Outfield Warning track Equipment Ball Bat Batting cage Batting glove Batting helmet Cap Doughnut Glove ( defense ) Pitching machine Protective cup Shin guard Stirrups Uniform Uniform number Game process Batting order Extra innings Innings On - deck Out Positions Run Seventh - inning stretch Pace of play Batting At bat Baltimore chop Bat flip Chinese home run Batting count Bunt sacrifice bunt slap bunt squeeze play Checked swing Cleanup hitter Designated hitter Double Double switch Foul ball Foul tip Golden sombrero Grand slam Ground rule double Hat trick Hit Hit and run Hit by pitch Hitting for the cycle Home run Infield hit Inside - the - park home run Leadoff hitter Lefty - righty switch Line drive Moonshot Plate appearance Platoon system Pull hitter Sacrifice fly Single Strikeout Strike zone Sweet spot Switch hitter Triple Walk Walk - off home run Pitching Balk Beanball Breaking ball Brushback pitch Changeup Curveball Eephus Fastball Full count Immaculate inning Inside pitching Intentional walk Knuckleball No - hitter Perfect game Pitch count Pitchout Quick pitch Screwball Shutout Slider Spitball Strikeout Striking out the side Time of pitch Wild pitch Base running Balk Bases loaded Caught stealing Contact play Hit and run Left on base Obstruction Safe Scoring position Slide Small ball Squeeze play Stolen base Tag up Fielding ( positioning ) Appeal play Assist Blocking the plate Catch Defensive indifference Double play Error Fielder 's choice Fifth infielder Force play Fourth out Hidden ball trick In - between hop Infield fly rule Infield shift Interference Passed ball Pickoff Putout Rundown Tag out Triple play unassisted Uncaught third strike Wall climb Wheel play Miscellaneous Baseball statistics Bench jockey Bench - clearing brawl Dead ball Jargon In flight Pepper Scorekeeping Series Shagging Slump Streak ( losing ) Streak ( winning ) Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Covering_a_base&oldid=765164680 '' Categories : Baseball terminology Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2008 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2017 , at 23 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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358370838670996807 | Roman Empire | Roman Empire - Wikipedia Roman Empire Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of `` Roman Empire '' , see Roman Empire ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Latin Empire or Holy Roman Empire . Roman Empire Imperium Romanum ( Latin ) Senatus Populusque Romanus ( SPQR ) Roman Senate and People Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων ( Ancient Greek ) Basileía Rhōmaíōn 27 BC -- 395 AD 395 -- 476 ( Western ) 395 -- 1453 ( Eastern ) Aureus of Augustus Vexilloid The Roman Empire in 117 AD , at its greatest extent at the time of Trajan 's death ( with its vassals in pink ) . Capital Rome ( 27 BC -- AD 410 ) Mediolanum ( 286 -- 402 , Western ) Augusta Treverorum Sirmium Ravenna ( 402 -- 476 , Western ) Nicomedia ( 286 -- 330 , Eastern ) Constantinople ( 330 -- 1453 , Eastern ) Syracuse ( 663 -- 669 , Eastern ) Languages Latin ( official until 610 ) Greek ( official after 610 ) Regional / local languages Religion Before AD 380 : Imperial cult - driven polytheism From AD 380 : Nicene Christianity Government Mixed , functionally absolute monarchy Emperor 27 BC -- AD 14 Augustus ( first ) 98 -- 117 Trajan 284 -- 305 Diocletian 306 -- 337 Constantine I 379 -- 395 Theodosius I 474 -- 480 Julius Nepos 527 -- 565 Justinian I 976 -- 1025 Basil II 1449 -- 1453 Constantine XI Legislature Senate Historical era Classical era to Late Middle Ages Final War of the Roman Republic 32 -- 30 BC Empire established 30 -- 2 BC Constantinople becomes capital 330 Final East West divide 395 Fall of the Western Roman Empire 476 Fourth Crusade 1202 -- 1204 Reconquest of Constantinople 1261 Fall of Constantinople 29 May 1453 Fall of Trebizond 15 August 1461 Area 25 BC 2,750,000 km ( 1,060,000 sq mi ) AD 117 5,000,000 km ( 1,900,000 sq mi ) AD 390 4,400,000 km ( 1,700,000 sq mi ) Population 25 BC est . 56,800,000 Density 21 / km ( 53 / sq mi ) Currency Sestertius , Aureus , Solidus , Nomisma Preceded by Succeeded by Roman Republic Western Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( Latin : Imperium Rōmānum ; Classical Latin : ( ɪmˈpɛ. ri. ũː roːˈmaː. nũː ) Koine and Medieval Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων , tr . Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC -- c . AD 400 , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around AD 500 , and the Empire 's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world 's population at the time ) . The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar 's adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian 's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus , effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic . The imperial period of Rome lasted approximately 1,500 years compared to the 500 years of the Republican era . The first two centuries of the empire 's existence were a period of unprecedented political stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana , or `` Roman Peace '' . Following Octavian 's victory , the size of the empire was dramatically increased . After the assassination of Caligula in AD 41 , the Senate briefly considered restoring the republic , but the Praetorian Guard proclaimed Claudius emperor instead . Under Claudius , the empire invaded Britannia , its first major expansion since Augustus . After Claudius ' successor , Nero , committed suicide in AD 68 , the empire suffered a series of brief civil wars , as well as a concurrent major rebellion in Judea , during which four different legionary generals were proclaimed emperor . Vespasian emerged triumphant in AD 69 , establishing the Flavian dynasty , before being succeeded by his son Titus , who opened the Colosseum shortly after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . His short reign was followed by the long reign of his brother Domitian , who was eventually assassinated . The Senate then appointed the first of the Five Good Emperors . The empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan , the second in this line . A period of increasing trouble and decline began with the reign of Commodus . Commodus ' assassination in 192 triggered the Year of the Five Emperors , of which Septimius Severus emerged victorious . The assassination of Alexander Severus in 235 led to the Crisis of the Third Century in which 26 men were declared emperor by the Roman Senate over a fifty - year time span . It was not until the reign of Diocletian that the empire was fully stabilized with the introduction of the Tetrarchy , which saw four emperors rule the empire at once . This arrangement was ultimately unsuccessful , leading to a civil war that was finally ended by Constantine the Great , who defeated his rivals and became the sole ruler of the empire in 324 . Constantine subsequently established a second capital city in Byzantium , which he renamed Constantinople . It remained the capital of the east until its demise . Constantine also adopted Christianity which later became the official state religion of the empire . Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 , the empire was permanently divided between the West and the East . The dominion of the Western Roman Empire was gradually eroded by abuses of power , civil wars , barbarian migrations and invasions , military reforms and economic depression . The Sack of Rome in 410 by the Visigoths and again in 455 by the Vandals accelerated the Western Empire 's decay , while the deposition of the emperor , Romulus Augustulus , in 476 by Odoacer , is generally accepted to mark the end of the empire in the west . However , Augustulus was never recognized by his Eastern colleague , and separate rule in the Western part of the empire only ceased to exist upon the death of Julius Nepos , in 480 . The Eastern Roman Empire ( in modern historiography called the Byzantine Empire ) endured for another millennium as one of the leading powers in the world alongside its arch - rival the Sassanid Empire , which had inherited a centuries - old Roman - Persian conflict from its predecessor the Parthians . It eventually fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 . The Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic , cultural , political and military forces in the world of its time . It was one of the largest empires in world history . At its height under Trajan , it covered 5 million square kilometres . It held sway over an estimated 70 million people , at that time 21 % of the world 's entire population . The longevity and vast extent of the empire ensured the lasting influence of Latin and Greek language , culture , religion , inventions , architecture , philosophy , law and forms of government on the empire 's descendants . Throughout the European medieval period , attempts were even made to establish successors to the Roman Empire , including the Empire of Romania , a Crusader state , and the Holy Roman Empire . By means of European colonialism following the Renaissance , and their descendant states , Greco - Roman and Judaeo - Christian culture was exported on a worldwide scale , playing a crucial role in the development of the modern world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography and demography 3 Languages 3.1 Local languages and linguistic legacy 4 Society 4.1 Legal status 4.1. 1 Women in Roman law 4.1. 2 Slaves and the law 4.1. 3 Freedmen 4.2 Census rank 4.2. 1 Unequal justice 5 Government and military 5.1 Central government 5.2 Military 5.3 Provincial government 5.4 Roman law 5.5 Taxation 6 Economy 6.1 Currency and banking 6.2 Mining and metallurgy 6.3 Transportation and communication 6.4 Trade and commodities 6.5 Labour and occupations 6.6 GDP and income distribution 7 Architecture and engineering 8 Daily life 8.1 City and country 8.2 Food and dining 8.3 Recreation and spectacles 8.3. 1 Personal training and play 8.4 Clothing 9 The arts 9.1 Portraiture 9.2 Sculpture 9.2. 1 Sarcophagi 9.3 Painting 9.4 Mosaic 9.5 Decorative arts 9.6 Performing arts 10 Literacy , books , and education 10.1 Primary education 10.2 Secondary education 10.3 Educated women 10.4 Decline of literacy 11 Literature 12 Religion 13 Political legacy 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 16.1 Citations 16.2 Cited sources 17 External links History Main article : History of the Roman Empire See also : Campaign history of the Roman military , Roman - Persian Wars , and Roman Kingdom The Augustus of Prima Porta ( early 1st century AD ) Bust of Tiberius Julius Sauromates II ( d . 210 AD ) , ruler of the Bosporan Kingdom in Roman Crimea , one of Rome 's client states Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the republic in the 6th century BC , though it did not expand outside the Italian Peninsula until the 3rd century BC . Then , it was an `` empire '' long before it had an emperor . The Roman Republic was not a nation - state in the modern sense , but a network of towns left to rule themselves ( though with varying degrees of independence from the Roman Senate ) and provinces administered by military commanders . It was ruled , not by emperors , but by annually elected magistrates ( Roman Consuls above all ) in conjunction with the senate . For various reasons , the 1st century BC was a time of political and military upheaval , which ultimately led to rule by emperors . The consuls ' military power rested in the Roman legal concept of imperium , which literally means `` command '' ( though typically in a military sense ) . Occasionally , successful consuls were given the honorary title imperator ( commander ) , and this is the origin of the word emperor ( and empire ) since this title ( among others ) was always bestowed to the early emperors upon their accession . Rome suffered a long series of internal conflicts , conspiracies and civil wars from the late second century BC onwards , while greatly extending its power beyond Italy . This was the period of the Crisis of the Roman Republic . Towards the end of this era , in 44 BC , Julius Caesar was briefly perpetual dictator before being assassinated . The faction of his assassins was driven from Rome and defeated at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC by an army led by Mark Antony and Caesar 's adopted son Octavian . Antony and Octavian 's division of the Roman world between themselves did not last and Octavian 's forces defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC . In 27 BC the Senate and People of Rome made Octavian princeps ( `` first citizen '' ) with proconsular imperium , thus beginning the Principate ( the first epoch of Roman imperial history , usually dated from 27 BC to AD 284 ) , and gave him the name `` Augustus '' ( `` the venerated '' ) . Though the old constitutional machinery remained in place , Augustus came to predominate it . Although the republic stood in name , contemporaries of Augustus knew it was just a veil and that Augustus had all meaningful authority in Rome . Since his rule ended a century of civil wars and began an unprecedented period of peace and prosperity , he was so loved that he came to hold the power of a monarch de facto if not de jure . During the years of his rule , a new constitutional order emerged ( in part organically and in part by design ) , so that , upon his death , this new constitutional order operated as before when Tiberius was accepted as the new emperor . The 200 years that began with Augustus 's rule is traditionally regarded as the Pax Romana ( `` Roman Peace '' ) . During this period , the cohesion of the empire was furthered by a degree of social stability and economic prosperity that Rome had never before experienced . Uprisings in the provinces were infrequent , but put down `` mercilessly and swiftly '' when they occurred . The sixty years of Jewish -- Roman wars in the second half of the 1st century and the first half of the 2nd century were exceptional in their duration and violence . The success of Augustus in establishing principles of dynastic succession was limited by his outliving a number of talented potential heirs . The Julio - Claudian dynasty lasted for four more emperors -- Tiberius , Caligula , Claudius and Nero -- before it yielded in 69 AD to the strife - torn Year of Four Emperors , from which Vespasian emerged as victor . Vespasian became the founder of the brief Flavian dynasty , to be followed by the Nerva -- Antonine dynasty which produced the `` Five Good Emperors '' : Nerva , Trajan , Hadrian , Antoninus Pius and the philosophically - inclined Marcus Aurelius . In the view of the Greek historian Dio Cassius , a contemporary observer , the accession of the emperor Commodus in 180 AD marked the descent `` from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron '' -- a famous comment which has led some historians , notably Edward Gibbon , to take Commodus ' reign as the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire . In 212 , during the reign of Caracalla , Roman citizenship was granted to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire . But despite this gesture of universality , the Severan dynasty was tumultuous -- an emperor 's reign was ended routinely by his murder or execution -- and , following its collapse , the Roman Empire was engulfed by the Crisis of the Third Century , a period of invasions , civil strife , economic disorder , and plague . In defining historical epochs , this crisis is sometimes viewed as marking the transition from Classical Antiquity to Late Antiquity . Aurelian ( reigned 270 -- 275 ) brought the empire back from the brink and stabilized it . Diocletian completed the work of fully restoring the empire , but declined the role of princeps and became the first emperor to be addressed regularly as domine , `` master '' or `` lord '' . This marked the end of the Principate , and the beginning of the Dominate . Diocletian 's reign also brought the empire 's most concerted effort against the perceived threat of Christianity , the `` Great Persecution '' . The state of absolute monarchy that began with Diocletian endured until the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire in 1453 . Diocletian divided the empire into four regions , each ruled by a separate emperor , the Tetrarchy . Confident that he fixed the disorders that were plaguing Rome , he abdicated along with his co-emperor , and the Tetrarchy soon collapsed . Order was eventually restored by Constantine the Great , who became the first emperor to convert to Christianity , and who established Constantinople as the new capital of the eastern empire . During the decades of the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties , the empire was divided along an east -- west axis , with dual power centres in Constantinople and Rome . The reign of Julian , who attempted to restore Classical Roman and Hellenistic religion , only briefly interrupted the succession of Christian emperors . Theodosius I , the last emperor to rule over both East and West , died in 395 AD after making Christianity the official religion of the empire . The Roman Empire by 476 The Western Roman Empire began to disintegrate in the early 5th century as Germanic migrations and invasions overwhelmed the capacity of the Empire to assimilate the migrants and fight off the invaders . The Romans were successful in fighting off all invaders , most famously Attila , though the empire had assimilated so many Germanic peoples of dubious loyalty to Rome that the empire started to dismember itself . Most chronologies place the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476 , when Romulus Augustulus was forced to abdicate to the Germanic warlord Odoacer . By placing himself under the rule of the Eastern Emperor , rather than naming himself Emperor ( as other Germanic chiefs had done after deposing past emperors ) , Odoacer ended the Western Empire by ending the line of Western emperors . The empire in the East -- often known as the Byzantine Empire , but referred to in its time as the Roman Empire or by various other names -- had a different fate . It survived for almost a millennium after the fall of its Western counterpart and became the most stable Christian realm during the Middle Ages . During the 6th century , Justinian I reconquered Northern Africa and Italy . But within a few years of Justinian 's death , Byzantine possessions in Italy were greatly reduced by the Lombards who settled in the peninsula . In the east , partially resulting from the destructive Plague of Justinian , the Romans were threatened by the rise of Islam , whose followers rapidly conquered the territories of Syria , Armenia and Egypt during the Byzantine - Arab Wars , and soon presented a direct threat to Constantinople . In the following century , the Arabs also captured southern Italy and Sicily . Slavic populations were also able to penetrate deep into the Balkans . The Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire c. 1263 . The Romans , however , managed to stop further Islamic expansion into their lands during the 8th century and , beginning in the 9th century , reclaimed parts of the conquered lands . In 1000 AD , the Eastern Empire was at its height : Basil II reconquered Bulgaria and Armenia , culture and trade flourished . However , soon after , the expansion was abruptly stopped in 1071 with the Byzantine defeat in the Battle of Manzikert . The aftermath of this important battle sent the empire into a protracted period of decline . Two decades of internal strife and Turkic invasions ultimately paved the way for Emperor Alexios I Komnenos to send a call for help to the Western European kingdoms in 1095 . The West responded with the Crusades , eventually resulting in the Sack of Constantinople by participants in the Fourth Crusade . The conquest of Constantinople in 1204 fragmented what remained of the Empire into successor states , the ultimate victor being that of Nicaea . After the recapture of Constantinople by Imperial forces , the Empire was little more than a Greek state confined to the Aegean coast . The Roman Empire finally collapsed when Mehmed the Conqueror conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453 . Geography and demography Main articles : Demography of the Roman Empire and Borders of the Roman Empire Further information : Classical demography The Roman Empire was one of the largest in history , with contiguous territories throughout Europe , North Africa , and the Middle East . The Latin phrase imperium sine fine ( `` empire without end '' ) expressed the ideology that neither time nor space limited the Empire . In Vergil 's epic poem the Aeneid , limitless empire is said to be granted to the Romans by their supreme deity Jupiter . This claim of universal dominion was renewed and perpetuated when the Empire came under Christian rule in the 4th century . In reality , Roman expansion was mostly accomplished under the Republic , though parts of northern Europe were conquered in the 1st century AD , when Roman control in Europe , Africa and Asia was strengthened . During the reign of Augustus , a `` global map of the known world '' was displayed for the first time in public at Rome , coinciding with the composition of the most comprehensive work on political geography that survives from antiquity , the Geography of the Pontic Greek writer Strabo . When Augustus died , the commemorative account of his achievements ( Res Gestae ) prominently featured the geographical cataloguing of peoples and places within the Empire . Geography , the census , and the meticulous keeping of written records were central concerns of Roman Imperial administration . A segment of the ruins of Hadrian 's Wall in northern England The Empire reached its largest expanse under Trajan ( reigned 98 -- 117 ) , encompassing an area of 5 million square kilometres . The traditional population estimate of 55 -- 60 million inhabitants accounted for between one - sixth and one - fourth of the world 's total population and made it the largest population of any unified political entity in the West until the mid-19th century . Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from 70 million to more than 100 million . Each of the three largest cities in the Empire -- Rome , Alexandria , and Antioch -- was almost twice the size of any European city at the beginning of the 17th century . As the historian Christopher Kelly has described it : Then the empire stretched from Hadrian 's Wall in drizzle - soaked northern England to the sun - baked banks of the Euphrates in Syria ; from the great Rhine -- Danube river system , which snaked across the fertile , flat lands of Europe from the Low Countries to the Black Sea , to the rich plains of the North African coast and the luxuriant gash of the Nile Valley in Egypt . The empire completely circled the Mediterranean ... referred to by its conquerors as mare nostrum -- ' our sea ' . Trajan 's successor Hadrian adopted a policy of maintaining rather than expanding the empire . Borders ( fines ) were marked , and the frontiers ( limites ) patrolled . The most heavily fortified borders were the most unstable . Hadrian 's Wall , which separated the Roman world from what was perceived as an ever - present barbarian threat , is the primary surviving monument of this effort . Languages This section may contain misleading parts . Please help clarify this article according to any suggestions provided on the talk page . ( September 2016 ) Main article : Languages of the Roman Empire The language of the Romans was Latin , which Virgil emphasizes as a source of Roman unity and tradition . Until the time of Alexander Severus ( reigned 222 -- 235 ) , the birth certificates and wills of Roman citizens had to be written in Latin . Latin was the language of the law courts in the West and of the military throughout the Empire , but was not imposed officially on peoples brought under Roman rule . This policy contrasts with that of Alexander the Great , who aimed to impose Greek throughout his empire as the official language . As a consequence of Alexander 's conquests , koine Greek had become the shared language around the eastern Mediterranean and into Asia Minor . The `` linguistic frontier '' dividing the Latin West and the Greek East passed through the Balkan peninsula . A 5th - century papyrus showing a parallel Latin - Greek text of a speech by Cicero Romans who received an elite education studied Greek as a literary language , and most men of the governing classes could speak Greek . The Julio - Claudian emperors encouraged high standards of correct Latin ( Latinitas ) , a linguistic movement identified in modern terms as Classical Latin , and favoured Latin for conducting official business . Claudius tried to limit the use of Greek , and on occasion revoked the citizenship of those who lacked Latin , but even in the Senate he drew on his own bilingualism in communicating with Greek - speaking ambassadors . Suetonius quotes him as referring to `` our two languages '' . In the Eastern empire , laws and official documents were regularly translated into Greek from Latin . The everyday interpenetration of the two languages is indicated by bilingual inscriptions , which sometimes even switch back and forth between Greek and Latin . After all freeborn inhabitants of the empire were universally enfranchised in 212 AD , a great number of Roman citizens would have lacked Latin , though they were expected to acquire at least a token knowledge , and Latin remained a marker of `` Romanness . '' Among other reforms , the emperor Diocletian ( reigned 284 -- 305 ) sought to renew the authority of Latin , and the Greek expression hē kratousa dialektos attests to the continuing status of Latin as `` the language of power . '' In the early 6th century , the emperor Justinian engaged in a quixotic effort to reassert the status of Latin as the language of law , even though in his time Latin no longer held any currency as a living language in the East . Local languages and linguistic legacy Bilingual Latin - Punic inscription at the theatre in Leptis Magna , Roman Africa ( present - day Libya ) References to interpreters indicate the continuing use of local languages other than Greek and Latin , particularly in Egypt , where Coptic predominated , and in military settings along the Rhine and Danube . Roman jurists also show a concern for local languages such as Punic , Gaulish , and Aramaic in assuring the correct understanding and application of laws and oaths . In the province of Africa , Libyco - Berber and Punic were used in inscriptions and for legends on coins during the time of Tiberius ( 1st century AD ) . Libyco - Berber and Punic inscriptions appear on public buildings into the 2nd century , some bilingual with Latin . In Syria , Palmyrene soldiers even used their dialect of Aramaic for inscriptions , in a striking exception to the rule that Latin was the language of the military . The Babatha Archive is a suggestive example of multilingualism in the Empire . These papyri , named for a Jewish woman in the province of Arabia and dating from 93 to 132 AD , mostly employ Aramaic , the local language , written in Greek characters with Semitic and Latin influences ; a petition to the Roman governor , however , was written in Greek . The dominance of Latin among the literate elite may obscure the continuity of spoken languages , since all cultures within the Roman Empire were predominantly oral . In the West , Latin , referred to in its spoken form as Vulgar Latin , gradually replaced Celtic and Italic languages that were related to it by a shared Indo - European origin . Commonalities in syntax and vocabulary facilitated the adoption of Latin . After the decentralization of political power in late antiquity , Latin developed locally into branches that became the Romance languages , such as Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian and Romanian , and a large number of minor languages and dialects . Today , more than 900 million people are native speakers worldwide . As an international language of learning and literature , Latin itself continued as an active medium of expression for diplomacy and for intellectual developments identified with Renaissance humanism up to the 17th century , and for law and the Roman Catholic Church to the present . Although Greek continued as the language of the Byzantine Empire , linguistic distribution in the East was more complex . A Greek - speaking majority lived in the Greek peninsula and islands , western Anatolia , major cities , and some coastal areas . Like Greek and Latin , the Thracian language was of Indo - European origin , as were several now - extinct languages in Anatolia attested by Imperial - era inscriptions . Albanian is often seen as the descendant of Illyrian , although this hypothesis has been challenged by some linguists , who maintain that it derives from Dacian or Thracian . ( Illyrian , Dacian , and Thracian , however , may have formed a subgroup or a Sprachbund ; see Thraco - Illyrian . ) Various Afroasiatic languages -- primarily Coptic in Egypt , and Aramaic in Syria and Mesopotamia -- were never replaced by Greek . The international use of Greek , however , was one factor enabling the spread of Christianity , as indicated for example by the use of Greek for the Epistles of Paul . Society For more details on this topic , see Ancient Roman society . A multigenerational banquet depicted on a wall painting from Pompeii ( 1st century AD ) Spread of Seuso at Lacus Pelso ( Lake Balaton ) The Roman Empire was remarkably multicultural , with `` a rather astonishing cohesive capacity '' to create a sense of shared identity while encompassing diverse peoples within its political system over a long span of time . The Roman attention to creating public monuments and communal spaces open to all -- such as forums , amphitheatres , racetracks and baths -- helped foster a sense of `` Romanness '' . Roman society had multiple , overlapping social hierarchies that modern concepts of `` class '' in English may not represent accurately . The two decades of civil war from which Augustus rose to sole power left traditional society in Rome in a state of confusion and upheaval , but did not affect an immediate redistribution of wealth and social power . From the perspective of the lower classes , a peak was merely added to the social pyramid . Personal relationships -- patronage , friendship ( amicitia ) , family , marriage -- continued to influence the workings of politics and government , as they had in the Republic . By the time of Nero , however , it was not unusual to find a former slave who was richer than a freeborn citizen , or an equestrian who exercised greater power than a senator . The blurring or diffusion of the Republic 's more rigid hierarchies led to increased social mobility under the Empire , both upward and downward , to an extent that exceeded that of all other well - documented ancient societies . Women , freedmen , and slaves had opportunities to profit and exercise influence in ways previously less available to them . Social life in the Empire , particularly for those whose personal resources were limited , was further fostered by a proliferation of voluntary associations and confraternities ( collegia and sodalitates ) formed for various purposes : professional and trade guilds , veterans ' groups , religious sodalities , drinking and dining clubs , performing arts troupes , and burial societies . Citizen of Roman Egypt ( Fayum mummy portrait ) Infanticide has been recorded in the Roman Empire and may have been widespread . Legal status Main articles : Status in Roman legal system and Roman citizenship According to the jurist Gaius , the essential distinction in the Roman `` law of persons '' was that all human beings were either free ( liberi ) or slaves ( servi ) . The legal status of free persons might be further defined by their citizenship . Most citizens held limited rights ( such as the ius Latinum , `` Latin right '' ) , but were entitled to legal protections and privileges not enjoyed by those who lacked citizenship . Free people not considered citizens , but living within the Roman world , held status as peregrini , non-Romans . In 212 AD , by means of the edict known as the Constitutio Antoniniana , the emperor Caracalla extended citizenship to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire . This legal egalitarianism would have required a far - reaching revision of existing laws that had distinguished between citizens and non-citizens . Women in Roman law Main article : Women in ancient Rome Freeborn Roman women were considered citizens throughout the Republic and Empire , but did not vote , hold political office , or serve in the military . A mother 's citizen status determined that of her children , as indicated by the phrase ex duobus civibus Romanis natos ( `` children born of two Roman citizens '' ) . A Roman woman kept her own family name ( nomen ) for life . Children most often took the father 's name , but in the Imperial period sometimes made their mother 's name part of theirs , or even used it instead . Left image : Roman fresco of a blond maiden reading a text , Pompeian Fourth Style ( 60 -- 79 AD ) , Pompeii , Italy Right image : Bronze statuette ( 1st century AD ) of a young woman reading , based on a Hellenistic original The archaic form of manus marriage in which the woman had been subject to her husband 's authority was largely abandoned by the Imperial era , and a married woman retained ownership of any property she brought into the marriage . Technically she remained under her father 's legal authority , even though she moved into her husband 's home , but when her father died she became legally emancipated . This arrangement was one of the factors in the degree of independence Roman women enjoyed relative to those of many other ancient cultures and up to the modern period : although she had to answer to her father in legal matters , she was free of his direct scrutiny in her daily life , and her husband had no legal power over her . Although it was a point of pride to be a `` one - man woman '' ( univira ) who had married only once , there was little stigma attached to divorce , nor to speedy remarriage after the loss of a husband through death or divorce . Girls had equal inheritance rights with boys if their father died without leaving a will . A Roman mother 's right to own property and to dispose of it as she saw fit , including setting the terms of her own will , gave her enormous influence over her sons even when they were adults . As part of the Augustan programme to restore traditional morality and social order , moral legislation attempted to regulate the conduct of men and women as a means of promoting `` family values '' . Adultery , which had been a private family matter under the Republic , was criminalized , and defined broadly as an illicit sex act ( stuprum ) that occurred between a male citizen and a married woman , or between a married woman and any man other than her husband . Childbearing was encouraged by the state : a woman who had given birth to three children was granted symbolic honours and greater legal freedom ( the ius trium liberorum ) . Because of their legal status as citizens and the degree to which they could become emancipated , women could own property , enter contracts , and engage in business , including shipping , manufacturing , and lending money . Inscriptions throughout the Empire honour women as benefactors in funding public works , an indication they could acquire and dispose of considerable fortunes ; for instance , the Arch of the Sergii was funded by Salvia Postuma , a female member of the family honoured , and the largest building in the forum at Pompeii was funded by Eumachia , a priestess of Venus . Slaves and the law Main article : Slavery in ancient Rome At the time of Augustus , as many as 35 % of the people in Italy were slaves , making Rome one of five historical `` slave societies '' in which slaves constituted at least a fifth of the population and played a major role in the economy . Slavery was a complex institution that supported traditional Roman social structures as well as contributing economic utility . In urban settings , slaves might be professionals such as teachers , physicians , chefs , and accountants , in addition to the majority of slaves who provided trained or unskilled labour in households or workplaces . Agriculture and industry , such as milling and mining , relied on the exploitation of slaves . Outside Italy , slaves made up on average an estimated 10 to 20 % of the population , sparse in Roman Egypt but more concentrated in some Greek areas . Expanding Roman ownership of arable land and industries would have affected preexisting practices of slavery in the provinces . Although the institution of slavery has often been regarded as waning in the 3rd and 4th centuries , it remained an integral part of Roman society until the 5th century . Slavery ceased gradually in the 6th and 7th centuries along with the decline of urban centres in the West and the disintegration of the complex Imperial economy that had created the demand for it . Slave holding writing tablets for his master ( relief from a 4th - century sarcophagus ) Laws pertaining to slavery were `` extremely intricate '' . Under Roman law , slaves were considered property and had no legal personhood . They could be subjected to forms of corporal punishment not normally exercised on citizens , sexual exploitation , torture , and summary execution . A slave could not as a matter of law be raped , since rape could be committed only against people who were free ; a slave 's rapist had to be prosecuted by the owner for property damage under the Aquilian Law . Slaves had no right to the form of legal marriage called conubium , but their unions were sometimes recognized , and if both were freed they could marry . Following the Servile Wars of the Republic , legislation under Augustus and his successors shows a driving concern for controlling the threat of rebellions through limiting the size of work groups , and for hunting down fugitive slaves . Technically , a slave could not own property , but a slave who conducted business might be given access to an individual account or fund ( peculium ) that he could use as if it were his own . The terms of this account varied depending on the degree of trust and co-operation between owner and slave : a slave with an aptitude for business could be given considerable leeway to generate profit , and might be allowed to bequeath the peculium he managed to other slaves of his household . Within a household or workplace , a hierarchy of slaves might exist , with one slave in effect acting as the master of other slaves . Over time slaves gained increased legal protection , including the right to file complaints against their masters . A bill of sale might contain a clause stipulating that the slave could not be employed for prostitution , as prostitutes in ancient Rome were often slaves . The burgeoning trade in eunuch slaves in the late 1st century AD prompted legislation that prohibited the castration of a slave against his will `` for lust or gain . '' Roman slavery was not based on race . Slaves were drawn from all over Europe and the Mediterranean , including Gaul , Hispania , Germany , Britannia , the Balkans , Greece ... Generally slaves in Italy were indigenous Italians , with a minority of foreigners ( including both slaves and freedmen ) born outside of Italy estimated at 5 % of the total in the capital at its peak , where their number was largest . Those from outside of Europe were predominantly of Greek descent , while the Jewish ones never fully assimilated into Roman society , remaining an identifiable minority . These slaves ( especially the foreigners ) had higher mortality rates and lower birth rates than natives , and were sometimes even subjected to mass expulsions . The average recorded age at death for the slaves of the city of Rome was extraordinarily low : seventeen and a half years ( 17.2 for males ; 17.9 for females ) . During the period of Republican expansionism when slavery had become pervasive , war captives were a main source of slaves . The range of ethnicities among slaves to some extent reflected that of the armies Rome defeated in war , and the conquest of Greece brought a number of highly skilled and educated slaves into Rome . Slaves were also traded in markets , and sometimes sold by pirates . Infant abandonment and self - enslavement among the poor were other sources . Vernae , by contrast , were `` homegrown '' slaves born to female slaves within the urban household or on a country estate or farm . Although they had no special legal status , an owner who mistreated or failed to care for his vernae faced social disapproval , as they were considered part of his familia , the family household , and in some cases might actually be the children of free males in the family . Talented slaves with a knack for business might accumulate a large enough peculium to justify their freedom , or be manumitted for services rendered . Manumission had become frequent enough that in 2 BC a law ( Lex Fufia Caninia ) limited the number of slaves an owner was allowed to free in his will . Freedmen Cinerary urn for the freedman Tiberius Claudius Chryseros and two women , probably his wife and daughter Rome differed from Greek city - states in allowing freed slaves to become citizens . After manumission , a slave who had belonged to a Roman citizen enjoyed not only passive freedom from ownership , but active political freedom ( libertas ) , including the right to vote . A slave who had acquired libertas was a libertus ( `` freed person , '' feminine liberta ) in relation to his former master , who then became his patron ( patronus ) : the two parties continued to have customary and legal obligations to each other . As a social class generally , freed slaves were libertini , though later writers used the terms libertus and libertinus interchangeably . A libertinus was not entitled to hold public office or the highest state priesthoods , but he could play a priestly role in the cult of the emperor . He could not marry a woman from a family of senatorial rank , nor achieve legitimate senatorial rank himself , but during the early Empire , freedmen held key positions in the government bureaucracy , so much so that Hadrian limited their participation by law . Any future children of a freedman would be born free , with full rights of citizenship . The rise of successful freedmen -- through either political influence in imperial service , or wealth -- is a characteristic of early Imperial society . The prosperity of a high - achieving group of freedmen is attested by inscriptions throughout the Empire , and by their ownership of some of the most lavish houses at Pompeii , such as the House of the Vettii . The excesses of nouveau riche freedmen were satirized in the character of Trimalchio in the Satyricon by Petronius , who wrote in the time of Nero . Such individuals , while exceptional , are indicative of the upward social mobility possible in the Empire . Census rank See also : Senate of the Roman Empire , Equestrian order , and Decurion ( administrative ) The Latin word ordo ( plural ordines ) refers to a social distinction that is translated variously into English as `` class , order , rank , '' none of which is exact . One purpose of the Roman census was to determine the ordo to which an individual belonged . The two highest ordines in Rome were the senatorial and equestrian . Outside Rome , the decurions , also known as curiales ( Greek bouleutai ) , were the top governing ordo of an individual city . Fragment of a sarcophagus depicting Gordian III and senators ( 3rd century ) `` Senator '' was not itself an elected office in ancient Rome ; an individual gained admission to the Senate after he had been elected to and served at least one term as an executive magistrate . A senator also had to meet a minimum property requirement of 1 million sestertii , as determined by the census . Nero made large gifts of money to a number of senators from old families who had become too impoverished to qualify . Not all men who qualified for the ordo senatorius chose to take a Senate seat , which required legal domicile at Rome . Emperors often filled vacancies in the 600 - member body by appointment . A senator 's son belonged to the ordo senatorius , but he had to qualify on his own merits for admission to the Senate itself . A senator could be removed for violating moral standards : he was prohibited , for instance , from marrying a freedwoman or fighting in the arena . In the time of Nero , senators were still primarily from Rome and other parts of Italy , with some from the Iberian peninsula and southern France ; men from the Greek - speaking provinces of the East began to be added under Vespasian . The first senator from the most eastern province , Cappadocia , was admitted under Marcus Aurelius . By the time of the Severan dynasty ( 193 -- 235 ) , Italians made up less than half the Senate . During the 3rd century , domicile at Rome became impractical , and inscriptions attest to senators who were active in politics and munificence in their homeland ( patria ) . Senators had an aura of prestige and were the traditional governing class who rose through the cursus honorum , the political career track , but equestrians of the Empire often possessed greater wealth and political power . Membership in the equestrian order was based on property ; in Rome 's early days , equites or knights had been distinguished by their ability to serve as mounted warriors ( the `` public horse '' ) , but cavalry service was a separate function in the Empire . A census valuation of 400,000 sesterces and three generations of free birth qualified a man as an equestrian . The census of 28 BC uncovered large numbers of men who qualified , and in 14 AD , a thousand equestrians were registered at Cadiz and Padua alone . Equestrians rose through a military career track ( tres militiae ) to become highly placed prefects and procurators within the Imperial administration . The rise of provincial men to the senatorial and equestrian orders is an aspect of social mobility in the first three centuries of the Empire . Roman aristocracy was based on competition , and unlike later European nobility , a Roman family could not maintain its position merely through hereditary succession or having title to lands . Admission to the higher ordines brought distinction and privileges , but also a number of responsibilities . In antiquity , a city depended on its leading citizens to fund public works , events , and services ( munera ) , rather than on tax revenues , which primarily supported the military . Maintaining one 's rank required massive personal expenditures . Decurions were so vital for the functioning of cities that in the later Empire , as the ranks of the town councils became depleted , those who had risen to the Senate were encouraged by the central government to give up their seats and return to their hometowns , in an effort to sustain civic life . In the later Empire , the dignitas ( `` worth , esteem '' ) that attended on senatorial or equestrian rank was refined further with titles such as vir illustris , `` illustrious man '' . The appellation clarissimus ( Greek lamprotatos ) was used to designate the dignitas of certain senators and their immediate family , including women . `` Grades '' of equestrian status proliferated . Those in Imperial service were ranked by pay grade ( sexagenarius , 60,000 sesterces per annum ; centenarius , 100,000 ; ducenarius , 200,000 ) . The title eminentissimus , `` most eminent '' ( Greek exochôtatos ) was reserved for equestrians who had been Praetorian prefects . The higher equestrian officials in general were perfectissimi , `` most distinguished '' ( Greek diasêmotatoi ) , the lower merely egregii , `` outstanding '' ( Greek kratistos ) . Unequal justice Condemned man attacked by a leopard in the arena ( 3rd - century mosaic from Tunisia ) As the republican principle of citizens ' equality under the law faded , the symbolic and social privileges of the upper classes led to an informal division of Roman society into those who had acquired greater honours ( honestiores ) and those who were humbler folk ( humiliores ) . In general , honestiores were the members of the three higher `` orders , '' along with certain military officers . The granting of universal citizenship in 212 seems to have increased the competitive urge among the upper classes to have their superiority over other citizens affirmed , particularly within the justice system . Sentencing depended on the judgement of the presiding official as to the relative `` worth '' ( dignitas ) of the defendant : an honestior could pay a fine when convicted of a crime for which an humilior might receive a scourging . Execution , which had been an infrequent legal penalty for free men under the Republic even in a capital case , could be quick and relatively painless for the Imperial citizen considered `` more honourable '' , while those deemed inferior might suffer the kinds of torture and prolonged death previously reserved for slaves , such as crucifixion and condemnation to the beasts as a spectacle in the arena . In the early Empire , those who converted to Christianity could lose their standing as honestiores , especially if they declined to fulfil the religious aspects of their civic responsibilities , and thus became subject to punishments that created the conditions of martyrdom . Government and military Main article : Constitution of the Roman Empire Augustus as Jove , holding scepter and orb ( first half of 1st century AD ) . The Imperial cult of ancient Rome identified emperors and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned authority ( auctoritas ) of the Roman State . The official offer of cultus to a living emperor acknowledged his office and rule as divinely approved and constitutional : his Principate should therefore demonstrate pious respect for traditional Republican deities and mores Forum of Gerasa ( Jerash in present - day Jordan ) , with columns marking a covered walkway ( stoa ) for vendor stalls , and a semicircular space for public speaking The three major elements of the Imperial Roman state were the central government , the military , and provincial government . The military established control of a territory through war , but after a city or people was brought under treaty , the military mission turned to policing : protecting Roman citizens ( after 212 AD , all freeborn inhabitants of the Empire ) , the agricultural fields that fed them , and religious sites . Without modern instruments of either mass communication or mass destruction , the Romans lacked sufficient manpower or resources to impose their rule through force alone . Cooperation with local power elites was necessary to maintain order , collect information , and extract revenue . The Romans often exploited internal political divisions by supporting one faction over another : in the view of Plutarch , `` it was discord between factions within cities that led to the loss of self - governance '' . Communities with demonstrated loyalty to Rome retained their own laws , could collect their own taxes locally , and in exceptional cases were exempt from Roman taxation . Legal privileges and relative independence were an incentive to remain in good standing with Rome . Roman government was thus limited , but efficient in its use of the resources available to it . Central government See also : Roman emperor and Senate of the Roman Empire The dominance of the emperor was based on the consolidation of certain powers from several republican offices , including the inviolability of the tribunes of the people and the authority of the censors to manipulate the hierarchy of Roman society . The emperor also made himself the central religious authority as Pontifex Maximus , and centralized the right to declare war , ratify treaties , and negotiate with foreign leaders . While these functions were clearly defined during the Principate , the emperor 's powers over time became less constitutional and more monarchical , culminating in the Dominate . Antoninus Pius ( reigned 138 -- 161 ) , wearing a toga ( Hermitage Museum ) The emperor was the ultimate authority in policy - and decision - making , but in the early Principate he was expected to be accessible to individuals from all walks of life , and to deal personally with official business and petitions . A bureaucracy formed around him only gradually . The Julio - Claudian emperors relied on an informal body of advisors that included not only senators and equestrians , but trusted slaves and freedmen . After Nero , the unofficial influence of the latter was regarded with suspicion , and the emperor 's council ( consilium ) became subject to official appointment for the sake of greater transparency . Though the senate took a lead in policy discussions until the end of the Antonine dynasty , equestrians played an increasingly important role in the consilium . The women of the emperor 's family often intervened directly in his decisions . Plotina exercised influence on both her husband Trajan and his successor Hadrian . Her influence was advertised by having her letters on official matters published , as a sign that the emperor was reasonable in his exercise of authority and listened to his people . Access to the emperor by others might be gained at the daily reception ( salutatio ) , a development of the traditional homage a client paid to his patron ; public banquets hosted at the palace ; and religious ceremonies . The common people who lacked this access could manifest their general approval or displeasure as a group at the games held in large venues . By the 4th century , as urban centres decayed , the Christian emperors became remote figureheads who issued general rulings , no longer responding to individual petitions . Although the senate could do little short of assassination and open rebellion to contravene the will of the emperor , it survived the Augustan restoration and the turbulent Year of Four Emperors to retain its symbolic political centrality during the Principate . The senate legitimated the emperor 's rule , and the emperor needed the experience of senators as legates ( legati ) to serve as generals , diplomats , and administrators . A successful career required competence as an administrator and remaining in favour with the emperor , or over time perhaps multiple emperors . The practical source of an emperor 's power and authority was the military . The legionaries were paid by the Imperial treasury , and swore an annual military oath of loyalty to the emperor ( sacramentum ) . The death of an emperor led to a crucial period of uncertainty and crisis . Most emperors indicated their choice of successor , usually a close family member or adopted heir . The new emperor had to seek a swift acknowledgement of his status and authority to stabilize the political landscape . No emperor could hope to survive , much less to reign , without the allegiance and loyalty of the Praetorian Guard and of the legions . To secure their loyalty , several emperors paid the donativum , a monetary reward . In theory , the Senate was entitled to choose the new emperor , but did so mindful of acclamation by the army or Praetorians . Military The Roman empire under Hadrian ( ruled 117 -- 138 ) showing the location of the Roman legions deployed in AD 125 Main articles : Imperial Roman army and Structural history of the Roman military The soldiers of the Imperial Roman army were professionals who volunteered for 20 years of active duty and five as reserves . The transition to a professional military had begun during the late Republic , and was one of the many profound shifts away from republicanism , under which an army of conscripts had exercised their responsibilities as citizens in defending the homeland in a campaign against a specific threat . For Imperial Rome , the military was a full - time career in itself . The primary mission of the Roman military of the early empire was to preserve the Pax Romana . The three major divisions of the military were : the garrison at Rome , which includes both the Praetorians and the vigiles who functioned as police and firefighters ; the provincial army , comprising the Roman legions and the auxiliaries provided by the provinces ( auxilia ) ; the navy . The pervasiveness of military garrisons throughout the Empire was a major influence in the process of cultural exchange and assimilation known as `` Romanization , '' particularly in regard to politics , the economy , and religion . Knowledge of the Roman military comes from a wide range of sources : Greek and Roman literary texts ; coins with military themes ; papyri preserving military documents ; monuments such as Trajan 's Column and triumphal arches , which feature artistic depictions of both fighting men and military machines ; the archaeology of military burials , battle sites , and camps ; and inscriptions , including military diplomas , epitaphs , and dedications . Through his military reforms , which included consolidating or disbanding units of questionable loyalty , Augustus changed and regularized the legion , down to the hobnail pattern on the soles of army boots . A legion was organized into ten cohorts , each of which comprised six centuries , with a century further made up of ten squads ( contubernia ) ; the exact size of the Imperial legion , which is most likely to have been determined by logistics , has been estimated to range from 4,800 to 5,280 . Relief panel from Trajan 's Column showing the building of a fort and the reception of a Dacian embassy In AD 9 , Germanic tribes wiped out three full legions in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest . This disastrous event reduced the number of the legions to 25 . The total of the legions would later be increased again and for the next 300 years always be a little above or below 30 . The army had about 300,000 soldiers in the 1st century , and under 400,000 in the 2nd , `` significantly smaller '' than the collective armed forces of the territories it conquered . No more than 2 % of adult males living in the Empire served in the Imperial army . Augustus also created the Praetorian Guard : nine cohorts , ostensibly to maintain the public peace , which were garrisoned in Italy . Better paid than the legionaries , the Praetorians served only sixteen years . The auxilia were recruited from among the non-citizens . Organized in smaller units of roughly cohort strength , they were paid less than the legionaries , and after 25 years of service were rewarded with Roman citizenship , also extended to their sons . According to Tacitus there were roughly as many auxiliaries as there were legionaries . The auxilia thus amounted to around 125,000 men , implying approximately 250 auxiliary regiments . The Roman cavalry of the earliest Empire were primarily from Celtic , Hispanic or Germanic areas . Several aspects of training and equipment , such as the four - horned saddle , derived from the Celts , as noted by Arrian and indicated by archaeology . The Roman navy ( Latin : classis , `` fleet '' ) not only aided in the supply and transport of the legions , but also helped in the protection of the frontiers along the rivers Rhine and Danube . Another of its duties was the protection of the crucial maritime trade routes against the threat of pirates . It patrolled the whole of the Mediterranean , parts of the North Atlantic coasts , and the Black Sea . Nevertheless , the army was considered the senior and more prestigious branch . Provincial government The Pula Arena in Croatia is one of the largest and most intact of the remaining Roman amphitheatres An annexed territory became a province in a three - step process : making a register of cities , taking a census of the population , and surveying the land . Further government recordkeeping included births and deaths , real estate transactions , taxes , and juridical proceedings . In the 1st and 2nd centuries , the central government sent out around 160 officials each year to govern outside Italy . Among these officials were the `` Roman governors '' , as they are called in English : either magistrates elected at Rome who in the name of the Roman people governed senatorial provinces ; or governors , usually of equestrian rank , who held their imperium on behalf of the emperor in provinces excluded from senatorial control , most notably Roman Egypt . A governor had to make himself accessible to the people he governed , but he could delegate various duties . His staff , however , was minimal : his official attendants ( apparitores ) , including lictors , heralds , messengers , scribes , and bodyguards ; legates , both civil and military , usually of equestrian rank ; and friends , ranging in age and experience , who accompanied him unofficially . Other officials were appointed as supervisors of government finances . Separating fiscal responsibility from justice and administration was a reform of the Imperial era . Under the Republic , provincial governors and tax farmers could exploit local populations for personal gain more freely . Equestrian procurators , whose authority was originally `` extra-judicial and extra-constitutional , '' managed both state - owned property and the vast personal property of the emperor ( res privata ) . Because Roman government officials were few in number , a provincial who needed help with a legal dispute or criminal case might seek out any Roman perceived to have some official capacity , such as a procurator or a military officer , including centurions down to the lowly stationarii or military police . Roman law Main article : Roman law Roman portraiture frescos from Pompeii , 1st century AD , depicting two different men wearing laurel wreaths , one holding the rotulus ( blondish figure , left ) , the other a volumen ( brunet figure , right ) , both made of papyrus Roman courts held original jurisdiction over cases involving Roman citizens throughout the empire , but there were too few judicial functionaries to impose Roman law uniformly in the provinces . Most parts of the Eastern empire already had well - established law codes and juridical procedures . In general , it was Roman policy to respect the mos regionis ( `` regional tradition '' or `` law of the land '' ) and to regard local laws as a source of legal precedent and social stability . The compatibility of Roman and local law was thought to reflect an underlying ius gentium , the `` law of nations '' or international law regarded as common and customary among all human communities . If the particulars of provincial law conflicted with Roman law or custom , Roman courts heard appeals , and the emperor held final authority to render a decision . In the West , law had been administered on a highly localized or tribal basis , and private property rights may have been a novelty of the Roman era , particularly among Celtic peoples . Roman law facilitated the acquisition of wealth by a pro-Roman elite who found their new privileges as citizens to be advantageous . The extension of universal citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire in 212 required the uniform application of Roman law , replacing the local law codes that had applied to non-citizens . Diocletian 's efforts to stabilize the Empire after the Crisis of the Third Century included two major compilations of law in four years , the Codex Gregorianus and the Codex Hermogenianus , to guide provincial administrators in setting consistent legal standards . The pervasive exercise of Roman law throughout Western Europe led to its enormous influence on the Western legal tradition , reflected by the continued use of Latin legal terminology in modern law . Taxation Taxation under the Empire amounted to about 5 % of the Empire 's gross product . The typical tax rate paid by individuals ranged from 2 to 5 % . The tax code was `` bewildering '' in its complicated system of direct and indirect taxes , some paid in cash and some in kind . Taxes might be specific to a province , or kinds of properties such as fisheries or salt evaporation ponds ; they might be in effect for a limited time . Tax collection was justified by the need to maintain the military , and taxpayers sometimes got a refund if the army captured a surplus of booty . In - kind taxes were accepted from less - monetized areas , particularly those who could supply grain or goods to army camps . Personification of the River Nile and his children , from the Temple of Serapis and Isis in Rome ( 1st century AD ) The primary source of direct tax revenue was individuals , who paid a poll tax and a tax on their land , construed as a tax on its produce or productive capacity . Supplemental forms could be filed by those eligible for certain exemptions ; for example , Egyptian farmers could register fields as fallow and tax - exempt depending on flood patterns of the Nile . Tax obligations were determined by the census , which required each head of household to appear before the presiding official and provide a head count of his household , as well as an accounting of property he owned that was suitable for agriculture or habitation . A major source of indirect - tax revenue was the portoria , customs and tolls on imports and exports , including among provinces . Special taxes were levied on the slave trade . Towards the end of his reign , Augustus instituted a 4 % tax on the sale of slaves , which Nero shifted from the purchaser to the dealers , who responded by raising their prices . An owner who manumitted a slave paid a `` freedom tax '' , calculated at 5 % of value . An inheritance tax of 5 % was assessed when Roman citizens above a certain net worth left property to anyone but members of their immediate family . Revenues from the estate tax and from a 1 % sales tax on auctions went towards the veterans ' pension fund ( aerarium militare ) . Low taxes helped the Roman aristocracy increase their wealth , which equalled or exceeded the revenues of the central government . An emperor sometimes replenished his treasury by confiscating the estates of the `` super-rich '' , but in the later period , the resistance of the wealthy to paying taxes was one of the factors contributing to the collapse of the Empire . Economy Main article : Roman economy Moses Finley was the chief proponent of the primitivist view that the Roman economy was `` underdeveloped and underachieving , '' characterized by subsistence agriculture ; urban centres that consumed more than they produced in terms of trade and industry ; low - status artisans ; slowly developing technology ; and a `` lack of economic rationality . '' Current views are more complex . Territorial conquests permitted a large - scale reorganization of land use that resulted in agricultural surplus and specialization , particularly in north Africa . Some cities were known for particular industries or commercial activities , and the scale of building in urban areas indicates a significant construction industry . Papyri preserve complex accounting methods that suggest elements of economic rationalism , and the Empire was highly monetized . Although the means of communication and transport were limited in antiquity , transportation in the 1st and 2nd centuries expanded greatly , and trade routes connected regional economies . The supply contracts for the army , which pervaded every part of the Empire , drew on local suppliers near the base ( castrum ) , throughout the province , and across provincial borders . The Empire is perhaps best thought of as a network of regional economies , based on a form of `` political capitalism '' in which the state monitored and regulated commerce to assure its own revenues . Economic growth , though not comparable to modern economies , was greater than that of most other societies prior to industrialization . Socially , economic dynamism opened up one of the avenues of social mobility in the Roman Empire . Social advancement was thus not dependent solely on birth , patronage , good luck , or even extraordinary ability . Although aristocratic values permeated traditional elite society , a strong tendency towards plutocracy is indicated by the wealth requirements for census rank . Prestige could be obtained through investing one 's wealth in ways that advertised it appropriately : grand country estates or townhouses , durable luxury items such as jewels and silverware , public entertainments , funerary monuments for family members or coworkers , and religious dedications such as altars . Guilds ( collegia ) and corporations ( corpora ) provided support for individuals to succeed through networking , sharing sound business practices , and a willingness to work . Currency and banking See also : Roman currency and Roman finance Currency denominations 27 BC -- AD 212 : 1 gold aureus ( 1 / 40 lb. of gold , devalued to 1 / 50 lb. by 212 ) = 25 silver denarii = 100 bronze sestertii = 400 copper asses 294 -- 312 : 1 gold aureus solidus ( 1 / 60 lb. of gold ) = 10 silver argentei = 40 bronze folles = 1,000 debased metal denarii 312 onwards : 1 gold solidus ( 1 / 72 lb . ) = 24 silver siliquae = 180 bronze folles The early Empire was monetized to a near - universal extent , in the sense of using money as a way to express prices and debts . The sestertius ( plural sestertii , English `` sesterces '' , symbolized as HS ) was the basic unit of reckoning value into the 4th century , though the silver denarius , worth four sesterces , was used also for accounting beginning in the Severan dynasty . The smallest coin commonly circulated was the bronze as ( plural asses ) , one - fourth sestertius . Bullion and ingots seem not to have counted as pecunia , `` money , '' and were used only on the frontiers for transacting business or buying property . Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries counted coins , rather than weighing them -- an indication that the coin was valued on its face , not for its metal content . This tendency towards fiat money led eventually to the debasement of Roman coinage , with consequences in the later Empire . The standardization of money throughout the Empire promoted trade and market integration . The high amount of metal coinage in circulation increased the money supply for trading or saving . Rome had no central bank , and regulation of the banking system was minimal . Banks of classical antiquity typically kept less in reserves than the full total of customers ' deposits . A typical bank had fairly limited capital , and often only one principal , though a bank might have as many as six to fifteen principals . Seneca assumes that anyone involved in commerce needs access to credit . Solidus issued under Constantine II , and on the reverse Victoria , one of the last deities to appear on Roman coins , gradually transforming into an angel under Christian rule A professional deposit banker ( argentarius , coactor argentarius , or later nummularius ) received and held deposits for a fixed or indefinite term , and lent money to third parties . The senatorial elite were involved heavily in private lending , both as creditors and borrowers , making loans from their personal fortunes on the basis of social connections . The holder of a debt could use it as a means of payment by transferring it to another party , without cash changing hands . Although it has sometimes been thought that ancient Rome lacked `` paper '' or documentary transactions , the system of banks throughout the Empire also permitted the exchange of very large sums without the physical transfer of coins , in part because of the risks of moving large amounts of cash , particularly by sea . Only one serious credit shortage is known to have occurred in the early Empire , a credit crisis in 33 AD that put a number of senators at risk ; the central government rescued the market through a loan of 100 million HS made by the emperor Tiberius to the banks ( mensae ) . Generally , available capital exceeded the amount needed by borrowers . The central government itself did not borrow money , and without public debt had to fund deficits from cash reserves . Emperors of the Antonine and Severan dynasties overall debased the currency , particularly the denarius , under the pressures of meeting military payrolls . Sudden inflation during the reign of Commodus damaged the credit market . In the mid-200s , the supply of specie contracted sharply . Conditions during the Crisis of the Third Century -- such as reductions in long - distance trade , disruption of mining operations , and the physical transfer of gold coinage outside the empire by invading enemies -- greatly diminished the money supply and the banking sector by the year 300 . Although Roman coinage had long been fiat money or fiduciary currency , general economic anxieties came to a head under Aurelian , and bankers lost confidence in coins legitimately issued by the central government . Despite Diocletian 's introduction of the gold solidus and monetary reforms , the credit market of the Empire never recovered its former robustness . Mining and Metallurgy Main article : Roman metallurgy See also : Mining in Roman Britain Landscape resulting from the ruina montium mining technique at Las Médulas , Spain , one of the most important gold mines in the Roman Empire The main mining regions of the Empire were the Iberian Peninsula ( gold , silver , copper , tin , lead ) ; Gaul ( gold , silver , iron ) ; Britain ( mainly iron , lead , tin ) , the Danubian provinces ( gold , iron ) ; Macedonia and Thrace ( gold , silver ) ; and Asia Minor ( gold , silver , iron , tin ) . Intensive large - scale mining -- of alluvial deposits , and by means of open - cast mining and underground mining -- took place from the reign of Augustus up to the early 3rd century AD , when the instability of the Empire disrupted production . The gold mines of Dacia , for instance , were no longer available for Roman exploitation after the province was surrendered in 271 . Mining seems to have resumed to some extent during the 4th century . Hydraulic mining , which Pliny referred to as ruina montium ( `` ruin of the mountains '' ) , allowed base and precious metals to be extracted on a proto - industrial scale . The total annual iron output is estimated at 82,500 tonnes . Copper was produced at an annual rate of 15,000 t , and lead at 80,000 t , both production levels unmatched until the Industrial Revolution ; Hispania alone had a 40 % share in world lead production . The high lead output was a by - product of extensive silver mining which reached 200 t per annum . At its peak around the mid-2nd century AD , the Roman silver stock is estimated at 10,000 t , five to ten times larger than the combined silver mass of medieval Europe and the Caliphate around 800 AD . As an indication of the scale of Roman metal production , lead pollution in the Greenland ice sheet quadrupled over its prehistoric levels during the Imperial era , and dropped again thereafter . Transportation and communication See also : Roman roads Gallo - Roman relief depicting a river boat transporting wine barrels , an invention of the Gauls that came into widespread use during the 2nd century ; above , wine is stored in the traditional amphorae , some covered in wicker The Roman Empire completely encircled the Mediterranean , which they called `` our sea '' ( mare nostrum ) . Roman sailing vessels navigated the Mediterranean as well as the major rivers of the Empire , including the Guadalquivir , Ebro , Rhône , Rhine , Tiber and Nile . Transport by water was preferred where possible , and moving commodities by land was more difficult . Vehicles , wheels , and ships indicate the existence of a great number of skilled woodworkers . Land transport utilized the advanced system of Roman roads . The in - kind taxes paid by communities included the provision of personnel , animals , or vehicles for the cursus publicus , the state mail and transport service established by Augustus . Relay stations were located along the roads every seven to twelve Roman miles , and tended to grow into a village or trading post . A mansio ( plural mansiones ) was a privately run service station franchised by the imperial bureaucracy for the cursus publicus . The support staff at such a facility included muleteers , secretaries , blacksmiths , cartwrights , a veterinarian , and a few military police and couriers . The distance between mansiones was determined by how far a wagon could travel in a day . Mules were the animal most often used for pulling carts , travelling about 4 mph . As an example of the pace of communication , it took a messenger a minimum of nine days to travel to Rome from Mainz in the province of Germania Superior , even on a matter of urgency . In addition to the mansiones , some taverns offered accommodations as well as food and drink ; one recorded tab for a stay showed charges for wine , bread , mule feed , and the services of a prostitute . Trade and commodities See also : Roman commerce , Indo - Roman trade and relations , and Sino - Roman relations The Pompeii Lakshmi , an ivory statuette from India found in the ruins of Pompeii . A green Roman glass cup unearthed from an Eastern Han Dynasty ( 25 -- 220 AD ) tomb in Guangxi , southern China ; the earliest Roman glassware found in China was discovered in a Western Han tomb in Guangzhou , dated to the early 1st century BC , and ostensibly came via the maritime route through the South China Sea Roman provinces traded among themselves , but trade extended outside the frontiers to regions as far away as China and India . The main commodity was grain . Chinese trade was mostly conducted overland through middle men along the Silk Road ; Indian trade , however , also occurred by sea from Egyptian ports on the Red Sea . Also traded were olive oil , various foodstuffs , garum ( fish sauce ) , slaves , ore and manufactured metal objects , fibres and textiles , timber , pottery , glassware , marble , papyrus , spices and materia medica , ivory , pearls , and gemstones . Though most provinces were capable of producing wine , regional varietals were desirable and wine was a central item of trade . Shortages of vin ordinaire were rare . The major suppliers for the city of Rome were the west coast of Italy , southern Gaul , the Tarraconensis region of Hispania , and Crete . Alexandria , the second - largest city , imported wine from Laodicea in Syria and the Aegean . At the retail level , taverns or speciality wine shops ( vinaria ) sold wine by the jug for carryout and by the drink on premises , with price ranges reflecting quality . Labour and occupations Workers at a cloth - processing shop , in a painting from the fullonica of Veranius Hypsaeus in Pompeii Roman hunters during the preparations , set - up of traps , and in - action hunting near Tarraco Inscriptions record 268 different occupations in the city of Rome , and 85 in Pompeii . Professional associations or trade guilds ( collegia ) are attested for a wide range of occupations , including fishermen ( piscatores ) , salt merchants ( salinatores ) , olive oil dealers ( olivarii ) , entertainers ( scaenici ) , cattle dealers ( pecuarii ) , goldsmiths ( aurifices ) , teamsters ( asinarii or muliones ) , and stonecutters ( lapidarii ) . These are sometimes quite specialized : one collegium at Rome was strictly limited to craftsmen who worked in ivory and citrus wood . Work performed by slaves falls into five general categories : domestic , with epitaphs recording at least 55 different household jobs ; imperial or public service ; urban crafts and services ; agriculture ; and mining . Convicts provided much of the labour in the mines or quarries , where conditions were notoriously brutal . In practice , there was little division of labour between slave and free , and most workers were illiterate and without special skills . The greatest number of common labourers were employed in agriculture : in the Italian system of industrial farming ( latifundia ) , these may have been mostly slaves , but throughout the Empire , slave farm labour was probably less important than other forms of dependent labour by people who were technically not enslaved . Textile and clothing production was a major source of employment . Both textiles and finished garments were traded among the peoples of the Empire , whose products were often named for them or a particular town , rather like a fashion `` label '' . Better ready - to - wear was exported by businessmen ( negotiatores or mercatores ) who were often well - to - do residents of the production centres . Finished garments might be retailed by their sales agents , who travelled to potential customers , or by vestiarii , clothing dealers who were mostly freedmen ; or they might be peddled by itinerant merchants . In Egypt , textile producers could run prosperous small businesses employing apprentices , free workers earning wages , and slaves . The fullers ( fullones ) and dye workers ( coloratores ) had their own guilds . Centonarii were guild workers who specialized in textile production and the recycling of old clothes into pieced goods . GDP and income distribution For more details on this topic , see Roman economy § Gross domestic product . Economic historians vary in their calculations of the gross domestic product of the Roman economy during the Principate . In the sample years of 14 , 100 , and 150 AD , estimates of per capita GDP range from 166 to 380 HS . The GDP per capita of Italy is estimated as 40 to 66 % higher than in the rest of the Empire , due to tax transfers from the provinces and the concentration of elite income in the heartland . In the Scheidel -- Friesen economic model , the total annual income generated by the Empire is placed at nearly 20 billion HS , with about 5 % extracted by central and local government . Households in the top 1.5 % of income distribution captured about 20 % of income . Another 20 % went to about 10 % of the population who can be characterized as a non-elite middle . The remaining `` vast majority '' produced more than half of the total income , but lived near subsistence . Architecture and engineering Main articles : Ancient Roman architecture , Roman engineering , and Roman technology Amphitheatres of the Roman Empire Construction on the Flavian Amphitheatre , more commonly known as the Colosseum , began during the reign of Vespasian The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch , vault and the dome . Even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand , due in part to sophisticated methods of making cements and concrete . Roman roads are considered the most advanced roads built until the early 19th century . The system of roadways facilitated military policing , communications , and trade . The roads were resistant to floods and other environmental hazards . Even after the collapse of the central government , some roads remained usable for more than a thousand years . Roman bridges were among the first large and lasting bridges , built from stone with the arch as the basic structure . Most utilized concrete as well . The largest Roman bridge was Trajan 's bridge over the lower Danube , constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus , which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built both in terms of overall span and length . The Romans built many dams and reservoirs for water collection , such as the Subiaco Dams , two of which fed the Anio Novus , one of the largest aqueducts of Rome . They built 72 dams just on the Iberian peninsula , and many more are known across the Empire , some still in use . Several earthen dams are known from Roman Britain , including a well - preserved example from Longovicium ( Lanchester ) . The Pont du Gard aqueduct , which crosses the Gardon River in southern France , is on UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts . A surviving treatise by Frontinus , who served as curator aquarum ( water commissioner ) under Nerva , reflects the administrative importance placed on ensuring the water supply . Masonry channels carried water from distant springs and reservoirs along a precise gradient , using gravity alone . After the water passed through the aqueduct , it was collected in tanks and fed through pipes to public fountains , baths , toilets , or industrial sites . The main aqueducts in the city of Rome were the Aqua Claudia and the Aqua Marcia . The complex system built to supply Constantinople had its most distant supply drawn from over 120 km away along a sinuous route of more than 336 km . Roman aqueducts were built to remarkably fine tolerance , and to a technological standard that was not to be equalled until modern times . The Romans also made use of aqueducts in their extensive mining operations across the empire , at sites such as Las Medulas and Dolaucothi in South Wales . Insulated glazing ( or `` double glazing '' ) was used in the construction of public baths . Elite housing in cooler climates might have hypocausts , a form of central heating . The Romans were the first culture to assemble all essential components of the much later steam engine , when Hero built the aeolipile . With the crank and connecting rod system , all elements for constructing a steam engine ( invented in 1712 ) -- Hero 's aeolipile ( generating steam power ) , the cylinder and piston ( in metal force pumps ) , non-return valves ( in water pumps ) , gearing ( in water mills and clocks ) -- were known in Roman times . Daily life Main article : Culture of ancient Rome Cityscape from the Villa Boscoreale ( 60s AD ) City and country In the ancient world , a city was viewed as a place that fostered civilization by being `` properly designed , ordered , and adorned . '' Augustus undertook a vast building programme in Rome , supported public displays of art that expressed the new imperial ideology , and reorganized the city into neighbourhoods ( vici ) administered at the local level with police and firefighting services . A focus of Augustan monumental architecture was the Campus Martius , an open area outside the city centre that in early times had been devoted to equestrian sports and physical training for youth . The Altar of Augustan Peace ( Ara Pacis Augustae ) was located there , as was an obelisk imported from Egypt that formed the pointer ( gnomon ) of a horologium . With its public gardens , the Campus became one of the most attractive places in the city to visit . City planning and urban lifestyles had been influenced by the Greeks from an early period , and in the eastern Empire , Roman rule accelerated and shaped the local development of cities that already had a strong Hellenistic character . Cities such as Athens , Aphrodisias , Ephesus and Gerasa altered some aspects of city planning and architecture to conform to imperial ideals , while also expressing their individual identity and regional preeminence . In the areas of the western Empire inhabited by Celtic - speaking peoples , Rome encouraged the development of urban centres with stone temples , forums , monumental fountains , and amphitheatres , often on or near the sites of the preexisting walled settlements known as oppida . Urbanization in Roman Africa expanded on Greek and Punic cities along the coast . Aquae Sulis in Bath , England : architectural features above the level of the pillar bases are a later reconstruction The network of cities throughout the Empire ( coloniae , municipia , civitates or in Greek terms poleis ) was a primary cohesive force during the Pax Romana . Romans of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD were encouraged by imperial propaganda to `` inculcate the habits of peacetime '' . As the classicist Clifford Ando has noted : Most of the cultural appurtenances popularly associated with imperial culture -- public cult and its games and civic banquets , competitions for artists , speakers , and athletes , as well as the funding of the great majority of public buildings and public display of art -- were financed by private individuals , whose expenditures in this regard helped to justify their economic power and legal and provincial privileges . Even the Christian polemicist Tertullian declared that the world of the late 2nd century was more orderly and well - cultivated than in earlier times : `` Everywhere there are houses , everywhere people , everywhere the res publica , the commonwealth , everywhere life . '' The decline of cities and civic life in the 4th century , when the wealthy classes were unable or disinclined to support public works , was one sign of the Empire 's imminent dissolution . Public toilets ( latrinae ) from Ostia Antica In the city of Rome , most people lived in multistory apartment buildings ( insulae ) that were often squalid firetraps . Public facilities -- such as baths ( thermae ) , toilets that were flushed with running water ( latrinae ) , conveniently located basins or elaborate fountains ( nymphea ) delivering fresh water , and large - scale entertainments such as chariot races and gladiator combat -- were aimed primarily at the common people who lived in the insulae . Similar facilities were constructed in cities throughout the Empire , and some of the best - preserved Roman structures are in Spain , southern France , and northern Africa . The public baths served hygienic , social and cultural functions . Bathing was the focus of daily socializing in the late afternoon before dinner . Roman baths were distinguished by a series of rooms that offered communal bathing in three temperatures , with varying amenities that might include an exercise and weight - training room , sauna , exfoliation spa ( where oils were massaged into the skin and scraped from the body with a strigil ) , ball court , or outdoor swimming pool . Baths had hypocaust heating : the floors were suspended over hot - air channels that circulated warmth . Mixed nude bathing was not unusual in the early Empire , though some baths may have offered separate facilities or hours for men and women . Public baths were a part of urban culture throughout the provinces , but in the late 4th century , individual tubs began to replace communal bathing . Christians were advised to go to the baths for health and cleanliness , not pleasure , but to avoid the games ( ludi ) , which were part of religious festivals they considered `` pagan '' . Tertullian says that otherwise Christians not only availed themselves of the baths , but participated fully in commerce and society . Reconstructed peristyle garden based on the House of the Vettii Rich families from Rome usually had two or more houses , a townhouse ( domus , plural domūs ) and at least one luxury home ( villa ) outside the city . The domus was a privately owned single - family house , and might be furnished with a private bath ( balneum ) , but it was not a place to retreat from public life . Although some neighbourhoods of Rome show a higher concentration of well - to - do houses , the rich did not live in segregated enclaves . Their houses were meant to be visible and accessible . The atrium served as a reception hall in which the paterfamilias ( head of household ) met with clients every morning , from wealthy friends to poorer dependents who received charity . It was also a centre of family religious rites , containing a shrine and the images of family ancestors . The houses were located on busy public roads , and ground - level spaces facing the street were often rented out as shops ( tabernae ) . In addition to a kitchen garden -- windowboxes might substitute in the insulae -- townhouses typically enclosed a peristyle garden that brought a tract of nature , made orderly , within walls . Birds and fountain within a garden setting , with oscilla ( hanging masks ) above , in a painting from Pompeii The villa by contrast was an escape from the bustle of the city , and in literature represents a lifestyle that balances the civilized pursuit of intellectual and artistic interests ( otium ) with an appreciation of nature and the agricultural cycle . Ideally a villa commanded a view or vista , carefully framed by the architectural design . It might be located on a working estate , or in a `` resort town '' situated on the seacoast , such as Pompeii and Herculaneum . The programme of urban renewal under Augustus , and the growth of Rome 's population to as many as 1 million people , was accompanied by a nostalgia for rural life expressed in the arts . Poetry praised the idealized lives of farmers and shepherds . The interiors of houses were often decorated with painted gardens , fountains , landscapes , vegetative ornament , and animals , especially birds and marine life , rendered accurately enough that modern scholars can sometimes identify them by species . The Augustan poet Horace gently satirized the dichotomy of urban and rural values in his fable of the city mouse and the country mouse , which has often been retold as a children 's story . On a more practical level , the central government took an active interest in supporting agriculture . Producing food was the top priority of land use . Larger farms ( latifundia ) achieved an economy of scale that sustained urban life and its more specialized division of labour . Small farmers benefited from the development of local markets in towns and trade centres . Agricultural techniques such as crop rotation and selective breeding were disseminated throughout the Empire , and new crops were introduced from one province to another , such as peas and cabbage to Britain . Maintaining an affordable food supply to the city of Rome had become a major political issue in the late Republic , when the state began to provide a grain dole ( annona ) to citizens who registered for it . About 200,000 -- 250,000 adult males in Rome received the dole , amounting to about 33 kg . per month , for a per annum total of about 100,000 tons of wheat primarily from Sicily , north Africa , and Egypt . The dole cost at least 15 % of state revenues , but improved living conditions and family life among the lower classes , and subsidized the rich by allowing workers to spend more of their earnings on the wine and olive oil produced on the estates of the landowning class . Bread stall , from a Pompeiian wall painting The grain dole also had symbolic value : it affirmed both the emperor 's position as universal benefactor , and the right of all citizens to share in `` the fruits of conquest '' . The annona , public facilities , and spectacular entertainments mitigated the otherwise dreary living conditions of lower - class Romans , and kept social unrest in check . The satirist Juvenal , however , saw `` bread and circuses '' ( panem et circenses ) as emblematic of the loss of republican political liberty : The public has long since cast off its cares : the people that once bestowed commands , consulships , legions and all else , now meddles no more and longs eagerly for just two things : bread and circuses . Food and dining Main article : Food and dining in the Roman Empire See also : Grain supply to the city of Rome and Ancient Rome and wine Most apartments in Rome lacked kitchens , though a charcoal brazier could be used for rudimentary cookery . Prepared food was sold at pubs and bars , inns , and food stalls ( tabernae , cauponae , popinae , thermopolia ) . Carryout and restaurant dining were for the lower classes ; fine dining could be sought only at private dinner parties in well - to - do houses with a chef ( archimagirus ) and trained kitchen staff , or at banquets hosted by social clubs ( collegia ) . Most people would have consumed at least 70 % of their daily calories in the form of cereals and legumes . Puls ( pottage ) was considered the aboriginal food of the Romans . The basic grain pottage could be elaborated with chopped vegetables , bits of meat , cheese , or herbs to produce dishes similar to polenta or risotto . An Ostian taberna for eating and drinking ; the faded painting over the counter pictured eggs , olives , fruit and radishes Urban populations and the military preferred to consume their grain in the form of bread . Mills and commercial ovens were usually combined in a bakery complex . By the reign of Aurelian , the state had begun to distribute the annona as a daily ration of bread baked in state factories , and added olive oil , wine , and pork to the dole . The importance of a good diet to health was recognized by medical writers such as Galen ( 2nd century AD ) , whose treatises included one On Barley Soup . Views on nutrition were influenced by schools of thought such as humoral theory . Roman literature focuses on the dining habits of the upper classes , for whom the evening meal ( cena ) had important social functions . Guests were entertained in a finely decorated dining room ( triclinium ) , often with a view of the peristyle garden . Diners lounged on couches , leaning on the left elbow . By the late Republic , if not earlier , women dined , reclined , and drank wine along with men . The most famous description of a Roman meal is probably Trimalchio 's dinner party in the Satyricon , a fictional extravaganza that bears little resemblance to reality even among the most wealthy . The poet Martial describes serving a more plausible dinner , beginning with the gustatio ( `` tasting '' or `` appetizer '' ) , which was a composed salad of mallow leaves , lettuce , chopped leeks , mint , arugula , mackerel garnished with rue , sliced eggs , and marinated sow udder . The main course was succulent cuts of kid , beans , greens , a chicken , and leftover ham , followed by a dessert of fresh fruit and vintage wine . The Latin expression for a full - course dinner was ab ovo usque mala , `` from the egg to the apples , '' equivalent to the English `` from soup to nuts . '' Still life on a 2nd - century Roman mosaic A book - length collection of Roman recipes is attributed to Apicius , a name for several figures in antiquity that became synonymous with `` gourmet . '' Roman `` foodies '' indulged in wild game , fowl such as peacock and flamingo , large fish ( mullet was especially prized ) , and shellfish . Luxury ingredients were brought by the fleet from the far reaches of empire , from the Parthian frontier to the Straits of Gibraltar . Refined cuisine could be moralized as a sign of either civilized progress or decadent decline . The early Imperial historian Tacitus contrasted the indulgent luxuries of the Roman table in his day with the simplicity of the Germanic diet of fresh wild meat , foraged fruit , and cheese , unadulterated by imported seasonings and elaborate sauces . Most often , because of the importance of landowning in Roman culture , produce -- cereals , legumes , vegetables , and fruit -- was considered a more civilized form of food than meat . The Mediterranean staples of bread , wine , and oil were sacralized by Roman Christianity , while Germanic meat consumption became a mark of paganism , as it might be the product of animal sacrifice . Some philosophers and Christians resisted the demands of the body and the pleasures of food , and adopted fasting as an ideal . Food became simpler in general as urban life in the West diminished , trade routes were disrupted , and the rich retreated to the more limited self - sufficiency of their country estates . As an urban lifestyle came to be associated with decadence , the Church formally discouraged gluttony , and hunting and pastoralism were seen as simple , virtuous ways of life . Recreation and spectacles See also : Ludi , Chariot racing , and Gladiator Wall painting depicting a sports riot at the amphitheatre of Pompeii , which led to the banning of gladiator combat in the town When Juvenal complained that the Roman people had exchanged their political liberty for `` bread and circuses '' , he was referring to the state - provided grain dole and the circenses , events held in the entertainment venue called a circus in Latin . The largest such venue in Rome was the Circus Maximus , the setting of horse races , chariot races , the equestrian Troy Game , staged beast hunts ( venationes ) , athletic contests , gladiator combat , and historical re-enactments . From earliest times , several religious festivals had featured games ( ludi ) , primarily horse and chariot races ( ludi circenses ) . Although their entertainment value tended to overshadow ritual significance , the races remained part of archaic religious observances that pertained to agriculture , initiation , and the cycle of birth and death . Under Augustus , public entertainments were presented on 77 days of the year ; by the reign of Marcus Aurelius , the number of days had expanded to 135 . Circus games were preceded by an elaborate parade ( pompa circensis ) that ended at the venue . Competitive events were held also in smaller venues such as the amphitheatre , which became the characteristic Roman spectacle venue , and stadium . Greek - style athletics included footraces , boxing , wrestling , and the pancratium . Aquatic displays , such as the mock sea battle ( naumachia ) and a form of `` water ballet '' , were presented in engineered pools . State - supported theatrical events ( ludi scaenici ) took place on temple steps or in grand stone theatres , or in the smaller enclosed theatre called an odeum . A victor in his four - horse chariot Circuses were the largest structure regularly built in the Roman world , though the Greeks had their own architectural traditions for the similarly purposed hippodrome . The Flavian Amphitheatre , better known as the Colosseum , became the regular arena for blood sports in Rome after it opened in 80 AD . The circus races continued to be held more frequently . The Circus Maximus could seat around 150,000 spectators , and the Colosseum about 50,000 with standing room for about 10,000 more . Many Roman amphitheatres , circuses and theatres built in cities outside Italy are visible as ruins today . The local ruling elite were responsible for sponsoring spectacles and arena events , which both enhanced their status and drained their resources . The physical arrangement of the amphitheatre represented the order of Roman society : the emperor presiding in his opulent box ; senators and equestrians watching from the advantageous seats reserved for them ; women seated at a remove from the action ; slaves given the worst places , and everybody else packed in - between . The crowd could call for an outcome by booing or cheering , but the emperor had the final say . Spectacles could quickly become sites of social and political protest , and emperors sometimes had to deploy force to put down crowd unrest , most notoriously at the Nika riots in the year 532 , when troops under Justinian slaughtered thousands . The Zliten mosaic , from a dining room in present - day Libya , depicts a series of arena scenes : from top , musicians playing a Roman tuba , a water pipe organ and two horns ; six pairs of gladiators with two referees ; four beast fighters ; and three convicts condemned to the beasts The chariot teams were known by the colours they wore , with the Blues and Greens the most popular . Fan loyalty was fierce and at times erupted into sports riots . Racing was perilous , but charioteers were among the most celebrated and well - compensated athletes . One star of the sport was Diocles , from Lusitania ( present - day Portugal ) , who raced chariots for 24 years and had career earnings of 35 million sesterces . Horses had their fans too , and were commemorated in art and inscriptions , sometimes by name . The design of Roman circuses was developed to assure that no team had an unfair advantage and to minimize collisions ( naufragia , `` shipwrecks '' ) , which were nonetheless frequent and spectacularly satisfying to the crowd . The races retained a magical aura through their early association with chthonic rituals : circus images were considered protective or lucky , curse tablets have been found buried at the site of racetracks , and charioteers were often suspected of sorcery . Chariot racing continued into the Byzantine period under imperial sponsorship , but the decline of cities in the 6th and 7th centuries led to its eventual demise . The Romans thought gladiator contests had originated with funeral games and sacrifices in which select captive warriors were forced to fight to expiate the deaths of noble Romans . Some of the earliest styles of gladiator fighting had ethnic designations such as `` Thracian '' or `` Gallic '' . The staged combats were considered munera , `` services , offerings , benefactions '' , initially distinct from the festival games ( ludi ) . Throughout his 40 - year reign , Augustus presented eight gladiator shows in which a total of 10,000 men fought , as well as 26 staged beast hunts that resulted in the deaths of 3,500 animals . To mark the opening of the Colosseum , the emperor Titus presented 100 days of arena events , with 3,000 gladiators competing on a single day . Roman fascination with gladiators is indicated by how widely they are depicted on mosaics , wall paintings , lamps , and even graffiti drawings . Gladiators were trained combatants who might be slaves , convicts , or free volunteers . Death was not a necessary or even desirable outcome in matches between these highly skilled fighters , whose training represented a costly and time - consuming investment . By contrast , noxii were convicts sentenced to the arena with little or no training , often unarmed , and with no expectation of survival . Physical suffering and humiliation were considered appropriate retributive justice for the crimes they had committed . These executions were sometimes staged or ritualized as re-enactments of myths , and amphitheatres were equipped with elaborate stage machinery to create special effects . Tertullian considered deaths in the arena to be nothing more than a dressed - up form of human sacrifice . Modern scholars have found the pleasure Romans took in the `` theatre of life and death '' to be one of the more difficult aspects of their civilization to understand and explain . The younger Pliny rationalized gladiator spectacles as good for the people , a way `` to inspire them to face honourable wounds and despise death , by exhibiting love of glory and desire for victory even in the bodies of slaves and criminals '' . Some Romans such as Seneca were critical of the brutal spectacles , but found virtue in the courage and dignity of the defeated fighter rather than in victory -- an attitude that finds its fullest expression with the Christians martyred in the arena . Even martyr literature , however , offers `` detailed , indeed luxuriant , descriptions of bodily suffering '' , and became a popular genre at times indistinguishable from fiction . Personal training and play Boys and girls playing ball games ( 2nd century relief from the Louvre ) In the plural , ludi almost always refers to the large - scale spectator games . The singular ludus , `` play , game , sport , training , '' had a wide range of meanings such as `` word play , '' `` theatrical performance , '' `` board game , '' `` primary school , '' and even `` gladiator training school '' ( as in Ludus Magnus , the largest such training camp at Rome ) . Activities for children and young people included hoop rolling and knucklebones ( astragali or `` jacks '' ) . The sarcophagi of children often show them playing games . Girls had dolls , typically 15 -- 16 cm tall with jointed limbs , made of materials such as wood , terracotta , and especially bone and ivory . Ball games include trigon , which required dexterity , and harpastum , a rougher sport . Pets appear often on children 's memorials and in literature , including birds , dogs , cats , goats , sheep , rabbits and geese . So - called `` bikini girls '' mosaic from the Villa del Casale , Roman Sicily , 4th century After adolescence , most physical training for males was of a military nature . The Campus Martius originally was an exercise field where young men developed the skills of horsemanship and warfare . Hunting was also considered an appropriate pastime . According to Plutarch , conservative Romans disapproved of Greek - style athletics that promoted a fine body for its own sake , and condemned Nero 's efforts to encourage gymnastic games in the Greek manner . Some women trained as gymnasts and dancers , and a rare few as female gladiators . The famous `` bikini girls '' mosaic shows young women engaging in apparatus routines that might be compared to rhythmic gymnastics . Women in general were encouraged to maintain their health through activities such as playing ball , swimming , walking , reading aloud ( as a breathing exercise ) , riding in vehicles , and travel . Stone game board from Aphrodisias : boards could also be made of wood , with deluxe versions in costly materials such as ivory ; game pieces or counters were bone , glass , or polished stone , and might be coloured or have markings or images People of all ages played board games pitting two players against each other , including latrunculi ( `` Raiders '' ) , a game of strategy in which opponents coordinated the movements and capture of multiple game pieces , and XII scripta ( `` Twelve Marks '' ) , involving dice and arranging pieces on a grid of letters or words . A game referred to as alea ( dice ) or tabula ( the board ) , to which the emperor Claudius was notoriously addicted , may have been similar to backgammon , using a dice - cup ( pyrgus ) . Playing with dice as a form of gambling was disapproved of , but was a popular pastime during the December festival of the Saturnalia with its carnival , norms - overturned atmosphere . Clothing Main article : Clothing in ancient Rome In a status - conscious society like that of the Romans , clothing and personal adornment gave immediate visual clues about the etiquette of interacting with the wearer . Wearing the correct clothing was supposed to reflect a society in good order . The toga was the distinctive national garment of the Roman male citizen , but it was heavy and impractical , worn mainly for conducting political business and religious rites , and for going to court . The clothing Romans wore ordinarily was dark or colourful , and the most common male attire seen daily throughout the provinces would have been tunics , cloaks , and in some regions trousers . The study of how Romans dressed in daily life is complicated by a lack of direct evidence , since portraiture may show the subject in clothing with symbolic value , and surviving textiles from the period are rare . Women from the wall painting at the Villa of the Mysteries , Pompeii The basic garment for all Romans , regardless of gender or wealth , was the simple sleeved tunic . The length differed by wearer : a man 's reached mid-calf , but a soldier 's was somewhat shorter ; a woman 's fell to her feet , and a child 's to its knees . The tunics of poor people and labouring slaves were made from coarse wool in natural , dull shades , with the length determined by the type of work they did . Finer tunics were made of lightweight wool or linen . A man who belonged to the senatorial or equestrian order wore a tunic with two purple stripes ( clavi ) woven vertically into the fabric : the wider the stripe , the higher the wearer 's status . Other garments could be layered over the tunic . The Imperial toga was a `` vast expanse '' of semi-circular white wool that could not be put on and draped correctly without assistance . In his work on oratory , Quintilian describes in detail how the public speaker ought to orchestrate his gestures in relation to his toga . In art , the toga is shown with the long end dipping between the feet , a deep curved fold in front , and a bulbous flap at the midsection . The drapery became more intricate and structured over time , with the cloth forming a tight roll across the chest in later periods . The toga praetexta , with a purple or purplish - red stripe representing inviolability , was worn by children who had not come of age , curule magistrates , and state priests . Only the emperor could wear an all - purple toga ( toga picta ) . Claudius wearing an early Imperial toga ( see a later , more structured toga above ) , and the pallium as worn by a priest of Serapis , sometimes identified as the emperor Julian In the 2nd century , emperors and men of status are often portrayed wearing the pallium , an originally Greek mantle ( himation ) folded tightly around the body . Women are also portrayed in the pallium . Tertullian considered the pallium an appropriate garment both for Christians , in contrast to the toga , and for educated people , since it was associated with philosophers . By the 4th century , the toga had been more or less replaced by the pallium as a garment that embodied social unity . Roman clothing styles changed over time , though not as rapidly as fashions today . In the Dominate , clothing worn by both soldiers and government bureaucrats became highly decorated , with woven or embroidered stripes ( clavi ) and circular roundels ( orbiculi ) applied to tunics and cloaks . These decorative elements consisted of geometrical patterns , stylized plant motifs , and in more elaborate examples , human or animal figures . The use of silk increased , and courtiers of the later Empire wore elaborate silk robes . The militarization of Roman society , and the waning of cultural life based on urban ideals , affected habits of dress : heavy military - style belts were worn by bureaucrats as well as soldiers , and the toga was abandoned . The arts Main article : Roman art The Wedding of Zephyrus and Chloris ( 54 -- 68 AD , Pompeian Fourth Style ) within painted architectural panels from the Casa del Naviglio People visiting or living in Rome or the cities throughout the Empire would have seen art in a range of styles and media on a daily basis . Public or official art -- including sculpture , monuments such as victory columns or triumphal arches , and the iconography on coins -- is often analysed for its historical significance or as an expression of imperial ideology . At Imperial public baths , a person of humble means could view wall paintings , mosaics , statues , and interior decoration often of high quality . In the private sphere , objects made for religious dedications , funerary commemoration , domestic use , and commerce can show varying degrees of aesthetic quality and artistic skill . A wealthy person might advertise his appreciation of culture through painting , sculpture , and decorative arts at his home -- though some efforts strike modern viewers and some ancient connoisseurs as strenuous rather than tasteful . Greek art had a profound influence on the Roman tradition , and some of the most famous examples of Greek statues are known only from Roman Imperial versions and the occasional description in a Greek or Latin literary source . Despite the high value placed on works of art , even famous artists were of low social status among the Greeks and Romans , who regarded artists , artisans , and craftsmen alike as manual labourers . At the same time , the level of skill required to produce quality work was recognized , and even considered a divine gift . Portraiture Main article : Roman portraiture Two portraits circa 130 AD : the empress Vibia Sabina ( left ) ; and the Antinous Mondragone , one of the abundant likenesses of Hadrian 's famously beautiful male companion Antinous Portraiture , which survives mainly in the medium of sculpture , was the most copious form of imperial art . Portraits during the Augustan period utilize youthful and classical proportions , evolving later into a mixture of realism and idealism . Republican portraits had been characterized by a `` warts and all '' verism , but as early as the 2nd century BC , the Greek convention of heroic nudity was adopted sometimes for portraying conquering generals . Imperial portrait sculptures may model the head as mature , even craggy , atop a nude or seminude body that is smooth and youthful with perfect musculature ; a portrait head might even be added to a body created for another purpose . Clothed in the toga or military regalia , the body communicates rank or sphere of activity , not the characteristics of the individual . Women of the emperor 's family were often depicted dressed as goddesses or divine personifications such as Pax ( `` Peace '' ) . Portraiture in painting is represented primarily by the Fayum mummy portraits , which evoke Egyptian and Roman traditions of commemorating the dead with the realistic painting techniques of the Empire . Marble portrait sculpture would have been painted , and while traces of paint have only rarely survived the centuries , the Fayum portraits indicate why ancient literary sources marvelled at how lifelike artistic representations could be . The bronze Drunken Satyr , excavated at Herculaneum and exhibited in the 18th century , inspired an interest among later sculptors in similar `` carefree '' subjects Sculpture Main article : Roman sculpture Examples of Roman sculpture survive abundantly , though often in damaged or fragmentary condition , including freestanding statues and statuettes in marble , bronze and terracotta , and reliefs from public buildings , temples , and monuments such as the Ara Pacis , Trajan 's Column , and the Arch of Titus . Niches in amphitheatres such as the Colosseum were originally filled with statues , and no formal garden was complete without statuary . Temples housed the cult images of deities , often by famed sculptors . The religiosity of the Romans encouraged the production of decorated altars , small representations of deities for the household shrine or votive offerings , and other pieces for dedicating at temples . Divine and mythological figures were also given secular , humorous , and even obscene depictions . On the Ludovisi sarcophagus , an example of the battle scenes favoured during the Crisis of the Third Century , the `` writhing and highly emotive '' Romans and Goths fill the surface in a packed , anti-classical composition Sarcophagi Main article : Ancient Roman sarcophagi Elaborately carved marble and limestone sarcophagi are characteristic of the 2nd to the 4th centuries with at least 10,000 examples surviving . Although mythological scenes have been most widely studied , sarcophagus relief has been called the `` richest single source of Roman iconography , '' and may also depict the deceased 's occupation or life course , military scenes , and other subject matter . The same workshops produced sarcophagi with Jewish or Christian imagery . The Primavera of Stabiae , perhaps the goddess Flora Painting Much of what is known of Roman painting is based on the interior decoration of private homes , particularly as preserved at Pompeii and Herculaneum by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD . In addition to decorative borders and panels with geometric or vegetative motifs , wall painting depicts scenes from mythology and the theatre , landscapes and gardens , recreation and spectacles , work and everyday life , and frank pornography . Birds , animals , and marine life are often depicted with careful attention to realistic detail . A unique source for Jewish figurative painting under the Empire is the Dura - Europos synagogue , dubbed `` the Pompeii of the Syrian Desert , '' buried and preserved in the mid-3rd century after the city was destroyed by Persians . Mosaic Main article : Roman mosaic The Triumph of Neptune floor mosaic from Africa Proconsularis ( present - day Tunisia ) , celebrating agricultural success with allegories of the Seasons , vegetation , workers and animals viewable from multiple perspectives in the room ( latter 2nd century ) Mosaics are among the most enduring of Roman decorative arts , and are found on the surfaces of floors and other architectural features such as walls , vaulted ceilings , and columns . The most common form is the tessellated mosaic , formed from uniform pieces ( tesserae ) of materials such as stone and glass . Mosaics were usually crafted on site , but sometimes assembled and shipped as ready - made panels . A mosaic workshop was led by the master artist ( pictor ) who worked with two grades of assistants . Figurative mosaics share many themes with painting , and in some cases portray subject matter in almost identical compositions . Although geometric patterns and mythological scenes occur throughout the Empire , regional preferences also find expression . In North Africa , a particularly rich source of mosaics , homeowners often chose scenes of life on their estates , hunting , agriculture , and local wildlife . Plentiful and major examples of Roman mosaics come also from present - day Turkey , Italy , southern France , Spain , and Portugal . More than 300 Antioch mosaics from the 3rd century are known . Opus sectile is a related technique in which flat stone , usually coloured marble , is cut precisely into shapes from which geometric or figurative patterns are formed . This more difficult technique was highly prized , and became especially popular for luxury surfaces in the 4th century , an abundant example of which is the Basilica of Junius Bassus . Decorative arts See also : Ancient Roman pottery and Roman glass Decorative arts for luxury consumers included fine pottery , silver and bronze vessels and implements , and glassware . The manufacture of pottery in a wide range of quality was important to trade and employment , as were the glass and metalworking industries . Imports stimulated new regional centres of production . Southern Gaul became a leading producer of the finer red - gloss pottery ( terra sigillata ) that was a major item of trade in 1st - century Europe . Glassblowing was regarded by the Romans as originating in Syria in the 1st century BC , and by the 3rd century Egypt and the Rhineland had become noted for fine glass . Silver cup , from the Boscoreale treasure ( early 1st century AD ) Figural bronze oil lamps from Nova Zagora in Roman - era Bulgaria ( 1st -- 2nd century ) Finely decorated Gallo - Roman terra sigillata bowl Gold earrings with gemstones , 3rd century Glass cage cup from the Rhineland , latter 4th century Seuso plate ( detail ) Performing arts Main articles : Theatre of ancient Rome and Music of ancient Rome In Roman tradition , borrowed from the Greeks , literary theatre was performed by all - male troupes that used face masks with exaggerated facial expressions that allowed audiences to `` see '' how a character was feeling . Such masks were occasionally also specific to a particular role , and an actor could then play multiple roles merely by switching masks . Female roles were played by men in drag ( travesti ) . Roman literary theatre tradition is particularly well represented in Latin literature by the tragedies of Seneca . The circumstances under which Seneca 's tragedies were performed are however unclear ; scholarly conjectures range from minimally staged readings to full production pageants . More popular than literary theatre was the genre - defying mimus theatre , which featured scripted scenarios with free improvisation , risqué language and jokes , sex scenes , action sequences , and political satire , along with dance numbers , juggling , acrobatics , tightrope walking , striptease , and dancing bears . Unlike literary theatre , mimus was played without masks , and encouraged stylistic realism in acting . Female roles were performed by women , not by men . Mimus was related to the genre called pantomimus , an early form of story ballet that contained no spoken dialogue . Pantomimus combined expressive dancing , instrumental music and a sung libretto , often mythological , that could be either tragic or comic . All - male theatrical troupe preparing for a masked performance , on a mosaic from the House of the Tragic Poet Although sometimes regarded as foreign elements in Roman culture , music and dance had existed in Rome from earliest times . Music was customary at funerals , and the tibia ( Greek aulos ) , a woodwind instrument , was played at sacrifices to ward off ill influences . Song ( carmen ) was an integral part of almost every social occasion . The Secular Ode of Horace , commissioned by Augustus , was performed publicly in 17 BC by a mixed children 's choir . Music was thought to reflect the orderliness of the cosmos , and was associated particularly with mathematics and knowledge . Various woodwinds and `` brass '' instruments were played , as were stringed instruments such as the cithara , and percussion . The cornu , a long tubular metal wind instrument that curved around the musician 's body , was used for military signals and on parade . These instruments are found in parts of the Empire where they did not originate , and indicate that music was among the aspects of Roman culture that spread throughout the provinces . Instruments are widely depicted in Roman art . The hydraulic pipe organ ( hydraulis ) was `` one of the most significant technical and musical achievements of antiquity '' , and accompanied gladiator games and events in the amphitheatre , as well as stage performances . It was among the instruments that the emperor Nero played . Although certain forms of dance were disapproved of at times as non-Roman or unmanly , dancing was embedded in religious rituals of archaic Rome , such as those of the dancing armed Salian priests and of the Arval Brothers , priesthoods which underwent a revival during the Principate . Ecstatic dancing was a feature of the international mystery religions , particularly the cult of Cybele as practised by her eunuch priests the Galli and of Isis . In the secular realm , dancing girls from Syria and Cadiz were extremely popular . Like gladiators , entertainers were infames in the eyes of the law , little better than slaves even if they were technically free . `` Stars '' , however , could enjoy considerable wealth and celebrity , and mingled socially and often sexually with the upper classes , including emperors . Performers supported each other by forming guilds , and several memorials for members of the theatre community survive . Theatre and dance were often condemned by Christian polemicists in the later Empire , and Christians who integrated dance traditions and music into their worship practices were regarded by the Church Fathers as shockingly `` pagan . '' St. Augustine is supposed to have said that bringing clowns , actors , and dancers into a house was like inviting in a gang of unclean spirits . Literacy , books , and education This article is incomplete . This is because the use of papyrus or parchment scrolls , which were very common before the invention of the codex , is missing . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( April 2017 ) Main article : Education in ancient Rome Pride in literacy was displayed in portraiture through emblems of reading and writing , as in this example of a couple from Pompeii ( Portrait of Paquius Proculo ) Estimates of the average literacy rate in the Empire range from 5 to 30 % or higher , depending in part on the definition of `` literacy '' . The Roman obsession with documents and public inscriptions indicates the high value placed on the written word . The Imperial bureaucracy was so dependent on writing that the Babylonian Talmud declared `` if all seas were ink , all reeds were pen , all skies parchment , and all men scribes , they would be unable to set down the full scope of the Roman government 's concerns . '' Laws and edicts were posted in writing as well as read out . Illiterate Roman subjects would have someone such as a government scribe ( scriba ) read or write their official documents for them . Public art and religious ceremonies were ways to communicate imperial ideology regardless of ability to read . Although the Romans were not a `` People of the Book '' , they had an extensive priestly archive , and inscriptions appear throughout the Empire in connection with statues and small votives dedicated by ordinary people to divinities , as well as on binding tablets and other `` magic spells '' , with hundreds of examples collected in the Greek Magical Papyri . The military produced a vast amount of written reports and service records , and literacy in the army was `` strikingly high '' . Urban graffiti , which include literary quotations , and low - quality inscriptions with misspellings and solecisms indicate casual literacy among non-elites . In addition , numeracy was necessary for any form of commerce . Slaves were numerate and literate in significant numbers , and some were highly educated . Books were expensive , since each copy had to be written out individually on a roll of papyrus ( volumen ) by scribes who had apprenticed to the trade . The codex -- a book with pages bound to a spine -- was still a novelty in the time of the poet Martial ( 1st century AD ) , but by the end of the 3rd century was replacing the volumen and was the regular form for books with Christian content . Commercial production of books had been established by the late Republic , and by the 1st century AD certain neighbourhoods of Rome were known for their bookshops ( tabernae librariae ) , which were found also in Western provincial cities such as Lugdunum ( present - day Lyon , France ) . The quality of editing varied wildly , and some ancient authors complain about error - ridden copies , as well as plagiarism or forgery , since there was no copyright law . A skilled slave copyist ( servus litteratus ) could be valued as highly as 100,000 sesterces . Reconstruction of a writing tablet : the stylus was used to inscribe letters into the wax surface for drafts , casual letterwriting , and schoolwork , while texts meant to be permanent were copied onto papyrus Collectors amassed personal libraries , such as that of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum , and a fine library was part of the cultivated leisure ( otium ) associated with the villa lifestyle . Significant collections might attract `` in - house '' scholars ; Lucian mocked mercenary Greek intellectuals who attached themselves to philistine Roman patrons . An individual benefactor might endow a community with a library : Pliny the Younger gave the city of Comum a library valued at 1 million sesterces , along with another 100,000 to maintain it . Imperial libraries housed in state buildings were open to users as a privilege on a limited basis , and represented a literary canon from which disreputable writers could be excluded . Books considered subversive might be publicly burned , and Domitian crucified copyists for reproducing works deemed treasonous . Literary texts were often shared aloud at meals or with reading groups . Scholars such as Pliny the Elder engaged in `` multitasking '' by having works read aloud to them while they dined , bathed or travelled , times during which they might also dictate drafts or notes to their secretaries . The multivolume Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius is an extended exploration of how Romans constructed their literary culture . The reading public expanded from the 1st through the 3rd century , and while those who read for pleasure remained a minority , they were no longer confined to a sophisticated ruling elite , reflecting the social fluidity of the Empire as a whole and giving rise to `` consumer literature '' meant for entertainment . Illustrated books , including erotica , were popular , but are poorly represented by extant fragments . Primary education A teacher with two students , as a third arrives with his loculus , a writing case that would contain pens , ink pot , and a sponge to correct errors Traditional Roman education was moral and practical . Stories about great men and women , or cautionary tales about individual failures , were meant to instil Roman values ( mores maiorum ) . Parents and family members were expected to act as role models , and parents who worked for a living passed their skills on to their children , who might also enter apprenticeships for more advanced training in crafts or trades . Formal education was available only to children from families who could pay for it , and the lack of state intervention in access to education contributed to the low rate of literacy . Young children were attended by a pedagogus , or less frequently a female pedagoga , usually a Greek slave or former slave . The pedagogue kept the child safe , taught self - discipline and public behaviour , attended class and helped with tutoring . The emperor Julian recalled his pedagogue Mardonius , a eunuch slave who reared him from the age of 7 to 15 , with affection and gratitude . Usually , however , pedagogues received little respect . Primary education in reading , writing , and arithmetic might take place at home for privileged children whose parents hired or bought a teacher . Others attended a school that was `` public , '' though not state - supported , organized by an individual schoolmaster ( ludimagister ) who accepted fees from multiple parents . Vernae ( homeborn slave children ) might share in home - or public - schooling . Schools became more numerous during the Empire , and increased the opportunities for children to acquire an education . School could be held regularly in a rented space , or in any available public niche , even outdoors . Boys and girls received primary education generally from ages 7 to 12 , but classes were not segregated by grade or age . For the socially ambitious , bilingual education in Greek as well as Latin was a must . Quintilian provides the most extensive theory of primary education in Latin literature . According to Quintilian , each child has in - born ingenium , a talent for learning or linguistic intelligence that is ready to be cultivated and sharpened , as evidenced by the young child 's ability to memorize and imitate . The child incapable of learning was rare . To Quintilian , ingenium represented a potential best realized in the social setting of school , and he argued against homeschooling . He also recognized the importance of play in child development , and disapproved of corporal punishment because it discouraged love of learning -- in contrast to the practice in most Roman primary schools of routinely striking children with a cane ( ferula ) or birch rod for being slow or disruptive . Secondary education Mosaic from Pompeii depicting the Academy of Plato At the age of 14 , upperclass males made their rite of passage into adulthood , and began to learn leadership roles in political , religious , and military life through mentoring from a senior member of their family or a family friend . Higher education was provided by grammatici or rhetores . The grammaticus or `` grammarian '' taught mainly Greek and Latin literature , with history , geography , philosophy or mathematics treated as explications of the text . With the rise of Augustus , contemporary Latin authors such as Vergil and Livy also became part of the curriculum . The rhetor was a teacher of oratory or public speaking . The art of speaking ( ars dicendi ) was highly prized as a marker of social and intellectual superiority , and eloquentia ( `` speaking ability , eloquence '' ) was considered the `` glue '' of a civilized society . Rhetoric was not so much a body of knowledge ( though it required a command of references to the literary canon ) as it was a mode of expression and decorum that distinguished those who held social power . The ancient model of rhetorical training -- `` restraint , coolness under pressure , modesty , and good humour '' -- endured into the 18th century as a Western educational ideal . In Latin , illiteratus ( Greek agrammatos ) could mean both `` unable to read and write '' and `` lacking in cultural awareness or sophistication . '' Higher education promoted career advancement , particularly for an equestrian in Imperial service : `` eloquence and learning were considered marks of a well - bred man and worthy of reward '' . The poet Horace , for instance , was given a top - notch education by his father , a prosperous former slave . Urban elites throughout the Empire shared a literary culture embued with Greek educational ideals ( paideia ) . Hellenistic cities sponsored schools of higher learning as an expression of cultural achievement . Young men from Rome who wished to pursue the highest levels of education often went abroad to study rhetoric and philosophy , mostly to one of several Greek schools in Athens . The curriculum in the East was more likely to include music and physical training along with literacy and numeracy . On the Hellenistic model , Vespasian endowed chairs of grammar , Latin and Greek rhetoric , and philosophy at Rome , and gave teachers special exemptions from taxes and legal penalties , though primary schoolmasters did not receive these benefits . Quintilian held the first chair of grammar . In the eastern empire , Berytus ( present - day Beirut ) was unusual in offering a Latin education , and became famous for its school of Roman law . The cultural movement known as the Second Sophistic ( 1st -- 3rd century AD ) promoted the assimilation of Greek and Roman social , educational , and aesthetic values , and the Greek proclivities for which Nero had been criticized were regarded from the time of Hadrian onward as integral to Imperial culture . Educated women Portrait of a literary woman from Pompeii ( ca . 50 AD ) Literate women ranged from cultured aristocrats to girls trained to be calligraphers and scribes . The `` girlfriends '' addressed in Augustan love poetry , although fictional , represent an ideal that a desirable woman should be educated , well - versed in the arts , and independent to a frustrating degree . Education seems to have been standard for daughters of the senatorial and equestrian orders during the Empire . A highly educated wife was an asset for the socially ambitious household , but one that Martial regards as an unnecessary luxury . The woman who achieved the greatest prominence in the ancient world for her learning was Hypatia of Alexandria , who educated young men in mathematics , philosophy , and astronomy , and advised the Roman prefect of Egypt on politics . Her influence put her into conflict with the bishop of Alexandria , Cyril , who may have been implicated in her violent death in 415 at the hands of a Christian mob . Decline of literacy Literacy began to decline , perhaps dramatically , during the socio - political Crisis of the Third Century . Although the Church Fathers were well - educated , they regarded Classical literature as dangerous , if valuable , and reconstrued it through moralizing and allegorical readings . Julian , the only emperor after the conversion of Constantine to reject Christianity , banned Christians from teaching the Classical curriculum , on the grounds that they might corrupt the minds of youth . While the book roll had emphasized the continuity of the text , the codex format encouraged a `` piecemeal '' approach to reading by means of citation , fragmented interpretation , and the extraction of maxims . In the 5th and 6th centuries , reading became rarer even for those within the Church hierarchy . Literature Main article : Latin literature See also : Roman historiography , Church Fathers , and Latin poetry Statue in Constanța , Romania ( the ancient colony Tomis ) , commemorating Ovid 's exile In the traditional literary canon , literature under Augustus , along with that of the late Republic , has been viewed as the `` Golden Age '' of Latin literature , embodying the classical ideals of `` unity of the whole , the proportion of the parts , and the careful articulation of an apparently seamless composition . '' The three most influential Classical Latin poets -- Vergil , Horace , and Ovid -- belong to this period . Vergil wrote the Aeneid , creating a national epic for Rome in the manner of the Homeric epics of Greece . Horace perfected the use of Greek lyric metres in Latin verse . Ovid 's erotic poetry was enormously popular , but ran afoul of the Augustan moral programme ; it was one of the ostensible causes for which the emperor exiled him to Tomis ( present - day Constanța , Romania ) , where he remained to the end of his life . Ovid 's Metamorphoses was a continuous poem of fifteen books weaving together Greco - Roman mythology from the creation of the universe to the deification of Julius Caesar . Ovid 's versions of Greek myths became one of the primary sources of later classical mythology , and his work was so influential in the Middle Ages that the 12th and 13th centuries have been called the `` Age of Ovid . '' The principal Latin prose author of the Augustan age is the historian Livy , whose account of Rome 's founding and early history became the most familiar version in modern - era literature . Vitruvius 's book De Architectura , the only complete work on architecture to survive from antiquity , also belongs to this period . Latin writers were immersed in the Greek literary tradition , and adapted its forms and much of its content , but Romans regarded satire as a genre in which they surpassed the Greeks . Horace wrote verse satires before fashioning himself as an Augustan court poet , and the early Principate also produced the satirists Persius and Juvenal . The poetry of Juvenal offers a lively curmudgeon 's perspective on urban society . The period from the mid-1st century through the mid-2nd century has conventionally been called the `` Silver Age '' of Latin literature . Under Nero , disillusioned writers reacted to Augustanism . The three leading writers -- Seneca the philosopher , dramatist , and tutor of Nero ; Lucan , his nephew , who turned Caesar 's civil war into an epic poem ; and the novelist Petronius ( Satyricon ) -- all committed suicide after incurring the emperor 's displeasure . Seneca and Lucan were from Hispania , as was the later epigrammatist and keen social observer Martial , who expressed his pride in his Celtiberian heritage . Martial and the epic poet Statius , whose poetry collection Silvae had a far - reaching influence on Renaissance literature , wrote during the reign of Domitian . The so - called `` Silver Age '' produced several distinguished writers , including the encyclopedist Pliny the Elder ; his nephew , known as Pliny the Younger ; and the historian Tacitus . The Natural History of the elder Pliny , who died during disaster relief efforts in the wake of the eruption of Vesuvius , is a vast collection on flora and fauna , gems and minerals , climate , medicine , freaks of nature , works of art , and antiquarian lore . Tacitus 's reputation as a literary artist matches or exceeds his value as a historian ; his stylistic experimentation produced `` one of the most powerful of Latin prose styles . '' The Twelve Caesars by his contemporary Suetonius is one of the primary sources for imperial biography . Among Imperial historians who wrote in Greek are Dionysius of Halicarnassus , the Jewish historian Josephus , and the senator Cassius Dio . Other major Greek authors of the Empire include the biographer and antiquarian Plutarch , the geographer Strabo , and the rhetorician and satirist Lucian . Popular Greek romance novels were part of the development of long - form fiction works , represented in Latin by the Satyricon of Petronius and The Golden Ass of Apuleius . From the 2nd to the 4th centuries , the Christian authors who would become the Latin Church Fathers were in active dialogue with the Classical tradition , within which they had been educated . Tertullian , a convert to Christianity from Roman Africa , was the contemporary of Apuleius and one of the earliest prose authors to establish a distinctly Christian voice . After the conversion of Constantine , Latin literature is dominated by the Christian perspective . When the orator Symmachus argued for the preservation of Rome 's religious traditions , he was effectively opposed by Ambrose , the bishop of Milan and future saint -- a debate preserved by their missives . Brescia Casket , an ivory box with Biblical imagery ( late 4th century ) In the late 4th century , Jerome produced the Latin translation of the Bible that became authoritative as the Vulgate . Augustine , another of the Church Fathers from the province of Africa , has been called `` one of the most influential writers of western culture '' , and his Confessions is sometimes considered the first autobiography of Western literature . In The City of God against the Pagans , Augustine builds a vision of an eternal , spiritual Rome , a new imperium sine fine that will outlast the collapsing Empire . In contrast to the unity of Classical Latin , the literary aesthetic of late antiquity has a tessellated quality that has been compared to the mosaics characteristic of the period . A continuing interest in the religious traditions of Rome prior to Christian dominion is found into the 5th century , with the Saturnalia of Macrobius and The Marriage of Philology and Mercury of Martianus Capella . Prominent Latin poets of late antiquity include Ausonius , Prudentius , Claudian , and Sidonius . Ausonius ( d . ca . 394 ) , the Bordelaise tutor of the emperor Gratian , was at least nominally a Christian , though throughout his occasionally obscene mixed - genre poems , he retains a literary interest in the Greco - Roman gods and even druidism . The imperial panegyrist Claudian ( d . 404 ) was a vir illustris who appears never to have converted . Prudentius ( d . ca . 413 ) , born in Hispania Tarraconensis and a fervent Christian , was thoroughly versed in the poets of the Classical tradition , and transforms their vision of poetry as a monument of immortality into an expression of the poet 's quest for eternal life culminating in Christian salvation . Sidonius ( d . 486 ) , a native of Lugdunum , was a Roman senator and bishop of Clermont who cultivated a traditional villa lifestyle as he watched the Western empire succumb to barbarian incursions . His poetry and collected letters offer a unique view of life in late Roman Gaul from the perspective of a man who `` survived the end of his world '' . Religion A Roman priest , his head ritually covered with a fold of his toga , extends a patera in a gesture of libation ( 2nd -- 3rd century ) Main articles : Religion in ancient Rome and Imperial cult ( ancient Rome ) See also : History of the Jews in the Roman Empire , Early Christianity , and Religious persecution in the Roman Empire The Roman siege and destruction of Jerusalem , from a Western religious manuscript , c. 1504 Religion in the Roman Empire encompassed the practices and beliefs the Romans regarded as their own , as well as the many cults imported to Rome or practised by peoples throughout the provinces . The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious , and attributed their success as a world power to their collective piety ( pietas ) in maintaining good relations with the gods ( pax deorum ) . The archaic religion believed to have been handed down from the earliest kings of Rome was the foundation of the mos maiorum , `` the way of the ancestors '' or `` tradition '' , viewed as central to Roman identity . There was no principle analogous to `` separation of church and state '' . The priesthoods of the state religion were filled from the same social pool of men who held public office , and in the Imperial era , the Pontifex Maximus was the emperor . Roman religion was practical and contractual , based on the principle of do ut des , `` I give that you might give . '' Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer , ritual , and sacrifice , not on faith or dogma , although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs . For ordinary Romans , religion was a part of daily life . Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family 's domestic deities were offered . Neighbourhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city . Apuleius ( 2nd century ) described the everyday quality of religion in observing how people who passed a cult place might make a vow or a fruit offering , or merely sit for a while . The Roman calendar was structured around religious observances . In the Imperial era , as many as 135 days of the year were devoted to religious festivals and games ( ludi ) . Women , slaves , and children all participated in a range of religious activities . In the wake of the Republic 's collapse , state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors . As the first Roman emperor , Augustus justified the novelty of one - man rule with a vast programme of religious revivalism and reform . Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the wellbeing of the emperor . So - called `` emperor worship '' expanded on a grand scale the traditional Roman veneration of the ancestral dead and of the Genius , the divine tutelary of every individual . Upon death , an emperor could be made a state divinity ( divus ) by vote of the Senate . Imperial cult , influenced by Hellenistic ruler cult , became one of the major ways Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire . Cultural precedent in the Eastern provinces facilitated a rapid dissemination of Imperial cult , extending as far as the Augustan military settlement at Najran , in present - day Saudi Arabia . Rejection of the state religion became tantamount to treason against the emperor . This was the context for Rome 's conflict with Christianity , which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel superstitio . Statuettes representing Roman and Gallic deities , for personal devotion at private shrines The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honoured , a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists . As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world , their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them . One way that Rome promoted stability among diverse peoples was by supporting their religious heritage , building temples to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion . Inscriptions throughout the Empire record the side - by - side worship of local and Roman deities , including dedications made by Romans to local gods . By the height of the Empire , numerous cults of pseudo-foreign gods ( Roman reinventions of foreign gods ) were cultivated at Rome and in the provinces , among them cults of Cybele , Isis , Epona , and of solar gods such as Mithras and Sol Invictus , found as far north as Roman Britain . Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or one cult only , religious tolerance was not an issue in the sense that it is for competing monotheistic systems . Mystery religions , which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife , were a matter of personal choice for an individual , practised in addition to carrying on one 's family rites and participating in public religion . The mysteries , however , involved exclusive oaths and secrecy , conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of `` magic '' , conspiracy ( coniuratio ) , and subversive activity . Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional morality and unity . In Gaul , the power of the druids was checked , first by forbidding Roman citizens to belong to the order , and then by banning druidism altogether . At the same time , however , Celtic traditions were reinterpreted ( interpretatio romana ) within the context of Imperial theology , and a new Gallo - Roman religion coalesced , with its capital at the Sanctuary of the Three Gauls in Lugdunum ( present - day Lyon , France ) . The sanctuary established precedent for Western cult as a form of Roman - provincial identity . This funerary stele from the 3rd century is among the earliest Christian inscriptions , written in both Greek and Latin : the abbreviation D.M. at the top refers to the Di Manes , the traditional Roman spirits of the dead , but accompanies Christian fish symbolism . Relief from the Arch of Titus in Rome depicting a menorah and other spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem carried in Roman triumph . The monotheistic rigour of Judaism posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and the granting of special exemptions . Tertullian noted that the Jewish religion , unlike that of the Christians , was considered a religio licita , `` legitimate religion . '' Wars between the Romans and the Jews occurred when conflict , political as well as religious , became intractable . When Caligula wanted to place a golden statue of his deified self in the Temple in Jerusalem , the potential sacrilege and likely war were prevented only by his timely death . The Siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD led to the sacking of the temple and the dispersal of Jewish political power ( see Jewish diaspora ) . Christianity emerged in Roman Judea as a Jewish religious sect in the 1st century AD . The religion gradually spread out of Jerusalem , initially establishing major bases in first Antioch , then Alexandria , and over time throughout the Empire as well as beyond . Imperially authorized persecutions were limited and sporadic , with martyrdoms occurring most often under the authority of local officials . The first persecution by an emperor occurred under Nero , and was confined to the city of Rome . Tacitus reports that after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64 , some among the population held Nero responsible and that the emperor attempted to deflect blame onto the Christians . After Nero , a major persecution occurred under the emperor Domitian and a persecution in 177 took place at Lugdunum , the Gallo - Roman religious capital . A surviving letter from Pliny the Younger , governor of Bythinia , to the emperor Trajan describes his persecution and executions of Christians . The Decian persecution of 246 -- 251 was a serious threat to the Church , but ultimately strengthened Christian defiance . Diocletian undertook what was to be the most severe persecution of Christians , lasting from 303 to 311 . In the early 4th century , Constantine I became the first emperor to convert to Christianity . During the rest of the fourth century Christianity became the dominant religion of the Empire . The emperor Julian made a short - lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism , but in 380 ( Edict of Thessalonica ) , under Theodosius I Christianity became the official state church of the Roman Empire , to the exclusion of all others . From the 2nd century onward , the Church Fathers had begun to condemn the diverse religions practised throughout the Empire collectively as `` pagan . '' Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus ( d . 402 ) were rejected , and Christian monotheism became a feature of Imperial domination . Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution , but Rome 's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms , and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions . Political legacy Main article : Legacy of the Roman Empire Several states claimed to be the Roman Empire 's successors after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . The Holy Roman Empire , an attempt to resurrect the Empire in the West , was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Frankish King Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day , though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades . After the fall of Constantinople , the Russian Tsardom , as inheritor of the Byzantine Empire 's Orthodox Christian tradition , counted itself the Third Rome ( Constantinople having been the second ) . These concepts are known as Translatio imperii . When the Ottomans , who based their state on the Byzantine model , took Constantinople in 1453 , Mehmed II established his capital there and claimed to sit on the throne of the Roman Empire . He even went so far as to launch an invasion of Italy with the purpose of re-uniting the Empire and invited European artists to his capital , including Gentile Bellini . In the medieval West , `` Roman '' came to mean the church and the Pope of Rome . The Greek form Romaioi remained attached to the Greek - speaking Christian population of the Eastern Roman Empire , and is still used by Greeks in addition to their common appellation . The Roman Empire 's territorial legacy of controlling the Italian peninsula would influence Italian nationalism and the unification of Italy ( Risorgimento ) in 1861 . The Virginia State Capitol ( left ) , built in the late 1700s , was modelled after the Maison Carrée , a Gallo - Roman temple built around 16 BC under Augustus In the United States , the founders were educated in the classical tradition , and used classical models for landmarks and buildings in Washington , D.C. , to avoid the feudal and religious connotations of European architecture such as castles and cathedrals . In forming their theory of the mixed constitution , the founders looked to Athenian democracy and Roman republicanism for models , but regarded the Roman emperor as a figure of tyranny . They nonetheless adopted Roman Imperial forms such as the dome , as represented by the US Capitol and numerous state capitol buildings , to express classical ideals through architecture . Thomas Jefferson saw the Empire as a negative political lesson , but was a chief proponent of its architectural models . Jefferson 's design for the Virginia State Capitol , for instance , is modelled directly from the Maison Carrée , a Gallo - Roman temple built under Augustus . The renovations of the National Mall at the beginning of the 20th century have been viewed as expressing a more overt imperialist kinship with Rome . See also Ancient Rome portal Classical Civilisation portal Mediterranean portal Ancient Near East portal Daqin ( `` Great Qin '' ) , the ancient Chinese name for the Roman Empire ; see also Sino - Roman relations Fall of the Western Roman Empire Imperial Italy Italian Empire Notes Jump up ^ Other ways of referring to the `` Roman Empire '' among the Romans and Greeks themselves included Res publica Romana or Imperium Romanorum ( also in Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων -- Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn -- ( `` Dominion ( Literally ' kingdom ' but also interpreted as ' empire ' ) of the Romans '' ) ) and Romania . Res publica means Roman `` commonwealth '' and can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial eras . Imperium Romanum ( or Romanorum ) refers to the territorial extent of Roman authority . Populus Romanus ( `` the Roman people '' ) was / is often used to indicate the Roman state in matters involving other nations . The term Romania , initially a colloquial term for the empire 's territory as well as a collective name for its inhabitants , appears in Greek and Latin sources from the 4th century onward and was eventually carried over to the Eastern Roman Empire ( see R.L. Wolff , `` Romania : The Latin Empire of Constantinople '' in Speculum 23 ( 1948 ) , pp. 1 -- 34 and especially pp. 2 -- 3 ) . Jump up ^ Between 1204 and 1261 there was an interregnum when the Empire was divided into the Empire of Nicaea , the Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus , which were all contenders for rule of the Empire . The Empire of Nicaea is considered the legitimate continuation of the Roman Empire because it managed to re-take Constantinople . Jump up ^ The final emperor to rule over all of the Roman Empire 's territories before its conversion to a diarchy . Jump up ^ Officially the final emperor of the Western empire . Jump up ^ Last emperor of the Eastern ( Byzantine ) empire . Jump up ^ Abbreviated `` HS '' . Prices and values are usually expressed in sesterces ; see # Currency and banking for currency denominations by period . Jump up ^ An average of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Historical Estimates of World Population Jump up ^ Translated as `` power without end '' in Southern Jump up ^ Prudentius ( 348 -- 413 ) in particular Christianizes the theme in his poetry , as noted by Marc Mastrangelo , The Roman Self in Late Antiquity : Prudentius and the Poetics of the Soul ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2008 ) , pp. 73 , 203 . St. Augustine , however , distinguished between the secular and eternal `` Rome '' in The City of God . See also J. Rufus Fears , `` The Cult of Jupiter and Roman Imperial Ideology , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 17.1 ( 1981 ) , p. 136 , on how Classical Roman ideology influenced Christian Imperial doctrine ; Bang , Peter Fibiger ( 2011 ) `` The King of Kings : Universal Hegemony , Imperial Power , and a New Comparative History of Rome , '' in The Roman Empire in Context : Historical and Comparative Perspectives . John Wiley & Sons ; and the Greek concept of globalism ( oikouménē ) . Jump up ^ The civis ( `` citizen '' ) stands in explicit contrast to a peregrina , a foreign or non-Roman woman : A.N. Sherwin - White ( 1979 ) Roman Citizenship . Oxford University Press . pp. 211 and 268 ; Frier , pp. 31 -- 32 , 457 . In the form of legal marriage called conubium , the father 's legal status determined the child 's , but conubium required that both spouses be free citizens . A soldier , for instance , was banned from marrying while in service , but if he formed a long - term union with a local woman while stationed in the provinces , he could marry her legally after he was discharged , and any children they had would be considered the offspring of citizens -- in effect granting the woman retroactive citizenship . The ban was in place from the time of Augustus until it was rescinded by Septimius Severus in 197 AD . See Sara Elise Phang , The Marriage of Roman Soldiers ( 13 B.C. -- A.D. 235 ) : Law and Family in the Imperial Army ( Brill , 2001 ) , p. 2 , and Pat Southern , The Roman Army : A Social and Institutional History ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ That is , a double standard was in place : a married woman could have sex only with her husband , but a married man did not commit adultery if he had sex with a prostitute , slave , or person of marginalized status . See McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1991 ) . `` Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery '' . Transactions of the American Philological Association ( 1974 -- ) . 121 : 335 -- 375 ( 342 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 284457 . JSTOR 284457 . ; Martha C. Nussbaum ( 2002 ) `` The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus , Platonist , Stoic , and Roman , '' in The Sleep of Reason : Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome . University of Chicago Press . p. 305 , noting that custom `` allowed much latitude for personal negotiation and gradual social change '' ; Elaine Fantham , `` Stuprum : Public Attitudes and Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome , '' in Roman Readings : Roman Response to Greek Literature from Plautus to Statius and Quintilian ( Walter de Gruyter , 2011 ) , p. 124 , citing Papinian , De adulteriis I and Modestinus , Liber Regularum I. Eva Cantarella , Bisexuality in the Ancient World ( Yale University Press , 1992 , 2002 , originally published 1988 in Italian ) , p. 104 ; Edwards , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ The relation of the equestrian order to the `` public horse '' and Roman cavalry parades and demonstrations ( such as the Lusus Troiae ) is complex , but those who participated in the latter seem , for instance , to have been the equites who were accorded the high - status ( and quite limited ) seating at the theatre by the Lex Roscia theatralis . Senators could not possess the `` public horse . '' See Wiseman , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Ancient Gades , in Roman Spain , and Patavium , in the Celtic north of Italy , were atypically wealthy cities , and having 500 equestrians in one city was unusual . Strabo 3.169 , 5.213 Jump up ^ Vout , p. 212 . The college of centonarii is an elusive topic in scholarship , since they are also widely attested as urban firefighters ; see Jinyu Liu ( 2009 ) Collegia Centonariorum : The Guilds of Textile Dealers in the Roman West . Brill . Liu sees them as `` primarily tradesmen and / or manufacturers engaged in the production and distribution of low - or medium - quality woolen textiles and clothing , including felt and its products . '' Jump up ^ Julius Caesar first applied the Latin word oppidum to this type of settlement , and even called Avaricum ( Bourges , France ) , a center of the Bituriges , an urbs , `` city . '' Archaeology indicates that oppida were centers of religion , trade ( including import / export ) , and industrial production , walled for the purposes of defense , but they may not have been inhabited by concentrated populations year - round : see Harding , D.W. ( 2007 ) The Archaeology of Celtic Art . Routledge . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 113426464X ; Collis , John ( 2000 ) `` ' Celtic ' Oppida , '' in A Comparative Study of Thirty City - state Cultures . Danske Videnskabernes Selskab . pp. 229 -- 238 ; Celtic Chiefdom , Celtic State : The Evolution of Complex Social Systems . Cambridge University Press , 1995 , 1999 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Such as the Consualia and the October Horse sacrifice : Humphrey , pp. 544 , 558 ; Auguste Bouché - Leclercq , Manuel des Institutions Romaines ( Hachette , 1886 ) , p. 549 ; `` Purificazione , '' in Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum ( LIMC , 2004 ) , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Scholars are divided in their relative emphasis on the athletic and dance elements of these exercises : Lee , H. ( 1984 ) . `` Athletics and the Bikini Girls from Piazza Armerina '' . Stadion. 10 : 45 -- 75 . sees them as gymnasts , while M. Torelli , `` Piazza Armerina : Note di iconologia '' , in La Villa romana del Casale di Piazza Armerina , edited by G. Rizza ( Catania , 1988 ) , p. 152 , thinks they are dancers at the games . Jump up ^ By Michael Rostovtzeff , as noted by Robin M. Jensen ( 1999 ) `` The Dura - Europos Synagogue , Early - Christian Art and Religious Life in Dura Europos , '' in Jews , Christians and Polytheists in the Ancient Synagogue : Cultural Interaction during the Greco - Roman Period . Routledge . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Political slogans and obscenities are widely preserved as graffiti in Pompeii : Antonio Varone , Erotica Pompeiana : Love Inscriptions on the Walls of Pompeii ( `` L'Erma '' di Bretschneider , 2002 ) . Soldiers sometimes inscribed sling bullets with aggressive messages : Phang , `` Military Documents , Languages , and Literacy , '' p. 300 . Jump up ^ Bloomer , W. Martin ( 2011 ) The School of Rome : Latin Studies and the Origins of Liberal Education ( University of California Press , 2011 ) , pp. 93 -- 99 ; Morgan , Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds , p. 250 . Quintilian uses the metaphor acuere ingenium , `` to sharpen talent , '' as well as agricultural metaphors . Jump up ^ For an overview of the representation of Roman religion in early Christian authors , see R.P.C. Hanson , `` The Christian Attitue to Pagan Religions up to the Time of Constantine the Great , '' and Carlos A. Contreras , `` Christian Views of Paganism , '' in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 23.1 ( 1980 ) 871 -- 1022 . Jump up ^ `` This mentality , '' notes John T. Koch , `` lay at the core of the genius of cultural assimilation which made the Roman Empire possible '' ; entry on `` Interpretatio romana , '' in Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia ( ABC - Clio , 2006 ) , p. 974 . References Citations Jump up ^ Bennett , Julian ( 1997 ) . Trajan : Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16524 - 2 ... Fig. 1 . Regions east of the Euphrates river were held only in the years 116 -- 117 . ^ Jump up to : Taagepera , Rein ( 1979 ) . `` Size and Duration of Empires : Growth - Decline Curves , 600 B.C. to 600 A.D '' . Social Science History . Duke University Press . 3 ( 3 / 4 ) : 125 . doi : 10.2307 / 1170959 . JSTOR 1170959 . Jump up ^ Durand , John D. ( 1977 ) . `` Historical Estimates of World Population : An Evaluation '' . Population and Development Review . 3 ( 3 ) : 253 . doi : 10.2307 / 1971891 . JSTOR 1971891 . ^ Jump up to : Turchin , Peter ; Adams , Jonathan M. ; Hall , Thomas D ( 2006 ) . `` East - West Orientation of Historical Empires '' ( PDF ) . Journal of world - systems research . 12 ( 2 ) : 222 . ISSN 1076 - 156X . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ian ( October 2010 ) Social Development . Stanford University Jump up ^ Morris , Ian ( 2010 ) Why the West Rules -- For Now , New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 29002 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kremer , M. ( 1993 ) . `` Population Growth and Technological Change : One Million B.C. To 1990 '' ( PDF ) . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 108 ( 3 ) : 681 -- 716 . doi : 10.2307 / 2118405 . JSTOR 2118405 . Jump up ^ Stillman , Norman A. ( 1979 ) The Jews of Arab Lands . Jewish Publication Society . p. 22 . ISBN 0827611552 Jump up ^ Breasted , J.H. Ancient Times a History of the Early World . Рипол Классик . p. 675 . ISBN 117400312X Jump up ^ Kelly , pp. 4ff . ^ Jump up to : Nicolet , pp. 1 , 15 Jump up ^ Brennan , T. Corey ( 2000 ) The Praetorship in the Roman Republic . Oxford University Press . p. 605 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 39 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Hekster , Olivier and Kaizer , Ted ( 2011 ) . Preface to Frontiers in the Roman World . Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire ( Durhan , 16 -- 19 April 2009 ) . Brill . p. viii . Jump up ^ Lintott , Andrew ( 1999 ) The Constitution of the Roman Republic . Oxford University Press . p. 114 Jump up ^ Eder , W. ( 1993 ) `` The Augustan Principate as Binding Link , '' in Between Republic and Empire . University of California Press . p. 98 . ISBN 0520084470 . Jump up ^ Richardson , John ( 2011 ) `` Fines provinciae '' , in Frontiers in the Roman World . Brill . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Richardson , John ( 2011 ) `` Fines provinciae '' , in Frontiers in the Roman World . Brill . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Syme , Ronald ( 1939 ) The Roman Revolution . Oford : Oxford University Press . pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Boatwright , Mary T. ( 2000 ) Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire . Princeton University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 571 . Jump up ^ Dio Cassius 72.36. 4 , Loeb edition translated E. Cary Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward ( 1776 ) , `` The Decline And Fall in the West -- Chapter 4 '' , The History of the Decline And Fall of the Roman Empire . Jump up ^ Brown , P. , The World of Late Antiquity , London 1971 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Adrian Goldsworth , How Rome Fell : Death of a Superpower ( Yale University Press , 2009 ) , pp. 405 -- 415 . Jump up ^ Potter , David . The Roman Empire at Bay . 296 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Starr , Chester G. ( 1974 ) A History of the Ancient World , Second Edition . Oxford University Press . pp. 670 -- 678 . Jump up ^ Isaac Asimov ( 1989 ) Asimov 's Chronology of the World , p. 110 , New York , NY , USA : HarperCollins . Jump up ^ Duiker , 2001 . page 347 . ^ Jump up to : The Byzantine Empire Archived 1999 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . by Richard Hooker . Washington State University . Written 6 June 1999 . Retrieved 8 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Bray , R.S. ( 2004 ) . Armies of Pestilence . Cambridge : James Clarke & Co. p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 227 - 17240 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kreutz , Barbara M. ( 1996 ) . Before the Normans : Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1587 - 8 . Jump up ^ Duiker , 2001 . page 349 . Jump up ^ Basil II ( AD 976 -- 1025 ) by Catherine Holmes . De Imperatoribus Romanis . Written 1 April 2003 . Retrieved 22 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward . History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Chapter 61 . Retrieved 11 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Mehmet II by Korkut Ozgen . Theottomans.org . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Kelly , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolet , p. 29 Jump up ^ Vergil , Aeneid 1.278 Jump up ^ Mattingly , David J. ( 2011 ) Imperialism , Power , and Identity : Experiencing the Roman Empire . Princeton University Press . p. 15 Jump up ^ Moretti , G. ( 1993 ) `` The Other World and the ' Antipodes ' : The Myth of Unknown Countries between Antiquity and the Renaissance , '' in The Classical Tradition and the Americas : European Images of the Americas . Walter de Gruyter . p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Southern , Pat ( 2001 ) . The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine . Routledge . pp. 14 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23943 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nicolet , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Nicolet , pp. 9 , 16 . Jump up ^ Nicolet , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Raymond W. ( 2005 ) . `` An Estimate of the Size Anl Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire '' . Review of Income and Wealth. 30 ( 3 ) : 263 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4991.1984. tb00552. x . Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ( April 2006 ) `` Population and demography '' in Princeton / Stanford Working Papers in Classics , p. 9 Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 721 . Jump up ^ Woolf , Greg ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World . Cambridge : Ivy Press . p. 340 Jump up ^ Opper , Thorsten ( 2008 ) Hadrian : Empire and Conflict . Harvard University Press . p. 64 Jump up ^ Fields , Nic ( 2003 ) Hadrian 's Wall AD 122 -- 410 , which was , of course , at the bottom of Hadrian 's garden . Osprey Publishing . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Vergil , Aeneid 12.834 and 837 Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 549 , 563 Jump up ^ Adams , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Adams , pp. 186 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 554 , 556 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 549 Jump up ^ Freeman , Charles ( 1999 ) The Greek Achievement : The Foundation of the Western World . New York : Penguin . pp. 389 -- 433 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 549 , citing Plutarch , Life of Alexander 47.6 . Jump up ^ Millar , Fergus ( 2006 ) A Greek Roman Empire : Power and Belief under Theodosius II ( 408 -- 450 ) . University of California Press . p. 279 . ISBN 0520941411 . ^ Jump up to : Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford University Press . pp. 5 -- 7 . ISBN 0804726302 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 553 . Jump up ^ Cicero , In Catilinam 2.15 , P. Ryl . I 61 `` recto '' . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 550 -- 552 . ^ Jump up to : Rochette , p. 552 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Life of Claudius 42 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 553 -- 554 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 556 Jump up ^ Adams , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Adams , pp. 185 -- 186 , 205 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 560 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 562 -- 563 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 558 -- 559 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Richard ( 2000 ) `` Communicating Culture , Identity , and Power , '' in Experiencing Power : Culture , Identity and Power in the Roman Empire . Routledge . pp. 58 -- 60 . ISBN 0415212855 . Jump up ^ Adams , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 553 -- 555 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 550 Jump up ^ Stefan Zimmer , `` Indo - European , '' in Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia ( ABC - Clio , 2006 ) , p. 961 ^ Jump up to : Curchin , Leonard A. ( 1995 ) . `` Literacy in the Roman Provinces : Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain '' . The American Journal of Philology. 116 ( 3 ) : 461 -- 476 ( 464 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 295333 . JSTOR 295333 . Jump up ^ Waquet , Françoise ( 2001 ) Latin , Or , The Empire of the Sign : From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century . Verso . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 1859844022 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Kristian ( 1996 ) `` The Humanist Reform of Latin and Latin Teaching , '' in The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism . Cambridge University Press . pp. 63 -- 64 . ISBN 0521436249 . Jump up ^ Fine , John V.A. ; Fine , John Van Antwerp ( 1991 ) . The Early Medieval Balkans : A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century . University of Michigan Press . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08149 - 7 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Garnsey , Peter and Saller , Richard ( 1987 ) The Roman Empire : Economy , Society and Culture . University of California Press . pp. 107 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Noreña , Carlos F. ( 2011 ) Imperial Ideals in the Roman West : Representation , Circulation , Power . Cambridge University Press . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Winterling , pp. 11 , 21 . Jump up ^ Saller , Richard P. ( 1982 , 2002 ) Personal Patronage under the Early Empire . Cambridge University Press . pp. 123 , 176 , 183 Jump up ^ Duncan , Anne ( 2006 ) Performance and Identity in the Classical World . Cambridge University Press . p. 164 . Jump up ^ Reinhold , Meyer ( 2002 ) Studies in Classical History and Society . Oxford University Press . pp. 25ff. and 42 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 17 , 20 . Jump up ^ Millar , pp. 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Carroll , Maureen ( 2006 ) Spirits of the Dead : Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe . Oxford University Press . pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ `` Infanticide Common in Roman Empire '' . DNews . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 14 Jump up ^ Gaius , Institutiones 1.9 = Digest 1.5. 3 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 1987 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Eva Cantarella , Pandora 's Daughters : The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1987 ) , pp. 140 -- 141 Jump up ^ Sullivan , J.P. ( 1979 ) . `` Martial 's Sexual Attitudes '' . Philologus. 123 : 296 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 1987 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 19 -- 20 , 22 . Jump up ^ Treggiari , Susan ( 1991 ) Roman Marriage : Iusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian . Oxford University Press . pp. 258 -- 259 , 500 -- 502 . ISBN 0198149395 . Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( 1999 ) Roman Law in Context . Cambridge University Press . Ch . 3.3 Jump up ^ Frier , Ch. IV Jump up ^ Thomas , Yan ( 1991 ) `` The Division of the Sexes in Roman Law , '' in A History of Women from Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints . Harvard University Press . p. 134 . Jump up ^ Severy , Beth ( 2002 ) Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire . Routledge . p. 12 . ISBN 1134391838 . Jump up ^ Severy , Beth ( 2002 ) Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire . Routledge . p. 4 . ISBN 1134391838 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 461 Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 733 . Jump up ^ Woodhull , Margaret L. ( 2004 ) `` Matronly Patrons in the Early Roman Empire : The Case of Salvia Postuma , '' in Women 's Influence on Classical Civilization . Routledge . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 12 . Jump up ^ The others are ancient Athens , and in the modern era Brazil , the Caribbean , and the United States ; Bradley , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , W.V. ( 1999 ) . `` Demography , Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves '' . The Journal of Roman Studies . 89 : 62 -- 75 . doi : 10.2307 / 300734 . JSTOR 300734 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Timothy ( 2010 ) . `` Believing the ancients : Quantitative and qualitative dimensions of slavery and the slave trade in later prehistoric Eurasia '' . World Archaeology. 33 : 27 -- 43 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438240120047618 . JSTOR 827887 . Jump up ^ Harper , Kyle ( 2011 ) Slavery in the Late Roman World , AD 275 -- 425 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 10 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 7 . Jump up ^ McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1998 ) Prostitution , Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome . Oxford University Press . p. 314 . ISBN 0195161327 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Jane F. ( 1991 ) Women in Roman Law and Society . Indiana University Press . p. 119 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 31 , 33 . Jump up ^ Fuhrmann , C.J. ( 2012 ) Policing the Roman Empire : Soldiers , Administration , and Public Order . Oxford University Press . pp. 21 -- 41 . ISBN 0199737843 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Gamauf , Richard ( 2009 ) . `` Slaves doing business : The role of Roman law in the economy of a Roman household '' . European Review of History : Revue europeenne d'histoire. 16 ( 3 ) : 331 . doi : 10.1080 / 13507480902916837 . Jump up ^ Bradley , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1998 ) Prostitution , Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome . Oxford University Press . pp. 288ff . ISBN 0195161327 . Jump up ^ Abusch , Ra'anan ( 2003 ) `` Circumcision and Castration under Roman Law in the Early Empire , '' in The Covenant of Circumcision : New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite . Brandeis University Press . pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ Schäfer , Peter ( 1983 , 2003 ) The History of the Jews in the Greco - Roman World . Routledge . p. 150 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 15 Jump up ^ Goodwin , Stefan ( 2009 ) . Africa in Europe : Antiquity into the Age of Global Expansion . Lexington Books . Vol. 1 , p. 41 , ISBN 0739117262 , noting that `` Roman slavery was a nonracist and fluid system '' . Jump up ^ Santosuosso , Antonio ( 2001 ) Storming the Heavens : Soldiers , Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire , Westview Press . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3523 - X . Jump up ^ Noy , David ( 2000 ) . Foreigners at Rome : Citizens and Strangers . Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales . ISBN 9780715629529 . Jump up ^ Harper , James ( 1972 ) . `` Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome '' . American Journal of Philology. 93 : 341 -- 342 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 1987 ) , pp. 186 -- 188 , 190 Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 34 , 48 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Millar , Fergus ( 1998 , 2002 ) The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic . University of Michigan . pp. 23 , 209 . ISBN 0472088785 . Jump up ^ Mouritsen , Henrik ( 2011 ) The Freedman in the Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Berger , Adolf ( 1953 , 1991 ) . libertus in Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law . American Philological Society . p. 564 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 217 -- 218 Jump up ^ Syme , Ronald ( 1999 ) Provincial at Rome : and Rome and the Balkans 80 BC -- AD 14 . University of Exeter Press . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 0859896323 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 215 , 221 -- 222 Jump up ^ Millar , p. 88 . The standard complement of 600 was flexible ; twenty quaestors , for instance , held office each year and were thus admitted to the Senate regardless of whether there were `` open '' seats . ^ Jump up to : Millar , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 218 -- 219 . Jump up ^ His name was Tiberius Claudius Gordianus ; Boardman , p. 219 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Ramsay ( 1966 ) . `` Provincial Languages in the Roman Empire '' . The American Journal of Philology. 87 : 1 . doi : 10.2307 / 292973 . JSTOR 292973 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , pp. 71 -- 72 , 76 Jump up ^ Wiseman , pp. 75 -- 76 , 78 . Jump up ^ Fear , Andrew ( 2007 ) `` War and Society , '' in The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare : Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire . Cambridge University Press , vol. 2 . pp. 214 -- 215 . ISBN 0521782740 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Julian ( 1997 ) . Trajan : Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times . Routledge . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16524 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 188 Jump up ^ Millar , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Millar , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Liebeschuetz , Wolfgang ( 2001 ) `` The End of the Ancient City , '' in The City in Late Antiquity . Taylor & Francis . pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Millar , p. 90 , calls them `` status - appellations . '' Jump up ^ Millar , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Millar , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Verboven , Koenraad ( 2007 ) . `` The Associative Order : Status and Ethos among Roman Businessmen in Late Republic and Early Empire '' . Athenaeum. 95 : 870 -- 72 . hdl : 1854 / LU - 395187 . ^ Jump up to : Peachin , pp. 153 -- 154 Jump up ^ Perkins , Judith ( 2009 ) Early Christian and Judicial Bodies . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 245 -- 246 Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 475 . Jump up ^ Gaughan , Judy E. ( 2010 ) Murder Was Not a Crime : Homicide and Power in the Roman Republic . University of Texas Press . p. 91 . ISBN 0292725671 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Gordon P. ( 2006 ) A History of Exile in the Roman Republic . Cambridge University Press . p. 8 . ISBN 0521848601 . ^ Jump up to : Coleman , K.M. ( 2012 ) . `` Fatal Charades : Roman Executions Staged as Mythological Enactments '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 80 : 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 300280 . JSTOR 300280 . Jump up ^ Robinson , O.F. ( 2007 ) Penal Practice and Penal Policy in Ancient Rome . Routledge . p. 108 . Jump up ^ The imperial cult in Roman Britain - Google docs Jump up ^ Bohec , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bohec , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Moralia Moralia 813c and 814c Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 181 -- 182 Jump up ^ Luttwak , Edward ( 1976 / 1979 ) The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire , Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2158 - 4 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Abbott , p. 354 Jump up ^ Abbott , p. 345 Jump up ^ Abbott , p. 341 Jump up ^ Millar , Fergus ( 2004 ) `` Emperors at Work , '' in Rome , the Greek World , and the East : Government , Society , and Culture in the Roman Empire . University of North Carolina Press . Vol. 2 . ISBN 0807855200 . pp. 3 -- 22 , especially pp. 4 and 20 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 195ff . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 205 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 202 -- 203 , 205 , 210 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Millar , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 215 ^ Jump up to : Winterling , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , pp. 111 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Hekster , Olivier J. ( 2007 ) `` Fighting for Rome : The Emperor as a Military Leader , '' in Impact of the Roman Army ( 200 BC -- AD 476 ) . Brill . p. 96 . Jump up ^ Bohec , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Bohec , pp. 10 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Roth , J. ( 1994 ) . `` The Size and Organization of the Roman Imperial Legion '' . Historia. 43 ( 3 ) : 346 -- 362 . JSTOR 4436338 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Rome and Her Enemies published by Osprey , 2005 , part 3 : Early Empire 27BC -- AD235 , Ch. 9 : The Romans , section : Remuneration , p. 183 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 336 - 0 Jump up ^ Tacitus Annales IV. 5 Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Peter ( 1986 ) . `` A Reconstruction of a Roman Saddle '' . Britannia. 17 : 353 . doi : 10.2307 / 526559 . JSTOR 526559 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Peter ; Van Driel - Murray , Carol ( 1991 ) . `` The Roman Cavalry Saddle '' . Britannia. 22 : 33 . doi : 10.2307 / 526629 . JSTOR 526629 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 177 -- 179 . Most government records that are preserved come from Roman Egypt , where the climate preserved the papyri . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 179 . The exclusion of Egypt from the senatorial provinces dates to the rise of Octavian before he became Augustus : Egypt had been the stronghold of his last opposition , Mark Antony and his ally Cleopatra . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 179 , 187 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 180 Jump up ^ Fuhrmann , C.J. ( 2012 ) Policing the Roman Empire : Soldiers , Administration , and Public Order . Oxford University Press . pp. 197 , 214 , 224 . ISBN 0199737843 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 184 -- 185 . Jump up ^ Bozeman , Adda B. ( 2010 ) Politics and Culture in International History from the Ancient Near East to the Opening of the Modern Age . Transaction Publishers . 2nd ed ... pp. 208 -- 20 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ This practice was established in the Republic ; see for instance the case of Contrebian water rights heard by G. Valerius Flaccus as governor of Hispania in the 90s -- 80s BC . Jump up ^ Digeser , Elizabeth DePalma ( 2000 ) The Making of a Christian Empire : Lactantius and Rome . Cornell University Press . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 185 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 185 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 188 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio 55.31. 4 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annales 13.31. 2 . Jump up ^ This was the vicesima libertatis , `` the twentieth for freedom '' ; Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 283 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 285 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 285 -- 286 , 296ff . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 296 . 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( 2008 ) : `` Mining and Metallurgy '' , in : Oleson , John Peter ( ed . ) : The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518731 - 1 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Sim , David ; Ridge , Isabel ( 2002 ) Iron for the Eagles . The Iron Industry of Roman Britain , Tempus , Stroud , Gloucestershire , ISBN 0 - 7524 - 1900 - 5 . p. 23 Jump up ^ Healy , John F. ( 1978 ) Mining and Metallurgy in the Greek and Roman World , Thames and Hudson , London , ISBN 0 - 500 - 40035 - 0 . p. 196 . Assumes a productive capacity of c. 1.5 kg per capita . ^ Jump up to : Hong , S. ; Candelone , J. - P. ; Patterson , C.C. ; Boutron , C.F. ( 1996 ) . `` History of Ancient Copper Smelting Pollution During Roman and Medieval Times Recorded in Greenland Ice '' . Science . 272 ( 5259 ) : 246 . Bibcode : 1996Sci ... 272 ... 246H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 272.5259. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Hong , S ; Candelone , J.P. ; Patterson , C.C. ; Boutron , C.F. ( 1994 ) . `` Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia ago by greek and roman civilizations '' ( PDF ) . Science . 265 ( 5180 ) : 1841 -- 3 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 265.5180. 1841 . PMID 17797222 . ^ Jump up to : De Callataÿ , François ( 2015 ) . `` The Graeco - Roman economy in the super long - run : Lead , copper , and shipwrecks '' . Journal of Roman Archaeology. 18 : 361 . doi : 10.1017 / S104775940000742X . Jump up ^ Settle , D.M. ; Patterson , C.C. ( 1980 ) . `` Lead in albacore : Guide to lead pollution in Americans '' . Science . 207 ( 4436 ) : 1167 -- 76 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 6986654 . PMID 6986654 . Jump up ^ Patterson , C.C. ( 1972 ) . `` Silver Stocks and Losses in Ancient and Medieval Times '' . The Economic History Review . 25 ( 2 ) : 205 -- 235 ( tables 2 , 6 ) . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1972. tb02173. x . JSTOR 2593904 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Marlière , Élise ( 2001 ) . `` Le tonneau en Gaule romaine '' ( PDF ) . Gallia. 58 : 181 -- 210 ( 184 ) . doi : 10.3406 / galia. 2001.3179 . JSTOR 43608343 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Greene , Kevin ( 1990 ) . The Archaeology of the Roman Economy . University of California Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07401 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Boardman , p. 713 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 714 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Roger Bradley ( 2007 ) . Roman Woodworking . Yale University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 0300103417 . ^ Jump up to : Stambaugh , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Ray Laurence , `` Land Transport in Roman Italy : Costs , Practice and the Economy , '' in Trade , Traders and the Ancient City ( Routledge , 1998 ) , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Holleran , p. 142 . Jump up ^ An , Jiayao ( 2002 ) . `` When Glass Was Treasured in China '' . In Juliano , Annette L. ; Lerner , Judith A. Silk Road Studies VII : Nomads , Traders , and Holy Men Along China 's Silk Road . Turnhout : Brepols Publishers . pp. 83 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 503 - 52178 - 7 . 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Jump up ^ Chandler , Fiona ( 2001 ) The Usborne Internet Linked Encyclopedia of the Roman World . Usborne Publishing . p. 80 . Jump up ^ Forman , Joan ( 1975 ) The Romans , Macdonald Educational Ltd. p. 34 . Jump up ^ Crow , J. ( 2007 ) `` Earth , walls and water in Late Antique Constantinople '' in Technology in Transition AD 300 -- 650 in ed . L. Lavan , E. Zanini & A. Sarantis Brill , Leiden Jump up ^ Greene , Kevin ( 1990 ) . The Archaeology of the Roman Economy . University of California Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07401 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jones , R.F.J. ; Bird , D.G. ( 2012 ) . `` Roman Gold - Mining in North - West Spain , II : Workings on the Rio Duerna '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 62 : 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 298927 . JSTOR 298927 . Jump up ^ Ritti , Tullia ; Grewe , Klaus ; Kessener , Paul ( 2007 ) . `` A Relief of a Water - powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications '' . Journal of Roman Archaeology. 20 : 138 -- 163 ( 156 , fn. 74 ) . doi : 10.1017 / S1047759400005341 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Rehak , Paul ( 2006 ) Imperium and Cosmos : Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 4 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 23ff. and 244 Jump up ^ Raja , Rubina ( 2012 ) Urban Development and Regional Identity in the Eastern Roman Provinces 50 BC -- AD 250 . Museum Tusculanum Press . pp. 215 -- 218 Jump up ^ Sperber , Daniel ( 1998 ) The City in Roman Palestine . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 252 -- 253 ^ Jump up to : Longfellow , Brenda ( 2011 ) Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage : Form , Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 0521194938 Jump up ^ Millar , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Vergil , Aeneid 6.852 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 185 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De anima 30.3 ( ubique domus , ubique populus , ubique respublica , ubique uita ) , as cited and framed in Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Millar , pp. 76ff . Jump up ^ Jones , Mark Wilson ( 2000 ) Principles of Roman Architecture . New Haven : Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Evans , Harry B. ( 1994 ) Water Distribution in Ancient Rome , University of Michigan Press . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 366 . ^ Jump up to : Fagan , Garrett G. ( 2001 ) . `` The Genesis of the Roman Public Bath : Recent Approaches and Future Directions '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Archaeology. 105 ( 3 ) : 403 . doi : 10.2307 / 507363 . JSTOR 507363 . Jump up ^ Ward , Roy Bowen ( 1992 ) . `` Women in Roman Baths '' . Harvard Theological Review . 85 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 147 . doi : 10.1017 / S0017816000028820 . JSTOR 1509900 . Jump up ^ Clarke , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Clarke , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Clarke , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 144 , 147 Jump up ^ Clarke , pp. 12 , 17 , 22ff . Jump up ^ Taylor , Rabun ( 2005 ) . `` Roman Oscilla : An Assessment '' . Res : Anthropology and aesthetics. 48 : 83 -- 105 . doi : 10.1086 / RESv48n1ms20167679 . JSTOR 20167679 . Jump up ^ Gazda , Elaine K. ( 1991 ) `` Introduction '' , in Roman Art in the Private Sphere : Architecture and Décor of the Domus , Villa , and Insula . University of Michigan Press . p. 9 . ISBN 047210196X . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Jashemski , Wilhelmina Feemster ; Meyer , Frederick G. ( 2002 ) . The Natural History of Pompeii . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80054 - 9 . Jump up ^ Horace , Satire 2.6 Jump up ^ Holzberg , Niklas ( 2002 ) The Ancient Fable : An Introduction . Indiana University Press . p. 35 Jump up ^ Bovie , Smith Palmer ( 2002 ) Introduction to Horace . Satires and Epistles . University of Chicago Press . pp. 92 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 679 . Jump up ^ Morris , pp. 195 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 191 , reckoning that the surplus of wheat from the province of Egypt alone could meet and exceed the needs of the city of Rome and the provincial armies . Jump up ^ Wiseman , T.P. ( 2012 ) . `` The Census in the First Century B.C '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 59 : 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 299848 . JSTOR 299848 . Jump up ^ Keane , Catherine ( 2006 ) Figuring Genre in Roman Satire . Oxford University Press . p. 36 Jump up ^ Köhne , Eckhart ( 2000 ) `` Bread and Circuses : The Politics of Entertainment , '' in Gladiators and Caesars : The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome . University of California Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Juvenal , Satire 10.77 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 144 , 178 Jump up ^ Hinds , Kathryn ( 2010 ) Everyday Life in the Roman Empire . Marshall Cavendish . p. 90 . Jump up ^ Holleran , p. 136ff . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Faas , Patrick ( 1994 , 2005 ) Around the Roman Table : Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome . University of Chicago Press . p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Boardman , p. 681 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Natural History 19.83 -- 84 ; Emily Gowers , The Loaded Table : Representation of Food in Roman Literature ( Oxford University Press , 1993 , 2003 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Holleran , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Holleran , pp. 134 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , p. 146 Jump up ^ Holleran , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Grant , Mark ( 2000 ) Galen on Food and Diet . Routledge . pp. 7 , 11 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Roller , Matthew B. ( 2006 ) Dining Posture in Ancient Rome . Princeton University Press . p. 96ff . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Alcock , Joan P. ( 2006 ) Food in the Ancient World . Greenwood Press . p. 184 . Jump up ^ Donahue , John ( 2004 ) The Roman Community at Table during the Principate . University of Michigan Press . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Cathy K. Kaufman , `` Remembrance of Meals Past : Cooking by Apicius ' Book , '' in Food and the Memory : Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooker p. 125ff . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Life of Vitellius 13.2 ; Gowers , The Loaded Table , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Germania 23 ; Gowers , The Loaded Table , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Flandrin , Jean Louis ; Montanari , Massimo ( 1999 ) . Food : A Culinary History from Antiquity to the Present . Columbia University Press . pp. 165 -- 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11154 - 6 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 365 -- 366 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 455 Jump up ^ Franklin , James L. Jr. ( 2001 ) Pompeis Difficile Est : Studies in the Political Life of Imperial Pompeii . University of Michigan Press . p. 137 Jump up ^ Laurence , Ray ( 2007 ) Roman Pompeii : Space and Society . Routledge . p. 173 ; recounted by Tacitus , Annals 14.17 . Jump up ^ Mary Beard , J.A. North , and S.R.F. Price , Religions of Rome : A History ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Dyson , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Versnel , H.S. ( 1971 ) Triumphus : An Inquiry into the Origin , Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph . Brill . pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , pp. 235 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , pp. 223 -- 224 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 303 . ^ Jump up to : Humphrey , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Dyson , pp. 237 , 239 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , pp. 73 -- 74 , 106 Jump up ^ Auguet , p. 54 Jump up ^ McClelland , John ( 2007 ) Body and Mind : Sport in Europe from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Dyson , pp. 238 -- 239 ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 85 Jump up ^ Humphrey , p. 461 Jump up ^ McClelland , John ( 2007 ) Body and Mind : Sport in Europe from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance . Routledge . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Thomas Wiedemann , Emperors and Gladiators ( Routledge , 1992 , 1995 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , pp. 459 , 461 , 512 , 630 -- 631 Jump up ^ Dyson , p. 237 Jump up ^ Dyson , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Dyson , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , p. 238 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , pp. 18 -- 21 Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Auguet , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Auguet , p. 144 Jump up ^ Dickie , Matthew ( 2001 ) Magic and Magicians in the Greco - Roman World . Routledge . pp. 282 -- 287 Jump up ^ Eva D'Ambra , `` Racing with Death : Circus Sarcophagi and the Commemoration of Children in Roman Italy '' in Constructions of Childhood in Ancient Greece and Italy ( American School of Classical Studies at Athens , 2007 ) , pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Rüpke , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 354 ^ Jump up to : Edwards , p. 59 ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Cassio Dio 54.2. 2 ; Res Gestae Divi Augusti 22.1 , 3 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 49 Jump up ^ Edmondson , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio 66.25 ^ Jump up to : Edwards , p. 55 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 307 Jump up ^ McClelland , Body and Mind , p. 66 , citing also Marcus Junkelmann . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Nero 12.2 Jump up ^ Edmondson , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De spectaculis 12 Jump up ^ Edwards , pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 224 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Marianne and Walton , J. Michael ( 2007 ) Introduction to The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theatre . Cambridge University Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Donald G. ( 1998 ) Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome . Routledge . p. 81 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Panegyric 33.1 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Edwards , pp. 66 -- 67 , 72 . Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , G.W. ( 1995 ) Martyrdom and Rome . Cambridge University Press . pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 79 Jump up ^ Huber - Rebenich , Gerlinde ( 1999 ) `` Hagiographic Fiction as Entertainment , '' in Latin Fiction : The Latin Novel in Context . Routlege . pp. 158 -- 178 Jump up ^ Llewelyn , S.R. and Nobbs , A.M. ( 2002 ) `` The Earliest Dated Reference to Sunday in the Papyri , '' in New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans . p. 109 Jump up ^ Hildebrandt , Henrik ( 2006 ) `` Early Christianity in Roman Pannonia -- Fact or Fiction ? 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Université de Nantes . pp. 260 , 264 , particularly citing the Gynecology of Soranus . ^ Jump up to : Austin , R.G. ( 2009 ) . `` Roman Board Games . II '' . Greece and Rome . 4 ( 11 ) : 76 . doi : 10.1017 / S0017383500003119 . JSTOR 640979 . Jump up ^ Austin , R.G. ( 1934 ) . `` Roman Board Games . I '' . Greece and Rome . 4 ( 10 ) : 24 -- 34 . JSTOR 641231 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Lynda L. ( 1997 ) Sacred Fictions : Holy Women and Hagiography in Late Antiquity . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 57 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Vout , p. 216 ^ Jump up to : Bieber , Margarete ( 1959 ) . `` Roman Men in Greek Himation ( Romani Palliati ) a Contribution to the History of Copying '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 103 ( 3 ) : 374 -- 417 . JSTOR 985474 . Jump up ^ Vout , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Vout , pp. 204 -- 220 , especially pp. 206 , 211 Jump up ^ Métraux , Guy P.R. ( 2008 ) `` Prudery and Chic in Late Antique Clothing , '' in Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture . University of Toronto Press . p. 286 . ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Quintilian , Institutio Oratoria 11.3. 137 -- 149 Jump up ^ Métraux , Guy P.R. ( 2008 ) `` Prudery and Chic in Late Antique Clothing , '' in Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture . University of Toronto Press . pp. 282 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Cleland , Liza ( 2007 ) Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z . Routledge . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Modern copy of a 2nd - century original , from the Louvre . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De Pallio 5.2 Jump up ^ Vout , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 232 . Jump up ^ D'Amato , Raffaele ( 2005 ) Roman Military Clothing ( 3 ) AD 400 to 640 . Osprey . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 184176843X . Jump up ^ Wickham , Chris ( 2009 ) The Inheritance of Rome . Penguin Books . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02098 - 0 Jump up ^ Kousser , p. 1 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Gazda , Elaine K. ( 1991 ) `` Introduction '' , in Roman Art in the Private Sphere : Architecture and Décor of the Domus , Villa , and Insula . University of Michigan Press . pp. 1 -- 3 . ISBN 047210196X . Jump up ^ Paul Zanker , Pompeii : Public and Private Life , translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider ( Harvard University Press , 1998 , originally published 1995 in German ) , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Kousser , pp. 4 -- 5 , 8 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Toynbee , J.M.C. ( December 1971 ) . `` Roman Art '' . The Classical Review . 21 ( 3 ) : 439 -- 442 . doi : 10.1017 / S0009840X00221331 . JSTOR 708631 . Jump up ^ Zanker , Paul ( 1988 ) The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus . University of Michigan Press . p. 5ff . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 451 . Jump up ^ Fejfer , Jane ( 2008 ) Roman Portraits in Context . Walter de Gruyter . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Mattusch , Carol C. ( 2005 ) The Villa dei Papiri at Herculaneum : Life and Afterlife of a Sculpture Collection . Getty Publications . p. 322 . Jump up ^ Kousser , p. 13 Jump up ^ Strong , Donald ( 1976 , 1988 ) Roman Art . Yale University Press . 2nd ed. , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 274 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Kleiner , Fred S. ( 2007 ) A History of Roman Art . Wadsworth . p. 272 . Jump up ^ Newby , Zahra ( 2011 ) `` Myth and Death : Roman Mythological Sarcophagi , '' in A Companion to Greek Mythology . Blackwell . p. 301 . Jump up ^ Elsner , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Elsner , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Elsner , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Elsner , pp. 1 , 9 . Jump up ^ Hachlili , Rachel ( 1998 ) Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Diaspora . Brill . pp. 96ff . Jump up ^ Schreckenberg , Heinz and Schubert , Kurt ( 1991 ) Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christianity . Fortress Press . pp. 171ff . ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 463 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 459 -- 460 . Jump up ^ Dunbabin , Katherine M.D. ( 1999 ) Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 254ff . ISBN 0521002303 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Butcher , Kevin ( 2003 ) Roman Syria and the Near East . Getty Publications . p. 201ff . ISBN 0892367156 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Fantham , R. Elaine ( 1989 ) . `` Mime : The Missing Link in Roman Literary History '' . The Classical World . 82 ( 3 ) : 153 . doi : 10.2307 / 4350348 . JSTOR 4350348 . Jump up ^ Slater , William J. ( 2002 ) . `` Mime Problems : Cicero Ad fam. 7.1 and Martial 9.38 '' . Phoenix . 56 ( 3 / 4 ) : 315 . doi : 10.2307 / 1192603 . JSTOR 1192603 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Gian Biagio Conte ( 1994 ) Latin Literature : A History . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Franklin , James L. ( 1987 ) . `` Pantomimists at Pompeii : Actius Anicetus and His Troupe '' . The American Journal of Philology. 108 : 95 . doi : 10.2307 / 294916 . JSTOR 294916 . Jump up ^ Starks , John H. Jr. ( 2008 ) `` Pantomime Actresses in Latin Inscriptions , '' in New Directions in Ancient Pantomime . Oxford University Press . p. 95 ; p. 14ff . ^ Jump up to : Naerebout , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Ginsberg ‐ Klar , Maria E. ( 2010 ) . `` The archaeology of musical instruments in Germany during the Roman period '' . World Archaeology. 12 ( 3 ) : 313 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438243.1981. 9979806 . JSTOR 124243 . Jump up ^ Habinek ( 2005 ) , p. 90ff . Jump up ^ Naerebout , pp. 146ff . Jump up ^ Naerebout , pp. 154 , 157 . Jump up ^ Naerebout , pp. 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Richlin , Amy ( 1993 ) . `` Not before Homosexuality : The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men '' . Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 ( 4 ) : 539 -- 540 . JSTOR 3704392 . Jump up ^ Csapo , Eric and Slater , William J. ( 1994 ) The Context of Ancient Drama . University of Michigan Press . p. 377 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Ramsay ( 1984 ) Christianizing the Roman Empire : ( A.D. 100 -- 400 ) . Yale University Press . pp. 74 -- 75 , 84 . Jump up ^ As quoted by Alcuin , Epistula 175 ( Nescit homo , qui histriones et mimos et saltatores introduct in domum suam , quam magna eos immundorum sequitur turba spiritum ) Jump up ^ Hen , Yitzhak ( 1995 ) Culture and Religion in Merovingian Gaul , AD 481 -- 751 . Brill . p. 230 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 5 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Kraus , T.J. ( 2000 ) . `` ( Il ) literacy in Non-Literary Papyri from Graeco - Roman Egypt : Further Aspects of the Educational Ideal in Ancient Literary Sources and Modern Times '' . Mnemosyme. 53 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 342 ( 325 -- 327 ) . JSTOR 4433101 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 89 , 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Mattern , Susan P. ( 1999 ) Rome and the Enemy : Imperial Strategy in the Principate . University of California Press . p. 197 ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Teresa ( 1998 ) Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 46ff . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Clifford Ando poses the question as `` what good would ' posted edicts ' do in a world of low literacy ? ' in Ando , p. 101 ( see also p. 87 on `` the government 's obsessive documentation '' ) . Jump up ^ Ando , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Ando , p. 101 Jump up ^ Ando , pp. 152 , 210 . Jump up ^ Beard , Mary ( 1991 ) `` Ancient Literacy and the Written Word in Roman Religion , '' in Literacy in the Roman World . University of Michigan Press . p. 59ff Jump up ^ Dickie , Matthew ( 2001 ) Magic and Magicians in the Greco - Roman World . Routledge . pp. pp. 94 -- 95 , 181 -- 182 , and 196 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 555 Jump up ^ Harris , pp. 29 , 218 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Phang , Sara Elise ( 2011 ) `` Military Documents , Languages , and Literacy , '' in A Companion to the Roman Army . Blackwell . pp. 286 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Mattern , Rome and the Enemy , p. 197 , citing Harris , pp. 253 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Harris , pp. 9 , 48 , 215 , 248 , 258 -- 269 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 47 , 54 , 290ff . Jump up ^ Mattern , Rome and the Enemy , p. 197 Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson ( 2010 ) , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Martial , Epigrams 1.2 and 14.184 -- 92 , as cited by Johnson ( 2010 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 71 Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 253 , citing on the book trade in the provinces Pliny the Younger , Epistulae 9.11. 2 ; Martial , Epigrams 7.88 ; Horace , Carmina 2.20. 13f. and Ars Poetica 345 ; Ovid , Tristia 4.9. 21 and 4.10. 128 ; Pliny the Elder , Natural History 35.2. 11 ; Sidonius , Epistulae 9.7. 1 . Jump up ^ Strabo 13.1. 54 , 50.13. 419 ; Martial , Epigrams 2.8 ; Lucian , Adversus Indoctum 1 Jump up ^ According to Seneca , Epistulae 27.6 f . Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Marshall , pp. 252 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Marshall , pp. 257 , 260 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Epistulae 1.8. 2 ; CIL 5.5262 ( = ILS 2927 ) Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Marshall , 261 -- 262 Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Agricola 2.1 and Annales 4.35 and 14.50 ; Pliny the Younger , Epistulae 7.19. 6 ; Suetonius , Augustus 31 , Tiberius 61.3 , and Caligula 16 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Domitian 10 ; Quintilian , Institutio Oratoria 9.2. 65 Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 114ff. , pp. 186ff . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2010 ) p. 14 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 320ff . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 68 -- 69 , 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 108 ^ Jump up to : Peachin , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 113 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 90 , 92 Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 116 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Peachin , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 107 -- 108 , 132 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 88 , 106 Jump up ^ Laes , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 439 , 442 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 102 -- 103 , 105 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 103 , 106 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Saller , R.P. ( 2012 ) . `` Promotion and Patronage in Equestrian Careers '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 70 : 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 299555 . JSTOR 299555 . Jump up ^ Armstron , David ( 2010 ) `` The Biographical and Social Foundations of Horace 's Poetic Voice , '' in A Companion to Horace . Blackwell . p. 11 Jump up ^ Lyne , R.O.A.M. ( 1995 ) Horace : Beyond the Public Poetry . Yale University Press . pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 598 . Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 18 . Jump up ^ The wide - ranging 21st - century scholarship on the Second Sophistic includes Being Greek under Rome : Cultural Identity , the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire , edited by Simon Goldhill ( Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) ; Paideia : The World of the Second Sophistic , edited by Barbara E. Borg ( De Gruyter , 2004 ) ; and Tim Whitmarsh , The Second Sophistic ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ) . ^ Jump up to : Habinek , Thomas N. ( 1998 ) The Politics of Latin Literature : Writing , Identity , and Empire in Ancient Rome . Princeton University Press . pp. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Rawson ( 2003 ) , p. 80 . Jump up ^ James , Sharon L. ( 2003 ) Learned Girls and Male Persuasion : Gender and Reading in Roman Love Elegy . University of California Press . pp. 21 -- 25 Jump up ^ Johnson , W.R. `` Propertius , '' pp. 42 -- 43 , and Sharon L. James , `` Elegy and New Comedy , '' p. 262 , both in A Companion to Roman Love Elegy . Blackwell , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Aetas Ovidiana ; Charles McNelis , `` Ovidian Strategies in Early Imperial Literature , '' in A Companion to Ovid ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , p. 397 . Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 8 . Jump up ^ van Dam , Harm - Jan ( 2008 ) `` Wandering Woods Again : From Poliziano to Grotius , '' in The Poetry of Statius . Brill . p. 45ff . Jump up ^ Jonathan Master , `` The Histories , '' in A Companion to Tacitus ( Blackwell , 2012 ) , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Sage , Michael M. ( 1990 ) `` Tacitus ' Historical Works : A Survey and Appraisal , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 33.2 , p. 853 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , p. 1294 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , p. 1443 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , p. 1359ff . Jump up ^ `` Not since Vergil had there been a Roman poet so effective at establishing a master narrative for his people '' : Marc Mastrangelo , The Roman Self in Late Antiquity : Prudentius and the Poetics of the Soul ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2008 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 694 ^ Jump up to : Rüpke , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Apuleius , Florides 1.1 Jump up ^ Rüpke , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Matthew Bunson , A Dictionary of the Roman Empire ( Oxford University Press , 1995 ) , p. 246 . Jump up ^ The caesareum at Najaran was possibly known later as the `` Kaaba of Najran '' : جواد علي , المفصل في تاريخ العرب قبل الإسلام ( Jawad Ali , Al - Mufassal fi Tarikh Al - ' Arab Qabl Al - Islam ; `` Commentary on the History of the Arabs Before Islam '' ) , Baghdad , 1955 -- 1983 ; P. Harland , `` Imperial Cults within Local Cultural Life : Associations in Roman Asia '' , originally published in Ancient History Bulletin / Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 17 ( 2003 ) 91 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Isaac , Benjamin H. ( 2004 ) The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity . Princeton University Press . p. 449 Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. ( 1967 ) Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church : A Study of Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus . Doubleday . p. 106 Jump up ^ Huskinson , Janet ( 2000 ) Experiencing Rome : Culture , Identity and Power in the Roman Empire . Routledge . p. 261 . See , for instance , the altar dedicated by a Roman citizen and depicting a sacrifice conducted in the Roman manner for the Germanic goddess Vagdavercustis in the 2nd century AD . Jump up ^ Momigliano , Arnaldo ( 1986 ) . `` The Disadvantages of Monotheism for a Universal State '' . Classical Philology. 81 ( 4 ) : 285 -- 297 . doi : 10.1086 / 367003 . JSTOR 269977 . Jump up ^ Fishwick , Duncan ( 1991 ) . The Imperial Cult in the Latin West : Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire , Vol. 1 , Brill . pp. 97 -- 149 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 07179 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ben - Sasson , H.H. ( 1976 ) A History of the Jewish People , Harvard University Press . pp. 254 -- 256 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 39731 - 2 Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 616 Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. ( 2006 ) `` Persecutions : Genesis and Legacy , '' Cambridge History of Christianity : Origins to Constantine . Cambridge University Press . Vol. 1 , p. 510 . ISBN 0521812399 . Jump up ^ Barnes , T.D. ( 2012 ) . `` Legislation against the Christians '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 58 : 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 299693 . JSTOR 299693 . Jump up ^ Sainte - Croix , G.E.M de ( 1963 ) . `` Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted ? '' . Past & Present. 26 : 6 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Musurillo , Herbert ( 1972 ) The Acts of the Christian Martyrs . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. lviii -- lxii Jump up ^ Sherwin - White , A.N. ( 1952 ) . `` The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again '' . The Journal of Theological Studies ( 2 ) : 199 . doi : 10.1093 / jts / III. 2.199 . JSTOR 23952852 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annals XV. 44 Jump up ^ Eusebius of Caesarea ( 425 ) . Church History . Jump up ^ Smallwood , E.M. ( 1956 ) . `` ' Domitian 's attitude towards the Jews and Judaism '' . Classical Philology. 51 : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1086 / 363978 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Epistle to Trajan on the Christians Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. ( 1959 ) . `` The Failure of the Persecutions in the Roman Empire '' . Past and Present. 16 : 10 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 16.1. 10 . JSTOR 650151 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 625 Jump up ^ Rüpke , pp. 406 -- 426 Jump up ^ On vocabulary , see Schilling , Robert ( 1992 ) `` The Decline and Survival of Roman Religion '' , Roman and European Mythologies . University of Chicago Press . p. 110 . Jump up ^ Burgan , Michael ( 2009 ) . Empire of Ancient Rome . Infobase Publishing . pp. 113 -- 114 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2659 - 3 . Jump up ^ Noble , Thomas F.X. ; Strauss , Barry ; Osheim , Duane J. ; Neuschel , Kristen B. ; Accampo , Elinor Ann ( 2010 ) . Western Civilization : Beyond Boundaries , 1300 -- 1815 . Cengage Learning . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4240 - 6959 - 0 . Jump up ^ Goffman , Daniel ( 2002 ) . The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe . Cambridge University Press . p. 107 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , History of Europe , The Romans , 2008 , O. Ed . Jump up ^ Collier , Martin ( 2003 ) . Italian Unification , 1820 -- 71 . Heinemann . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 435 - 32754 - 2 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Ward ( 2010 ) `` United States , '' in A Companion to the Classical Tradition . Blackwell . p. 279ff . ^ Jump up to : Meinig , D.W. ( 1986 ) The Shaping of America : A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History . Atlantic America , 1492 -- 1800 . Yale University Press . Vol. 1 . pp. 432 -- 435 . ISBN 0300038828 . ^ Jump up to : Vale , Lawrence J. ( 1992 ) Architecture , Power , and National Identity . Yale University Press . pp. 11 , 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Mallgrave , Harry Francis ( 2005 ) Modern Architectural Theory : A Historical Survey , 1673 -- 1968 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 144 -- 145 ^ Jump up to : Kornwall , James D. ( 2011 ) Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America . Johns Hopkins University Press , vol. 3 . pp. 1246 , 1405 -- 1408 . ISBN 0801859867 . Jump up ^ Wood , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Onuf , Peter S. and Cole , Nicholas P. introduction to Thomas Jefferson , the Classical World , and Early America . University of Virginia Press . p. 5 Jump up ^ Dietler , Michael ( 2010 ) . Archaeologies of Colonialism : Consumption , Entanglement , and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26551 - 6 . Jump up ^ Briggs , W. ( 2010 ) `` United States , '' in A Companion to the Classical Tradition . Blackwell . pp. 282 -- 286 Jump up ^ Wood , pp. 60 , 66 , 73 -- 74 , 239 . Jump up ^ Gelernter , Mark ( 1999 ) A History of American Architecture : Buildings in Their Cultural and Technological Context . University Press of New England . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Richard Guy ( 2011 ) `` Thomas Jefferson 's Classical Architecture : An American Agenda , '' in Thomas Jefferson , the Classical World , and Early America . University of Virginia Press . p. 122 Jump up ^ Spahn , Hannah ( 2011 ) Thomas Jefferson , Time , and History . University of Virginia Press . pp. 144 -- 145 , 163 -- 167 Jump up ^ Wood , pp. 228 -- 330 Jump up ^ Lears , Jackson ( 2009 ) Rebirth of a Nation : The Making of Modern America , 1877 -- 1920 . HarperCollins . pp. 277 -- 278 Jump up ^ Gutheim , Frederick and Lee , Antoinette J. ( 2006 ) Worthy of the Nation : Washington , DC , from L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Committee . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2nd ed . pp. 137 , 152 . Cited sources Abbott , Frank Frost ( 1901 ) . 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The Roman Empire : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0192803913 . Kousser , Rachel Meredith ( 2008 ) . Hellenistic and Roman Ideal Sculpture : The Allure of the Classical . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87782 - 4 . Laes , Christian ( 2011 ) . Children in the Roman Empire : Outsiders Within . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89746 - 4 . Marshall , Anthony J. ( 1976 ) . `` Library Resources and Creative Writing at Rome '' . Phoenix . 30 ( 3 ) : 252 -- 264 . doi : 10.2307 / 1087296 . JSTOR 1087296 . Millar , Fergus ( 2012 ) . `` Empire and City , Augustus to Julian : Obligations , Excuses and Status '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 73 : 76 . doi : 10.2307 / 300073 . JSTOR 300073 . Morris , Ian ; Scheidel , Walter ( 2009 ) . The Dynamics of Ancient Empires : State Power from Assyria to Byzantium . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 970761 - 4 . Naerebout , Frederick G. ( 2009 ) . `` Dance in the Roman Empire and Its Discontents '' . Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire . Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire ( Heidelberg , July 5 -- 7 , 2007 ) , Brill . Nicolet , Claude ( 1991 ) . Space , Geography , and Politics in the Early Roman Empire . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10096 - 3 . Peachin , Michael , ed. ( 2011 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518800 - 4 . Potter , David Stone ; Mattingly , D.J. ( 1999 ) . Life , Death , and Entertainment in the Roman Empire . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08568 - 9 . Potter , David S. , ed. ( 2009 ) . A Companion to the Roman Empire . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9918 - 6 . Rochette , Bruno ( 2012 ) . `` Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire '' . A Companion to the Latin Language . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444343397. ch30 . ISBN 9781444343397 . Rawson , Beryl ( 1987 ) . The Family in Ancient Rome : New Perspectives . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9460 - 5 . Rawson , Beryl ( 2003 ) . Children and Childhood in Roman Italy . OUP Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 151423 - 4 . Roberts , Michael John ( 1989 ) . The jeweled style : poetry and poetics in late antiquity . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 2265 - 2 . Rüpke , Jörg ( 2007 ) . A Companion to Roman Religion . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 76645 - 3 . Stambaugh , John E. ( 1988 ) . The Ancient Roman City . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 3692 - 3 . Vout , Caroline ( 2009 ) . `` The Myth of the Toga : Understanding the History of Roman Dress '' . Greece and Rome . 43 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 220 . doi : 10.1093 / gr / 43.2. 204 . JSTOR 643096 . Winterling , Aloys ( 2009 ) . Politics and Society in Imperial Rome . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7969 - 0 . Wiseman , T.P. ( 1970 ) . `` The Definition of Eques Romanus '' . Historia. 19 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 83 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2011 ) . The Idea of America : Reflections on the Birth of the United States . Penguin Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 51514 - 3 . External links Library resources about Roman Empire Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Find more aboutRoman Empireat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Romans for Children , a BBC website on ancient Rome for children at primary - school level . Interactive map of the Roman Empire at Vici.org Historical Atlas showing the expansion of the Roman Empire . 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-3643966187983104097 | Back at One (song) | Back at One ( song ) - Wikipedia Back at One ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Back at One '' Single by Brian McKnight from the album Back at One Released August 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 17 ) Genre R&B , soul Length 4 : 23 ( Album version ) 3 : 24 ( Radio edit ) Label Motown Songwriter ( s ) Brian McKnight Producer ( s ) Brian McKnight Brian McKnight singles chronology `` The Only One for Me '' ( 1998 ) `` Back at One '' ( 1999 ) `` 6 , 8 , 12 '' ( 2000 ) `` The Only One for Me '' ( 1998 ) `` Back at One '' ( 1999 ) `` 6 , 8 , 12 '' ( 2000 ) `` Back at One '' is a song written and performed by American recording artist Brian McKnight , taken from his fifth studio album of the same name . The album was released in 1999 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Charts 2.1 Year - end charts 3 Mark Wills version 3.1 Music video 3.2 Charts 3.3 Year - end charts 4 Other versions 5 References 6 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Francis Lawrence and was nominated for R&B video of the year in the Music Video Production Association Awards . Charts ( edit ) `` Back at One '' went on to be one of McKnight 's biggest successes , reaching in to the top ten in New Zealand , Canada , and the US , where it eventually peaked at number 2 for eight weeks , but it was kept out of the top spot by `` Smooth '' by Santana . Original version Chart ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 24 Brazil ( ABPD ) 59 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 47 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 28 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 73 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales ( Billboard ) 30 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Remix featuring Ivete Sangalo Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Brazil ( ABPD ) 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 82 Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 20 Mark Wills version ( edit ) `` Back at One '' Single by Mark Wills from the album Permanently B - side `` Because I Love You '' Released October 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 25 ) Format CD single Genre Country Length 4 : 06 Label Mercury Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Brian McKnight Producer ( s ) Carson Chamberlain Mark Wills singles chronology `` She 's in Love '' ( 1999 ) `` Back at One '' ( 1999 ) `` Almost Does n't Count '' ( 2000 ) `` She 's in Love '' ( 1999 ) `` Back at One '' ( 1999 ) `` Almost Does n't Count '' ( 2000 ) Mark Wills , a country music singer , covered `` Back at One '' on his 1999 album Permanently , also releasing it as that album 's first single . Released two months after McKnight 's version , Wills ' cover peaked at number 2 on the Billboard country singles charts for a week behind `` My Best Friend '' by Tim McGraw . Despite not reaching the top spot in the US , the song did manage to reach number one on the Canadian RPM country tracks . In addition to his country chart success , Back at One also became his fifth entry on the Hot 100 charts , peaking at number 36 there . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Jim Hershleder . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 36 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 22 Preceded by `` Breathe '' by Faith Hill RPM Country Tracks number - one single February 28 - March 6 , 2000 Succeeded by `` How Do You Like Me Now ? ! '' by Toby Keith Other versions ( edit ) McKnight also performed the song with Brazilian singer Ivete Sangalo on her album Festa ( en : Party ) . In 2000 , keyboardist Bob Baldwin released a cover of the song from the album BobBaldwin.com . Also in 2000 , Jamaican reggae and dancehall singer Sanchez recorded a reggae cover version of the song over the `` Fi Wi Rock '' rhythm produced by King Jammy which became a popular dancehall hit in Jamaica and the US . Irish boy band Westlife duetted with Lulu in 2002 . Another instrumental rendition of this song has been performed by saxophonist Warren Hill , from his album 2005 PopJazz . In 2006 , British pop singer Shayne Ward also performed this song on his debut album Shayne Ward . Singer Mijares covered it in his 2009 Spanish album Vivir Así . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Production Notes '' . Billboard. 1999 - 10 - 23 . p. 94 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hay , Carla ( 2000 - 04 - 01 ) . `` With Eight , Lauryn Hill Tops Nominees for MVPA Awards '' . Billboard . p. 102 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1999 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Brian McKnight -- Back at One '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . ^ Jump up to : `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Brian McKnight Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Brian McKnight '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Brian McKnight -- Back at One '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Brian McKnight -- Back at One '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Brian McKnight Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brian McKnight Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brian McKnight Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brian McKnight Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brian McKnight Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1999 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc . pp. 470 -- 471 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/2000-03-04/country-songs . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 9716 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . February 28 , 2000 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wills Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wills Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2000 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2000 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BobBaldwin.com overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Bob Baldwin - BobBaldwin.com '' . Allaboutjazz.com . Jump up ^ `` Warren Hill PopJazz '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Warren Hill - PopJazz '' . SmoothViews.com . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Brian McKnight Discography Awards and nominations Albums Studio Brian McKnight I Remember You Anytime Back at One Superhero U Turn Gemini Ten Evolution of a Man Just Me More Than Words Better Compilation From There to Here : 1989 - 2002 Gold 20th Century Masters : The Millennium Collection - The Best of Brian McKnight Ultimate Collection Icon : Love Songs Holiday Bethlehem I 'll Be Home for Christmas Singles `` The Way Love Goes '' `` I Ca n't Go for That '' `` Love Is '' `` One Last Cry '' `` Let It Snow '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Back at One '' Mark Wills Studio albums Mark Wills Wish You Were Here Permanently Loving Every Minute And the Crowd Goes Wild Familiar Stranger Looking for America Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Best of Mark Wills 20th Century Masters Live at Billy Bob 's Texas The Definitive Collection 2nd Time Around Notable singles `` Jacob 's Ladder '' `` High Low and In Between '' `` Places I 've Never Been '' `` I Do ( Cherish You ) '' `` Do n't Laugh at Me '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` She 's in Love '' `` Back at One '' `` Almost Does n't Count '' `` Loving Every Minute '' `` I 'm Not Gonna Do Anything Without You '' ( with Jamie O'Neal ) `` 19 Somethin ' '' `` When You Think of Me '' `` And the Crowd Goes Wild '' `` That 's a Woman '' Other Songs `` Somebody '' `` What Hurts the Most '' Related topics Discography Ivete Sangalo Discography Studio albums Ivete Sangalo Beat Beleza Festa Clube Carnavalesco Inocentes em Progresso Pode Entrar : Multishow Registro Live albums Multishow ao Vivo : Ivete no Maracanã Multishow ao Vivo : Ivete Sangalo no Madison Square Garden Singles `` Back at One '' `` Chorando Se Foi '' `` Deixo '' `` Cadê Dalila '' `` Quanto ao Tempo '' `` Acelera Aê ( Noite do Bem ) '' `` Desejo de Amar '' `` Dançando '' Features singles `` El Ultimo Adios ( The Last Goodbye ) '' Category : Ivete Sangalo This 1990s R&B / soul music song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1990s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1990s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back_at_One_(song)&oldid=839386052 '' Categories : 1999 singles 1999 songs Brian McKnight songs Mark Wills songs Music videos directed by Francis Lawrence RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Song recordings produced by Carson Chamberlain Motown singles Mercury Records singles Soul ballads Contemporary R&B ballads Songs written by Brian McKnight 1990s R&B song stubs 1990s pop song stubs 1990s country song stubs Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 02 : 39 . About Wikipedia | who wrote back at one by brian mcknight | [
"\"Back at One\" is a song written and performed by American recording artist Brian McKnight, taken from his fifth studio album of the same name. The album was released in 1999."
] | [
"Brian McKnight"
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7096541828160802694 | New Tales to Tell: A Tribute to Love and Rockets | New Tales to Tell : a Tribute to Love and Rockets - wikipedia New Tales to Tell : a Tribute to Love and Rockets Jump to : navigation , search New Tales to Tell : A Tribute to Love and Rockets Compilation album by Various artists Released June 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 28 ) Label Arsenal Rock n Roll Justice New Tales to Tell : A Tribute to Love and Rockets is a tribute album to Love and Rockets , released on June 28 , 2009 by record labels Arsenal Rock n Roll and Justice . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` All in My Mind '' Black Francis 5 : 00 2 . `` Holiday on the Moon '' Puscifer 5 : 09 3 . `` Love Me '' War Tapes 3 : 55 4 . `` No New Tale to Tell '' Blaqk Audio 3 : 17 5 . `` I Feel Speed ( Rock Mix ) '' Dubfire 3 : 37 6 . `` Inside the Outside '' The Dandy Warhols 5 : 16 7 . `` Kundalini Express '' The Flaming Lips 3 : 48 8 . `` Life in Laralay '' Sweethead 3 : 33 9 . `` An American Dream '' Film School 5 : 43 10 . `` The Light '' A Place to Bury Strangers 3 : 16 11 . `` Mirror People '' Monster Magnet vs Adrian Young 4 : 11 12 . `` Fever '' The Stone Foxes 4 : 48 13 . `` No Big Deal '' Frankenstein 3000 4 : 29 14 . `` It Could Be Sunshine '' VEX 4 : 12 15 . `` So Alive '' Better Than Ezra 3 : 27 16 . `` Lazy '' Chantal Claret vs Adrian Young 4 : 08 17 . `` Sweet F.A. '' Lossy Coils with Ian Moore 4 : 32 18 . `` No Words No More '' Snowden 4 : 09 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dombal , Ryan ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Flaming Lips , Frank Black , A Place to Bury Strangers Pay Tribute to Love and Rockets Pitchfork '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bychawski , Adam ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Flaming Lips , Black Francis for Love and Rockets Tribute NME.com '' . NME . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murray , Robin ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` Love and Rockets Tribute News Clash Magazine '' . Clash Magazine . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) New Tales to Tell : A Tribute to Love and Rockets at Discogs ( list of releases ) Love and Rockets Daniel Ash Kevin Haskins David J Studio albums Seventh Dream of Teenage Heaven Express Earth , Sun , Moon Love and Rockets Hot Trip to Heaven Sweet F.A. Lift Compilation albums Sorted ! The Best of Love and Rockets Live albums So Alive Videos The Haunted Fishtank Singles `` Ball of Confusion '' `` So Alive '' Related articles Discography Bauhaus Tones on Tail The Bubblemen New Tales to Tell : A Tribute to Love and Rockets The Dandy Warhols Courtney Taylor - Taylor Peter Holmström Zia McCabe Brent DeBoer Eric Hedford Studio albums Dandys Rule OK ... The Dandy Warhols Come Down Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia Welcome to the Monkey House Odditorium or Warlords of Mars ... Earth to the Dandy Warhols ... The Dandy Warhols Are Sound This Machine Distortland Compilation albums The Black Album / Come On Feel the Dandy Warhols The Capitol Years 1995 -- 2007 Singles `` Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth '' `` Get Off '' `` Bohemian Like You '' `` Godless '' `` We Used to Be Friends '' `` You Were the Last High '' `` Plan A '' `` Horny as a Dandy '' `` Primary '' `` Blackbird '' `` You Are Killing Me '' Other songs `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' `` Inside the Outside '' Related Discography Dig ! The Brian Jonestown Massacre Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Tales_to_Tell:_A_Tribute_to_Love_and_Rockets&oldid=786187575 '' Categories : 2009 compilation albums Tribute albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 June 2017 , at 21 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | new tales to tell a tribute to love and rockets | [] | [] |
-3442306581314022212 | World Scout Jamboree | World Scout Jamboree - wikipedia World Scout Jamboree Jump to : navigation , search World Scout Jamboree Scouts at the 22nd World Scout Jamboree Owner World Organization of the Scout Movement Date 1920 Scouting portal The World Scout Jamboree is a Scouting jamboree of the World Organization of the Scout Movement , typically attended by several tens of thousands of Scouts from around the world , aged 14 to 17 . The first World Scout Jamboree was organized by The Boy Scout Association in London . With exceptions for the war years , it has been organized approximately every four years , in the more recent years by the World Organization of the Scout Movement ( WOSM ) , in different locations over the world . The 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007 was held in Hylands Park , Essex , United Kingdom , and celebrated the Centenary of Scouting . The 22nd World Scout Jamboree was at Rinkaby in Sweden from 27 July 2011 to 8 August 2011 , the 23rd World Scout Jamboree was at Kirara - hama , Yamaguchi City in Japan - it opened on 28 July 2015 , and closed 8 August 2015 . The next World Scout Jamboree will be in United States from 22 July 2019 - 2 August 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 History 3 Related world - wide events 3.1 Jamboree on the Air 3.2 Jamboree on the Internet 3.3 Jamboree on the Trail 4 Smaller events 5 List of events 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Terminology ( edit ) In lexicography , `` Jamboree '' is considered an Americanism that traces back to 1860 -- 65 and refers to a joyful , noisy gathering . The term is believed to originate from the words jabber ( rapid , indistinct talk ) and shivaree ( noisy celebration ) , with `` m '' from jam ( crowd ) . History ( edit ) While World Scout Jamboree is the expression used by the World Organization of the Scout Movement , other organizations held events called `` jamborees '' for their members . The Scouting program became an international success following its founding by Robert Baden - Powell in 1907 . With its continuing growth , the founder of the movement saw a need for a gathering of representatives of Scouting from all around the world . The general aim was to foster a worldwide brotherhood , and to help the young Scouts in the movement learn about other peoples and nations by direct interaction with them . The idea of organizing such periodical international gatherings was originally conveyed to Baden - Powell by the General Chief of the Scouts of Greece , Konstantinos ( `` Kokos '' ) Melas , during the 1918 international Scout meeting , in England. Captain Melas proposed the gatherings should repeat every four years , in the same way Olympic Games were held in Ancient Greece . The suggestion was accepted with enthusiasm by Baden - Powell , who named the gatherings `` Jamborees '' . It was in 1920 that the first World Scout Jamboree was realized , held in the Olympia halls in Kensington , London . Symbolically , the Jamboree site bore the name of the birthplace of the Olympic Games , Olympia . 8,000 Scouts from 34 countries attended the event . Cartoon in Punch , published in 1929 for the 3rd World Scout Jamboree Thereafter , a Jamboree has been held every four years . There are two exceptions to this : no Jamboree was held between 1937 and 1947 because of the Second World War , and the 1979 Jamboree , which was to be held in Iran , was cancelled due to the political upheaval in the region at that time . The Jamboree has been held in different countries around the world . The first seven Jamborees were held in Europe . The eighth World Jamboree was held in North America where the tradition of moving the Jamboree among the continents began . As yet , Africa has not hosted a jamboree . To replace the cancelled event of 1979 , the World Scout Committee determined that an alternative celebration , the World Jamboree Year should take place . Several regional camps took place , such as the 12th Australian / 4th Asia - Pacific Jamboree , held in Perth , Western Australia , along with countless Join - in - Jamboree activities -- designed to allow Scouts from around the world to participate in an activity that thousands of other Scouts around the world were also participating in at the same time . This Join - in programme was reproduced again as part of the Scouting 2007 Centenary celebrations . So far , the greatest attendance of all Jamborees was in 2011 , where over 40,000 members from around the world descended upon Rinkaby in Sweden . This number represented the permanent contingent who remained for the entire event . They were joined by hundreds of thousands of visiting Scouts who participated on a day basis . The first Jamboree was more akin to an exhibition of Scouting , allowing visitors to see how things were done in other parts of the world . The Second Jamboree was conducted on a camp basis and each successive Jamboree has developed on this format where the programme is typically more activity oriented , with plenty of time for Scouts from different nations to interact and learn about each other in less formal ways than an exhibition would allow . The 2007 Jamboree coincided with the Scouting Centenary celebrations . Because of this , the honour of hosting the event was again bestowed upon the United Kingdom , as the birthplace of Scouting . Over 40,000 young people camped in August at Hylands Park in Chelmsford , Essex . Hundreds of thousands of day visitors attended events in the south - east of England as part of the Jamboree . The following Jamboree was held at Rinkaby in Sweden , opening on 27 July 2011 , followed in 2015 by Japan , and the Jamboree in 2019 will be at The Summit Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve in West Virginia . Related World - wide events ( edit ) JOTA / JOTI 2006 Logo Jamboree on the Air ( edit ) Main article : Jamboree on the Air Jamboree on the Air , usually referred to as JOTA , is an international Scouting and Guiding activity held annually on the third full weekend in October . The event was first held in conjunction with the fiftieth anniversary of Scouting in 1957 , and was devised by radio amateur operator Leslie R. Mitchell who used the callsign G3BHK . It is now considered the largest event organized by the WOSM annually . Scouts talking on the radio during Jamboree On The Air Amateur radio operators from all over the world participate with over 500,000 Scouts and Guides to teach them about radio and to assist them to contact their fellow Scouts and Guides by means of amateur radio and since 2004 , by the VOIP - based Echolink . Scouts and Guides are also encouraged to send paper or electronic confirmations known as `` QSL cards '' , or `` eQSLs '' when they are sent electronically . This provides the Scouts and Guides with a means of learning about fellow Scouts and Guides from around the world . It is an adjunct to the World Scout Jamboree . The event is recognized as one of international participation by the various Scout and Guide organisations , and supports several awards which are a part of Scouting and Guiding programmes . Jamboree on the Internet ( edit ) Main article : Jamboree on the Internet Scouts at their computers during Jamboree on the Internet Jamboree on the Internet , known by its acronym JOTI , is an international Scouting activity held annually . Participants , through the use of designated Chats from all over the world , can contact their fellow Scouts by means of the Internet . Common communication methods include ScoutLink ( IRC ) , e-mail , and VOIP . This provides the Scouts with a means of learning about fellow Scouts from around the world . JOTI operates alongside JOTA ( Jamboree on the Air ) and is an official event of the World Organization of the Scout Movement . JOTI was pioneered in 1995 by Queanbeyan Rovers whilst one Rover , Norvan Vogt was on a student exchange in the Netherlands , with the home crew in Australia co-ordinated by Brett Sheffield . They connected Putten , Netherlands and Queanbeyan , Australia with dedicated IRC servers . In November 1996 the World Scout Committee , noting that Scouting already had a considerable presence on the Internet , and that there was already an informal and rapidly growing Jamboree on the Internet , decided that JOTI should become an official international Scouting event , and that it should be held on the same weekend as the Jamboree on the Air ( JOTA ) . JOTI Radio Logo 2011 saw the first ever ' JOTI Radio ' station , a broadcast internet radio station based in the UK to provide entertainment for the JOTI weekend , which had live interviews from Scouts all over the world , the team that lead JOTI Radio are made up of the ' Avon Scout Radio ' team , which are a County Active Support Unit for Avon Scouts and provide broadcast radio services within the Scouting movement worldwide ... JOTI Radio is now part of the annual JOTA / JOTI weekend . Jamboree on the Trail ( edit ) Main article : Jamboree on the Trail JOTT 2006 logo Following on the idea of the Join - in events from the World Jamboree Year , Jamboree on the Trail ( or JOTT ) , is a co-ordinated event where Scouts around the world simultaneously participate in local hikes . It takes place on an annual basis on the 2nd Saturday in May . This type of event allows Scouts to take part in activities at the same time as other Scouts , promoting the idea of the Scouting brotherhood . Participants are awarded a JOTT badge as a recognition of having participated in this worldwide event . Smaller events ( edit ) There are up to ten smaller Jamboree ( or Jamborette ) events held each year around the world . This includes Regional Jamborees , which are held every three years in their areas of the world . Scouts from outside these regions are invited , but attendance is generally lower ( for example , the EuroJam 2005 event hosted 10,000 Scouts , mostly from Europe ) . National associations , and sub-national groups , also organise a number of events , such as the WINGS event and KIJ , which is organised by a County level body . List of events ( edit ) Year Event Location Host Country Theme / Name Dates Attendance Countries Attended 1920 1st World Scout Jamboree London United Kingdom Develop World Peace 000000001920 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 1920 -- 000000001920 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 1920 8,000 34 1924 2nd World Scout Jamboree Ermelunden Denmark World Citizenship 000000001924 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1924 -- 000000001924 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1924 ? 4,549 32 1929 3rd World Scout Jamboree Upton , Merseyside United Kingdom Coming of Age 000000001929 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1929 -- 000000001929 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 1929 30,000 69 1933 4th World Scout Jamboree Gödöllő Hungary Face New Adventures 000000001933 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 1933 -- 000000001933 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1933 25,792 33 1937 5th World Scout Jamboree Bloemendaal Netherlands Lead Happy Lives 000000001937 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1937 -- 000000001937 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1937 28,750 54 1947 6th World Scout Jamboree Moisson France Jamboree of Peace 000000001947 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1947 -- 000000001947 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 1947 24,152 71 1951 7th World Scout Jamboree Bad Ischl Austria Jamboree of Simplicity 000000001951 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1951 -- 000000001951 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 1951 12,884 61 1955 8th World Scout Jamboree Niagara - on - the - Lake , Ontario Canada New Horizons 000000001955 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 1955 -- 000000001955 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 1955 11,139 71 1957 9th World Scout Jamboree Sutton Park , Warwickshire United Kingdom 50th Anniversary of Scouting 000000001957 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1957 -- 000000001957 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1957 31,426 82 1959 10th World Scout Jamboree Los Baños , Laguna Philippines Building Tomorrow Today 000000001959 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 , 1959 -- 000000001959 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1959 12,203 44 1963 11th World Scout Jamboree Marathon Greece Higher and Wider 000000001963 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1963 -- 000000001963 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1963 11,398 89 1967 12th World Scout Jamboree Farragut State Park , Idaho United States For Friendship 000000001967 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1967 -- 000000001967 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1967 12,011 105 1971 13th World Scout Jamboree Fujinomiya , Shizuoka Japan For Understanding 000000001971 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 1971 -- 000000001971 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1971 23,758 87 14th World Scout Jamboree Lillehammer Norway Five Fingers , One Hand 000000001975 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1975 -- 000000001975 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 1975 17,259 91 1979 ( 15th World Scout Jamboree ) Nishapur Iran 000000001979 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1979 -- 000000001979 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1979 cancelled 15th World Scout Jamboree Kananaskis , Alberta Canada The Spirit Lives On 000000001983 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1983 -- 000000001983 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1983 14,752 106 1987 -- 1988 16th World Scout Jamboree Sydney Australia Bringing the World Together 000000001987 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 1987 -- 000000001988 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1988 14,434 84 1991 17th World Scout Jamboree Seoraksan National Park South Korea Many Lands , One World 000000001991 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 1991 -- 000000001991 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1991 19,083 135 1995 18th World Scout Jamboree Dronten Netherlands Future is Now 000000001995 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1995 -- 000000001995 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1995 28,960 166 1998 -- 1999 19th World Scout Jamboree Picarquín Chile Building Peace Together 000000001998 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1998 -- 000000001999 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1999 31,534 157 2002 -- 2003 20th World Scout Jamboree Sattahip Thailand Share our World , Share our Cultures 000000002002 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 2002 -- 000000002003 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2003 24,000 147 2007 21st World Scout Jamboree Chelmsford , Essex United Kingdom One World , One Promise Scouting Centenary 000000002007 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2007 -- 000000002007 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2007 37,868 155 2011 22nd World Scout Jamboree Kristianstad Sweden Simply Scouting 000000002011 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2011 -- 000000002011 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2011 40,061 146 2015 23rd World Scout Jamboree Kirarahama , Yamaguchi Japan A Spirit of Unity 000000002015 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2015 -- 000000002015 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2015 33,628 155 2019 24th World Scout Jamboree Glen Jean , West Virginia United States Unlock a New World 000000002019 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 , 2019 -- 000000002019 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2019 2023 25th World Scout Jamboree Saemangeum South Korea Draw Your Dream See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Scout Jamboree . World Scout Moot World Scout Indaba World Camp ( Guiding ) References ( edit ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( January 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ `` 23rd World Scout Jamboree '' . www.23wsj.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 24th World Scout Jamboree '' . www.2019wsj.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of JAMBOREE '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` the definition of jamboree '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Scout Jamboree '' . www.scout.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` '' PROSKOPOS '' - 2nd E.P. of Patras - 11th World Jamboree - What is a Jaboree `` . www.proskopos.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` uniforms at boy scout jamborees '' . histclo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` JOTA - JOTI ( Jamboree On The Air - Jamboree On The Internet ) is the largest event in world Scouting '' . JOTA - JOTI . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Walker , B : Calling Home , page 4 . Queanbeyan Age , 23 / 10 / 1995 . Jump up ^ `` JOTT - Jamboree on the Trail '' . JOTT - Jamboree on the Trail . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Scout Jamboree '' . www.scout.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Overseas Scout Jamborees ( From a South African perspective ) Jump up ^ `` Jamboree 1920 '' . www.scoutmuseum.nl . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Inc , Boy Scouts of America ( 7 January 2017 ) . `` Boys ' Life '' . Boy Scouts of America , Inc. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Jamboree 1924 '' . www.scoutmuseum.nl . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , John Castell ( 1 January 1930 ) . `` The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs '' . Annual Review Publishing Company -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Jamboree 1929 '' . www.scoutmuseum.nl . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Official Photobook 23rd World Scout Jamboree , Japan Jump up ^ Main camp at Vogelenzang and Sea Scout camp at Bennebroek , now both part of the municipality Bloemendaal Jump up ^ `` Wereldjamboree 1937 in Vogelenzang - Bloemendaal ( Opening ) '' . 31 July 1937 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` Free Visits to Holland '' . Argus ( Melbourne , Vic. : 1848 - 1957 ) . 1937 - 01 - 12 . p. 4 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Jamboree 1937 '' . www.scoutmuseum.nl . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` De zeeverkenners naar de Kaag '' . De Gooi - en Eemlander. 1937 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Jamboree 1947 '' . www.scoutmuseum.nl . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Jamboree 1951 '' . www.scoutmuseum.nl . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Jamboree 1955 '' . www.scoutmuseum.nl . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 8th World Scout Jamboree 1955 '' . wj55.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Jamboree 1957 '' . www.scoutmuseum.nl . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Jamboree 1959 '' . www.scoutmuseum.nl . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Jamboree 1963 '' . www.scoutmuseum.nl . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Jamboree 1967 '' . www.scoutmuseum.nl . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Jamboree 1971 Japan '' . www.scoutmuseum.nl . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Co-hosted with Denmark , Finland , Iceland , and Sweden Jump up ^ Inc , Boy Scouts of America . `` Scouting '' . Boy Scouts of America , Inc. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Jamboree 1975 '' . www.scoutmuseum.nl . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Inc , Boy Scouts of America ( 1 October 1978 ) . `` Boys ' Life '' . Boy Scouts of America , Inc. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` 23rd World Scout Jamboree '' . www.23wsj.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Wendell , Bryan ( 13 January 2011 ) . `` The Summit will host the 2019 World Scout Jamboree '' . Jump up ^ to be hosted with Canada and Mexico Jump up ^ Kurzbericht über den Verlauf der 39 . World Scout Conference ( WSC ) in Curitiba ( Brasilien ) ( German ) Jump up ^ Summit Bechtel Reserve ( 7 August 2015 ) . `` 2019 World Scout Jamboree '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` sae man guem , korea 2023 '' ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . External links ( edit ) World Scout Jamboree Jamboree on the Air and Jamboree on the Internet Jamboree on the Trail What we do - World Scout Jamboree History of the World Scout Jamboree 8th World Scout Jamboree 1955 11th World Scout Jamboree 1963 23rd World Scout Jamboree 2015 24th World Scout Jamboree 2019 Svojsik 's Dream - 4th World Scout Jamboree bid by Czechoslovakia ( in Czech ) Jamboree on the Air and Jamboree on the Internet ScoutLink 's Website JOTT 's main site JOTT 's UK site ( hide ) World Scout Jamborees 1920 1924 1929 1933 1937 1947 1951 1955 1957 1959 1963 1967 1971 1979 ( cancelled ) 1987 - 1988 1991 1995 1998 - 1999 2002 - 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 World Scout Moot Scouting portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Scout_Jamboree&oldid=839757052 '' Categories : Scouting jamborees Recurring events established in 1920 World Scout Jamborees Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from January 2007 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with Czech - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Esperanto 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 13 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where have the world scout jamborees been held | [] | [] |
7869083839155498397 | The Prehistory of The Far Side | The Prehistory of the Far Side - wikipedia The Prehistory of the Far Side Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Prehistory of the Far Side First edition cover Author Gary Larson Cover artist Chip Clark / Ernie Block Country United States Language English Publisher Andrews and McMeel Publication date August 1989 Media type Print ( Paperback and Hardback ) Pages 288 p. ( first edition , paperback ) ISBN 0 - 8362 - 1851 - 5 ( first edition , paperback ) ISBN 0 - 8362 - 1861 - 2 ( first edition , hardback ) OCLC 20378773 Dewey Decimal 741.5 / 092 20 LC Class NC1429. L32 A4 1989a The Prehistory of The Far Side : A 10th Anniversary Exhibit is a book chronicling the origin and evolution of The Far Side ( including cartoonist Gary Larson 's first strip , Nature 's Way ) , giving inside information about the cartooning process and featuring a gallery of Larson 's favorite Far Side cartoons from the 1980s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Part 1 : Origin of the Species 2 Part 2 : Evolution 3 Part 3 : Mutations 4 Part 4 : Stimulus -- Response 5 Part 5 : The Exhibit Part 1 : origin of the species ( edit ) Larson recounts his childhood by showing several pictures supposedly drawn by him when he was a kid . ( Example : A picture of a kid sitting on a tire in pitch blackness sports the caption `` I believe this is my earliest memory of riding in the car when my family took our annual vacation . '' ) He shows panels of Nature 's Way and talks about his early struggles as a cartoonist before he established himself in the field . While on vacation from his regular job as an investigator for the local humane society ( `` to whom I never disclosed the fact that on the way to the job interview I ran over a dog '' ) , he left his one and only copy of his portfolio at the headquarters of the San Francisco Chronicle , waiting several days until they decided to hire him . After returning home , he received a letter that his local newspaper had decided to discontinue Nature 's Way . Larson says that if the letter had arrived a week earlier , `` I never would have made the trip to San Francisco . The wind would definitely have gone out of my sails . '' Part 2 : evolution ( edit ) Larson explains the creative process he goes through in making cartoons , showing the original doodles in his sketchbook alongside the final published versions . Sometimes he makes large changes to his initial idea , other times the differences are more subtle . ( Example : A sketch of `` If Dogs Drove , '' showing canine drivers hanging their heads out the window , was changed to `` When dogs go to work , '' which depicts a bus - full of dogs with their heads hanging out the window . ) He discusses the reasons for the changes he makes , and in a few cases he admits that he now prefers an earlier version , or that the final version could have been changed further . He also shows doodles that he never published , most of which he admits were n't that funny . ( `` Anyone who attaches more significance to them needs to get out more often . '' ) He then shows several cartoons that were based on little short stories he wrote for a change of pace . Part 3 : mutations ( edit ) He devotes one section to mistakes that he made , or that editors made when altering his cartoons for one reason or another . These include incomplete drawings , scientific errors ( like one featuring polar bears and penguins in the same habitat ) , typos in the caption , and the right caption set to the wrong cartoon ( one time , a Dennis the Menace cartoon featuring the kids eating sandwiches was inadvertently -- or maybe not so inadvertently -- set to the Far Side caption , `` Oh brother ! ... Not hamsters again ! '' , while the Far Side cartoon got the Dennis caption -- `` Lucky thing I learned to make peanut butter sandwiches or we woulda starved to death by now . '' ) . In a separate section called `` Subtle Things , '' he discusses the techniques he brings to the cartooning table . Part 4 : stimulus -- response ( edit ) Here Larson shows his cartoons that have provoked controversy , even outrage , and he reprints some of the indignant letters of protest . Some of his cartoons are thought to be in bad taste , as one featuring a couple of dogs playing `` Tethercat . '' In such cases , he argues that readers either were oversensitive or misunderstood the cartoon . One time , a representative of the Jane Goodall Institute attacked a Far Side cartoon in which two chimpanzees are grooming when one finds a human hair and asks , `` Conducting a little more ' research ' with that Jane Goodall tramp ? '' Larson was ready to apologize to Goodall , until it came out that Goodall loved the cartoon and had no idea someone in her organization had complained . A few of his cartoons were controversial simply because they were hard to understand . A particular example was `` Cow tools , '' which depicts a cow standing by a table on which rest four oddly shaped objects . Larson had found it funny that cows would be really bad at toolmaking . His mistake was making one of the tools resemble a saw , as it led people to believe they had to identify the other tools to understand some kind of deeper meaning . `` ' Off days ' are a part of life , '' he writes , `` whether you 're a cartoonist , a neurosurgeon , or an air - traffic controller . '' Larson also reprints a letter from an entomologist proposing to name a newly discovered species of chewing lice after Larson , Strigiphilus garylarsoni . The scientist explains that he did this `` to honor the enormous contribution that my colleagues and I feel you have made to biology through your cartoons . '' The image of this insect also appears in the form of a geometric design on the inside front and back covers . The next section shows a handful of cartoons that his editors rejected ( or , in a few cases , that he never even bothered submitting ) , usually because they were considered in poor taste . Larson responds to everyone who 's taken the trouble to complain , with a large print of a boy making a face . Part 5 : the Exhibit ( edit ) Larson presents a gallery of his own personal favorite Far Side cartoons . `` I contemplated making this last section a collection of what I consider the lousiest cartoons I 've ever drawn , but space was limited . '' ( hide ) The Far Side by Gary Larson Collections The Far Side Beyond The Far Side In Search of The Far Side Bride of The Far Side Valley of The Far Side It Came from The Far Side Hound of The Far Side The Far Side Observer Night of the Crash - Test Dummies Wildlife Preserves Wiener Dog Art Unnatural Selections Cows of Our Planet The Chickens are Restless The Curse of Madame `` C '' Last Chapter and Worse Galleries The Far Side Gallery 5 Other books There 's A Hair In My Dirt ! : A Worm 's Story The Complete Far Side : 1980 -- 1994 The Prehistory of The Far Side See also Gary Larson 's Tales from the Far Side Thagomizer Strigiphilus garylarsoni Nature 's Way Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Prehistory_of_The_Far_Side&oldid=823724226 '' Categories : 1989 books The Far Side Andrews McMeel Publishing books Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from April 2011 All articles lacking sources Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 00 : 34 . 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7684214399000298606 | Peter Ostrum | Peter Ostrum - wikipedia Peter Ostrum Jump to : navigation , search Peter Ostrum D.V.M. Peter Ostrum in 2011 Peter Gardner Ostrum November 1957 ( age 60 ) Dallas , Texas , U.S. Residence Lowville , New York , U.S. Education Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine Alma mater Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine ( 1984 ) Occupation Actor ( 1971 ) Veterinarian ( 1984 -- present ) Employer Countryside Veterinary Clinic Lowville , New York , U.S. Known for Acting in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Home town Cleveland , Ohio , U.S. Spouse ( s ) Loretta Lepkowski Children Peter Gardner Ostrum ( / ˈoʊstrəm / ; born November 1957 ) is an American veterinarian and former child actor whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . A native of Cleveland , Ostrum was 12 years old when selected by talent agents for Willy Wonka . Though he enjoyed the experience of shooting the film , he opted not to sign a three - film contract when it was over . After eschewing a career in film and theatre , Ostrum became reluctant to speak about his one starring role . In 1990 , he began an annual tradition of speaking to schoolchildren about the film , and he became a subject of interest again when the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was released to theaters . Ostrum became interested in horses when he returned from shooting Willy Wonka , and was particularly influenced by the veterinarian that tended to them . Receiving his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine in 1984 , as of 2005 Ostrum practiced and lived in Lowville , New York with his wife Loretta ( née Lepkowski ) , and two children : his son , Leif , and daughter , Helenka . Contents ( hide ) 1 Acting career 1.1 Lasting effect 2 Veterinary career 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Acting career ( edit ) Ostrum was in the sixth grade and performing at the Cleveland Play House children 's theatre , when he was noticed by talent agents who were searching nationwide for the actor to portray Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . The agents took Polaroid photos of Ostrum and recorded him reading from the original novel , then returned to New York . Two months later Ostrum was called to New York for a screen test where he sang `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , and a month after that he was contacted and given ten days to prepare to leave for filming . In 2000 , Ostrum recalled that shooting Willy Wonka in Munich was `` sort of like being an exchange student for five months '' . Fond memories of his five months in West Germany included watching the construction of Olympiapark , Munich , for the 1972 Summer Olympics , and working with Gene Wilder and Jack Albertson . Ostrum was tutored on - set for three hours a day , though sometimes only for 30 -- 60 minutes at a time . Though in his audition he had been assured that his singing would probably be cut and dubbed , it was Ostrum 's own singing voice that made it to the screen -- albeit significantly cut . In a 2011 interview , Ostrum told the story of how director Mel Stuart gave him a clapperboard from the film , and later on asked him how he got it because he had forgotten that he had done so ; it is Ostrum 's only souvenir from the set . After he finished shooting Willy Wonka , the then 13 - year - old Ostrum declined the offer of a three - film contract , later recalling that `` ( e ) verybody thinks that acting is such a glamorous profession , but it 's a difficult profession . '' In January 2018 , Ostrum said he sometimes misses acting -- though not its hurry - up - and - wait nature -- but feels he dodged having to make the transition from child - to adult - actor . As of January 2018 , Ostrum still received US $8 -- 9 in royalty payments about every three months . Lasting effect ( edit ) In his senior year , Ostrum was involved in film class and , at the interest of one of his instructors , looked back into theatre and acting . After auditioning for , but not landing , several roles ( including Equus on Broadway ) , Ostrum decided not to pursue it further . After putting his short film career behind him , Ostrum declined reporters and interviews , preferring not to speak on the subject ; `` I wanted people to judge me on who I was , not what I 'd done '' . For some time , Ostrum even lied and told people that his brother , and not he , had starred in the film . It took Ostrum years after moving to Lowville before he told anybody there about his one - time stardom ; even his wife Loretta did not know about his role until he warned her about it just before she met his mother . Ostrum in November 2017 Since 1990 , Ostrum has since spoken to students at Lowville Academy once a year -- on the last day of school , as a special treat -- about his experience in Willy Wonka as well as his work in veterinary medicine . The students chiefly ask about the film 's special effects , and Ostrum describes to them `` what happened to Veruca , how did Violet blow up like a blueberry , how did Charlie fly with Grandpa Joe , all those types of questions . '' Ostrum also accepted an invitation to appear at the 2018 Snowtown Film Festival in Watertown , New York , answering audience questions after a screening of the film ; `` it 's in my backyard -- it 's become a popular event in January and I like to support local events . '' Ostrum said of the 2018 event that he enjoyed re-watching the film , and that people ask him `` great questions . '' Ostrum has been called `` the most famous man in Lowville '' , where the local video rental shop has twice worn out its VHS copy of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . In the run - up to the release of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005 , Ostrum garnered a spate of attention that included seeing the film in New York City with NPR as well as being included in VH1 's list of `` 100 Greatest Kid Stars '' ( placing 78th ) . On the new film , Ostrum quoted fellow Wonka actor Julie Dawn Cole , saying that `` It 's sort of like going back to a house that you once lived in and it 's been redecorated . '' Ultimately , the media attention was so pervasive that Ostrum stopped answering his phone , and requested `` please , no more interviews . '' In January 2009 , Ostrum teamed up with Dunkin ' Donuts to hand out free rides on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) at South Station in Boston , Massachusetts ; Ostrum 's participation connected the MBTA 's CharlieCards he was handing out with his portrayal of Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka . The promotion also gave out one `` golden ticket '' , worth unlimited rides on MBTA and unlimited Dunkin ' Donuts coffee for 2009 . In October 2000 , Ostrum and some of his co-stars from the film were scheduled to record an audio commentary for a special edition DVD . In a 2010 interview , Wonka co-star Denise Nickerson ( Violet Beauregarde ) revealed that Ostrum had agreed to join her and Paris Themmen ( Wonka 's Mike Teevee ) for a reunion commemorating the 40th anniversary of the film 's release in 2011 . Veterinary career ( edit ) I can remember the veterinarian coming out and taking care of the horses , and it made a huge impression on me , ( ... ) This person really enjoyed what he did for a living . My father was a lawyer , and I really did n't have a clue what he did all day . But I knew exactly what the veterinarian did . Someone making a living from something he enjoyed so much really sparked my interest . 2000 interview with Peter Ostrum Soon after Ostrum returned home from filming Willy Wonka , his family acquired a horse ; while the teenaged Ostrum was interested in the horse , it was the animal 's veterinarian that left a lasting impression on him . Taking a hiatus from school between high school and college , Ostrum groomed horses and worked at the Delaware Equine Center in Pennsylvania . Ostrum contemplated a return to Hollywood , and even visited California for a week to `` test the waters '' there . He ultimately decided to pursue a degree in veterinary medicine instead , feeling that he would forever berate himself if he did n't . In 1984 , Peter Ostrum received his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine . As of February 2018 , Ostrum worked out of the Countryside Veterinary Clinic in Lowville , New York , where he works mainly with horses and cows . He has taken part in the video series Veterinarians on Call , funded by Pfizer , highlighting the work of large animal veterinarians . Personal life ( edit ) Ostrum married Loretta M. Lepkowski in 1987 or 1988 . The couple has two children , Helenka and Leif , with the latter following his father onto stage as the leading actor in several South Lewis Central School musicals . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Original Charlie Bucket keeps low profile '' . Lowville , New York , U.S. : msnbc.com . Associated Press . 2005 - 07 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Peter Ostrum turned down three - picture deal after original ' Wonka ' Jump up ^ Cavazos , Norma ( 2006 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Television Q&A '' . The Dallas Morning News . Dallas , Texas , U.S. : A.H. Belo . Jump up ^ `` South Lewis Central School class leaders '' . Watertown Daily Times . Watertown New York , U.S. 2010 - 04 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Julie Dawn ; Michael Esslinger ( 2011 ) . `` Munich '' . I Want It Now ! ( First ed . ) . Duncan , Oklahoma , U.S. : BearManor Media . pp. 52 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59393 - 074 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Jesse ( 2005 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Original Charlie Revisits ' The Chocolate Factory ' '' . New York City , U.S. : NPR . Archived from the original ( streaming audio ) on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Ostrum and the chocolate factory '' . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association . Schaumburg , Illinois , U.S. : American Veterinary Medical Association . 2000 - 11 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Avallone , Elaine M. ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Dr. Ostrum relates to being Charlie Bucket following showing of film '' . Watertown Daily Times . Watertown , New York . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ostrum , Peter ; Cole , Julie Dawn ( 2011 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Peter Ostrum and Julie Dawn Cole interview Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Chuck the Movieguy 's Celebrity Interviews ( Interview ) . Interview with Chuck Thomas . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Ostrum , Peter . `` ' Never Wanted to Be an Actor ' '' . New York City , U.S. : NPR . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Grant , Bridgit . `` Whatever Happened to Willy Wonka 's Children ? '' . Daily Express . London , UK : Northern & Shell . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ostrum , Peter ; McCall Gosselin ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) . Wonka 's Charlie Bucket says to Boston commuters , `` You Kin ' Do It ! '' . Canton , Massachusetts , U.S. : Dunkin ' Donuts . Archived from the original ( YouTube ) on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Potempa , Phil ( 2010 - 09 - 28 ) . `` ' Willy Wonka ' child actress feeling better - than - blue about future film reunion '' . The Times of Northwest Indiana . Munster , Indiana , U.S. : Lee Enterprises . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Stephanie Fellenstein ( 1 Jan 2012 ) . `` Vets take the stage in new reality series '' . veterinarynews.dvm360.com . DVM360 Magazine . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Our Doctors '' . Lowville , New York : Countryside Veterinary Clinic , LLP . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Peter Ostrum on IMDb Countryside Veterinary Clinic , LLP MusicBrainz : 9f0e84d6 - 6394 - 4e87 - 90cf - 2696b7a5445c VIAF : 48910887 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Ostrum&oldid=841325635 '' Categories : 1957 births Living people American veterinarians American male child actors Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine alumni Male actors from Cleveland People from Lowville , New York People from Dallas American male film actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 Good articles Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 04 : 31 . 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-6793730305937144143 | Justin Bieber | Justin Bieber - Wikipedia Justin Bieber Jump to : navigation , search `` Bieber '' redirects here . For other uses , see Bieber ( disambiguation ) . Justin Bieber Bieber in 2015 Justin Drew Bieber ( 1994 - 03 - 01 ) March 1 , 1994 ( age 23 ) London , Ontario , Canada Occupation Singer Songwriter Years active 2008 -- present Home town Stratford , Ontario , Canada Parent ( s ) Patricia Mallette Jeremy Jack Bieber Musical career Genres Pop R&B Instruments Vocals Drums Guitar Labels Island Teen Island RBMG School Boy Def Jam Associated acts Carly Rae Jepsen Big Sean Diplo Lil Twist Skrillex Travis Scott Usher Website justinbiebermusic.com Justin Drew Bieber ( / ˈbiːbər / ; born March 1 , 1994 ) is a Canadian singer and songwriter . After a talent manager discovered him through his YouTube videos covering songs in 2008 and signed to RBMG , Bieber released his debut EP , My World , in late 2009 . It was certified Platinum in the U.S. He became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut record chart on the Billboard Hot 100 . Bieber released his first full - length studio album , My World 2.0 , in 2010 . It debuted at or near number one in several countries , was certified triple Platinum in the U.S. , and contained his single `` Baby '' . Following his debut album , he had his first headlining tour , the My World Tour , released the remix albums My Worlds Acoustic and Never Say Never -- The Remixes -- and the 3D biopic - concert film Justin Bieber : Never Say Never . He released his second studio album , Under the Mistletoe , in November 2011 , when it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . Bieber released his third studio album , Believe , in 2012 . His fourth studio album Purpose was released in November 2015 , spawning three number one singles : `` What Do You Mean ? '' , `` Sorry '' , and `` Love Yourself '' . Following the release of Purpose , Bieber was featured on several successful collaborations , including `` Cold Water '' , `` Let Me Love You '' , `` Despacito '' , and `` I 'm the One '' . His U.S. album and singles sales total 44.7 million . He has sold an estimated 140 million records , making him one of the world 's best - selling music artists . He also became the second person to reach 100 million followers on Twitter in late August of 2017 , with Katy Perry being the other one . Bieber has won numerous awards , including the American Music Award for Artist of the Year in 2010 and 2012 . In his career , he has won one Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording for the song `` Where Are Ü Now '' at the 2016 ceremony . He has been listed four times by Forbes magazine among the top ten most powerful celebrities in the world in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . Bieber also became the first artist to surpass 10 billion total video views on Vevo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2008 -- 2010 : Career beginnings and My World 2.2 2010 -- 2011 : My World 2.0 and Never Say Never 2.3 2011 -- 2015 : Believe , Journals , and other appearances 2.4 2015 -- present : Purpose and collaborations 3 Artistry 3.1 Musical style and influences 3.2 Voice 4 Public image 4.1 General 4.2 YouTube and Twitter 5 Personal life 5.1 Beliefs and relationships 5.2 Endorsements , products , and philanthropy 5.3 Legal issues and controversies 6 Achievements 7 Discography 8 Filmography 9 Tours 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Early Life Bieber was born on March 1 , 1994 , in London , Ontario , at St Joseph 's Hospital , and was raised in Stratford , Ontario . He is the only child of Jeremy Jack Bieber and Patricia `` Pattie '' Mallette . Bieber 's parents were never married . Pattie raised her son with the help of her mother , Diane , and stepfather , Bruce . His mother is of French - Canadian descent ; his paternal great - grandfather was of German ancestry , and his other roots are English , Scottish and Irish . He has also claimed that he has some undetermined Aboriginal Canadian ancestry . Through Jeremy , Bieber has two younger half - siblings , Jazmyn ( born 2009 ) and Jaxon ( born 2010 ) . Pattie worked a series of low - paying office jobs , raising Bieber as a single mother in low - income housing . Bieber has maintained contact with his father . Bieber attended a French - language immersion elementary school in Stratford , the Jeanne Sauvé Catholic School . Growing up , he learned to play the piano , drums , guitar , and trumpet . He graduated from high school in Stratford , Ontario , the St. Michael Catholic Secondary School in 2012 with a 4.0 GPA . In early 2007 , aged 12 , Bieber sang Ne - Yo 's `` So Sick '' for a local singing competition in Stratford and was placed second . Mallette posted a video of the performance on YouTube for their family and friends to see . She continued to upload videos of Bieber singing covers of various R&B songs , and Bieber 's popularity on the site grew . Career 2008 -- 2010 : career beginnings and My World When searching for videos of a different singer , Scooter Braun , a former marketing executive of So So Def Recordings , clicked on one of Bieber 's 2007 videos by accident . Impressed , Braun tracked down the theatre Bieber was performing in , located Bieber 's school , and finally contacted Mallette , who was reluctant because of Braun 's Judaism . She remembered praying , `` God , I gave him to you . You could send me a Christian man , a Christian label ! '' , and , `` God , you do n't want this Jewish kid to be Justin 's man , do you ? '' However , church elders convinced her to let Bieber go with Braun . At 13 , Bieber went to Atlanta , Georgia , with Braun to record demo tapes . Bieber began singing for Usher one week later . Bieber in 2010 , displaying his earlier haircut . Bieber was soon signed to Raymond Braun Media Group ( RBMG ) , a joint venture between Braun and Usher . Justin Timberlake was also reportedly in the running to sign Bieber but lost the bidding war to Usher . Usher then sought assistance in finding a label home for the artist from then manager Chris Hicks , who helped engineer an audition with his contact L.A. Reid of The Island Def Jam Music Group . Reid signed Bieber to Island Records in October 2008 ( resulting in a joint venture between RBMG and Island Records ) and appointed Hicks as executive Vice-President of Def Jam , where he could manage Bieber 's career at the label . Bieber then moved to Atlanta with his mother to pursue further work with Braun and Usher . Braun became Bieber 's manager in 2008 . Bieber 's first single , `` One Time '' , was released to radio while Bieber was still recording his debut album . The song reached number 12 on the Canadian Hot 100 during its first week of release in July 2009 and later peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 . During fall 2009 , it had success in international markets . The song was certified Platinum in Canada and the US and Gold in Australia and New Zealand . His first release , an extended play entitled My World , was released on November 17 , 2009 . The album 's second single , `` One Less Lonely Girl '' , and two promo singles , `` Love Me '' and `` Favorite Girl '' , were released exclusively on the iTunes Store and charted within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 . `` One Less Lonely Girl '' was later also released to radio and peaked within the top 20 in Canada and the US , and was certified Gold in the latter . My World was eventually certified Platinum in the US and double Platinum in both Canada and the United Kingdom . To promote the album , Bieber performed on several live shows such as mtvU 's VMA 09 Tour , European program The Dome , YTV 's The Next Star , The Today Show , The Wendy Williams Show , Lopez Tonight , The Ellen DeGeneres Show , It 's On with Alexa Chung , Good Morning America , Chelsea Lately , and BET 's 106 & Park . Bieber also guest starred in an episode of True Jackson , VP in late 2009 . Bieber performed Ron Miller and Bryan Wells 's `` Someday at Christmas '' for US President Barack Obama and first lady Michelle Obama at the White House for Christmas in Washington , which aired on December 20 , 2009 , on US television broadcaster TNT . Bieber was also one of the performers for Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest , on December 31 , 2009 . Bieber was a presenter at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards on January 31 , 2010 . He was invited to be a vocalist for the remake of `` We Are the World '' ( a song written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie ) for its 25th anniversary to benefit Haiti after the earthquake . Bieber sings the opening line , which was sung by Lionel Richie in the original version . On March 12 , 2010 , a version of K'naan 's `` Wavin ' Flag '' , recorded by a collective of Canadian musicians known as Young Artists for Haiti , was released . Bieber is featured in the song , performing the closing lines . 2010 -- 2011 : My World 20 and Never Say Never In January 2010 , `` Baby '' , was released from his debut album , My World 2.0 . The song featured Ludacris , and became an international hit . It charted at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 , peaked at number three on the Canadian Hot 100 and reached the top ten in several international markets . Two promo singles `` Never Let You Go '' , and `` U Smile '' were top thirty hits on the US Hot 100 , and top twenty hits in Canada . According to review aggregator Metacritic , the album has received generally favourable reviews . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , making Bieber the youngest solo male act to top the chart since Stevie Wonder in 1963 . My World 2.0 also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart , Irish Albums Chart , Australian Albums Chart , and the New Zealand Albums Chart and reached the top ten of fifteen other countries . To promote the album , Bieber appeared on several live programs including The View , the 2010 Kids ' Choice Awards , Nightline , Late Show with David Letterman , The Dome and 106 & Park . Sean Kingston appeared on the album 's next single , `` Eenie Meenie '' . The song reached the top ten in the United Kingdom and Australia , and the top - twenty of most other markets . On April 10 , 2010 , Bieber was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live . On July 4 , 2010 , Bieber performed at the Macy 's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular in New York City . The following single from My World 2.0 , `` Somebody to Love '' , was released in April 2010 , and a remix was released featuring Bieber 's mentor Usher . On June 23 , 2010 , Bieber went on his first official headlining tour , the My World Tour , starting in Hartford , Connecticut , to promote My World and My World 2.0 . In July 2010 , it was reported that Bieber was the most searched for celebrity on the Internet . That same month his music video for `` Baby '' , surpassed Lady Gaga 's `` Bad Romance '' to become the most viewed , and also the most disliked YouTube video ever . However , Taylor Swift 's Blank Space surpassed its number of views in 2015 . In September 2010 , it was reported that Bieber accounted for three per cent of all traffic on Twitter , according to an employee of the social - networking site . Bieber performing in Jakarta during his My World Tour In Bieber 's second album , because of puberty , his voice was deeper than it was in his first album . In April 2010 , the singer discussing his vocals remarked , `` It cracks . Like every teenage boy , I 'm dealing with it and I have the best vocal coach in the world . ( ... ) Some of the notes I hit on `` Baby '' I ca n't hit any more . We have to lower the key when I sing live . '' Bieber guest - starred in the season premiere of the CBS crime drama CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , which aired on September 23 , 2010 . He played a `` troubled teen who is faced with a difficult decision regarding his only brother '' , who is also a serial bomber . Bieber was also in a subsequent episode which aired on February 17 , 2011 , in which his character is killed . Bieber performed a medley of `` U Smile '' , `` Baby '' , and `` Somebody to Love '' and briefly played the drums at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12 , 2010 . Bieber announced in October 2010 that he would be releasing an acoustic album , called My Worlds Acoustic . It was released on November 26 , 2010 in the United States and featured acoustic versions of songs from his previous albums , and accompanied the release of a new song titled `` Pray '' . In 2012 , he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal . A 3 - D part - biopic , part - concert film starring Bieber entitled Justin Bieber : Never Say Never , was released on February 11 , 2011 , directed by Step Up 3D director Jon Chu . It topped the box office with an estimated gross of $12.4 million on its opening day from 3,105 theatres . It grossed $30.3 million for the weekend and was narrowly beaten by the romantic comedy Just Go with It , which grossed $31 million . Never Say Never reportedly exceeded industry expectations , nearly matching the $31.1 million grossed by Miley Cyrus 's 2008 3 - D concert film , Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert , which holds the record for the top debut for a music - documentary . Never Say Never grossed a total of $98,441,954 worldwide . The film is accompanied by his second remix album , Never Say Never -- The Remixes , released February 14 , 2011 , and features remixes of songs from his debut album , with guest appearances from Miley Cyrus , Chris Brown , and Kanye West , among others . In June 2011 , Bieber was ranked No. 2 on the Forbes list of Best - Paid Celebrities under 30 . He is the youngest star , and 1 of 7 musicians on the list , having raked in $53 million in a 12 - month period . On November 1 , 2011 , Bieber released the Christmas - themed Under the Mistletoe , his second studio album . It debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , selling 210,000 copies in its first week of release . 2011 -- 2015 : Believe , Journals , and other appearances In late 2011 , Bieber began recording his third studio album , entitled Believe . The following week , Bieber appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show to announce that the first single would be called `` Boyfriend '' and would be released on March 26 , 2012 . The song debuted at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , selling a total of 521,000 digital units , the second - highest - ever debut digital sales week . Bill Werde of Billboard noted that it failed to debut at number one because the digital download of the track was available only through iTunes Store , `` restricting the buying option for those that do not frequent the Apple retail store '' . `` Boyfriend '' became Bieber 's first single ever to reach the top position on the Canadian Hot 100 by debuting at number one and staying on for one week . Bieber performing during his Believe Tour in October 2012 . His third studio album , Believe was released on June 19 , 2012 , by Island Records . The album marks a musical departure from the teen pop sound of his previous releases , and incorporates elements of dance - pop and R&B genres . Intent on developing a more `` mature '' sound , Bieber collaborated with a wide range of urban producers for the release as well as some long - time collaborators , including Darkchild , Hit - Boy , Diplo , and Max Martin . Entertainment Weekly praised Bieber 's musical shift , calling the album both a `` reinvention and a reintroduction '' . Rolling Stone noted the deeper voice and more `` intense '' beats found on the album , although it lampooned one of his euphemisms for newfound sexual maturity ( `` If you spread your wings , you can fly away with me '' ) . Believe debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , becoming his fourth number - one album . The album sold 57,000 copies in its first week in Canada , debuting atop the Canadian Albums Chart . The Believe Tour , which further promoted the album , began in September 2012 in Glendale , Arizona . On December 14 , 2012 , Bieber appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , where he announced plans to release an acoustic album titled Believe Acoustic , which was released on January 29 , 2013 . Bieber returned to Saturday Night Live as the host and musical guest on the February 9 , 2013 episode . His appearance was panned by critics and cast members , including Kate McKinnon , who stated that Bieber was not comfortable with his hosting duties , and Bill Hader , who stated that he did not enjoy the presence of Bieber or his entourage . Hader added that in his eight years on the program , Bieber was the only host who lived up to his reputation . On March 7 , 2013 , Bieber fainted backstage at London 's O2 Arena after complaining of breathing problems throughout his performance and was taken to hospital . Bieber cancelled his second Lisbon , Portugal concert at the Pavilhão Atlântico , which was to be held on March 12 , because of low ticket sales . The concert on March 11 went on . In mid-August 2013 , a remixed duet version of Michael Jackson 's previously unreleased song `` Slave To The Rhythm '' , featuring Justin Bieber leaked online . In response to criticism over this remix , the MJ Estate had not authorized release of this recording , and has since made attempts to remove the song from as many sites and YouTube channels as possible . Later , a song titled `` Twerk '' by rapper Lil Twist , featuring Bieber as well as Miley Cyrus , also leaked . On October 3 , 2013 , Bieber announced that he would release a new song every Monday for 10 weeks as a lead - up to the film Justin Bieber 's Believe , which entered production in May 2012 and was released on December 25 , 2013 . The film is a follow - up to Justin Bieber : Never Say Never , and Jon M. Chu returned to direct . The first song of Music Mondays , `` Heartbreaker '' , was released on October 7 . The second song , `` All That Matters '' , was released on October 14 , followed by `` Hold Tight '' on October 21 , `` Recovery '' on October 28 , `` Bad Day '' on November 4 , and `` All Bad '' on November 11 . The seventh song , `` PYD '' featuring R. Kelly , was released on November 18 ; it was followed by `` Roller Coaster '' on November 25 , and `` Change Me '' on December 2 . The final song , `` Confident '' featuring Chance the Rapper , was released on December 9 , 2013 . That same day , it was announced that all 10 tracks will be featured on an upcoming collection called Journals . It reportedly featured five additional unreleased songs , a music video for `` All That Matters '' , and a trailer for Believe . Journals was only available for purchase via iTunes for a limited time only : from December 23 , 2013 , to January 9 , 2014 . The titles of the five new additional songs are : `` One Life '' , `` Backpack '' featuring Lil Wayne , `` What 's Hatinin '' featuring Future , `` Swap It Out '' , and `` Memphis '' featuring Big Sean and Diplo . Bieber released a song titled `` Home to Mama '' featuring Australian singer Cody Simpson in November 2014 . Because of the disbanding of Universal Music 's division , The Island Def Jam Music Group , in April 2014 , Bieber and a number of artists were subsequently transferred to a UMG related division Def Jam Recordings , causing Bieber and the other artists to no longer be signed to Island Records . In February 2015 , Bieber released a song `` Where Are Ü Now '' , with Jack Ü . In March 2015 , Bieber made an appearance in the music video for Carly Rae Jepsen 's single `` I Really Like You '' . In March 2015 Bieber was the featured roastee in Comedy Central 's annual roast special . Bieber filmed an episode for the Fox TV reality series Knock Knock Live , and aired before the show was cancelled after two episodes . 2015 -- present : Purpose and collaborations On August 28 , 2015 , Bieber released a new single titled `` What Do You Mean ? '' as the lead single from his fourth studio album Purpose . The song is a blend of teen pop , electronic dance music and acoustic R&B and became Bieber 's first number - one single on the Billboard Hot 100 . He became the youngest male artist to debut at the top of that chart , earning him a Guinness World Record . On October 23 , 2015 , Bieber released the album 's second single titled `` Sorry '' as an instant download , with the pre-order of the album on iTunes . The song debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 . After eight non-consecutive weeks at number two , on the week charting January 23 , 2016 , `` Sorry '' climbed to the top spot of the chart and became Bieber 's second number - one single on the Billboard Hot 100 . The third single from Purpose , `` Love Yourself '' also peaked at number one in the US , making Bieber the first male artist in almost a decade to have three number - ones from an album since Justin Timberlake last did it with his album FutureSex / LoveSounds in 2006 / 2007 . `` Company '' was announced as the fourth single on March 8 , 2016 . On February 12 , 2016 , Bieber 's first four albums were released on vinyl for the first time . Purpose was released on November 13 , 2015 , and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , becoming Bieber 's sixth album to debut at the top of that chart . It was the fourth best - selling album of 2015 with worldwide sales of 3.1 million copies . As of June 2016 , it had sold 4.5 million copies globally . On November 11 , 2015 , Bieber announced he will embark on the Purpose Tour . The tour started in Seattle , Washington on March 9 , 2016 . On July 24 , 2017 , Bieber canceled the remaining dates of his Purpose Tour `` due to unforeseen circumstances . '' On July 22 , 2016 , Bieber released a new single with Major Lazer and MØ titled `` Cold Water '' . It debuted at number two , on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Bieber 's third number - two debut on the chart , passing Mariah Carey 's record to become the artist with the most number - two debuts ; he also leads with the most top - two debuts at five . In August 2016 , French DJ DJ Snake and Bieber released their collaborative song `` Let Me Love You '' . He appears in the documentary Bodyguards : Secret Lives from the Watchtower . On April 16 , 2017 , Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee released a remix for their song `` Despacito '' featuring Justin Bieber . The song was Justin 's first release in 2017 and the first in which he sings in Spanish . The remix boosted the original song to the Hot 100 's Top 10 , being the first mostly Spanish language top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 since Macarena in 1996 . The remix is currently the most viewed song of all time on the popular crowdsourced media knowledge base Genius , with 15.3 million views . He , along with Quavo , Chance the Rapper , and Lil Wayne provided vocals on DJ Khaled 's single `` I 'm the One '' , released on April 28 , 2017 . The song reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 . One week later , Despacito topped the charts in the U.S. , making the single the first mostly Spanish - language Hot 100 No. 1 in more than 20 years , becoming his fifth number one single and it made Bieber the first artist ever to notch new No. 1s in back - to - back weeks . On June 9 , 2017 , French DJ David Guetta 's single `` 2U '' , in which Bieber was featured , was released . The music video to `` 2U '' is Victoria 's Secret models lip synching to the song . On August 17 , 2017 , Bieber released the single `` Friends '' with American record producer and songwriter BloodPop . Songwriters Julia Michaels and Justin Tranter reunited with Bieber to construct the song , just as they helped create his single `` Sorry '' in 2015 on his studio album `` Purpose '' . It is his first single credited as lead artist since `` Company '' , which was released in March , 2016 . Artistry Musical Style and Influences Bieber 's music is mainly pop , while he also incorporates elements of R&B . Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone asserted that the content of his music was `` offering a gentle introduction to the mysteries and heartaches of adolescence : songs flushed with romance but notably free of sex itself . '' After his hit in 2015 on Jack Ü 's track Where R Ü Now , Bieber released the EDM - fueled album Purpose a collaboration with Diplo , DJ Snake and Major Lazer . Bieber has cited The Beatles , Boyz II Men , Mariah Carey , Michael Jackson , Justin Timberlake , and Usher as his musical inspirations . Bieber stated My World 2.0 was influenced by Timberlake . Voice Bieber initially began singing with his adolescent voice , before later experiencing pubertal changes during a performance of `` Pray '' at the 2011 American Music Awards . Bieber started to receive vocal conditioning from coach Jan Smith . Sean Michaels of The Guardian described it as `` the biggest threat to his career '' at the time . Jody Rosen commented that Bieber sings with `` swing and rhythmic dexterity '' on his debut , noting his tone to be `` nasal '' . In a review of his Purpose album , Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph complimented his `` soft , supple and seductive singing '' . Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian also praised Bieber 's `` affectedly breathy voice '' , but insisted in the same sentence that `` the voice soon palls '' after listening to the whole album . Public image General Bieber performing in Zürich , 2011 Usher commented that while he and Bieber were both signed at the same age , `` I had the chance to ramp up my success , where this has happened to Bieber abruptly '' . As a result , Usher , Braun , Bieber 's bodyguard , and other adults surrounding Bieber constantly coach him on handling fame and his public image . After signing Bieber , Usher appointed one of his former assistants , Ryan Good , to be Bieber 's road manager and stylist . Good , once nicknamed Bieber 's `` swagger coach '' , created a `` streetwise look '' for the singer which consisted of baseball caps , hoodies , dog chains , and flashy sneakers . Amy Kaufman of The Los Angeles Times comments , `` Though a product of a middle - class suburban upbringing in Stratford , Ontario , Bieber 's manner of dress and speech ( ' Wassup man , how you doin ' ? ' or ' It 's like , you know , whateva ' ' ) suggest he 's mimicking his favourite rappers . '' In 2013 , Bieber said that he was `` very influenced by black culture '' , but he neither thought `` of it as black or white '' nor tried to `` act or pose in a certain way '' . To him , it was `` a lifestyle -- like a suaveness or a swag '' . Wax statues of him with his hairstyle from that of his earlier career are on display at the Madame Tussauds wax museums in Amsterdam , London , and New York City . `` He 's the only person in humanity who 's grown up the way he has -- with smartphones and cameras on him 24 / 7 ... Another kid can go out and have a good night on the town , and no one gives a crap , but Justin is the most Googled person on the planet -- for four years straight ! '' Scooter Braun , Bieber 's manager , in 2013 Bieber was often featured in teen magazines , such as Tiger Beat , and has been labelled as a `` teen heartthrob '' . In 2010 , he was frequently criticized for looking and sounding younger than his age , and the following year for an androgynous appearance , which had been commonly noted in the media , including his appearance on the cover of LOVE magazine 's androgyny issue in 2011 . His teen - pop music , image ( especially as a heartthrob to young teenage girls ) , and the media attention he receives have additionally been criticized . He has been a target of Internet bloggers and message board posters , especially users of the Internet message board 4chan and of YouTube . Nick Collins of The Daily Telegraph said that `` Bieber 's character appears to strike a particularly sour note with his Internet critics '' who have questioned his manner of speech , among other things . YouTube and Twitter Justin Bieber YouTube information Channel JustinBieberVEVO Years active 2009 -- present Subscribers 28 million+ Play buttons ( show ) 100,000 subscribers 1,000,000 subscribers 2011 10,000,000 subscribers 2014 Bieber 's early fanbase developed on YouTube and predated the release of his debut album My World . According to Jan Hoffman of The New York Times , part of Bieber 's appeal stems from his YouTube channel . Chicago Tribune noted that Bieber 's fanbase , `` Beliebers '' , was among the top words of 2010 . Long before the November 2009 release of My World , his YouTube videos attracted millions of views . Braun recognized the appeal . Before flying him to Atlanta , Braun wanted to `` build him up more on YouTube first '' and had Bieber record more home videos for the channel . `` I said : ' Justin , sing like there 's no one in the room . But let 's not use expensive cameras . ' We 'll give it to kids , let them do the work , so that they feel like it 's theirs '' , recalled Braun . Bieber continues to upload videos to the same channel and has opened a Twitter account , from which he interacts with fans regularly ; his account was reported in November 2010 to have more than six million followers . Bieber surpassed Lady Gaga for having the most followed person on Twitter in January 2013 . In early November 2013 , Katy Perry surpassed him for having the most followers . As of 2017 , Bieber remains the second most followed user of Twitter , while his VEVO channel makes him the third most subscribed user of YouTube . The music video for Bieber 's song `` Baby '' is the most disliked on YouTube , receiving over 7.8 million dislikes since its upload in 2010 , as of 2017 . Guinness Book of World Records listed `` Baby '' as the most disliked video on YouTube and on the Internet as of 2013 and six of Bieber 's music videos ( more than any other artist ) listed in the top 40 most disliked videos on YouTube . Bieber was frequently a trending topic on Twitter when the feature first launched because his fans frequently discussed him on the network , and he was named the top trending star on Twitter in 2010 ; Klout gave his account a score of 100 . In April 2013 , the social media analysis company Socialbakers concluded that 16.7 million of Bieber 's 37 million Twitter followers are not genuine . Personal Life Beliefs and relationships Bieber has described himself as a faithful adherent of Christianity , said he communicates with God via prayer , and that `` he 's the reason I 'm here '' . He reflected his faith in a music video with Brandon Burke , titled `` # iPledge '' , in which he talks about God 's forgiveness . Regarding sexual abstinence , he told music magazine Rolling Stone , `` I do n't think you should have sex with anyone unless you love them . '' He added that he does not `` believe in abortion '' , and that it is `` like killing a baby '' ; when asked about the case of abortion with regard to rape , however , he said , `` I guess I have n't been in that position , so I would n't be able to judge that . '' His view on sexual orientation is quoted as `` everyone 's own decision '' , and he has contributed to the It Gets Better Project , a non-profit group aiming to prevent suicide among LGBT youth . As Bieber resides in the United States , he is reported to possess an O - 1 visa for temporary resident status , based on `` extraordinary ability or achievement '' in a field . Bieber has stated that he is not interested in obtaining US citizenship because of his view on America 's market - oriented health care system . He has praised Canada as being `` the best country in the world '' citing its government - run health care system as a model example . Bieber 's father , Jeremy Bieber , is a former carpenter and pro-am mixed martial artist . In March 2014 , Rolling Stone characterized Jeremy as having `` split with Justin 's mom when Justin was a toddler , and was n't always around afterward . But he has , as of late , accepted a place of honor in his superstar son 's entourage '' . Bieber dated Selena Gomez from December 2010 to November 2012 . Endorsements , products , and philanthropy Aside from his career as a musician , Bieber has ventured into the worlds of business and philanthropy . Bieber endorsed Adidas , beside Derrick Rose and Venus Williams , in 2012 . He became the new `` face '' and `` body '' of Calvin Klein in early 2015 . In June 2015 , Bieber teamed up with StarShop , a new shopping app launched by Kevin Harrington . He has bandwagoned four fragrances as of 2014 . He launched his debut fragrance , Someday , in 2011 ; it grossed more than three million US dollars in sales , at Macy 's , in just under three weeks , which industry experts regard as a successful celebrity - led launch . On the heels of that 2011 best - seller , he launched his second fragrance , Girlfriend , in June 2012 . His third fragrance , The Key , was launched in July 2013 , and his latest fragrance , Justin Bieber Collector 's Edition , launched in 2014 . Bieber supports Pencils of Promise , a charity founded by Adam Braun , the younger brother of Bieber 's manager . The organization builds schools in developing countries , and Bieber became manager for the organization 's campaign in Guatemala . He serves as a celebrity spokesman for the organization by running ads for the charity and its campaign `` Schools4All '' . He promises to visit schools that donate the most funds to the organization . He takes part in the charity 's fund - raising galas and donates parts of the proceeds from his concerts and Someday line of fragrances , and various merchandising to the charity . He also appears in an animal welfare PSA for PETA encouraging people to volunteer at and adopt from animal shelters instead of buying pets from breeders or pet stores . In 2013 , Bieber launched his online # GiveBackPhilippines campaign for helping the victims of Typhoon Haiyan and traveled to Philippines after raising $3 Million . His work for The Philippines earned him a star on the Walk of Fame Philippines . Legal issues and controversies Bieber after his 2014 arrest in Miami , Florida Bieber had several run - ins with the law around the world before his first arrest in 2014 , including when he was accused of reckless driving in his neighbourhood in 2012 , and charged in Brazil with vandalism in 2013 . One of his neighbours in Calabasas , California , accused Bieber of throwing eggs at his home on January 9 , 2014 , and causing thousands of dollars of damage . On January 23 , 2014 , Bieber was arrested in Miami Beach , Florida , together with singer Khalil on suspicion of driving under the influence ( DUI ) , driving with an over six month expired license , and resisting arrest without violence . Police said that Bieber told authorities he had consumed alcohol , smoked marijuana , and taken prescription drugs . He has been released from these charges on a $2,500 bond , and lack of evidence beyond reasonable doubt as dictated in the United States court of law . A toxicology report revealed that Bieber had THC ( a principal constituent of cannabis ) and the anti-anxiety medication Xanax in his system at the time of his arrest . Following Bieber 's arrest on the DUI charge , more than 270,000 persons petitioned the White House seeking to have him deported from the United States . Although the number of signatures received was sufficient to require a response under published White House guidelines , the Obama Administration declined substantive comment on the petition . Immigration Law expert Harlan York noted that the likeliness of Bieber being deported was extremely slim . York stated , `` About a decade ago , the Supreme Court ruled that driving under the influence , typically , is not a basis to deport someone . '' On July 9 , 2014 , Bieber was charged with one misdemeanour count of vandalism in California for throwing eggs at his Calabasas neighbour 's home in January . Police earlier claimed that they had video footage of him high - fiving friends after the eggs were thrown . With him pleading no contest to the charge , the Los Angeles County Superior Court sentenced him on July 9 to pay US $80,900 in restitution , serve two years ' probation , complete twelve weeks of anger management , and five days of community service in what the district attorney termed a negotiated settlement . Since then , he has permanently moved to Beverly Hills , California after the incident . On August 13 , 2014 , the January DUI case was settled with a plea bargain pleading guilty to resisting an officer without violence , and a lesser charge of driving without due care and attention . He has been fined with US $500 and sentenced to attend both a 12 - hour anger management course , and a program that teaches about the impact of drunken driving on victims . As part of the plea bargain , he has made a US $50,000 contribution to Our Kids , a local children 's charity . `` I did n't want to come off arrogant or conceited , or basically how I 've been acting the past year , year and a half ... although what 's happened in the past has happened , I just want to ... be kind and loving and gentle and soft . '' Bieber reflects in a video posted in January 2015 On September 1 , 2014 , Bieber was arrested and charged with assault and dangerous driving near his hometown of Stratford , Ontario after a collision between a minivan and Bieber 's all - terrain vehicle on August 29 . Ontario police said that he then `` engaged in a physical altercation '' with an occupant of the minivan . He was released shortly and his lawyer blamed the incident on `` the unwelcome presence of paparazzi '' . On September 8 , Toronto dropped an assault charge against him originally brought up on January 29 for an incident with a limousine driver in December 2013 . In November 2014 , he was ordered to appear in Argentina within 60 days by a Buenos Aires court to give testimony on an alleged assault on a photographer on November 9 , 2013 . When he failed to do so , an arrest warrant was issued and two of his bodyguards were released in Argentina in April 2015 . In June 2014 , a video emerged of a 15 - year - old Bieber telling a joke about black people , which used the word `` nigger '' multiple times . In the same month , a second video showed a 15 - year - old Bieber giggling as he croons his song `` One Less Lonely Girl '' , but parodying the main lyric as `` One less lonely nigger '' , and stating that if he were to kill one , he would be `` part of the KKK '' . He apologized the day the latter was released : `` Facing my mistakes from years ago has been one of the hardest things I 've ever dealt with . '' In July 2017 , the Chinese government banned Justin Bieber from performing in China . A Chinese Bieber fan reached out to the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Culture requesting the reason for the ban . The Bureau released a statement , explaining `` Justin Bieber is a gifted singer , but he is also a controversial young foreign singer '' , and `` In order to maintain order in the Chinese market and purify the Chinese performance environment , it is not suitable to bring in badly behaved entertainers . '' Achievements Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Justin Bieber Throughout his career , Bieber has sold an estimated 100 million records , making him the best - selling male Canadian artist and one of the world 's best - selling music artists . On November 23 , 2012 , Bieber was presented with the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal by the Prime Minister of Canada , Stephen Harper . He was one of 60,000 Canadians to receive the Diamond Jubilee medal that year . In 2013 , Bieber received a Diamond award from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) to recognize his single `` Baby '' as the highest - certified digital song of all time . Bieber has earned three Grammy nominations ( including one win ) , two Brit awards , four NRJ Music Award nominations ( including three wins ) , thirteen Billboard Music Awards , and numerous fan voted accolades which include eight American Music Awards and twenty Teen Choice Awards . He also has won eighteen MTV Europe Music Awards , which is the most awards received by a single artist to date . On November 13 , 2015 , the release of Purpose marked his sixth album to debut at number one . He also became the first artist , since Elvis Presley in 2005 , to replace his own song as number one on the UK Singles Chart . As of 2016 , Bieber has received fourteen titles in the Guinness World Records , which include eight that were achieved from the success of his album Purpose and was featured in the 2017 Edition . These records included the most streamed track on Spotify in one week , the most streamed album on Spotify in one week , the most simultaneous tracks and most simultaneous new entries on the US Billboard Hot 100 by a solo artist , the first act to occupy all top three positions simultaneously on the UK Singles Chart , the most followers on Twitter by a male , the most viewed music channel on YouTube by an individual , and the most subscribers on YouTube for a musician by a male . Discography Main article : Justin Bieber discography My World 2.0 ( 2010 ) Under the Mistletoe ( 2011 ) Believe ( 2012 ) Purpose ( 2015 ) Filmography See also : Justin Bieber videography Justin Bieber : Never Say Never ( 2011 ) Men in Black 3 ( 2012 ) Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 ) Zendaya : Behind the Scenes ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber 's Believe ( 2013 ) Behaving Badly ( 2014 ) Zoolander 2 ( 2016 ) Killing Hasselhoff ( 2017 ) Tours Urban Behavior Tour ( 2009 ) My World Tour ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Believe Tour ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Purpose World Tour ( 2016 -- 2017 ) See also List of Billboard Social 50 number - one artists List of best - selling music artists List of highest - grossing concert tours List of most subscribed users on YouTube Biography portal Justin Bieber portal Pop music portal References ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Gail ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` Usher Introduces Teen Singer Justin Bieber '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Biography '' . The Biography Channel . A + E Networks . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inogolo - English Pronunciation Guide to the Names of People , Places , and Stuff - Justin Bieber '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber '' . riaa.com . RIAA . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Fever Hits Miami '' . CBS News . CBS Corporation . February 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber , on the Comeback Trail , Back in ' Good Graces ' of Fans and Industry '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hulton , Anna Sky ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` David Guetta and Justin Bieber announce exciting collaboration '' . Key 103 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Forbes 100 : 2011 : `` The World 's Most Powerful Celebrities 2011 '' . Forbes . 2012 : Mitchell , John . `` Jennifer Lopez Tops Forbes Celebrity 100 '' . MTV News . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . 2013 : Dorothy Pomerantz ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey Regains No. 1 Slot On Forbes 2013 List Of The Most Powerful Celebrities '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Is the First Artist to Crack 10 Billion Views on Vevo '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Mom Joins Fight to Keep Canadian Pregnant Teen Shelter Open '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Parvis , Sarah E ( 2010 ) . McMeel , Andrews , ed . Kansas City , MO . London : Simon & Schuster . pp. 13 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4494 - 0181 - 8 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marikar , Sheila ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Mom , Pattie Mallette : 7 Things to Know '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Infantry , Ashante ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber guide added to hometown of Stratford 's tourism website '' . Toronto Star . Toronto . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bieber 2010 , pp. 22 , 23 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber tops celebrity birthdays for March 1 - Celebrities - Entertainment '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jon Ronson . `` Justin Bieber : One day with the most Googled name on the planet - Music - The Guardian '' . the Guardian . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber gets offer of help tracing native ancestry after free gas comment '' . Toronto Star . August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomasos , Christine ( March 2 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Bieber Birthday : Selena Gomez Not Part of Celebration That Included Father , Little Brother and Sister '' . The Christian Post . 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Jump up ^ TJ ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Neon Limelight Interviews : Usher Protegé Justin Bieber : Accidental Star '' . Neon Limelight . Retrieved August 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Herrera , Monica ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber -- The Billboard Cover Story '' . Billboard . e5 Global Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocleyn ; Kos , Saimon ( September 12 , 2009 ) . `` Usher and Justin Timberlake Battled It Out For Justin Bieber '' . MTV . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Chris Hicks '' . HitQuarters . August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Gail ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` Usher Introduces Teen Singer Justin Bieber '' . Billboard . e5 Global Media . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber Chart History '' . Billboard . e5 Global Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber AIRA Singles Certification '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Note : Week commence on Monday , March 29 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` RIAA -- Gold and Platinum -- June 15 , 2010 '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber RIAA album certifications '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` November 2010 -- Gold & Platinum Certifications '' . Canadian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2009 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Today Show + Justin Bieber = Awesome '' . Island Def Jam . Universal Music Group . September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Tops Billboard 200 With ' My World 2.0 ' '' . Billboard . e5 Global Media . March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- My World -- Music Charts '' . αCharts . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- My World 2.0 -- Music Charts '' . αCharts . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cheung , Nadine ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber Makes Millions Happy With the Release of ' My World 2.0 ' '' . JSYK . AOL . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Coming Back To NY For Saturday Night Live '' . Long Island Press . February 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beja , Marc ( July 4 , 2010 ) . `` Fireworks follow sun - scorched July 4 festivals '' . Hosted by Google News . The Associated Press . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bieber the king of the Internet '' . Toronto Sun . July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bieber 's ' Baby ' YouTube 's most - watched video '' . Today . July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kosner , Anthony Wing ( November 24 , 2012 ) . `` PSY 's Gangnam Style Tops Bieber 's Baby To Become Most Viewed YouTube Video Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' Blank Space ' Is Now the Most Viewed Video on Vevo '' . Billboard . October 20 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Accounts for 3 Percent of All Twitter Traffic '' . TVGuide . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Justin Bieber Graduates To ' Adult Game ' On New Album '' . MTV . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber 's Voice Breaking '' . Contact music . April 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Justin Bieber Got Shot and Killed on CSI Last Night '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Triple - Threat VMA Performance : Making The Show '' . MTV . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ziegbe , Mawuse ( October 24 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber Announces Acoustic Album Release Date '' . MTV . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Will Justin Bieber 's My Worlds Acoustic Rank Against Great Unplugged Albums ? '' . MTV . November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Justin Bieber : Never Say Never . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ellwood , Gregory ( February 12 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office : ' Never Say Never ' as Justin Bieber beats Adam Sandler Friday for no . 1 '' . Hit Fix . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Just ' , ' Justin ' , ' Juliet ' Jumpin ' '' . Box Office Mojo . February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber : Never Say Never ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dinh , James ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Never Say Never -- The Remixes Due Valentine 's Day '' . MTV News ( Viacom ) . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy . `` Full List : The Best - Paid Celebrities Under 30 '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Mistletoe ' Brightens Billboard 200 with No. 1 Debut '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Announces New Single , ' Boyfriend ' '' . MTV . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Boyfriend ' Debuts at No. 2 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Werde , Bill ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Editor 's Note : What Role Did Bundling and Exclusives Play in Madonna and Justin Bieber 's Big Debuts ? '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Biography & Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Believe ( 2012 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Jon ( June 15 , 2012 ) . `` Believe '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & sons ' ' Babel ' fastest seller of 2012 '' . The Guardian . London , United Kingdom . October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & sons ' ' Babel ' scores biggest debut '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Official : Justin Bieber 's ' Believe ' Is Year 's Biggest Debut , Bows at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Marianne ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Bieber 's ' Believe ' debuts at No 1 '' . Jam ! CANOE . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Presents ' Justin Bieber : All Around the World ' Thursday , June 21 '' . TV By the Numbers . May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Confirms January 29 Release For Believe Acoustic EP '' . MTV . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber hosts ' SNL ' : What 's the verdict ? '' . CNN Entertainment . February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( February 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' SNL ' Scorecard : Justin Bieber 's Show Was All About Justin Bieber '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Tewari , Nidhi ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Gicas , Peter ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Bill Hader Compares Saturday Night Live Hosts : Disses Justin Bieber , Calls Justin Timberlake a ' Class Act ' '' . E ! Online . Jump up ^ `` BIEBER RECOVERING AFTER FAINTING AT LONDON CONCERT '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` JUSTIN BIEBER CANCELS Concert in Portugal '' . TMZ . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slight , Lucy ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Bieber and Michael Jackson track ' Slave 2 the Rhythm ' leaks online '' . MTV . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber , Michael Jackson Duet : Estate Releases Statement '' . inquisitr.com . August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber , Miley Cyrus ' Twerk ' Lil Twist Track Leaks '' . MTV . August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Bieber ' Believe ' Movie To Hit Theaters -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Bieber Starts Countdown To ' Heartbreaker ' -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Teases New Song ' All That Matters ' Justin Bieber News MTV UK '' . MTV . October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Delays ' Journals ' '' . Rap - Up . December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGahan , Michelle . `` Justin Bieber and Cody Simpson 's ' Home to Mama ' Will Make You Swoon ( LISTEN ) '' . popcrush.com . Popcrush . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sisario , Ben ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Music Group Breaks Up Its Island Def Jam Division '' . The New York Times . The New York Times . The New York Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Artists Archive '' . Def Jam. 2014 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Warwick , Charlotte . `` Justin Bieber releases AMAZING remix of old song ' Where Are You Now ' featuring Skrillex and Diplo '' . sugarscape.com . Sugarscape . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley . `` Watch Tom Hanks , Justin Bieber Dance in Carly Rae Jepsen 's ' I Really Like You ' Video '' . Hollywood Reporter . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bonner , Mehera . `` Justin Bieber Roast on Comedy Central : Funniest Jokes About the `` King Joffrey '' of Pop , Martha Stewart , and More ! `` . usmagazine.com . Usmagazine . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Enriquez , Justin . `` ' It almost brought tears to my eyes ' : Justin Bieber shows caring side as he surprises a father and his son with down syndrome in touching Knock Knock Live clip '' . dailymail.co.uk . Daily Mail . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jess . `` Justin Bieber 's New Album ' Purpose ' : See The Shirtless Cover Art '' . Fuse . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber : New Album Gets November 13 Release Date , Per Sources '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber 's First Four Releases Coming On Vinyl In February 2016 , Including ' Journals ' Idolator '' . Music News , Reviews , and Gossip on Idolator.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Scores Sixth No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With ' Purpose ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Finds The Answer on ' What Do You Mean ? ' : Track Review '' . Billboard . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Global Music Report '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mackinley , Page ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Company Video Offers Blond Hair Porn , Tour Life , Emotions and More '' . INQUISITR . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Details Massive North American ' Purpose ' Tour '' . Rolling Stone . November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber cancels final tour dates '' . CNN . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody ( 24 Jul 2017 ) . `` ' Super Exhausted ' : Why Justin Bieber Canceled His Purpose World Tour '' . People . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Major Lazer , Justin Bieber & MO 's ' Cold Water ' Splashes in at No. 2 on Hot 100 as Sia Stays Up Top '' . Billboard . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff , Billboard . `` Listen to Justin Bieber & DJ Snake 's ' Let Me Love You ' Collab '' . billboard.com . billboard . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Gets Real About Fan Encounters In New Documentary Trailer '' . MTV News . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee Drop ' Despacito ' Remix Featuring Justin Bieber : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Remix Boosts Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee 's ' Despacito ' to Hot 100 's Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Genius Top Songs '' . Genius . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Khaled - Chart history Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee 's ' Despacito , ' Featuring Justin Bieber , Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We Spoke To David Guetta About ' 2U ' , Justin Bieber & Victoria 's Secret MTV UK '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta & Justin Bieber Reveal The Cover Of `` 2U '' `` . idolator. 2017 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's Secret Model Sara Sampaio Teases Justin Bieber & David Guetta 's ' 2U ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Page ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Friends ' is his best song in ages '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Jody ( 2010 - 03 - 22 ) . `` My World 2.0 : Justin Bieber : Review '' . Rolling Stone . Jann S. Wenner . Album Reviews . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber is Teaming Up with EDM 's Biggest Trio for New Collab '' . EDM.com. 2016 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber on his musical inspirations , his fans , and trying to be a regular kid '' . Vanity Fair . January 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Music Influences '' . MTV . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber '' . Interview Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber 's Next Album Inspired By Justin Timberlake '' . MTV . October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber faces the biggest threat to his career : puberty '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber and One Direction 's new albums : ' biting the hand that feeds them ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Caroline . `` Justin Bieber : Purpose review -- a look back and a fresh start '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` Adults work hard to manage Justin Bieber 's image '' . Azcentral . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber Reveals Will Smith Counsels Him Weekly in Rare , Raw Interview '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Justin Bieber Wax Figures Unveiled '' . MTV . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Monica ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Teenage heartthrob calls for tough rules after paparazzo 's death '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Nick ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` Why is Justin Bieber so loved and hated ? '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Graces Cover Of Love 's ' Androgyny Issue ' '' . MTV . Jump up ^ `` 4Chan Starts # Jail4Bieber Hoax , Accuses Justin Bieber Of Sexually Assaulting Minor '' . IB Times . March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - JustinBieberVEVO 's Channel '' . Wayback Machine . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Matson on Music The essential unseriousness of Bieber Fever Seattle Times Newspaper '' . Seattle Times . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Heidi ( December 29 , 2010 ) . `` Top buzzwords of 2010 -- Chicago Tribune '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber Hits 6 Million Twitter Followers -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved December 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( November 3 , 2013 ) . `` Katy Perry passes Justin Bieber as most popular person on Twitter '' . The Verge . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ghostbusters trailer ' most disliked ' on YouTube '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig , ed. ( 2013 ) . Guinness World Records 2013 . Random House . p. 304 . ISBN 9780345547118 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber video is most complained about of all time on YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Accounts for 3 Percent of All Twitter Traffic '' . TV Guide . September 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Vintage Video : ' I Love Twitter ' News '' . VH1 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bieber Tops Twitter Trend List '' . World Entertainment News Network . COMTEX News Network , Inc . December 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poeter , Damon ( January 1 , 1970 ) . `` Tweet or Die : Employers Hiring Based on Applicants ' Klout Scores ? News & Opinion '' . PCMag . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marco Massarotto ( October 18 , 2010 ) . Social Network ( in Italian ) . Apogeo Editore . pp. 201 -- 202 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 503 - 1233 - 7 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poeter , Damon . `` Report : Justin Bieber 's Twitter Followers Mostly Fake '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Half of Justin Bieber 's Twitter fans are fake '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ronson , Jon ( November 13 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber : One day with the most Googled name on the planet '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jessica Martinez ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Bieber Talks God 's Forgiveness in Christian Rapper 's Video '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber Talks Sex , Politics , Music and Puberty In New ' Rolling Stone ' Cover Story '' . Rolling Stone . February 16 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Saxberg , Lynn ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Baby Baby -- better be born in Canada ; Bieber disses American health care -- and says no to abortion '' . The Ottawa Citizen . p . A. 4 . Jump up ^ Bieber , Justin . `` Rolling Stone '' ( interview ) . United Kingdom : Pink . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Being gay is a decision & abortion is wrong even as a result of rape Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Posts ' It Gets Better ' Video '' ( news ) . MTV . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` It Gets Better '' ( project ) . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hilary Lewis ( January 23 , 2014 ) , Justin Bieber Arrested for DUI The Hollywood Reporter Jump up ^ Hoffman , Claire . `` Justin Bieber : Bad Boy '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ziegbe , Mawuse ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber Calls Selena Gomez ' An Amazing Person ' '' . MTV . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bikini - clad Selena Gomez kisses Justin Bieber '' . USA Today . January 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dobuzinskis , Alex ( November 10 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez have broken up , reports say '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez Break Up '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Madden , Lance ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Endorsement Gives Adidas Big Boost Off Field '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rendon , Christine ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wearing low - hanging jeans finally pays off ... Justin Bieber unveiled as the new face and body of Calvin Klein underwear '' . mail online . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lazzaro , Sage ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Harrington Teams Up With Celebs for New Curated Shopping App ' StarShop ' '' . OBSERVER / Innovation . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Justin Bieber Launches ' Someday ' Fragrance '' . MTV . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richards , Jaime ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` Bieber Breaks Beauty Sales Records Once Again With His Someday Perfume '' . PopSugar . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nika , Colleen ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Update : Justin Bieber Launches Second Fragrance , ' Girlfriend ' '' . RollingStone . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Gaby ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Bieber Launches The Key Fragrance , Unveils Commercial Teaser '' . MTV . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ London , Bianca ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` A message to Selena ? Justin Bieber looks innocent and fresh - faced in his new fragrance campaign - and every bottle is inscribed with ' you 're all that matters to me ' '' . MailOnline . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Joey ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Adam Braun On His New Book , Surviving A Near - Death Experience + Justin Bieber As A Role Model '' . MTV . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shirley Halperin ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` Adam Braun on Pencils of Promise and How Justin Bieber Is ' Making the World Better ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Schools4All official website '' . Schools4all.org . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caroline Walker ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Justin Bieber wants ( a ) Schools for all ( b ) To visit you , or ( c ) Both ? '' . MTV website . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Partners with Pencils of Promise for Second Annual Schools4All Campaign '' . PR Newswire . Jump up ^ Shirley Halperin ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Justin Bieber : ' With Time Off , I 'm Able to Think , Pray and Grow Up ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Promotes Adopting Animals From Shelters '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber visits Philippines after raising $3 MILLION for victims of Typhoon Haiyan '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Awarded Star On Philippine Walk Fame For Typhoon Haiyan Campaign '' . inquisitr . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Curt ; Kay , Jennifer . `` Bieber 's image : From boy - next - door to bad boy '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber on Miami drink - drive charge after ' road racing ' '' . BBC News . January 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber investigated by LA sheriffs over alleged ' egging ' incident '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber gets two years ' probation in egging case '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Bieber arrested in Miami '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber arrest report '' . San Francisco Chronicle . January 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Leaves Jail After DUI Charge '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saad , Nardine ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's toxicology report released ; Toronto mayor sympathizes '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Bieber toxicology report : Marijuana , Xanax '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` White House Responds To ' Deport Justin Bieber ' Petition , Refuse To Comment '' . ENTmania.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lear , Samantha ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Is Justin Bieber in Danger of Deportation ? Not Really , Says a Legal Expert Exclusive '' . wetpaint.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rocha , Veronica ; Truong , Debbie . `` Justin Bieber pleads no contest to vandalism in egging incident '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber gets two years probation for egg pelting '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Winton , Richard . `` Justin Bieber high - fived friends after neighbor 's home egged , cops say '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Curt . `` Justin Bieber pleads guilty in deal in Florida '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber pleads guilty to careless driving in deal '' . CNN . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Apologizes : ' I 'm Not Who I Was Pretending to Be ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillies , Rob . `` Bieber charged with assault over photo incident '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chris Hemmings ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Bieber charged with assault and dangerous driving '' . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martell , Allison ; Hodgson , Jeffrey ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Canadian police charge Justin Bieber with assaulting limo driver '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE 2 - Justin Bieber assault charge dropped in Canada '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean . `` Justin Bieber must return to Argentina -- and Interpol are on his trail '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Argentine court orders arrest of Justin Bieber over assault claim '' . Associated Press . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Video of young Justin Bieber telling racist joke leaks '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's Another Video of Justin Bieber Being Racist '' . Time . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Loses Again : How His Racist Jokes Will Impact His Career '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber apologizes ( again ) for racist parody , KKK remarks '' . Los Angeles Times . June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ . Beijing Municipal Bureau of Culture http://www.bjwh.gov.cn/eportal/ui?pageId=301632&msgDataId=b81fe91dd4344385a37df41dc7bb4b2e . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber banned from China in order to ' purify ' nation '' . Telegraph UK . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garavelli , Dani ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Bieber in meltdown ? You better Belieber it '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilkenny , Carmel ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber live in Canadian homecoming '' . Radio Canada International . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber awarded Diamond Jubilee Medal by Stephen Harper '' . CTV news . November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber 's ' Baby ' With New Streaming Data Beats Out Elton John For RIAA 's Top Platinum Single of All Time '' . Billboard . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Warner , Denise ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Baby ' the best - selling digital song ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nathoo , Zulekha ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber , The Weeknd win their first Grammys '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards 2011 : Winners and nominees for 53rd Grammy Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Brit Awards 2011 : Justin Bieber wins International Breakthrough Act '' . STV Entertainment . 2011 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NOMINEES '' . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AllMusic Review by Jon O'Brien '' . All Music . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NRJ Music Awards : The Show , The Winners '' . Celebrity Gossip . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NRJ Music Awards in Cannes : and the nominees are ... '' . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Wins Social Artist Billboard Award , Tops 13 Total Career Nods '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber : His American Music Awards History '' . Billboard . November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Teen Choice Awards : `` Teen Choice Awards 2010 : First Round Of Nominees Announced '' . MTV Networks . 2010 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 31 . `` Teen Choice Awards 2010 : Second ( Giant ) Wave Of Nominees Announced ! '' . MTV Networks . 2010 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 31 . `` 2010 Teen Choice Awards winners announced '' . Entertainment Weekly . CNN . 2010 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 31 . `` Teen Choice Awards Nominations Announced : It 's a Harry Potter vs. Twilight Showdown ! '' . E ! Online . 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 31 . `` Teen Choice Awards 2011 winners '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . 2011 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 31 . Geier , Thom ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : The Complete Winners List '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FLYNN , CAITLIN ( October 25 , 2015 ) . `` How Many MTV EMAs Did Justin Bieber Win ? He Was The Night 's Biggest Winner & Twitter Has A Lot Of Feelings About It '' . Bustle . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geffen , Sasha ( December 5 , 2015 ) . `` How Many Records Can Adele and Justin Bieber break ? '' . MTV . MTV News . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Kristen ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber scores eight titles in Guinness World Records 2017 Edition '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Further reading Justin Bieber ( September 13 , 2012 ) . Justin Bieber : Just Getting Started ( 100 % Official ) . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 745785 - 4 . Bieber , Justin ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber : First Step 2 Forever : My Story '' . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 203974 - 3 ... Bloom , Ronny ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber '' . Penguin Group USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8431 - 9903 - 1 ... Pattie Mallette ; A.J. Gregory ( September 18 , 2012 ) . Nowhere but Up : The Story of Justin Bieber 's Mom . Baker Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4412 - 4028 - 6 . Newkey - Burden , Chas ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber : The Unauthorized Biography '' . Michael O'Mara . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84317 - 523 - 0 ... Oliver , Sarah ( October 1 , 2011 ) . `` Justin Bieber A -- Z '' . John Blake . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84358 - 379 - 0 ... Parvis , Sarah ; Herman , Gail ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` Superstars ! Justin Bieber : In the Spotlight and Behind the Scenes '' . Time Home Entertainment . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60320 - 902 - 1 ... Shapiro , Marc ( August 17 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber : The Fever ! '' . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 67878 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Justin Bieber . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Justin Bieber Official website Justin Bieber on IMDb Justin Bieber career statistics at EliteProspects.com Justin Bieber Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums My World 2.0 Under the Mistletoe Believe Purpose Extended plays My World Compilation albums My Worlds : The Collection Journals Remix albums My Worlds Acoustic Never Say Never : The Remixes Believe Acoustic Tours Urban Behavior Tour My World Tour Believe Tour Purpose World Tour Filmography Justin Bieber : Never Say Never Justin Bieber 's Believe Related articles Pattie Mallette Shots Book Portal Justin Bieber songs Discography My World `` One Time '' `` One Less Lonely Girl '' My World 2.0 `` Baby '' `` Eenie Meenie '' `` Somebody to Love '' `` U Smile '' My Worlds : The Collection `` Pray '' Never Say Never : The Remixes `` Never Say Never '' Under the Mistletoe `` Mistletoe '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' Believe `` Boyfriend '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Right Here '' `` All Around the World '' Journals `` Heartbreaker '' `` All That Matters '' `` Hold Tight '' `` Recovery '' `` Bad Day '' `` All Bad '' `` PYD '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` Change Me '' `` Confident '' Purpose `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Company '' Other singles `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' `` Home to Mama '' `` Friends '' Featured singles `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Next to You '' `` Live My Life '' `` # thatPOWER '' `` Lolly '' `` Wait for a Minute '' `` Gas Pedal '' `` Cold Water '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` Deja Vu '' `` Despacito '' ( remix ) `` I 'm the One '' `` 2U '' Promotional singles `` Love Me '' `` Favorite Girl '' `` Never Let You Go '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' `` Die in Your Arms '' `` I 'll Show You '' Other songs `` Down to Earth '' `` Bigger '' `` First Dance '' `` That Should Be Me '' `` Why You Mad ? ( Infinity Remix ) '' VIAF : 103075654 LCCN : no2009188439 ISNI : 0000 0001 1479 1200 GND : 140795472 SUDOC : 171449444 BNF : cb16209403n ( data ) BIBSYS : 11008467 MusicBrainz : e0140a67 - e4d1 - 4f13 - 8a01 - 364355bee46e NDL : 01215947 NKC : xx0118129 BNE : XX5029956 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Bieber&oldid=800564444 '' Categories : Justin Bieber 1994 births Living people Usher ( singer ) 21st - century Canadian singers Canadian child singers Canadian memoirists Canadian expatriate musicians in the United States Canadian guitarists Canadian Internet celebrities Canadian venture capitalists Canadian male singers Canadian pop singers Canadian songwriters Canadian Christians Canadian tenors Canadian YouTubers Child pop musicians Franco - Ontarian people Grammy Award winners Brit Award winners Island Records artists Musicians from London , Ontario People from Stratford , Ontario School Boy Records artists Webby Award winners Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2016 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from February 2016 Use Canadian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Bikol Central Bislama Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Sámegiella Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 09 : 34 . 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-2681174751788581379 | Official (American football) | Official ( American football ) - wikipedia Official ( American football ) Jump to : navigation , search `` NFL referee '' redirects here . For more information , see also list of NFL officials . Field judge Brad Freeman ( 88 ) and line judge Jeff Seeman ( 45 ) at an NFL game in October 2014 . In American football , an official is a person who has responsibility in enforcing the rules and maintaining the order of the game . During professional and most college football games , seven officials operate on the field . Beginning in 2015 , Division I college football conferences are using eight game officials . College games outside the Division I level use six or seven officials . Arena football , high school football , and other levels of football have other officiating systems . High school football played under the National Federation of State High School Associations ( NFHS ) rules typically use five officials for varsity and 3 , 4 , or 5 for non-varsity games . Football officials are commonly , but incorrectly , referred to as referees , but each position has specific duties and a specific name : referee , umpire , head linesman ( or down judge ) , line judge , back judge , side judge , center judge ( in Division I college football ) and field judge . Because the referee is responsible for the general supervision of the game , the position is sometimes referred to as head referee or crew chief . Contents ( hide ) 1 Equipment 2 Uniform 3 Positions and responsibilities 3.1 Standard seven - official system 3.1. 1 Referee 3.1. 2 Umpire 3.1. 3 Head linesman / down judge 3.1. 4 Line judge 3.1. 5 Field judge 3.1. 6 Side judge 3.1. 7 Back judge 3.1. 8 Transitioning during turnovers , punts , and other returns 3.2 Other officiating systems 3.2. 1 Eight - official system 4 History 4.1 Employment status 4.2 Female officials 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Equipment ( edit ) An official ( right ) watches Navy 's Shun White ( # 26 ) score a touchdown against Tulsa . Visible on his belt are his yellow penalty flag and an orange bean bag . American football officials generally use the following equipment : Whistle Used to signal a reminder to players that the ball is dead ; i.e. , that the play has ended or never began . Penalty marker or flag A bright - yellow - colored flag that is thrown on the field toward or at the spot of a foul . For fouls where the spot is unimportant , such as fouls which occur at the snap or during a dead ball , the flag is typically thrown vertically . The flag is wrapped around a weight , such as sand or beans ( or occasionally ball bearings , although this has been discouraged since an incident in an NFL game demonstrated that those could injure players ) , so that it can be thrown with some distance and accuracy and to ensure it remains in place and not moved by wind . Officials typically carry a second flag in case there are multiple fouls on a play . Officials who run out of flags when they see multiple fouls on a play may drop their hat or a bean bag instead . Bean bag Used to mark various spots that are not fouls but which may be possible spots of penalty enforcement or illegal touching of a scrimmage kick . For example , a bean bag is used to mark the spot of a fumble or the spot where a player caught a punt . It is typically colored white , blue , black , or orange , depending on the official 's league , college conference , level of play , or weather conditions . Unlike penalty flags , bean bags may be tossed to a spot parallel to the nearest yard line , not necessarily to the actual spot . Down indicator A specially designed wristband that is used to remind officials of the current down . It has an elastic loop attached to it that is wrapped around the fingers . Usually , officials put the loop around their index finger when it is first down , the middle finger when it is second down , and so on . Instead of the custom - designed indicator , some officials use two thick rubber bands tied together as a down indicator : one rubber band is used as the wristband and the other is looped over the fingers . Some officials , especially umpires , may also use a second indicator to keep track of where the ball was placed between the hash marks before the play ( i.e. , the right hash marks , the left ones , or at the midpoint between the two ) . This is important when the ball is re-spotted after an incomplete pass or a foul . Game data card and pencil Officials write down important administrative information , such as the winner of the pregame coin toss , team timeouts , and fouls called . Game data cards can be disposable paper or reusable plastic . A pencil with a special bullet - shaped cap is often carried . The cap prevents the official from being stabbed by the pencil while it is in his pocket . Stopwatch Officials will carry a stopwatch ( typically a digital wristwatch ) when necessary for timing duties , including keeping game time , keeping the play clock , and timing timeouts and the interval between quarters . Uniform ( edit ) A pair of officials at a Maryland high school football game in September 2008 . White knickers used to be worn by officials ; black trousers are now standard . For ease of recognition , officials are usually clad in a black - and - white vertically striped shirt and black trousers with a thin white stripe down the side . Officials also wear a black belt , black shoes , and a peaked cap . A letter indicating the role of each official appears on the back of the shirt at some levels , while NFL officials have numbers with a small letter or letters above . Shortly after the September 11 , 2001 attacks , an American flag was added to the shirts of NFL officials . The stripes were first introduced in the 1920s , before which plain white shirts were worn . College football referee Lloyd Olds is credited with the idea after a quarterback mistakenly handed the ball to him . The officials are colloquially called `` zebras '' due to their black - and - white striped shirts . During the 1940s the NFL officials wore color - striped shirts that represented their positions ; black and white for referees , red and white for umpires , orange and white for head linemen , and green and white for field judges . During most of the American Football League 's existence ( 1960 -- 1967 ) , officials wore red - orange striped jerseys . The referees wore red hats , the others white , each with the AFL logo . This look was recreated in 2009 during AFL Legacy Weekends to mark the 50th anniversary of the AFL 's founding . The United States Football League , which played from February to July before shutting down in 1986 , allowed officials to wear black shorts . The United Football League , which launched play in October 2009 , featured officials wearing solid red shirts ( no stripes ) with black numbers and black pants . As no teams in the league wore red or orange , there was no prospect of a clash of colors . From 2010 , the UFL switched to a customized version of the traditional stripes . Stripes on officials ' shirts in high school are one inch wide and in college are two inches wide , although in some states , high school officials wear shirts with two - inch stripes . NFL officials wear shirts with an uneven striping pattern . High school and college officials wear socks with a `` Northwestern stripe '' pattern , while NFL officials wear socks with two white stripes bordering one black stripe . In 2006 , the NFL completely redesigned the shirts , going to a sleeker - looking uniform which , however , no longer identified a given official 's position from the front . Also new for 2006 were black pants with a white stripe down the side to be worn in cold weather instead of the traditional white knickers . These looser - fitting pants allow for layering of warmer clothes underneath . In the 2010 season , college officials and , in many states , high school officials , were given the option of wearing the black cold - weather pants . The black pants became mandatory for college officials in 2011 and for NFL officials in 2012 . In 2014 , several high school associations started mandating the wearing of the black pant for varsity level games . For several decades , all NFL officials wore white hats . In 1979 , the referees changed to black hats with white stripes , while the other officials continued to wear white ones . Finally , in 1988 , the NFL switched to the high - school and college football style : the referee wears a white hat ( which now includes the NFL logo , first added for Super Bowl XXXIX ) , and the other officials wear black hats with white stripes . This has led to referees being referred to as `` white hats '' . Officials ' hats are also occasionally used as additional equipment . If a player not carrying the ball steps out of bounds ( a wide receiver running a deep passing route or a player running downfield on punt coverage , for example ) , the official will drop his hat to mark the spot of where the player went out of bounds . The hat also is often used to signal a second foul called by the official on a play ( by those officials that may carry only one flag ) ; to indicate unsportsmanlike conduct committed against the official himself ( as when a player shoves an official ) ; or when some other situation requires a physical mark and the official has already used the ordinary item on the play . Some conferences discourage the use of the hat in these situations ; the bean bag will be used instead . Positions and responsibilities ( edit ) Standard seven - official system ( edit ) The following are the positions and responsibilities in the standard seven - official system , primarily used by the NFL , a number of conferences at various levels of college football , and various other leagues . Fans should be aware that prior to the snap and during the play , each official , by position , has a specific area of responsibility on the field to watch specific player positions and watch for specific fouls . Using these prescribed mechanics ensures that the officiating crew sees all 22 players and their actions where ever they occur on the field . Additionally , during the dead - ball interval between plays , each official has separate administrative duties , such as counting players , timing the play clock , monitoring ( or timing ) the game clock , and spotting the ball as ready for the next down . Referee ( edit ) A referee ( foreground ) follows the action of a play between the Texas Longhorns and the Rice Owls . Referee Ron Winter reviews a play in the replay booth during a game on November 2 , 2008 between the San Francisco 49ers and Philadelphia Eagles . The referee ( R ) is responsible for the general supervision of the game and has the final authority on all rulings . In the NFL , he also has final authority on the score and the down number in case of any disagreement . Although all officials on the crew may be responsible for any decision involving the application or interpretation of the rules , the referee has the final decision . Thus , this position is sometimes referred to as head referee and is considered to be the crew chief . He can be identified by his white cap , while the other officials wear black caps ( the hat color scheme was reversed in the NFL from 1979 - 87 ) . During each play from scrimmage , the referee positions himself behind the offensive team , favoring the right side ( if the quarterback is a right - handed passer ) . He also counts offensive players . On passing plays , he primarily focuses on the quarterback and defenders approaching him . The referee determines any fouls for roughing the passer and , if the quarterback loses the ball , determines whether the ball was fumbled or if an incomplete pass had been thrown . On running plays , the referee observes the quarterback during and after the time he hands off the ball to a running back , holding his attention on him until the action has cleared in case the play becomes a play action pass or some other trick passing play . After it has been established that the running back will keep the ball , the referee then checks the running back and the contact behind him . During punts and field goals , the referee observes the kicker ( and holder ) and any contact made by defenders approaching them . On a punt out of bounds , he uses his vantage point behind the punter to direct the nearest sideline official to the spot where the ball went out of bounds . In college football , the NFL and other professional leagues , and in some high school games , the referee announces penalties and the numbers of the players committing them ( college and professional ) , and clarifies complex and / or unusual rulings over a wireless microphone to both fans and the media . During instant replay reviews in the NFL and college football , the referee confers with a replay official , who is stationed in the press box above the field , on the play and then announces the final result over the wireless microphone . For replays in the NFL , the referee also views the play on a monitor stationed near the sidelines and makes the final decision ; the replay official makes the final judgment in college football . In addition to the general equipment listed above , the referee also carries a coin to conduct the pregame ( and if necessary , overtime ) coin toss . Umpire ( edit ) An umpire watches a play from behind the defensive line during a game between the UCLA Bruins and the California Golden Bears . The umpire ( U ) stands behind the defensive line and linebackers ( except as described below for the NFL ) , observing the blocks by the offensive line and defenders trying to ward off those blocks , looking for holding or illegal blocks . Prior to the snap , he counts all offensive players . During passing plays , he moves forward towards the line of scrimmage as the play develops to ( 1 ) penalize any offensive linemen who move illegally downfield before the pass is thrown or ( 2 ) penalize the quarterback for throwing the ball when beyond the original line of scrimmage . He also assists in ruling incomplete passes when the ball is thrown short . As the umpire is situated where much of the play 's initial action occurs , he is considered to hold the most physically dangerous officiating position . For this reason , the NFL carried out experiments in the 2001 preseason with the umpire placed in the offensive backfield adjacent to the referee . In March 2010 , the NFL announced that this repositioning would be permanent , after five major injuries were suffered by umpires in 2009 ( two concussions and three knee or shoulder surgeries ) . From 2010 - 15 , the umpire returned to the defensive side of the line of scrimmage during the last five minutes of the second half . In 2016 , this provision was deleted , and the umpire now stands in the offensive backfield on all plays at all times of the game . In addition to his on - field duties , the umpire is responsible for the legality of all of the players ' equipment . Head linesman / down judge ( edit ) The head linesman ( H ) , or down judge ( DJ ) in the NFL , stands at one end of the line of scrimmage ( usually the side opposite the press box , always with the chain crew ) , looking for possible offsides , encroachment and other fouls before the snap . As the play develops , he is responsible for judging the action near his sideline , including whether a player is out of bounds . During the start of passing plays , he is responsible for watching the receivers near his sideline to a point five to seven yards beyond the line of scrimmage . He marks the forward progress of the ball and is in charge of the chain crew with regard to its duties . In addition to the general equipment listed above , the head linesman also carries a chain clip that is used by the chain crew to properly place the chains and ensure an accurate spot when measuring for a first down . The NFL transitioned to the gender - neutral term down judge in 2017 , when it moved Sarah Thomas to the position . Line judge ( edit ) This diagram shows the relative positions of the seven officials ( in white ) in relation to the typical offensive ( in blue ) and defensive ( in red ) formations . In the NFL , since 2015 , the Umpire is positioned in the offensive backfield , opposite the Referee . The line judge ( L or LJ ) assists the head linesman or down judge at the other end of the line of scrimmage , looking for possible offsides , encroachment and other fouls before the snap . As the play develops , he is responsible for the action near his sideline , including whether a player is out of bounds . He is also responsible for counting offensive players . During the start of passing plays , he is responsible for watching the receivers near his sideline to a point five to seven yards beyond the line of scrimmage . Afterwards , he moves back towards the line of scrimmage , ruling if a pass is forward , a lateral , or if it is illegally thrown beyond the line of scrimmage . On punts and field goal attempts , the line judge also determines whether the kick is made from behind the line of scrimmage . In high school and minor leagues , the line judge is the official timekeeper of the game . In the NFL , college , and other levels of football , the official time is instead kept on the stadium scoreboard clock , and the line judge becomes the backup timekeeper . For the NFL , this was the sixth official , added in 1965 . Field judge ( edit ) The field judge ( F or FJ ) works downfield behind the defensive secondary on the same sideline as the line judge . He makes decisions near the sideline on his side of the field , judging the action of nearby running backs , receivers and defenders . He rules on pass interference , illegal blocks downfield , and incomplete passes . He is also responsible for counting defensive players . He has sometimes been the official timekeeper , and in a number of leagues will run the game clock on a six - man crew . With the back judge , he rules whether field goal attempts are successful . For the NFL , this was the fourth official , added in 1929 . Side judge ( edit ) The side judge ( S or SJ ) works downfield behind the defensive secondary on the same sideline as the head linesman or down judge . Like the field judge , he makes decisions near the sideline on his side of field , judging the action of nearby running backs , receivers and defenders . He rules on pass interference , illegal blocks downfield , and incomplete passes . He also counts defensive players . During field goal attempts he serves as a second umpire . In college football , the side judge is responsible for either the game clock or the play clock , which are operated by an assistant under his direction . For the NFL , this was the seventh official , added in 1978 . Back judge ( edit ) Back judge Lee Dyer picks up a penalty flag during a game on November 16 , 2008 between the San Francisco 49ers and St. Louis Rams . The back judge ( B or BJ ) stands deep behind the defensive secondary in the middle of the field , judging the action of nearby running backs , receivers ( primarily the tight ends ) and nearby defenders . Like the Side Judge and the Field Judge , he rules on pass interference , illegal blocks downfield , and incomplete passes . He covers the area in the middle of the field between himself and the umpire . He has the final say regarding the legality of kicks not made from scrimmage ( kickoffs ) . The back judge is also responsible for ruling a `` delay of game '' infraction if the play clock expires . With the field judge , he rules whether field goal attempts are successful . In college football the back judge is responsible for either the game clock or the play clock , which are operated by an assistant under his direction . For the NFL , this was the fifth official , added in 1947 . Transitioning during turnovers , punts , and other returns ( edit ) During turnovers , punts , and other returns by the defense , and play transitions from one direction to the other , the officials must also adjust . The field judge , side judge , and back judge become the trail / back positions , and the referee , head linesman / down judge , and line judge then become the lead / front positions . The umpire , in his traditional position in the middle of the field , usually stays stationary until the returner and the other players pass him . Other officiating systems ( edit ) Arena football , high school football , and other levels of football have other officiating systems . A three - official system uses only the referee , head linesman , and line judge , or in some cases , referee , umpire , and head linesman . It is common in junior high school and youth football . A four - official system uses the referee , the umpire , the head linesman , and the line judge . It is primarily used at lower levels of football , including junior varsity and some high school varsity . A five - official system is used in arena football , most high school varsity football , and in most semi-pro games . It adds the back judge to the four - official system . In five - man high school crews , the linesman is responsible for the chain crew , the line judge is the official timekeeper of the game , and the back judge times the play clock and the one minute allowed for time - outs ( only 30 seconds are allowed during team time - outs during televised college games to reduce time ) . A six - official system uses the seven - official system , without the back judge . It is used in some high school and college games except at Division I . Eight - official system ( edit ) In four games in the 2010 preseason , the NFL experimented with an eighth official , a deep judge , in the defensive backfield opposite the back judge . The primary responsibility for this new position is the action of receivers , and it allowed the NFL to adjust coverage after the umpire was moved to the offensive backfield . The experiment was continued for 12 games in the 2011 preseason . The league has yet to implement such a system for the regular season or the playoffs . In 2013 , college football 's Big 12 Conference began using an eighth official , an alternate judge ( A ) . He stands in the offensive backfield opposite the head referee , in the same position as an NFL umpire , while keeping the Big 12 umpire in his traditional position behind the defensive line . The alternate judge will also help spot the ball . In the 2014 season , any conference that wanted to use the eight - official system could do so on an experimental basis . The Atlantic Coast Conference , Big 10 Conference , American Athletic Conference , and Big 12 Conference implemented an eight - official system for games ; the eighth official 's position name changed to center judge ( C ) but his location on the field was the same as the alternate judge was in 2013 . The eight - man crews were used in bowl games , including games in the College Football Playoff , since officials from conferences using the eight - man crews were chosen for the three playoff games . In the 2015 season , the eight - official system became standard across all of FBS . History ( edit ) When the NFL began play , only three officials ( referee , umpire , and head linesman ) were used . The field judge was added in 1929 and the back judge in 1947 . In response to scrambling quarterbacks ( Fran Tarkenton in particular ) , the line judge was added in 1965 to watch the opposite side of the line of scrimmage . The side judge was added for 1978 , when the NFL implemented new rules to open up the passing game . The practice of having the referee announce penalties or clarify complex and / or unusual rulings over a wireless microphone started in the NFL in 1975 . College football and other professional leagues soon adopted this practice . For years , college football referees were prohibited from announcing the number of a fouling player , except in the Mountain West Conference ( and in all conferences when ejecting the offending player ) . In 2004 , the rules were changed throughout college football to permit the fouling player 's number to be announced . Under NFHS rules used in all states except Massachusetts and Texas for high school games , announcing the player 's number went from `` not allowed '' to `` not required '' in 2014 . Among the various Halls of Fame for major North American sports , the Pro Football Hall of Fame is unique in that it has not inducted any officials ; the Baseball Hall of Fame , Basketball Hall of Fame , and Hockey Hall of Fame have each inducted game officials as members . However , in Canada , the Canadian Football Hall of Fame has inducted a few game officials as members of their Hall of Fame . Employment status ( edit ) See also : 2012 NFL referee labor dispute Because their regular season spans only 17 weeks , the NFL is one of only two major sports leagues in the United States that only pay their officials on a contract basis as opposed to being full - time salaried employees , the other being Major League Soccer . Advantages to this system include being able to eliminate unqualified officials simply by not offering them a contract the following season , where terminating full - time employees would require them to show cause . Critics argue that full - time officials would be free from the distractions of a second job , but proponents of part - time officials point out that the NFL would lose a number of qualified officials because many of them are owners , presidents , or CEOs of various companies . Proponents also argue that there is only one game per week and the regular season is only four months long , and that having full - time officials does not necessarily guarantee that they will make fewer officiating mistakes . The level of training and review in which NFL officials participate makes additional time redundant . In any event , veteran officials can earn substantial salaries for their work . The NFL Referees Association serves as the union that represents officials in the NFL . Replacement officials were used through Week 3 of the 2012 NFL season following a contract dispute between the NFL Referees Association and the NFL . Most of these replacements were high school officials or officials for lower - level college divisions . None of the replacements were Division I college officials , since the league wished to protect them from union backlash and allow them to continue working their scheduled games during the concurrent college football season . In addition , current and former NFL officials serve as Division I conference officiating supervisors , and did not allow their officials to cross the picket line . The replacement officials ' performance was highly scrutinized and ridiculed by fans , players , coaches , and the media . The final play of the Green Bay Packers -- Seattle Seahawks game on Monday Night Football in Week 3 saw Seattle quarterback Russell Wilson throwing a Hail Mary touchdown pass to wide receiver Golden Tate that officials ruled was simultaneously caught by Packers safety M.D. Jennings . Prior to the catch , Tate shoved a defender with both hands , which the NFL later acknowledged should have drawn an offensive pass interference penalty that would have negated the touchdown and resulted in a Packers victory . The contentious nature of the replacement officials ' decision at the end of the Packers -- Seahawks game is widely considered to have been the tipping point that finally led to an agreement being reached to end the lockout prior to the Week 4 games . Female officials ( edit ) Historically , American football officials have been men . In 2007 , Sarah Thomas became the first woman to officiate a major college football game , working a game between Memphis and Jacksonville State . Thomas later became the first woman to officiate a bowl game when she worked as a line judge during the 2009 Little Caesars Pizza Bowl between Marshall and Ohio . Since then , other females have officiated Division I college football games . Terri Valenti became the first female to officiate professional football when she began working United Football League games in 2009 . The UFL later hired Thomas in 2010 . In 2012 , Shannon Eastin became the first female to officiate an NFL game . However , she was a replacement line judge while the league had locked out the regular officials due to a labor dispute , and thus writers such as Darin Gantt of Profootballtalk.com and Sam Farmer of the Los Angeles Times lamented the fact that this gender barrier was broken in this manner , while those like Thomas chose not to cross the picket line like Eastin . In 2015 , Thomas became the NFL 's first permanent female official . She entered as a line judge , and moved to the down judge in her third season . See also ( edit ) List of American Football League officials List of current and former NFL officials Official ( Canadian football ) Super Bowl officials Art McNally Award American football rules 2012 NFL referee labor dispute References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Markbreit , Jerry ( November 23 , 2005 ) . `` Jerry Markbreit 's answers : The former NFL referee answers readers ' questions each week throughout the season '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Pascoe , Bruce ( August 14 , 2006 ) . `` Grad of CDO finds fame as NFL referee '' . Arizona Daily Star . Tucson . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Lisa ( July 10 , 2001 ) . `` Replay booth : Positively no visitors '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` SFFOA Oritentation Guide '' . South Florida Football Officials Association . April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Uni Watch : How the zebra got its stripes , Slate.com ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Rich ( October 24 , 1985 ) . `` AN NFL UMPIRE 'S ... LIFE IN THE WAR ZONE - For His Own Protection , This Official Must Read Defenses and Offenses ; Draw Plays Are Murder '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fashion statement : NFL refs to sport new uniforms '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` NFL 2013 Rulebook '' ( PDF ) . NFL . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Rule 15 - 2 - 1 : ( The referee ) is the final authority for the score , and the number of a down in case of a disagreement . His decisions upon all matters not specifically placed under the jurisdiction of other officials , either by rule or the officials ' manual , are to be final Jump up ^ `` NFL 2013 Rulebook '' ( PDF ) . NFL . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Rule 15 - 1 - 6 : All officials are responsible for any decision involving the application of a rule , its interpretation or enforcement ... if there is a disagreement , the Referee 's decision will be the deciding factor Jump up ^ `` NFL experimenting with putting umpire in offensive backfield '' . CBC . August 4 , 2001 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Mortensen , Chris ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` NFL moves umpires for safety 's sake '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Austro , Ben ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` '' NFL has a new name for the head linesman position : down judge `` '' . Football Zebras . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football so fast , complex : NFL adding sixth official '' . Spokesman - Review . Spokane , Washington . Associated Press . July 25 , 1965 . p. 3 , sports . ^ Jump up to : Strickler , George ( February 20 , 1965 ) . `` Sixth N.F.L. official to watch scramblers , clock '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 1 , sec. 2 . Jump up ^ GHSA Football Officials Manual 2009 ( PDF ) . Georgia High School Association . p. 60 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 FOOTBALL MANUAL For IOA Officials , Observers , Athletic Directors , and Coaches '' ( PDF ) . Intercollegiate Officiating Association . p. 12 . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL revises rules to promote points '' . Milwaukee Journal . UPI and AP . March 15 , 1978 . p. 18 , part 2 . Jump up ^ `` National League officials to work in crews of six ( five ) '' . Milwaukee Journal . Associated Press . August 19 , 1947 . p. 6 , part 2 . Jump up ^ `` NFL experimenting with 8th on - field official '' . August 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Dennis ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Big 12 adds eighth official just to keep up with up - tempo offenses '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Brian ( August 4 , 2012 ) . `` Minnesota Vikings , NFL turning to replacement officials , for better or worse '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Refs due back Thursday night '' . ESPN.com . September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Borden , Same ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` With Referees Out , N.F.L. Stars Throw Flag on Novice Fill - Ins '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( July 30 , 2012 ) . `` A League At The Crossroads '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . NFL refs now serve as supervisors of officials for five major conferences -- the Big East , Big 12 , Pac - 12 , Big Ten and Conference USA -- and they wo n't allow officials from those conferences to work NFL games . The source said that , in solidarity with the NFL zebras , supervisors in other FBS conferences wo n't allow their officials to work NFL games either Jump up ^ `` NFL upholds Seahawks ' disputed win over Packers '' . SI.com . Associated Press . 2012 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` NFL referees agree deal with league to end lockout '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` N.F.L. Reaches Labor Deal With Referees '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zinser , Lynn ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Leading Off : N.F.L. Undervalued Competence , Paid in Integrity '' . The Fifth Down . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas will become first female referee in top tier of college football '' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas on field for Little Caesars Bowl '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . December 27 , 2009 . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reiter , Bill ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` Female ref Conti still chases NFL dream '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UFL hires first female official in pro football '' . Newsday . October 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United Football League Announces Officials And Explains Rules Differences For 2010 Season '' . OurSportsCentral.com. 2010 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Former officials are at odds with the NFL , too '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . One of them is Shannon Eastin , who has been a referee in the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference and other leagues . The NFL has never had a woman work as an on - field game official Jump up ^ `` NFL 's replacement officials would include first female ref '' . ProFootballTalk . July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Football referee Shannon Eastin a pioneer , but also a pawn '' . Los Angeles Times . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000484154/article/nfl-makes-sarah-thomas-first-fulltime-female-official Jump up ^ https://gma.yahoo.com/sarah-thomas-nfls-1st-full-time-female-ref-213536482--abc-news-topstories.html External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to American football officials . NFL.com - official site - rulebook - digest of rules NFL.com - official site - rulebook - official signals football.refs.org - officiating rules and mechanics for college and high school football . American Football - Officiating at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) ( hide ) Gridiron football concepts Codes American Glossary History Early Modern Rules Canadian American -- Canadian comparison Burnside rules Glossary Arena Indoor 9 - man 8 - man 6 - man Flag Touch Street / Backyard Powderpuff Wheelchair Rules of gridiron football codes Levels of play Youth / midget Pop Warner AYF High school Varsity Junior varsity College Club Sprint Semi-pro Professional Practice squad Women 's International Field Lines Yard lines Hash marks Goal line Sidelines Line of scrimmage Field goal range Spaces End zone Red zone Neutral zone Coffin corner Flat Gap Hole Pocket Scoring Touchdown One - point conversion Two - point conversion Field goal Safety Single ( rouge ) Turnovers Fumble Interception Muffed punt Turnover on downs Downs First down Three - and - out Fourth down conversion Dead ball Play clock Timeout Kneel Spike Time warnings 3 min . 2 min . 1 min . Clock management Running out the clock Untimed play Garbage time Statistics Carry Completion Rushing yards Passing yards Passer rating Total quarterback rating Reception Receiving yards Pass deflected Sack Return yards Total offense Yards after catch Yards from scrimmage All - purpose yardage Touchdown pass Practice Two - a-days Oklahoma drill Three - cone drill Film session Officiating Official ( American , Canadian ) Chain crew Penalty Penalty flag Instant replay Miscellaneous Ball Coaching tree Concussions Equipment 12th man Letterman Overtime Running up the score Touchdown celebration Gatorade shower Tuck rule Uniform number Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Official_(American_football)&oldid=821682609 '' Categories : American football officials American football occupations Sports officiating Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Magyar Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 00 : 20 . 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-4237885717355979096 | List of United States cities by population | List of United States cities by population - wikipedia List of United States cities by population Jump to : navigation , search `` List of largest cities in the United States '' redirects here . For a list of largest cities by area , see List of United States cities by area . Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Population tables of U.S. cities Cities Population Area Density Ethnic identity Foreign - born Income Spanish speakers By decade Urban areas Populous cities and metropolitan areas Metropolitan areas 574 Primary Statistical Areas 174 Combined Statistical Areas 929 Core Based Statistical Areas 389 Metropolitan Statistical Areas 541 Micropolitan Statistical Areas Megaregions See also North American metro areas World cities The following is a list of the most populous incorporated places of the United States . As defined by the United States Census Bureau , an `` incorporated place '' includes a variety of designations , including city , town , village , borough , and municipality . A few exceptional Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) are also included in the Census Bureau 's listing of incorporated places . Consolidated city - counties represent a distinct type of government that includes the entire population of a county , or county equivalent . Some consolidated city - counties , however , include multiple incorporated places . This list presents only that portion ( or `` balance '' ) of such consolidated city - counties that are not a part of another incorporated place . This list refers only to the population of individual municipalities within their defined limits , which does not include other municipalities or unincorporated suburban areas within urban agglomerations . A different ranking is evident when considering U.S. metropolitan area populations . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Distribution 1.2 Gallery 2 Puerto Rico 3 Census - designated places 4 Cities formerly over 100,000 people 5 Locations of 50 most populous cities 6 See also 7 References 8 External links United States Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The ten most populous cities of the United States 1 . New York 2 . Los Angeles 3 . Chicago 4 . Houston 5 . Phoenix 6 . Philadelphia 7 . San Antonio 8 . San Diego 9 . Dallas 10 . San Jose The following table lists the 307 incorporated places in the United States with a population of at least 100,000 on July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau . A city is displayed in bold if it is a state or federal capital , and in italics if it is the most populous city in the state . Five states -- Delaware , Maine , Vermont , West Virginia and Wyoming -- do not have cities with populations of 100,000 or more . The table below contains the following information : The city rank by population as of July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city name The name of the state in which the city lies The city population as of July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city percent population change from April 1 , 2010 , to July 1 , 2016 The city land area as of January 1 , 2016 The city population density as of July 1 , 2016 ( residents per unit of land area ) The city latitude and longitude coordinates 2016 rank City State 2016 estimate Census Change 2016 land area 2016 population density Location New York New York 8,537,673 8,175,133 7000443466791304800 ♠ + 4.43 % 301.5 sq mi 780.9 km 28,317 / sq mi 10,933 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 49 '' N 73 ° 56 ′ 19 '' W / 40.6635 ° N 73.9387 ° W / 40.6635 ; - 73.9387 ( 1 New York City ) Los Angeles California 3,976,322 3,792,621 7000484364243092050 ♠ + 4.84 % 468.7 sq mi 1,213.9 km 8,484 / sq mi 3,276 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W / 34.0194 ° N 118.4108 ° W / 34.0194 ; - 118.4108 ( 2 Los Angeles ) Chicago Illinois 2,704,958 2,695,598 6999347232784710470 ♠ + 0.35 % 227.3 sq mi 588.7 km 11,900 / sq mi 4,600 / km 41 ° 50 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W / 41.8376 ° N 87.6818 ° W / 41.8376 ; - 87.6818 ( 3 Chicago ) Houston Texas 2,303,482 2,100,263 7000967588344888229 ♠ + 9.68 % 637.5 sq mi 1,651.1 km 3,613 / sq mi 1,395 / km 29 ° 47 ′ 12 '' N 95 ° 23 ′ 27 '' W / 29.7866 ° N 95.3909 ° W / 29.7866 ; - 95.3909 ( 4 Houston ) 5 Phoenix Arizona 1,615,017 1,445,632 7001117170206525590 ♠ + 11.72 % 517.6 sq mi 1,340.6 km 3,120 / sq mi 1,200 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 112 ° 05 ′ 24 '' W / 33.5722 ° N 112.0901 ° W / 33.5722 ; - 112.0901 ( 6 Phoenix ) 6 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,567,872 1,526,006 7000274350166382040 ♠ + 2.74 % 134.2 sq mi 347.6 km 11,683 / sq mi 4,511 / km 40 ° 00 ′ 34 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 00 '' W / 40.0094 ° N 75.1333 ° W / 40.0094 ; - 75.1333 ( 5 Philadelphia ) 7 San Antonio Texas 1,492,510 1,327,407 7001124380088397910 ♠ + 12.44 % 461.0 sq mi 1,194.0 km 3,238 / sq mi 1,250 / km 29 ° 28 ′ 21 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 30 '' W / 29.4724 ° N 98.5251 ° W / 29.4724 ; - 98.5251 ( 7 San Antonio ) 8 San Diego California 1,406,630 1,307,402 7000758970844468650 ♠ + 7.59 % 325.2 sq mi 842.3 km 4,325 / sq mi 1,670 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 55 '' N 117 ° 08 ′ 06 '' W / 32.8153 ° N 117.1350 ° W / 32.8153 ; - 117.1350 ( 8 San Diego ) 9 Dallas Texas 1,317,929 1,197,816 7001100276670206440 ♠ + 10.03 % 340.9 sq mi 882.9 km 3,866 / sq mi 1,493 / km 32 ° 47 ′ 36 '' N 96 ° 45 ′ 59 '' W / 32.7933 ° N 96.7665 ° W / 32.7933 ; - 96.7665 ( 9 Dallas ) 10 San Jose California 1,025,350 945,942 7000839459501745350 ♠ + 8.39 % 177.5 sq mi 459.7 km 5,777 / sq mi 2,231 / km 37 ° 17 ′ 48 '' N 121 ° 49 ′ 08 '' W / 37.2967 ° N 121.8189 ° W / 37.2967 ; - 121.8189 ( 10 San Jose ) 11 Austin Texas 947,890 790,390 7001199268715444270 ♠ + 19.93 % 312.7 sq mi 809.9 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 30 ° 18 ′ 14 '' N 97 ° 45 ′ 16 '' W / 30.3039 ° N 97.7544 ° W / 30.3039 ; - 97.7544 ( 11 Austin ) 12 Jacksonville Florida 880,619 821,784 7000715942388754220 ♠ + 7.16 % 747.4 sq mi 1,935.8 km 1,178 / sq mi 455 / km 30 ° 20 ′ 13 '' N 81 ° 39 ′ 42 '' W / 30.3369 ° N 81.6616 ° W / 30.3369 ; - 81.6616 ( 12 Jacksonville ) 13 San Francisco California 870,887 805,235 7000815314783882970 ♠ + 8.15 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 18,569 / sq mi 7,170 / km 37 ° 43 ′ 38 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W / 37.7272 ° N 123.0322 ° W / 37.7272 ; - 123.0322 ( 13 San Francisco ) 14 Columbus Ohio 860,090 787,033 7000928258408478419 ♠ + 9.28 % 218.5 sq mi 565.9 km 3,936 / sq mi 1,520 / km 39 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 82 ° 59 ′ 05 '' W / 39.9852 ° N 82.9848 ° W / 39.9852 ; - 82.9848 ( 15 Columbus ) 15 Indianapolis Indiana 855,164 820,445 7000423172790375950 ♠ + 4.23 % 361.5 sq mi 936.3 km 2,366 / sq mi 914 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 36 '' N 86 ° 08 ′ 45 '' W / 39.7767 ° N 86.1459 ° W / 39.7767 ; - 86.1459 ( 14 Indianapolis ) 16 Fort Worth Texas 854,113 741,206 7001152328772298120 ♠ + 15.23 % 342.9 sq mi 888.1 km 2,491 / sq mi 962 / km 32 ° 46 ′ 53 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 48 '' W / 32.7815 ° N 97.3467 ° W / 32.7815 ; - 97.3467 ( 16 Fort Worth ) 17 Charlotte North Carolina 842,051 731,424 7001151248796867480 ♠ + 15.12 % 305.4 sq mi 791.0 km 2,757 / sq mi 1,064 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 49 ′ 52 '' W / 35.2078 ° N 80.8310 ° W / 35.2078 ; - 80.8310 ( 17 Charlotte ) 18 Seattle Washington 704,352 608,660 7001157217494167520 ♠ + 15.72 % 83.8 sq mi 217.0 km 8,405 / sq mi 3,245 / km 47 ° 37 ′ 14 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 03 '' W / 47.6205 ° N 122.3509 ° W / 47.6205 ; - 122.3509 ( 20 Seattle ) 19 Denver Colorado 693,060 600,158 7001154795903745350 ♠ + 15.48 % 153.3 sq mi 397.0 km 4,521 / sq mi 1,746 / km 39 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 52 '' W / 39.7619 ° N 104.8811 ° W / 39.7619 ; - 104.8811 ( Denver ) 20 El Paso Texas 683,080 649,121 7000523153618508720 ♠ + 5.23 % 256.8 sq mi 665.1 km 2,660 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 50 ′ 54 '' N 106 ° 25 ′ 37 '' W / 31.8484 ° N 106.4270 ° W / 31.8484 ; - 106.4270 ( 19 El Paso ) 21 Washington District of Columbia 681,170 601,723 7001132032513299310 ♠ + 13.20 % 61.1 sq mi 158.2 km 11,148 / sq mi 4,304 / km 38 ° 54 ′ 15 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 02 '' W / 38.9041 ° N 77.0172 ° W / 38.9041 ; - 77.0172 ( Washington , D.C. ) 22 Boston Massachusetts 673,184 617,594 7000900105894811150 ♠ + 9.00 % 48.3 sq mi 125.1 km 13,938 / sq mi 5,381 / km 42 ° 19 ′ 55 '' N 71 ° 01 ′ 13 '' W / 42.3320 ° N 71.0202 ° W / 42.3320 ; - 71.0202 ( Boston ) 23 Detroit Michigan 672,795 713,777 2999425843085445450 ♠ − 5.74 % 138.8 sq mi 359.5 km 4,847 / sq mi 1,871 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 06 ′ 08 '' W / 42.3830 ° N 83.1022 ° W / 42.3830 ; - 83.1022 ( 18 Detroit ) 24 Nashville Tennessee 660,388 601,222 7000984095725040000 ♠ + 9.84 % 475.9 sq mi 1,232.6 km 1,388 / sq mi 536 / km 36 ° 10 ′ 18 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 06 '' W / 36.1718 ° N 86.7850 ° W / 36.1718 ; - 86.7850 ( Nashville ) 25 Memphis Tennessee 652,717 646,889 6999900927361572080 ♠ + 0.90 % 317.4 sq mi 822.1 km 2,056 / sq mi 794 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 89 ° 58 ′ 39 '' W / 35.1028 ° N 89.9774 ° W / 35.1028 ; - 89.9774 ( Memphis ) 26 Portland Oregon 639,863 583,776 7000960762347201670 ♠ + 9.61 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 4,793 / sq mi 1,851 / km 45 ° 32 ′ 13 '' N 122 ° 39 ′ 00 '' W / 45.5370 ° N 122.6500 ° W / 45.5370 ; - 122.6500 ( Portland ) 27 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 638,367 579,999 7001100634656266650 ♠ + 10.06 % 606.3 sq mi 1,570.3 km 1,053 / sq mi 407 / km 35 ° 28 ′ 02 '' N 97 ° 30 ′ 49 '' W / 35.4671 ° N 97.5137 ° W / 35.4671 ; - 97.5137 ( Oklahoma City ) 28 Las Vegas Nevada 632,912 583,756 7000842064150090110 ♠ + 8.42 % 134.4 sq mi 348.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 36 ° 13 ′ 45 '' N 115 ° 15 ′ 36 '' W / 36.2292 ° N 115.2601 ° W / 36.2292 ; - 115.2601 ( Las Vegas ) 29 Louisville Kentucky 616,261 597,337 7000316806091034040 ♠ + 3.17 % 263.5 sq mi 682.5 km 2,339 / sq mi 903 / km 38 ° 09 ′ 55 '' N 85 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W / 38.1654 ° N 85.6474 ° W / 38.1654 ; - 85.6474 ( Louisville ) 30 Baltimore Maryland 614,664 620,961 2999898592665239850 ♠ − 1.01 % 80.9 sq mi 209.5 km 7,598 / sq mi 2,934 / km 39 ° 18 ′ 00 '' N 76 ° 36 ′ 38 '' W / 39.3000 ° N 76.6105 ° W / 39.3000 ; - 76.6105 ( Baltimore ) 31 Milwaukee Wisconsin 595,047 594,833 6998359764841560530 ♠ + 0.04 % 96.2 sq mi 249.2 km 6,186 / sq mi 2,388 / km 43 ° 03 ′ 48 '' N 87 ° 58 ′ 00 '' W / 43.0633 ° N 87.9667 ° W / 43.0633 ; - 87.9667 ( Milwaukee ) 32 Albuquerque New Mexico 559,277 545,852 7000245945787502840 ♠ + 2.46 % 188.2 sq mi 487.4 km 2,972 / sq mi 1,147 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W / 35.1056 ° N 106.6474 ° W / 35.1056 ; - 106.6474 ( Albuquerque ) 33 Tucson Arizona 530,706 520,116 7000203608425812700 ♠ + 2.04 % 230.8 sq mi 597.8 km 2,299 / sq mi 888 / km 32 ° 09 ′ 11 '' N 110 ° 52 ′ 14 '' W / 32.1531 ° N 110.8706 ° W / 32.1531 ; - 110.8706 ( Tucson ) 34 Fresno California 522,053 494,665 7000553667633651060 ♠ + 5.54 % 114.4 sq mi 296.3 km 4,563 / sq mi 1,762 / km 36 ° 47 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 47 ′ 36 '' W / 36.7836 ° N 119.7934 ° W / 36.7836 ; - 119.7934 ( Fresno ) 35 Sacramento California 495,234 466,488 7000616221639141840 ♠ + 6.16 % 97.9 sq mi 253.6 km 5,059 / sq mi 1,953 / km 38 ° 34 ′ 00 '' N 121 ° 28 ′ 07 '' W / 38.5666 ° N 121.4686 ° W / 38.5666 ; - 121.4686 ( Sacramento ) 36 Mesa Arizona 484,587 439,041 7001103739741846430 ♠ + 10.37 % 137.9 sq mi 357.2 km 3,514 / sq mi 1,357 / km 33 ° 24 ′ 07 '' N 111 ° 43 ′ 03 '' W / 33.4019 ° N 111.7174 ° W / 33.4019 ; - 111.7174 ( Mesa ) 37 Kansas City Missouri 481,420 459,787 7000470500470870210 ♠ + 4.71 % 315.0 sq mi 815.8 km 1,528 / sq mi 590 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 30 '' N 94 ° 33 ′ 04 '' W / 39.1251 ° N 94.5510 ° W / 39.1251 ; - 94.5510 ( Kansas City , MO ) 38 Atlanta Georgia 472,522 420,003 7001125044344921350 ♠ + 12.50 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 3,539 / sq mi 1,366 / km 33 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 84 ° 25 ′ 22 '' W / 33.7629 ° N 84.4227 ° W / 33.7629 ; - 84.4227 ( Atlanta ) 39 Long Beach California 470,130 462,257 7000170316512243190 ♠ + 1.70 % 50.3 sq mi 130.3 km 9,347 / sq mi 3,609 / km 33 ° 48 ′ 33 '' N 118 ° 09 ′ 19 '' W / 33.8092 ° N 118.1553 ° W / 33.8092 ; - 118.1553 ( Long Beach ) 40 Colorado Springs Colorado 465,101 416,427 7001116884832155460 ♠ + 11.69 % 195.6 sq mi 506.6 km 2,378 / sq mi 918 / km 38 ° 52 ′ 02 '' N 104 ° 45 ′ 39 '' W / 38.8673 ° N 104.7607 ° W / 38.8673 ; - 104.7607 ( Colorado Springs ) 41 Raleigh North Carolina 458,880 403,892 7001136145306170960 ♠ + 13.61 % 145.1 sq mi 375.8 km 3,163 / sq mi 1,221 / km 35 ° 49 ′ 50 '' N 78 ° 38 ′ 30 '' W / 35.8306 ° N 78.6418 ° W / 35.8306 ; - 78.6418 ( Raleigh ) 42 Miami Florida 453,579 399,457 7001135488926217340 ♠ + 13.55 % 36.0 sq mi 93.2 km 12,599 / sq mi 4,865 / km 25 ° 46 ′ 31 '' N 80 ° 12 ′ 31 '' W / 25.7752 ° N 80.2086 ° W / 25.7752 ; - 80.2086 ( Miami ) 43 Virginia Beach Virginia 452,602 437,994 7000333520550509820 ♠ + 3.34 % 244.7 sq mi 633.8 km 1,850 / sq mi 710 / km 36 ° 46 ′ 48 '' N 76 ° 01 ′ 31 '' W / 36.7800 ° N 76.0252 ° W / 36.7800 ; - 76.0252 ( Virginia Beach ) 44 Omaha Nebraska 446,970 408,958 7000929484201311630 ♠ + 9.29 % 133.2 sq mi 345.0 km 3,356 / sq mi 1,296 / km 41 ° 15 ′ 52 '' N 96 ° 02 ′ 42 '' W / 41.2644 ° N 96.0451 ° W / 41.2644 ; - 96.0451 ( Omaha ) 45 Oakland California 420,005 390,724 7000749403671133590 ♠ + 7.49 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 7,514 / sq mi 2,901 / km 37 ° 46 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 13 ′ 33 '' W / 37.7698 ° N 122.2257 ° W / 37.7698 ; - 122.2257 ( Oakland ) 46 Minneapolis Minnesota 413,651 382,578 7000812200387894760 ♠ + 8.12 % 54.0 sq mi 139.9 km 7,660 / sq mi 2,960 / km 44 ° 57 ′ 48 '' N 93 ° 16 ′ 06 '' W / 44.9633 ° N 93.2683 ° W / 44.9633 ; - 93.2683 ( Minneapolis ) 47 Tulsa Oklahoma 403,090 391,906 7000285374554102260 ♠ + 2.85 % 196.8 sq mi 509.7 km 2,048 / sq mi 791 / km 36 ° 07 ′ 40 '' N 95 ° 54 ′ 08 '' W / 36.1279 ° N 95.9023 ° W / 36.1279 ; - 95.9023 ( Tulsa ) 48 Arlington Texas 392,772 365,438 7000747979137363930 ♠ + 7.48 % 95.8 sq mi 248.1 km 4,100 / sq mi 1,600 / km 32 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 97 ° 07 ′ 29 '' W / 32.7007 ° N 97.1247 ° W / 32.7007 ; - 97.1247 ( Arlington ) 49 New Orleans Louisiana 391,495 343,829 7001138632866919310 ♠ + 13.86 % 169.4 sq mi 438.7 km 2,311 / sq mi 892 / km 30 ° 03 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 56 ′ 04 '' W / 30.0534 ° N 89.9345 ° W / 30.0534 ; - 89.9345 ( New Orleans ) 50 Wichita Kansas 389,902 382,368 7000197035316762910 ♠ + 1.97 % 160.4 sq mi 415.4 km 2,431 / sq mi 939 / km 37 ° 41 ′ 27 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 45 '' W / 37.6907 ° N 97.3459 ° W / 37.6907 ; - 97.3459 ( Wichita ) 51 Cleveland Ohio 385,809 396,815 2999722641533208170 ♠ − 2.77 % 77.7 sq mi 201.2 km 4,965 / sq mi 1,917 / km 41 ° 28 ′ 43 '' N 81 ° 40 ′ 46 '' W / 41.4785 ° N 81.6794 ° W / 41.4785 ; - 81.6794 ( Cleveland ) 52 Tampa Florida 377,165 335,709 7001123487901724410 ♠ + 12.35 % 113.4 sq mi 293.7 km 3,326 / sq mi 1,284 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 12 '' N 82 ° 28 ′ 47 '' W / 27.9701 ° N 82.4797 ° W / 27.9701 ; - 82.4797 ( Tampa ) 53 Bakersfield California 376,380 347,483 7000831609028355340 ♠ + 8.32 % 148.8 sq mi 385.4 km 2,529 / sq mi 976 / km 35 ° 19 ′ 16 '' N 119 ° 01 ′ 06 '' W / 35.3212 ° N 119.0183 ° W / 35.3212 ; - 119.0183 ( Bakersfield ) 54 Aurora Colorado 361,710 325,078 7001112686801321530 ♠ + 11.27 % 153.5 sq mi 397.6 km 2,356 / sq mi 910 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 17 '' N 104 ° 41 ′ 23 '' W / 39.6880 ° N 104.6897 ° W / 39.6880 ; - 104.6897 ( Aurora ) 55 Honolulu Hawaii 351,792 337,256 7000431007899044050 ♠ + 4.31 % 60.5 sq mi 156.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 21 ° 19 ′ 27 '' N 157 ° 50 ′ 51 '' W / 21.3243 ° N 157.8476 ° W / 21.3243 ; - 157.8476 ( Honolulu ) 56 Anaheim California 351,043 336,265 7000439474818967180 ♠ + 4.39 % 50.0 sq mi 129.5 km 7,021 / sq mi 2,711 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 36 '' W / 33.8555 ° N 117.7601 ° W / 33.8555 ; - 117.7601 ( Anaheim ) 57 Santa Ana California 334,217 324,528 7000298556673075980 ♠ + 2.99 % 27.1 sq mi 70.2 km 12,333 / sq mi 4,762 / km 33 ° 44 ′ 11 '' N 117 ° 52 ′ 59 '' W / 33.7363 ° N 117.8830 ° W / 33.7363 ; - 117.8830 ( Santa Ana ) 58 Corpus Christi Texas 325,733 305,215 7000672247432138000 ♠ + 6.72 % 174.6 sq mi 452.2 km 1,866 / sq mi 720 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 15 '' N 97 ° 10 ′ 24 '' W / 27.7543 ° N 97.1734 ° W / 27.7543 ; - 97.1734 ( Corpus Christi ) 59 Riverside California 324,722 303,871 7000686179332677350 ♠ + 6.86 % 81.2 sq mi 210.3 km 3,999 / sq mi 1,544 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 17 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 36 '' W / 33.9381 ° N 117.3932 ° W / 33.9381 ; - 117.3932 ( Riverside ) 60 Lexington Kentucky 318,449 295,803 7000765577090157980 ♠ + 7.66 % 283.6 sq mi 734.5 km 1,123 / sq mi 434 / km 38 ° 02 ′ 27 '' N 84 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W / 38.0407 ° N 84.4583 ° W / 38.0407 ; - 84.4583 ( Lexington ) 61 St. Louis Missouri 311,404 319,294 2999752892318678080 ♠ − 2.47 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 5,023 / sq mi 1,939 / km 38 ° 38 ′ 09 '' N 90 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 38.6357 ° N 90.2446 ° W / 38.6357 ; - 90.2446 ( St. Louis ) 62 Stockton California 307,072 291,707 7000526727161158280 ♠ + 5.27 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 4,977 / sq mi 1,922 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 35 '' N 121 ° 18 ′ 48 '' W / 37.9763 ° N 121.3133 ° W / 37.9763 ; - 121.3133 ( Stockton ) 63 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 303,625 305,704 3000319930390181350 ♠ − 0.68 % 55.4 sq mi 143.5 km 5,481 / sq mi 2,116 / km 40 ° 26 ′ 23 '' N 79 ° 58 ′ 36 '' W / 40.4398 ° N 79.9766 ° W / 40.4398 ; - 79.9766 ( Pittsburgh ) 64 Saint Paul Minnesota 302,398 285,068 7000607925126636450 ♠ + 6.08 % 52.0 sq mi 134.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 44 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 93 ° 06 ′ 15 '' W / 44.9489 ° N 93.1041 ° W / 44.9489 ; - 93.1041 ( Saint Paul ) 65 Cincinnati Ohio 298,800 296,943 6999625372546246240 ♠ + 0.63 % 77.4 sq mi 200.5 km 3,860 / sq mi 1,490 / km 39 ° 08 ′ 25 '' N 84 ° 30 ′ 21 '' W / 39.1402 ° N 84.5058 ° W / 39.1402 ; - 84.5058 ( Cincinnati ) 66 Anchorage Alaska 298,192 291,826 7000218143688362240 ♠ + 2.18 % 1,706.6 sq mi 4,420.1 km 175 / sq mi 68 / km 61 ° 10 ′ 27 '' N 149 ° 17 ′ 03 '' W / 61.1743 ° N 149.2843 ° W / 61.1743 ; - 149.2843 ( Anchorage ) 67 Henderson Nevada 292,969 257,729 7001136732769692200 ♠ + 13.67 % 104.7 sq mi 271.2 km 2,798 / sq mi 1,080 / km 36 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 115 ° 02 ′ 09 '' W / 36.0097 ° N 115.0357 ° W / 36.0097 ; - 115.0357 ( Henderson ) 68 Greensboro North Carolina 287,027 269,666 7000643796399991100 ♠ + 6.44 % 128.3 sq mi 332.3 km 2,237 / sq mi 864 / km 36 ° 05 ′ 42 '' N 79 ° 49 ′ 37 '' W / 36.0951 ° N 79.8270 ° W / 36.0951 ; - 79.8270 ( Greensboro ) 69 Plano Texas 286,057 259,841 7001100892468855950 ♠ + 10.09 % 71.7 sq mi 185.7 km 3,990 / sq mi 1,540 / km 33 ° 03 ′ 03 '' N 96 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W / 33.0508 ° N 96.7479 ° W / 33.0508 ; - 96.7479 ( Plano ) 70 Newark New Jersey 281,764 277,140 7000166847080897740 ♠ + 1.67 % 24.1 sq mi 62.4 km 11,691 / sq mi 4,514 / km 40 ° 43 ′ 27 '' N 74 ° 10 ′ 21 '' W / 40.7242 ° N 74.1726 ° W / 40.7242 ; - 74.1726 ( Newark ) 71 Lincoln Nebraska 280,364 258,379 7000850881844112720 ♠ + 8.51 % 92.1 sq mi 238.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 40 ° 48 ′ 38 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 49 '' W / 40.8105 ° N 96.6803 ° W / 40.8105 ; - 96.6803 ( Lincoln ) 72 Toledo Ohio 278,508 287,208 2999697083646695080 ♠ − 3.03 % 80.7 sq mi 209.0 km 3,451 / sq mi 1,332 / km 41 ° 39 ′ 51 '' N 83 ° 34 ′ 55 '' W / 41.6641 ° N 83.5819 ° W / 41.6641 ; - 83.5819 ( Toledo ) 73 Orlando Florida 277,173 238,300 7001163126311372220 ♠ + 16.31 % 105.2 sq mi 272.5 km 2,635 / sq mi 1,017 / km 28 ° 25 ′ 00 '' N 81 ° 16 ′ 25 '' W / 28.4166 ° N 81.2736 ° W / 28.4166 ; - 81.2736 ( Orlando ) 74 Chula Vista California 267,172 243,916 7000953442988569830 ♠ + 9.53 % 49.6 sq mi 128.5 km 5,387 / sq mi 2,080 / km 32 ° 37 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 00 ′ 55 '' W / 32.6277 ° N 117.0152 ° W / 32.6277 ; - 117.0152 ( Chula Vista ) 75 Irvine California 266,122 212,375 7001253075927015890 ♠ + 25.31 % 65.6 sq mi 169.9 km 4,057 / sq mi 1,566 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 46 ′ 17 '' W / 33.6784 ° N 117.7713 ° W / 33.6784 ; - 117.7713 ( Irvine ) 76 Fort Wayne Indiana 264,488 253,691 7000425596493371860 ♠ + 4.26 % 110.6 sq mi 286.5 km 2,391 / sq mi 923 / km 41 ° 05 ′ 18 '' N 85 ° 08 ′ 38 '' W / 41.0882 ° N 85.1439 ° W / 41.0882 ; - 85.1439 ( Fort Wayne ) 77 Jersey City New Jersey 264,152 247,597 7000668626841197590 ♠ + 6.69 % 14.8 sq mi 38.3 km 17,848 / sq mi 6,891 / km 40 ° 42 ′ 41 '' N 74 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 40.7114 ° N 74.0648 ° W / 40.7114 ; - 74.0648 ( Jersey City ) 78 Durham North Carolina 263,016 228,330 7001151911706740240 ♠ + 15.19 % 109.8 sq mi 284.4 km 2,395 / sq mi 925 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 52 '' N 78 ° 54 ′ 10 '' W / 35.9811 ° N 78.9029 ° W / 35.9811 ; - 78.9029 ( Durham ) 79 St. Petersburg Florida 260,999 244,769 7000663074163803420 ♠ + 6.63 % 61.8 sq mi 160.1 km 4,223 / sq mi 1,631 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 82 ° 38 ′ 39 '' W / 27.7620 ° N 82.6441 ° W / 27.7620 ; - 82.6441 ( St. Petersburg ) 80 Laredo Texas 257,156 236,091 7000892240703796420 ♠ + 8.92 % 101.1 sq mi 261.8 km 2,544 / sq mi 982 / km 27 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 99 ° 29 ′ 21 '' W / 27.5604 ° N 99.4892 ° W / 27.5604 ; - 99.4892 ( Laredo ) 81 Buffalo New York 256,902 261,310 2999831311469136269 ♠ − 1.69 % 40.4 sq mi 104.6 km 6,359 / sq mi 2,455 / km 42 ° 53 ′ 33 '' N 78 ° 51 ′ 35 '' W / 42.8925 ° N 78.8597 ° W / 42.8925 ; - 78.8597 ( Buffalo ) 82 Madison Wisconsin 252,551 233,209 7000829384800758120 ♠ + 8.29 % 77.0 sq mi 199.4 km 3,280 / sq mi 1,270 / km 43 ° 05 ′ 16 '' N 89 ° 25 ′ 48 '' W / 43.0878 ° N 89.4299 ° W / 43.0878 ; - 89.4299 ( Madison ) 83 Lubbock Texas 252,506 229,573 7000998941513157030 ♠ + 9.99 % 124.6 sq mi 322.7 km 2,027 / sq mi 783 / km 33 ° 33 ′ 56 '' N 101 ° 53 ′ 12 '' W / 33.5656 ° N 101.8867 ° W / 33.5656 ; - 101.8867 ( Lubbock ) 84 Chandler Arizona 247,477 236,123 7000480851081851410 ♠ + 4.81 % 64.9 sq mi 168.1 km 3,813 / sq mi 1,472 / km 33 ° 16 ′ 58 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 18 '' W / 33.2829 ° N 111.8549 ° W / 33.2829 ; - 111.8549 ( Chandler ) 85 Scottsdale Arizona 246,645 217,385 7001134599903397199 ♠ + 13.46 % 183.9 sq mi 476.3 km 1,341 / sq mi 518 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 03 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 40 '' W / 33.6843 ° N 111.8611 ° W / 33.6843 ; - 111.8611 ( Scottsdale ) 86 Glendale Arizona 245,895 226,721 7000845709043273450 ♠ + 8.46 % 59.1 sq mi 153.1 km 4,161 / sq mi 1,607 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 59 '' N 112 ° 11 ′ 24 '' W / 33.5331 ° N 112.1899 ° W / 33.5331 ; - 112.1899 ( Glendale ) 87 Reno Nevada 245,255 225,221 7000889526287513150 ♠ + 8.90 % 107.3 sq mi 277.9 km 2,286 / sq mi 883 / km 39 ° 32 ′ 57 '' N 119 ° 51 ′ 00 '' W / 39.5491 ° N 119.8499 ° W / 39.5491 ; - 119.8499 ( Reno ) 88 Norfolk Virginia 245,115 242,803 6999952212287327580 ♠ + 0.95 % 53.3 sq mi 138.0 km 4,599 / sq mi 1,776 / km 36 ° 55 ′ 23 '' N 76 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 36.9230 ° N 76.2446 ° W / 36.9230 ; - 76.2446 ( Norfolk ) 89 Winston -- Salem North Carolina 242,203 229,617 7000548130147158090 ♠ + 5.48 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,828 / sq mi 706 / km 36 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 40 '' W / 36.1027 ° N 80.2610 ° W / 36.1027 ; - 80.2610 ( Winston - Salem ) 90 North Las Vegas Nevada 238,702 216,961 7001100206949636110 ♠ + 10.02 % 98.0 sq mi 253.8 km 2,436 / sq mi 941 / km 36 ° 17 ′ 09 '' N 115 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W / 36.2857 ° N 115.0939 ° W / 36.2857 ; - 115.0939 ( North Las Vegas ) 91 Irving Texas 238,289 216,290 7001101710666235150 ♠ + 10.17 % 67.0 sq mi 173.5 km 3,557 / sq mi 1,373 / km 32 ° 51 ′ 28 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 12 '' W / 32.8577 ° N 96.9700 ° W / 32.8577 ; - 96.9700 ( Irving ) 92 Chesapeake Virginia 237,940 222,209 7000707937122258770 ♠ + 7.08 % 338.5 sq mi 876.7 km 703 / sq mi 271 / km 36 ° 40 ′ 46 '' N 76 ° 18 ′ 06 '' W / 36.6794 ° N 76.3018 ° W / 36.6794 ; - 76.3018 ( Chesapeake ) 93 Gilbert Arizona 237,133 208,453 7001137584971192550 ♠ + 13.76 % 68.0 sq mi 176.1 km 3,487 / sq mi 1,346 / km 33 ° 18 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 44 ′ 35 '' W / 33.3103 ° N 111.7431 ° W / 33.3103 ; - 111.7431 ( Gilbert ) 94 Hialeah Florida 236,387 224,669 7000521567283425840 ♠ + 5.22 % 21.5 sq mi 55.7 km 10,995 / sq mi 4,245 / km 25 ° 52 ′ 12 '' N 80 ° 18 ′ 10 '' W / 25.8699 ° N 80.3029 ° W / 25.8699 ; - 80.3029 ( Hialeah ) 95 Garland Texas 234,943 226,876 7000355568680689010 ♠ + 3.56 % 57.0 sq mi 147.6 km 4,122 / sq mi 1,592 / km 32 ° 54 ′ 35 '' N 96 ° 37 ′ 49 '' W / 32.9098 ° N 96.6303 ° W / 32.9098 ; - 96.6303 ( Garland ) 96 Fremont California 233,136 214,089 7000889676723231930 ♠ + 8.90 % 77.5 sq mi 200.7 km 3,008 / sq mi 1,161 / km 37 ° 29 ′ 40 '' N 121 ° 56 ′ 28 '' W / 37.4945 ° N 121.9412 ° W / 37.4945 ; - 121.9412 ( Fremont ) 97 Baton Rouge Louisiana 227,715 229,493 3000225248700396100 ♠ − 0.77 % 85.9 sq mi 222.5 km 2,651 / sq mi 1,024 / km 30 ° 26 ′ 32 '' N 91 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W / 30.4422 ° N 91.1309 ° W / 30.4422 ; - 91.1309 ( Baton Rouge ) 98 Richmond Virginia 223,170 204,214 7000928241942276240 ♠ + 9.28 % 59.8 sq mi 154.9 km 3,732 / sq mi 1,441 / km 37 ° 31 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 28 ′ 34 '' W / 37.5314 ° N 77.4760 ° W / 37.5314 ; - 77.4760 ( Richmond ) 99 Boise Idaho 223,154 205,671 7000850046919594890 ♠ + 8.50 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 2,718 / sq mi 1,049 / km 43 ° 36 ′ 01 '' N 116 ° 13 ′ 54 '' W / 43.6002 ° N 116.2317 ° W / 43.6002 ; - 116.2317 ( Boise ) 100 San Bernardino California 216,239 209,924 7000300823155046590 ♠ + 3.01 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 3,516 / sq mi 1,358 / km 34 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 117 ° 17 ′ 37 '' W / 34.1416 ° N 117.2936 ° W / 34.1416 ; - 117.2936 ( San Bernardino ) 101 Spokane Washington 215,973 208,916 7000337791265388960 ♠ + 3.38 % 68.7 sq mi 177.9 km 3,144 / sq mi 1,214 / km 47 ° 40 ′ 01 '' N 117 ° 26 ′ 00 '' W / 47.6669 ° N 117.4333 ° W / 47.6669 ; - 117.4333 ( Spokane ) 102 Des Moines Iowa 215,472 203,433 7000591791892170890 ♠ + 5.92 % 88.9 sq mi 230.2 km 2,424 / sq mi 936 / km 41 ° 34 ′ 21 '' N 93 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W / 41.5726 ° N 93.6102 ° W / 41.5726 ; - 93.6102 ( Des Moines ) 103 Modesto California 212,175 201,165 7000547311908135110 ♠ + 5.47 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,934 / sq mi 1,905 / km 37 ° 38 ′ 15 '' N 121 ° 00 ′ 11 '' W / 37.6375 ° N 121.0030 ° W / 37.6375 ; - 121.0030 ( Modesto ) 104 Birmingham Alabama 212,157 212,237 3001623062896667360 ♠ − 0.04 % 146.1 sq mi 378.4 km 1,452 / sq mi 561 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 39 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 56 '' W / 33.5274 ° N 86.7990 ° W / 33.5274 ; - 86.7990 ( Birmingham ) 105 Tacoma Washington 211,277 198,397 7000649203364970240 ♠ + 6.49 % 49.7 sq mi 128.7 km 4,251 / sq mi 1,641 / km 47 ° 15 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W / 47.2522 ° N 122.4598 ° W / 47.2522 ; - 122.4598 ( Tacoma ) 106 Fontana California 209,665 196,069 7000693429353951920 ♠ + 6.93 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,876 / sq mi 1,883 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 32 '' N 117 ° 27 ′ 46 '' W / 34.1090 ° N 117.4629 ° W / 34.1090 ; - 117.4629 ( Fontana ) 107 Rochester New York 208,880 210,565 3000199772041887300 ♠ − 0.80 % 35.8 sq mi 92.7 km 5,835 / sq mi 2,253 / km 43 ° 10 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 37 ′ 01 '' W / 43.1699 ° N 77.6169 ° W / 43.1699 ; - 77.6169 ( Rochester ) 108 Oxnard California 207,906 197,899 7000505661979090340 ♠ + 5.06 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,729 / sq mi 2,984 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 08 '' N 119 ° 12 ′ 17 '' W / 34.2023 ° N 119.2046 ° W / 34.2023 ; - 119.2046 ( Oxnard ) 109 Moreno Valley California 205,499 193,365 7000627517906549790 ♠ + 6.28 % 51.3 sq mi 132.9 km 4,006 / sq mi 1,547 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 12 ′ 21 '' W / 33.9233 ° N 117.2057 ° W / 33.9233 ; - 117.2057 ( Moreno Valley ) 110 Fayetteville North Carolina 204,759 200,564 7000209160168325320 ♠ + 2.09 % 147.7 sq mi 382.5 km 1,386 / sq mi 535 / km 35 ° 04 ′ 58 '' N 78 ° 58 ′ 25 '' W / 35.0828 ° N 78.9735 ° W / 35.0828 ; - 78.9735 ( Fayetteville ) 111 Aurora Illinois 201,110 197,899 7000162254483347570 ♠ + 1.62 % 44.9 sq mi 116.3 km 4,479 / sq mi 1,729 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 49 '' N 88 ° 17 ′ 24 '' W / 41.7635 ° N 88.2901 ° W / 41.7635 ; - 88.2901 ( Aurora ) 112 Glendale California 200,831 191,719 7000475278923841660 ♠ + 4.75 % 30.4 sq mi 78.7 km 6,606 / sq mi 2,551 / km 34 ° 10 ′ 53 '' N 118 ° 14 ′ 45 '' W / 34.1814 ° N 118.2458 ° W / 34.1814 ; - 118.2458 ( Glendale ) 113 Yonkers New York 200,807 195,976 7000246509776707350 ♠ + 2.47 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 11,156 / sq mi 4,307 / km 40 ° 56 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W / 40.9459 ° N 73.8674 ° W / 40.9459 ; - 73.8674 ( Yonkers ) 114 Huntington Beach California 200,652 189,992 7000561076255842350 ♠ + 5.61 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,459 / sq mi 2,880 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 26 '' N 118 ° 00 ′ 33 '' W / 33.6906 ° N 118.0093 ° W / 33.6906 ; - 118.0093 ( Huntington Beach ) 115 Montgomery Alabama 200,022 205,764 2999720942438910600 ♠ − 2.79 % 159.8 sq mi 413.9 km 1,252 / sq mi 483 / km 32 ° 20 ′ 50 '' N 86 ° 15 ′ 58 '' W / 32.3472 ° N 86.2661 ° W / 32.3472 ; - 86.2661 ( Montgomery ) 116 Amarillo Texas 199,582 190,695 7000466032145572770 ♠ + 4.66 % 101.4 sq mi 262.6 km 1,968 / sq mi 760 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 00 '' N 101 ° 49 ′ 49 '' W / 35.1999 ° N 101.8302 ° W / 35.1999 ; - 101.8302 ( Amarillo ) 117 Little Rock Arkansas 198,541 193,524 7000259244331452430 ♠ + 2.59 % 118.7 sq mi 307.4 km 1,673 / sq mi 646 / km 34 ° 43 ′ 31 '' N 92 ° 21 ′ 31 '' W / 34.7254 ° N 92.3586 ° W / 34.7254 ; - 92.3586 ( Little Rock ) 118 Akron Ohio 197,633 199,110 3000258198985485409 ♠ − 0.74 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 3,188 / sq mi 1,231 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 50 '' N 81 ° 31 ′ 17 '' W / 41.0805 ° N 81.5214 ° W / 41.0805 ; - 81.5214 ( Akron ) 119 Columbus Georgia 197,485 189,885 7000400242251889300 ♠ + 4.00 % 216.4 sq mi 560.5 km 913 / sq mi 353 / km 32 ° 30 ′ 37 '' N 84 ° 52 ′ 30 '' W / 32.5102 ° N 84.8749 ° W / 32.5102 ; - 84.8749 ( Columbus ) 120 Augusta Georgia 197,081 195,844 6999631625171054510 ♠ + 0.63 % 302.5 sq mi 783.5 km 652 / sq mi 252 / km 33 ° 21 ′ 56 '' N 82 ° 04 ′ 24 '' W / 33.3655 ° N 82.0734 ° W / 33.3655 ; - 82.0734 ( Augusta ) 121 Grand Rapids Michigan 196,445 188,040 7000446979366092320 ♠ + 4.47 % 44.4 sq mi 115.0 km 4,424 / sq mi 1,708 / km 42 ° 57 ′ 40 '' N 85 ° 39 ′ 20 '' W / 42.9612 ° N 85.6556 ° W / 42.9612 ; - 85.6556 ( Grand Rapids ) 122 Shreveport Louisiana 194,920 199,311 2999779691035617700 ♠ − 2.20 % 107.1 sq mi 277.4 km 1,820 / sq mi 700 / km 32 ° 28 ′ 01 '' N 93 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W / 32.4669 ° N 93.7922 ° W / 32.4669 ; - 93.7922 ( Shreveport ) 123 Salt Lake City Utah 193,744 186,440 7000391761424587000 ♠ + 3.92 % 111.2 sq mi 288.0 km 1,742 / sq mi 673 / km 40 ° 46 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 52 '' W / 40.7769 ° N 111.9310 ° W / 40.7769 ; - 111.9310 ( Salt Lake City ) 124 Huntsville Alabama 193,079 180,105 7000720357569195750 ♠ + 7.20 % 213.4 sq mi 552.7 km 905 / sq mi 349 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 86 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W / 34.6990 ° N 86.6730 ° W / 34.6990 ; - 86.6730 ( Huntsville ) 125 Mobile Alabama 192,904 195,111 2999886884901415090 ♠ − 1.13 % 139.4 sq mi 361.0 km 1,384 / sq mi 534 / km 30 ° 40 ′ 06 '' N 88 ° 06 ′ 01 '' W / 30.6684 ° N 88.1002 ° W / 30.6684 ; - 88.1002 ( Mobile ) 126 Tallahassee Florida 190,894 181,376 7000524766231474950 ♠ + 5.25 % 100.4 sq mi 260.0 km 1,901 / sq mi 734 / km 30 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 84 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W / 30.4551 ° N 84.2534 ° W / 30.4551 ; - 84.2534 ( Tallahassee ) 127 Grand Prairie Texas 190,682 175,396 7000871513603502930 ♠ + 8.72 % 72.3 sq mi 187.3 km 2,637 / sq mi 1,018 / km 32 ° 41 ′ 13 '' N 97 ° 01 ′ 16 '' W / 32.6869 ° N 97.0211 ° W / 32.6869 ; - 97.0211 ( Grand Prairie ) 128 Overland Park Kansas 188,966 173,372 7000899453198901780 ♠ + 8.99 % 75.1 sq mi 194.5 km 2,516 / sq mi 971 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 20 '' N 94 ° 41 ′ 26 '' W / 38.8890 ° N 94.6906 ° W / 38.8890 ; - 94.6906 ( Overland Park ) 129 Knoxville Tennessee 186,239 178,874 7000411742343772710 ♠ + 4.12 % 98.5 sq mi 255.1 km 1,891 / sq mi 730 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 15 '' N 83 ° 56 ′ 57 '' W / 35.9707 ° N 83.9493 ° W / 35.9707 ; - 83.9493 ( Knoxville ) 130 Port St. Lucie Florida 185,132 164,603 7001124718261514070 ♠ + 12.47 % 118.9 sq mi 307.9 km 1,557 / sq mi 601 / km 27 ° 16 ′ 50 '' N 80 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W / 27.2806 ° N 80.3883 ° W / 27.2806 ; - 80.3883 ( Port St. Lucie ) 131 Worcester Massachusetts 184,508 181,045 7000191278411444670 ♠ + 1.91 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 4,933 / sq mi 1,905 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 10 '' N 71 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W / 42.2695 ° N 71.8078 ° W / 42.2695 ; - 71.8078 ( Worcester ) 132 Brownsville Texas 183,823 175,023 7000502791061746170 ♠ + 5.03 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,387 / sq mi 536 / km 25 ° 59 ′ 57 '' N 97 ° 27 ′ 18 '' W / 25.9991 ° N 97.4550 ° W / 25.9991 ; - 97.4550 ( Brownsville ) 133 Tempe Arizona 182,498 161,719 7001128488303786200 ♠ + 12.85 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,562 / sq mi 1,761 / km 33 ° 23 ′ 18 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 54 '' W / 33.3884 ° N 111.9318 ° W / 33.3884 ; - 111.9318 ( Tempe ) 134 Santa Clarita California 181,972 176,320 7000320553539019960 ♠ + 3.21 % 52.8 sq mi 136.8 km 3,446 / sq mi 1,331 / km 34 ° 24 ′ 11 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 15 '' W / 34.4030 ° N 118.5042 ° W / 34.4030 ; - 118.5042 ( Santa Clarita ) 135 Newport News Virginia 181,825 180,719 6999611999845063330 ♠ + 0.61 % 69.1 sq mi 179.0 km 2,631 / sq mi 1,016 / km 37 ° 04 ′ 34 '' N 76 ° 31 ′ 19 '' W / 37.0762 ° N 76.5220 ° W / 37.0762 ; - 76.5220 ( Newport News ) 136 Cape Coral Florida 179,804 154,305 7001165250639966300 ♠ + 16.53 % 105.6 sq mi 273.5 km 1,703 / sq mi 658 / km 26 ° 38 ′ 36 '' N 81 ° 59 ′ 51 '' W / 26.6432 ° N 81.9974 ° W / 26.6432 ; - 81.9974 ( Cape Coral ) 137 Providence Rhode Island 179,219 178,042 6999661079969894750 ♠ + 0.66 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 9,740 / sq mi 3,760 / km 41 ° 49 ′ 23 '' N 71 ° 25 ′ 08 '' W / 41.8231 ° N 71.4188 ° W / 41.8231 ; - 71.4188 ( Providence ) 138 Fort Lauderdale Florida 178,752 165,521 7000799354764652220 ♠ + 7.99 % 34.6 sq mi 89.6 km 5,166 / sq mi 1,995 / km 26 ° 08 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 48 '' W / 26.1412 ° N 80.1467 ° W / 26.1412 ; - 80.1467 ( Fort Lauderdale ) 139 Chattanooga Tennessee 177,571 167,674 7000590252513806550 ♠ + 5.90 % 143.1 sq mi 370.6 km 1,241 / sq mi 479 / km 35 ° 03 ′ 58 '' N 85 ° 14 ′ 54 '' W / 35.0660 ° N 85.2484 ° W / 35.0660 ; - 85.2484 ( Chattanooga ) 140 Rancho Cucamonga California 176,534 165,269 7000681616032044730 ♠ + 6.82 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,413 / sq mi 1,704 / km 34 ° 07 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 51 '' W / 34.1233 ° N 117.5642 ° W / 34.1233 ; - 117.5642 ( Rancho Cucamonga ) 141 Oceanside California 175,464 167,086 7000501418431227029 ♠ + 5.01 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,249 / sq mi 1,641 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 28 '' N 117 ° 18 ′ 22 '' W / 33.2245 ° N 117.3062 ° W / 33.2245 ; - 117.3062 ( Oceanside ) 142 Santa Rosa California 175,155 167,815 7000437386407651280 ♠ + 4.37 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,241 / sq mi 1,637 / km 38 ° 26 ′ 48 '' N 122 ° 42 ′ 22 '' W / 38.4468 ° N 122.7061 ° W / 38.4468 ; - 122.7061 ( Santa Rosa ) 143 Garden Grove California 174,858 170,883 7000232615298186480 ♠ + 2.33 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 9,714 / sq mi 3,751 / km 33 ° 46 ′ 44 '' N 117 ° 57 ′ 38 '' W / 33.7788 ° N 117.9605 ° W / 33.7788 ; - 117.9605 ( Garden Grove ) 144 Vancouver Washington 174,826 161,791 7000805669042159330 ♠ + 8.06 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 3,728 / sq mi 1,439 / km 45 ° 38 ′ 06 '' N 122 ° 35 ′ 45 '' W / 45.6349 ° N 122.5957 ° W / 45.6349 ; - 122.5957 ( Vancouver ) 145 Sioux Falls South Dakota 174,360 153,888 7001133031815346230 ♠ + 13.30 % 75.4 sq mi 195.3 km 2,312 / sq mi 893 / km 43 ° 32 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W / 43.5383 ° N 96.7320 ° W / 43.5383 ; - 96.7320 ( Sioux Falls ) 146 Ontario California 173,212 163,924 7000566604036016690 ♠ + 5.67 % 49.9 sq mi 129.2 km 3,471 / sq mi 1,340 / km 34 ° 02 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 36 ′ 15 '' W / 34.0394 ° N 117.6042 ° W / 34.0394 ; - 117.6042 ( Ontario ) 147 McKinney Texas 172,298 131,117 7001314078265976190 ♠ + 31.41 % 63.0 sq mi 163.2 km 2,735 / sq mi 1,056 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 05 '' W / 33.1985 ° N 96.6680 ° W / 33.1985 ; - 96.6680 ( McKinney ) 148 Elk Grove California 169,743 153,015 7001109322615429860 ♠ + 10.93 % 42.2 sq mi 109.3 km 4,022 / sq mi 1,553 / km 38 ° 24 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 23 ′ 06 '' W / 38.4146 ° N 121.3850 ° W / 38.4146 ; - 121.3850 ( Elk Grove ) 149 Jackson Mississippi 169,148 173,514 2999748377652523720 ♠ − 2.52 % 111.0 sq mi 287.5 km 1,524 / sq mi 588 / km 32 ° 18 ′ 57 '' N 90 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W / 32.3158 ° N 90.2128 ° W / 32.3158 ; - 90.2128 ( Jackson ) 150 Pembroke Pines Florida 168,587 154,019 7000945857329290540 ♠ + 9.46 % 33.0 sq mi 85.5 km 5,109 / sq mi 1,973 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 16 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 25 '' W / 26.0210 ° N 80.3404 ° W / 26.0210 ; - 80.3404 ( Pembroke Pines ) 151 Salem Oregon 167,419 154,637 7000826580960572180 ♠ + 8.27 % 48.6 sq mi 125.9 km 3,445 / sq mi 1,330 / km 44 ° 55 ′ 25 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 24 '' W / 44.9237 ° N 123.0232 ° W / 44.9237 ; - 123.0232 ( Salem ) 152 Springfield Missouri 167,319 159,498 7000490350976187790 ♠ + 4.90 % 82.3 sq mi 213.2 km 2,033 / sq mi 785 / km 37 ° 11 ′ 39 '' N 93 ° 17 ′ 29 '' W / 37.1942 ° N 93.2913 ° W / 37.1942 ; - 93.2913 ( Springfield ) 153 Corona California 166,785 152,374 7000945765025529290 ♠ + 9.46 % 39.5 sq mi 102.3 km 4,222 / sq mi 1,630 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 43 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 56 '' W / 33.8620 ° N 117.5655 ° W / 33.8620 ; - 117.5655 ( Corona ) 154 Eugene Oregon 166,575 156,185 7000665236738483210 ♠ + 6.65 % 44.1 sq mi 114.2 km 3,777 / sq mi 1,458 / km 44 ° 03 ′ 24 '' N 123 ° 06 ′ 58 '' W / 44.0567 ° N 123.1162 ° W / 44.0567 ; - 123.1162 ( Eugene ) 155 Fort Collins Colorado 164,207 143,986 7001140437264734070 ♠ + 14.04 % 55.8 sq mi 144.5 km 2,943 / sq mi 1,136 / km 40 ° 32 ′ 54 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 40.5482 ° N 105.0648 ° W / 40.5482 ; - 105.0648 ( Fort Collins ) 156 Peoria Arizona 164,173 154,065 7000656086716645570 ♠ + 6.56 % 175.7 sq mi 455.1 km 934 / sq mi 361 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 10 '' N 112 ° 18 ′ 29 '' W / 33.7862 ° N 112.3080 ° W / 33.7862 ; - 112.3080 ( Peoria ) 157 Frisco Texas 163,656 116,989 7001398900751352690 ♠ + 39.89 % 67.7 sq mi 175.3 km 2,417 / sq mi 933 / km 33 ° 09 ′ 19 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 21 '' W / 33.1554 ° N 96.8226 ° W / 33.1554 ; - 96.8226 ( Frisco ) 158 Cary North Carolina 162,320 135,234 7001200289867932620 ♠ + 20.03 % 56.5 sq mi 146.3 km 2,873 / sq mi 1,109 / km 35 ° 46 ′ 51 '' N 78 ° 48 ′ 48 '' W / 35.7809 ° N 78.8133 ° W / 35.7809 ; - 78.8133 ( Cary ) 159 Lancaster California 160,106 156,633 7000221728499103000 ♠ + 2.22 % 94.3 sq mi 244.2 km 1,698 / sq mi 656 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 31 '' W / 34.6936 ° N 118.1753 ° W / 34.6936 ; - 118.1753 ( Lancaster ) 160 Hayward California 158,937 144,186 7001102305355582370 ♠ + 10.23 % 45.5 sq mi 117.8 km 3,493 / sq mi 1,349 / km 37 ° 37 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 06 ′ 09 '' W / 37.6287 ° N 122.1024 ° W / 37.6287 ; - 122.1024 ( Hayward ) 161 Palmdale California 157,356 152,750 7000301538461538460 ♠ + 3.02 % 106.0 sq mi 274.5 km 1,484 / sq mi 573 / km 34 ° 35 ′ 28 '' N 118 ° 06 ′ 19 '' W / 34.5910 ° N 118.1054 ° W / 34.5910 ; - 118.1054 ( Palmdale ) 162 Salinas California 157,218 150,441 7000450475601730910 ♠ + 4.50 % 23.6 sq mi 61.1 km 6,662 / sq mi 2,572 / km 36 ° 41 ′ 25 '' N 121 ° 38 ′ 01 '' W / 36.6902 ° N 121.6337 ° W / 36.6902 ; - 121.6337 ( Salinas ) 163 Alexandria Virginia 155,810 139,966 7001113198919737650 ♠ + 11.32 % 15.0 sq mi 38.8 km 10,387 / sq mi 4,010 / km 38 ° 49 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 05 ′ 03 '' W / 38.8201 ° N 77.0841 ° W / 38.8201 ; - 77.0841 ( Alexandria ) 164 Lakewood Colorado 154,393 142,980 7000798223527766120 ♠ + 7.98 % 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 3,599 / sq mi 1,390 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 07 ′ 03 '' W / 39.6989 ° N 105.1176 ° W / 39.6989 ; - 105.1176 ( Lakewood ) 165 Springfield Massachusetts 154,074 153,060 6999662485299882400 ♠ + 0.66 % 31.9 sq mi 82.6 km 4,830 / sq mi 1,860 / km 42 ° 06 ′ 56 '' N 72 ° 32 ′ 24 '' W / 42.1155 ° N 72.5400 ° W / 42.1155 ; - 72.5400 ( Springfield ) 166 Pasadena Texas 153,351 149,043 7000289044101366720 ♠ + 2.89 % 43.5 sq mi 112.7 km 3,525 / sq mi 1,361 / km 29 ° 39 ′ 31 '' N 95 ° 09 ′ 02 '' W / 29.6586 ° N 95.1506 ° W / 29.6586 ; - 95.1506 ( Pasadena ) 167 Sunnyvale California 152,771 140,081 7000905904441001990 ♠ + 9.06 % 22.0 sq mi 57.0 km 6,944 / sq mi 2,681 / km 37 ° 23 ′ 09 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 35 '' W / 37.3858 ° N 122.0263 ° W / 37.3858 ; - 122.0263 ( Sunnyvale ) 168 Macon Georgia 152,555 91,351 7001669987192258430 ♠ + 67.00 % 249.3 sq mi 645.7 km 612 / sq mi 236 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 32 '' N 83 ° 41 ′ 39 '' W / 32.8088 ° N 83.6942 ° W / 32.8088 ; - 83.6942 ( Macon ) 169 Pomona California 152,494 149,058 7000230514296448360 ♠ + 2.31 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,630 / sq mi 2,560 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 31 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 40 '' W / 34.0585 ° N 117.7611 ° W / 34.0585 ; - 117.7611 ( Pomona ) 170 Hollywood Florida 151,998 140,768 7000797766537849510 ♠ + 7.98 % 27.3 sq mi 70.7 km 5,568 / sq mi 2,150 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 52 '' N 80 ° 09 ′ 53 '' W / 26.0310 ° N 80.1646 ° W / 26.0310 ; - 80.1646 ( Hollywood ) 171 Kansas City Kansas 151,709 145,786 7000406280438450880 ♠ + 4.06 % 124.8 sq mi 323.2 km 1,216 / sq mi 470 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 94 ° 44 ′ 30 '' W / 39.1225 ° N 94.7418 ° W / 39.1225 ; - 94.7418 ( Kansas City ) 172 Escondido California 151,613 143,911 7000535191889431660 ♠ + 5.35 % 37.1 sq mi 96.1 km 4,087 / sq mi 1,578 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 59 '' N 117 ° 04 ′ 26 '' W / 33.1331 ° N 117.0740 ° W / 33.1331 ; - 117.0740 ( Escondido ) 173 Clarksville Tennessee 150,287 132,929 7001130580986842600 ♠ + 13.06 % 98.3 sq mi 254.6 km 1,529 / sq mi 590 / km 36 ° 33 ′ 59 '' N 87 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W / 36.5664 ° N 87.3452 ° W / 36.5664 ; - 87.3452 ( Clarksville ) 174 Joliet Illinois 148,262 147,433 6999562289311076889 ♠ + 0.56 % 64.4 sq mi 166.8 km 2,302 / sq mi 889 / km 41 ° 31 ′ 04 '' N 88 ° 08 ′ 56 '' W / 41.5177 ° N 88.1488 ° W / 41.5177 ; - 88.1488 ( Joliet ) 175 Rockford Illinois 147,651 152,871 2999658535628078580 ♠ − 3.41 % 63.5 sq mi 164.5 km 2,325 / sq mi 898 / km 42 ° 15 ′ 32 '' N 89 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W / 42.2588 ° N 89.0646 ° W / 42.2588 ; - 89.0646 ( Rockford ) 176 Torrance California 147,195 145,438 7000120807491852200 ♠ + 1.21 % 20.5 sq mi 53.1 km 7,180 / sq mi 2,770 / km 33 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 29 '' W / 33.8350 ° N 118.3414 ° W / 33.8350 ; - 118.3414 ( Torrance ) 177 Naperville Illinois 147,122 141,853 7000371440857789400 ♠ + 3.71 % 38.7 sq mi 100.2 km 3,802 / sq mi 1,468 / km 41 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 88 ° 09 ′ 43 '' W / 41.7492 ° N 88.1620 ° W / 41.7492 ; - 88.1620 ( Naperville ) 178 Paterson New Jersey 147,000 146,199 6999547883364455299 ♠ + 0.55 % 8.4 sq mi 21.8 km 17,500 / sq mi 6,800 / km 40 ° 54 ′ 53 '' N 74 ° 09 ′ 46 '' W / 40.9148 ° N 74.1628 ° W / 40.9148 ; - 74.1628 ( Paterson ) 179 Savannah Georgia 146,763 136,286 7000768751008907740 ♠ + 7.69 % 103.6 sq mi 268.3 km 1,417 / sq mi 547 / km 32 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 81 ° 09 ′ 13 '' W / 32.0025 ° N 81.1536 ° W / 32.0025 ; - 81.1536 ( Savannah ) 180 Bridgeport Connecticut 145,936 144,229 7000118353451802340 ♠ + 1.18 % 16.1 sq mi 41.7 km 9,064 / sq mi 3,500 / km 41 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 73 ° 11 ′ 45 '' W / 41.1874 ° N 73.1958 ° W / 41.1874 ; - 73.1958 ( Bridgeport ) 181 Mesquite Texas 143,736 139,824 7000279780295228290 ♠ + 2.80 % 47.2 sq mi 122.2 km 3,045 / sq mi 1,176 / km 32 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 96 ° 35 ′ 20 '' W / 32.7629 ° N 96.5888 ° W / 32.7629 ; - 96.5888 ( Mesquite ) 182 Killeen Texas 143,400 127,921 7001121004369884540 ♠ + 12.10 % 53.5 sq mi 138.6 km 2,680 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 04 ′ 40 '' N 97 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W / 31.0777 ° N 97.7320 ° W / 31.0777 ; - 97.7320 ( Killeen ) 183 Syracuse New York 143,378 145,170 2999876558517600049 ♠ − 1.23 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 5,735 / sq mi 2,214 / km 43 ° 02 ′ 28 '' N 76 ° 08 ′ 37 '' W / 43.0410 ° N 76.1436 ° W / 43.0410 ; - 76.1436 ( Syracuse ) 184 McAllen Texas 142,212 129,877 7000949744758502279 ♠ + 9.50 % 58.4 sq mi 151.3 km 2,435 / sq mi 940 / km 26 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 98 ° 14 ′ 47 '' W / 26.2322 ° N 98.2464 ° W / 26.2322 ; - 98.2464 ( McAllen ) 185 Pasadena California 142,059 137,122 7000360044340076720 ♠ + 3.60 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,176 / sq mi 2,385 / km 34 ° 09 ′ 38 '' N 118 ° 08 ′ 23 '' W / 34.1606 ° N 118.1396 ° W / 34.1606 ; - 118.1396 ( Pasadena ) 186 Bellevue Washington 141,400 122,363 7001155578075071710 ♠ + 15.56 % 33.5 sq mi 86.8 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 47 ° 35 ′ 52 '' N 122 ° 09 ′ 23 '' W / 47.5979 ° N 122.1565 ° W / 47.5979 ; - 122.1565 ( Bellevue ) 187 Fullerton California 140,721 135,161 7000411361265453790 ♠ + 4.11 % 22.4 sq mi 58.0 km 6,282 / sq mi 2,425 / km 33 ° 53 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 55 ′ 41 '' W / 33.8857 ° N 117.9280 ° W / 33.8857 ; - 117.9280 ( Fullerton ) 188 Orange California 140,504 136,416 7000299671592775040 ♠ + 3.00 % 25.4 sq mi 65.8 km 5,532 / sq mi 2,136 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 13 '' N 117 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W / 33.7870 ° N 117.8613 ° W / 33.7870 ; - 117.8613 ( Orange ) 189 Dayton Ohio 140,489 141,527 3000266571042981200 ♠ − 0.73 % 55.7 sq mi 144.3 km 2,522 / sq mi 974 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 39 '' N 84 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W / 39.7774 ° N 84.1996 ° W / 39.7774 ; - 84.1996 ( Dayton ) 190 Miramar Florida 138,449 122,041 7001134446620398060 ♠ + 13.44 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 25 ° 58 ′ 37 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 09 '' W / 25.9770 ° N 80.3358 ° W / 25.9770 ; - 80.3358 ( Miramar ) 191 Thornton Colorado 136,703 118,772 7001150969925571680 ♠ + 15.10 % 35.7 sq mi 92.5 km 3,829 / sq mi 1,478 / km 39 ° 55 ′ 10 '' N 104 ° 56 ′ 34 '' W / 39.9194 ° N 104.9428 ° W / 39.9194 ; - 104.9428 ( Thornton ) 192 West Valley City Utah 136,574 129,480 7000547883843064560 ♠ + 5.48 % 35.5 sq mi 91.9 km 3,847 / sq mi 1,485 / km 40 ° 41 ′ 19 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 42 '' W / 40.6885 ° N 112.0118 ° W / 40.6885 ; - 112.0118 ( West Valley City ) 193 Olathe Kansas 135,473 125,872 7000762758993263000 ♠ + 7.63 % 60.9 sq mi 157.7 km 2,225 / sq mi 859 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 03 '' N 94 ° 49 ′ 10 '' W / 38.8843 ° N 94.8195 ° W / 38.8843 ; - 94.8195 ( Olathe ) 194 Hampton Virginia 135,410 137,436 2999852585930906020 ♠ − 1.47 % 51.5 sq mi 133.4 km 2,629 / sq mi 1,015 / km 37 ° 02 ′ 53 '' N 76 ° 17 ′ 50 '' W / 37.0480 ° N 76.2971 ° W / 37.0480 ; - 76.2971 ( Hampton ) 195 Warren Michigan 135,125 134,056 6999797427940562150 ♠ + 0.80 % 34.4 sq mi 89.1 km 3,928 / sq mi 1,517 / km 42 ° 29 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 30 '' W / 42.4929 ° N 83.0250 ° W / 42.4929 ; - 83.0250 ( Warren ) 196 Midland Texas 134,610 111,147 7001211098815082730 ♠ + 21.11 % 74.4 sq mi 192.7 km 1,809 / sq mi 698 / km 32 ° 01 ′ 29 '' N 102 ° 06 ′ 49 '' W / 32.0246 ° N 102.1135 ° W / 32.0246 ; - 102.1135 ( Midland ) 197 Waco Texas 134,432 124,805 7000771363326789790 ♠ + 7.71 % 89.0 sq mi 230.5 km 1,510 / sq mi 580 / km 31 ° 33 ′ 36 '' N 97 ° 11 ′ 10 '' W / 31.5601 ° N 97.1860 ° W / 31.5601 ; - 97.1860 ( Waco ) 198 Charleston South Carolina 134,385 120,083 7001119100955172670 ♠ + 11.91 % 109.0 sq mi 282.3 km 1,233 / sq mi 476 / km 32 ° 49 ′ 04 '' N 79 ° 57 ′ 32 '' W / 32.8179 ° N 79.9590 ° W / 32.8179 ; - 79.9590 ( Charleston ) 199 Columbia South Carolina 134,309 129,272 7000389643542298410 ♠ + 3.90 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 1,006 / sq mi 388 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 53 ′ 53 '' W / 34.0291 ° N 80.8980 ° W / 34.0291 ; - 80.8980 ( Columbia ) 200 Denton Texas 133,808 113,383 7001180141643809040 ♠ + 18.01 % 93.4 sq mi 241.9 km 1,433 / sq mi 553 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 00 '' N 97 ° 08 ′ 29 '' W / 33.2166 ° N 97.1414 ° W / 33.2166 ; - 97.1414 ( Denton ) 201 Carrollton Texas 133,351 119,097 7001119683955095430 ♠ + 11.97 % 36.3 sq mi 94.0 km 3,674 / sq mi 1,419 / km 32 ° 59 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 53 ′ 59 '' W / 32.9884 ° N 96.8998 ° W / 32.9884 ; - 96.8998 ( Carrollton ) 202 Surprise Arizona 132,677 117,517 7001129002612387990 ♠ + 12.90 % 107.9 sq mi 279.5 km 1,230 / sq mi 470 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 14 '' N 112 ° 27 ′ 10 '' W / 33.6706 ° N 112.4527 ° W / 33.6706 ; - 112.4527 ( Surprise ) 203 Roseville California 132,671 118,788 7001116872074620330 ♠ + 11.69 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 3,085 / sq mi 1,191 / km 38 ° 46 ′ 08 '' N 121 ° 19 ′ 08 '' W / 38.7690 ° N 121.3189 ° W / 38.7690 ; - 121.3189 ( Roseville ) 204 Sterling Heights Michigan 132,427 129,699 7000210333155999660 ♠ + 2.10 % 36.5 sq mi 94.5 km 3,628 / sq mi 1,401 / km 42 ° 34 ′ 52 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 49 '' W / 42.5812 ° N 83.0303 ° W / 42.5812 ; - 83.0303 ( Sterling Heights ) 205 Murfreesboro Tennessee 131,947 108,755 7001213249965518830 ♠ + 21.32 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 2,360 / sq mi 910 / km 35 ° 51 ′ 08 '' N 86 ° 24 ′ 58 '' W / 35.8522 ° N 86.4160 ° W / 35.8522 ; - 86.4160 ( Murfreesboro ) 206 Gainesville Florida 131,591 124,354 7000581967608601250 ♠ + 5.82 % 62.3 sq mi 161.4 km 2,112 / sq mi 815 / km 29 ° 40 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 20 ′ 46 '' W / 29.6788 ° N 82.3461 ° W / 29.6788 ; - 82.3461 ( Gainesville ) 207 Cedar Rapids Iowa 131,127 126,326 7000380048446083940 ♠ + 3.80 % 70.8 sq mi 183.4 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 41 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 91 ° 40 ′ 40 '' W / 41.9670 ° N 91.6778 ° W / 41.9670 ; - 91.6778 ( Cedar Rapids ) 208 Visalia California 131,074 124,442 7000532939039874000 ♠ + 5.33 % 37.5 sq mi 97.1 km 3,495 / sq mi 1,349 / km 36 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 44 '' W / 36.3273 ° N 119.3289 ° W / 36.3273 ; - 119.3289 ( Visalia ) 209 Coral Springs Florida 130,059 121,096 7000740156569994050 ♠ + 7.40 % 23.8 sq mi 61.6 km 5,465 / sq mi 2,110 / km 26 ° 16 ′ 15 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 33 '' W / 26.2707 ° N 80.2593 ° W / 26.2707 ; - 80.2593 ( Coral Springs ) 210 New Haven Connecticut 129,934 129,779 6999119433806702160 ♠ + 0.12 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 6,948 / sq mi 2,683 / km 41 ° 18 ′ 39 '' N 72 ° 55 ′ 30 '' W / 41.3108 ° N 72.9250 ° W / 41.3108 ; - 72.9250 ( New Haven ) 211 Stamford Connecticut 129,113 122,643 7000527547434423490 ♠ + 5.28 % 37.6 sq mi 97.4 km 3,434 / sq mi 1,326 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 48 '' N 73 ° 32 ′ 46 '' W / 41.0799 ° N 73.5460 ° W / 41.0799 ; - 73.5460 ( Stamford ) 212 Thousand Oaks California 128,888 126,683 7000174056503240370 ♠ + 1.74 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,335 / sq mi 902 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 36 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 27 '' W / 34.1933 ° N 118.8742 ° W / 34.1933 ; - 118.8742 ( Thousand Oaks ) 213 Concord California 128,726 122,067 7000545520083232980 ♠ + 5.46 % 30.5 sq mi 79.0 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 122 ° 00 ′ 06 '' W / 37.9722 ° N 122.0016 ° W / 37.9722 ; - 122.0016 ( Concord ) 214 Elizabeth New Jersey 128,640 124,969 7000293752850706980 ♠ + 2.94 % 12.3 sq mi 31.9 km 10,459 / sq mi 4,038 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 59 '' N 74 ° 11 ′ 37 '' W / 40.6664 ° N 74.1935 ° W / 40.6664 ; - 74.1935 ( Elizabeth ) 215 Lafayette Louisiana 127,626 120,623 7000580569211510240 ♠ + 5.81 % 53.8 sq mi 139.3 km 2,372 / sq mi 916 / km 30 ° 12 ′ 27 '' N 92 ° 01 ′ 43 '' W / 30.2074 ° N 92.0285 ° W / 30.2074 ; - 92.0285 ( Lafayette ) 216 Kent Washington 127,514 92,411 7001379857376286370 ♠ + 37.99 % 33.7 sq mi 87.3 km 3,784 / sq mi 1,461 / km 47 ° 23 ′ 17 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W / 47.3880 ° N 122.2127 ° W / 47.3880 ; - 122.2127 ( Kent ) 217 Topeka Kansas 126,808 127,473 3000478320899327700 ♠ − 0.52 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 2,062 / sq mi 796 / km 39 ° 02 ′ 05 '' N 95 ° 41 ′ 46 '' W / 39.0347 ° N 95.6962 ° W / 39.0347 ; - 95.6962 ( Topeka ) 218 Simi Valley California 126,327 124,237 7000168226856733500 ♠ + 1.68 % 41.5 sq mi 107.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 44 ′ 55 '' W / 34.2669 ° N 118.7485 ° W / 34.2669 ; - 118.7485 ( Simi Valley ) 219 Santa Clara California 125,948 116,468 7000813957481883440 ♠ + 8.14 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 6,845 / sq mi 2,643 / km 37 ° 21 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 04 '' W / 37.3646 ° N 121.9679 ° W / 37.3646 ; - 121.9679 ( Santa Clara ) 220 Athens Georgia 123,371 115,452 7000685912760281330 ♠ + 6.86 % 116.4 sq mi 301.5 km 1,060 / sq mi 410 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 22 ′ 12 '' W / 33.9496 ° N 83.3701 ° W / 33.9496 ; - 83.3701 ( Athens ) 221 Hartford Connecticut 123,243 124,775 2999877218994189540 ♠ − 1.23 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 7,083 / sq mi 2,735 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 57 '' N 72 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W / 41.7659 ° N 72.6816 ° W / 41.7659 ; - 72.6816 ( Hartford ) 222 Victorville California 122,265 115,903 7000548907275911750 ♠ + 5.49 % 73.3 sq mi 189.8 km 1,668 / sq mi 644 / km 34 ° 31 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 21 ′ 13 '' W / 34.5277 ° N 117.3536 ° W / 34.5277 ; - 117.3536 ( Victorville ) 223 Abilene Texas 122,225 117,063 7000440959141658770 ♠ + 4.41 % 106.7 sq mi 276.4 km 1,146 / sq mi 442 / km 32 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 99 ° 44 ′ 17 '' W / 32.4545 ° N 99.7381 ° W / 32.4545 ; - 99.7381 ( Abilene ) 224 Norman Oklahoma 122,180 110,925 7001101464953797610 ♠ + 10.15 % 178.8 sq mi 463.1 km 683 / sq mi 264 / km 35 ° 14 ′ 26 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W / 35.2406 ° N 97.3453 ° W / 35.2406 ; - 97.3453 ( Norman ) 225 Vallejo California 121,299 115,942 7000462041365510340 ♠ + 4.62 % 30.7 sq mi 79.5 km 3,951 / sq mi 1,525 / km 38 ° 06 ′ 28 '' N 122 ° 15 ′ 50 '' W / 38.1079 ° N 122.2640 ° W / 38.1079 ; - 122.2640 ( Vallejo ) 226 Berkeley California 121,240 112,580 7000769230769230770 ♠ + 7.69 % 10.5 sq mi 27.2 km 11,547 / sq mi 4,458 / km 37 ° 52 ′ 01 '' N 122 ° 17 ′ 57 '' W / 37.8670 ° N 122.2991 ° W / 37.8670 ; - 122.2991 ( Berkeley ) 227 Round Rock Texas 120,892 99,887 7001210287625016270 ♠ + 21.03 % 35.6 sq mi 92.2 km 3,396 / sq mi 1,311 / km 30 ° 31 ′ 31 '' N 97 ° 39 ′ 58 '' W / 30.5252 ° N 97.6660 ° W / 30.5252 ; - 97.6660 ( Round Rock ) 228 Ann Arbor Michigan 120,782 113,934 7000601049730545760 ♠ + 6.01 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 4,298 / sq mi 1,659 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 43 ′ 51 '' W / 42.2761 ° N 83.7309 ° W / 42.2761 ; - 83.7309 ( Ann Arbor ) 229 Fargo North Dakota 120,762 105,549 7001144132109257310 ♠ + 14.41 % 49.3 sq mi 127.7 km 2,450 / sq mi 950 / km 46 ° 51 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 44 '' W / 46.8652 ° N 96.8290 ° W / 46.8652 ; - 96.8290 ( Fargo ) 230 Columbia Missouri 120,612 108,500 7001111631336405530 ♠ + 11.16 % 65.0 sq mi 168.3 km 1,856 / sq mi 717 / km 38 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 92 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W / 38.9473 ° N 92.3264 ° W / 38.9473 ; - 92.3264 ( Columbia ) 231 Allentown Pennsylvania 120,443 118,032 7000204266639555370 ♠ + 2.04 % 17.5 sq mi 45.3 km 6,882 / sq mi 2,657 / km 40 ° 35 ′ 37 '' N 75 ° 28 ′ 42 '' W / 40.5936 ° N 75.4784 ° W / 40.5936 ; - 75.4784 ( Allentown ) 232 Evansville Indiana 119,477 117,429 7000174403256435800 ♠ + 1.74 % 47.3 sq mi 122.5 km 2,526 / sq mi 975 / km 37 ° 59 ′ 16 '' N 87 ° 32 ′ 05 '' W / 37.9877 ° N 87.5347 ° W / 37.9877 ; - 87.5347 ( Evansville ) 233 Beaumont Texas 118,299 118,296 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 1,441 / sq mi 556 / km 30 ° 05 ′ 06 '' N 94 ° 08 ′ 43 '' W / 30.0849 ° N 94.1453 ° W / 30.0849 ; - 94.1453 ( Beaumont ) 234 Odessa Texas 117,871 99,940 7001179417650590350 ♠ + 17.94 % 45.2 sq mi 117.1 km 2,608 / sq mi 1,007 / km 31 ° 53 ′ 02 '' N 102 ° 20 ′ 28 '' W / 31.8838 ° N 102.3411 ° W / 31.8838 ; - 102.3411 ( Odessa ) 235 Wilmington North Carolina 117,525 106,476 7001103769863631240 ♠ + 10.38 % 51.6 sq mi 133.6 km 2,278 / sq mi 880 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 33 '' N 77 ° 53 ′ 09 '' W / 34.2092 ° N 77.8858 ° W / 34.2092 ; - 77.8858 ( Wilmington ) 236 Arvada Colorado 117,453 106,433 7001103539315813700 ♠ + 10.35 % 38.6 sq mi 100.0 km 3,043 / sq mi 1,175 / km 39 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 09 ′ 01 '' W / 39.8337 ° N 105.1503 ° W / 39.8337 ; - 105.1503 ( Arvada ) 237 Independence Missouri 117,030 116,830 6999171188906958820 ♠ + 0.17 % 77.8 sq mi 201.5 km 1,504 / sq mi 581 / km 39 ° 05 ′ 08 '' N 94 ° 21 ′ 08 '' W / 39.0855 ° N 94.3521 ° W / 39.0855 ; - 94.3521 ( Independence ) 238 Provo Utah 116,868 112,488 7000389374866652440 ♠ + 3.89 % 41.7 sq mi 108.0 km 2,803 / sq mi 1,082 / km 40 ° 14 ′ 43 '' N 111 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W / 40.2453 ° N 111.6448 ° W / 40.2453 ; - 111.6448 ( Provo ) 239 Lansing Michigan 116,020 114,297 7000150747613673150 ♠ + 1.51 % 39.1 sq mi 101.3 km 2,967 / sq mi 1,146 / km 42 ° 42 ′ 51 '' N 84 ° 33 ′ 33 '' W / 42.7143 ° N 84.5593 ° W / 42.7143 ; - 84.5593 ( Lansing ) 240 El Monte California 115,807 113,475 7000205507821105970 ♠ + 2.06 % 9.6 sq mi 24.9 km 12,063 / sq mi 4,658 / km 34 ° 04 ′ 29 '' N 118 ° 01 ′ 45 '' W / 34.0746 ° N 118.0291 ° W / 34.0746 ; - 118.0291 ( El Monte ) 241 Springfield Illinois 115,715 116,250 3000539784946236550 ♠ − 0.46 % 60.1 sq mi 155.7 km 1,925 / sq mi 743 / km 39 ° 47 ′ 28 '' N 89 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W / 39.7911 ° N 89.6446 ° W / 39.7911 ; - 89.6446 ( Springfield ) 242 Fairfield California 114,756 105,321 7000895832739909420 ♠ + 8.96 % 40.9 sq mi 105.9 km 2,806 / sq mi 1,083 / km 38 ° 15 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W / 38.2593 ° N 122.0321 ° W / 38.2593 ; - 122.0321 ( Fairfield ) 243 Clearwater Florida 114,361 107,685 7000619956354181180 ♠ + 6.20 % 25.9 sq mi 67.1 km 4,415 / sq mi 1,705 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 46 ′ 00 '' W / 27.9789 ° N 82.7666 ° W / 27.9789 ; - 82.7666 ( Clearwater ) 244 Peoria Illinois 114,265 115,007 3000354821880407280 ♠ − 0.65 % 48.2 sq mi 124.8 km 2,371 / sq mi 915 / km 40 ° 45 ′ 05 '' N 89 ° 37 ′ 03 '' W / 40.7515 ° N 89.6174 ° W / 40.7515 ; - 89.6174 ( Peoria ) 245 Rochester Minnesota 114,011 106,769 7000678286768631340 ♠ + 6.78 % 54.6 sq mi 141.4 km 2,088 / sq mi 806 / km 44 ° 00 ′ 55 '' N 92 ° 28 ′ 38 '' W / 44.0154 ° N 92.4772 ° W / 44.0154 ; - 92.4772 ( Rochester ) 246 Carlsbad California 113,952 105,328 7000818775634209330 ♠ + 8.19 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 3,023 / sq mi 1,167 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 26 '' N 117 ° 16 ′ 58 '' W / 33.1239 ° N 117.2828 ° W / 33.1239 ; - 117.2828 ( Carlsbad ) 247 Westminster Colorado 113,875 106,114 7000731383229357110 ♠ + 7.31 % 31.7 sq mi 82.1 km 3,592 / sq mi 1,387 / km 39 ° 52 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 52 '' W / 39.8822 ° N 105.0644 ° W / 39.8822 ; - 105.0644 ( Westminster ) 248 West Jordan Utah 113,699 103,712 7000962955106448630 ♠ + 9.63 % 32.3 sq mi 83.7 km 3,520 / sq mi 1,360 / km 40 ° 36 ′ 09 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 03 '' W / 40.6024 ° N 112.0008 ° W / 40.6024 ; - 112.0008 ( West Jordan ) 249 Pearland Texas 113,570 91,252 7001244575461359750 ♠ + 24.46 % 46.3 sq mi 119.9 km 2,453 / sq mi 947 / km 29 ° 33 ′ 21 '' N 95 ° 19 ′ 23 '' W / 29.5558 ° N 95.3231 ° W / 29.5558 ; - 95.3231 ( Pearland ) 250 Richardson Texas 113,347 99,223 7001142346028642550 ♠ + 14.23 % 28.6 sq mi 74.1 km 3,963 / sq mi 1,530 / km 32 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 96 ° 42 ′ 29 '' W / 32.9723 ° N 96.7081 ° W / 32.9723 ; - 96.7081 ( Richardson ) 251 Downey California 113,267 111,772 7000133754428658340 ♠ + 1.34 % 12.4 sq mi 32.1 km 9,134 / sq mi 3,527 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 18 '' N 118 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W / 33.9382 ° N 118.1309 ° W / 33.9382 ; - 118.1309 ( Downey ) 252 Miami Gardens Florida 113,058 107,167 7000549702800302330 ♠ + 5.50 % 18.2 sq mi 47.1 km 6,212 / sq mi 2,398 / km 25 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 80 ° 14 ′ 37 '' W / 25.9489 ° N 80.2436 ° W / 25.9489 ; - 80.2436 ( Miami Gardens ) 253 Temecula California 113,054 100,097 7001129444438894270 ♠ + 12.94 % 37.3 sq mi 96.6 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 33 ° 29 ′ 35 '' N 117 ° 07 ′ 54 '' W / 33.4931 ° N 117.1317 ° W / 33.4931 ; - 117.1317 ( Temecula ) 254 Costa Mesa California 112,822 109,960 7000260276464168789 ♠ + 2.60 % 15.7 sq mi 40.7 km 7,186 / sq mi 2,775 / km 33 ° 39 ′ 57 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 44 '' W / 33.6659 ° N 117.9123 ° W / 33.6659 ; - 117.9123 ( Costa Mesa ) 255 College Station Texas 112,141 93,857 7001194806993617950 ♠ + 19.48 % 51.0 sq mi 132.1 km 2,199 / sq mi 849 / km 30 ° 35 ′ 07 '' N 96 ° 17 ′ 47 '' W / 30.5852 ° N 96.2964 ° W / 30.5852 ; - 96.2964 ( College Station ) 256 Elgin Illinois 112,123 108,188 7000363718711871930 ♠ + 3.64 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 2,998 / sq mi 1,158 / km 42 ° 02 ′ 23 '' N 88 ° 19 ′ 18 '' W / 42.0396 ° N 88.3217 ° W / 42.0396 ; - 88.3217 ( Elgin ) 257 Murrieta California 111,674 103,466 7000793304080567530 ♠ + 7.93 % 33.6 sq mi 87.0 km 3,324 / sq mi 1,283 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 11 ′ 25 '' W / 33.5721 ° N 117.1904 ° W / 33.5721 ; - 117.1904 ( Murrieta ) 258 Gresham Oregon 111,523 105,594 7000561490236187659 ♠ + 5.61 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,786 / sq mi 1,848 / km 45 ° 30 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 26 ′ 30 '' W / 45.5023 ° N 122.4416 ° W / 45.5023 ; - 122.4416 ( Gresham ) 259 High Point North Carolina 111,223 104,371 7000656504201358610 ♠ + 6.57 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,015 / sq mi 778 / km 35 ° 59 ′ 24 '' N 79 ° 59 ′ 26 '' W / 35.9900 ° N 79.9905 ° W / 35.9900 ; - 79.9905 ( High Point ) 260 Antioch California 110,898 102,372 7000832844918532410 ♠ + 8.33 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 3,772 / sq mi 1,456 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 45 '' N 121 ° 47 ′ 46 '' W / 37.9791 ° N 121.7962 ° W / 37.9791 ; - 121.7962 ( Antioch ) 261 Inglewood California 110,654 109,673 6999894477218640870 ♠ + 0.89 % 9.1 sq mi 23.6 km 12,160 / sq mi 4,700 / km 33 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 39 '' W / 33.9561 ° N 118.3443 ° W / 33.9561 ; - 118.3443 ( Inglewood ) 262 Cambridge Massachusetts 110,651 105,162 7000521956600292880 ♠ + 5.22 % 6.4 sq mi 16.6 km 17,289 / sq mi 6,675 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 71 ° 07 ′ 07 '' W / 42.3760 ° N 71.1187 ° W / 42.3760 ; - 71.1187 ( Cambridge ) 263 Lowell Massachusetts 110,558 106,519 7000379181178944600 ♠ + 3.79 % 13.6 sq mi 35.2 km 8,129 / sq mi 3,139 / km 42 ° 38 ′ 20 '' N 71 ° 19 ′ 16 '' W / 42.6390 ° N 71.3211 ° W / 42.6390 ; - 71.3211 ( Lowell ) 264 Manchester New Hampshire 110,506 109,565 6999858850910418460 ♠ + 0.86 % 33.1 sq mi 85.7 km 3,339 / sq mi 1,289 / km 42 ° 59 ′ 06 '' N 71 ° 26 ′ 39 '' W / 42.9849 ° N 71.4441 ° W / 42.9849 ; - 71.4441 ( Manchester ) 265 Billings Montana 110,323 104,170 7000590669098588850 ♠ + 5.91 % 43.7 sq mi 113.2 km 2,525 / sq mi 975 / km 45 ° 47 ′ 19 '' N 108 ° 33 ′ 00 '' W / 45.7885 ° N 108.5499 ° W / 45.7885 ; - 108.5499 ( Billings ) 266 Pueblo Colorado 110,291 106,595 7000346732961208310 ♠ + 3.47 % 53.6 sq mi 138.8 km 2,058 / sq mi 795 / km 38 ° 16 ′ 12 '' N 104 ° 36 ′ 44 '' W / 38.2699 ° N 104.6123 ° W / 38.2699 ; - 104.6123 ( Pueblo ) 267 Palm Bay Florida 110,104 103,190 7000670026165326100 ♠ + 6.70 % 65.7 sq mi 170.2 km 1,676 / sq mi 647 / km 27 ° 59 ′ 08 '' N 80 ° 39 ′ 45 '' W / 27.9856 ° N 80.6626 ° W / 27.9856 ; - 80.6626 ( Palm Bay ) 268 Centennial Colorado 109,932 100,377 7000951911294420040 ♠ + 9.52 % 29.5 sq mi 76.4 km 3,727 / sq mi 1,439 / km 39 ° 35 ′ 26 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W / 39.5906 ° N 104.8691 ° W / 39.5906 ; - 104.8691 ( Centennial ) 269 Richmond California 109,813 103,701 7000589386794727150 ♠ + 5.89 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,648 / sq mi 1,409 / km 37 ° 57 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 38 '' W / 37.9523 ° N 122.3606 ° W / 37.9523 ; - 122.3606 ( Richmond ) 270 Ventura California 109,592 106,433 7000296806441611150 ♠ + 2.97 % 21.8 sq mi 56.5 km 5,027 / sq mi 1,941 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 04 '' N 119 ° 15 ′ 15 '' W / 34.2678 ° N 119.2542 ° W / 34.2678 ; - 119.2542 ( Ventura ) 271 Pompano Beach Florida 109,393 99,845 7000956282237468080 ♠ + 9.56 % 24.0 sq mi 62.2 km 4,558 / sq mi 1,760 / km 26 ° 14 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 02 '' W / 26.2416 ° N 80.1339 ° W / 26.2416 ; - 80.1339 ( Pompano Beach ) 272 North Charleston South Carolina 109,298 97,471 7001121338654574180 ♠ + 12.13 % 73.7 sq mi 190.9 km 1,483 / sq mi 573 / km 32 ° 55 ′ 04 '' N 80 ° 03 ′ 54 '' W / 32.9178 ° N 80.0650 ° W / 32.9178 ; - 80.0650 ( North Charleston ) 273 Everett Washington 109,043 103,019 7000584746503072250 ♠ + 5.85 % 33.3 sq mi 86.2 km 3,275 / sq mi 1,264 / km 47 ° 57 ′ 24 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 29 '' W / 47.9566 ° N 122.1914 ° W / 47.9566 ; - 122.1914 ( Everett ) 274 Waterbury Connecticut 108,272 110,366 2999810267654893720 ♠ − 1.90 % 28.5 sq mi 73.8 km 3,799 / sq mi 1,467 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 31 '' N 73 ° 02 ′ 12 '' W / 41.5585 ° N 73.0367 ° W / 41.5585 ; - 73.0367 ( Waterbury ) 275 West Palm Beach Florida 108,161 99,919 7000824868143195990 ♠ + 8.25 % 55.1 sq mi 142.7 km 1,963 / sq mi 758 / km 26 ° 44 ′ 47 '' N 80 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W / 26.7464 ° N 80.1251 ° W / 26.7464 ; - 80.1251 ( West Palm Beach ) 276 Boulder Colorado 108,090 97,385 7001109924526364430 ♠ + 10.99 % 24.8 sq mi 64.2 km 4,358 / sq mi 1,683 / km 40 ° 01 ′ 37 '' N 105 ° 15 ′ 07 '' W / 40.0270 ° N 105.2519 ° W / 40.0270 ; - 105.2519 ( Boulder ) 277 West Covina California 107,847 106,098 7000164847593734090 ♠ + 1.65 % 16.0 sq mi 41.4 km 6,740 / sq mi 2,600 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 21 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 36 '' W / 34.0559 ° N 117.9099 ° W / 34.0559 ; - 117.9099 ( West Covina ) 278 Broken Arrow Oklahoma 107,403 98,850 7000865250379362670 ♠ + 8.65 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 1,741 / sq mi 672 / km 36 ° 02 ′ 11 '' N 95 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W / 36.0365 ° N 95.7810 ° W / 36.0365 ; - 95.7810 ( Broken Arrow ) 279 Clovis California 106,583 95,631 7001114523533163930 ♠ + 11.45 % 24.2 sq mi 62.7 km 4,404 / sq mi 1,700 / km 36 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 119 ° 41 ′ 06 '' W / 36.8282 ° N 119.6849 ° W / 36.8282 ; - 119.6849 ( Clovis ) 280 Daly City California 106,472 101,123 7000528959781652050 ♠ + 5.29 % 7.6 sq mi 19.7 km 14,009 / sq mi 5,409 / km 37 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 54 '' W / 37.7009 ° N 122.4650 ° W / 37.7009 ; - 122.4650 ( Daly City ) 281 Lakeland Florida 106,420 97,422 7000923610683418530 ♠ + 9.24 % 65.9 sq mi 170.7 km 1,615 / sq mi 624 / km 28 ° 03 ′ 20 '' N 81 ° 57 ′ 18 '' W / 28.0555 ° N 81.9549 ° W / 28.0555 ; - 81.9549 ( Lakeland ) 282 Santa Maria California 106,290 99,553 7000676724960573760 ♠ + 6.77 % 22.8 sq mi 59.1 km 4,662 / sq mi 1,800 / km 34 ° 56 ′ 00 '' N 120 ° 26 ′ 38 '' W / 34.9332 ° N 120.4438 ° W / 34.9332 ; - 120.4438 ( Santa Maria ) 283 Norwalk California 106,178 105,549 6999595931747340090 ♠ + 0.60 % 9.7 sq mi 25.1 km 10,946 / sq mi 4,226 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 05 ′ 01 '' W / 33.9076 ° N 118.0835 ° W / 33.9076 ; - 118.0835 ( Norwalk ) 284 Sandy Springs Georgia 105,703 93,853 7001126261280939340 ♠ + 12.63 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 2,804 / sq mi 1,083 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 53 '' N 84 ° 22 ′ 07 '' W / 33.9315 ° N 84.3687 ° W / 33.9315 ; - 84.3687 ( Sandy Springs ) 285 Hillsboro Oregon 105,164 91,611 7001147940749473320 ♠ + 14.79 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 4,207 / sq mi 1,624 / km 45 ° 31 ′ 41 '' N 122 ° 56 ′ 09 '' W / 45.5280 ° N 122.9357 ° W / 45.5280 ; - 122.9357 ( Hillsboro ) 286 Green Bay Wisconsin 105,139 104,057 7000103981471693400 ♠ + 1.04 % 45.4 sq mi 117.6 km 2,316 / sq mi 894 / km 44 ° 31 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 59 ′ 03 '' W / 44.5207 ° N 87.9842 ° W / 44.5207 ; - 87.9842 ( Green Bay ) 287 Tyler Texas 104,798 96,900 7000815067079463369 ♠ + 8.15 % 56.6 sq mi 146.6 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 02 '' N 95 ° 18 ′ 21 '' W / 32.3173 ° N 95.3059 ° W / 32.3173 ; - 95.3059 ( Tyler ) 288 Wichita Falls Texas 104,724 104,553 6999163553413101480 ♠ + 0.16 % 72.2 sq mi 187.0 km 1,450 / sq mi 560 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 24 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 33 '' W / 33.9067 ° N 98.5259 ° W / 33.9067 ; - 98.5259 ( Wichita Falls ) 289 Lewisville Texas 104,659 95,290 7000983209151012700 ♠ + 9.83 % 36.7 sq mi 95.1 km 2,852 / sq mi 1,101 / km 33 ° 02 ′ 48 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 54 '' W / 33.0466 ° N 96.9818 ° W / 33.0466 ; - 96.9818 ( Lewisville ) 290 Burbank California 104,447 103,340 7000107122121153470 ♠ + 1.07 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 6,003 / sq mi 2,318 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 24 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W / 34.1901 ° N 118.3264 ° W / 34.1901 ; - 118.3264 ( Burbank ) 291 Greeley Colorado 103,990 92,889 7001119508230253310 ♠ + 11.95 % 47.8 sq mi 123.8 km 2,176 / sq mi 840 / km 40 ° 24 ′ 55 '' N 104 ° 46 ′ 11 '' W / 40.4153 ° N 104.7697 ° W / 40.4153 ; - 104.7697 ( Greeley ) 292 San Mateo California 103,959 97,207 7000694600183114380 ♠ + 6.95 % 12.1 sq mi 31.3 km 8,592 / sq mi 3,317 / km 37 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 122 ° 18 ′ 38 '' W / 37.5603 ° N 122.3106 ° W / 37.5603 ; - 122.3106 ( San Mateo ) 293 El Cajon California 103,768 99,478 7000431251130903319 ♠ + 4.31 % 14.5 sq mi 37.6 km 7,156 / sq mi 2,763 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 06 '' N 116 ° 57 ′ 37 '' W / 32.8017 ° N 116.9604 ° W / 32.8017 ; - 116.9604 ( El Cajon ) 294 Jurupa Valley California 103,541 0 0000000000000000000 ♠ NA 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 2,414 / sq mi 932 / km 34 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 28 ′ 03 '' W / 34.0026 ° N 117.4676 ° W / 34.0026 ; - 117.4676 ( Jurupa Valley ) 295 Rialto California 103,314 99,171 7000417763257403879 ♠ + 4.18 % 22.3 sq mi 57.8 km 4,633 / sq mi 1,789 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W / 34.1118 ° N 117.3883 ° W / 34.1118 ; - 117.3883 ( Rialto ) 296 Davenport Iowa 102,612 99,685 7000293624918493250 ♠ + 2.94 % 62.9 sq mi 162.9 km 1,631 / sq mi 630 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 15 '' N 90 ° 36 ′ 14 '' W / 41.5541 ° N 90.6040 ° W / 41.5541 ; - 90.6040 ( Davenport ) 297 League City Texas 102,010 83,560 7001220799425562470 ♠ + 22.08 % 51.2 sq mi 132.6 km 1,992 / sq mi 769 / km 29 ° 29 ′ 24 '' N 95 ° 06 ′ 33 '' W / 29.4901 ° N 95.1091 ° W / 29.4901 ; - 95.1091 ( League City ) 298 Edison New Jersey 101,996 99,967 7000202966979103100 ♠ + 2.03 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,389 / sq mi 1,309 / km 40 ° 30 ′ 14 '' N 74 ° 20 ′ 58 '' W / 40.5040 ° N 74.3494 ° W / 40.5040 ; - 74.3494 ( Edison ) 299 Davie Florida 101,871 91,992 7001107389773023740 ♠ + 10.74 % 34.9 sq mi 90.4 km 2,919 / sq mi 1,127 / km 26 ° 04 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 17 ′ 06 '' W / 26.0791 ° N 80.2850 ° W / 26.0791 ; - 80.2850 ( Davie ) 300 Las Cruces New Mexico 101,759 97,618 7000424204552439100 ♠ + 4.24 % 76.9 sq mi 199.2 km 1,323 / sq mi 511 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 47 ′ 23 '' W / 32.3264 ° N 106.7897 ° W / 32.3264 ; - 106.7897 ( Las Cruces ) 301 South Bend Indiana 101,735 101,168 6999560453898465929 ♠ + 0.56 % 41.4 sq mi 107.2 km 2,457 / sq mi 949 / km 41 ° 40 ′ 37 '' N 86 ° 16 ′ 08 '' W / 41.6769 ° N 86.2690 ° W / 41.6769 ; - 86.2690 ( South Bend ) 302 Vista California 101,659 93,834 7000833919474817230 ♠ + 8.34 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 5,436 / sq mi 2,099 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 14 ′ 19 '' W / 33.1895 ° N 117.2386 ° W / 33.1895 ; - 117.2386 ( Vista ) 303 Woodbridge New Jersey 101,389 99,585 7000181151779886530 ♠ + 1.81 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,351 / sq mi 1,680 / km 40 ° 33 ′ 39 '' N 74 ° 17 ′ 34 '' W / 40.5607 ° N 74.2927 ° W / 40.5607 ; - 74.2927 ( Woodbridge ) 304 Renton Washington 100,953 90,927 7001110264277937250 ♠ + 11.03 % 23.4 sq mi 60.6 km 4,314 / sq mi 1,666 / km 47 ° 28 ′ 34 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 31 '' W / 47.4761 ° N 122.1920 ° W / 47.4761 ; - 122.1920 ( Renton ) 305 Lakewood New Jersey 100,758 92,843 7000852514459894660 ♠ + 8.53 % 24.7 sq mi 64.0 km 4,079 / sq mi 1,575 / km 40 ° 04 ′ 38 '' N 74 ° 12 ′ 01 '' W / 40.0771 ° N 74.2004 ° W / 40.0771 ; - 74.2004 ( Lakewood ) 306 San Angelo Texas 100,702 93,200 7000804935622317600 ♠ + 8.05 % 59.9 sq mi 155.1 km 1,681 / sq mi 649 / km 31 ° 26 ′ 28 '' N 100 ° 27 ′ 02 '' W / 31.4411 ° N 100.4505 ° W / 31.4411 ; - 100.4505 ( San Angelo ) 307 Clinton Michigan 100,392 96,796 7000371502954667550 ♠ + 3.72 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 3,573 / sq mi 1,380 / km 42 ° 35 ′ 25 '' N 82 ° 55 ′ 01 '' W / 42.5903 ° N 82.9170 ° W / 42.5903 ; - 82.9170 ( Clinton ) Distribution For cities with populations of 100,000 or more , the following distributions hold . Smaller incorporated places are not included . The mean density is 4,128.21 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,593.91 / km ) . The median is 3,160.85 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,220.41 / km ) . Population Number of municipal governments 1,000,000 + 10 300,000 -- 999,999 54 200,000 -- 299,999 51 100,000 -- 199,999 192 Total 307 State Number of cities CA 73 TX 38 FL 22 CO 12 AZ 10 NC 9 IL , WA 8 GA , MI , NJ , VA 7 OH , TN 6 CT , KS , MA , MO , NY , OR 5 AL , IN , LA , NV , OK , UT IA , MN , PA , SC , WI KY , NE , NM AK , AR , DC , HI , ID , MD , MS , MT , ND , NH , RI , SD DE , ME , VT , WV , WY 0 Gallery 1 . New York , New York 2 . Los Angeles , California 3 . Chicago , Illinois 4 . Houston , Texas 5 . Phoenix , Arizona 6 . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 7 . San Antonio , Texas 8 . San Diego , California 9 . Dallas , Texas 10 . San Jose , California 11 . Austin , Texas 12 . Jacksonville , Florida 13 . San Francisco , California 14 . Columbus , Ohio 15 . Indianapolis , Indiana 16 . Fort Worth , Texas 17 . Charlotte , North Carolina 18 . Seattle , Washington 19 . Denver , Colorado 20 . El Paso , Texas 21 . Washington , District of Columbia 22 . Boston , Massachusetts 23 . Detroit , Michigan 24 . Nashville , Tennessee 25 . Memphis , Tennessee 26 . Portland , Oregon 27 . Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 28 . Las Vegas , Nevada 29 . Louisville , Kentucky 30 . Baltimore , Maryland 31 . Milwaukee , Wisconsin 32 . Albuquerque , New Mexico 33 . Tucson , Arizona 34 . Fresno , California 35 . Sacramento , California 36 . Mesa , Arizona 37 . Kansas City , Missouri 38 . Atlanta , Georgia 39 . Long Beach , California 40 . Colorado Springs , Colorado 41 . Raleigh , North Carolina 42 . Miami , Florida 43 . Virginia Beach , Virginia 44 . Omaha , Nebraska 45 . Oakland , California 46 . Minneapolis , Minnesota 47 . Tulsa , Oklahoma 48 . Arlington , Texas 49 . New Orleans , Louisiana 50 . Wichita , Kansas Puerto Rico Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX 1 . San Juan , Puerto Rico The following table lists the five municipalities ( municipios ) of Puerto Rico with a population greater than 100,000 on July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau . The table below contains the following information : The municipio rank by population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The municipio The municipio population as of July 1 , 2017 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The municipio population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The municipio percent population change from April 1 , 2010 , to July 1 , 2017 The municipio land area as of January 1 , 2016 The municipio population density as of July 1 , 2017 ( residents per land area ) The municipio latitude and longitude coordinates 2017 rank Municipio 2017 estimate 2010 Census Change 2016 land area 2017 population density Location San Juan 337,288 395,326 2998853189519535779 ♠ − 14.68 % 39.5 sq mi 102.3 km 8,539 / sq mi 3,297 / km 18 ° 24 ′ 23 '' N 66 ° 03 ′ 50 '' W / 18.4064 ° N 66.0640 ° W / 18.4064 ; - 66.0640 ( San Juan ) Bayamón 179,565 208,116 2998862812085567660 ♠ − 13.72 % 27.0 sq mi 69.9 km 6,651 / sq mi 2,568 / km 18 ° 22 ′ 48 '' N 66 ° 09 ′ 48 '' W / 18.3801 ° N 66.1633 ° W / 18.3801 ; - 66.1633 ( Bayamón ) Carolina 154,489 176,762 2998873994410563360 ♠ − 12.60 % 20.7 sq mi 53.6 km 7,463 / sq mi 2,881 / km 18 ° 24 ′ 43 '' N 65 ° 58 ′ 47 '' W / 18.4120 ° N 65.9798 ° W / 18.4120 ; - 65.9798 ( Carolina ) Ponce 140,859 166,327 2998846879941320410 ♠ − 15.31 % 30.7 sq mi 79.5 km 4,588 / sq mi 1,771 / km 17 ° 59 ′ 15 '' N 66 ° 36 ′ 35 '' W / 17.9874 ° N 66.6097 ° W / 17.9874 ; - 66.6097 ( Ponce ) 5 Caguas 129,604 142,893 2999070003429139289 ♠ − 9.30 % 10.9 sq mi 28.2 km 11,890 / sq mi 4,590 / km 18 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 66 ° 02 ′ 20 '' W / 18.2321 ° N 66.0390 ° W / 18.2321 ; - 66.0390 ( Caguas ) Census - Designated places Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The following table lists U.S. census - designated places ( CDPs ) with populations of at least 100,000 according to the 2010 Census . A CDP is a concentration of population identified by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes . CDPs are delineated for each decennial census as the statistical counterparts of incorporated places such as cities , towns and villages . CDPs are populated areas that lack separate municipal government , but which otherwise physically resemble incorporated places . Unlike the incorporated cities in the main list , the US Census Bureau does not release annual population estimates for CDPs . The table below contains the following information : The city The state The city population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city population as of April 1 , 2000 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city percent population change from April 1 , 2000 , to April 1 , 2010 The city land area as of January 1 , 2010 The city population density as of April 1 , 2010 ( residents per land area ) The city ANSI INCITS 446 -- 2008 geographic code The city latitude and longitude coordinates City State 2010 Census 2000 Census Change 2010 land area 2010 population density ANSI Location Paradise Nevada 223,167 186,070 7001199371204385450 ♠ + 19.94 % 46.717 sq mi 120.996 km 4,777 / sq mi 1,844 / km 02409023 36 ° 04 ′ 51 '' N 115 ° 08 ′ 12 '' W / 36.08073 ° N 115.1368 ° W / 36.08073 ; - 115.1368 ( Paradise ) Arlington Virginia 207,627 189,453 7000959288055612739 ♠ + 9.59 % 25.98 sq mi 67.288 km 7,992 / sq mi 3,086 / km 38 ° 52 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 10 ′ 59 '' W / 38.880 ° N 77.183 ° W / 38.880 ; - 77.183 ( Arlington ) Sunrise Manor Nevada 189,372 156,120 7001212990007686400 ♠ + 21.30 % 33.352 sq mi 86.381 km 5,678 / sq mi 2,192 / km 02410035 36 ° 10 ′ 43 '' N 115 ° 02 ′ 56 '' W / 36.1785 ° N 115.0490 ° W / 36.1785 ; - 115.0490 ( Sunrise Manor ) Spring Valley Nevada 178,395 117,390 7001519677996422180 ♠ + 51.97 % 33.226 sq mi 86.055 km 5,369 / sq mi 2,073 / km 02408797 36 ° 05 ′ 55 '' N 115 ° 15 ′ 43 '' W / 36.0987 ° N 115.2619 ° W / 36.0987 ; - 115.2619 ( Spring Valley ) Metairie Louisiana 138,481 146,136 2999476172880056930 ♠ − 5.24 % 23.222 sq mi 60.145 km 5,963 / sq mi 2,302 / km 02403282 29 ° 59 ′ 52 '' N 90 ° 10 ′ 40 '' W / 29.9978 ° N 90.1779 ° W / 29.9978 ; - 90.1779 ( Metairie ) East Los Angeles California 126,496 124,283 7000178061359960740 ♠ + 1.78 % 7.448 sq mi 19.290 km 16,984 / sq mi 6,558 / km 02408711 34 ° 01 ′ 53 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 07 '' W / 34.0315 ° N 118.1686 ° W / 34.0315 ; - 118.1686 ( East Los Angeles ) Enterprise Nevada 108,481 14,676 7002639172799127830 ♠ + 639.17 % 46.513 sq mi 120.468 km 2,332 / sq mi 900 / km 02408084 36 ° 01 ′ 06 '' N 115 ° 12 ′ 55 '' W / 36.0182 ° N 115.2154 ° W / 36.0182 ; - 115.2154 ( Enterprise ) Brandon Florida 103,483 77,895 7001328493484819310 ♠ + 32.85 % 33.101 sq mi 85.731 km 3,126 / sq mi 1,207 / km 02402711 27 ° 56 ′ 10 '' N 82 ° 17 ′ 57 '' W / 27.9360 ° N 82.2993 ° W / 27.9360 ; - 82.2993 ( Brandon ) Cities formerly over 100,000 people The following table lists U.S. cities that , in past censuses , have had populations of at least 100,000 but have since decreased beneath this threshold or have been consolidated with or annexed into a neighboring city . The table below contains the following information : Name of city Name of state The city population as of July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city 's peak population based on highest official enumeration recorded by the Census ( and the year of that particular Census ) The numeric decline in population from its peak Census count to the most recent Census estimate in 2015 . The percent decline in population from its peak Census count to the most recent Census estimate in 2015 . Any additional notes of significant importance . City State 2016 estimated population Peak population ( year ) Numeric decline from peak population Percent decline from peak population Notes Albany New York 7004981110000000000 ♠ 98,111 7005134995000000000 ♠ 134,995 ( 1950 ) - 36,884 - 27.32 % 2.30 % from 2000 to 2010 Allegheny Pennsylvania N / A 7005129896000000000 ♠ 129,896 ( 1900 ) -- -- annexed by Pittsburgh in 1907 Brooklyn New York N / A 7005806343000000000 ♠ 806,343 ( 1890 ) -- -- consolidated with New York City in 1898 Camden New Jersey 7004744200000000000 ♠ 74,420 7005124555000000000 ♠ 124,555 ( 1950 ) - 50,135 - 40.25 % Canton Ohio 7004713230000000000 ♠ 71,323 7005116912000000000 ♠ 116,912 ( 1950 ) - 45,589 - 38.99 % Dearborn Michigan 7004944440000000000 ♠ 94,444 7005112007000000000 ♠ 112,007 ( 1960 ) - 17,563 - 15.68 % 9.93 % from 1990 to 2010 Duluth Minnesota 7004862930000000000 ♠ 86,293 7005107312000000000 ♠ 107,312 ( 1960 ) - 21,019 - 19.59 % Erie Pennsylvania 7004985930000000000 ♠ 98,593 7005138440000000000 ♠ 138,440 ( 1960 ) - 39,847 - 28.78 % Fall River Massachusetts 7004889300000000000 ♠ 88,930 7005120485000000000 ♠ 120,485 ( 1920 ) - 31,555 - 26.19 % Flint Michigan 7004973860000000000 ♠ 97,386 7005196940000000000 ♠ 196,940 ( 1960 ) - 99,554 - 50.55 % Gary Indiana 7004764240000000000 ♠ 76,424 7005178320000000000 ♠ 178,320 ( 1960 ) - 101,896 - 57.14 % Hammond Indiana 7004771340000000000 ♠ 77,134 7005111698000000000 ♠ 111,698 ( 1960 ) - 34,564 - 30.94 % Kenosha Wisconsin 7004996310000000000 ♠ 99,631 7005100150000000000 ♠ 100,150 ( 2012 est ) * - 519 - 0.52 % * Only recorded instance of surpassing 100,000 was July 1 , 2012 estimate Livonia Michigan 7004940410000000000 ♠ 94,041 7005110109000000000 ♠ 110,109 ( 1970 ) - 16,068 - 14.59 % Lynn Massachusetts 7004926970000000000 ♠ 92,697 7005102320000000000 ♠ 102,320 ( 1930 ) - 9,623 - 9.40 % 15.11 % from 1980 to 2010 New Bedford Massachusetts 7004950320000000000 ♠ 95,032 7005121217000000000 ♠ 121,217 ( 1920 ) - 26,185 - 21.60 % 1.39 % from 2000 to 2010 Niagara Falls New York 7004486320000000000 ♠ 48,632 7005102394000000000 ♠ 102,394 ( 1960 ) - 53,762 - 52.51 % Parma Ohio 7004794250000000000 ♠ 79,425 7005100216000000000 ♠ 100,216 ( 1970 ) - 20,791 - 20.75 % Portsmouth Virginia 7004952520000000000 ♠ 95,252 7005114773000000000 ♠ 114,773 ( 1960 ) - 19,521 - 17.01 % Reading Pennsylvania 7004875750000000000 ♠ 87,575 7005111171000000000 ♠ 111,171 ( 1930 ) - 23,596 - 21.22 % 12.38 % from 1990 to 2010 Roanoke Virginia 7004996600000000000 ♠ 99,660 7005100220000000000 ♠ 100,220 ( 1980 ) - 560 - 0.56 % 2.23 % from 2000 to 2010 Scranton Pennsylvania 7004772910000000000 ♠ 77,291 7005143333000000000 ♠ 143,333 ( 1930 ) - 66,042 - 46.08 % 1.6 % from 2010 to 2016 Somerville Massachusetts 7004813220000000000 ♠ 81,322 7005103908000000000 ♠ 103,908 ( 1930 ) - 22,586 - 21.74 % St. Joseph Missouri 7004764720000000000 ♠ 76,472 7005102979000000000 ♠ 102,979 ( 1900 ) - 26,507 - 25.74 % 6.86 % from 1990 to 2010 Trenton New Jersey 7004840560000000000 ♠ 84,056 7005128009000000000 ♠ 128,009 ( 1950 ) - 43,953 - 34.34 % Utica New York 7004606520000000000 ♠ 60,652 7005101740000000000 ♠ 101,740 ( 1930 ) - 41,088 - 40.39 % 2.61 % from 2000 to 2010 Wilmington Delaware 7004714420000000000 ♠ 71,442 7005112504000000000 ♠ 112,504 ( 1940 ) - 41,062 - 36.50 % Youngstown Ohio 7004643120000000000 ♠ 64,312 7005170002000000000 ♠ 170,002 ( 1930 ) - 105,690 - 62.17 % Locations of 50 most populous cities New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Philadelphia Phoenix San Antonio San Diego Dallas San Jose Austin Jacksonville San Francisco Indianapolis Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Seattle Denver El Paso Detroit Washington Boston Memphis Nashville Portland Oklahoma City Las Vegas Baltimore Louisville Milwaukee Albuquerque Tucson Fresno Sacramento Kansas City Long Beach Mesa Atlanta Colorado Springs Virginia Beach Raleigh Omaha Miami Oakland Minneapolis Tulsa Wichita New Orleans Arlington Location of 50 largest cities by population in the United States See also Geography portal North America portal United States portal Demographics of the United States United States Census Bureau List of U.S. states and territories by population List of metropolitan areas of the United States List of United States counties and county equivalents United States Office of Management and Budget The OMB has defined 1098 statistical areas comprising 388 MSAs , 541 μSAs , and 169 CSAs Primary statistical area -- List of the 574 PSAs Combined Statistical Area -- List of the 169 CSAs Core Based Statistical Area -- List of the 929 CBSAs Metropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 388 MSAs Micropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 541 μSAs Largest cities in the United States by population by decade List of U.S. states ' largest cities by population List of cities proper by population ( most populous cities in the world ) List of United States cities by area List of United States cities by population density Lists of populated places in the United States Shrinking cities in the United States Largest cities in the United States by population by decade References Jump up ^ Towns in New England , while incorporated on a level similar to cities in other states , are considered minor civil divisions by the Census Bureau and are not included in its list of incorporated places . A detailed discussion on this subject can be found at New England town # Census treatment of the New England town system . ^ Jump up to : The State of Hawai ʻi has no incorporated municipalities other than the City and County of Honolulu , which comprises the entire Island of Oʻahu . In accordance with Hawaiian law , the United States Census Bureau defines the state 's `` cities '' and `` towns '' as Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) . The Census Bureau defines the Urban Honolulu CDP as the portion of the City and County of Honolulu that is coextensive with the Judicial District of Honolulu . The Urban Honolulu CDP is what is generally thought of as the `` city '' of Honolulu , and its population is used here and in other population comparisons . The Urban Honolulu CDP is currently the most populous Census Designated Place in the United States . The Honolulu , HI Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises the entire City and County of Honolulu . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . U.S. Gazetteer Files . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Or Federal District in the case of Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Since 1898 , the City of New York , New York , has comprised five boroughs with consolidated borough -- county governments : The Borough of Brooklyn and Kings County ( pop . 2,629,150 ) The Borough of Queens and Queens County ( pop . 2,333,054 ) The Borough of Manhattan and New York County ( pop . 1,643,734 ) The Borough of the Bronx and Bronx County ( pop . 1,455,720 ) The Borough of Staten Island and Richmond County ( pop . 476,015 ) Jump up ^ City wins census appeal ; count adjusted -- Houston Chronicle . Chron.com ( December 3 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The City of Philadelphia and Philadelphia County , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The City of Jacksonville , Florida , and Duval County , Florida , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Jacksonville comprises all of Duval County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The City and County of San Francisco , California has a consolidated city and county government . Jump up ^ The City of Indianapolis , Indiana , and Marion County , Indiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Indianapolis comprises all of Marion County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . See Indianapolis ( balance ) . Jump up ^ The City and County of Denver , Colorado , has a consolidated city and county government . Jump up ^ The City of Washington was consolidated with the District of Columbia in 1871 . Jump up ^ Nashville is a consolidated city - county . The population given is for the entire city - county , excluding other incorporated places lying within the city - county limits . ( See Nashville - Davidson ( balance ) , Tennessee ) . As of 2010 , the population of the city - county including other incorporated places was 626,681 . Jump up ^ The City of Louisville , Kentucky , and Jefferson County , Kentucky , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Louisville comprises all of Jefferson County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . See Louisville / Jefferson County metro government ( balance ) , Kentucky . ^ Jump up to : This is an independent city that is not part of any county . Jump up ^ The City of New Orleans , Louisiana , and Orleans Parish , Louisiana , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . Jump up ^ The City of Lexington , Kentucky , and Fayette County , Kentucky , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The Municipality of Anchorage , Alaska , is a unified home rule municipality that functions as both a city and a borough . Jump up ^ The Town of Gilbert , Arizona , is currently the most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ The City of Baton Rouge , Louisiana , and East Baton Rouge Parish , Louisiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . The City of Baton Rouge has retained its own city limits within East Baton Rouge Parish . Jump up ^ Officially listed in US Census Bureau records as Boise City Jump up ^ The City of Columbus , Georgia , and Muscogee County , Georgia , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The City of Augusta , Georgia , and Richmond County , Georgia , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Augusta comprises all of Richmond County except the two other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The Town of Cary , North Carolina , is currently the second most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ After approval by local voters in a 2012 referendum , the City of Macon , Georgia merged with most of unincorporated Bibb County , Georgia on January 1 , 2014 . The new consolidated government is officially `` Macon - Bibb County . '' Jump up ^ Kansas City , Kansas , and Wyandotte County , Kansas , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Kansas City comprises all of Wyandotte County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The City of Lafayette , Louisiana , and Lafayette Parish , Louisiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . The City of Lafayette comprises all of Lafayette Parish except the other incorporated municipalities within the parish . Jump up ^ The City of Athens , Georgia , and Clarke County , Georgia , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Athens comprises all of Clarke County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ Official name is San Buenaventura Jump up ^ Jurupa Valley was incorporated as a city on July 1 , 2011 from various portions of unincorporated territory in Riverside County , California . Because of this , there is no official 2010 Census population . ^ Jump up to : In the state of New Jersey , townships are full - fledged municipalities on par with any town , city , borough , or village . `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions , by County : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . 2016 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . May 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Town of Davie , Florida , is currently the third most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ In the state of Michigan , charter townships are municipalities on par with any other incorporated city . `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions , by County : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . 2016 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . May 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Governments '' ( PDF ) . Government Organization . U.S. Census Bureau . December 2002 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' . 2017 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . April 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The population of all North Side neighborhoods of Pittsburgh ( 41,120 ) , plus Census Tract 4270 Blocks 2 & 3 , which are the sections of Millvale , Pennsylvania that were formally part of Allegheny City . ( an additional 2,301 ) , which totals to 43,421 . All data from the 2010 Census . Jump up ^ The population for Brooklyn in the 2010 Census was 2,504,700 . However , since Brooklyn is now a borough of the City of New York and thus no longer its own separate city , for the purposes of this chart , its current population will be regarded as negligible . 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7434921455110723746 | Worst Cooks in America | Worst Cooks in America - Wikipedia Worst Cooks in America Worst Cooks in America Genre Reality television Cooking show Judges Anne Burrell ( season 1 -- present ) Beau MacMillan ( season 1 ) Robert Irvine ( season 2 , 14 - present ) Bobby Flay ( season 3 -- 5 ) Tyler Florence ( season 6 , 8 , 12 - 13 ) Rachael Ray ( season 7 , 9 -- 11 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 39 Production Executive producer ( s ) Bob Kirsh Nicola Moody Pip Wells Production location ( s ) Los Angeles , California and New York City Running time 42 Minutes Production company ( s ) Optomen Productions , Inc . Release Original network Food Network Original release January 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) -- present Chronology Followed by Worst Bakers in America External links Production website Worst Cooks in America is an American reality television series that premiered on January 3 , 2010 , on the Food Network . The show takes 12 to 16 contestants ( referred to as `` recruits '' ) with very poor cooking skills through a culinary boot camp , to earn a cash prize of $25,000 and a Food Network cooking set . The recruits are trained on the various basic cooking techniques including : baking , knife skills , temperature , seasoning and preparation . The final challenge is to cook a restaurant quality three - course meal for three food critics . Contents 1 History 2 Season 1 : 2010 2.1 Recruits 2.2 Contestant progress 3 Season 2 : 2011 3.1 Recruits 3.2 Contestant progress 3.3 Differences between seasons 1 and 2 4 Season 3 : 2012 4.1 Recruits 4.2 Contestant progress 5 Season 4 : 2013 5.1 Recruits 5.2 Contestant progress 6 Season 5 : 2014 6.1 Recruits 6.2 Contestant progress 7 Season 6 : 2015 7.1 Recruits 7.2 Contestant progress 8 Season 7 : Celebrity Edition 8.1 Recruits 8.2 Contestant progress 9 Season 8 : 2016 9.1 Recruits 9.2 Contestant progress 10 Season 9 : Celebrity Edition 2 10.1 Recruits 10.2 Contestant progress 11 Season 10 : 2017 11.1 Recruits 11.2 Contestant progress 12 Season 11 : Celebrity Edition 3 12.1 Recruits 12.2 Contestant progress 13 Season 12 : 2018 13.1 Recruits 13.2 Contestant progress 14 Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 14.1 Recruits 14.2 Contestant progress 15 Season 14 : 2018 15.1 Recruits 15.2 Contestant progress 16 Judging records 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) The show premiered on January 3 , 2010 . The show was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1 . MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2 , followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3 -- 5 . On November 20 , 2014 , a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Burrell to host Season 6 , to debut on January 4 , 2015 . Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4 -- 5 . Rachael Ray and Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition , which premiered September 23 , 2015 . During the finale of Season 7 , a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence . Season 1 : 2010 ( edit ) Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp . They have six recruits each , and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left . The final two create a three - course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs . Recruits ( edit ) Twelve chefs competed in the first season of Worst Cooks in America . Hometowns and occupations are available from the Food Network website . Chef Anne 's team was known as the Red Team and Chef Beau 's team was known as the Blue Team . Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Rachel Coleman 23 Brooklyn , New York Marketing Website editor Winner February 1 Jennifer `` Jenny '' Cross 21 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Waitress Runner - up February 1 Jennifer `` Jen '' Vecchio 38 Cumberland , Rhode Island Dance Studio Owner Eliminated January 31 Eddie Chang 32 Jersey City , New Jersey IT project manager Marque Hernandez 41 Brea , California Director of Clinical Operations Eliminated January 24 Rebecca Hooper 43 Sandy , Utah Salon Owner Sophia Gettys 27 Aurora , Colorado Stay - at - home Mom Eliminated January 17 Susie Shoman 53 Georgetown , South Carolina Grants administrator and entrepreneur Kelly Johnson 31 Scottsdale , Arizona Corporate litigation attorney Eliminated January 10 David Summey 29 Charlotte , North Carolina Salesman Wilhelmina Josephine 29 Aliso Viejo , California Insurance claims adjuster Eliminated January 3 Hamed Hamad 24 North Hollywood , California Journalist and fashion consultant Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Rachel IN IN IN IN WIN BTM 4 WIN WINNER Jenny * IN IN IN WIN IN BTM 4 WIN RUNNER - UP Jen IN IN WIN IN WIN WIN OUT Eddie BTM 4 WIN BTM 4 BTM 4 IN WIN OUT 5 Marque WIN WIN BTM 4 BTM 4 IN OUT 6 Rebecca WIN BTM 4 IN WIN IN OUT 7 Sophia * IN IN IN OUT 8 Susie IN BTM 4 IN OUT 9 Kelly IN OUT 10 David BTM 4 OUT 11 Wilhelmina OUT 12 Hamed OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM 4 ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Beau won the bet on whose team member made the best crepes . Season 2 : 2011 ( edit ) Casting for season 2 of Worst Cooks in America was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport , Hotel & Convention Center on March 27 , 2010 . The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2 . Food Network 's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2 . Season 2 debuted on January 2 , 2011 . In this season the chefs had eight recruits each . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Joshie Berger 36 Brooklyn , New York Attorney Winner February 20 Georgann `` Georg '' Coleman 38 Chicago , Illinois Speech pathologist Runner - up February 20 Carlos Manuel 28 Atlanta , Georgia Banker Eliminated February 13 Kelsey Milos 22 Kings , Illinois Hair stylist Kat Rose 37 Newnan , Georgia Stay - at - home mother Eliminated February 6 Tyrone `` Ty '' Miller 33 Trenton , New Jersey Property manager Jennifer `` Jen '' MacLean 43 Sparta , New Jersey Operating room nurse Eliminated January 30 Kelly Gray 32 New York , New York Aerobics instructor Erika Rumsey 27 Elgin , Illinois Account manager Eliminated January 23 Anna Altomari 44 Aliso Viejo , California RN Case manager Priscilla Harden 60 Sugar Land , Texas Retired teacher Eliminated January 16 Matt Crespi 24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania PhD Student Anthony Scinto 32 Crestwood , Illinois Mechanical engineer Eliminated January 9 Jeff Longcor 25 Somerville , Massachusetts Environmental contractor Lina Yu 28 Arcadia , California Production manager Eliminated January 2 Eric Ricupero 34 Quincy , Massachusetts Bar owner Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode Rank Contestant 5 6 7 Joshie IN IN IN WIN WIN 9th IN IN BTM BTM IN WINNER Georg IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Carlos IN IN WIN WIN IN 6th WIN WIN WIN WIN OUT Kelsey * WIN IN IN WIN BTM 2nd BTM IN WIN IN OUT 5 Kat * WIN IN BTM IN IN BTM BTM BTM OUT 6 Ty IN IN IN IN BTM 3rd IN BTM OUT 7 Jen IN BTM IN WIN IN 7th IN OUT 8 Kelly IN IN IN IN IN 5th WIN OUT 9 Erika BTM WIN IN WIN IN 8th OUT 10 Anna IN IN IN IN WIN 4th OUT 11 Priscilla IN IN BTM WIN OUT 12 Matt BTM IN WIN IN OUT 13 Anthony IN IN OUT 14 Jeff IN BTM OUT 15 Lina OUT 16 Eric OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Robert won the bet on whose team member made the best burgers . Differences between seasons 1 and 2 ( edit ) In the first episode , a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were . After tasting all the items , the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef . The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team . In the second season , the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode . In the penultimate episode of the season , the remaining four recruits learned and replicated a dessert . After this , in the first season , the recruits had to instruct a group of high school students how to replicate the dessert recipe . In the second one , the recruits were assigned the dessert to serve after both chefs , and a special guest enjoyed a main dish . After learning and replicating a dessert , the recruits had to prepare a meal for both chefs and a surprise guest , usually a spouse or other family member . The first season 's main dishes were an improved version of the recruits ' audition meal . The special guests in the second season got to choose what they wanted the students to make them . Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer , main dish , and dessert for a panel of three food critics . The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses . In season 2 , the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant . Season 3 : 2012 ( edit ) Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3 replacing Robert Irvine . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kelli Powers 40 Los Angeles , California Stay - at - home mother Winner April 1 Vinnie Caligiuri 47 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Mortgage broker Runner - up April 1 Melissa Rhodes 28 Naples , Florida Nursing Student Eliminated March 25 David Shelton 26 Longview , Texas Unemployed Tiffany Michelle 27 Los Angeles , California Poker player and actress Eliminated March 18 Dorothy Strouhal 38 Cove , Texas Make - up artist Anthony Schiano 33 Massapequa , New York Mechanical engineer Eliminated March 11 Benjamin Dennis 37 Dallas , Texas Stay - at - home father Quit March 11 Sean `` Bennett '' Bennett 36 New York City Automotive Spokesperson Eliminated March 4 Sarina Weeraprajuk 31 West Covina , California Wedding photographer Erica Weidner 53 Long Beach , New York Court Reporter Student Eliminated February 26 Robert `` Bob '' Tamke 44 Massapequa Park , New York DJ Sherrill Moss - Solomon 55 New York , New York Fundraiser Eliminated February 19 Rachel Margolin 31 New York , New York Night Club Promoter Richard Chen 55 Queens , New York Attorney Eliminated February 12 Libby Floyd 46 Eden Prairie , Minnesota ShopNBC host Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Kelli WIN IN IN IN IN IN BTM WIN BTM WIN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Vinnie IN WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Melissa IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN BTM IN OUT David IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT 5 Tiffany WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN BTM IN OUT 6 Dorothy IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN WIN WIN WIN OUT 7 Anthony IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN OUT 8 Benjamin IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN QUIT 9 Bennett IN IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 10 Sarina BTM IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 11 Erica IN IN BTM IN OUT 12 Bob IN WIN IN IN OUT 13 Sherrill IN BTM OUT 14 Rachel BTM BTM OUT 15 Richard OUT 16 Libby OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 , Team Bobby ( blue team ) won the first challenge , he therefore got to choose one person from Team Anne ( red team ) to go to his team , and then choose one person from his team to go to the other team . He chose David to go to Team Anne 's team and chose Melissa from Team Anne 's team to join his team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to quit Season 4 : 2013 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Alina Bolshakova 28 Riga , Latvia Caretaker / Actress Winner March 31 Rasheeda Brown 30 Germantown , Maryland Correctional Officer Runner - up March 31 Chet Pourciau 40 New Orleans , Louisiana Interior Designer Eliminated March 24 Suzanne `` Sue '' Mangogna 42 Northport , New York Single Mother Carla Johnson 47 Long Beach , California Alcohol & Drug Counselor Eliminated March 17 Michael Haydin 25 Rye Brook , New York Accountant Carrie Lee Riggins 32 Carmel , New York Ballerina / Actress Eliminated March 10 Crystal Lonneberg 30 Weehawken , New Jersey Actress / Artist Aadip Desai 36 Sacramento , California Writer / Musician Eliminated March 3 Alex Stein 26 Dallas , Texas Bail Bondsman Michael `` Big Mike '' Paul 24 Thomson , Georgia Woodworker Eliminated February 24 Robert `` Dr. Bob '' Schaefer 58 Pleasant Hill , California Chiropractor Tim Burger 42 Novi , Michigan Former Marine Eliminated February 17 Diana De Rosa 62 Huntington , New York Photographer Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Alina BTM WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN WIN IN WIN WINNER Rasheeda IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Chet WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT Sue IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN WIN WIN OUT 5 Carla IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM BTM WIN OUT 6 Michael WIN IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM IN OUT 7 Carrie Lee IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 8 Crystal IN WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 9 Aadip IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Alex IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Mike IN BTM OUT 12 Bob BTM BTM OUT 13 Tim OUT 14 Diana OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 5 : 2014 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Amber Brauner 37 Redlands , California Tattoo Artist Winner March 31 Jamie Thomas 41 New York , New York Flight Attendant Runner - up March 31 Daniel `` Danny '' Beyda 43 Long Island , New York Radiologist Eliminated March 24 Mike Glazer 30 Chicago , Illinois Writer Carie Pullano - Keller 34 Chester , Virginia Promotional Model Eliminated March 17 Stephanie St. Aubin 26 Washington , DC Secretary Danielle Ruiz - Wiley 25 Staten Island , New York Stay at Home Mom Eliminated March 10 Carol Holder 64 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Joe Slaughter 28 Los Angeles , California Actor / Dancer Eliminated March 3 Ken Hsu 29 Seattle , Washington Personal Trainer Lance Green 31 New York , New York Music Producer Eliminated February 24 Benjamin `` Benji '' Hunter Brown III 29 Nashville , Tennessee Live Music Booking Agent Muneerah Warner 33 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Abstinence Advisor Eliminated February 16 Casey Pentony 26 Hollywood , California Nurse Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Amber WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN BTM IN WIN IN WIN WINNER Jamie WIN IN WIN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Danny IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM IN OUT Mike IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 5 Carie IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 6 Stephanie IN IN BTM IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Danielle IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 8 Carol IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN OUT 9 Joe IN IN WIN WIN OUT 10 Ken IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Lance BTM IN OUT 12 Benji BTM IN OUT 13 Muneerah OUT 14 Casey OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 Team Anne ( red team ) won the first challenge , she therefore got to choose one person from Team Bobby ( blue team ) to go to her team , and then chose one person from her team to go to the other team . She chose Stephanie to go to Team Bobby 's team and chose Carie from Team Bobby 's team to join her team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( IN ) The contestant get switched by the host to the other team . Ex : A member of the red team goes to the blue team , and a member of the blue team goes to the red team . Season 6 : 2015 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6 , replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons . The season premiered on January 4 , 2015 to 2,123,000 viewers . The second episode was lower at 1,456,000 viewers , with the third episode rising to 1,732,000 viewers and the fourth episode reached 1,689,000 viewers . the 5th episode reached 1,634,000 viewers . The sixth episode received 1.55 million viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kristen Redmond 25 Austin , Texas Singer / Songwriter Winner February 15 Genique Freeman 33 Fayetteville , North Carolina Esthetician Runner - up February 15 Leopold `` Leo '' Nunan 36 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Performance Artist Eliminated February 8 Sarah Bettendorf 33 Los Angeles , California Art Teacher Norman Wilson 46 Detroit , Michigan Executive Protection Eliminated February 1 Sharif Dean 27 Los Angeles , California Personal Trainer David Eric Rosenberg 51 Las Vegas , Nevada Theatre Usher Eliminated January 25 Kortni Montgomery 25 New Orleans , Louisiana Customer Service Rep Michael `` Six '' Muldoon 25 Queens , New York Magician Eliminated January 18 Mike Kennedy 45 Scottsdale , Arizona Private Investigator Stephanie Streisand * 25 Los Angeles , California Writer Withdrew January 11 Susie Babin 61 Bush , Louisiana Retired Eliminated January 11 Jason Dixon 30 Chicago , Illinois Artist Eliminated January 5 Christina Oster 38 Zion , Illinois Single Mom Contestant Stephanie Streisand was deemed too ill to continue on January 11 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Kristen IN WIN WIN IN IN WIN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Genique IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Leo IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT Sarah WIN IN IN BTM BTM IN WIN WIN BTM WIN OUT 5 Norman WIN IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN OUT 6 Sharif IN WIN BTM WIN IN IN BTM IN OUT 7 David BTM IN BTM IN WIN BTM OUT 8 Kortni BTM IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 9 Six IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Mike IN BTM IN IN OUT 11 Stephanie IN IN WDR 12 Susie IN BTM OUT 13 Jason OUT 14 Christina OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness . Season 7 : Celebrity Edition ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 7 . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . Because this season had only 7 total recruits , each team 's worst recruit from that week 's Main Dish challenge competed head to head in a quickfire elimination challenge instead of eliminating both recruits each week . This challenge involved more basic cooking techniques ( e.g. knife skills ) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael . The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Jenni `` JWoww '' Farley 29 Reality Television Star Winner October 28 Kendra Wilkinson 30 Former Playboy Model & Television Personality Runner - up October 28 Ellen Cleghorne 49 Saturday Night Live Actress Eliminated October 21 Barry Williams 60 The Brady Bunch Actor Eliminated October 14 Chris Soules 33 The Bachelor Star Eliminated October 7 Jaleel White 38 Actor , Television Host Eliminated September 30 Dean Cain 48 Television Actor Eliminated September 23 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Jenni IN WIN IN WIN WIN WINNER Kendra IN WIN BTM WIN BTM RUNNER - UP Ellen WIN IN WIN BTM OUT Barry BTM BTM WIN OUT 5 Chris WIN IN OUT 6 Jaleel IN OUT 7 Dean OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 8 : 2016 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Nick Slater 24 Rancho Cucamonga , California Construction Worker Winner February 14 Lawrence Crawford 26 Deptford , New Jersey Army Combat Medic Runner - up February 14 Ginny Meerman 50 Millersville , Maryland Project Supervisor Eliminated February 7 Taylor Hooper 24 Boston , Massachusetts Marine Veteran Holgie Forrester 66 Twentynine Palms , California Retired / Actress Eliminated January 31 Chanda Havard 36 Chicago , Illinois Real Estate Agent Donna Koen 60 Newburyport , Massachusetts Lunch Lady & Hairdresser Eliminated January 24 Rachel Thomas 27 Tampa , Florida Stay - at - Home Wife Ernie Adkins 44 Mardela Springs , Maryland Truck driver Eliminated January 17 Glenda Galeano 40 Miami , Florida Event Coordinator / Actress Ty Snow 39 Pasadena , California Special Education Teacher Eliminated January 10 Cindy Nguyen 28 Las Vegas , Nevada Bartender David Fouts 42 Wales , Wisconsin Senior Project Manager Eliminated January 4 Jeni Erdman 51 Dousman , Wisconsin Group Tour Coordinator Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Nick WIN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN TIE WIN WINNER Lawrence IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN RUNNER - UP Ginny WIN BTM WIN IN BTM TIE IN WIN WIN OUT Taylor IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN WIN TIE OUT 5 Holgie IN WIN IN IN IN TIE BTM IN OUT 6 Chanda BTM IN IN BTM WIN WIN BTM IN OUT 7 Donna IN BTM WIN IN IN BTM OUT 8 Rachel BTM IN BTM WIN WIN BTM OUT 9 Ernie IN BTM IN IN OUT 10 Glenda IN BTM BTM BTM OUT 11 Ty IN IN OUT 12 Cindy IN IN OUT 13 David OUT 14 Jeni OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 9 : Celebrity Edition 2 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . The season premiered on September 14 , 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Loni Love 44 The Real Co-Host & Comedian Winner November 2 Nicole Sullivan 46 Former MadTV Star , Comedian , & Actress Runner - up November 2 John Henson 49 Former Talk Soup & Wipeout host Eliminated October 26 Mike Situation Sorrentino 34 Reality Television Personality Matt Dallas 33 Television Actor & YouTube Personality Eliminated October 19 Mindy Cohn 50 The Facts of Life & Scooby - Doo Actress Eliminated October 12 Tommy Davidson 52 Comedian & Actor Eliminated September 28 Barbara Eden 85 Film & Television Actress ( I Dream of Jeannie & Harper Valley P.T.A. ) Eliminated September 21 Kenya Moore 45 Miss USA 1993 & The Real Housewives of Atlanta Star Eliminated September 14 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Loni IN IN TIE IN WIN IN IN WINNER Nicole IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN IN RUNNER - UP WIN WIN BTM WIN IN BTM OUT Mike IN BTM WIN WIN IN WIN OUT 5 Matt WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 6 Mindy IN IN TIE BTM OUT 7 Tommy IN IN OUT 8 Barbara BTM OUT 9 Kenya OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 10 : 2017 ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10 . The season premiered on January 1 , 2017 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Daniel Mar 35 Burbank , California Photographer Winner March 5 Ann Odogwu 34 Houston , Texas Flight Attendant Runner - Up March 5 Laura Docker 36 Fort Worth , Texas Lawyer Eliminated February 26 Mandy Thornton 24 Hanover , Massachusetts Medical Assistant Adam Cooke 32 Rancho Cucamonga , California Auto Mechanic Eliminated February 19 Brittany Lenore 27 Chicago , Illinois Spiritual Speaker Jeff West 36 Douglassville , Pennsylvania Vending Machine President Eliminated February 12 Kayla Kurtz 27 Kent , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 29 Maria Marcello 40 Torrance , California Stay - at - Home Mom Matt Josephs 35 Richmond , Virginia Sports Radio Producer Eliminated January 22 Jake Michaels 21 Manteno , Illinois Model & Singer Eliminated January 15 Jetta Linda Ostrofsky 66 Sacramento , California Retired Stephen Hawkins 67 Temecula , California Retired Eliminated January 8 Buffy Mykkanen 29 Portland , Oregon Tech Support Cedrick Miller 22 El Paso , Texas Cashier Eliminated January 1 Lester Turchin 65 Fort Lauderdale , Florida Retired Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Daniel IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN WINNER Ann WIN IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN SAVE IN IN RUNNER - UP Mandy IN IN IN TIE IN WIN WIN BTM IN BTM IN OUT Laura IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN WIN IN OUT 5 Brittany WIN IN IN TIE WIN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT 6 Adam IN IN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Jeff IN WIN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN IN OUT 8 Maria IN IN WIN IN WIN OUT 9 Kayla IN IN IN TIE SAVE OUT 10 Matt IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Jetta IN IN BTM OUT 12 Jake BTM IN IN OUT 13 Stephen BTM IN OUT 14 Buffy IN IN OUT 15 Cedrick OUT 16 Lester OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . In Episode 6 , Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to send anyone from their teams home . Season 11 : Celebrity Edition 3 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition . The season premiered on August 23 , 2017 Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Perez Hilton 39 Gossip Blogger Winner October 11 Melissa Peterman 46 Actress & Comedienne Runner - up October 11 Nora Dunn 65 Actress & Comedienne Eliminated October 4 Vivica A. Fox 53 Actress Eliminated October 4 Sean Lowe 33 Reality Star Eliminated September 27 Carmen Electra 45 Model & Actress Withdrew September 13 due to injuries Carson Kressley 47 TV Personality Eliminated September 6 Erik Estrada 68 Star of CHiPs Eliminated August 30 Note : Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20 . In Episode 7 , airing on October 4 , both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill . Vivica won the drill , re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge . Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Perez IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WINNER Melissa IN WIN IN WIN WIN IN SAVE IN BTM IN IN IN WIN RUNNER - UP Nora SAVE TIE IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT Vivica IN IN IN IN WIN TIE SAVE IN OUT RTN OUT 5 Sean IN IN IN IN BTM TIE IN IN IN IN OUT 6 Carmen BTM IN BTM WIN IN WDR 7 Carson IN TIE WIN IN OUT 8 Erik IN TIE OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness or injury . ( RTN ) The contestant won the redemption Skill Drill and returned to the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . Season 12 : 2018 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 12 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Hazell Mckenzie 36 Brooklyn , New York Graduate Student Winner March 11 Steven Crowley 31 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Runner - Up March 11 Asaf Goren 25 Los Angeles , California Dancer Eliminated March 4 Sharon Shvarzman 32 Staten Island , New York Drag Performer Shatima Ruffin 34 Hampton Roads , Virginia Receptionist Eliminated February 25 Lacey Stout 28 Collinsville , Oklahoma Stay - at - Home Mom Robyn Hayden 31 Charleston , South Carolina Balloon Artist Eliminated February 18 Brandon Arroyo 27 Cleveland , Ohio Sports Reporter Eliminated February 11 Spencer Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Sylvia Jefferies 47 Charleston , South Carolina Stay - at - Home Mom Quit January 28 Lily Frey 63 Anaheim , California Retired Eliminated January 28 Skyler Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Eliminated January 21 Priscilla Nguyen 26 Hattiesburg , Mississippi Receptionist Eliminated January 14 Kevin Pettice 24 Charlotte , North Carolina Administrative Assistant Kayrene Curtis 44 Rocky River , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 7 Jonathan Farhat 37 Livermore , California Safety Professional Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hazell WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN WINNER Steven BTM IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Sharon WIN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM OUT Asaf IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM OUT 5 Lacey * IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT 6 Shatima IN IN BTM BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 7 Robyn IN IN IN WIN BTM BTM OUT 8 Brandon IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT 9 Spencer * BTM IN BTM IN BTM OUT 10 Lily IN WIN IN OUT 11 Sylvia IN BTM BTM QUIT 12 Skyler IN BTM OUT 13 Priscilla IN OUT 14 Kevin IN OUT 15 Jonathan OUT 16 Kayrene OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to leave the competition . In episode 5 , contestants Lacey and Spencer switch teams instead of being eliminated , Lacey on Chef Anne 's Team and Spencer on Chef Tyler 's team . Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 ( edit ) Tyler Florence returns with Anne Burrell to host season 4 of the Celebrity Edition . This is the first Celebrity Edition to not feature Rachael Ray as a judge . The season premiered on April 15 , 2018 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status La Toya Jackson 61 Singer & Icon Winner May 20 Ian Ziering 53 Actor Runner - Up May 20 Catherine Bach 64 The Dukes of Hazzard Star Eliminated May 13 Oscar Nunez 59 The Office Star Maria Bamford 48 Comedienne Eliminated May 6 Nolan Gould 19 Modern Family Star Eliminated April 29 Bronson Pinchot 58 Actor Eliminated April 22 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 La Toya WIN WIN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Ian WIN IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Catherine IN WIN IN BTM OUT Oscar BTM BTM BTM IN OUT 5 Maria IN IN IN OUT 6 Nolan SAVE IN OUT 7 Bronson IN OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenged and was out of the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . Season 14 : 2018 ( edit ) Robert Irvine joins Anne Burrell to host season 14 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Copan Combs 30 Stillwater , Oklahoma Academic Recruiter Marcus Ellis 51 Queens , New York Mental health counselor Bradley Garcia 22 Miami , Florida Model Sarah Harris 23 Porum , Oklahoma Janese Henry 30 Spring Lake , North Carolina Linda Martin 60 Somerville , Massachusetts Jessica Paulson 26 EMT Rudy Rehburg 30 Chicago , Illinois Property Preservation Specialist Frank Scuderi 40 Maple Shade , New Jersey Timmy Thok 29 New York , New York Underwear Model Carla Waddell 46 Alexandria , Virginia Human Resources Kimberly Worthy 33 Atlanta , Georgia Writer Maryann Rapisarda 67 Valdosta , Georgia Retired Eliminated August 13 Robbie DeRaffele 30 Hackensack , New Jersey Superman Impersonator Eliminated August 13 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Copan Marcus Bradley Sarah 5 Janese 6 Linda 7 Jessica 8 Rudy 9 Frank 10 Timmy 11 Carla 12 Kimberly 13 Maryann OUT 14 Robbie OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to leave the competition . Judging records ( edit ) Judge Wins Losses Anne Burrell 8 5 Bobby Flay Rachael Ray Tyler Florence Beau MacMillan 0 Robert Irvine 0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' is n't just a title : They 're horrible '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' : Worst thing I watched most of last night '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Red Team ( Chef Anne Burrell ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Blue Team ( Chef Beau MacMillan ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scattergood , Amy ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Casting Calls : Season 2 of Worst Cooks in America Wants You ! -- Los Angeles Restaurants and Dining -- Squid Ink '' . Blogs.laweekly.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network is looking for HOPELESS HOME COOKS ! '' . Worstcookscasting.wordpress.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Powered by Google Docs '' . Docs.google.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Superstar Chefs Anne Burrell And Bobby Flay Transform Kitchen - Challenged Contestants in Season Three of Primetime Competition Series Worst Cooks in America '' ( pdf ) . Food Network . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WORST COOKS IN AMERICA : Season Three -- Contestant Overview '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Host on Shop NBC '' . Libby Floyd . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.4. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.11. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.18. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.25. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Burrell and Rachael Ray Kick Off the New Year with Season 10 of Worst Cooks in America FN Dish -- Food Network Blog '' . FN Dish -- Food Network Blog. 2016 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Social Media Food Failures '' . Food Network . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America , Season 11 : Meet the Celebrity Recruits '' . Food Com . Jump up ^ `` A Fresh Batch of Cooking - Challenged Celebrities Enter Boot Camp '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Best Baker in America ( since 2017 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( since 2013 ) Dessert Games ( since 2017 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Girl Meets Farm ( since 2018 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) Iron Chef America ( since 2005 ) Iron Chef Gauntlet ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( since 2016 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Trisha 's Southern Kitchen ( since 2012 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) A Cook 's Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Cupcake Wars ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- 2016 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Paula 's Home Cooking ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) The Best Thing I Ever Made ( 2011 -- 2013 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Dessert First with Anne Thornton ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Food Network Star Kids ( 2016 ) Guilty Pleasures ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) I Hart Food ( 2017 ) Iron Chef Showdown ( 2017 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kids BBQ Championship ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Worst Bakers in America ( 2016 ) Pilots and specials The Big Waste ( 2012 ) Kids Halloween Baking Championship ( 2016 ) Rebel Eats ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Worst_Cooks_in_America&oldid=854729420 '' Categories : 2010 American television series debuts 2010s American television series Food Network series Television series by All3Media Food reality television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 11 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won season 8 of worst cooks in america | [
"\n\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nHometown\n\nOccupation\n\nStatus\n\n\nNick Slater\n\n24\n\nRancho Cucamonga, California\n\nConstruction Worker\n\nWinner February 14\n\n\nLawrence Crawford\n\n26\n\nDeptford, New Jersey\n\nArmy Combat Medic\n\nRunner-up February 14\n\n\nGinny Meerman\n\n50\n\nMillersville, Maryland\n\nProject Supervisor\n\nEliminated February 7\n\n\nTaylor Hooper\n\n24\n\nBoston, Massachusetts\n\nMarine Veteran\n\n\nHolgie Forrester\n\n66\n\nTwentynine Palms, California\n\nRetired/Actress\n\nEliminated January 31\n\n\nChanda Havard\n\n36\n\nChicago, Illinois\n\nReal Estate Agent\n\n\nDonna Koen\n\n60\n\nNewburyport, Massachusetts\n\nLunch Lady & Hairdresser\n\nEliminated January 24\n\n\nRachel Thomas\n\n27\n\nTampa, Florida\n\nStay-at-Home Wife\n\n\nErnie Adkins\n\n44\n\nMardela Springs, Maryland\n\nTruck driver\n\nEliminated January 17\n\n\nGlenda Galeano\n\n40\n\nMiami, Florida\n\nEvent Coordinator/Actress\n\n\nTy Snow\n\n39\n\nPasadena, California\n\nSpecial Education Teacher\n\nEliminated January 10\n\n\nCindy Nguyen\n\n28\n\nLas Vegas, Nevada\n\nBartender\n\n\nDavid Fouts\n\n42\n\nWales, Wisconsin\n\nSenior Project Manager\n\nEliminated January 4\n\n\nJeni Erdman\n\n51\n\nDousman, Wisconsin\n\nGroup Tour Coordinator\n\n"
] | [
"Nick Slater"
] |
-5346123948432408798 | Ion | Ion - wikipedia Ion Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ion ( disambiguation ) . In the physical sciences , an ion ( / ˈaɪən , - ɒn / ) is a particle having a non-zero net electrical charge , such as an atom or molecule whose total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons . A cation is a positively - charged ion , while an anion is negatively charged . Because of their opposite electric charges , cations and anions attract each other and readily form ionic compounds , such as salts . Ions can be created by chemical means , such as the dissolution of a salt into water , or by physical means , such as passing a direct current through a conducting solution , which will dissolve the anode via ionization . Ions consisting of only a single atom are atomic or monatomic ions . If they consist of two or more atoms , then they are called molecular ions or polyatomic ions . In the case of physical ionization of a medium , such as a gas , what are known as `` ion pairs '' are created by ion impact , and each pair consists of a free electron and a positive ion . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of discovery 2 Characteristics 2.1 Anions and cations 2.2 Natural occurrences 2.2. 1 Astronomical 3 Related technology 3.1 Detection of ionizing radiation 4 Chemistry 4.1 Notation 4.1. 1 Denoting the charged state 4.1. 2 Sub-classes 4.2 Formation 4.2. 1 Formation of monatomic ions 4.2. 2 Formation of polyatomic and molecular ions 4.2. 3 Ionization potential 4.3 Ionic bonding 4.4 Common ions 5 See also 6 References History of discovery ( edit ) The word ion comes from the Greek word ἰόν , ion , `` going '' , the present participle of ἰέναι , ienai , `` to go '' . This term was introduced by English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday in 1834 for the then - unknown species that goes from one electrode to the other through an aqueous medium . Faraday did not know the nature of these species , but he knew that since metals dissolved into and entered a solution at one electrode , and new metal came forth from a solution at the other electrode , that some kind of substance moved through the solution in a current , conveying matter from one place to the other . Faraday also introduced the words anion for a negatively charged ion , and cation for a positively charged one . In Faraday 's nomenclature , cations were named because they were attracted to the cathode in a galvanic device and anions were named due to their attraction to the anode . Svante Arrhenius put forth , in his 1884 dissertation , his explanation of the fact that solid crystalline salts dissociate into paired charged particles when dissolved , for which he would win the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Arrhenius ' explanation was that in forming a solution , the salt dissociates into Faraday 's ions . Arrhenius proposed that ions formed even in the absence of an electric current . Characteristics ( edit ) Ions in their gas - like state are highly reactive , and do not occur in large amounts on Earth , except in flames , lightning , electrical sparks , and other plasmas . These gas - like ions rapidly interact with ions of opposite charge to give neutral molecules or ionic salts . Ions are also produced in the liquid or solid state when salts interact with solvents ( for example , water ) to produce `` solvated ions , '' which are more stable , for reasons involving a combination of energy and entropy changes as the ions move away from each other to interact with the liquid . These stabilized species are more commonly found in the environment at low temperatures . A common example is the ions present in seawater , which are derived from the dissolved salts . All ions are charged , which means that like all charged objects they are : attracted to opposite electric charges ( positive to negative , and vice versa ) , repelled by like charges when moving , travel in trajectories that are deflected by a magnetic field . Electrons , due to their smaller mass and thus larger space - filling properties as matter waves , determine the size of atoms and molecules that possess any electrons at all . Thus , anions ( negatively charged ions ) are larger than the parent molecule or atom , as the excess electron ( s ) repel each other , and add to the physical size of the ion , because its size is determined by its electron cloud . As such , in general , cations are smaller than the corresponding parent atom or molecule due to the smaller size of its electron cloud . One particular cation ( that of hydrogen ) contains no electrons , and thus consists of a single proton - very much smaller than the parent hydrogen atom . Anions and cations ( edit ) Hydrogen atom ( center ) contains a single proton and a single electron . Removal of the electron gives a cation ( left ) , whereas addition of an electron gives an anion ( right ) . The hydrogen anion , with its loosely held two - electron cloud , has a larger radius than the neutral atom , which in turn is much larger than the bare proton of the cation . Hydrogen forms the only cation that has no electrons , but even cations that ( unlike hydrogen ) still retain one or more electrons are still smaller than the neutral atoms or molecules from which they are derived . `` Cation '' and `` Anion '' redirect here . For the particle physics / quantum computing concept , see Anyon . For other uses , see Ion ( disambiguation ) . Since the electric charge on a proton is equal in magnitude to the charge on an electron , the net electric charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons . An anion ( − ) ( / ˈæn. aɪ. ən / ) , from the Greek word ἄνω ( ánō ) , meaning `` up '' , is an ion with more electrons than protons , giving it a net negative charge ( since electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged ) . A cation ( + ) ( / ˈkæt. aɪ. ən / ) , from the Greek word κάτω ( káto ) , meaning `` down '' , is an ion with fewer electrons than protons , giving it a positive charge . There are additional names used for ions with multiple charges . For example , an ion with a − 2 charge is known as a dianion and an ion with a + 2 charge is known as a dication . A zwitterion is a neutral molecule with positive and negative charges at different locations within that molecule . Cations and anions are measured by their ionic radius and they differ in relative size : `` Cations are small , most of them less than 10 m ( 10 cm ) in radius . But most anions are large , as is the most common Earth anion , oxygen . From this fact it is apparent that most of the space of a crystal is occupied by the anion and that the cations fit into the spaces between them . '' A cation has radius less than 0.8 × 10 m ( 0.8 Å ) while an anion has radius greater than 1.3 × 10 m ( 1.3 Å ) . Natural occurrences ( edit ) Further information : List of oxidation states of the elements Ions are ubiquitous in nature and are responsible for diverse phenomena from the luminescence of the Sun to the existence of the Earth 's ionosphere . Atoms in their ionic state may have a different colour from neutral atoms , and thus light absorption by metal ions gives the colour of gemstones . In both inorganic and organic chemistry ( including biochemistry ) , the interaction of water and ions is extremely important ; an example is the energy that drives breakdown of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . The following sections describe contexts in which ions feature prominently ; these are arranged in decreasing physical length - scale , from the astronomical to the microscopic . Astronomical ( edit ) A collection of non-aqueous gas - like ions , or even a gas containing a proportion of charged particles , is called a plasma . Greater than 99.9 % of visible matter in the Universe may be in the form of plasmas . These include our Sun and other stars and the space between planets , as well as the space in between stars . Plasmas are often called the fourth state of matter because their properties are substantially different from those of solids , liquids , and gases . Astrophysical plasmas predominantly contain a mixture of electrons and protons ( ionized hydrogen ) . Related technology ( edit ) Ions can be non-chemically prepared using various ion sources , usually involving high voltage or temperature . These are used in a multitude of devices such as mass spectrometers , optical emission spectrometers , particle accelerators , ion implanters , and ion engines . As reactive charged particles , they are also used in air purification by disrupting microbes , and in household items such as smoke detectors . As signalling and metabolism in organisms are controlled by a precise ionic gradient across membranes , the disruption of this gradient contributes to cell death . This is a common mechanism exploited by natural and artificial biocides , including the ion channels gramicidin and amphotericin ( a fungicide ) . Inorganic dissolved ions are a component of total dissolved solids , an indicator of water quality in the world . Detection of ionizing radiation ( edit ) Schematic of an ion chamber , showing drift of ions . Electrons drift faster than positive ions due to their much smaller mass . Avalanche effect between two electrodes . The original ionization event liberates one electron , and each subsequent collision liberates a further electron , so two electrons emerge from each collision : the ionizing electron and the liberated electron . The ionizing effect of radiation on a gas is extensively used for the detection of radiation such as alpha , beta , gamma and X-rays . The original ionization event in these instruments results in the formation of an `` ion pair '' ; a positive ion and a free electron , by ion impact by the radiation on the gas molecules . The ionization chamber is the simplest of these detectors , and collects all the charges created by direct ionization within the gas through the application of an electric field . The Geiger -- Müller tube and the proportional counter both use a phenomenon known as a Townsend avalanche to multiply the effect of the original ionizing event by means of a cascade effect whereby the free electrons are given sufficient energy by the electric field to release further electrons by ion impact . Chemistry ( edit ) Notation ( edit ) Denoting the charged state ( edit ) Equivalent notations for an iron atom ( Fe ) that lost two electrons , referred to as ferrous . When writing the chemical formula for an ion , its net charge is written in superscript immediately after the chemical structure for the molecule / atom . The net charge is written with the magnitude before the sign ; that is , a doubly charged cation is indicated as 2 + instead of + 2 . However , the magnitude of the charge is omitted for singly charged molecules / atoms ; for example , the sodium cation is indicated as Na and not Na . An alternative ( and acceptable ) way of showing a molecule / atom with multiple charges is by drawing out the signs multiple times ; this is often seen with transition metals . Chemists sometimes circle the sign ; this is merely ornamental and does not alter the chemical meaning . All three representations of Fe 2 + shown in the figure are , thus , equivalent . Mixed Roman numerals and charge notations for the uranyl ion . The oxidation state of the metal is shown as superscripted Roman numerals , whereas the charge of the entire complex is shown by the angle symbol together with the magnitude and sign of the net charge . Monatomic ions are sometimes also denoted with Roman numerals ; for example , the Fe 2 + example seen above is occasionally referred to as Fe ( II ) or Fe . The Roman numeral designates the formal oxidation state of an element , whereas the superscripted numerals denote the net charge . The two notations are , therefore , exchangeable for monatomic ions , but the Roman numerals can not be applied to polyatomic ions . However , it is possible to mix the notations for the individual metal centre with a polyatomic complex , as shown by the uranyl ion example . Sub-classes ( edit ) If an ion contains unpaired electrons , it is called a radical ion . Just like uncharged radicals , radical ions are very reactive . Polyatomic ions containing oxygen , such as carbonate and sulfate , are called oxyanions . Molecular ions that contain at least one carbon to hydrogen bond are called organic ions . If the charge in an organic ion is formally centred on a carbon , it is termed a carbocation ( if positively charged ) or carbanion ( if negatively charged ) . Formation ( edit ) Formation of monatomic ions ( edit ) Monatomic ions are formed by the gain or loss of electrons to the valence shell ( the outer-most electron shell ) in an atom . The inner shells of an atom are filled with electrons that are tightly bound to the positively charged atomic nucleus , and so do not participate in this kind of chemical interaction . The process of gaining or losing electrons from a neutral atom or molecule is called ionization . Atoms can be ionized by bombardment with radiation , but the more usual process of ionization encountered in chemistry is the transfer of electrons between atoms or molecules . This transfer is usually driven by the attaining of stable ( `` closed shell '' ) electronic configurations . Atoms will gain or lose electrons depending on which action takes the least energy . For example , a sodium atom , Na , has a single electron in its valence shell , surrounding 2 stable , filled inner shells of 2 and 8 electrons . Since these filled shells are very stable , a sodium atom tends to lose its extra electron and attain this stable configuration , becoming a sodium cation in the process Na → Na + + e − On the other hand , a chlorine atom , Cl , has 7 electrons in its valence shell , which is one short of the stable , filled shell with 8 electrons . Thus , a chlorine atom tends to gain an extra electron and attain a stable 8 - electron configuration , becoming a chloride anion in the process : Cl + e − → Cl − This driving force is what causes sodium and chlorine to undergo a chemical reaction , wherein the `` extra '' electron is transferred from sodium to chlorine , forming sodium cations and chloride anions . Being oppositely charged , these cations and anions form ionic bonds and combine to form sodium chloride , NaCl , more commonly known as table salt . Na + + Cl − → NaCl Formation of polyatomic and molecular ions ( edit ) An electrostatic potential map of the nitrate ion ( NO ) . The 3 - dimensional shell represents a single arbitrary isopotential . Polyatomic and molecular ions are often formed by the gaining or losing of elemental ions such as a proton , H , in neutral molecules . For example , when ammonia , NH , accepts a proton , H -- a process called protonation -- it forms the ammonium ion , NH . Ammonia and ammonium have the same number of electrons in essentially the same electronic configuration , but ammonium has an extra proton that gives it a net positive charge . Ammonia can also lose an electron to gain a positive charge , forming the ion NH + 3 . However , this ion is unstable , because it has an incomplete valence shell around the nitrogen atom , making it a very reactive radical ion . Due to the instability of radical ions , polyatomic and molecular ions are usually formed by gaining or losing elemental ions such as H + , rather than gaining or losing electrons . This allows the molecule to preserve its stable electronic configuration while acquiring an electrical charge . Ionization potential ( edit ) Main article : Ionization potential The energy required to detach an electron in its lowest energy state from an atom or molecule of a gas with less net electric charge is called the ionization potential , or ionization energy . The nth ionization energy of an atom is the energy required to detach its nth electron after the first n − 1 electrons have already been detached . Each successive ionization energy is markedly greater than the last . Particularly great increases occur after any given block of atomic orbitals is exhausted of electrons . For this reason , ions tend to form in ways that leave them with full orbital blocks . For example , sodium has one valence electron in its outermost shell , so in ionized form it is commonly found with one lost electron , as Na + . On the other side of the periodic table , chlorine has seven valence electrons , so in ionized form it is commonly found with one gained electron , as Cl − . Caesium has the lowest measured ionization energy of all the elements and helium has the greatest . In general , the ionization energy of metals is much lower than the ionization energy of nonmetals , which is why , in general , metals will lose electrons to form positively charged ions and nonmetals will gain electrons to form negatively charged ions . Ionic bonding ( edit ) Main article : Ionic bond Ionic bonding is a kind of chemical bonding that arises from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions . Ions of like charge repel each other , and ions of opposite charge attract each other . Therefore , ions do not usually exist on their own , but will bind with ions of opposite charge to form a crystal lattice . The resulting compound is called an ionic compound , and is said to be held together by ionic bonding . In ionic compounds there arise characteristic distances between ion neighbours from which the spatial extension and the ionic radius of individual ions may be derived . The most common type of ionic bonding is seen in compounds of metals and nonmetals ( except noble gases , which rarely form chemical compounds ) . Metals are characterized by having a small number of electrons in excess of a stable , closed - shell electronic configuration . As such , they have the tendency to lose these extra electrons in order to attain a stable configuration . This property is known as electropositivity . Non-metals , on the other hand , are characterized by having an electron configuration just a few electrons short of a stable configuration . As such , they have the tendency to gain more electrons in order to achieve a stable configuration . This tendency is known as electronegativity . When a highly electropositive metal is combined with a highly electronegative nonmetal , the extra electrons from the metal atoms are transferred to the electron - deficient nonmetal atoms . This reaction produces metal cations and nonmetal anions , which are attracted to each other to form a salt . Common ions ( edit ) Common cations Common name Formula Historic name Simple cations Aluminium Al Barium Ba Beryllium Be Calcium Ca Chromium ( III ) Cr Copper ( I ) Cu cuprous Copper ( II ) Cu cupric Hydrogen Iron ( II ) Fe ferrous Iron ( III ) Fe ferric Lead ( II ) Pb plumbous Lead ( IV ) Pb plumbic Lithium Li Magnesium Mg Manganese ( II ) Mn Mercury ( II ) Hg mercuric Potassium kalic Silver Ag argentous Sodium Na natric Strontium Sr Tin ( II ) Sn stannous Tin ( IV ) Sn stannic Zinc Zn Polyatomic cations Ammonium NH + Hydronium H O Mercury ( I ) Hg 2 + mercurous Common anions Formal name Formula Alt . name Simple anions Azide N − Bromide Br Chloride Cl Fluoride Hydride Iodide Nitride Oxide O Sulfide Oxoanions Carbonate CO 2 − Chlorate ClO − Chromate CrO 2 − Dichromate Cr 2O2 − 7 Dihydrogen phosphate 2PO − Hydrogen carbonate HCO − bicarbonate Hydrogen sulfate HSO − bisulfate Hydrogen sulfite HSO − bisulfite Hydroxide OH Hypochlorite ClO Monohydrogen phosphate HPO 2 − Nitrate NO − Nitrite NO − Perchlorate ClO − Permanganate MnO − Peroxide O2 − Phosphate PO 3 − Sulfate SO 2 − Sulfite SO 2 − Superoxide O − Thiosulfate 2O2 − Silicate SiO 4 − Metasilicate SiO 2 − Aluminium silicate AlSiO − Anions from organic acids Acetate CH 3COO − ethanoate Formate HCOO − methanoate Oxalate 2O2 − ethanedioate Cyanide CN See also ( edit ) Air ionizer Auroras Gaseous ionization detectors Ion beam Ion exchange Ionizing radiation List of ions List of plasma physics articles List of oxidation states of the elements Stopping power of radiation particles Ioliomics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ion '' entry in Collins English Dictionary , HarperCollins Publishers , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Knoll , Glenn F ( 1999 ) . Radiation detection and measurement ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 07338 - 5 . Jump up ^ Michael Faraday ( 1791 - 1867 ) . UK : BBC . Jump up ^ `` Online etymology dictionary '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903 '' . www.nobelprize.org . Jump up ^ Harris , William ; Levey , Judith , eds. ( 1975 ) . The New Columbia Encyclopedia ( 4th ed . ) . New York City : Columbia University . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 231035 - 721 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Charles , ed. ( 1992 ) . The New Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 15 ed . ) . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. p. 587 . ISBN 085 - 229553 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cillispie , Charles , ed. ( 1970 ) . Dictionary of Scientific Biography ( 1 ed . ) . New York City : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 296 -- 302 . ISBN 0 - 684101 - 122 . Jump up ^ Oxford University Press ( 2013 ) . `` Oxford Reference : OVERVIEW anion '' . oxfordreference.com . Jump up ^ University of Colorado Boulder ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Atoms and Elements , Isotopes and Ions '' . colorado.edu . Jump up ^ Oxford University Press ( 2013 ) . `` Oxford Reference : OVERVIEW cation '' . oxfordreference.com . Jump up ^ Douglas W. Haywick , Ph. D. ; University of South Alabama ( 2007 -- 2008 ) . `` Elemental Chemistry '' ( PDF ) . usouthal.edu . Jump up ^ Purdue University ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Amino Acids '' . purdue.edu . Jump up ^ Frank Press & Raymond Siever ( 1986 ) Earth , 14th edition , page 63 , W.H. Freeman and Company ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1743 - 3 Jump up ^ Linus Pauling ( 1960 ) Nature of the Chemical Bond , p. 544 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Plasma , Plasma , Everywhere Archived 2006 - 03 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Science@NASA Headline news , Space Science n ° 158 , September 7 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Chemical elements listed by ionization energy . Lenntech.com Galvanic cells Types Voltaic pile Battery Flow battery Trough battery Concentration cell Fuel cell Thermogalvanic cell Primary cell ( non-rechargeable ) Alkaline Aluminium -- air Bunsen Chromic acid Clark Daniell Dry Edison - Lalande Grove Leclanché Lithium Mercury Nickel oxyhydroxide Silicon -- air Silver oxide Weston Zamboni Zinc -- air Zinc -- carbon Secondary cell ( rechargeable ) Automotive Lead -- acid gel / VRLA Lithium -- air Lithium -- ion Lithium polymer Lithium iron phosphate Lithium titanate Lithium -- sulfur Dual carbon battery Molten salt Nanopore Nanowire Nickel -- cadmium Nickel -- hydrogen Nickel -- iron Nickel -- lithium Nickel -- metal hydride Nickel -- zinc Polysulfide bromide Potassium - ion Rechargeable alkaline Sodium - ion Sodium -- sulfur Vanadium redox Zinc -- bromine Zinc -- cerium Cell parts Anode Binder Catalyst Cathode Electrode Electrolyte Half - cell Ions Salt bridge Semipermeable membrane GND : 4027597 - 8 NDL : 00616786 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion&oldid=809785210 '' Categories : Ions Physical chemistry Charge carriers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from September 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 11 : 16 . 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6868265729385905283 | Monarchy of the United Kingdom | Monarchy of the United Kingdom - wikipedia Monarchy of the United Kingdom This article is about the monarchy of the United Kingdom . For information on the other countries which share the same person as monarch , see Commonwealth realm . For the current monarch of the United Kingdom , see Elizabeth II . `` British sovereign '' redirects here . For the coin , see Sovereign ( British coin ) . Queen of the United Kingdom Royal coat of arms Incumbent Elizabeth II since 6 February 1952 ( 1952 - 02 - 06 ) Details Heir apparent Charles , Prince of Wales Residence List Appointer Hereditary Website royal.uk United Kingdom This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the United Kingdom Constitution ( show ) Constitution Cabinet Manual Erskine May Taxation The Crown ( show ) British Monarchy Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Heir apparent The Prince of Wales Royal family Succession to the British throne Royal prerogative Executive ( show ) HM Government Prime Minister Theresa May Cabinet Current ministry Her Majesty 's Civil Service Departments Executive agencies Public bodies Privy Council Crown - in - Council Queen Elizabeth II Legislature ( show ) Parliament ( 56th Parliament ) Crown - in - Parliament Queen Elizabeth II House of Lords Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler House of Commons Speaker John Bercow Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet State Opening of Parliament Prime Minister 's Questions Act of Parliament Acts of Parliament relating to the EU Statutory Instruments Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court President The Baroness Hale of Richmond Deputy President The Lord Mance Judges of the Supreme Court Courts of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Courts of Scotland Courts of Northern Ireland Devolution ( show ) Joint Ministerial Committee Scotland Government Parliament Wales Government National Assembly Northern Ireland Executive Assembly London Executive Mayor Assembly Reserved matters Administrative geography ( show ) England Subdivisions of England Local government in England Scotland Subdivisions of Scotland Local government in Scotland Wales Local government in Wales Northern Ireland Local government in Northern Ireland Elections ( show ) Parliament constituencies Political parties Last election Next election Referendums Foreign relations ( show ) History Foreign policy UK and the United Nations Politics of the European Union Commonwealth of Nations United Kingdom portal Other countries Atlas The monarchy of the United Kingdom , commonly referred to as the British monarchy , is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom , its dependencies and its overseas territories . The current monarch and head of state , Queen Elizabeth II , ascended the throne on the death of her father , King George VI , on 6 February 1952 . The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official , ceremonial , diplomatic and representational duties . As the monarchy is constitutional , the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister . The monarch is commander - in - chief of the British Armed Forces . Though the ultimate formal executive authority over the government of the United Kingdom is still by and through the monarch 's royal prerogative , these powers may only be used according to laws enacted in Parliament and , in practice , within the constraints of convention and precedent . The British monarchy traces its origins from the petty kingdoms of early medieval Scotland and Anglo - Saxon England , which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century AD . In 1066 , the last crowned Anglo - Saxon monarch , Harold Godwinson , was defeated and killed during the Norman conquest of England and the English monarchy passed to the Normans ' victorious leader , William the Conqueror , and his descendants . From the 1080s , the lordships of South Wales were held by a succession of Norman families inter-married with older Welsh houses loyal to the English throne , with many lordships also held by the English King in his own right . The process was completed in the 13th century when the north of Wales , as a principality , became a client state of the English kingdom , while Magna Carta began a process of reducing the English monarch 's political powers . From 1603 , when the Scottish monarch James VI inherited the English throne as James I , both the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign . From 1649 to 1660 , the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England , which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . The Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics , or those who married Catholics , from succession to the English throne . In 1707 , the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain , and in 1801 , the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The British monarch became nominal head of the vast British Empire , which covered a quarter of the world 's surface at its greatest extent in 1921 . In the early 1920s , five - sixths of Ireland seceded from the Union as the Irish Free State , and the Balfour Declaration recognised the evolution of the dominions of the empire into separate , self - governing countries within a Commonwealth of Nations . After the Second World War , the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent , effectively bringing the empire to an end . George VI and his successor , Elizabeth II , adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states . The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the same person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms . The terms British monarchy and British monarch are frequently still employed in reference to the shared individual and institution ; however , each country is sovereign and independent of the others , and the monarch has a different , specific , and official national title and style for each realm . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional role 1.1 Appointment of the Prime Minister 1.2 Dissolution of Parliament 1.3 Royal Prerogative 2 History 2.1 English monarchy 2.2 Scottish monarchy 2.3 Personal union and republican phase 2.4 After the 1707 Acts of Union 2.5 Shared monarchy 2.6 Monarchy in Ireland 2.7 Modern status 3 Religious role 4 Succession 4.1 Restrictions by gender and religion 4.2 Regency 5 Finances 6 Residences 7 Style 8 Arms 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Constitutional role ( edit ) In the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom , the Monarch ( otherwise referred to as the Sovereign or `` His / Her Majesty '' , abbreviated H.M. ) is the Head of State . Oaths of allegiance are made to the Queen and her lawful successors . `` God Save the Queen '' ( or `` God Save the King '' ) is the British national anthem , and the monarch appears on postage stamps , coins and banknotes . The Monarch takes little direct part in Government . The decisions to exercise sovereign powers are delegated from the Monarch , either by statute or by convention , to Ministers or officers of the Crown , or other public bodies , exclusive of the Monarch personally . Thus the acts of state done in the name of the Crown , such as Crown Appointments , even if personally performed by the Monarch , such as the Queen 's Speech and the State Opening of Parliament , depend upon decisions made elsewhere : Legislative power is exercised by the Queen - in - Parliament , by and with the advice and consent of Parliament , the House of Lords and the House of Commons . Executive power is exercised by Her Majesty 's Government , which comprises Ministers , primarily the Prime Minister and the Cabinet , which is technically a committee of the Privy Council . They have the direction of the Armed Forces of the Crown , the Civil Service and other Crown Servants such as the Diplomatic and Secret Services ( the Queen receives certain foreign intelligence reports before the Prime Minister does ) . Judicial power is vested in the Judiciary , who by constitution and statute have judicial independence of the Government . The Church of England , of which the Monarch is the head , has its own legislative , judicial and executive structures . Powers independent of government are legally granted to other public bodies by statute or Statutory Instrument such as an Order in Council , Royal Commission or otherwise . The Sovereign 's role as a constitutional monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions , such as granting honours . This role has been recognised since the 19th century . The constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the `` dignified part '' rather than the `` efficient part '' of government . The English Bill of Rights of 1689 curtailed the monarch 's governmental power . Appointment of the Prime Minister ( edit ) Whenever necessary , the Monarch is responsible for appointing a new Prime Minister ( who by convention appoints and may dismiss every other Minister of the Crown , and thereby constitutes and controls the government ) . In accordance with unwritten constitutional conventions , the Sovereign must appoint an individual who commands the support of the House of Commons , usually the leader of the party or coalition that has a majority in that House . The Prime Minister takes office by attending the Monarch in private audience , and after `` kissing hands '' that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument . In a hung parliament where no party or coalition holds a majority , the monarch has an increased degree of latitude in choosing the individual likely to command the most support , though it would usually be the leader of the largest party . Since 1945 , there have only been three hung parliaments . The first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition . Although Wilson 's Labour Party did not have a majority , they were the largest party . The second followed the May 2010 general election , in which the Conservatives ( the largest party ) and Liberal Democrats ( the third largest party ) agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II . The third occurred shortly thereafter , in June 2017 , when the Conservative Party lost its majority in a snap election , though the party remained in power as a minority government . Dissolution of Parliament ( edit ) In 1950 the King 's Private Secretary Sir Alan `` Tommy '' Lascelles , writing pseudonymously to The Times newspaper asserted a constitutional convention : according to the Lascelles Principles , if a minority government asked to dissolve Parliament to call an early election to strengthen its position , the monarch could refuse , and would do so under three conditions . When Harold Wilson requested a dissolution late in 1974 , the Queen granted his request as Heath had already failed to form a coalition . The resulting general election gave Wilson a small majority . The monarch could in theory unilaterally dismiss a Prime Minister , but a Prime Minister 's term now comes to an end only by electoral defeat , death , or resignation . The last monarch to remove a Prime Minister was William IV , who dismissed Lord Melbourne in 1834 . The Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 removed the monarch 's authority to dissolve Parliament ; the Act specifically retained the monarch 's power of prorogation however , which is a regular feature of the parliamentary calendar . Royal prerogative ( edit ) Main article : Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom Some of the government 's executive authority is theoretically and nominally vested in the Sovereign and is known as the royal prerogative . The monarch acts within the constraints of convention and precedent , exercising prerogative only on the advice of ministers responsible to Parliament , often through the Prime Minister or Privy Council . In practice , prerogative powers are exercised only on the Prime Minister 's advice -- the Prime Minister , and not the Sovereign , has control . The monarch holds a weekly audience with the Prime Minister . No records of these audiences are taken and the proceedings remain fully confidential . The monarch may express his or her views , but , as a constitutional ruler , must ultimately accept the decisions of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet ( providing they command the support of the House ) . In Bagehot 's words : `` the Sovereign has , under a constitutional monarchy ... three rights -- the right to be consulted , the right to encourage , the right to warn . '' Although the Royal Prerogative is extensive and parliamentary approval is not formally required for its exercise , it is limited . Many Crown prerogatives have fallen out of use or have been permanently transferred to Parliament . For example , the monarch can not impose and collect new taxes ; such an action requires the authorisation of an Act of Parliament . According to a parliamentary report , `` The Crown can not invent new prerogative powers '' , and Parliament can override any prerogative power by passing legislation . The Royal Prerogative includes the powers to appoint and dismiss ministers , regulate the civil service , issue passports , declare war , make peace , direct the actions of the military , and negotiate and ratify treaties , alliances , and international agreements . However , a treaty can not alter the domestic laws of the United Kingdom ; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases . The monarch is the Head of the Armed Forces ( the Royal Navy , the British Army , and the Royal Air Force ) , and accredits British High Commissioners and ambassadors , and receives heads of missions from foreign states . It is the prerogative of the monarch to summon and prorogue Parliament . Each parliamentary session begins with the monarch 's summons . The new parliamentary session is marked by the State Opening of Parliament , during which the Sovereign reads the Speech from the throne in the Chamber of the House of Lords , outlining the Government 's legislative agenda . Prorogation usually occurs about one year after a session begins , and formally concludes the session . Dissolution ends a parliamentary term , and is followed by a general election for all seats in the House of Commons . A general election is normally held five years after the previous one under the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 , but can be held sooner if the Prime Minister loses a motion of confidence , or if two - thirds of the members of the House of Commons vote to hold an early election . Before a bill passed by the legislative Houses can become law , the royal assent ( the monarch 's approval ) is required . In theory , assent can either be granted ( making the bill law ) or withheld ( vetoing the bill ) , but since 1707 assent has always been granted . The monarch has a similar relationship with the devolved governments of Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . The Sovereign appoints the First Minister of Scotland on the nomination of the Scottish Parliament , and the First Minister of Wales on the nomination of the National Assembly for Wales . In Scottish matters , the Sovereign acts on the advice of the Scottish Government . However , as devolution is more limited in Wales , in Welsh matters the Sovereign acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and Cabinet of the United Kingdom . The Sovereign can veto any law passed by the Northern Ireland Assembly , if it is deemed unconstitutional by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . The Sovereign is deemed the `` fount of justice '' ; although the Sovereign does not personally rule in judicial cases , judicial functions are performed in his or her name . For instance , prosecutions are brought on the monarch 's behalf , and courts derive their authority from the Crown . The common law holds that the Sovereign `` can do no wrong '' ; the monarch can not be prosecuted for criminal offences . The Crown Proceedings Act 1947 allows civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity ( that is , lawsuits against the government ) , but not lawsuits against the monarch personally . The Sovereign exercises the `` prerogative of mercy '' , which is used to pardon convicted offenders or reduce sentences . The monarch is the `` fount of honour '' , the source of all honours and dignities in the United Kingdom . The Crown creates all peerages , appoints members of the orders of chivalry , grants knighthoods and awards other honours . Although peerages and most other honours are granted on the advice of the Prime Minister , some honours are within the personal gift of the Sovereign , and are not granted on ministerial advice . The monarch alone appoints members of the Order of the Garter , the Order of the Thistle , the Royal Victorian Order and the Order of Merit . History ( edit ) English monarchy ( edit ) See also : List of English monarchs The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Norman Conquest of 1066 . Following Viking raids and settlement in the ninth century , the Anglo - Saxon kingdom of Wessex emerged as the dominant English kingdom . Alfred the Great secured Wessex , achieved dominance over western Mercia , and assumed the title `` King of the English '' . His grandson Æthelstan was the first king to rule over a unitary kingdom roughly corresponding to the present borders of England , though its constituent parts retained strong regional identities . The 11th century saw England become more stable , despite a number of wars with the Danes , which resulted in a Danish monarchy for one generation . The conquest of England in 1066 by William , Duke of Normandy , was crucial in terms of both political and social change . The new monarch continued the centralisation of power begun in the Anglo - Saxon period , while the Feudal System continued to develop . William was succeeded by two of his sons : William II , then Henry I. Henry made a controversial decision to name his daughter Matilda ( his only surviving child ) as his heir . Following Henry 's death in 1135 , one of William I 's grandsons , Stephen , laid claim to the throne and took power with the support of most of the barons . Matilda challenged his reign ; as a result , England descended into a period of disorder known as the Anarchy . Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power but agreed to a compromise under which Matilda 's son Henry would succeed him . Henry accordingly became the first Angevin king of England and the first monarch of the Plantagenet dynasty as Henry II in 1154 . The reigns of most of the Angevin monarchs were marred by civil strife and conflicts between the monarch and the nobility . Henry II faced rebellions from his own sons , the future monarchs Richard I and John . Nevertheless , Henry managed to expand his kingdom , forming what is retrospectively known as the Angevin Empire . Upon Henry 's death , his elder son Richard succeeded to the throne ; he was absent from England for most of his reign , as he left to fight in the Crusades . He was killed besieging a castle , and John succeeded him . John 's reign was marked by conflict with the barons , particularly over the limits of royal power . In 1215 , the barons coerced the king into issuing Magna Carta ( Latin for `` Great Charter '' ) to guarantee the rights and liberties of the nobility . Soon afterwards , further disagreements plunged England into a civil war known as the First Barons ' War . The war came to an abrupt end after John died in 1216 , leaving the Crown to his nine - year - old son Henry III . Later in Henry 's reign , Simon de Montfort led the barons in another rebellion , beginning the Second Barons ' War . The war ended in a clear royalist victory and in the death of many rebels , but not before the king had agreed to summon a parliament in 1265 . The next monarch , Edward Longshanks , was far more successful in maintaining royal power and responsible for the conquest of Wales . He attempted to establish English domination of Scotland . However , gains in Scotland were reversed during the reign of his successor , Edward II , who also faced conflict with the nobility . In 1311 , Edward II was forced to relinquish many of his powers to a committee of baronial `` ordainers '' ; however , military victories helped him regain control in 1322 . Nevertheless , in 1327 , Edward was deposed by his wife Isabella . His 14 - year - old son became Edward III . Edward III claimed the French Crown , setting off the Hundred Years ' War between England and France . His campaigns conquered much French territory , but by 1374 , all the gains had been lost . Edward 's reign was also marked by the further development of Parliament , which came to be divided into two Houses . In 1377 , Edward III died , leaving the Crown to his 10 - year - old grandson Richard II . Like many of his predecessors , Richard II conflicted with the nobles by attempting to concentrate power in his own hands . In 1399 , while he was campaigning in Ireland , his cousin Henry Bolingbroke seized power . Richard was deposed , imprisoned , and eventually murdered , probably by starvation , and Henry became king as Henry IV . Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III and the son of John of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster ; hence , his dynasty was known as the House of Lancaster . For most of his reign , Henry IV was forced to fight off plots and rebellions ; his success was partly due to the military skill of his son , the future Henry V. Henry V 's own reign , which began in 1413 , was largely free from domestic strife , leaving the king free to pursue the Hundred Years ' War in France . Although he was victorious , his sudden death in 1422 left his infant son Henry VI on the throne and gave the French an opportunity to overthrow English rule . The unpopularity of Henry VI 's counsellors and his belligerent consort , Margaret of Anjou , as well as his own ineffectual leadership , led to the weakening of the House of Lancaster . The Lancastrians faced a challenge from the House of York , so called because its head , a descendant of Edward III , was Richard , Duke of York . Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460 , his eldest son , Edward IV , led the Yorkists to victory in 1461 . The Wars of the Roses , nevertheless , continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son Edward V and brother Richard III . Edward V disappeared , presumably murdered by Richard . Ultimately , the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by Henry Tudor , in 1485 , when Richard III was killed in the Battle of Bosworth Field . Now King Henry VII , he neutralised the remaining Yorkist forces , partly by marrying Elizabeth of York , a Yorkist heir . Through skill and ability , Henry re-established absolute supremacy in the realm , and the conflicts with the nobility that had plagued previous monarchs came to an end . The reign of the second Tudor king , Henry VIII , was one of great political change . Religious upheaval and disputes with the Pope led the monarch to break from the Roman Catholic Church and to establish the Church of England ( the Anglican Church ) . Wales -- which had been conquered centuries earlier , but had remained a separate dominion -- was annexed to England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Henry VIII 's son and successor , the young Edward VI , continued with further religious reforms , but his early death in 1553 precipitated a succession crisis . He was wary of allowing his Catholic elder half - sister Mary I to succeed , and therefore drew up a will designating Lady Jane Grey as his heiress . Jane 's reign , however , lasted only nine days ; with tremendous popular support , Mary deposed her and declared herself the lawful sovereign . Mary I married Philip of Spain , who was declared king and co-ruler , pursued disastrous wars in France and attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism , burning Protestants at the stake as heretics in the process . Upon her death in 1558 , the pair were succeeded by her Protestant half - sister Elizabeth I. England returned to Protestantism and continued its growth into a major world power by building its navy and exploring the New World . Scottish monarchy ( edit ) See also : List of Scottish monarchs In Scotland , as in England , monarchies emerged after the withdrawal of the Roman empire from Britain in the early fifth century . The three groups that lived in Scotland at this time were the Picts in the north east , the Britons in the south , including the Kingdom of Strathclyde , and the Gaels or Scotti ( who would later give their name to Scotland ) , of the Irish petty kingdom of Dál Riata in the west . Kenneth MacAlpin is traditionally viewed as the first king of a united Scotland ( known as Scotia to writers in Latin , or Alba to the Scots ) . The expansion of Scottish dominions continued over the next two centuries , as other territories such as Strathclyde were absorbed . Early Scottish monarchs did not inherit the Crown directly ; instead the custom of tanistry was followed , where the monarchy alternated between different branches of the House of Alpin . As a result , however , the rival dynastic lines clashed , often violently . From 942 to 1005 , seven consecutive monarchs were either murdered or killed in battle . In 1005 , Malcolm II ascended the throne having killed many rivals . He continued to ruthlessly eliminate opposition , and when he died in 1034 he was succeeded by his grandson , Duncan I , instead of a cousin , as had been usual . In 1040 , Duncan suffered defeat in battle at the hands of Macbeth , who was killed himself in 1057 by Duncan 's son Malcolm . The following year , after killing Macbeth 's stepson Lulach , Malcolm ascended the throne as Malcolm III . With a further series of battles and deposings , five of Malcolm 's sons as well as one of his brothers successively became king . Eventually , the Crown came to his youngest son , David I. David was succeeded by his grandsons Malcolm IV , and then by William the Lion , the longest - reigning King of Scots before the Union of the Crowns . William participated in a rebellion against King Henry II of England but when the rebellion failed , William was captured by the English . In exchange for his release , William was forced to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord . The English King Richard I agreed to terminate the arrangement in 1189 , in return for a large sum of money needed for the Crusades . William died in 1214 , and was succeeded by his son Alexander II . Alexander II , as well as his successor Alexander III , attempted to take over the Western Isles , which were still under the overlordship of Norway . During the reign of Alexander III , Norway launched an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland ; the ensuing Treaty of Perth recognised Scottish control of the Western Isles and other disputed areas . Alexander III 's unexpected death in a riding accident in 1286 precipitated a major succession crisis . Scottish leaders appealed to King Edward I of England for help in determining who was the rightful heir . Edward chose Alexander 's three - year - old Norwegian granddaughter , Margaret . On her way to Scotland in 1290 , however , Margaret died at sea , and Edward was again asked to adjudicate between 13 rival claimants to the throne . A court was set up and after two years of deliberation , it pronounced John Balliol to be king . Edward proceeded to treat Balliol as a vassal , and tried to exert influence over Scotland . In 1295 , when Balliol renounced his allegiance to England , Edward I invaded . During the first ten years of the ensuing Wars of Scottish Independence , Scotland had no monarch , until Robert the Bruce declared himself king in 1306 . Robert 's efforts to control Scotland culminated in success , and Scottish independence was acknowledged in 1328 . However , only one year later , Robert died and was succeeded by his five - year - old son , David II . On the pretext of restoring John Balliol 's rightful heir , Edward Balliol , the English again invaded in 1332 . During the next four years , Balliol was crowned , deposed , restored , deposed , restored , and deposed until he eventually settled in England , and David remained king for the next 35 years . David II died childless in 1371 and was succeeded by his nephew Robert II of the House of Stuart . The reigns of both Robert II and his successor , Robert III , were marked by a general decline in royal power . When Robert III died in 1406 , regents had to rule the country ; the monarch , Robert III 's son James I , had been taken captive by the English . Having paid a large ransom , James returned to Scotland in 1424 ; to restore his authority , he used ruthless measures , including the execution of several of his enemies . He was assassinated by a group of nobles . James II continued his father 's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he was killed in an accident at the age of thirty , and a council of regents again assumed power . James III was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488 , leading to another boy - king : James IV . In 1513 James IV launched an invasion of England , attempting to take advantage of the absence of the English King Henry VIII . His forces met with disaster at Flodden Field ; the King , many senior noblemen , and hundreds of soldiers were killed . As his son and successor , James V , was an infant , the government was again taken over by regents . James V led another disastrous war with the English in 1542 , and his death in the same year left the Crown in the hands of his six - day - old daughter , Mary I. Once again , a regency was established . Mary , a Roman Catholic , reigned during a period of great religious upheaval in Scotland . As a result of the efforts of reformers such as John Knox , a Protestant ascendancy was established . Mary caused alarm by marrying her Catholic cousin , Lord Darnley , in 1565 . After Lord Darnley 's assassination in 1567 , Mary contracted an even more unpopular marriage with the Earl of Bothwell , who was widely suspected of Darnley 's murder . The nobility rebelled against the Queen , forcing her to abdicate . She fled to England , and the Crown went to her infant son James VI , who was brought up as a Protestant . Mary was imprisoned and later executed by the English queen Elizabeth I . Personal Union and republican phase ( edit ) In 1603 James VI and I became the first monarch to rule over England , Scotland , and Ireland together . Elizabeth I 's death in 1603 ended Tudor rule in England . Since she had no children , she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI , who was the great - grandson of Henry VIII 's older sister and hence Elizabeth 's first cousin twice removed . James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the `` Union of the Crowns '' . Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch -- James I became the first monarch to style himself `` King of Great Britain '' in 1604 -- they remained two separate kingdoms . James I 's successor , Charles I , experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers , especially the power to impose taxes . He provoked opposition by ruling without Parliament from 1629 to 1640 , unilaterally levying taxes and adopting controversial religious policies ( many of which were offensive to the Scottish Presbyterians and the English Puritans ) . His attempt to enforce Anglicanism led to organised rebellion in Scotland ( the `` Bishops ' Wars '' ) and ignited the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . In 1642 , the conflict between the King and English Parliament reached its climax and the English Civil War began . The Civil War culminated in the execution of the king in 1649 , the overthrow of the English monarchy , and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England . Charles I 's son , Charles II , was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland , but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the Battle of Worcester . In 1653 , Oliver Cromwell , the most prominent military and political leader in the nation , seized power and declared himself Lord Protector ( effectively becoming a military dictator , but refusing the title of king ) . Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658 , when he was succeeded by his son Richard . The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing ; he soon resigned . The lack of clear leadership led to civil and military unrest , and for a popular desire to restore the monarchy . In 1660 , the monarchy was restored and Charles II returned to Britain . Charles II 's reign was marked by the development of the first modern political parties in England . Charles had no legitimate children , and was due to be succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother , James , Duke of York . A parliamentary effort to exclude James from the line of succession arose ; the `` Petitioners '' , who supported exclusion , became the Whig Party , whereas the `` Abhorrers '' , who opposed exclusion , became the Tory Party . The Exclusion Bill failed ; on several occasions , Charles II dissolved Parliament because he feared that the bill might pass . After the dissolution of the Parliament of 1681 , Charles ruled without a Parliament until his death in 1685 . When James succeeded Charles , he pursued a policy of offering religious tolerance to Roman Catholics , thereby drawing the ire of many of his Protestant subjects . Many opposed James 's decisions to maintain a large standing army , to appoint Roman Catholics to high political and military offices , and to imprison Church of England clerics who challenged his policies . As a result , a group of Protestants known as the Immortal Seven invited James II 's daughter Mary and her husband William III of Orange to depose the king . William obliged , arriving in England on 5 November 1688 to great public support . Faced with the defection of many of his Protestant officials , James fled the realm and William and Mary ( rather than James II 's Catholic son ) were declared joint Sovereigns of England , Scotland and Ireland . James 's overthrow , known as the Glorious Revolution , was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power . The Bill of Rights 1689 affirmed parliamentary supremacy , and declared that the English people held certain rights , including the freedom from taxes imposed without parliamentary consent . The Bill of Rights required future monarchs to be Protestants , and provided that , after any children of William and Mary , Mary 's sister Anne would inherit the Crown . Mary died childless in 1694 , leaving William as the sole monarch . By 1700 , a political crisis arose , as all of Anne 's children had died , leaving her as the only individual left in the line of succession . Parliament was afraid that the former James II or his supporters , known as Jacobites , might attempt to reclaim the throne . Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701 , which excluded James and his Catholic relations from the succession and made William 's nearest Protestant relations , the family of Sophia , Electress of Hanover , next in line to the throne after his sister - in - law Anne . Soon after the passage of the Act , William III died , leaving the Crown to Anne . After the 1707 Acts of Union ( edit ) England and Scotland were united as Great Britain under Queen Anne in 1707 . See also : List of British monarchs After Anne 's accession , the problem of the succession re-emerged . The Scottish Parliament , infuriated that the English Parliament did not consult them on the choice of Sophia 's family as the next heirs , passed the Act of Security 1704 , threatening to end the personal union between England and Scotland . The Parliament of England retaliated with the Alien Act 1705 , threatening to devastate the Scottish economy by restricting trade . The Scottish and English parliaments negotiated the Acts of Union 1707 , under which England and Scotland were united into a single Kingdom of Great Britain , with succession under the rules prescribed by the Act of Settlement . In 1714 , Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin , and Sophia 's son , George I , Elector of Hanover , who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719 . The new monarch was less active in government than many of his British predecessors , but retained control over his German kingdoms , with which Britain was now in personal union . Power shifted towards George 's ministers , especially to Sir Robert Walpole , who is often considered the first British prime minister , although the title was not then in use . The next monarch , George II , witnessed the final end of the Jacobite threat in 1746 , when the Catholic Stuarts were completely defeated . During the long reign of his grandson , George III , Britain 's American colonies were lost , the former colonies having formed the United States of America , but British influence elsewhere in the world continued to grow , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created by the Acts of Union 1800 . The union of Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom occurred in 1801 during the reign of King George III . From 1811 to 1820 , George III suffered a severe bout of what is now believed to be porphyria , an illness rendering him incapable of ruling . His son , the future George IV , ruled in his stead as Prince Regent . During the Regency and his own reign , the power of the monarchy declined , and by the time of his successor , William IV , the monarch was no longer able to effectively interfere with parliamentary power . In 1834 , William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne , and appointed a Tory , Sir Robert Peel . In the ensuing elections , however , Peel lost . The king had no choice but to recall Lord Melbourne . During William IV 's reign , the Reform Act 1832 , which reformed parliamentary representation , was passed . Together with others passed later in the century , the Act led to an expansion of the electoral franchise and the rise of the House of Commons as the most important branch of Parliament . The final transition to a constitutional monarchy was made during the long reign of William IV 's successor , Victoria . As a woman , Victoria could not rule Hanover , which only permitted succession in the male line , so the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover came to an end . The Victorian era was marked by great cultural change , technological progress , and the establishment of the United Kingdom as one of the world 's foremost powers . In recognition of British rule over India , Victoria was declared Empress of India in 1876 . However , her reign was also marked by increased support for the republican movement , due in part to Victoria 's permanent mourning and lengthy period of seclusion following the death of her husband in 1861 . Victoria 's son , Edward VII , became the first monarch of the House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha in 1901 . In 1917 , the next monarch , George V , changed `` Saxe - Coburg and Gotha '' to `` Windsor '' in response to the anti-German sympathies aroused by the First World War . George V 's reign was marked by the separation of Ireland into Northern Ireland , which remained a part of the United Kingdom , and the Irish Free State , an independent nation , in 1922 . Shared monarchy ( edit ) Map of the British Empire in 1921 Map of the Commonwealth realms today During the twentieth century , the Commonwealth of Nations evolved from the British Empire . Prior to 1926 , the British Crown reigned over the British Empire collectively ; the Dominions and Crown Colonies were subordinate to the United Kingdom . The Balfour Declaration of 1926 gave complete self - government to the Dominions , effectively creating a system whereby a single monarch operated independently in each separate Dominion . The concept was solidified by the Statute of Westminster 1931 , which has been likened to `` a treaty among the Commonwealth countries '' . The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution , although it is often still referred to as `` British '' for legal and historical reasons and for convenience . The monarch became separately monarch of the United Kingdom , monarch of Canada , monarch of Australia , and so forth . The independent states within the Commonwealth would share the same monarch in a relationship likened to a personal union . George V 's death in 1936 was followed by the accession of Edward VIII , who caused a public scandal by announcing his desire to marry the divorced American Wallis Simpson , even though the Church of England opposed the remarriage of divorcées . Accordingly , Edward announced his intention to abdicate ; the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries granted his request . Edward VIII and any children by his new wife were excluded from the line of succession , and the Crown went to his brother , George VI . George served as a rallying figure for the British people during World War II , making morale - boosting visits to the troops as well as to munitions factories and to areas bombed by Nazi Germany . In June 1948 George VI relinquished the title Emperor of India , although remaining head of state of the Dominion of India . At first , every member of the Commonwealth retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom , but when the Dominion of India became a republic in 1950 , it would no longer share in a common monarchy . Instead , the British monarch was acknowledged as `` Head of the Commonwealth '' in all Commonwealth member states , whether they were realms or republics . The position is purely ceremonial , and is not inherited by the British monarch as of right but is vested in an individual chosen by the Commonwealth heads of government . Member states of the Commonwealth that share the same person as monarch are known as Commonwealth realms . Monarchy in Ireland ( edit ) See also : Monarchy of Ireland In 1155 the only English pope , Adrian IV , authorised King Henry II of England to take possession of Ireland as a feudal territory nominally under papal overlordship . The pope wanted the English monarch to annex Ireland and bring the Irish church into line with Rome , despite this process already underway in Ireland by 1155 . An all - island kingship of Ireland had been created in 854 by Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid . His last successor was Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair , who had become King of Ireland in early 1166 , and exiled Diarmait Mac Murchada , King of Leinster . Diarmait asked Henry II for help , gaining a group of Anglo - Norman aristocrats and adventurers , led by Richard de Clare , 2nd Earl of Pembroke , to help him regain his throne . Diarmait and his Anglo - Norman allies succeeded and he became King of Leinster again . De Clare married Diarmait 's daughter , and when Diarmait died in 1171 , de Clare became King of Leinster . Henry was afraid that de Clare would make Ireland a rival Norman kingdom , so he took advantage of the papal bull and invaded , forcing de Clare and the other Anglo - Norman aristocrats in Ireland and the major Irish kings and lords to recognise him as their overlord . English lords came close to colonising the entire island , but a Gaelic resurgence from the 1260s resulted in the island divided between Gaelic - Irish and Anglo - Irish lords by 1400 . Many of the latter became completely Gaelicised , and did not recognise England 's kings except perhaps nominally . Some , such as Manus O'Donnell and Conn O'Neill , 1st Earl of Tyrone , were kings themselves . By 1541 , King Henry VIII of England had broken with the Church of Rome and declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England . The pope 's grant of Ireland to the English monarch became invalid , so Henry summoned a meeting of the Irish Parliament to change his title from Lord of Ireland to King of Ireland . However much of the island was beyond English control , resulting in the extended Tudor conquest of Ireland that only made the Kingdom of Ireland a reality in 1603 , at the conclusion of the Nine Years ' War ( Ireland ) . Nevertheless , Ireland retained its own parliament , becoming an independent state in 1642 - 1649 ( Confederate Ireland ) , and again in 1688 - 91 . Only warfare such as the Williamite War in Ireland and subsequent occupation enabled the English crown from 1692 , and successive British states from 1707 , to retain the country . In 1800 , as a result of the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , the Act of Union merged the kingdom of Great Britain and the kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The whole island of Ireland continued to be a part of the United Kingdom until 1922 , when what is now the Republic of Ireland won independence as the Irish Free State , a separate Dominion within the Commonwealth . The Irish Free State was renamed Éire ( or `` Ireland '' ) in 1937 , and in 1949 declared itself a republic , left the Commonwealth and severed all ties with the monarchy . Northern Ireland remained within the Union . In 1927 , the United Kingdom changed its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , while the monarch 's style for the next twenty years became `` of Great Britain , Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas , King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India '' . Modern status ( edit ) In the 1990s , republicanism in the United Kingdom grew , partly on account of negative publicity associated with the Royal Family ( for instance , immediately following the death of Diana , Princess of Wales ) . However , polls from 2002 to 2007 showed that around 70 -- 80 % of the British public supported the continuation of the monarchy . Religious role ( edit ) The sovereign is the Supreme Governor of the established Church of England . Archbishops and bishops are appointed by the monarch , on the advice of the Prime Minister , who chooses the appointee from a list of nominees prepared by a Church Commission . The Crown 's role in the Church of England is titular ; the most senior clergyman , the Archbishop of Canterbury , is the spiritual leader of the Church and of the worldwide Anglican Communion . The monarch takes an oath to preserve Church of Scotland and he or she holds the power to appoint the Lord High Commissioner to the Church 's General Assembly , but otherwise plays no part in its governance , and exerts no powers over it . The Sovereign plays no formal role in the disestablished Church in Wales or Church of Ireland . Succession ( edit ) Main articles : Succession to the British throne and Coronation of the British monarch The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the laws governing succession to the shared throne requires the unanimous consent of all the realms . Succession is governed by statutes such as the Bill of Rights 1689 , the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707 . The rules of succession may only be changed by an Act of Parliament ; it is not possible for an individual to renounce his or her right of succession . The Act of Settlement restricts the succession to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover ( 1630 -- 1714 ) , a granddaughter of James I . Upon the death of a sovereign , his or her heir immediately and automatically succeeds ( hence the phrase `` The king is dead , long live the king ! '' ) , and the accession of the new sovereign is publicly proclaimed by an Accession Council that meets at St James 's Palace . Upon their accession , a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths : the Accession Declaration as first required by the Bill of Rights , and an oath that they will `` maintain and preserve '' the Church of Scotland settlement as required by the Act of Union . The monarch is usually crowned in Westminster Abbey , normally by the Archbishop of Canterbury . A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign ; indeed , the ceremony usually takes place many months after accession to allow sufficient time for its preparation and for a period of mourning . After an individual ascends the throne , he or she reigns until death . The only voluntary abdication , that of Edward VIII , had to be authorised by a special Act of Parliament , His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 . The last monarch involuntarily removed from power was James VII and II , who fled into exile in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution . Restrictions by gender and religion ( edit ) See also : Succession to the Crown Act 2013 Succession was largely governed by male - preference cognatic primogeniture , under which sons inherit before daughters , and elder children inherit before younger ones of the same gender . The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , David Cameron , announced at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011 that all 16 Commonwealth realms , including the United Kingdom , had agreed to abolish the gender - preference rule for anyone born after the date of the meeting , 28 October 2011 . They also agreed that future monarchs would no longer be prohibited from marrying a Roman Catholic -- a law which dated from the Act of Settlement 1701 . However , since the monarch is also the Supreme Governor of the Church of England , the law which prohibits a Roman Catholic from acceding to the throne remains . The necessary UK legislation making the changes received the royal assent on 25 April 2013 and was brought into force in March 2015 after the equivalent legislation was approved in all the other Commonwealth realms . Only individuals who are Protestants may inherit the Crown . Roman Catholics are prohibited from succeeding . An individual thus disabled from inheriting the Crown is deemed `` naturally dead '' for succession purposes , and the disqualification does not extend to the individual 's legitimate descendants . Regency ( edit ) Main articles : Regency Acts and Counsellor of State The Regency Acts allow for regencies in the event of a monarch who is a minor or who is physically or mentally incapacitated . When a regency is necessary , the next qualified individual in the line of succession automatically becomes regent , unless they themselves are a minor or incapacitated . Special provisions were made for Queen Elizabeth II by the Regency Act 1953 , which stated that the Duke of Edinburgh ( the Queen 's husband ) could act as regent in these circumstances . During a temporary physical infirmity or an absence from the kingdom , the sovereign may temporarily delegate some of his or her functions to Counsellors of State , the monarch 's spouse and the first four adults in the line of succession . The present Counsellors of State are : the Duke of Edinburgh , the Prince of Wales , the Duke of Cambridge , the Duke of Sussex and the Duke of York . Finances ( edit ) Main article : Finances of the British royal family Until 1760 the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues , which included the profits of the Crown Estate ( the royal property portfolio ) . King George III agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the Civil List , and this arrangement persisted until 2012 . An annual Property Services Grant - in - aid paid for the upkeep of the royal residences , and an annual Royal Travel Grant - in - Aid paid for travel . The Civil List covered most expenses , including those for staffing , state visits , public engagements , and official entertainment . Its size was fixed by Parliament every 10 years ; any money saved was carried forward to the next 10 - year period . From 2012 until 2020 , the Civil List and Grants - in - Aid are to be replaced with a single Sovereign Grant , which will be set at 15 % of the revenues generated by the Crown Estate . The Crown Estate is one of the largest property owners in the United Kingdom , with holdings of £ 7.3 billion in 2011 . It is held in trust , and can not be sold or owned by the Sovereign in a private capacity . In modern times , the profits surrendered from the Crown Estate to the Treasury have exceeded the Civil List and Grants - in - Aid . For example , the Crown Estate produced £ 200 million in the financial year 2007 -- 8 , whereas reported parliamentary funding for the monarch was £ 40 million during the same period . Like the Crown Estate , the land and assets of the Duchy of Lancaster , a property portfolio valued at £ 383 million in 2011 , are held in trust . The revenues of the Duchy form part of the Privy Purse , and are used for expenses not borne by the parliamentary grants . The Duchy of Cornwall is a similar estate held in trust to meet the expenses of the monarch 's eldest son . The Royal Collection , which includes artworks and the Crown Jewels , is not owned by the Sovereign personally and is held in trust , as are the occupied palaces in the United Kingdom such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle . The sovereign is subject to indirect taxes such as value - added tax , and since 1993 the Queen has paid income tax and capital gains tax on personal income . Parliamentary grants to the Sovereign are not treated as income as they are solely for official expenditure . Republicans estimate that the real cost of the monarchy , including security and potential income not claimed by the state , such as profits from the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall and rent of Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle , is £ 334 million a year . Estimates of the Queen 's wealth vary , depending on whether assets owned by her personally or held in trust for the nation are included . Forbes magazine estimated her wealth at US $450 million in 2010 , but no official figure is available . In 1993 , the Lord Chamberlain said estimates of £ 100 million were `` grossly overstated '' . Jock Colville , who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank , Coutts , estimated her wealth in 1971 at £ 2 million ( the equivalent of about £ 26 million today ) . Residences ( edit ) Buckingham Palace , the monarch 's principal residence Holyrood Palace , the monarch 's official Scottish residence Main article : List of British royal residences The Sovereign 's official residence in London is Buckingham Palace . It is the site of most state banquets , investitures , royal christenings and other ceremonies . Another official residence is Windsor Castle , the largest occupied castle in the world , which is used principally at weekends , Easter and during Royal Ascot , an annual race meeting that is part of the social calendar . The Sovereign 's official residence in Scotland is the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh . The monarch stays at Holyrood for at least one week each year , and when visiting Scotland on state occasions . Historically , the Palace of Westminster and the Tower of London were the main residences of the English Sovereign until Henry VIII acquired the Palace of Whitehall . Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698 , leading to a shift to St James 's Palace . Although replaced as the monarch 's primary London residence by Buckingham Palace in 1837 , St James 's is still the senior palace and remains the ceremonial Royal residence . For example , foreign ambassadors are accredited to the Court of St James 's , and the Palace is the site of the meeting of the Accession Council . It is also used by other members of the Royal Family . Other residences include Clarence House and Kensington Palace . The palaces belong to the Crown ; they are held in trust for future rulers , and can not be sold by the monarch . Sandringham House in Norfolk and Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire are privately owned by the Queen . Style ( edit ) Main article : Style of the British sovereign The present Sovereign 's full style and title is `` Elizabeth the Second , by the Grace of God , of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen , Head of the Commonwealth , Defender of the Faith '' . The title `` Head of the Commonwealth '' is held by the Queen personally , and is not vested in the British Crown . Pope Leo X first granted the title `` Defender of the Faith '' to King Henry VIII in 1521 , rewarding him for his support of the Papacy during the early years of the Protestant Reformation , particularly for his book the Defence of the Seven Sacraments . After Henry broke from the Roman Church , Pope Paul III revoked the grant , but Parliament passed a law authorising its continued use . The Sovereign is known as `` His Majesty '' or `` Her Majesty '' . The form `` Britannic Majesty '' appears in international treaties and on passports to differentiate the British monarch from foreign rulers . The monarch chooses his or her regnal name , not necessarily his or her first name -- King George VI , King Edward VII and Queen Victoria did not use their first names . If only one monarch has used a particular name , no ordinal is used ; for example , Queen Victoria is not known as `` Victoria I '' , and ordinals are not used for English monarchs who reigned before the Norman conquest of England . The question of whether numbering for British monarchs is based on previous English or Scottish monarchs was raised in 1953 when Scottish nationalists challenged the Queen 's use of `` Elizabeth II '' , on the grounds that there had never been an `` Elizabeth I '' in Scotland . In MacCormick v Lord Advocate , the Scottish Court of Session ruled against the plaintiffs , finding that the Queen 's title was a matter of her own choice and prerogative . The Home Secretary told the House of Commons that monarchs since the Acts of Union had consistently used the higher of the English and Scottish ordinals , which in the applicable four cases has been the English ordinal . The Prime Minister confirmed this practice , but noted that `` neither The Queen nor her advisers could seek to bind their successors '' . Future monarchs will apply this policy . Traditionally , the signature of the monarch includes their regnal name but not ordinal , followed by the letter R , which stands for rex or regina ( Latin for king and queen , respectively ) . The present monarch 's signature is `` Elizabeth R '' . From 1877 until 1948 reigning monarchs added the letter I to their signatures , for imperator or imperatrix ( emperor or empress in Latin ) , from their status as Emperor or Empress of India . For example , Queen Victoria signed as `` Victoria RI '' from 1877 . Arms ( edit ) Main article : Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom are `` Quarterly , I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ( for England ) ; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory - counter-flory Gules ( for Scotland ) ; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ( for Ireland ) '' . The supporters are the Lion and the Unicorn ; the motto is `` Dieu et mon droit '' ( French : `` God and my Right '' ) . Surrounding the shield is a representation of a Garter bearing the motto of the Chivalric order of the same name ; `` Honi soit qui mal y pense '' . ( Old French : `` Shame be to him who thinks evil of it '' ) . In Scotland , the monarch uses an alternative form of the arms in which quarters I and IV represent Scotland , II England , and III Ireland . The mottoes are `` In Defens '' ( an abbreviated form of the Scots `` In My Defens God Me Defend '' ) and the motto of the Order of the Thistle ; `` Nemo me impune lacessit '' . ( Latin : `` No - one provokes me with impunity '' ) ; the supporters are the unicorn and lion , who support both the escutcheon and lances , from which fly the flags of Scotland and England . The coat of arms of Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom . The design , in use since the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837 , features the arms of England in the first and fourth quarters , Scotland in the second , and Ireland in the third . In Scotland a separate version is used ( shown right ) whereby the Arms of Scotland take precedence . The monarch 's official flag in the United Kingdom is the Royal Standard , which depicts the Royal Arms in banner form . It is flown only from buildings , vessels and vehicles in which the Sovereign is present . The Royal Standard is never flown at half - mast because there is always a sovereign : when one dies , his or her successor becomes the sovereign instantly . The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom : The Monarch 's official flag The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom as used in Scotland When the monarch is not in residence , the Union Flag is flown at Buckingham Palace , Windsor Castle and Sandringham House , whereas in Scotland the Royal Standard of Scotland is flown at Holyrood Palace and Balmoral Castle . Union Flag of the United Kingdom The Royal Standard of Scotland See also ( edit ) Commonwealth realms portal Monarchy portal United Kingdom portal States headed by Elizabeth II List of monarchies House of Windsor Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ e.g. Citizenship ceremonies , Home Office : UK Border Agency , retrieved 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ Symbols of the Monarchy : National Anthem , Official website of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 2 September 2014 , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Symbols of the Monarchy : Coinage and bank notes , Official website of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Crown Appointments Act 1661 c. 6 Jump up ^ `` In London , the revelations from ( 1989 Soviet defector Vladimir ) Pasechnik were summarized into a quick note for the Joint Intelligence Committee . The first recipient of such reports is always Her Majesty , The Queen . The second is the prime minister , who at the time was ( Margaret ) Thatcher . '' Hoffman , David E. ( Emanuel ) , The Dead Hand : The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy ( N.Y. : Doubleday , 1st ed. ( 1st printing ? ) ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 52437 - 7 ) 2009 ) , p. 336 ( author contributing editor & formerly U.S. White House , diplomatic , & Jerusalem correspondent , Moscow bureau chief , & foreign news asst . managing editor for The Wash . Post ) . Jump up ^ s3 . Constitutional Reform Act 2005 Jump up ^ Bagehot , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Brazier , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Waldron , pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Queen and Prime Minister , Official website of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Results and analysis : General election , 10 October 1974 , Political Science Resources , 11 March 2008 , retrieved 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ Brock , Michael ( September 2004 ; online edition , January 2008 ) . `` William IV ( 1765 -- 1837 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . 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Canada , 2003 CanLII 41404 ( ON S.C. ) Jump up ^ Zines , Leslie ( 2008 ) . The High Court and the Constitution , 5th ed . Annandale , New South Wales : Federation Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86287 - 691 - 0 . p. 314 Jump up ^ Corbett , P.E. ( 1940 ) , `` The Status of the British Commonwealth in International Law '' , The University of Toronto Law Journal , 3 ( 2 ) : 348 -- 359 , doi : 10.2307 / 824318 , JSTOR 824318 Jump up ^ Scott , F.R. ( January 1944 ) , `` The End of Dominion Status '' , The American Journal of International Law , 38 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 49 , doi : 10.2307 / 2192530 , JSTOR 2192530 Jump up ^ R v Foreign Secretary ; Ex parte Indian Association , ( 1982 ) . QB 892 at 928 ; as referenced in High Court of Australia : Sue v Hill HCA 30 ; 23 June 1999 ; S179 / 1998 and B49 / 1998 Jump up ^ Matthew , H.C.G. ( September 2004 ) , `` Edward VIII '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , retrieved 20 April 2008 Jump up ^ Matthew , H.C.G. 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( September 2004 ) , `` Henry VIII '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , retrieved 20 April 2008 ( Subscription required ) Jump up ^ Seely , Robert ( 5 September 1997 ) , Can the Windsors survive Diana 's death ? , Britannia Internet Magazine , retrieved 20 April 2008 Jump up ^ Grice , Andrew ( 9 April 2002 ) , `` Polls reveal big rise in support for monarchy '' , The Independent , retrieved 20 April 2008 Jump up ^ Monarchy poll , Ipsos MORI , April 2006 , retrieved 6 August 2016 Jump up ^ Monarchy Survey ( PDF ) , Populus Ltd , 14 -- 16 December 2007 , p. 9 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 May 2011 , retrieved 30 November 2011 Jump up ^ Poll respondents back UK monarchy , BBC , 28 December 2007 , retrieved 30 November 2011 Jump up ^ Queen and the Church of England , Official website of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 2 December 2010 , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Roles and Responsibilities : Overview , The Archbishop of Canterbury , archived from the original on 3 August 2008 , retrieved 9 October 2008 Jump up ^ Queen and Church of Scotland , Official website of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 2 December 2010 , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Queen , State and Kirk , Church of Scotland official website , archived from the original on 17 April 2009 , retrieved 10 May 2009 ^ Jump up to : Accession , Official website of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 31 May 2015 , retrieved 14 May 2009 Jump up ^ Coronation , Official website of the British Monarchy , retrieved 14 May 2009 Jump up ^ Girls Equal in British throne succession , British Broadcasting Corporation , 28 October 2011 , retrieved 28 October 2011 Jump up ^ Baby destined to become a monarch , ITV News , 22 July 2013 , retrieved 7 November 2013 Jump up ^ Act of Settlement 1700 ( c. 2 ) , Article II , retrieved 14 May 2010 Jump up ^ Union with Scotland Act 1706 ( c. 11 ) , Article II , retrieved 14 May 2010 Jump up ^ Union with England Act 1707 ( c. 7 ) , Article II , retrieved 14 May 2010 Jump up ^ Regency Act 1953 , Ministry of Justice , retrieved 9 October 2008 Jump up ^ Queen and Government : Counsellors of State , Official website of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 ^ Jump up to : Royal Finances : The Civil List , Official web site of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Royal funding changes become law , BBC , 18 October 2011 Jump up ^ About Us , Crown Estate , 6 July 2011 , archived from the original on 1 September 2011 , retrieved 1 September 2011 Jump up ^ FAQs , Crown Estate , archived from the original on 3 September 2011 , retrieved 1 September 2011 Jump up ^ Royal Finances : Head of State Expenditure , Official web site of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 14 May 2010 , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Accounts , Annual Reports and Investments , Duchy of Lancaster , 18 July 2011 , archived from the original on 12 October 2011 , retrieved 18 August 2011 Jump up ^ Royal Finances : Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster , Official web site of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ FAQs , Royal Collection , retrieved 30 March 2012 Royal Collection , Royal Household , retrieved 9 December 2009 ^ Jump up to : The Royal Residences : Overview , Royal Household , archived from the original on 1 May 2011 , retrieved 9 December 2009 Jump up ^ Royal Finances : Taxation , Official web site of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Royal finances '' . Republic . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Serafin , Tatiana ( 7 July 2010 ) , `` The World 's Richest Royals '' , Forbes , retrieved 13 January 2011 Jump up ^ Darnton , John ( 12 February 1993 ) , `` Tax Report Leaves Queen 's Wealth in Dark '' , The New York Times , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` £ 2m estimate of the Queen 's wealth ' more likely to be accurate ' '' , The Times : 1 , 11 June 1971 Jump up ^ Pimlott , Ben ( 2001 ) . The Queen : Elizabeth II and the Monarchy . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 255494 - 1 , p. 401 Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . 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Hansard , 3 March 1953 , vol. 512 , col. 251 Jump up ^ Royal Style and Title . Hansard , 15 April 1953 , vol. 514 , col. 199 Jump up ^ Debrett 's , 2008 edition , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Union Jack , The Royal Household , archived from the original on 5 November 2015 , retrieved 9 May 2011 Jump up ^ Royal Standard , Official website of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 28 December 2009 , retrieved 18 June 2010 References ( edit ) Ashley , Mike ( 1998 ) . The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens . London : Robinson . ISBN 1 - 84119 - 096 - 9 . Bagehot , Walter ; edited by Paul Smith ( 2001 ) . The English Constitution . Cambridge University Press . Brazier , Rodney ( 1997 ) . Ministers of the Crown . Oxford University Press . Brock , Michael ( September 2004 ; online edition , January 2008 ) . `` William IV ( 1765 -- 1837 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 22 April 2008 ( subscription required ) . Castor , Helen ( 2010 ) . She - Wolves : the Women who Ruled England Before Elizabeth . Faber and Faber . Cannon , John ; Griffiths , Ralph ( 1988 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822786 - 8 Crabbe , V.C.R.A.C. ( 1994 ) . Understanding Statutes . Cavendish Publishing . Flanagan , M.T. ( 2004 ) . `` Mac Murchada , Diarmait ( c. 1110 -- 1171 ) '' and Clare , Richard fitz Gilbert de , second earl of Pembroke ( c. 1130 -- 1176 ) `` . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 14 October 2008 ( subscription required ) . Fraser , Antonia ( Editor ) ( 1975 ) . The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 76911 - 1 . Ives , E.W. ( September 2004 ; online edition , January 2008 ) . `` Henry VIII ( 1491 -- 1547 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 20 April 2008 ( subscription required ) . Matthew , H.C.G. ( 2004 ) . `` Edward VIII ( later Prince Edward , duke of Windsor ) ( 1894 -- 1972 ) '' and `` George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 14 October 2008 ( subscription required ) . Pimlott , Ben . The Queen : A Biography of Elizabeth II . ( 1998 ) Sayers , Jane E. ( 2004 ) . `` Adrian IV ( d . 1159 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 20 April 2008 ( subscription required ) . Tomkins , Adam ( 2003 ) . Public Law . N.Y. : Oxford University Press ( Clarendon Law ser . ) . Waldron , Jeremy ( 1990 ) . The Law . Routledge . Weir , Alison ( 1996 ) . Britain 's Royal Families : The Complete Genealogy . ( Revised edition ) . London : Pimlico . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7448 - 9 . 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-5188864706759356393 | Single-sex education | Single - sex education - wikipedia Single - sex education Jump to : navigation , search German school girls , 1888 , by Emanuel Spitzer Boys at Trinity Grammar School ( New South Wales ) , 1913 La Pietra : Hawaii School for Girls Single - sex education , also known as single - gender education , is the practice of conducting education where male and female students attend separate classes or in separate buildings or schools . The practice was common before the twentieth century , particularly in secondary education and higher education . Single - sex education in many cultures is advocated on the basis of tradition as well as religion , and is practiced in many parts of the world . Recently , there has been a surge of interest and establishment of single - sex schools due to educational research . Single sex education is practiced in many Muslim majority countries ; while in the West it is most popular in Chile , Israel , South Korea , and English speaking countries such as Singapore , Ireland , the United Kingdom , Hong Kong , New Zealand , and Australia . In the Western world , single sex education is primarily associated with the private sector , with the public ( state ) sector being overwhelmingly mixed sex ; while in the Muslim world the situation is the opposite : public schools are usually single sex , while many private schools are mixed sex . Motivations for single sex education range from religious ideas of sex segregation to beliefs that the sexes learn and behave differently , and , as such , they thrive in a single sex environment . In the 19th century , in Western countries , single sex girls ' finishing schools , and women 's colleges offered women a chance to education at a time when they were denied access to mainstream educational institutions . The former were especially common in Switzerland , the latter in the US and the UK , which were pioneers in women 's education . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Effects 3 By region 3.1 Australia 3.2 Bangladesh 3.3 India 3.4 Ireland 3.5 Middle East 3.6 Nigeria 3.7 Pakistan 3.8 Sweden 3.9 United Kingdom 3.10 United States 3.10. 1 Gender segregation in American history 3.10. 2 Importance of history and culture in single - sex education determinations 3.10. 3 Impact on female citizens ' civil rights 4 See also 5 References 6 Other readings 7 External links History ( edit ) The New England Female Medical College Girls ' school in Trebizond ( modern Trabzon ) , early 20th century Girl students from Brisbane Girls Grammar School , 1914 In 19th century Western Europe , the most common way for girls to access education was at home , through private tutoring , and not through schools . This was especially the case in the Austro - Hungarian Empire , which strongly resisted women 's involvement in schools . By contrast , in the US , early feminists were successful in establishing women 's educational institutions . Although these were different and considered inferior to men 's institutions , they created nevertheless some of the first opportunities to formalized higher education for women in the Western World , with the Seven Sisters colleges offering unprecedented emancipation for women . The pioneer Salem College of Winston - Salem , North Carolina was founded in 1772 , originally established as a primary school , later becoming an academy ( high school ) and finally a college . The New England Female Medical College ( 1848 ) and the Woman 's Medical College of Pennsylvania ( 1850 ) were the first medical institutions in the world established to train women in medicine and offer them the M.D. degree . During the 19th century , ideas about education started to change : modern ideas that defined education as a right , rather than as a privilege available only to a small elite , started to gain support in North America and Europe . As such , mass elementary education was introduced , and more and more coeducational schools were set up . Together with mass education , the practice of coeducation was universalized in many places . Increased secularization in the 20th century also contributed to the acceptance of mixed sex education . In 1917 coeducation was mandated in the Soviet Union . According to Cornelius Riordan , `` By the end of the nineteenth century , coeducation was all but universal in American elementary and secondary public schools ( see Kolesnick , 1969 ; Bureau of Education , 1883 ; Butler , 1910 ; Riordan , 1990 ) . And by the end of the 20th century , this was largely true across the world . In the UK , Australia , and Ireland the tradition of single sex education remained quite strong until the 1960s . The 1960s and 1970s were a period of intense social changes , and during that era many anti-discrimination laws were passed , such as the 1972 Title IX . Wiseman ( 2008 ) shows that by 2003 , only a few countries across the globe have greater than one or two percent single sex schools . But there are exceptions where the percent of single sex schools exceeds 10 percent : Belgium , Chile , Singapore , the United Kingdom , Hong Kong , Israel , New Zealand , Australia , South Korea , and most Muslim nations . Recently , however , there has been a resurgence of interest in single sex schools in modern societies across the globe , both in the public and private sector ( Riordan , 2002 ) . '' Effects ( edit ) The topic of single - sex education is controversial . Advocates argue that it aids student outcomes such as test scores , graduation rates , and solutions to behavioral difficulties . Opponents , however , argue that evidence for such effects is inflated or non-existent , and instead argue that such segregation can increase sexism and impairs the development of interpersonal skills . Advocates of single - sex education believe that there are persistent gender differences in how boys and girls learn and behave in educational settings , and that such differences merit educating them separately . One version of this argument holds that male - female brain differences favor the implementation of gender - specific teaching methods , but such claims have not held up to rigorous scrutiny . In addition , supporters of single - sex education argue that by segregating the genders , students do not become distracted by the other gender 's actions in the classrooms , but most of the social distraction in classrooms is actually attributable to same - gender interactions . A systematic review published in 2005 covering 2221 studies was commissioned by the US Department of Education entitled Single - sex versus coeducational schooling : A systematic review . The review , which had statistical controls for socio - economic status of the students and resources of the schools , etc. , found that in the study on the effects of single - sex schooling `` the results are equivocal . There is some support for the premise that single - sex schooling can be helpful , especially for certain outcomes related to academic achievement and more positive academic aspirations . For many outcomes , there is no evidence of either benefit or harm . There is limited support for the view that single - sex schooling may be harmful or that coeducational schooling is more beneficial for the student . '' It also said that in general , most studies reported positive effects for single - sex schools on all - subject achievement tests and the preponderance of studies in areas such as academic accomplishment ( both concurrent and long term ) and adaptation or socioemotional development ( both concurrent and long term ) yields results lending support to single - sex schooling . The quantitative data itself `` finds positive results are three to four times more likely to be found for single sex schools than for coeducational schools in the same study for both academic achievement and socio - emotional development , '' said Cornelius Riordan , one of the directors of the research . In 2008 , the US government sponsored another study , Early Implementation of Public Single - Sex Schools : Perceptions and Characteristics , which listed the benefits of single - sex schools : ( 1 ) Decreases distractions in learning , ( 2 ) Reduces student behavior problems , ( 3 ) Provides more leadership opportunities , ( 4 ) Promotes a sense of community among students and staff , ( 5 ) Improves student self - esteem , ( 6 ) Addresses unique learning styles and interests of boys or girls , ( 7 ) Decreases sex bias in teacher - student interactions , ( 8 ) Improves student achievement , ( 9 ) Decreases the academic problems of low achieving students , ( 10 ) Reduces sexual harassment among students , ( 11 ) Provides more positive student role models , ( 12 ) Allows for more opportunities to provide social and moral guidance , ( 13 ) Provides choice in public education . Australian researchers reported in 2009 that high school students ' interpersonal relationships were positively associated with both academic and nonacademic achievement , although the interaction between boys and girls in a majority of cases resulted in less homework done , less enjoyment of school , and lower reading and math scores . An all - girls school swimming team from Sydney A UCLA report commissioned by the National Coalition of Girls ' Schools used data from a large national survey of U.S. college freshmen and found stronger academic orientations among women who had attended all - girls , compared to coeducational high schools , but the effects were small and the authors concluded `` that the marginal benefits do not justify the potential threats to gender equity brought on by academic sex segregation '' . In September 2011 , the journal Science published a study deeply critical of gender - segregated schooling , arguing that the movement towards single - sex education `` is deeply misguided , and often justified by weak , cherry - picked , or misconstrued scientific claims rather than by valid scientific evidence '' . The study goes on to conclude that `` there is no well - designed research showing that single - sex ( SS ) education improves students ' academic performance , but there is evidence that sex segregation increases gender stereotyping and legitimizes institutional sexism . '' Opponents of single - sex education , including the authors of the Science article , argue that it is not single - sex education that is producing positive results but rather , the ability of students who enter such programs and resources of the schools that are responsible . They also argue that single - sex schooling does not adequately prepare students for adult workplaces and society , where males and females need to respect and communicate effectively with each other . Coeducational schools offer greater opportunity to break down sexist attitudes through purposeful interaction with the other sex . Coeducational schools are also said to create greater feelings of safety and mutual respect among students across the gender spectrum . Leonard Sax , the President of National Association for Single - sex Public Education or NASSPE countered the Science article by saying that `` ALL the studies cited in the SCIENCE article regarding ' negative impacts ' were in fact studies involving a small number of PRE-SCHOOL students attending a COED pre-kindergarten '' ( capitalized letters in the original ) . He further said that `` these authors provide no evidence for their substantive claim that ' gender divisions are made even more salient in SS settings . ' In fact , this conjecture has been tested , and proven false , in multiple studies . '' Sax cited a study which said that `` girls in the all - girls classroom were less aware of ' being a girl ' and less aware of gender stereotypes regarding science , compared to girls who were randomly assigned to the coed classroom . '' In January 2012 , an unpublished study of the University of Pennsylvania , involving a randomized experiment , considered the experiment with the highest level of scientific evidence . The data comes from schools in South Korea , where a law was passed randomly assigning students to schools in their district . The study by Park , Berhman and Choi titled Causal Effects of Single - Sex Schools on College Entrance Exams and College Attendance : Random Assignment in Seoul High Schools concluded that `` Attending all - boys schools or all - girls schools rather than attending coeducational schools is significantly associated with higher average scores . '' In 2014 , E. Pahlke , J.S. Hyde , and C.M. Allison published a meta - analysis comparing achievement and attitudes in single - sex versus coeducational schools that included 1.6 million students in grades K - 12 . The study concluded that `` there is little evidence of an advantage of SS schooling for girls or boys for any of the outcomes . '' In a 2015 review of this study Cornelius Riordan observed that the authors `` employ a 0.2 effect - size threshold in drawing these conclusions about there being no advantage to single - sex schooling . Despite the above conclusion , the research found that , in a separate analysis of just the best studies ( well controlled ) conducted in America , the effect size in mathematics was 0.14 for both boys and girls . The verbal performance was 0.22 for girls and 0.13 for boys ... Educational research has shown that a standard effect size of 0.10 on gains from sophomore to senior year of high school is equivalent to one full year of learning by the average public school student in the United States . '' Thus , he says , that `` Applying this standard , a difference of 0.10 ( or greater ) between students in single - sex and in coeducational schools would be substantially important . '' By region ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) James Cook Boys High Located in Sydney , NSW , Australia . In Australia , most single sex schools are fee paying independent or Catholic schools . There are a small number of single sex government schools , while within the independent sector the proportion of pupils attending single sex schools has dropped from 31 % in 1985 to 24 % in 1995 . Nevertheless , single sex education in Australia is much more popular than in the US . In 2001 , the Australian Council for Educational Research after six years of study of more 270,000 students , in 53 academic subjects , showed that boys and girls from single - sex classrooms `` scored on average 15 to 22 percentile ranks higher than did boys and girls in coeducational settings . The report also documented that boys and girls in single - sex schools were more likely to be better behaved and to find learning more enjoyable and the curriculum more relevant . ' '' Bangladesh ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Bangladesh , a large number of city schools and colleges are single - sex institutions except for universities . Notable all Cantonment schools ( non-residential schools run directly by Military ) , Zilla Schools ( run directly by Government ( First starting in early colonial ages ) ) , Cadet colleges ( residential schools run directly by Military ) are single - sex schools . India ( edit ) In India , boys are said to do better in single - sex classrooms because of the varying educational needs of boys when compared to girls . However , the number of single - sex state schools has dropped substantially over the past 40 years , from 2,500 to 400 . Figures indicate that , as of 2002 , 53 % of girls in the Indian population actually attend schools . Some conservative parents may decide to withdraw their daughters at the age of puberty onset because of fear of distraction . It is also believed that by having single - sex classrooms the students will be able to focus more on their education , as they will not have the distraction of the other sex . The study argues that co-education schools provide opportunities for students to interact with their peers which de-stresses students and creates a friendlier , more relaxed environment . Ireland ( edit ) Male students , De La Salle College , Waterford County , 1923 A country with conservative traditions , Ireland has significantly more pupils studying in single - sex schools than other western countries : more than one third of second level schools are single sex . Even at primary level , single sex education is quite common : 17 % of primary school children attend single - sex schools . Middle East ( edit ) School girls in Iraq In the Middle East public schools are all gender - segregated , whereas private schools are coeducational . There are single - sex private schools as well . In Iran , single - sex public schools have been in place since the Islamic Revolution . Universities are mostly coeducational in Iran . In the United Arab Emirates , private schools are mostly coeducational , while public schools are segregated . In Syria , private schools are coeducational , while public schools are mostly , but not exclusively , segregated . Universities are all coeducational . In Israel the public schools ( both secular and orthodox ) are coeducational . Ultraorthodox as well as a few other private religious schools are single - sex . In Lebanon most schools are coeducational schools Nigeria ( edit ) In Nigeria , public opinion regarding sexes in schools is influenced most by religious and cultural beliefs rather than the idea that students learn better separated into sexes . Because of this , the attitude towards the separation / integration of sexes varies depending on the ethnic makeup of the region . People in northern Nigeria are mostly Muslim and as a result , are more inclined to choose single - sex education over co-education in - line with their religious beliefs . However country - wide , co-education schools are more common than single - sex schools . In contrast to the predominance of co-education schools , many prestigious educational institutions only accept one sex , major examples are , King 's College and Queen 's College situated in Lagos . At university level , although the sexes are not separated in the classroom , it is common practice to employ a single sex housing policy on university campuses e.g. Covenant University . Pakistan ( edit ) Most of the private schools in Karachi , Lahore , Hyderabad , Islamabad and Rawalpindi are co-education but government schools are all single - sex education . Most colleges are also single - sex education institutions till graduation . There is one women 's university in Rawalpindi as well . A few other universities also offer degree courses separately to both genders . In some cities , single - sex education is preferred , like Peshawar and Quetta , where many schools are single - sex educational , but there are also schools which are co-educational . However , most of the higher education in Pakistan is co-education . Sweden ( edit ) Boys in a single sex school in 1922 in Norrköping Around 1800 , girls ' middle - secondary schools begun to appear , and become more common during the 19th century . By the mid 1970s , most of them had been scrapped and replaced with coeducation . By a law from 1575 , girls as well as boys were expected to be given elementary schooling . The establishment for girl schools were left to each city 's own authorities , and no school for girls were founded until the Rudbeckii flickskola in 1632 , and that school were to be an isolated example . However , some schools for boys did occasionally accept female students , even on high levels : Ursula Agricola and Maria Jonae Palmgren were accepted at Visingsö Gymnasium in 1644 and 1645 respectively , and Aurora Liljenroth graduated from the same school in 1788 . During the 18th century , many girl schools were established , referred to as Mamsellskola ( Mamsell School ) or Franskpension ( French Pension ) . These schools could normally be classified as finishing schools , with only a shallow education of polite conversation in French , embroidery , piano playing and other accomplishments , and the purpose was only to give the students a suitable minimum education to be a lady , a wife and a mother . In the first half of the 19th century , a growing discontent over the shallow education of women eventually resulted in the finishing schools being gradually replaced by girl schools with a higher level of academic secondary education , called `` Higher Girl Schools '' , in the mid-19th century . At the time of the introduction of the compulsory elementary school for both sexes in Sweden in 1842 , only five schools in provided academic secondary education to females : the Societetsskolan ( 1786 ) , Fruntimmersföreningens flickskola ( 1815 ) and Kjellbergska flickskolan ( 1833 ) in Gothenburg , Askersunds flickskola ( 1812 ) in Askersund , and Wallinska skolan ( 1831 ) in Stockholm . During the second half of the 19th century , there were secondary education girl schools in most Swedish cities . All of these were private , with the exception of the Women 's college Högre lärarinneseminariet in Stockholm from 1861 , and its adjacent girl school Statens normalskola för flickor . The Girl School Committee of 1866 organized the regulation of girl schools and female education in Sweden : from 1870 , some girl schools were given the right to offer the Gymnasium ( school ) level to its students , and from 1874 , those girl schools who met the demands were given governmental support and some were given the right to issue professional degrees . This was necessary to make it possible for women to enroll at the universities , which had been open to women in 1870 , as female students were not accepted in the same schools as males over the elementary educational level . In 1904 - 1909 , co-education were initiated on governmental secondary educational schools , which undermined the girl schools . In 1927 , all Gymnasiums for males were made co-educational , a reform which made girl schools redundant . The following year , girl schools could apply to become governmental , and before the end of World War II , all girl schools were transformed from private institutions to a part of the official governmental educational system . From 1956 , the governmental girl schools were abolished and made co-educational : this process was completed in 1974 . United Kingdom ( edit ) Eton College , a prestigious English independent school for boys While England has a very strong tradition of single - sex education , Scottish education was largely mixed , and Wales introduced dual schools ( a girls ' side and a boys ' side under one roof ) in 1889 . In England , most secondary education was single - sex until the 1970s . Single - sex schooling was traditionally the norm for secondary schools in most parts of the United Kingdom , especially for private , grammar and secondary modern schools , but most UK schools are now coeducational . In the state sector of the U.K. education system , the only single - sex junior schools are Winterbourne Junior Boys ' School and Winterbourne Junior Girls ' School ( both in the London Borough of Croydon ) . The number of single - sex state schools has fallen from nearly 2,500 to just over 400 in 40 years . According to Alan Smithers , Professor of Education at Buckingham University , there was no evidence that single - sex schools were consistently superior . A major longitudinal study of over 17,000 individuals examined whether single - sex schooling made a difference for a wide range of outcomes , including academic attainment , earnings , marriage , childbearing and divorce . The authors found that girls fared better in examinations at age 16 at single - sex schools , while boys achieved similar results at single - sex or co-educational schools . Girls rated their abilities in maths and sciences higher if they went to a girls ' school , and boys rated their abilities in English higher if they went to a boys ' school , i.e. gender stereotyping was weaker in the single - sex sector . Later in life , women who had been to single - sex schools went on to earn higher wages than women who had been to co-educational schools . United States ( edit ) Further information : Mixed - sex education Students at Western College for Women , 1914 Philadelphia High School for Girls in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Until the 19th century , single - sex education was the norm in the US , although this varied by region . In New England there was more mixed - sex education than in the South , and girls in New England had more access to education in general . With the generalization of elementary education in the 19th century , mixed - sex education started to spread rapidly . According to Cornelius Riordan , `` By the end of the nineteenth century , coeducation was all but universal in American elementary and secondary public schools ( see Kolesnick , 1969 ; Bureau of Education , 1883 ; Butler , 1910 ; Riordan , 1990 ) . However , higher education was usually single - sex , and men 's colleges and women 's colleges were common well into the 20th century . A form of education strongly associated with sex - segregation is that of Catholic schools , although many Catholic schools today are coeducational . The idea of educating students differently by sex , formally or informally , was common until the 1970s . A controversy regarding single - sex education in the United States is its association with racist ideologies in the 1950s in the American South . After the Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) ruled racial segregation in education unconstitutional , therefore paving the way to educating together black and white children , many conservatives reacted very negatively to the idea of black boys and white girls socializing together , potentially leading to interracial romantic couples . As such , segregation by sex in schools became quite common during that era across the Southern US , with many single sex educational institutions being established . A major event that affected single - sex schooling in the US was when the Title IX amendments of the Education Amendments of 1972 were passed . The Encyclopedia of Women and Gender explains Title IX as being , `` Founded on the premises of equal opportunity , equal access , and full integration , it focused on providing complete access to participation in all functions of schooling , regardless of gender '' ( Sex Segregation In Education , 2001 ) . Many feminists fought for the passage of this law . The goal was to ban all sex discrimination in any education program which received financial aid from the government . It was stated specifically on the Department of Education website as , `` No person in the US , on the basis of sex , can be excluded from the participation in , be denied the benefits of , or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance '' . The main cause which led to the start of more public schools having single - sex classes or entire schools was when the reforms to the Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 were passed in 2006 . Originally Title IX had allowed separation of males and females in certain areas in school prior to the new changes . For example , they were allowed to have single gender classes for physical - education when there were contact sports involved and also for sex - education classes . Kasic ( 2008 ) indicates that the new regulations allow nonvocational public schools to still receive funding if they offer single - sex classes or entire single - sex schools , but in order to start these programs they have to have a governmental or educational objective . These programs are also required to be voluntary , so public schools can not be required to offer these single - sex programs and if they do they can not force students to participate in them . Diana Schemo explains in a New York Times article , `` Until now , publics school districts that offered a school to one sex generally had to provide a comparable school for students of the other sex . The new rules , however say districts can simply offer such students the option to attend comparable coeducational schools '' ( Schemo , 2006 , p. 2 ) . Since these regulations were approved the number of public schools offering single - sex programs has been on a steady incline due to the fact that the rules are more flexible . In the United States , the Supreme Court ruled on the constitutionality of single - sex public education in the 1996 case of United States v. Virginia . This ruling , written by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg concluded that single - sex education in the public sector is constitutional only if comparable courses , services , and facilities are made available to both sexes . The No Child Left Behind Act contains provisions ( sections 5131. a. 23 . and 5131c , 20 U.S.C. section 7215 ( a ) ( 23 ) , and section 7215 ( c ) ) designed by their authors -- senators Hillary Clinton ( D - NY ) and Kay Bailey Hutchison ( R - TX ) -- to facilitate single - sex education in public schools . These provisions led to the publication of new federal rules in October 2006 to allow districts to create single - sex schools and classes provided that 1 ) enrollment is voluntary , and 2 ) comparable courses , services , and facilities are available to both sexes . The number of public schools offering single - sex classrooms rose from 4 in 1998 to 540 in 2010 , according to the web site of the National Association for Single Sex Public Education . Education Next and the Program on Education Policy and Governance at Harvard University sponsored a nationwide survey conducted by Knowledge Networks in early 2008 . According to the survey , `` more than one - third of Americans feel parents should have the option of sending their child to a single - sex school '' . Gender segregation in American history ( edit ) Smith College , class of 1902 In the United States , gender segregation in schools was initially a product of an era when traditional gender roles categorically determined scholastic , professional , and social opportunities based on sex . For instance , leading experts supported gender segregation in higher education because they considered it `` to be dangerous and inappropriate for women . Experts claimed that scientific evidence established that women were physically and temperamentally not suited to the rigors of the academy ... Separate education for men and women paralleled the separate spheres that each was expected to occupy . '' Furthermore , colleges and universities did not consider female applicants until the second half of the nineteenth century when the women 's rights movement began advocating for gender equality . In response to social progression `` at the turn of the twentieth century , educators , particularly those in the South , fiercely resisted coeducation in elite all - male colleges , and most of the Ivy League institutions would drag their feet well into the twentieth century before becoming coeducational . '' Importance of history and culture in single - sex education determinations ( edit ) Girls and boys segregation in schools is definitive of a sex - based classification , and , thus , it must be supported by an `` exceedingly persuasive justification '' to pass constitutional muster . In light of this requisite standard , the legality of single - sex educational institutions depends on the accuracy of underlying assumptions and support . Accordingly , it is important to be aware that a majority of research used to advocate the benefits of single - sex education is cloaked in uncertainty . Specifically , proponents `` who want to build a case for single - sex education usually draw on ... uncontrolled studies , small samples , and anecdotal evidence ; the positive findings are repeated but are not analyzed '' . Alternatively , opponents of single - sex education are able to gather tangible support from observable patterns of pervasive gender inequality in other social contexts . The diversity of opinions that concurrently support gender segregation in education creates a complex and fragmented dynamic . The miscellany of proponents includes : conservatives emphasizing innate gender differences , traditionalists favoring rigid gender roles , democrats striving to remedy past discrimination , progressives promoting diversity in academic choices , and feminists championing exclusively female support systems . Because the coalition of proponents consists of parties with dissimilar interests , the body of `` educational research regarding the efficacy of single - sex schools is mixed at best '' . Moreover , advocates tend to bolster their respective positions by emphasizing specific aspects of educational research without addressing the remaining `` array of evidence regarding institutions , structures , and processes that construct views on gender and equality '' . Although educational research supporting gender segregation in schools is rife with ambiguity , `` the social research is absolutely clear that separation on the basis of identity characteristics creates feelings of individual inadequacy and instills beliefs about group hierarchy '' . Studies used to make policy or legal arguments in the current debate over single - sex education narrowly `` look only at the slice of the social picture that schooling represents '' . An informed assessment regarding the appropriate role of gender segregation in contemporary and future education developments requires contemplation of potential implications beyond the direct , internal , and immediate influences that single - sex schools stand to exert on students . It is undeniable that gender inequality exists , consciously or not , in contemporary social , professional , and domestic hierarchies or relationships . Indeed , `` ( g ) ender separatism is so pervasive that it is almost invisible . It is woven into the fabric of our daily social routines . '' Vestiges of past gender segregation and its connotations throughout American history validate questions concerning the likely effects of Impact on female citizens ' civil rights ( edit ) Assessing the current single - sex education debate through a broad lens realizes contextual factors that effectively constitute the crux of the issue . Most discussions regarding the potential effects of single - sex education characterize future students of such institutions as the sole beneficiaries of resulting impacts . An appropriate assessment , however , considers contextual implications and realizes that female citizens as a class will be the true beneficiaries if single - sex education developments reach fruition . If the multitude of diverging interests that influence the single - sex education dispute were distilled , the core concern of the discussion asks whether single - sex education will help remedy past gender discrimination or not . In sum , ( Gender ) separatism originated in beliefs about innate differences between women and men in inclinations and abilities , sentiments that comported with ' widely held views about women 's proper place . ' The existence of segregated higher education was itself , for centuries , a critical factor in the limitation of women 's professional opportunities . The implications of reviving single - sex education in America could further erode outdated sex stereotypes and , thereby , facilitate gender equality in other social contexts . Incorporating the national history of gender segregation allows all sides to balance specious benefits of future students against the potential regression of gender equality in America . Regardless of the outcome , female citizens will bear the brunt of effects and either reap the reward of societal progression or bear the burden of continued inequity . See also ( edit ) Co-institutional Men 's colleges Women 's colleges Education portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Riordan , C. ( 2009 ) . The Effects of Single Sex Schools : Alced . Argentina ^ Jump up to : http://www.rte.ie/news/2011/0922/306498-education/ ^ Jump up to : C. Riordan ( 2011 ) . The Value of Single Sex Education : Twenty Five Years of High Quality Research , Third International Congress of the European Association for Single Sex Education , Warsaw , Poland . Jump up ^ Peitzman , Steven J. ( 2000 ) . A new and untried course : Woman 's Medical College and Medical College of Pennsylvania , 1850 - 1998 . New Brunswick , N.J ( u.a. ) : Rutgers University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2815 - 1 . Jump up ^ Eliot , Lise ( 2011 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Single - Sex Education and the Brain '' . Sex Roles. 69 ( 7 -- 8 ) : 363 -- 381 . doi : 10.1007 / s11199 - 011 - 0037 - y . ISSN 0360 - 0025 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Education , `` Single - sex versus coeducational schooling : A systematic review '' ( Department of Education , Washington , DC , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Riordan , C. ( 2007 ) . The Effects of Single Sex Schools : What Do We Know ? Building Gender - Sensitive Schools : First International Congress on Single Sex Education . Barcelona Jump up ^ Riordan , C. , Faddis , B. , Beam , M , Seager , A. , Tanney , A. , DiBiase R. , Ruffin M. , Valentine , J. ( 2008 ) . Early Implementation of Public Single - Sex Schools : Perceptions and Characteristics . Washington D.C. Jump up ^ Martin , A.J. , Marsh , H.W. , McInerney , D.M. , Green , J. Young People 's Interpersonal Relationships and Academic and Nonacademic Outcomes : Scoping the Relative Salience of Teachers , Parents , Same - Sex Peers , and Opposite Sex Peers . Teachers College Record . March 23 , 2009 , 1 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sax , Linda ( March 2009 ) . `` Women Graduates of Single - Sex and Coeducational High Schools : Differences in their Characteristics and the Transition to College '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Halpern , Diane F. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` The Pseudoscience of Single - Sex Schooling '' . Science . 333 ( 6050 ) : 1706 -- 1707 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1205031 . PMID 21940879 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` DIFERENCIADA.org '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Park , Hyunjoon ; Behrman , Jere R. ; Choi , Jaesung ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Causal Effects of Single - Sex Schools on College Entrance Exams and College Attendance : Random Assignment in Seoul High Schools '' . PSC Working Paper Series -- via University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons . Jump up ^ Pahlke , Erin ; Hyde , Janet Shibley ; Allison , Carlie M. ( 2014 - 07 - 01 ) . `` The effects of single - sex compared with coeducational schooling on students ' performance and attitudes : A meta - analysis '' . Psychological Bulletin . 140 ( 4 ) : 1042 -- 1072 . doi : 10.1037 / a0035740 . ISSN 1939 - 1455 . PMID 24491022 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Cornelius , Schools , Single - Sex . Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Bureau of Statistics '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.ncgs.org/Pdfs/Resources/single-sex%20education%20in%20the%20UK%20and%20other%20English%20speaking%20countries.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/no-benefit-to-singlesex-education-australian-psychological-society-congress-to-be-told-20160913-greydj.html Jump up ^ http://www.genderdifferences.org/research-singlesexvscoed.htm Jump up ^ `` Our Children '' . Smile Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Divya A ( 2008 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Same - sex classrooms a problem or solution ? '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ AdventureDivas : IRAN : Groundwork Jump up ^ `` Flickor och pojkar i skolan - hur jämställt är det ? '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . Government of Sweden . 2009 . p. 140 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gunhild Kyle ( 1972 ) . Svensk flickskola under 1800 - talet . Göteborg : Kvinnohistoriskt arkiv . ISBN Jump up ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304595611_Class_and_Religion_Great_Britain_and_Ireland Jump up ^ `` Single - sex schooling - Centre for Longitudinal Studies '' . 2013 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , A. ; Joshi , H. ; Leonard , D. ( 2010 ) . `` ' Single - sex Schooling and Academic Attainment at School and through the Lifecourse ' '' . American Educational Research Journal . 47 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 36 . doi : 10.3102 / 0002831209350106 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , A. 2009 . ' Academic self - concept , gender and single - sex schooling ' British Educational Research Journal 35 ( 2 ) 259 - 288 Jump up ^ Sullivan , A. ; Joshi , H. ; Leonard , D. ( 2011 ) . `` Single - sex schooling and labour market outcomes '' . Oxford Review of Education . 37 ( 3 ) : 311 -- 322 . doi : 10.1080 / 03054985.2010. 545194 . Jump up ^ http://www.feminist.org/education/pdfs/9%20Single%20Sex.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0125-williams-single-sex-schools-20160125-story.html Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/12/the-resurgence-of-single-sex-education/421560/ Jump up ^ Sex Segregation in Education . Encyclopedia of Women and Gender . 2001 . Jump up ^ Diana Jean Schemo ( 2006 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Correction Appended '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Single - sex education : the pros and cons '' . GreatSchools . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Valorjie K. Vojdik , Girls ' Schools After VMI : Do They Make the Grade ? , 4 Duke J. Gender L. & Pol'y 69 , 84 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ See Nancy Levit , Separating Equals : Educational Research and the Long - Term Consequences of Sex Segregation , 67 Geo . Wash . L. Rev. 451 , 514 ( 1999 ) ( discussing historical lack of collegiate opportunities for women ) . Jump up ^ Id . at 515 ( noting societal reluctance towards implementation of coeducation ) . See also Cynthia Fuchs Epstein , The Myths and Justifications of Sex Segregation in Higher Education : VMI and the Citadel , 4 Duke J. Gender L. & Pol'y 101 , 118 n . 150 ( `` Columbia ... remained all - male until 1983 . Yale and Princeton became coeducational in 1969 , followed in 1972 by Brown and Dartmouth , and Harvard in 1976 . '' ) Jump up ^ J.E.B. v. Alabama , 511 U.S. 127 ( 1994 ) ( exercising stricter standard of review for sex - based classifications ) . Jump up ^ See Katharine T. Bartlett et al. , Gender and Law 2 ( 6th ed. 2013 ) ( discussing legitimacy of sex - based classifications ) . Jump up ^ Id . at 503 ( `` The touted ' general consensus ' about positive education and socialization effects of single - sex education simply does not exist . '' ) Jump up ^ Id . ( noting proponents ' refusal to rely on up - to - date studies ) . Jump up ^ See Nancy Levit , Separating Equals : Educational Research and the Long - Term Consequences of Sex Segregation , 67 Geo . Wash . L. Rev. 451 , 514 ( 1999 ) . According to Levit , `` Supporters of single - sex education talk about the subject as if it were an isolated matter ... without the recognition of either how pervasive sex segregation is in other contexts or the historical and cultural connotations attached to segregation . Those who favor single - sex education argue that we can vest it with new meaning . This myopic optimism ignores the history , social meaning , and impact of segregation . '' Id . See also Lucinda M. Finley , Sex - Blind Nation ? The Uneasy Legacy of Plessy v. Ferguson for Sex and Gender Discrimination , 12 Ga . St. U.L. Rev. 1089 , 1103 - 04 ( 1996 ) ( explaining that `` separate never really means equal . All - girls schools usually have fewer academic offerings ... Women 's sports events frequently offer less prize money . '' ) Jump up ^ See Nancy Levit , Separating Equals : Educational Research and the Long - Term Consequences of Sex Segregation , 67 Geo . Wash . L. Rev. 451 , 452 - 53 ( 1999 ) ( detailing rationales of varied proponents ) . Jump up ^ Id . at 454 . Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ See Nancy Levit , Separating Equals : Educational Research and the Long - Term Consequences of Sex Segregation , 67 Geo . Wash . L. Rev. 451 , 511 ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Id . ( `` The contextual backdrop is missing from the single - sex education debate ... The studies themselves , and those persons using the studies to make political and legal arguments , fail to consider the social context of gender education . '' ) Jump up ^ Id . ( discussing importance of potential impact on existing gender inequalities ) . Specifically , `` ( t ) he dimension of sociological evidence regarding sex - exclusivity that is often overlooked in the single - sex schools debate is the very obvious fact of pervasive and persistent sex segregation in all aspects of daily living . '' Id . Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ Id . at 454 ( recognizing that current discourse fails to consider `` the wider body of social science data concerning the role of sex segregation itself in the formation of gender role attitudes '' ) . Jump up ^ Id . ( `` The American tradition of sex - exclusivity in public education is a legacy that is tied inextricably to the exclusion of women from public and professional life . '' ) Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ See Nancy Levit , Separating Equals : Educational Research and the Long - Term Consequences of Sex Segregation , 67 Geo . Wash . L. Rev. 451 , 454 ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Id . `` In determining whether sex - exclusive education will remedy existing educational disparities for girls or will aggravate a system of sex role stereotyping , courts must consider the historical and social meaning of sex segregation in American education . '' Id . Jump up ^ Id . ( `` Supporters assume that we can vest single - sex education with new social meaning . What they overlook , though , is the cultural significance that attaches to the relentless sex segregation in all other areas of life . '' ) Other readings ( edit ) Single - sex Schools for Girls and Gender Equality , UNESCO Brief , 2007 Single sex environments and gender differences in risk aversion External links ( edit ) European Association of Single - sex Education ( EASSE ) National Association for single sex public education Single Sex Education American Council for CoEducational Schooling ( ACCES ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single-sex_education&oldid=832779217 '' Categories : Gender and education LGBT Sex segregation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский ייִדיש 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 23 : 27 . 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3377989956332712717 | Every Man in His Humour | Every Man in his humour - wikipedia Every Man in his humour Jump to : navigation , search Title page of 1616 printing of Every Man in His Humour ( There was no separate printing in 1616 ; the title page reproduced appears to be a divisional title from the so - called ' third issue ' of the `` Works '' of 1616 ; copies of this were ' made up ' substantially later with some of the sheets printed from a later setting of the type , it is a leaf of this very much later setting , not the 1616 issue , that is the subject of the reproduction . See W.W. Greg , ' A Bibliography of the English Printed Drama to the Restoration , ' III , p. 1070 - 3 ( 1 ) and `` Studies in Bibliography '' 30 : 75 -- 95. ) . Portrait of David Garrick as Kitely by Joshua Reynolds . Every Man in His Humour is a 1598 play by the English playwright Ben Jonson helped out by Jason Simons . The play belongs to the subgenre of the `` humours comedy , '' in which each major character is dominated by an over-riding humour or obsession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Performance and publication 2 Plot and style 3 History 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Performance and publication ( edit ) All the available evidence indicates that the play was performed by the Lord Chamberlain 's Men in 1598 at the Curtain Theatre . That date is given in the play 's reprint in Jonson 's 1616 folio collection of his works ; the text of the play ( IV , iv , 15 ) contains an allusion to John Barrose , a Burgundian fencer who challenged all comers that year and was hanged for murder on 10 July 1598 . The play was also acted at Court on 2 February 1605 . A theatre legend first recorded in 1709 by Nicholas Rowe has it that Shakespeare advocated production of the play at a point when the company was about to reject it . While this legend is unverifiable , it is almost certain , based on the playlist published in the folio , that Shakespeare played the part of Kno'well , the aged father . This is consistent with Shakespeare 's habit of playing older characters , such as Adam in As You Like It . The play was entered into the Register of the Stationers ' Company on 4 August 1600 , along with the Shakespearean plays As You Like It , Much Ado About Nothing , and Henry V , in an entry marked `` to be stayed . '' It is thought that this entry was an attempt to block publication of the four plays ; if so , the attempt failed , since the latter three plays appeared in print soon after . Every Man In was re-registered ten days later , on 14 August 1600 , by the booksellers Cuthbert Burby and Walter Burre ; the first quarto was published in 1601 , with Burre 's name on the title page . In the 1601 Quarto version , the play was set in Florence , Italy . The play was next printed in Jonson 's 1616 folio , with the setting being moved to London The play 's contemporary popularity is attested by such quick publication ; although there are few records of performance , it presumably stayed in the King 's Men 's repertory until the theatres closed in 1642 . Gerard Langbaine reports that the play was revived by the King 's Company in 1675 . The play remained vivid enough in memory for John Rich to revive it at Lincoln 's Inn Fields in 1725 . However , it was not until David Garrick revived the play with substantial alterations in 1751 that the play regained currency on the English stage . Garrick 's revisions served to focus attention on Kitely 's jealousy ; he both trimmed lines from the other plots and added a scene in which he attempts to elicit information from Cob while hiding his jealousy . The scene was a favourite , praised by Arthur Murphy and others ; Kitely became one of Garrick 's signature roles , and the play was never long out of his repertory . The play declined in popularity in the last quarter of the century , in large part because it was seen as a Garrick vehicle . George Frederick Cooke revived the play at Covent Garden . Elizabeth Inchbald lauded the performance , calling Cooke 's Kitely the equal of Garrick 's . Cooke had mixed success with the play , though ; it failed in Edinburgh in 1808 . After 1803 , Cooke may have alternated with Kemble in the title role for productions at Covent Garden . Thereafter , the play has been subject to tentative revivals , none of which have established it as viable for modern repertory . Edmund Kean played Kitely in an unsuccessful 1816 production ; his performance was praised by William Hazlitt . William Charles Macready essayed the role at the Haymarket Theatre in 1838 ; Robert Browning attended and approved the performance , but the play did not figure prominently in Macready 's repertory . Perhaps the most unusual revival occurred in 1845 , when Charles Dickens and his friends mounted a benefit production . Aided by Macready , Dickens took the faintly Dickensian role of Bobadill ; George Cruikshank was Cob ; John Forster played Kitely . The production went off well enough to be repeated three or four times over the next two years . Bulwer - Lytton wrote a poem as prologue for an 1847 production ; in addition to Browning , Tennyson and John Payne Collier attended . Ben Iden Payne produced the play in Manchester in 1909 , and again in Stratford for the Jonson tercentenary in 1937 . The later production received much more favourable reviews . John Caird directed the play during the inaugural season of the Swan Theatre in 1986 . Plot and style ( edit ) In general outline , this play follows Latin models quite closely . In the main plot , a gentleman named Kno'well , concerned for his son 's moral development , attempts to spy on his son , a typical city gallant ; however , his espionage is continually subverted by the servant , Brainworm , whom he employs for this purpose . These types are clearly slightly Anglicized versions of ancient types of Greek New Comedy , namely the senex , the son , and the slave . In the subplot , a merchant named Kitely suffers intense jealousy , fearing that his wife is cuckolding him with some of the wastrels brought to his home by his brother - in - law , Wellbred . The characters of these two plots are surrounded by various `` humorous '' characters , all in familiar English types : the irascible soldier , country gull , pretentious pot - poets , surly water - bearer , and avuncular judge all make an appearance . The play works through a series of complications which culminate when the justice , Clement , hears and decides all of the characters ' various grievances , exposing each of them as based in humour , misperception , or deceit . Jonson 's purpose is delineated in the prologue he wrote for the folio version . These lines , which have justly been taken as applying to Jonson 's comic theory in general , are especially appropriate to this play . He promises to present `` deeds , and language , such as men do use :/ And persons , such as comedy would choose , / When she would show an Image of the times , / And sport with human follies , not with crimes . '' The play follows out this implicit rejection of the romantic comedy of his peers . It sticks quite carefully to the Aristotelian unities ; the plot is a tightly woven mesh of act and reaction ; the scenes a genial collection of depictions of everyday life in a large Renaissance city . History ( edit ) Critics of the nineteenth century tended to credit Jonson with the introduction of `` humour '' comedy into English literature . It is now well known , not only that George Chapman 's An Humorous Day 's Mirth preceded Jonson 's play by a year or more , but that Jonson himself was not especially intrigued by the trope of `` humours . '' Since only Kitely is dominated by a `` humour '' as Jonson defined it in Every Man Out of His Humour , it seems more likely that Jonson was using a contemporary taste aroused by Chapman to draw interest to his play , which became his first indisputable hit . Jonson revised the play for the 1616 folio , where it was the first play presented . The most significant change was in the location . The 1598 edition was set in a vaguely identified Florence . Even in the original version , the background details were English ; the revision formalises this fact by giving the characters English names and replacing the vaguely English details with specific references to London places . The folio also gives a cast list for the original 1598 production . After Shakespeare , the main players are given in the following order : Richard Burbage , Augustine Phillips , John Heminges , Henry Condell , Thomas Pope , William Sly , Christopher Beeston , William Kempe , and John Duke . ( Kempe would leave the company the next year , for his famous morris dance from London to Norwich . ) In 1599 , Jonson wrote what would prove to be a much less popular sequel , Every Man out of His Humour . The play was revived around 1670 ; Sackville provided a verse epilogue in which Jonson himself appeared as a ghost . David Garrick brought a revised version to the stage in 1751 ; the changes he made served chiefly to focus attention on the part of Kitely , which he played . The largest change was an entirely new scene featuring only Kitely and his wife , in which Kitely attempts to hide his jealousy . The production featured a prologue by William Whitehead and proved popular enough for many revivals . However , as critics near the end of the eighteenth century noted , the play 's popularity arose more from Garrick than from Jonson ; the play fell from regular use , with the rest of Jonson 's comedies , by the beginning of the nineteenth century . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chambers , Elizabethan Stage , Vol. 3 , p. 359 - 60 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Vol. 3 , p. 259 . References ( edit ) Chambers , E.K. The Elizabethan Stage. 4 Volumes , Oxford , Clarendon Press , 1923 . Halliday , F.E. A Shakespeare Companion 1564 -- 1964 . Baltimore , Penguin , 1964 . External links ( edit ) Project Gutenberg etext Every Man in His Humour online . ( hide ) Works by Ben Jonson Plays A Tale of a Tub The Case is Altered The Isle of Dogs Every Man in His Humour Every Man out of His Humour Cynthia 's Revels Poetaster Sejanus His Fall Eastward Hoe Volpone Epicœne , or The Silent Woman The Alchemist Catiline His Conspiracy Bartholomew Fair The Devil Is an Ass The Staple of News The New Inn The Magnetic Lady Rollo Duke of Normandy The Sad Shepherd Mortimer His Fall ( fragment ) Masques The Coronation Triumph A Private Entertainment of the King and Queen on May - Day The Entertainment at Althorp The Masque of Blackness Hymenaei The Entertainment of the Kings of Great Britain and Denmark The Masque of Beauty The Masque of Queens The Hue and Cry After Cupid The Entertainment at Britain 's Burse The Speeches at Prince Henry 's Barriers Oberon , the Faery Prince Love Freed from Ignorance and Folly Love Restored A Challenge at Tilt , at a Marriage The Irish Masque at Court Mercury Vindicated from the Alchemists The Golden Age Restored Christmas , His Masque The Vision of Delight Lovers Made Men Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue For the Honour of Wales News from the New World Discovered in the Moon The Entertainment at Blackfriars Pan 's Anniversary The Gypsies Metamorphosed The Masque of Augurs Time Vindicated to Himself and to His Honours Neptune 's Triumph for the Return of Albion The Masque of Owls at Kenilworth The Fortunate Isles and Their Union Love 's Triumph Through Callipolis Chloridia The King 's Entertainment at Welbeck Love 's Welcome at Bolsover Poems `` On My First Sonne '' `` To Celia '' `` To Penshurst '' Related Ben Jonson folios English Renaissance theatre Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Every_Man_in_His_Humour&oldid=794641720 '' Categories : Plays by Ben Jonson English Renaissance plays 1598 plays Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2015 EngvarB from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Latina Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 06 : 04 . 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2857274548263237298 | John M. Belk Arena | John M. Belk arena - Wikipedia John M. Belk arena Jump to : navigation , search John M. Belk Arena McKillop Court Location 200 Baker Drive Davidson , North Carolina , USA Coordinates 35 ° 29 ′ 57 '' N 80 ° 50 ′ 26 '' W / 35.499278 ° N 80.840521 ° W / 35.499278 ; - 80.840521 Coordinates : 35 ° 29 ′ 57 '' N 80 ° 50 ′ 26 '' W / 35.499278 ° N 80.840521 ° W / 35.499278 ; - 80.840521 Owner Davidson College Operator Davidson College Capacity 5,295 Surface Hardwood Construction Broke ground September 1988 Opened November 12 , 1989 Construction cost $12.3 million ( $24.3 million in 2017 dollars ) Architect O'Dell & Associates , Inc . General contractor Rodgers Builders , Inc . Tenants Davidson College men 's and women 's basketball Davidson College women 's volleyball John M. Belk Arena is a 5,295 - seat multi-purpose arena , located on the campus of Davidson College , in Davidson , North Carolina , United States . It is named for Davidson alumnus and benefactor John M. Belk ( 1920 -- 2007 ) , class of 1943 . As the centerpiece of the Baker Sports Complex , it is home to the Davidson Wildcats men 's and women 's basketball teams , the Davidson Wildcats wrestling team , and the women 's volleyball team . The playing surface is named McKillop Court in honor of current men 's basketball coach Bob McKillop , who has coached the most victories in the school 's history . Bob Dylan performed at the arena during his 2006 North American Tour on May 2 , 2006 . See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeCourcy , Mike ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` Davidson Surprises Bob McKillop by Naming Program 's Court After Him '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Davidson College Athletics - Belk Arena Davidson College - John M. Belk Arena Davidson Wildcats men 's basketball Venues Alumni Gymnasium ( c. 1916 -- 1949 ) Johnston Gym ( 1949 -- 1989 ) John M. Belk Arena ( 1989 -- present ) People Head coaches Seasons 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Basketball arenas of the Atlantic 10 Conference John M. Belk Arena ( Davidson ) UD Arena ( Dayton ) A.J. Palumbo Center ( Duquesne ) Rose Hill Gymnasium ( Fordham ) EagleBank Arena ( George Mason ) Charles E. Smith Center ( George Washington ) Tom Gola Arena ( La Salle ) Ryan Center ( Rhode Island ) Robins Center ( Richmond ) Hagan Arena ( Saint Joseph 's ) Chaifetz Arena ( Saint Louis ) Reilly Center ( St. Bonaventure ) William D. Mullins Memorial Center ( UMass ) Siegel Center ( VCU ) Sports venues in Metrolina Current American Legion Memorial Stadium ( Charlotte ) Bank of America Stadium ( Charlotte ) BB&T Ballpark ( Charlotte ) Belk Track / Transamerica Field ( Charlotte ) Bojangles ' Coliseum ( Charlotte ) Cabarrus Arena ( Concord ) Charlotte Christian School ( Charlotte ) Charlotte Motor Speedway ( Concord ) Concord Speedway ( Midland ) Dale F. Halton Arena ( Charlotte ) GoPro Motorplex ( Mooresville ) Grady Cole Center ( Charlotte ) Halton - Wagner Tennis Complex ( Charlotte ) Intimidators Stadium ( Kannapolis ) Irwin Belk Complex ( Charlotte ) Irwin Belk Stadium ( Wingate ) John M. Belk Arena ( Davidson ) Keffer Stadium ( Charlotte ) Jerry Richardson Stadium ( Charlotte ) Manchester Meadows Soccer Complex ( Rock Hill ) Millbridge Speedway ( Salisbury ) Mooresville Dragway ( Mooresville ) North Carolina Quarter Midget Association Speedway ( Salisbury ) Richardson Stadium ( Davidson ) Robert and Mariam Hayes Stadium ( Charlotte ) Sims Legion Park ( Gastonia ) Spectrum Center ( Charlotte ) Sportsplex at Matthews ( Matthews ) T. Henry Wilson , Jr . Field ( Davidson ) U.S. National Whitewater Center ( Mecklenburg Co . ) Waddell High School Stadium ( Charlotte ) Winthrop Ballpark ( Rock Hill ) Winthrop Coliseum ( Rock Hill ) Future -- Defunct Belk Gymnasium ( Converted , Charlotte ) Charlotte Coliseum ( Demolished , Charlotte ) Griffith / Crockett Park ( Burned down , Charlotte ) Knights Stadium ( Demolished , Fort Mill ) Metrolina Speedway ( Was planned for reopening but plans were derailed , Charlotte ) NCAA Division I women 's college volleyball venues in North Carolina A-10 John M. Belk Arena ( Davidson ) ACC Cameron Indoor Stadium ( Duke ) Carmichael Arena ( North Carolina ) Reynolds Coliseum ( NC State ) Reynolds Gymnasium ( Wake Forest ) The American Williams Arena at Minges Coliseum ( East Carolina ) Big South John W. Pope Jr . Convocation Center ( Campbell ) Kimmel Arena ( UNC Asheville ) Millis Athletic Convocation Center ( High Point ) Paul Porter Arena ( Gardner -- Webb ) CAA Hanover Hall ( UNC Wilmington ) Schar Center ( Elon ) C - USA Dale F. Halton Arena ( Charlotte ) MEAC Corbett Sports Center ( North Carolina A&T ) McLendon -- McDougald Gymnasium ( North Carolina Central ) SoCon Fleming Gymnasium ( UNC Greensboro ) Ramsey Center ( Western Carolina ) Sun Belt George M. Holmes Convocation Center ( Appalachian State ) This article about a sports venue in North Carolina is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_M._Belk_Arena&oldid=827242700 '' Categories : Sports venues in Mecklenburg County , North Carolina Basketball venues in North Carolina College basketball venues in the United States College volleyball venues in the United States Davidson Wildcats basketball Indoor arenas in North Carolina 1989 establishments in North Carolina Sports venues completed in 1989 North Carolina sports venue stubs Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 16 : 11 . About Wikipedia | who was the first opponent in belk arena for men's basketball | [] | [] |
-8691082766135292523 | UNESCO | UNESCO - wikipedia UNESCO Jump to : navigation , search UNESCO United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation , la science et la culture ( in French ) Abbreviation UNESCO Formation 16 November 1945 ( 71 years ago ) ( 1945 - 11 - 16 ) Type Specialized agency Legal status Active Headquarters Place de Fontenoy , Paris , France Membership 195 member states Head Audrey Azoulay Director - General of UNESCO Website unesco.org The United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ; French : Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation , la science et la culture ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations ( UN ) based in Paris . Its declared purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through educational , scientific , and cultural reforms in order to increase universal respect for justice , the rule of law , and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter . It is the successor of the League of Nations ' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation . UNESCO has 195 member states and ten associate members . Most of its field offices are `` cluster '' offices covering three or more countries ; national and regional offices also exist . UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs : education , natural sciences , social / human sciences , culture and communication / information . Projects sponsored by UNESCO include literacy , technical , and teacher - training programs , international science programs , the promotion of independent media and freedom of the press , regional and cultural history projects , the promotion of cultural diversity , translations of world literature , international cooperation agreements to secure the world 's cultural and natural heritage ( World Heritage Sites ) and to preserve human rights , and attempts to bridge the worldwide digital divide . It is also a member of the United Nations Development Group . UNESCO 's aim is `` to contribute to the building of peace , the eradication of poverty , sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education , the sciences , culture , communication and information '' . Other priorities of the organization include attaining quality Education For All and lifelong learning , addressing emerging social and ethical challenges , fostering cultural diversity , a culture of peace and building inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication . The broad goals and objectives of the international community -- as set out in the internationally agreed development goals , including the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) -- underpin all UNESCO strategies and activities . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Activities 3 Media 4 Official UNESCO NGOs 5 Institutes and centres 6 Prizes 6.1 Inactive prizes 7 International Days observed at UNESCO 8 Member states 9 Governing bodies 9.1 Director - General 9.2 General Conference 9.3 Executive Board 10 Offices 10.1 Field offices by region 10.1. 1 Africa 10.1. 2 Arab States 10.1. 3 Asia and Pacific 10.1. 4 Europe and North America 10.1. 5 Latin America and the Caribbean 11 Controversies 11.1 New World Information and Communication order 11.2 Israel 11.2. 1 Occupied Palestine Resolution 11.3 Palestine 11.3. 1 Palestinian youth magazine controversy 11.3. 2 Islamic University of Gaza controversy 11.4 Wikileaks 11.5 Che Guevara 11.6 Listing Nanjing Massacre documents 11.7 US withdrawals 12 Products or services 12.1 Information Processing Tools 13 See also 14 References and notes 15 External links History ( edit ) UNESCO and its mandate for international cooperation can be traced back to a League of Nations resolution on 21 September 1921 , to elect a Commission to study feasibility . On 18 December 1925 , the International Bureau of Education ( IBE ) began work as a non-governmental organization in the service of international educational development . However , the onset of World War II largely interrupted the work of these predecessor organizations . After the signing of the Atlantic Charter and the Declaration of the United Nations , the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education ( CAME ) began meetings in London which continued between 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945 . On 30 October 1943 , the necessity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration , agreed upon by China , the United Kingdom , the United States and the USSR . This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals of 9 October 1944 . Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on International Organization ( UNCIO ) , held in San Francisco in April -- June 1945 , a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educational and cultural organization ( ECO / CONF ) was convened in London 1 -- 16 November 1945 with 44 governments represented . A prominent figure in the initiative for UNESCO was Rab Butler , the Minister of Education for the United Kingdom . At the ECO / CONF , the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries , and a Preparatory Commission was established . The Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945 , and 4 November 1946 -- the date when UNESCO 's Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a member state . The first General Conference took place between 19 November to 10 December 1946 , and elected Dr. Julian Huxley to Director - General . The Constitution was amended in November 1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the Executive Board would be representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not , as before , act in their personal capacity . This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from its predecessor , the CICI , in how member states would work together in the organization 's fields of competence . As member states worked together over time to realize UNESCO 's mandate , political and historical factors have shaped the organization 's operations in particular during the Cold War , the decolonization process , and the dissolution of the USSR . Among the major achievements of the organization is its work against racism , for example through influential statements on race starting with a declaration of anthropologists ( among them was Claude Lévi - Strauss ) and other scientists in 1950 and concluding with the 1978 Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice . In 1956 , the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO claiming that some of the organization 's publications amounted to `` interference '' in the country 's `` racial problems . '' South Africa rejoined the organization in 1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela . UNESCO 's early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley , Haiti , started in 1947 . This project was followed by expert missions to other countries , including , for example , a mission to Afghanistan in 1949 . In 1948 , UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education compulsory and universal . In 1990 , the World Conference on Education for All , in Jomtien , Thailand , launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children , youths and adults . Ten years later , the 2000 World Education Forum held in Dakar , Senegal , led member governments to commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015 . UNESCO 's early activities in culture included , for example , the Nubia Campaign , launched in 1960 . The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped by the Nile after construction of the Aswan Dam . During the 20 - year campaign , 22 monuments and architectural complexes were relocated . This was the first and largest in a series of campaigns including Mohenjo - daro ( Pakistan ) , Fes ( Morocco ) , Kathmandu ( Nepal ) , Borobudur ( Indonesia ) and the Acropolis ( Greece ) . The organization 's work on heritage led to the adoption , in 1972 , of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage . The World Heritage Committee was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978 . Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 ( Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage ) and 2005 ( Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions ) . An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 led to the creation of the European Council for Nuclear Research , which was responsible for establishing the European Organization for Nuclear Research ( CERN ) in 1954 . Arid Zone programming , 1948 -- 1966 , is another example of an early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences . In 1968 , UNESCO organized the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development , a problem which continues to be addressed in the field of sustainable development . The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO 's Man and the Biosphere Programme . In the field of communication , the `` free flow of ideas by word and image '' has been in UNESCO 's constitution from its beginnings , following the experience of the Second World War when control of information was a factor in indoctrinating populations for aggression . In the years immediately following World War II , efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the identification of needs for means of mass communication around the world . UNESCO started organizing training and education for journalists in the 1950s . In response to calls for a `` New World Information and Communication Order '' in the late 1970s , UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems , which produced the 1980 MacBride report ( named after the Chair of the Commission , the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Seán MacBride ) . The same year , UNESCO created the International Programme for the Development of Communication ( IPDC ) , a multilateral forum designed to promote media development in developing countries . In 1991 , UNESCO 's General Conference endorsed the Windhoek Declaration on media independence and pluralism , which led the UN General Assembly to declare the date of its adoption , 3 May , as World Press Freedom Day . Since 1997 , UNESCO has awarded the UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize every 3 May . In the lead up to the World Summit on the Information Society in 2003 ( Geneva ) and 2005 ( Tunis ) , UNESCO introduced the Information for All Programme . Laws passed in the United States in 1990 and 1994 mean that it can not contribute financially to any UN organisation that accepts Palestine as a full member . As a result , it withdrew its funding which accounted for about 22 % of UNESCO 's budget . Israel also reacted to Palestine 's admittance to UNESCO by freezing Israel payments to the UNESCO and imposing sanctions to the Palestinian Authority , claiming that Palestine 's admittance would be detrimental `` to potential peace talks '' . Two years after they stopped paying their dues to UNESCO , US and Israel lost UNESCO voting rights in 2013 without losing the right to be elected ; thus , the US was elected as a member of the Executive Board for the period 2016 -- 19 . Activities ( edit ) UNESCO offices in Brasília UNESCO implements its activities through the five programme areas : education , natural sciences , social and human sciences , culture , and communication and information . Education : UNESCO supports research in comparative education ; and provide expertise and fosters partnerships to strengthen national educational leadership and the capacity of countries to offer quality education for all . This includes the UNESCO Chairs , an international network of 644 UNESCO Chairs , involving over 770 institutions in 126 countries . Environmental Conservation Organisation Convention against Discrimination in Education adopted in 1960 Organization of the International Conference on Adult Education ( CONFINTEA ) in an interval of 12 years Publication of the Education for All Global Monitoring Report Publication of the Four Pillars of Learning seminal document UNESCO ASPNet , an international network of 8,000 schools in 170 countries . UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higher learning . UNESCO also issues public statements to educate the public : Seville Statement on Violence : A statement adopted by UNESCO in 1989 to refute the notion that humans are biologically predisposed to organised violence . Designating projects and places of cultural and scientific significance , such as : Global Geoparks Network Biosphere reserves , through the Programme on Man and the Biosphere ( MAB ) , since 1971 City of Literature ; in 2007 , the first city to be given this title was Edinburgh , the site of Scotland 's first circulating library . In 2008 , Iowa City , Iowa became the City of Literature . Endangered languages and linguistic diversity projects Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity Memory of the World International Register , since 1997 Water resources management , through the International Hydrological Programme ( IHP ) , since 1965 World Heritage Sites World Digital Library Encouraging the `` free flow of ideas by images and words '' by : Promoting freedom of expression , including freedom of the press and freedom of information legislation , through the Division of Freedom of Expression and Media Development , including the International Programme for the Development of Communication Promoting the safety of journalists and combatting impunity for those who attack them , through coordination of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity Promoting universal access to and preservation of information and open solutions for sustainable development through the Knowledge Societies Division , including the Memory of the World Programme and Information for All Programme Promoting pluralism , gender equality and cultural diversity in the media Promoting Internet universality and its principles , that the Internet should be ( I ) human Rights - based , ( ii ) Open , ( iii ) Accessible to all , and ( iv ) nurtured by Multi-stakeholder participation ( summarized as the acronym R.O.A.M. ) Generating knowledge through publications such as World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development , the UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom , and the Media Development Indicators , as well as other indicator - based studies . Promoting events , such as : International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World : 2001 -- 2010 , proclaimed by the UN in 1998 World Press Freedom Day , 3 May each year , to promote freedom of expression and freedom of the press as a basic human right and as crucial components of any healthy , democratic and free society . Criança Esperança in Brazil , in partnership with Rede Globo , to raise funds for community - based projects that foster social integration and violence prevention . International Literacy Day International Year for the Culture of Peace Health Education for Behavior Change program in partnership with the Ministry of Education of Kenya which was financially supported by the Government of Azerbaijan to promote health education among 10 - 19 - year - old young people who live in informal camp in Kibera , Nairobi . The project was carried out between September 2014 - December 2016 . Founding and funding projects , such as : Migration Museums Initiative : Promoting the establishment of museums for cultural dialogue with migrant populations . UNESCO - CEPES , the European Centre for Higher Education : established in 1972 in Bucharest , Romania , as a de-centralized office to promote international co-operation in higher education in Europe as well as Canada , USA and Israel . Higher Education in Europe is its official journal . Free Software Directory : since 1998 UNESCO and the Free Software Foundation have jointly funded this project cataloguing free software . FRESH Focussing Resources on Effective School Health . OANA , Organization of Asia - Pacific News Agencies International Council of Science UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors ASOMPS , Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants and Spices , a series of scientific conferences held in Asia Botany 2000 , a programme supporting taxonomy , and biological and cultural diversity of medicinal and ornamental plants , and their protection against environmental pollution The UNESCO Collection of Representative Works , translating works of world literature both to and from multiple languages , from 1948 to 2005 GoUNESCO , an umbrella of initiatives to make heritage fun supported by UNESCO , New Delhi Office The UNESCO transparency portal has been designed to enable public access to information regarding Organization 's activities , such as its aggregate budget for a biennium , as well as links to relevant programmatic and financial documents . These two distinct sets of information are published on the IATI registry , respectively based on the IATI Activity Standard and the IATI Organization Standard . Media ( edit ) UNESCO and its specialized institutions issue a number of magazines . The UNESCO Courier magazine states its mission to `` promote UNESCO 's ideals , maintain a platform for the dialogue between cultures and provide a forum for international debate . '' Since March 2006 it is available online , with limited printed issues . Its articles express the opinions of the authors which are not necessarily the opinions of UNESCO . As of 2016 , the latest issue posted was October -- December 2011 . In 1950 , UNESCO initiated the quarterly review Impact of Science on Society ( also known as Impact ) to discuss the influence of science on society . UNESCO also publish museum international quarterly from the year 1948 . Official UNESCO NGOs ( edit ) UNESCO has official relations with 322 international non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) . Most of these are what UNESCO calls `` operational '' , a select few are `` formal '' . The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is `` formal associate '' , and the 22 NGOs with formal associate ( ASC ) relations occupying offices at UNESCO are : Abbr Organization IB International Baccalaureate CCIVS Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service EI Education International IAU International Association of Universities IFTC International Council for Film , Television and Audiovisual Communication ICPHS International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies which publishes Diogenes ICSU International Council for Science ICOM International Council of Museums ICSSPE International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education ICA International Council on Archives ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites IFJ International Federation of Journalists IFLA International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions IFPA International Federation of Poetry Associations IMC International Music Council IPA International Police Association INSULA International Scientific Council for Island Development ISSC International Social Science Council ITI International Theatre Institute IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources IUTAO International Union of Technical Associations and Organizations UIA Union of International Associations WAN World Association of Newspapers WFEO World Federation of Engineering Organizations WFUCA World Federation of UNESCO Clubs , Centres and Associations UNESCO Institute for Water Education in Delft Institutes and centres ( edit ) The institutes are specialized departments of the organization that support UNESCO 's programme , providing specialized support for cluster and national offices . Abbr Name Location IBE International Bureau of Education Geneva UIL UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning Hamburg IIEP UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning Paris ( headquarters ) and Buenos Aires ( regional office ) IITE UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education Moscow IICBA UNESCO International Institute for Capacity Building in Africa Addis Ababa IESALC UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean Caracas UNESCO - UNEVOC UNESCO - UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training Bonn CEPES UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education Bucharest UNESCO - IHE UNESCO - IHE Institute for Water Education Delft ICTP International Centre for Theoretical Physics Trieste UIS UNESCO Institute for Statistics Montreal Prizes ( edit ) UNESCO awards 22 prizes in education , science , culture and peace : Félix Houphouët - Boigny Peace Prize L'Oréal - UNESCO Awards for Women in Science UNESCO / King Sejong Literacy Prize UNESCO / Confucius Prize for Literacy UNESCO / Emir Jaber al - Ahmad al - Jaber al - Sabah Prize to promote Quality Education for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al - Khalifa Prize for the Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Education UNESCO / Hamdan Bin Rashid Al - Maktoum Prize for Outstanding Practice and Performance in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teachers UNESCO / Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science UNESCO / Institut Pasteur Medal for an outstanding contribution to the development of scientific knowledge that has a beneficial impact on human health UNESCO / Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation Great Man - Made River International Water Prize for Water Resources in Arid Zones presented by UNESCO ( title to be reconsidered ) Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Management UNESCO / Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights UNESCO Prize for Peace Education UNESCO - Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence UNESCO / International José Martí Prize UNESCO / Avicenna Prize for Ethics in Science UNESCO / Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion of Social Science Research in Latin America and the Caribbean Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes ( UNESCO - Greece ) IPDC - UNESCO Prize for Rural Communication UNESCO / Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize UNESCO / Jikji Memory of the World Prize UNESCO - Equatorial Guinea International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology Inactive prizes ( edit ) International Simón Bolívar Prize ( inactive since 2004 ) UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education UNESCO / Obiang Nguema Mbasogo International Prize for Research in the Life Sciences ( inactive since 2010 ) UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts International Days observed at UNESCO ( edit ) International Days Date Name 27 January International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust 13 February World Radio Day 21 February International Mother Language Day 8 March International Women 's Day 20 March International Francophonie Day 21 March International Day of Nowruz 21 March World Poetry Day 21 March International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 22 March World Day for Water 23 April World Book and Copyright Day 30 April International Jazz Day 3 May World Press Freedom Day 21 May World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development 22 May International Day for Biological Diversity 25 May Africa Day / Africa Week 5 June World Environment Day 8 June World Oceans Day 21 June International Yoga Day 9 August International Day of the World 's Indigenous People 12 August International Youth Day 23 August International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition 8 September International Literacy Day 15 September International Day of Democracy 21 September International Day of Peace 28 September International Day for the Universal Access to Information 5 October World Teachers ' Day 2nd Wednesday in October International Day for Disaster Reduction 17 October International Day for the Eradication of Poverty 20 October World Statistics Day 27 October World Day for Audiovisual Heritage 2 November International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists 10 November World Science Day for Peace and Development 3rd Thursday in November World Philosophy Day 16 November International Day for Tolerance 19 November International Men 's Day 25 November International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women 29 November International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People 1 December World AIDS Day 10 December Human Rights Day 18 December International Migrants Day Member States ( edit ) Main article : Member states of UNESCO UNESCO counts 195 member states and 10 associate members . Some members are not independent states and some members have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their dependent territories . UNESCO state parties are the United Nations member states ( except Liechtenstein ) , Cook Islands , Niue , and the State of Palestine . The USA and Israel plan to leave UNESCO on 31 December 2018 over anti-Israel bias . Governing bodies ( edit ) Director - General ( edit ) Elections for the renewal of the position of Director - General took place in Paris from 7 to 23 September 2009 . Eight candidates ran for the position , and 58 countries voted for them . The Executive Council gathered from 7 to 23 September , the vote itself beginning on the 17th . Irina Bokova was elected the new Director - General . The list of the Directors - General of UNESCO since its establishment in 1946 is as follows : Irina Bokova Bulgaria 2009 -- 2017 Koïchiro Matsuura Japan 1999 -- 2009 Federico Mayor Zaragoza Spain 1987 -- 99 Amadou - Mahtar M'Bow Senegal 1974 -- 87 René Maheu France 1961 -- 74 ; acting 1961 Vittorino Veronese Italy 1958 -- 61 Luther Evans United States 1953 -- 58 John Wilkinson Taylor United States acting 1952 -- 53 Jaime Torres Bodet Mexico 1948 -- 52 Julian Huxley United Kingdom 1946 -- 48 General Conference ( edit ) This is the list of the sessions of UNESCO General Conference held since 1946 : Session Location Year Chaired by from 39th Paris 2017 Zohour Alaoui Morocco 38th Paris 2015 Stanley Mutumba Simataa Namibia 37th Paris 2013 Hao Ping China 36th Paris 2011 Katalin Bogyay Hungary 35th Paris 2009 Davidson Hepburn Bahamas 34th Paris 2007 George N. Anastassopoulos Greece 33rd Paris 2005 Musa Bin Jaafar Bin Hassan Oman 32nd Paris 2003 Michael Omolewa Nigeria 31st Paris Ahmad Jalali Iran 30th Paris 1999 Jaroslava Moserova Czech Republic 29th Paris Eduardo Portella Brazil 28th Paris 1995 Torben Krogh Denmark 27th Paris Ahmed Saleh Sayyad Yemen 26th Paris 1991 Bethwell Allan Ogot Kenya 25th Paris Anwar Ibrahim Malaysia 24th Paris Guillermo Putzeys Alvarez Guatemala 23rd Sofia 1985 Nikolai Todorov Bulgaria 22nd Paris Saïd Tell Jordan 4th extraordinary Paris 1982 21st Belgrade 1980 Ivo Margan Yugoslavia 20th Paris 1978 Napoléon LeBlanc Canada 19th Nairobi 1976 Taaita Toweett Kenya 18th Paris Magda Jóború Hungary 3rd extraordinary Paris 1973 17th Paris 1972 Toru Haguiwara Japan 16th Paris 1970 Atilio Dell'Oro Maini Argentina 15th Paris 1968 William Eteki Mboumoua Cameroon 14th Paris 1966 Bedrettin Tuncel Turkey 13th Paris 1964 Norair Sisakian Soviet Union 12th Paris 1962 Paulo de Berrêdo Carneiro Brazil 11th Paris 1960 Akale - Work Abte - Wold Ethiopia 10th Paris 1958 Jean Berthoin France 9th New Delhi 1956 Abul Kalam Azad India 8th Montevideo 1954 Justino Zavala Muñiz Uruguay 2nd extraordinary Paris 1953 7th Paris 1952 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan India 6th Paris 1951 Howland H. Sargeant United States 5th Florence 1950 Stefano Jacini Italy 4th Paris 1949 Edward Ronald Walker Australia 1st extraordinary Paris 1948 3rd Beirut 1948 Hamid Bey Frangie Lebanon 2nd Mexico City 1947 Manuel Gual Vidal Mexico 1st Paris 1946 Léon Blum France Executive Board ( edit ) Term Group I ( 9 seats ) Group II ( 7 seats ) Group III ( 10 seats ) Group IV ( 12 seats ) Group V ( a ) ( 14 seats ) Group V ( b ) ( 7 seats ) 2016 -- 19 France Greece Italy Spain United Kingdom Lithuania Russia Serbia Slovenia Brazil Haiti Mexico Nicaragua Paraguay India Iran Malaysia Pakistan South Korea Sri Lanka Vietnam Cameroon Ivory Coast Ghana Kenya Nigeria Senegal South Africa Lebanon Oman Qatar Sudan 2014 -- 17 Germany Netherlands Sweden Albania Estonia Ukraine Argentina Belize Dominican Republic El Salvador Saint Kitts and Nevis Trinidad and Tobago Bangladesh China India Japan Nepal Turkmenistan Chad Guinea Mauritius Mozambique Togo Uganda Algeria Egypt Kuwait Morocco 2012 -- 15 Austria France Italy India Spain United Kingdom United States Czech Republic Montenegro Russia Macedonia Brazil Cuba Ecuador Mexico Afghanistan Indonesia Pakistan Papua New Guinea South Korea Thailand Angola Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Malawi Mali Namibia Nigeria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Offices ( edit ) The Garden of Peace , UNESCO headquarters , Paris . Donated by the Government of Japan , this garden was designed by American - Japanese sculptor artist Isamu Noguchi in 1958 and installed by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano . UNESCO headquarters are located at Place de Fontenoy in Paris , France . UNESCO 's field offices across the globe are categorized into four primary office types based upon their function and geographic coverage : cluster offices , national offices , regional bureaus and liaison offices . Field offices by Region ( edit ) The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of UNESCO which are served by each office . Africa ( edit ) Abidjan -- National Office to Côte d'Ivoire Abuja -- National Office to Nigeria Accra -- Cluster Office for Benin , Côte d'Ivoire , Ghana , Liberia , Nigeria , Sierra Leone and Togo Addis Ababa -- Liaison Office with the African Union and with the Economic Commission for Africa Bamako -- Cluster Office for Burkina Faso , Guinea , Mali and Niger Brazzaville -- National Office to the Republic of the Congo Bujumbura -- National Office to Burundi Dakar -- Regional Bureau for Education in Africa and Cluster Office for Cape Verde , Gambia , Guinea - Bissau , and Senegal Dar es Salaam -- Cluster Office for Comoros , Madagascar , Mauritius , Seychelles and Tanzania Harare -- Cluster Office for Botswana , Malawi , Mozambique , Zambia and Zimbabwe Juba -- National Office to South Sudan Kinshasa -- National Office to the Democratic Republic of the Congo Libreville -- Cluster Office for the Republic of the Congo , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and Sao Tome and Principe Maputo -- National Office to Mozambique Nairobi -- Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africa and Cluster Office for Burundi , Djibouti , Eritrea , Kenya , Rwanda , Somalia , South Sudan and Uganda Windhoek -- National Office to Namibia Yaoundé -- Cluster Office to Cameroon , Central African Republic and Chad Arab States ( edit ) Amman -- National Office to Jordan Beirut -- Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and Cluster Office to Lebanon , Syria , Jordan , Iraq and Palestine Cairo -- Regional Bureau for Sciences in the Arab States and Cluster Office for Egypt , Libya and Sudan Doha -- Cluster Office to Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates and Yemen Iraq -- National Office for Iraq ( currently located in Amman , Jordan ) Khartoum -- National Office to Sudan Manama - Arab Regional Centre for World Heritage Rabat -- Cluster Office to Algeria , Mauritania , Morocco and Tunisia Ramallah -- National Office to the Palestinian Territories Asia and Pacific ( edit ) See also : UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards Apia -- Cluster Office to Australia , Cook Islands , Fiji , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Federated States of Micronesia , Nauru , New Zealand , Niue , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Tonga , Tuvalu , Vanuatu and Tokelau ( Associate Member ) Bangkok -- Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to Thailand , Burma , Laos , Singapore and Vietnam Beijing -- Cluster Office to North Korea , Japan , Mongolia , the People 's Republic of China and South Korea Dhaka -- National Office to Bangladesh Hanoi -- National Office to Vietnam Islamabad -- National Office to Pakistan Jakarta -- Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia and the Pacific and Cluster Office to Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , the Philippines and East Timor Kabul -- National Office to Afghanistan Kathmandu -- National Office to Nepal New Delhi -- Cluster Office to Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Maldives , Nepal and Sri Lanka Phnom Penh -- National Office to Cambodia Tashkent -- National Office to Uzbekistan Tehran -- Cluster Office to Afghanistan , Iran , Pakistan and Turkmenistan Europe and North America ( edit ) Almaty -- Cluster Office to Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan and Uzbekistan Brussels -- Liaison Office to the European Union and its subsidiary bodies in Brussels Geneva -- Liaison Office to the United Nations in Geneva New York City -- Liaison Office to the United Nations in New York Moscow -- Cluster Office to Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Moldova and Russia Venice -- Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culture in Europe Latin America and the Caribbean ( edit ) Carondelet Palace , Presidential Palace -- with changing of the guards . The Historic Center of Quito , Ecuador , is one of the largest , least - altered and best - preserved historic centers in the Americas . This center was , together with the historic centre of Kraków in Poland , the first to be declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 18 September 1978 . Brasilia -- National Office to Brazil Guatemala City -- National Office to Guatemala Havana -- Regional Bureau for Culture in Latin America and the Caribbean and Cluster Office to Cuba , Dominican Republic , Haiti and Aruba Kingston -- Cluster Office to Antigua and Barbuda , Bahamas , Barbados , Belize , Dominica , Grenada , Guyana , Jamaica , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago as well as the associate member states of British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands , Curaçao and Sint Maarten Lima -- National Office to Peru Mexico City -- National Office to Mexico Montevideo -- Regional Bureau for Sciences in Latin America and the Caribbean and Cluster Office to Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Paraguay and Uruguay Port - au - Prince -- National Office to Haiti Quito -- Cluster Office to Bolivia , Colombia , Ecuador and Venezuela San José -- Cluster Office to Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua and Panama Santiago de Chile -- Regional Bureau for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean and National Office to Chile Controversies ( edit ) New World information and Communication order ( edit ) UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past , particularly in its relationships with the United States , the United Kingdom , Singapore and the former Soviet Union . During the 1970s and 1980s , UNESCO 's support for a `` New World Information and Communication Order '' and its MacBride report calling for democratization of the media and more egalitarian access to information was condemned in these countries as attempts to curb freedom of the press . UNESCO was perceived as a platform for communists and Third World dictators to attack the West , in contrast to accusations made by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s . In 1984 , the United States withheld its contributions and withdrew from the organization in protest , followed by the United Kingdom in 1985 . Singapore withdrew also at the end of 1985 , citing rising membership fees . Following a change of government in 1997 , the UK rejoined . The United States rejoined in 2003 , followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007 . Israel ( edit ) Israel was admitted to UNESCO in 1949 , one year after its creation . Israel has maintained its membership since 1949 . In 2010 , Israel designated the Cave of the Patriarchs , Hebron and Rachel 's Tomb , Bethlehem as National Heritage Sites and announced restoration work , prompting criticism from the United States and protests from Palestinians . In October 2010 , UNESCO 's Executive Board voted to declare the sites as `` al - Haram al - Ibrahimi / Tomb of the Patriarchs '' and `` Bilal bin Rabah Mosque / Rachel 's Tomb '' and stated that they were `` an integral part of the occupied Palestinian Territories '' and any unilateral Israeli action was a violation of international law . UNESCO described the sites as significant to `` people of the Muslim , Christian and Jewish traditions '' , and accused Israel of highlighting only the Jewish character of the sites . Israel in turn accused UNESCO of `` detach ( ing ) the Nation of Israel from its heritage '' , and accused it of being politically motivated . The Rabbi of the Western Wall claimed that Rachel 's tomb had not previously been declared a holy Muslim site . Israel partially suspended ties with UNESCO . Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon declared that the resolution was a `` part of Palestinian escalation '' . Zevulun Orlev , chairman of the Knesset Education and Culture Committee , referred to the resolutions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCO as a scientific and cultural organization that promotes cooperation throughout the world . On 28 June 2011 , UNESCO 's World Heritage Committee , at Jordan 's insistence , censured Israel 's decision to demolish and rebuild the Mughrabi Gate Bridge in Jerusalem for safety reasons . Israel stated that Jordan had signed an agreement with Israel stipulating that the existing bridge must be dismantled for safety reasons ; Jordan disputed the agreement , saying that it was only signed under U.S. pressure . Israel was also unable to address the UNESCO committee over objections from Egypt . In January 2014 , days before it was scheduled to open , UNESCO Director - General , Irina Bokova , `` indefinitely postponed '' and effectively cancelled an exhibit created by the Simon Wiesenthal Center entitled , `` The People , The Book , The Land : The 3,500 - year relationship between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel . '' The event was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January in Paris . Bokova cancelled the event after representatives of Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would `` harm the peace process '' . The author of the exhibition , Professor Robert Wistrich of the Hebrew University 's Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism , called the cancellation an `` appalling act , '' and characterized Bokova 's decision as `` an arbitrary act of total cynicism and , really , contempt for the Jewish people and its history . '' UNESCO amended the decision to cancel the exhibit within the year , and it quickly achieved popularity and was viewed as a great success . Occupied Palestine resolution ( edit ) Main article : Occupied Palestine Resolution On 13 October 2016 , UNESCO passed a resolution on East Jerusalem that condemned Israel for `` aggressions '' by Israeli police and soldiers and `` illegal measures '' against the freedom of worship and Muslims ' access to their holy sites , while also recognizing Israel as the occupying power . Palestinian leaders welcomed the decision . While the text acknowledged the `` importance of the Old City of Jerusalem and its walls for the three monotheistic religions '' , it referred to the sacred hilltop compound in Jerusalem 's Old City only by its Muslim name `` Al - Haram al - Sharif '' , Arabic for Noble Sanctuary . In response , Israel denounced the UNESCO resolution for its omission of the words `` Temple Mount '' or `` Har HaBayit , '' stating that it denies Jewish ties to the key holy site . After receiving criticism from numerous Israeli politicians and diplomats , including Benjamin Netanyahu and Ayelet Shaked , Israel froze all ties with the organization . The resolution was condemned by Ban ki - Moon and the Director - General of UNESCO , Irina Bokova , who said that Judaism , Islam and Christianity have clear historical connections to Jerusalem and `` to deny , conceal or erase any of the Jewish , Christian or Muslim traditions undermines the integrity of the site . Al - Aqsa Mosque is also Temple Mount , whose Western Wall is the holiest place in Judaism . '' It was also rejected by the Czech Parliament which said the resolution reflects a `` hateful anti-Israel sentiment '' , and hundreds of Italian Jews demonstrated in Rome over Italy 's abstention . On 26 October , UNESCO approved a reviewed version of the resolution , which also criticized Israel for its continuous `` refusal to let the body 's experts access Jerusalem 's holy sites to determine their conservation status . '' Despite containing some softening of language following Israeli protests over a previous version , Israel continued to denounce the text . The resolution refers to the site Jews and Christians refer to as the Temple Mount , or Har HaBayit in Hebrew , only by its Arab name -- a significant semantic decision also adopted by UNESCO 's executive board , triggering condemnation from Israel and its allies . U.S. Ambassador Crystal Nix Hines stated : `` This item should have been defeated . These politicized and one - sided resolutions are damaging the credibility of UNESCO . '' In October 2017 , the United States and Israel announced they would withdraw from the organization , citing in - part anti-Israel bias . Palestine ( edit ) Palestinian youth magazine controversy ( edit ) In February 2011 , an article was published in a Palestinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl described one of her four role - models as Adolf Hitler . In December 2011 , UNESCO , which partly funded the magazine , condemned the material and subsequently withdrew support . Islamic University of Gaza controversy ( edit ) In 2012 , UNESCO decided to establish a chair at the Islamic University of Gaza in the field of astronomy , astrophysics , and space sciences , fueling controversy and criticism . Israel bombed the school in 2008 claiming they develop and store weapons there , a claim Israel restated in criticizing UNESCO 's move . The head , Kamalain Shaath , defended UNESCO , stating that `` the Islamic University is a purely academic university that is interested only in education and its development '' . Israeli ambassador to UNESCO Nimrod Barkan planned to submit a letter of protest with information about the university 's ties to Hamas , especially angry that this was the first Palestinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with . The Jewish organization B'nai B'rith criticized the move as well . WikiLeaks ( edit ) On 16 and 17 February 2012 , UNESCO held a conference entitled , `` The Media World after WikiLeaks and News of the World . '' Despite all six panels being focused on WikiLeaks , no member of WikiLeaks staff was invited to speak . After receiving a complaint from WikiLeaks spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson , UNESCO invited him to attend , but did not offer a place on any panels . The offer also came only a week before the conference , which was held in Paris , France . Many of the speakers featured , including David Leigh and Heather Brooke , had spoken out openly against WikiLeaks and its founder Julian Assange in the past . WikiLeaks released a press statement on 15 February 2012 denouncing UNESCO which stated , `` UNESCO has made itself an international human rights joke . To use `` freedom of expression '' to censor WikiLeaks from a conference about WikiLeaks is an Orwellian absurdity beyond words . '' Che Guevara ( edit ) In 2013 , UNESCO announced that the collection `` The Life and Works of Ernesto Che Guevara '' became part of the Memory of the World Register . Ileana Ros - Lehtinen , a US congresswoman , condemned this decision , saying that the organization acts against its own ideals : This decision is more than an insult to the families of those Cubans who were lined up and summarily executed by Che and his merciless cronies it also serves as a direct contradiction to the UNESCO ideals of encouraging peace and universal respect for human rights . UN Watch also condemned this selection by UNESCO . Listing Nanjing massacre documents ( edit ) In 2015 , Japan threatened to halt funding for UNESCO over the organization 's decision to include documents relating to the 1937 Nanjing massacre in the latest listing for its `` Memory of the World '' program . In October 2016 , Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida confirmed that Japan 's 2016 annual funding of ¥ 4.4 billion had been suspended although denied any direct link with the Nanjing document controversy . U.S. withdrawals ( edit ) After withdrawing from UNESCO in 1984 , the United States rejoined in 2002 . Former U.S. Congressman Jim Leach stated before a Congressional subcommittee : The reasons for the withdrawal of the United States from UNESCO in 1984 are well - known ; my view is that we overreacted to the calls of some who wanted to radicalize UNESCO , and the calls of others who wanted the United States to lead in emasculating the UN system . The fact is UNESCO is one of the least dangerous international institutions ever created . While some member countries within UNESCO attempted to push journalistic views antithetical to the values of the west , and engage in Israel bashing , UNESCO itself never adopted such radical postures . The U.S. opted for empty - chair diplomacy , after winning , not losing , the battles we engaged in ... It was nuts to get out , and would be nuttier not to rejoin . He concluded that the record showed Israel bashing , a call for a new world information order , money management , and arms control policy to be the impetus behind the withdrawal ; he asserted that before the UNESCO withdrawal , a withdrawal from the IAEA had been pushed on him . The United States rejoined UNESCO shortly thereafter . On 12 October 2017 , the United States notified UNESCO that it will again withdraw from the organization on 31 December 2018 and will seek to establish a permanent observer mission beginning in 2019 . The Department of State cited `` mounting arrears at UNESCO , the need for fundamental reform in the organization , and continuing anti-Israel bias at UNESCO . '' Products or Services ( edit ) UNESDOC -- Contains over 146,000 UNESCO documents in full text published since 1945 as well as metadata from the collections of the UNESCO Library and documentation centres in Field Offices and Institutes . Information processing tools ( edit ) UNESCO develops , maintains and disseminates , free - of - charge , two interrelated software packages for database management ( CDS / ISIS ( not to be confused with UK police software package ISIS ) ) and data mining / statistical analysis ( IDAMS ) . CDS / ISIS - a generalised Information Storage and Retrieval system . The Windows version may run on a single computer or in a local area network . The JavaISIS client / server components allow remote database management over the Internet and are available for Windows , Linux and Macintosh . Furthermore , GenISIS allows the user to produce HTML Web forms for CDS / ISIS database searching . The ISIS_DLL provides an API for developing CDS / ISIS based applications . OpenIDAMS -- a software package for processing and analysing numerical data developed , maintained and disseminated by UNESCO . The original package was proprietary but UNESCO has initiated a project to provide it as open source . IDIS - a tool for direct data exchange between CDS / ISIS and IDAMS . See also ( edit ) United Nations portal Academic Mobility Network WikiProject UNESCO References and notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` UNESCO history '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ UNESCO 's General Conference voted on 31 October 2011 `` to admit Palestine as a member State '' . However , it notes that , for `` its membership to take effect , Palestine must sign and ratify UNESCO 's Constitution '' . `` UNESCO '' Media Services `` General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member State '' . UNESCO . Jump up ^ `` Member States United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . UNESCO . Jump up ^ `` The Faroes become associated < ny specialized institutes and centres throughout the world '' . Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UNDG Members '' . United Nations Development Group . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing UNESCO '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO General Conference ; 34th ; Medium - term Strategy , 2008 -- 2013 ; 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Plenary Meetings , Records of the Second Assembly , Geneva : League of Nations , 5 September -- 5 October 1921 . Jump up ^ A Chronology of UNESCO : 1947 -- 1987 ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) , UNESDOC database , Paris , December 1987 , LAD. 85 / WS / 4 Rev , The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation ( ICIC ) was officially created on 4 January 1922 , as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal qualifications . The International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation ( IIIC ) was then created in Paris on 9 August 1925 , to act as the executing agency for the ICIC . Jump up ^ UNESCO 1987 . Jump up ^ The work of U.N.E.S.C.O. ( Hansard , 26 January 1949 ) . Millbank systems . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation . Conference for the Establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organisation '' ( PDF ) . UNESDOC database . The Institute of Civil Engineers , London . 1 to 16 November 1945 . ECO / Conf. / 29 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Unesco 1945 . Jump up ^ `` General Conference , First Session '' ( PDF ) . UNESDOC database . UNESCO House , Paris , from 20 November to 10 December 1946 . UNESCO / C / 30 ( 1 C / Resolutions ) Item 14 , p. 73 : UNESCO . 1947 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ UNESCO . General Conference , 8th Session ( 1955 ) . Records of the General Conference , Eighth Session , Montevideo , 1954 : Resolutions. 8 C / Resolutions . ( Paris . ) Resolution II. 1.2 , p. 12 . UNESDOC database Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . ( 1950 ) . Statement by experts on race problems . Paris , 20 July 1950 . UNESCO / SS / 1 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . General Conference , 20th Session. ( 1979 ) . Records of the General Conference , Twentieth Session , Paris , 24 October to 28 November 1978 . 20 C / Resolutions . ( Paris . ) Resolution 3 / 1.1 / 2 , p. 61 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ UNESCO . Executive Board , 42nd Session. ( 1955 ) . Report of the Director - General on the Activities of the Organization ( March -- November 1955 ) . Paris , 9 November 1955 . 42 EX / 43 . Part I Relations with Member States , paragraph 3 . Jump up ^ The Haiti pilot project : phase one , 1947 -- 1949 . ( 1951 ) . Monographs on Fundamental Education IV . UNESCO : Paris . Jump up ^ `` Debiesse , J. , Benjamin , H. and Abbot , W. ( 1952 ) . Report of the mission to Afghanistan . Educational Missions IV . ED. 51 / VIII. A. ( Paris . ) UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . General Conference , 2nd Session. ( 1948 ) . Resolutions adopted by the General Conference during its second session , Mexico , November -- December 1947 . 2 C / Resolutions . ( Paris . ) Resolution 3.4. 1 , p. 17 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNDP , UNESCO , UNICEF , and The World Bank . ( 1990 ) . Final Report . World Conference on Education for All : Meeting Basic Education Needs . 5 -- 9 March 1990 , Jomtien , Thailand . ( WCEFA Inter-agency Commission : New York ) . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . ( 2000 ) . The Dakar Framework for Action . Education for All : meeting our collective commitments ( including six regional frameworks for action ) . World Education Forum , Dakar , Senegal , 26 -- 28 April 2000 . ED. 2000 / WS / 27 . ( Paris ) . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . General Conference , 21st Session. ( 1980 ) . International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia : Report of the Executive Committee of the Campaign and of the Director - General . 26 August 1980 . 21 C / 82 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage . Paris , 16 November 1972 . UNESCO . General Conference , 17th Session . Records of the General Conference , Seventeenth Session , Paris , 17 October to 21 November 1972 . Volume I : Resolutions , Recommendations. 17 C / Resolution 29 . Chapter IX Conventions and Recommendations , p. 135 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage , Second Session . Final Report . Washington , DC , 5 -- 8 September 1978 . CC - 78 / CONF. 010 / 10 Rev. UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage . Paris , 17 October 2003 . UNESCO . General Conference , 32nd Session . Records of the General Conference , Thirty - second Session , Paris , 29 September to 17 October 2003 . Volume I : Resolutions. 32 C / Resolution 32 . Chapter IV Programme for 2004 -- 2005 , Major Programme IV -- Culture , p. 53 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions . Paris , 20 October 2005 . UNESCO . General Conference , 33rd Session . Records of the General Conference . Thirty - third Session , Paris , 3 -- 21 October 2005 . Volume I : Resolutions. 33 C / Resolution 41 . Chapter V Programme for 2006 -- 2007 , p. 83 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . Executive Board , 26th Session . Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its twenty - sixth session . ( 7 June to 9 July 1951 ) . Paris , 27 July 1951 . 26 EX / Decisions . Item 7 Programme , Resolution 7.2. 2.1 , p. 9 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . General Conference , 3rd Session. ( 1949 ) . Records of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . Third Session . Beirut , 1948 . Volume II : Resolutions . ( UNESCO : Paris ) . 2 C / Resolution 3.7 , page 23 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Use and conservation of the biosphere : Proceedings of the intergovernmental conference of experts on the scientific basis for rational use and conservation of the resources of the biosphere . Paris , 4 -- 13 September 1968 . '' ( 1970 . ) In Natural Resources Research , Volume X . SC. 69 / XIL. 16 / A. UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . ( 1955 ) . International Expert Meeting on Professional Training for Journalism . Unesco House , 9 -- 13 April 1956 . Purpose and Scope . Paris , 18 November 1955 . UNESCO / MC / PT. 1 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO . General Conference , 19th Session. ( 1977 ) . Approved Programme and budget for 1977 -- 1978 . Paris , February 1977 . 19 C / 5 , p. 332 , paragraphs 4154 and 4155 . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MacBride , S. ( 1980 ) . Many voices , one world : towards a new , more just , and more efficient world information and communication order . ( UNESCO : Paris ) . UNESDOC database '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About IPDC United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` International Programme for the Development of Communication ( IPDC ) United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` World Press Freedom Day 2016 '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member '' . 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Blomfield , Adrian ( 31 October 2011 ) . `` US withdraws Unesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Limitation on Contributions to the United Nations and Affiliated Organizations '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Erlanger , Steven ; Sayare , Scott ( 31 October 2011 ) . `` Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` After UNESCO vote , Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Authority anger U.S '' . Haaretz. 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Israel freezes UNESCO funds '' . CNN . 3 December 2011 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row '' . Reuters. 8 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Because diploma mills have claimed false UNESCO accreditation , UNESCO itself has published warnings against education organizations that claim UNESCO recognition or affiliation . See Luca Lantero , Degree Mills : non-accredited and irregular higher education institutions Archived 13 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , Information Centre on Academic Mobility and Equivalence ( CIMEA ) , Italy . and UNESCO `` Alert : Misuse of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions '' Jump up ^ Varga , Susan ( 2006 ) . Edinburgh Old Town ( Images of Scotland ) . The History Press Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 4083 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Fostering Freedom of Expression '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` International Programme for the Development of Communication ( IPDC ) United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Safety of Journalists '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` UN Plan of Action United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Building Knowledge Societies '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Memory of the World United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Information for All Programme ( IFAP ) United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Universality United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Series on Internet Freedom United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Media Development Indicators ( MDIs ) United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Promouvoir l'éducation à la santé chez les jeunes du campement informel de Kibera à Nairobi Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation , la science et la culture '' . unesco.org ( in French ) . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Migration Institutions -- Home '' . Migrationmuseums.org . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Education EDUCATION -- '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Reddy , A ( 2014 ) ' Official support for GoUNESCO from UNESCO New Delhi -- GoUNESCO ' , GoUNESCO . Uniform Resource Locator : http://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco . Jump up ^ `` The magazine - United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . Jump up ^ `` Science and technology education -- Unesco '' , a UNESCO brochure Jump up ^ `` Quoted on UNESCO official site '' . Ngo-db.unesco.org . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full list of NGOs that have official relations with UNESCO '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Headquarters Committee 107th session 13 Feb 2009 '' . Ngo-db.unesco.org . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ admin ( 27 May 2015 ) . `` The IBE Team '' . Jump up ^ `` UIL - UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning '' . Jump up ^ `` IIEP UNESCO '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO IITE '' . Jump up ^ `` IICBA official site '' . Jump up ^ `` Inicio '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO - UNEVOC - Promoting learning for the world of work '' . Jump up ^ `` CEPES official site '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Home - UNESCO - IHE '' . Jump up ^ `` ICTP - International Centre for Theoretical Physics '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Institute for Statistics : UNESCO Institute for Statistics '' . Jump up ^ UNESCO Executive Board Document 185 EX / 38 , Paris , 10 September 2010 Jump up ^ International Days United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . UNESCO . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` List of UNESCO members and associates '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport '' ( PDF ) . WADA . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` State Parties '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Member States of the United Nations '' . United Nations . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vereinigte Staaten treten aus der Unesco aus '' ( United States is leaving the Unesco ) . Frankfurter Allgemeine ( in German ) . 2017 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-BbNf9SkQo Jump up ^ List of the voting countries Jump up ^ UNESCO official site : Directors - General Jump up ^ UNESCO official site : Previous Sessions of the General Conference Jump up ^ `` President of the 39th session of the General Conference '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President of the 38th session of the General Conference '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General Conference 37th United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Executive Board -- Results of elections . UNESCO General Conference , November 2015 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Table_2013 - 2015. pdf UNESCO Membership by Electoral Groups . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List of All UNESCO Field Offices by Region with Descriptions of Member State Coverage '' . UNESCO . Jump up ^ `` City of Quito -- UNESCO World Heritage '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Office in Brasilia United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oficina de la UNESCO en Quito Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación , la Ciencia y la Cultura '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Grahm , S.E. ( April 2006 ) . `` The ( Real ) politiks of Culture : U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO , 1946 -- 1954 '' . Diplomatic History . 30 ( 2 ) : 231 -- 51 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2006. 00548. x . Jump up ^ `` Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO '' , The Telegraph , 28 December 1984 . Jump up ^ `` Hebron clashes over Israel 's West Bank heritage list '' . BBC News . 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO 's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories '' . UNESCO . 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE TWO PALESTINIAN SITES OF AL - HARAM AL - IBRAHIMI / TOMB OF THE PATRIARCHS IN AL - KHALIL / HEBRON AND THE BILAL BIN RABAH MOSQUE / RACHEL 'S TOMB IN BETHLEHEM '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Hillel Fendel ( 1 November 2010 ) . `` UNESCO Erases Israeli Protests from Rachel 's Tomb Protocol '' . Arutz Sheva . Jump up ^ Maayana Miskin ( 29 October 2010 ) . `` UN Org. : Rachel 's Tomb is a Mosque '' . Arutz Sheva . Jump up ^ `` Ayalon : Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO '' . The Jerusalem Post . 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Shalom , Rabbi . `` Cooperation with UNESCO only partially suspended '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge -- Israel News , Ynetnews '' . Ynetnews. 20 June 1995 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Berman , Lazar ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` UNESCO cancels event on Jewish ties to Land of Israel '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ahren , Raphael ( 21 January 2014 ) . `` Author of UNESCO 's nixed Israel exhibit decries ' appalling betrayal ' '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al - Aqsa Mosque '' . aljazeera.com . Jump up ^ http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002462/246215e.pdf Jump up ^ `` UNESCO fails to acknowledge Jewish ties to Temple Mount '' . Jump up ^ `` Netanyahu leads angry denunciations of ' absurd ' UNESCO decision '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO chief ' received death threats ' for opposing Jerusalem motion '' . Times of Israel . 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the Director - General of UNESCO on the Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls on the occasion of the 40th session of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO in Istanbul - United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Director Criticizes Resolution : Temple Mount Sacred to Both Jews , Muslims '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Czech MPs slam ' hateful ' UNESCO Jerusalem resolution '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO approves new Jerusalem resolution '' . www.aljazeera.com . Jump up ^ Beaumont , Peter ( 26 October 2016 ) . `` Unesco adopts controversial resolution on Jerusalem holy sites '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO resolution on Jerusalem holy sites draws criticism from U.S. , Israel '' . CBC / Radio - Canada . 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Withdraws From UNESCO '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine over Hitler praise '' . The Daily Telegraph . 23 December 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Chair in Astronomy , Astrophysics and Space Sciences ( 964 ) , established in 2012 at The Islamic University of Gaza ( Palestine ) '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.ca/books?id=OsM94e1GHxAC&pg=PA211&dq=destruction+caused+at+the+Islamic+University&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX1IWTmuzWAhXn54MKHT7JAGQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=destruction%20caused%20at%20the%20Islamic%20University&f=false Jump up ^ `` Israel shocked by UNESCO Chair at Gaza Islamic University '' ( Press release ) . Israel ministry of foreign affairs . 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Michael ( 12 July 2012 ) . `` UNESCO establishes chair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomb labs '' . National Post . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fatah : Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University '' . Yedioth Ahronot. 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Cambanis , Thanassis ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Hamas University '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Ravid , Barak ( 12 July 2012 ) . `` Israel furious at UNESCO decision to back science chair at Islamic University of Gaza '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Yaakov , Yifa ( 14 July 2012 ) . `` B'nai Brith slams UNESCO affiliation with Gaza University '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News journalism in a digital world '' . UNESCO . 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO - leaks to refute wikileaks accusation '' . UNESCO . 16 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Guardian 's hatchet job on Julian Assange '' . World Socialist Web Site. 10 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The WikiFreak : In a new book one author reveals how she got to know Julian Assange and found him a predatory , narcissistic fantasist '' . Daily Mail . 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WikiLeaks denounces UNESCO after WikiLeaks banned from UNESCO conference on WikiLeaks '' . WikiLeaks. 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ UNESCO Once Again Makes a Mockery of its Own Ideals by Glorifying Mass Murderer Che Guevara , Says Ros - Lehtinen ( press release ) , House of representatives , 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ UNESCO honors executioner Che Guevara , UN Watch , 21 July 2013 ( retrieved 11 July 2016 ) Jump up ^ ( www.dw.com ) , Deutsche Welle . `` Japan furious at UNESCO listing Nanjing Massacre documents - Asia - DW.COM - 19.10. 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Japan halts Unesco funding following Nanjing massacre row '' . The Guardian . Agence France - Presse. 14 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Rejoins UNESCO '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Template : Citation = publisher = Library of Congress . Jump up ^ https://www.c-span.org/video/?9189-1/united-states-unesco-part-1 Jump up ^ `` The United States Withdraws From UNESCO '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Information Processing Tools '' . Unesco . Jump up ^ `` OpenIDAMS '' . Unesco . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to UNESCO . Official website United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. 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6649684785812583879 | Paris in World War II | Paris in World war II - wikipedia Paris in World war II Jump to : navigation , search German soldiers parade on the Champs Élysées on 14 June 1940 ( Bundesarchiv ) Part of a series on the History of Paris Middle Ages Renaissance 17th century 18th century Under Napoleon Restoration Under Louis - Philippe Second Empire Renovation Belle Époque World War I Interwar period World War II Postwar See also Timeline Architectural history Music Demographics Mayors Parks Writers Paris portal Paris started mobilizing for war in September 1939 , when Nazi Germany invaded Poland , but the war seemed far away until May 10 , 1940 , when the Germans attacked France and quickly defeated the French army . The French government departed Paris on June 10 , and the Germans occupied the city on June 14 . During the Occupation , the French Government moved to Vichy , and Paris was governed by the German military and by French officials approved by the Germans . For the Parisians , the Occupation was a series of frustrations , shortages and humiliations . A curfew was in effect from nine in the evening until five in the morning ; at night , the city went dark . Rationing of food , tobacco , coal and clothing was imposed from September 1940 . Every year the supplies grew more scarce and the prices higher . A million Parisians left the city for the provinces , where there was more food and fewer Germans . The French press and radio contained only German propaganda . Jews in Paris were forced to wear the yellow Star of David badge , and were barred from certain professions and public places . On 16 -- 17 July 1942 , 13,152 Jews , including 4,115 children and 5,919 women , were rounded up by the French police , on orders of the Germans , and were sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp . The first demonstration against the Occupation , by Paris students , took place on 11 November 1940 . As the war continued , anti-German clandestine groups and networks were created , some loyal to the French Communist Party , others to General Charles de Gaulle in London . They wrote slogans on walls , organized an underground press , and sometimes attacked German officers . Reprisals by the Germans were swift and harsh . Following the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6 , 1944 , the French Resistance in Paris launched an uprising on August 19 , 1944 , seizing the police headquarters and other government buildings . The city was liberated by French and American troops on August 25 , and General Charles de Gaulle led a triumphant parade down the Champs - Élysées on August 26 , and organized a new government . In the following months , ten thousand Parisians who had collaborated with the Germans were arrested and tried , eight thousand convicted , and 116 executed . On 29 April and 13 May 1945 , the first post-war municipal elections were held , in which French women voted for the first time . Contents ( hide ) 1 War 2 Germans 3 Parisians 4 Rationing and the Black Market 5 Restaurants 6 Transport 7 Culture and the arts 7.1 Picasso and the painters 7.2 The great art robbery 7.3 Music , literature and cinema 8 Antisemitism 9 Collaboration 10 Crime 11 The Resistance 12 Liberation 13 Vengeance and renewal 14 See also 15 References 15.1 Notes and citations 15.2 Bibliography 15.2. 1 English 15.2. 2 French 16 External links War ( edit ) In 1940 , the French army built barricades of sandbags on some Paris streets , but they were never used ( Frank Capra 's film Divide and Conquer , U.S. War Department ) German soldiers of the 30 . Infanterie - Division march on Avenue Foch on June 14 , 1940 ( Bundesarchiv ) Adolf Hitler on the terrace of the Palais de Chaillot on June 23 , 1940 . To his left is the sculptor Arno Breker , to his right , Albert Speer , his architect ( Bundesarchiv ) In the spring of 1939 , war with Germany already seemed inevitable . In Paris , the first defense exercise took place on February 2 , and city workers began digging twenty kilometers of trenches in city squares and parks to be used for bomb shelters . On March 10 , the city began to distribute gas masks to civilians , and on March 19 , signs were posted guiding Parisians to the nearest shelters . On August 23 , Parisians were surprised to read that the German foreign minister , Joachim von Ribbentrop , and Russian minister Vyacheslav Molotov had signed the Hitler - Stalin Pact of non-aggression . L'Humanité , the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party ( PCF ) , welcomed the pact , writing : `` At the moment when the Soviet Union makes a new and appreciable contribution to safeguard the peace , constantly threatened by the fascist instigators of war , the French Communist Party addresses its warmest greetings to the country of socialism , to its party and to its great leader Stalin '' . In Paris , the copies of the newspaper and of the other Communist newspaper , Ce Soir , were seized by the police and their publication suspended . On August 31 , anticipating bombardment , the French government began to evacuate 30,000 children out of the city to the Province ( regions outside Paris ) . That night , the street lights were turned off as a measure against German air raids . On September 1 , news reached Paris that Germany had invaded Poland , and France , as expected , promptly declared war on Germany . On August 27 , in anticipation of air raids , workmen had begun taking down the stained glass windows of the Sainte - Chapelle . The same day , curators at the Louvre , summoned back from summer vacation , and aided by packers from the nearby La Samaritaine and Bazar de l'Hôtel de Ville department stores , began cataloging and packing the major works of art , which were put into crates and labeled only with numbers to disguise their contents . The Winged Victory of Samothrace statue was carefully wheeled down the long stairway on a wooden ramp to be put on a truck for its departure to the Château de Valençay in the Indre department . Trucks used to move scenery for the Comédie Française were used to move the larger paintings , including Gericault 's Raft of the Medusa . The art works were carried in slow convoys of trucks , convoys , with headlights off to observe the blackout , to the châteaux of the Loire Valley and other designated locations . The architectural landmarks of the city were protected by sandbags . The French Army waited in the fortifications of the Maginot Line , while in Paris ration cards for gasoline were issued , restrictions were put on the sale of meat and , in February 1940 , ration cards for food were issued ; however , cafés and theatres remained open . The French defense plan was purely passive , waiting for the Germans to attack . After eight months of relative calm ( known as the Phoney War , La drôle de guerre ) on the Western Front , the Germans struck France on May 10 , 1940 , bypassing the Maginot Line and slipping through the Ardennes . By May 15 , German panzer divisions were only 35 kilometers from Laon , in the rear of the French and British armies , racing toward the English Channel . On May 28 , the British realized the battle was lost and began withdrawing their soldiers from the beaches of Dunkerque . Paris was soon flooded with refugees from the battle zone . On June 3 , the Germans bombed Paris and its suburbs for the first time , targeting in particular the Citroën automobile factory . 254 persons were killed , including 195 civilians . French Prime Minister Paul Reynaud dismissed his supreme military commander , Maurice Gamelin , and replaced him with the 73 - year old Maxime Weygand . He also named the 84 - year - old Philippe Pétain , a hero of the First World War , as deputy prime minister . Neither Weygand nor Pétain felt the Germans could be defeated , and they began looking for a way out of the war . On June 8 , the sound of distant artillery fire could be heard in the capital . Trains filled with refugees departed Gare d'Austerlitz with no announced destination . On 10 June , the French government fled Paris , first to Tours and then to Bordeaux . Thousands of Parisians followed their example , filling the roads out of the city with automobiles , tourist buses , trucks , wagons , carts , bicycles , and on foot . The slow - moving river of refugees took ten hours to cover thirty kilometers . Within a few days , the wealthier arrondissements of the city were nearly deserted , and the population of the working - class 14th arrondissement dropped from 178,000 to 49,000 . The British General Staff urged the French to defend Paris street - by - street , but Pétain dismissed the idea : `` To make Paris into a city of ruins will not affect the issue . '' On June 12 , the French government , in Tours , declared Paris to be an open city , that there would be no resistance . At 5 : 30 in the morning of June 14 , the first German advance guard entered the city at Porte de La Villette and took the rue de Flandres toward the center . They were followed by several German columns , which , following an established plan , moved to the principal intersections . German military vehicles with loudspeakers circulated , instructing Parisians not to leave their buildings . At eight in the morning , delegations of German officers arrived at the Invalides , headquarters of the military governor of Paris , Henri Dentz , and at the Prefecture of Police , where the Prefect , Roger Langeron , was waiting . The Germans politely invited the French officials to put themselves at the disposition of the German occupiers . By the end of the afternoon , the Germans had hung a swastika flag at the Arc de Triomphe and organized military parades with a marching band on the Champs Élysées and Avenue Foch , primarily for the benefit of the German army photographers and newsreel cameramen. ( 14 June 1940 : deutsch ) On the evening of June 16 , Prime Minister Reynaud resigned . On the morning of June 17 , General de Gaulle left Bordeaux by plane for London . At midday , Parisians gathered around radios heard Pétain , the new head of the French government , announce : `` It is with a heavy heart that I tell you today that we must cease hostilities . The fighting must stop . '' Though no armistice had yet been signed , the French army stopped fighting . The city 's conqueror , Adolf Hitler , arrived on June 24 for a rapid tour by car . He was accompanied by the German sculptor Arno Breker and by his chief architect , Albert Speer , both of whom had lived in Paris and guided his tour . He saw the Opera House and viewed the Eiffel Tower from the terrace of the Palace of Chaillot , paid homage at Napoleon 's tomb , and visited the artist 's quarter of Montmartre during his first and only visit to Paris . Germans ( edit ) German Luftwaffe soldiers at a Paris café , 1941 ( Bundesarchiv ) German soldiers goose stepping at changing of the guard at the Hôtel Crillon on the Place de la Concorde , October 1940 ( Bundesarchiv ) New signs show way to German headquarters of Greater Paris , 1940 ( Bundesarchiv ) German soldiers in Montmartre at the Moulin Rouge ( Bundesarchiv ) During the Occupation , the French Government moved to Vichy , and Germany 's Third Reich flag flew over all the French government buildings . Signs in German were placed on the main boulevards , and the clocks of Paris were reset to Berlin time . The German military high command moved into the Majestic Hotel on Avenue Kléber ; the Abwehr ( German military intelligence ) , took over the Hôtel Lutetia ; the Luftwaffe ( German Air Force ) occupied the Ritz ; the Kriegsmarine ( German Navy ) , the Hôtel de la Marine on the Place de la Concorde ; the Carlingue , the French auxiliary organization of the Gestapo , occupied the building at 93 rue Lauriston ; and the German commandant of Paris and his staff moved into the Hôtel Meurice on the rue de Rivoli . Paris became the primary destination for the rest and recreation of German soldiers . Under the slogan `` Jeder einmal in Paris '' ( `` everyone once in Paris '' ) , each German soldier was promised one visit to Paris . One month after the beginning of the Occupation , a bi-monthly magazine and guide for visiting German soldiers Der Deutsche Wegleiter für Paris ( The German Guide to Paris ) , was first published by the Paris Kommandantur . Certain hotels and movie theaters were reserved exclusively for German soldiers . A German - language newspaper , the Pariser Zeitung ( 1941 - 1944 ) , was also published for the soldiers . The German officers enjoyed the Ritz , Maxim 's , the Coupole and other exclusive restaurants , as the exchange rate was fixed to favor the German occupiers . Many houses of prostitution existed in Paris and they began to cater to German clients . Parisians ( edit ) By the time that the Germans arrived in Paris , two - thirds of the Parisians , particularly those in the wealthier neighborhoods , had fled to the countryside and the south of France , in what is known as the exode de 1940 , the massive exodus of millions of people from the Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , the north and east of France , fleeing after the German victory of the battle of Sedan ( 12 -- 15 May 1940 ) . Once the Occupation had begun , they started to return . By July 7 , the city government estimated the population had risen again to 1.5 million ; it climbed to two million by October 22 , and 2.5 million by January 1 , 1941 . At the beginning of 1943 , it fell again , because of air raids by the Allies , the arrest and deportation of Jews and foreigners , and the forced departure to factories in Germany of many young Frenchmen , as part of the Service du travail obligatoire ( STO ) , `` Obligatory Work Service '' . The attitude of the Parisians toward the occupiers varied greatly . Some saw the Germans as an easy source of money ; others , as the Prefect of the Seine , Roger Langeron ( arrested on 23 June 1940 ) , commented , `` looked at them as if they were invisible or transparent . '' The attitude of members of the French Communist Party was more complicated ; the Party had long denounced Nazism and Fascism , but after the signing of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact on 23 August 1939 , had to reverse direction . The editors of the Communist Party newspaper , L'Humanité , which had been closed down by the French government , asked the Germans for permission to resume publishing , and it was granted . The Party also asked that workers resume work in the armaments factories , which were now producing for the Germans . Many individual communists opposed the Nazis , but the ambivalent official attitude of the Party lasted until Operation Barbarossa , the German attack on the Soviet Union on June 22 , 1941 . For the Parisians , the Occupation was a series of frustrations , shortages and humiliations . A curfew was in effect from nine in the evening until five in the morning ; at night , the city went dark . Rationing of food , tobacco , coal and clothing was imposed from September 1940 . Every year the supplies grew more scarce and the prices higher . The French press and radio broadcast only German propaganda . The beginning of the STO , the program that required large number of young Frenchmen to work in factories for the German war industry , in exchange for the return of older and sick French prisoners of war in Germany , greatly increased the resentment of the French population against the Germans . Most Parisians , however , only expressed their anger and frustrations in private , while the police of Paris , under German control , received every day hundreds of anonymous denunciations by Parisians against other Parisians . Rationing and the black market ( edit ) Line outside a Paris bakery in spring 1945 . The liberation did not end the food shortages . ( Imperial War Museums , U.K. ) Potatoes and leeks on sale in a Paris market . There was little else to buy . Spring 1945 ( Imperial War Museums , U.K. ) Finding food soon became the first preoccupation of the Parisians . The authorities of the German occupation transformed French industry and agriculture into a machine for serving Germany . Shipments to Germany had first priority ; what was left went to Paris and the rest of France . All of the trucks manufactured at the Citroen factory went directly to Germany . ( Later many of these trucks were cleverly sabotaged by the French workers , who recalibrated the dip sticks so that the trucks would run out of oil without notice ) . The greatest share of shipments of meat , wheat , milk produce and other agricultural products also went to Germany . What remained for the Parisians was strictly rationed , following the creation on 16 June 1940 of the Ministère de l'agriculture et du ravitaillement ( Ministry of Agriculture and Supply ) , which began to impose a system rationing as early as 2 August 1940 , as per Décret du 30 juillet 1940 : bread , fat , flour products , rice , sugar ; then , on 23 October 1940 : butter , cheese , meat , coffee , charcuterie , eggs , oil ; in July 1941 : and as the war went on : chocolate , fish , dried vegetables , ( like peas and beans ) , potatoes , fresh vegetables , wine , tobacco ... Products could be bought only upon presentation of coupons attributed to specific items and on the specific week in which they could be used . Parisians ( and all the population of France ) were divided into seven categories depending upon their age , and allotted a certain amount of each product each month . A new bureaucracy , employing more than nine thousand city employees , with offices at all schools and the city hall of each arrondissement , was put into place to administer the program . The system resulted in long lines and frustrated hopes , since promised products often never appeared . Thousands of Parisians regularly made the long journey by bicycle to the countywide , hoping to come back , with vegetables , fruit , eggs and other farm products . The rationing system also applied to clothing : leather was reserved exclusively for German army boots , and vanished completely from the market . Leather shoes were replaced by shoes made of rubber or canvas ( raffia ) with wooden soles . A variety of ersatz or substitute products appeared , which were not exactly what they were called : ersatz wine , coffee ( made with chicory ) , tobacco and soap . Finding coal for heat in winter was another preoccupation . The Germans had transferred the authority over the coal mines of northern France from Paris to their military headquarters in Brussels . The priority for the coal that did arrive in Paris was for the use in factories . Even with ration cards , adequate coal for heating was almost impossible to find . Supplies for normal heating needs were not restored until 1949 . The restrictions and shortage of goods led to the existence of a thriving black market . Producers and distributors of food and other scarce products set aside a portion of their goods for the black market , and used middle - men to sell them to customers . The bars of the Champs - Élysées , and other parts of Paris , became common meeting places between the middle - men and clients . Parisians bought cigarettes , meat , coffee , wine and other products which frequently neither the middle - man nor the customer had ever seen . Restaurants ( edit ) Paris restaurants were open but had to deal with strict regulations and shortages . Meat could only be served on certain days , and certain products , such as cream , coffee and fresh produce were extremely rare . Nonetheless , the restaurants found ways to serve their regular clients . The historian René Héron de Villefosse , who lived in Paris throughout the war , described his experience : `` The great restaurants were only allowed to serve , under the fierce eye of a frequent control , noodles with water , turnips and beets , in exchange for certain number of tickets , but the hunt for a good meal continued for many food - lovers . For five hundred francs one could conquer a good pork chop , hidden under cabbage and served without the necessary tickets , along with a liter of Beaujolais and a real coffee ; sometimes it was on the first floor at rue Dauphine , where you could listen to the BBC while sitting next to Picasso . '' Transport ( edit ) A car converted to run on coal gas instead of gasoline ( 1945 ) ( Imperial War Museums , U.K. ) Luftwaffe officers on the Metro ( Bundesarchiv ) Horse - drawn coaches in front of the National Assembly , decorated with slogan : `` Germany is winning on all fronts '' ( Bundesarchiv ) The pedi - cab , or bicycle taxi , was still in use in the spring of 1945 ( Imperial War Museums , U.K. ) Due to the shortage of fuel , the number of automobiles on the Paris streets dropped from 350,000 before the war to just under 4,500 . One customer , sitting on the terrace of a café on the Place de la Bourse , counted the number of cars which passed between noon and twelve - thirty : only three came by . Older means of transportation , such as the horse - drawn fiacre came back into service . Trucks and automobiles that did circulate often used gazogene , a poor - quality fuel carried in a tank on the roof , or coal gas or methane , extracted from the Paris sewers . The metro ran , but service was frequently interrupted and the cars were overcrowded . Three thousand five hundred buses had run on the Paris streets in 1939 , but only five hundred were still running in the autumn of 1940 . Bicycle - taxis became popular , and their drivers charged a high tariff . Bicycles became the means of transport for many Parisians , and their price soared ; a used bicycle cost a month 's salary . The transportation problems did not end with the liberation of Paris ; the shortage of gasoline and lack of transport continued until well after the war . Culture and the arts ( edit ) German Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt is given a tour of the Louvre , October 10 , 1940 ( Bundesarchiv ) The Paris Opera decorated with swastikas for a festival of German music , 1941 ( Bundesarchiv ) After a performance of Schiller 's Intrigue and Love at the Théâtre des Champs - Élysées in 1941 , from left to right : Dr. Ley , Reich organization leader ; Heinrich George , Schiller Theater Intendant ; and German actress Gisela Uhlen ( Bundesarchiv ) Picasso and the painters ( edit ) While some painters left Paris , many remained and continued working . Georges Braque returned to Paris in autumn 1940 and quietly continued working . Pablo Picasso spent most of 1939 in a villa in Royan , north of Bordeaux . He returned to Paris and resumed working in his studio on rue des Grands Augustins . He frequently received visitors at his studio , including Germans , some admiring and some suspicious . He had postcards made of his famous anti-fascist work , Guernica , to hand out as souvenirs to visitors , and had serious discussions of art and politics with visiting Germans , including writer Ernst Jünger . While his work was officially condemned as `` degenerate '' , his paintings continued to be sold at the Hôtel Drouot auction house and at the Galerie Louise Leiris , formerly Daniel - Henry Kahnweiler 's . German treasurer officials opened Picasso 's bank vault , where he stored his private art collection , searching for Jewish - owned art they could seize . Picasso so confused them with his descriptions of ownership of the paintings that they left without taking anything . He also persuaded them that the paintings in the adjoining vault , owned by Braque , were actually his own . Other `` degenerate '' artists , including Kandinsky and Henri Matisse , who sent drawings up to Paris from his residence in Nice , were officially condemned but continued to sell their works in the back rooms of Paris galleries . The great art robbery ( edit ) The Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume became a storehouse for art stolen from Jewish families ( TCY , 2007 ) Vermeer 's painting The Astronomer was stolen from the Rothschild family by the Nazis and given to Adolf Hitler See also : Nazi plunder One of the greatest art thefts in history took place in Paris during the Occupation , as the Nazis looted the art of Jewish collectors on a grand scale . Great masterpieces in the Louvre had already been evacuated to the châteaux of the Loire Valley and the unoccupied zone , and were safe . The German Army was respectful of the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and refused to transfer the works in French museums out of the country , but the Nazi leaders were not so scrupulous . On 30 June 1940 , Hitler ordered that all art works in France , public and private , should be `` safeguarded '' . Many of the French wealthy Jewish families had sent their art works out of France before leaving the country , but others had left their art collections behind . A new law decreed that those who had left France just before the war were no longer French citizens , and their property could be seized . The Gestapo began visiting bank vaults and empty residences , and collecting the works of art . The pieces left behind in the fifteen largest Jewish - owned art galleries in Paris were also collected , and transported in French police vans . In September , a new organization , the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce ( Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg ) was created to catalog and store the art . It was moved to the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume , a building in the Tuileries Gardens used by the Louvre for temporary exhibits . More than four hundred crates of art works were brought to the Jeu de Paume by Luftwaffe personnel , unpacked and cataloged . Hermann Göring , the head of the Luftwaffe , visited the Jeu de Paume on November 3 and returned on the 5th , spending the entire day there , picking out works for his private collection . He selected twenty - seven paintings , including works by Rembrandt and Van Dyck owned by Edouard de Rothschild , as well as stained glass windows and furniture intended for Carinhall , the luxurious hunting lodge he had built in the Schorfheide Forest , in Germany . Another Rothschild - owned painting , The Astronomer by Vermeer , was reserved for Hitler himself . Fifteen masterpieces filled railroad boxcars were sent to Germany with Göring 's personal train . Göring visited the Jeu de Paume twelve more times in 1941 , and five times in 1942 , adding to his collection . Confiscations continued at banks , warehouses and private residences , with paintings , furniture , statues , clocks and jewelry accumulating at the Jeu de Paume , and filling the whole ground floor . The staff at the Jeu de Paume cataloged 218 major collections . Between April 1941 and July 1944 , 4,174 cases of art works filling 138 boxcars , were shipped from Paris to Germany . Much of the art , but not all , was recovered after the war . Music , literature and Cinema ( edit ) A few artists , such as actor Jean Gabin and film director Jean Renoir chose , for political or personal reasons , to leave Paris , but many others remained , avoided politics and focused on their art . These included the actor Fernandel , the film director and playwright Sacha Guitry , and the singers Édith Piaf , Tino Rossi , Charles Trenet and Yves Montand . The jazz musician Django Reinhardt played with the Quintette du Hot Club de France for German and French fans . In 1941 , Maurice Chevalier performed a new revue in the Casino de Paris : Bonjour Paris . The songs Ça sent si bon la France and La Chanson du maçon became hits . The Nazis asked Chevalier to perform in Berlin and sing for Radio Paris . He refused but did perform for French prisoners of war in Germany , and succeeded in obtaining the liberation of ten prisoners in exchange . The writer Colette , who was 67 when the war began , worked quietly on her mémoires in her apartment at 9 rue du Beaujolais , next the gardens of the Palais - Royal . Her husband , Maurice Goudeket , a Jew , was arrested by the Gestapo in December 1941 , and although he was released after a few months through the intervention of the French wife of the German ambassador Otto Abetz , Colette lived through the rest of the war years with the anxiety of a possible second arrest . In 1944 , she published one of her most famous works , Gigi . The philosopher and novelist Jean - Paul Sartre continued to write and publish ; Simone de Beauvoir produced a broadcast on the history of the music hall for Radio Paris ; and Marguerite Duras worked at a publishing house . The actress Danielle Darrieux made a tour to Berlin , in exchange for the liberation of her husband , Porfirio Rubirosa , a Dominican diplomat suspected of espionage . The actress Arletty , the star of Les Enfants du Paradis and Hôtel du Nord , had a relationship with Hans Jürgen Soehring , a Luftwaffe officer , and gave the famous riposte to a member of the FFI interrogating her after the Liberation : `` My heart is French , but my a -- is international . '' ' Jewish actors were not allowed to perform . Some places in Paris were frequented by homosexual actors and artists ; notably the swimming pool in the Bois de Boulogne and the bars Le Select and Le Sans - Souci . The actor Jean Marais was officially harassed for his homosexuality , and the actor Robert - Hugues Lambert was arrested and deported , most likely because of his relationship with a German officer whom he did not want to name . He died at the Flossenbürg concentration camp on 7 March 1945 . The Germans made a continual effort to seduce the Parisians through culture : in 1941 , they organized a festival of German music by the Berlin Philharmonic at the Paris Opera , a play from the Schiller Theater in Berlin at the Théâtre des Champs - Élysées , and an exhibit by the German sculptor Arno Breker . The French film industry , based in suburbs of Paris , had a very difficult existence due to shortages of personnel , film and food , but it produced several genuine masterpieces , among which : Marcel Carné 's Les Enfants du Paradis ( `` Children of Paradise '' ) which was filmed during the Occupation but not released until 1945 . Antisemitism ( edit ) Poster for an official anti-semitic exposition , `` The Jew and France '' , ( Bundesarchiv , 1941 ) A German sign outside a Paris restaurant announces that Jews are not admitted ( Bundesarchiv , 1 September 1940 ) Jewish women were required to wear a yellow Star of David ( Bundesarchiv , 1 June 1942 ) The Synagogue of Montmartre and several others were attacked and vandalized in 1941. ( Bundesarchiv ) A Jewish - owned shop in the Marais , wrecked in May 1941 ( Bundesarchiv ) From the very beginning of the Occupation , Jews in Paris were treated with particular harshness . On October 18 , 1940 , the German occupation authorities decreed , in what is known as the Ordonnance d'Aryanisation , that Jews would have a special status and be barred from liberal professions , such as commerce , industry , thus affecting lawyers , doctors , professors , shop owners , and also be barred from certain restaurants and public places , and that their property was seized . On May 23 , 1942 , the head of the Anti-Jewish section of the Gestapo , Adolf Eichmann , gave secret orders for the deportation of French Jews to the concentration camp of Auschwitz . On May 29 , 1942 , all Jews in the Occupied Zone over the age of six were required to wear the yellow Star of David badge . In July , Jews were banned from all main streets , movie theaters , libraries , parks , gardens , restaurants , cafés and other public places , and were required to ride on the last car of metro trains . On 16 -- 17 July 1942 , on Germans ' orders , 13,152 Jews ( 4,115 children , 5.919 women and 3,118 men ) were rounded up by the French police . Unmarried persons and couples without children were taken to Drancy , some 20 kilometers north of Paris , while 8,160 men , women and children comprising families went to the Vélodrome d'Hiver ( `` Vel ' d'Hiv ' '' ) stadium , on rue Nelaton in the 15th arrondissement , where they were crowded together in the heat of summer , with hardly any food , water and no hygienic facilities for five days before being sent to Drancy , Compiègne , Pithiviers and Beaune - la - Rolande internment camps , preludes to the Auschwitz extermination camp . The roundup was considered a failure by the Germans , since they had prepared trains for 32,000 persons . Arrests continued in 1943 and 1944 . By the time of the Liberation , it was estimated that 43,000 Jews from the Paris region , or about half the total population of the community , had been sent to the concentration camps , and that 34,000 died there . Collaboration ( edit ) French Premier Pierre Laval and General Carl Oberg , the German police commander in Paris , responsible for the Gestapo and SS , May 1 , 1943 ( Bundesarchiv ) A Paris policeman salutes a German officer ( Bundesarchiv , 1941 ) 11 April 1943 : Meeting at the Vel d'Hiv in Paris of the Front révolutionnaire national , a French fascist paramilitary organization created on 28 February 1943 to fight the French Resistance . Its active collaborationist police was known as the Milice , whose members , above , swear allegiance to the organization . ( Photo : Le Matin newspaper , 12 April 1943 ) Many Parisians collaborated with the Government of Marshal Pétain and with the Germans , assisting them with the city administration , the police , and other government functions . French government officials were given the choice of collaborating or losing their jobs . On September 2 , 1941 , all Paris magistrates were asked to take an oath of allegiance to Marshal Petain . Only one , Paul Didier , refused . Unlike the territory of Vichy France , governed by Marshal Pétain and his ministers , the document of surrender placed Paris in the occupied zone , directly under German authority , the Militärbefehlshabers in Frankreich ( MBF ) . It stated : `` The government of France will immediately invite all the French authorities and administrative services in the occupied territories to conform with the regulations of the German military authorities , and to collaborate with those in a correct manner . '' The prefect of the police and prefect of the Seine , reported to him , and only secondarily to the government of the French State in Vichy . The Germans supported the creation by Vichy France , on 28 February 1943 , of a fascist paramilitary organization , the Front révolutionnaire national , whose active police branch was called Milice . Its particular function was to help the Germans in their battle against the Resistance , which they qualified as being a `` terrorist '' organization . It established its headquarters in the former Communist Party building at 44 rue Le Peletier and at 61 rue de Monceau . The Lycée Louis - Le - Grand was occupied as barracks , and an officer candidate school was established in the Auteuil synagogue . The Front révolutionnaire national held a large rally on 11 April 1943 at the Vél d'Hiv . At the time of the Liberation of Paris in August 1944 , most of its members chose to fight alongside the Germans and many of them made their way to Germany ( Sigmaringen ) when Paris fell to the Allies . Those who did not leave were the target of the purge ( épuration ) that followed . Crime ( edit ) Doctor Marcel Petiot pretended to run a Resistance network , and killed , for their treasure , Jews and others trying to escape to Argentina . ( Unknown ) The most notorious criminal of the period ( aside from the Nazis and their collaborators ) was Doctor Marcel Petiot . Petiot purchased a house at 21 rue Le Sueur in the 16th arrondissement , and under the name of Docteur Eugène , pretended to be the head of a Resistance network that smuggled Jews from France to Argentina . He collected a large advance from his clients and then instructed them to come to his house , bringing their gold , silver and other valuables with them . After they arrived , he brought them to his consulting room , and , convincing them vaccination was required in order to enter Argentina , gave them a lethal intravenous injection , then watched their slow death in an adjacent room through a spyhole in the door . Afterwards , he cut up their bodies , put the pieces in the well , and dissolved them with quicklime . His activities attracted the attention of the Gestapo , which arrested him in 1943 , thus allowing him to claim later that he had been a real member of the Resistance . His crimes were discovered after the Liberation in 1944 , and he was charged with the murders of twenty - seven persons , tried in 1946 , and sentenced to death . He went to the guillotine on May 25 , 1946 . The gold , silver and other valuables were not found when he was arrested . In search of the treasure , the house was carefully demolished in 1966 , but no trace of it was ever found . The Resistance ( edit ) First issue of the underground newspaper ' Résistance ' , December 15 , 1940 ( SiefkinDR ) Poster announcing that the Germans will take hostages in retaliation for attacks on German soldiers , August 21 , 1941 ( Gallica Digital Library ) Resistance fighters in Paris , August 1944 ( La Libération de Paris 1944 ) On June 18 , 1940 , Parisians listening to the BBC heard an obscure French brigadier General , Charles de Gaulle , in London , make an appeal ( Appel du 18 juin ) to continue the resistance against the Germans . Very few heard the broadcast at the time , but it was widely printed and circulated afterwards . On June 23 , the German occupation authorities ordered all French persons to turn in any weapons and short - wave receivers they possessed , or face severe measures . Within Paris , opposition was isolated and slow to build . On August 2 , de Gaulle was condemned to death for treason , in absentia , by Marshal Pétain 's new government . The first illegal demonstration in Paris against the Occupation took place on November 11 , 1940 , the anniversary of the end of the First World War , a day that usually featured patriotic ceremonies of remembrance . Anticipating trouble , the German authorities banned any commemoration and made it a regular school and work day . Nonetheless the students of Paris lycées ( high schools ) circulated handbills and leaflets calling for students to boycott classes and meet at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier beneath the Arc de Triomphe . The event was also announced on the 10th on the BBC . The day began quietly , as some 20,000 students laid wreaths and bouquets at the tomb and at the statue of Georges Clemenceau , on Place Clemenceau , by the Champs Élysées . This part of the day was tolerated by the French and German authorities . At midday , the demonstration became more provocative ; some students carried a floral Cross of Lorraine , the symbol of de Gaulle 's Free France . They were chased away by the police . At nightfall , the event became more provocative ; some three thousand students gathered , chanting `` Vive La France '' and `` Vive l'Angleterre '' , and invading Le Tyrol , a bar popular with the Jeune Front , a fascist youth group , and scuffling with police . At 6 : 00 p.m. , German soldiers arrived , surrounded the students , and closed the entrance of the metro stations . They charged the students with fixed bayonets , firing shots in the air . The Vichy government announced 123 arrests and one student wounded . The students arrested were taken to the prisons of La Santé , Cherche - Midi and Fresnes , where they were beaten , slapped , stripped , and made to stand all night in the pouring rain . Some students were threatened by soldiers pretending to be a firing squad . As a consequence of the demonstration , the Sorbonne University was closed , students were required to regularly report to the police , and the Latin Quarter was closely watched . Another incident took place on November 10 ; a 28 - year old French engineer named Jacqques Bonsergent and his friends , coming home from a wedding , ran into a group of German soldiers in the blackout and got into a brawl . A German soldier was punched . Bonsergent 's friends escaped , but he was arrested and refused to give the names of his friends to the Germans . He was held in jail for nineteen days , taken to court , charged with `` an act of violence against a member of the German Army '' , and sentenced to death . Bonsergent was executed by firing squad on December 23 , the first civilian in France executed for resistance against the Occupation . In 1946 , the metro station Jacques Bonsergent was named after him . The first significant Resistance organization in Paris was formed in September 1940 by a group scholars connected with the Musée de l'Homme , the ethnology museum located at the Palais de Chaillot . On 15 December , using the museum mimeograph machine , they published Résistance , a four - page newspaper which gave its name to the movement that followed . The group was led by the Russian - born ( French naturalized ) anthropologist Boris Vildé . The first issue of the newspaper , proclaimed : `` We are independent , simply French , chosen for the action we wish to carry out . We have only one ambition , one passion , one desire : to recreate France , pure and free . '' They collected information and established a network to help escaped French POWs to flee the country . They were not experienced conspirators , and they were discovered and arrested in January 1941 . Vildé and the six other leaders were sentenced to death and executed by firing squad at Fort Mont Valérien , in the western suburbs of the city , on February 22 , 1942 . Most of the resistance by ordinary Parisians was symbolic : encouraged by the BBC , students scribbled the letter V for Victory on walls , blackboards , tables , and on the side of cars . The Germans tried to co-opt the ' V ' campaign , placing huge Vs. symbolizing their own victories , on the Eiffel Tower and the National Assembly , but with little effect . From the signing of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939 , until June 1941 , the Communists played no active part in the Resistance . The Vichy government and Germans allowed their newspapers to publish , and they made no mention of the patriotic demonstrations on November 11 . But after Operation Barbarossa , the German attack on the Soviet Union on June 22 , 1941 , they became among the most active and best - organized forces against the Germans . They remained hostile to de Gaulle , whom they denounced as a reactionary British puppet . On August 21 , 1941 , a 21 - year - old veteran communist named Pierre Georges , who used the clandestine name `` Fabien '' , shot a German naval officer , Alfons Moser , in the back , as he was boarding the metro at the Barbés - Rochecouart station . The Germans had routinely taken hostages among the French civilian population to deter attacks . They responded to the Barbés - Rochechouart metro attack by executing three hostages in Paris , and another twenty the following month . Hitler was furious at the leniency of the German commander , and demanded that in case of future assassinations , there must be one hundred hostages executed for every German killed . After the next killing of a German , forty - eight hostages were immediately shot by firing squad . From London , General de Gaulle condemned the Communist policy of random assassinations , saying the cost in innocent civilian lives was too high , and it had no impact on the war , but the random shooting of Germans continued . In retaliation , an estimated 1,400 hostages from the Paris region were taken and 981 executed by the German military at Fort Mont Valérien . Acts of resistance in Paris became more dangerous . In the spring of 1942 , five students of the Lycée Buffon decided to protest the arrest of one of their teachers . About one hundred students took part , chanting the teacher 's name and throwing leaflets . The demonstrators escaped , but the police tracked down and arrested the five student leaders , who were tried and executed on February 8 , 1943 . As the war continued , the Resistance was divided largely between the groups , followers of General de Gaulle in London , and those organized by the Communists . Thanks to pressure from the British , who supplied the weapons , and the diplomacy of one Resistance leader , Jean Moulin , who created the National Council of the Resistance ( Conseil National de la Résistance ( CNR ) ) , the different factions began to coordinate their actions . In early 1944 , as the Normandy invasion approached , the Communists and their allies controlled the largest and best - armed resistance groups in Paris : the Francs - Tireurs et Partisans ( FTP ) . In February 1944 , the FTP became part of a larger umbrella organization , the Forces françaises de l'intérieur ( FFI ) . Following the Normandy invasion on June 6 ( D - Day ) , the FFI prepared to launch an uprising to liberate the city before the Allied Armies and General de Gaulle arrived . Liberation ( edit ) The uprising against the Germans in Paris began on August 19 , 1944 , with the takeover of the police headquarters and other government buildings ( La Libération de Paris 1944 ) The French Second Armored Division of General Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque parades on the Champs - Élysées on August 26 , 1944 . ( Jack Downey , U.S. Office of War Information ) On 26 August 1944 , General Charles de Gaulle leads the parade celebrating the liberation of Paris the previous day . ( Unknown , Imperial War Museums , U.K. ) The Allies landed at Normandy on June 6 , 1944 , and two months later broke the German lines and began to advance toward and around Paris . German control over Paris was already breaking down . One hundred thousand Parisians had turned out on July 14 for a prohibited celebration of Bastille Day . German soldiers fired into the air , but the French police did nothing . On August 10 , half of the eighty thousand railroad workers in the Paris region went on strike , stopping all railroad traffic . On August 15 , the new German commander of Paris , General Dietrich von Choltitz , ordered that three thousand resistance members held in Paris jails be transferred out of the city . They were loaded into trains , 170 persons in each cattle car , and sent to the concentration camps of Buchenwald and Ravensbrück . Only twenty - seven returned . On the same day , the Paris police learned that policemen in the suburbs were being disarmed by the Germans ; they immediately went on strike . In Paris , most of the electricity and gas were cut off , there was little food available , and the metro had stopped running . On August 19 , against the opposition of de Gaulle 's representative in Paris , Jacques Chaban - Delmas , the National Council of the Resistance and the Parisian Committee on Liberation jointly called for an immediate uprising . It was commanded by the regional leader of the Communist - led FFI , Colonel Henri Rol - Tanguy . Chaban - Delmas reluctantly agreed to participate . Liberation Committees in each neighborhood occupied the government buildings and headquarters of collaborationist newspapers , and put up barricades in the northern and eastern neighborhoods , where the Resistance was the strongest . To the surprise of Henri Rol Tanguy , the Paris police also joined in the uprising ; a thousand policemen occupied the Prefecture of Police , the police headquarters on the Île de la Cité . At the time of the uprising , most of elite German units had left the city , but twenty - thousand German soldiers remained , armed with about eighty tanks and sixty artillery pieces . While the Resistance had about twenty - thousand fighters , they had only sixty hand guns , a few machine guns , and no heavy weapons . Nonetheless , on the morning of August 20 , a small group of Resistance fighters , led by Léo Hamon , walked into the office of Marcel Flouret , the new Prefect of Paris at the Hôtel de Ville and demanded that he hand over the building . The Prefect asked to see his papers and Hamon replied , `` We 've gotten out of the habit of that kind of thing . '' Hamon placed the Prefect and the member of the Municipal Council under arrest , and occupied the building . Rol - Tanguy commanded the uprising from a bunker twenty - six meters beneath the statue of the Lion de Belfort , Place Denfert - Rochereau , which communicated with the catacombs . Parisians cut down trees and tore up paving stones to build barricades . Scattered sniping and street fighting broke out between the Germans , the Milice and the Resistance ; prisoners were executed on both sides . The Resistance took weapons from fallen Germans , and even captured trucks and even tanks , but neither side had enough military power to defeat the other . Memorial to those fallen during the liberation The Allies had originally planned to bypass Paris , to avoid street fighting and the necessity of feeding a huge population . However , when news of the uprising in Paris reached them , Generals Eisenhower and Bradley agreed to send the French 2nd Armored Division of General Leclerc to Paris , and sent the American 4th Armored Division to support them . The 2nd Armored Division set out early in the morning of August 23 with 16,000 men , 4,200 vehicles and 200 tanks . By the afternoon of the 24th , they were in the western and southern Paris suburbs . On 23 August , Leclerc had sent a small column of three tanks and eleven halftracks , commanded by Captain Dronne , to enter the heart of the city . By 9 : 00 p.m. Dronne had reached the Hôtel de VIlle , where he was greeted by Georges Bidault , the head of the National Council of the Resistance ( Conseil national de la Résistance ) , and André Tollet , commander of the Paris committee of liberation ( Comité parisien de la Libération ) . Then he went to the Prefecture of Police for a meeting with de Gaulle 's representative , Chaban - Delmas . The main force of Leclerc 's 2nd Armored Division and the U.S. 4th Infantry Division entered the city on the morning of the 25th . There was fierce resistance near the Invalides and the École Militaire , in which some French soldiers were killed and tanks destroyed . By the end of the morning , the Germans had been overcome and a large French tricolor flag was hoisted on the Eiffel Tower . General von Choltitz was an unrepentant Nazi , and had been ordered by Hitler to leave the city a `` heap of burning ruins '' , but he also realized the battle was lost , and he did not want to be captured by the Resistance . Through the offices of the Swedish Consul - General , Raoul Nordling , he ignored Hitler 's orders and arranged a truce . In the afternoon of the 25th he traveled from his headquarters in the Hôtel Meurice to the Montparnasse train station , the headquarters of General Leclerc , where , at about 3 : 00 in the billiards room of the station staff , he and Leclerc signed a surrender . Chaban - Dalmas and Rol - Tanguy , leader of the FFI , were also present , and it was suggested that Rol - Tanguy should also sign the surrender . Leclerc dictated a new version , and put the name of the FFI leader ahead of his own . The occupation of Paris was officially over . De Gaulle arrived in Paris two hours later . He met first with Leclerc , complaining to him that Rol - Tanguy had signed the surrender . He then went to the Ministry of War , and insisted that the FFI leaders come to him , but in the end he went to the Hôtel de Ville , where he gave a memorable speech to a huge crowd of Parisians , concluding : `` Paris ! Paris humiliated ! Paris broken ! Paris martyred ! But now Paris liberated ! Liberated by herself , by her own people with the help of the armies of France , with the support and aid of France as a whole , of fighting France , of the only France , of the true France , of eternal France . '' The following day , de Gaulle , on foot , towering over everyone in the crowd , led a triumphal march from the Arc de Triomphe , down the Champs - Élysées , to the Place de la Concorde , then to the cathedral of Notre - Dame , where he took part in a Te Deum . About 2,000 Parisians were killed in the liberation of their capital , along with about 800 Resistance fighters from the FFI and policemen , and over 100 soldiers from the Free France and U.S. forces . Vengeance and renewal ( edit ) German officers and staff , prisoners at the Hôtel Majestic , the German military headquarters , shortly after the Liberation . ( National Archives and Records Administration , USA ) Women accused of sleeping with Germans had their heads shaved ( Bundesarchiv , June 21 , 1944 ) Musicians perform in the streets of Paris in the spring of 1945 . The crowd includes several American soldiers ( Imperial War Museums , U.K. ) Immediately following the liberation of the city , Parisians who had collaborated with the Germans were punished . Women who had slept with German soldiers had their heads shaved and were humiliated . Some Parisians , including Coco Chanel , who had been living with a German officer , quietly left the country , and did not return for many years . 9,969 persons were arrested . A military tribunal was established for those who had collaborated with the German army and police , and a separate judicial tribunal was set up for economic and political collaborators . Of those arrested , 1,616 were acquitted , and 8,335 were found guilty . In the Seine department , the two tribunals sentenced 598 collaborators to death , of whom 116 were executed ; the others , who had escaped from France , were condemned in absentia . The Liberation did not immediately bring peace to Paris ; a thousand persons were killed and injured by a German bombing raid on August 26 , the city and region suffered from attacks by German V - 1 rockets beginning on September 3 ; food rationing and other restrictions remained in force through the end of the war , but the climate of fear had disappeared . The political life of the city was gradually renewed , under the close watch of General de Gaulle . On August 27 , the Council of Ministers held its first meeting at the Hôtel Matignon since 1940 . In October , a provisional municipal council was established , but it did not formally meet until March and April 1945 . The first issue of a new newspaper , Le Monde , was published on December 18 , 1944 . On April 13 , 1945 , just before the end of war , a new ordinance set the date for the first municipal elections since the war began . They were held on 29 April , and for the first time French women were allowed to vote . See also ( edit ) Fall of France German military administration in occupied France during World War II Liberation of Paris References ( edit ) Notes and citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fierro 1996 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Nicholas 1995 , pp. 55 - 56 . ^ Jump up to : Combeau , Yvan , Histoire de Paris , pp. 99 - 100 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb 2009 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Fierro 1996 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Chastenet , Jacques , Cent Ans de la République ( 1970 ) , J. Tallandier , volume VII , pp. 260 - 265 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbzhAC3aE-w Jump up ^ Dictionnaire historique de Paris , p. 536 . Jump up ^ Hetch , Emmanuel ( October 2013 ) . `` Le Guide du soldat allemand à Paris , ou comment occuper Fritz '' . www.lexpress.fr ( in French ) . L'Express . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Langeron , R. Paris , juin 1940 , pg. 64 Jump up ^ Fierro 1996 , p. 277 . ^ Jump up to : Combeau , Yvan , ' ' Histoire de Paris ' ' ( 2013 ) , p. 102 Jump up ^ Ronald C. Rosbottom , When Paris Went Dark : The City of Light Under German Occupation , 1940 - 1944Aug 5 , 2014 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000846943&categorieLien=id ^ Jump up to : Fierro 1996 , p. 238 - 239 . Jump up ^ Fierro 1996 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Héron de Villefosse 1959 , p. 411 . ^ Jump up to : Fierro 1996 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Nicholas 1994 , pp. 180 - 181 . Jump up ^ Nicholas 1994 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Nicholas 1994 , pp. 128 - 133 . Jump up ^ Nicholas 1994 , pp. 134 - 135 . Jump up ^ With Love , the Autobiography of Maurice Chevalier , ( Cassell , 1960 ) , Chapter 22 . Jump up ^ Portuges & Jouve 1994 , p. 80 - 81 . Jump up ^ Rosbottom 2014 , p. unpaginated . Jump up ^ The Oxford History of World Cinema , p. 347 . See also Arletty , allocine.fr : `` mon cœur est français mais mon cul est international ! '' Jump up ^ Cobb 2009 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ ' ' Dictionnaire historique de Paris ' ' ( 2013 ) , p. 637 . Jump up ^ Michel , Henri , Paris Allemand , Éditeur Albin Michel ( 1981 ) , pp. 310 - 313 Jump up ^ Fierro 1996 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Paris dans les pas des grands hommes , L'Express Thema , October -- November 2015 , p. 78 Jump up ^ http://tueursenserie.wifeo.com/marcel-petiot.php ^ Jump up to : Belot 2006 , pp. 15 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cobb 2009 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb 2009 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Cobb 2009 , pp. 77 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Fierro 1996 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Cobb & 2009 121 . Jump up ^ Cobb 2009 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Fierro 1996 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Cobb 2009 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Cobb 2009 , pp. 258 - 60 . Jump up ^ Cobb 2009 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Cobb 2009 , pp. 266 - 267 . Jump up ^ Cobb 2009 , pp. 268 -- 270 . Jump up ^ Combeau , Yvan , ' ' Histoire de Paris ' ' ( 2013 ) , p. 103 Jump up ^ Fierro 1996 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Fierro 1996 , p. 645 . Bibliography ( edit ) English ( edit ) Cobb , Matthew ( 2009 ) . The Resistance - the French fight against the Nazis . Pocket Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84739 - 156 - 8 . Drake , David . Paris at War : 1939 -- 1944 ( 2015 ) , examines lives of ordinary Parisians as well as collaborationists and the Resistance . Portuges , Catherine ; Jouve , Nicole Ward ( 1994 ) . `` Colette '' . In Sartori , Eva Martin ; Zimmerman , Dorothy Wynne . French Women Writers . University of Nebraska Press . Rosbottom , Ronald ( 2014 ) . When Paris Went Dark . Hachette . Nicholas , Lynn ( 1994 ) . The Rape of Europa - the fate of Europe 's Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War . Paperpac . ISBN 0 - 333 - 63951 - 0 . French ( edit ) Belot , Robert ( 2006 ) . Les Resistants . Paris : Larousse . ISBN 978 - 2 - 03 - 582642 - 8 . Combeau , Yvan ( 2013 ) . Histoire de Paris . Paris : Presses Universitaires de France . ISBN 978 - 2 - 13 - 060852 - 3 . Fierro , Alfred ( 1996 ) . Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris . Robert Laffont . ISBN 2 - 221 -- 07862 - 4 . Héron de Villefosse , René ( 1959 ) . HIstoire de Paris . Bernard Grasset . Sarmant , Thierry ( 2012 ) . Histoire de Paris : Politique , urbanisme , civilisation . Editions Jean - Paul Gisserot . ISBN 978 - 2 - 755 - 803303 . Dictionnaire Historique de Paris . Le Livre de Poche. 2013 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 253 - 13140 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Documentary footage of liberation of Paris in 1944 ( hide ) City of Paris Arrondissements 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th Airports Charles de Gaulle Orly Architecture Bridges Culture Cycling Vélib ' Métropole Economy Education History ( timeline ) Landmarks Libraries Mayors Museums Music Tallest buildings Syndrome Religion Archdiocese Squares Topography Transport Métro Transilien Tramways RER Tourism Paris Metropolitan Area Île - de-France France Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_in_World_War_II&oldid=832331514 '' Categories : 1930s in Paris France in World War II 1940s in Paris Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 09 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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261255046711108270 | Mary, Queen of Scots | Mary , Queen of Scots - wikipedia Mary , Queen of Scots Not to be confused with Mary I of England . For other uses , see Mary , Queen of Scots ( disambiguation ) . Mary Stuart Portrait by François Clouet , c. 1558 -- 1560 Queen of Scotland Reign 14 December 1542 -- 24 July 1567 Coronation 9 September 1543 Predecessor James V Successor James VI Regents James Hamilton , 2nd Earl of Arran ( 1542 -- 1554 ) Mary of Guise ( 1554 -- 1560 ) Queen consort of France Tenure 10 July 1559 -- 5 December 1560 8 December 1542 Linlithgow Palace , Linlithgow , Scotland 8 February 1587 ( 1587 - 02 - 08 ) ( aged 44 ) Fotheringhay Castle , Northamptonshire , England Burial 30 July 1587 Peterborough Cathedral 28 October 1612 Westminster Abbey Spouse Francis II of France ( m . 1558 ; d . 1560 ) Henry Stuart , Lord Darnley ( m . 1565 ; d . 1567 ) James Hepburn , 4th Earl of Bothwell ( m . 1567 ; d . 1578 ) Issue James VI and I House Stuart Father James V of Scotland Mother Mary of Guise Religion Roman Catholic Signature Mary , Queen of Scots ( 8 December 1542 -- 8 February 1587 ) , also known as Mary Stuart , reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567 . Mary , the only surviving legitimate child of King James V , was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne . She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents , and in 1558 , she married the Dauphin of France , Francis . He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559 , and Mary briefly became queen consort of France , until his death in December 1560 . Widowed , Mary returned to Scotland , arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561 . Four years later , she married her first cousin , Henry Stuart , Lord Darnley and in June 1566 they had a son , James . In February 1567 , Darnley 's residence was destroyed by an explosion , and he was found murdered in the garden . James Hepburn , 4th Earl of Bothwell , was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley 's death , but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567 , and the following month he married Mary . Following an uprising against the couple , Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle . On 24 July 1567 she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one - year - old son . After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne , she fled southwards seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed , Queen Elizabeth I of England . Mary had once claimed Elizabeth 's throne as her own , and was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many English Catholics , including participants in a rebellion known as the Rising of the North . Perceiving her as a threat , Elizabeth had her confined in various castles and manor houses in the interior of England . After eighteen and a half years in custody , Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 . She was beheaded the following year at Fotheringhay Castle . Contents 1 Childhood and early reign 1.1 Treaty of Greenwich 1.2 Life in France 1.3 Claim to the English throne 2 Return to Scotland 3 Marriage to Lord Darnley 3.1 Murder of Darnley 4 Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication 5 Escape and imprisonment in England 5.1 Casket letters 5.2 Plots 6 Death 6.1 Trial 6.2 Execution 7 Legacy 8 Family tree 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Childhood and early reign ( edit ) Mary was born on 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace , Scotland , to King James V and his French second wife , Mary of Guise . She was said to have been born prematurely and was the only legitimate child of James to survive him . She was the great - niece of King Henry VIII of England , as her paternal grandmother , Margaret Tudor , was Henry VIII 's sister . On 14 December , six days after her birth , she became Queen of Scotland when her father died , perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss , or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign . A popular legend , first recorded by John Knox , states that James , hearing on his deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter , ruefully exclaimed , `` It cam wi ' a lass and it will gang wi ' a lass ! '' His House of Stuart had gained the throne of Scotland by the marriage of Marjorie Bruce , daughter of Robert the Bruce , to Walter Stewart , 6th High Steward of Scotland . The crown had come to his family through a woman , and would be lost from his family through a woman . This legendary statement came true much later -- not through Mary , but through her descendant Queen Anne . Mary was baptised at the nearby Church of St Michael shortly after she was born . Rumours spread that she was weak and frail , but an English diplomat , Ralph Sadler , saw the infant at Linlithgow Palace in March 1543 , unwrapped by her nurse , and wrote , `` it is as goodly a child as I have seen of her age , and as like to live . '' As Mary was an infant when she inherited the throne , Scotland was ruled by regents until she became an adult . From the outset , there were two claims to the regency : one from Catholic Cardinal Beaton , and the other from the Protestant Earl of Arran , who was next in line to the throne . Beaton 's claim was based on a version of the king 's will that his opponents dismissed as a forgery . Arran , with the support of his friends and relations , became the regent until 1554 when Mary 's mother managed to remove and succeed him . Treaty of Greenwich ( edit ) Gold coin of 1553 : obverse , coat of arms of Scotland ; reverse , royal monogram King Henry VIII of England took the opportunity of the regency to propose marriage between Mary and his own son and heir , Edward , hoping for a union of Scotland and England . On 1 July 1543 , when Mary was six months old , the Treaty of Greenwich was signed , which promised that at the age of ten Mary would marry Edward and move to England , where Henry could oversee her upbringing . The treaty provided that the two countries would remain legally separate and that if the couple should fail to have children the temporary union would dissolve . However , Cardinal Beaton rose to power again and began to push a pro-Catholic pro-French agenda , which angered Henry , who wanted to break the Scottish alliance with France . Beaton wanted to move Mary away from the coast to the safety of Stirling Castle . Regent Arran resisted the move , but backed down when Beaton 's armed supporters gathered at Linlithgow . The Earl of Lennox escorted Mary and her mother to Stirling on 27 July 1543 with 3,500 armed men . Mary was crowned in the castle chapel on 9 September 1543 , with `` such solemnity as they do use in this country , which is not very costly '' according to the report of Ralph Sadler and Henry Ray . Shortly before Mary 's coronation , Scottish merchants headed for France were arrested by Henry , and their goods impounded . The arrests caused anger in Scotland , and Arran joined Beaton and became a Catholic . The Treaty of Greenwich was rejected by the Parliament of Scotland in December . The rejection of the marriage treaty and the renewal of the Auld Alliance between France and Scotland prompted Henry 's `` Rough Wooing '' , a military campaign designed to impose the marriage of Mary to his son . English forces mounted a series of raids on Scottish and French territory . In May 1544 , the English Earl of Hertford ( later Duke of Somerset ) raided Edinburgh , and the Scots took Mary to Dunkeld for safety . In May 1546 , Beaton was murdered by Protestant lairds , and on 10 September 1547 , nine months after the death of Henry VIII , the Scots suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh . Mary 's guardians , fearful for her safety , sent her to Inchmahome Priory for no more than three weeks , and turned to the French for help . The French king , Henry II , proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three - year - old son , the Dauphin Francis . On the promise of French military help , and a French dukedom for himself , Arran agreed to the marriage . In February 1548 , Mary was moved , again for her safety , to Dumbarton Castle . The English left a trail of devastation behind once more and seized the strategic town of Haddington . In June , the much awaited French help arrived at Leith to besiege and ultimately take Haddington . On 7 July 1548 , a Scottish Parliament held at a nunnery near the town agreed to a French marriage treaty . Life in France ( edit ) With her marriage agreement in place , five - year - old Mary was sent to France to spend the next thirteen years at the French court . The French fleet sent by Henry II , commanded by Nicolas de Villegagnon , sailed with Mary from Dumbarton on 7 August 1548 and arrived a week or more later at Roscoff or Saint - Pol - de-Léon in Brittany . Mary was accompanied by her own court including two illegitimate half - brothers , and the `` four Marys '' , four girls her own age , all named Mary , who were the daughters of some of the noblest families in Scotland : Beaton , Seton , Fleming , and Livingston . Janet , Lady Fleming , who was Mary Fleming 's mother and James V 's half - sister , was appointed governess . Mary and Francis in Catherine de ' Medici 's book of hours , c. 1558 Vivacious , beautiful , and clever ( according to contemporary accounts ) , Mary had a promising childhood . At the French court , she was a favourite with everyone , except Henry II 's wife Catherine de ' Medici . Mary learned to play lute and virginals , was competent in prose , poetry , horsemanship , falconry and needlework , and was taught French , Italian , Latin , Spanish , and Greek , in addition to speaking her native Scots . Her future sister - in - law , Elisabeth of Valois , became a close friend of whom Mary `` retained nostalgic memories in later life '' . Her maternal grandmother , Antoinette de Bourbon , was another strong influence on her childhood , and acted as one of her principal advisors . Portraits of Mary show that she had a small , oval - shaped head , a long , graceful neck , bright auburn hair , hazel - brown eyes , under heavy lowered eyelids and finely arched brows , smooth pale skin , a high forehead , and regular , firm features . She was considered a pretty child and later , as a woman , strikingly attractive . At some point in her infancy or childhood , she caught smallpox , but it did not mark her features . Mary was eloquent and especially tall by sixteenth - century standards ( she attained an adult height of 5 feet 11 inches or 1.80 m ) , while Henry II 's son and heir , Francis , stuttered and was abnormally short . Henry commented that `` from the very first day they met , my son and she got on as well together as if they had known each other for a long time '' . On 4 April 1558 , Mary signed a secret agreement bequeathing Scotland and her claim to England to the French crown if she died without issue . Twenty days later , she married the Dauphin at Notre Dame de Paris , and he became king consort of Scotland . Claim to the English throne ( edit ) Mary 's arms as Queen of Scotland and France with the arms of England added , used in France before the Treaty of Edinburgh , 1560 In November 1558 , Henry VIII 's elder daughter , Mary I of England , was succeeded by her only surviving sibling , Elizabeth I. Under the Third Succession Act , passed in 1543 by the Parliament of England , Elizabeth was recognised as her sister 's heir , and Henry VIII 's last will and testament had excluded the Stuarts from succeeding to the English throne . Yet , in the eyes of many Catholics , Elizabeth was illegitimate , and Mary Stuart , as the senior descendant of Henry VIII 's elder sister , was the rightful queen of England . Henry II of France proclaimed his eldest son and daughter - in - law king and queen of England , and in France the royal arms of England were quartered with those of Francis and Mary . Mary 's claim to the English throne was a perennial sticking point between her and Elizabeth I . When Henry II died on 10 July 1559 from injuries sustained in a joust , fifteen - year - old Francis and sixteen - year - old Mary became king and queen of France . Two of the Queen 's uncles , the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal of Lorraine , were now dominant in French politics , enjoying an ascendancy called by some historians la tyrannie Guisienne . In Scotland , the power of the Protestant Lords of the Congregation was rising at the expense of Mary 's mother , who maintained effective control only through the use of French troops . The Protestant Lords invited English troops into Scotland in an attempt to secure Protestantism , and a Huguenot rising in France , called the Tumult of Amboise , in March 1560 made it impossible for the French to send further support . Instead , the Guise brothers sent ambassadors to negotiate a settlement . On 11 June 1560 , their sister ( Mary 's mother ) died , and so the question of future Franco - Scots relations was a pressing one . Under the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh , signed by Mary 's representatives on 6 July 1560 , France and England undertook to withdraw troops from Scotland and France recognised Elizabeth 's right to rule England . However , the seventeen - year - old Mary , still in France and grieving for her mother , refused to ratify the treaty . Return to Scotland ( edit ) Mary 's all - white mourning garb earned her the sobriquet La Reine Blanche ( `` the White Queen '' ) . King Francis II died on 5 December 1560 , of a middle ear infection that led to an abscess in his brain . Mary was grief - stricken . Her mother - in - law , Catherine de ' Medici , became regent for the late king 's ten - year - old brother Charles IX , who inherited the French throne . Mary returned to Scotland nine months later , arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561 . Having lived in France since the age of five , Mary had little direct experience of the dangerous and complex political situation in Scotland . As a devout Catholic , she was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects , as well as by the Queen of England . Scotland was torn between Catholic and Protestant factions , and Mary 's illegitimate half - brother , the Earl of Moray , was a leader of the Protestants . The Protestant reformer John Knox preached against Mary , condemning her for hearing Mass , dancing , and dressing too elaborately . She summoned him to her presence to remonstrate with him unsuccessfully , and later charged him with treason , but he was acquitted and released . To the disappointment of the Catholic party , however , Mary tolerated the newly established Protestant ascendancy , and kept her half - brother Lord Moray as her chief advisor . Her privy council of 16 men , appointed on 6 September 1561 , retained those who already held the offices of state and was dominated by the Protestant leaders from the reformation crisis of 1559 -- 1560 : the Earls of Argyll , Glencairn , and Moray . Only four of the councillors were Catholic : the Earls of Atholl , Erroll , Montrose , and Huntly , who was Lord Chancellor . Modern historian Jenny Wormald found this remarkable , suggesting that Mary 's failure to appoint a council sympathetic to Catholic and French interests was an indication of her focus on the goal of the English throne over the internal problems of Scotland . Even the one significant later addition to the council , Lord Ruthven in December 1563 , was another Protestant whom Mary personally disliked . In this , she was acknowledging her lack of effective military power in the face of the Protestant lords , while also following a policy that strengthened her links with England . She joined with Lord Moray in the destruction of Scotland 's leading Catholic magnate , Lord Huntly , in 1562 after he led a rebellion in the Highlands against her . Mary 's royal arms from the Tolbooth in Leith ( 1565 ) , now in South Leith Parish Church Mary sent William Maitland of Lethington as an ambassador to the English court to put the case for Mary as the heir presumptive to the English throne . Elizabeth refused to name a potential heir , fearing that to do so would invite conspiracy to displace her with the nominated successor . However , Elizabeth assured Maitland that she knew no one with a better claim than Mary . In late 1561 and early 1562 , arrangements were made for the two queens to meet in England at York or Nottingham in August or September 1562 , but Elizabeth sent Sir Henry Sidney to cancel in July because of the civil war in France . Mary turned her attention to finding a new husband from the royalty of Europe . However , when her uncle , the Cardinal of Lorraine , began negotiations with Archduke Charles of Austria without her consent , she angrily objected and the negotiations foundered . Her own attempt to negotiate a marriage to Don Carlos , the mentally unstable heir apparent of King Philip II of Spain , was rebuffed by Philip . Elizabeth attempted to neutralise Mary by suggesting that she marry English Protestant Robert Dudley , 1st Earl of Leicester ( Sir Henry Sidney 's brother - in - law and the English queen 's own favourite ) , whom Elizabeth trusted and thought she could control . She sent an ambassador , Thomas Randolph , to tell Mary that if she would marry an English nobleman , Elizabeth would `` proceed to the inquisition of her right and title to be our next cousin and heir '' . The proposal came to nothing , not least because the intended bridegroom was unwilling . In contrast , a French poet at Mary 's court , Pierre de Boscosel de Chastelard , was apparently besotted by Mary . In early 1563 , he was discovered during a security search hidden underneath her bed , apparently planning to surprise her when she was alone and declare his love for her . Mary was horrified and banished him from Scotland . He ignored the edict , and two days later he forced his way into her chamber as she was about to disrobe . She reacted with fury and fear , and when Moray rushed into the room , in reaction to her cries for help , she shouted , `` Thrust your dagger into the villain ! '' , which Moray refused to do , as Chastelard was already under restraint . Chastelard was tried for treason , and beheaded . Maitland claimed that Chastelard 's ardour was feigned , and that he was part of a Huguenot plot to discredit Mary by tarnishing her reputation . Marriage to Lord Darnley ( edit ) Mary with her second husband , Lord Darnley Mary had briefly met her English - born first cousin Henry Stuart , Lord Darnley , in February 1561 when she was in mourning for Francis . Darnley 's parents , the Earl and Countess of Lennox , who were Scottish aristocrats as well as English landowners , had sent him to France ostensibly to extend their condolences while hoping for a potential match between their son and Mary . Both Mary and Darnley were grandchildren of Margaret Tudor , sister of Henry VIII of England , and patrilineal descendants of the High Stewards of Scotland . Darnley shared a more recent Stewart lineage with the Hamilton family as a descendant of Mary Stewart , Countess of Arran , a daughter of James II of Scotland . They next met on Saturday 17 February 1565 at Wemyss Castle in Scotland , after which Mary fell in love with the `` long lad '' ( as Queen Elizabeth called him -- he was over six feet tall ) . They married at Holyrood Palace on 29 July 1565 , even though both were Catholic and a papal dispensation for the marriage of first cousins had not been obtained . English statesmen William Cecil and the Earl of Leicester had worked to obtain Darnley 's licence to travel to Scotland from his home in England . Although her advisors had thus brought the couple together , Elizabeth felt threatened by the marriage , because as descendants of her aunt , both Mary and Darnley were claimants to the English throne and their children , if any , would inherit an even stronger , combined claim . However , Mary 's insistence on the marriage seems to have stemmed from passion rather than calculation . The English ambassador Nicholas Throckmorton stated `` the saying is that surely she ( Queen Mary ) is bewitched '' , adding that the marriage could only be averted `` by violence '' . The union infuriated Elizabeth , who felt the marriage should not have gone ahead without her permission , as Darnley was both her cousin and an English subject . James Hepburn , 4th Earl of Bothwell Mary 's marriage to a leading Catholic precipitated Mary 's half - brother , the Earl of Moray , to join with other Protestant lords , including Lords Argyll and Glencairn , in open rebellion . Mary set out from Edinburgh on 26 August 1565 to confront them , and on the 30th Moray entered Edinburgh , but left soon afterward having failed to take the castle . Mary returned to Edinburgh the following month to raise more troops . In what became known as the Chaseabout Raid , Mary and her forces and Moray and the rebellious lords roamed around Scotland without ever engaging in direct combat . Mary 's numbers were boosted by the release and restoration to favour of Lord Huntly 's son , and the return of James Hepburn , 4th Earl of Bothwell , from exile in France . Unable to muster sufficient support , Moray left Scotland in October for asylum in England . Mary broadened her privy council , bringing in both Catholics ( Bishop of Ross John Lesley and provost of Edinburgh Simon Preston of Craigmillar ) and Protestants ( the new Lord Huntly , Bishop of Galloway Alexander Gordon , John Maxwell of Terregles and Sir James Balfour ) . Before long , Darnley grew arrogant . Not content with his position as king consort , he demanded the Crown Matrimonial , which would have made him a co-sovereign of Scotland with the right to keep the Scottish throne for himself if he outlived his wife . Mary refused his request , and their marriage grew strained even though they conceived by October 1565 . He was jealous of her friendship with her Catholic private secretary , David Rizzio , who was rumoured to be the father of her child . By March 1566 , Darnley had entered into a secret conspiracy with Protestant lords , including the nobles who had rebelled against Mary in the Chaseabout Raid . On 9 March , a group of the conspirators , accompanied by Darnley , murdered Rizzio in front of the pregnant Mary at a dinner party in Holyrood Palace . Over the next two days , a disillusioned Darnley switched sides , and Mary received Moray at Holyrood . On the night of 11 -- 12 March , Darnley and Mary escaped from the palace and took temporary refuge in Dunbar Castle before returning to Edinburgh on 18 March . The former rebels Lords Moray , Argyll and Glencairn were restored to the council . Murder of Darnley ( edit ) Kirk o ' Field drawn for William Cecil shortly after the murder of Henry Stuart , Lord Darnley , 1567 Mary 's son by Darnley , James , was born on 19 June 1566 in Edinburgh Castle , but the murder of Rizzio led inevitably to the breakdown of her marriage . In October 1566 , while staying at Jedburgh in the Scottish Borders , Mary made a journey on horseback of at least four hours each way to visit the Earl of Bothwell at Hermitage Castle , where he lay ill from wounds sustained in a skirmish with border reivers . The ride was later used as evidence by Mary 's enemies that the two were lovers , though no suspicions were voiced at the time and Mary had been accompanied by her councillors and guards . Immediately after her return to Jedburgh , she suffered a serious illness that included frequent vomiting , loss of sight , loss of speech , convulsions and periods of unconsciousness . She was thought to be near death or dying . Her recovery from 25 October onwards was credited to the skill of her French physicians . The cause of her illness is unknown ; diagnoses include physical exhaustion and mental stress , haemorrhage of a gastric ulcer , and porphyria . At Craigmillar Castle , near Edinburgh , at the end of November 1566 , Mary and leading nobles held a meeting to discuss the `` problem of Darnley '' . Divorce was discussed , but a bond was probably sworn between the lords present to remove Darnley by other means : `` It was thought expedient and most profitable for the common wealth ... that such a young fool and proud tyrant should not reign or bear rule over them ; ... that he should be put off by one way or another ; and whosoever should take the deed in hand or do it , they should defend . '' Darnley feared for his safety , and after the baptism of his son at Stirling shortly before Christmas he went to Glasgow to stay on his father 's estates . At the start of the journey , he was afflicted by a fever , possibly smallpox , syphilis , or the result of poison , and he remained ill for some weeks . In late January 1567 , Mary prompted her husband to return to Edinburgh . He recuperated from his illness in a house belonging to the brother of Sir James Balfour at the former abbey of Kirk o ' Field , just within the city wall . Mary visited him daily , so that it appeared a reconciliation was in progress . On the night of 9 -- 10 February 1567 , Mary visited her husband in the early evening and then attended the wedding celebrations of a member of her household , Bastian Pagez . In the early hours of the morning , an explosion devastated Kirk o ' Field , and Darnley was found dead in the garden , apparently smothered . There were no visible marks of strangulation or violence on the body . Bothwell , Moray , Secretary Maitland , the Earl of Morton and Mary herself were among those who came under suspicion . Elizabeth wrote to Mary of the rumours , `` I should ill fulfil the office of a faithful cousin or an affectionate friend if I did not ... tell you what all the world is thinking . Men say that , instead of seizing the murderers , you are looking through your fingers while they escape ; that you will not seek revenge on those who have done you so much pleasure , as though the deed would never have taken place had not the doers of it been assured of impunity . For myself , I beg you to believe that I would not harbour such a thought . '' By the end of February , Bothwell was generally believed to be guilty of Darnley 's assassination . Lennox , Darnley 's father , demanded that Bothwell be tried before the Estates of Parliament , to which Mary agreed , but Lennox 's request for a delay to gather evidence was denied . In the absence of Lennox , and with no evidence presented , Bothwell was acquitted after a seven - hour trial on 12 April . A week later , Bothwell managed to convince more than two dozen lords and bishops to sign the Ainslie Tavern Bond , in which they agreed to support his aim to marry the queen . Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication ( edit ) Mary depicted with her son , James VI and I ; in reality , Mary saw her son for the last time when he was ten months old . Between 21 and 23 April 1567 , Mary visited her son at Stirling for the last time . On her way back to Edinburgh on 24 April , Mary was abducted , willingly or not , by Lord Bothwell and his men and taken to Dunbar Castle , where he may have raped her . On 6 May , Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh and on 15 May , at either Holyrood Palace or Holyrood Abbey , they were married according to Protestant rites . Bothwell and his first wife , Jean Gordon , who was the sister of Lord Huntly , had divorced twelve days previously . Originally Mary believed that many nobles supported her marriage , but things soon turned sour between the newly elevated Bothwell ( created Duke of Orkney ) and his former peers , and the marriage proved to be deeply unpopular . Catholics considered the marriage unlawful , since they did not recognise Bothwell 's divorce or the validity of the Protestant service . Both Protestants and Catholics were shocked that Mary should marry the man accused of murdering her husband . The marriage was tempestuous , and Mary became despondent . Twenty - six Scottish peers , known as the confederate lords , turned against Mary and Bothwell , raising an army against them . Mary and Bothwell confronted the lords at Carberry Hill on 15 June , but there was no battle as Mary 's forces dwindled away through desertion during negotiations . Bothwell was given safe passage from the field , and the lords took Mary to Edinburgh , where crowds of spectators denounced her as an adulteress and murderer . The following night , she was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle , on an island in the middle of Loch Leven . Between 20 and 23 July , Mary miscarried twins . On 24 July , she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one - year - old son James . Moray was made regent , while Bothwell was driven into exile . He was imprisoned in Denmark , became insane and died in 1578 . Escape and imprisonment in England ( edit ) Loch Leven Castle Workington Hall Carlisle Castle Bolton Castle Tutbury Sheffield Wingfield Chatsworth Buxton Chartley Tixall Fotheringhay Mary 's places of imprisonment On 2 May 1568 , Mary escaped from Loch Leven Castle with the aid of George Douglas , brother of Sir William Douglas , the castle 's owner . Managing to raise an army of 6,000 men , she met Moray 's smaller forces at the Battle of Langside on 13 May . Defeated , she fled south ; after spending the night at Dundrennan Abbey , she crossed the Solway Firth into England by fishing boat on 16 May . She landed at Workington in Cumberland in the north of England and stayed overnight at Workington Hall . On 18 May , local officials took her into protective custody at Carlisle Castle . Mary apparently expected Elizabeth to help her regain her throne . Elizabeth was cautious , ordering an inquiry into the conduct of the confederate lords and the question of whether Mary was guilty of Darnley 's murder . In mid-July 1568 , English authorities moved Mary to Bolton Castle , because it was further from the Scottish border but not too close to London . A commission of inquiry , or conference as it was known , was held in York and later Westminster between October 1568 and January 1569 . In Scotland , her supporters fought a civil war against Regent Moray and his successors . Casket letters ( edit ) Main article : Casket letters As an anointed queen , Mary refused to acknowledge the power of any court to try her and refused to attend the inquiry at York personally ( she sent representatives ) , but Elizabeth forbade her attendance anyway . As evidence against Mary , Moray presented the so - called casket letters -- eight unsigned letters purportedly from Mary to Bothwell , two marriage contracts , and a love sonnet or sonnets said to have been found in a silver - gilt casket just less than one foot ( 30 cm ) long , decorated with the monogram of King Francis II . Mary denied writing them , arguing that her handwriting was not difficult to imitate , and insisted they were forgeries . They are widely believed to be crucial as to whether Mary shares the guilt for Darnley 's murder . The chair of the commission of inquiry , the Duke of Norfolk , described them as horrible letters and diverse fond ballads , and sent copies to Elizabeth , saying that if they were genuine they might prove Mary 's guilt . The authenticity of the casket letters has been the source of much controversy among historians . It is impossible now to prove either way . The originals , written in French , were probably destroyed in 1584 by Mary 's son . The surviving copies , in French or translated into English , do not form a complete set . There are incomplete printed transcriptions in English , Scots , French , and Latin from the 1570s . Other documents scrutinised included Bothwell 's divorce from Jean Gordon . Moray had sent a messenger in September to Dunbar to get a copy of the proceedings from the town 's registers . Mary 's biographers , such as Antonia Fraser , Alison Weir , and John Guy , have come to the conclusion that either the documents were complete forgeries , or incriminating passages were inserted into genuine letters , or that the letters were written to Bothwell by some other person or by Mary to some other person . Guy points out that the letters are disjointed , and that the French language and grammar employed in the sonnets are too poor for a writer with Mary 's education . However , certain phrases of the letters ( including verses in the style of Ronsard ) and certain characteristics of style would be compatible with known writings of Mary . The casket letters did not appear publicly until the Conference of 1568 , although the Scottish privy council had seen them by December 1567 . Mary had been forced to abdicate and held captive for the best part of a year in Scotland . The letters were never made public to support her imprisonment and forced abdication . Historian Jenny Wormald believes this reluctance on the part of the Scots to produce the letters , and their destruction in 1584 , whatever their content , constitute proof that they contained real evidence against Mary , whereas Weir thinks it demonstrates the lords required time to fabricate them . At least some of Mary 's contemporaries who saw the letters had no doubt that they were genuine . Among them was the Duke of Norfolk , who secretly conspired to marry Mary in the course of the commission , although he denied it when Elizabeth alluded to his marriage plans , saying `` he meant never to marry with a person , where he could not be sure of his pillow '' . The majority of the commissioners accepted the casket letters as genuine after a study of their contents and comparison of the penmanship with examples of Mary 's handwriting . Elizabeth , as she had wished , concluded the inquiry with a verdict that nothing was proven , either against the confederate lords or Mary . For overriding political reasons , Elizabeth wished neither to convict nor acquit Mary of murder , and there was never any intention to proceed judicially ; the conference was intended as a political exercise . In the end , Moray returned to Scotland as its regent , and Mary remained in custody in England . Elizabeth had succeeded in maintaining a Protestant government in Scotland , without either condemning or releasing her fellow sovereign . In Fraser 's opinion , it was one of the strangest `` trials '' in legal history , ending with no finding of guilt against either party with one let home to Scotland while the other remained in custody . Plots ( edit ) Embroidery done by Mary in captivity ( now in the Royal Collection ) On 26 January 1569 , Mary was moved to Tutbury Castle and placed in the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury and his formidable wife Bess of Hardwick . Elizabeth considered Mary 's designs on the English throne to be a serious threat and so confined her to Shrewsbury 's properties , including Tutbury , Sheffield Castle , Wingfield Manor and Chatsworth House , all located in the interior of England halfway between Scotland and London , and distant from the sea . Mary was permitted her own domestic staff , which never numbered fewer than sixteen , and needed thirty carts to transport her belongings from house to house . Her chambers were decorated with fine tapestries and carpets as well as her cloth of state on which she had the French phrase En ma fin est mon commencement ( `` In my end lies my beginning '' ) embroidered . Her bedlinen was changed daily , and her own chefs prepared meals with a choice of thirty - two dishes served on silver plates . She was occasionally allowed outside under strict supervision , spent seven summers at the spa town of Buxton , and spent much of her time doing embroidery . Her health declined , perhaps through porphyria or lack of exercise , and by the 1580s she had severe rheumatism in her limbs , rendering her lame . In May 1569 , Elizabeth attempted to mediate the restoration of Mary in return for guarantees of the Protestant religion , but a convention held at Perth rejected the deal overwhelmingly . Norfolk continued to scheme for a marriage with Mary , and Elizabeth imprisoned him in the Tower of London between October 1569 and August 1570 . Early the following year , Moray was assassinated . Moray 's death coincided with a rebellion in the North of England , led by Catholic earls , which persuaded Elizabeth that Mary was a threat . English troops intervened in the Scottish civil war , consolidating the power of the anti-Marian forces . Elizabeth 's principal secretaries Sir Francis Walsingham and William Cecil , Lord Burghley , watched Mary carefully with the aid of spies placed in Mary 's household . Mary in captivity , by Nicholas Hilliard , c. 1578 In 1571 , Cecil and Walsingham uncovered the Ridolfi Plot , which was a plan to replace Elizabeth with Mary with the help of Spanish troops and the Duke of Norfolk . Norfolk was executed , and the English Parliament introduced a bill barring Mary from the throne , to which Elizabeth refused to give royal assent . To discredit Mary , the casket letters were published in London . Plots centred on Mary continued . Pope Gregory XIII endorsed one plan in the latter half of the 1570s to marry her to the governor of the Low Countries and half - brother of Philip II of Spain , Don John of Austria , who was supposed to organise the invasion of England from the Spanish Netherlands . After the Throckmorton Plot of 1583 , Walsingham introduced the Bond of Association and the Act for the Queen 's Safety , which sanctioned the killing of anyone who plotted against Elizabeth and aimed to prevent a putative successor from profiting from her murder . In 1584 , Mary proposed an `` Association '' with her son , James . She announced that she was ready to stay in England , to renounce the Pope 's bull of excommunication and to retire , abandoning her pretensions to the English Crown . She also offered to join an offensive league against France . For Scotland , she proposed a general amnesty , agreed that James should marry with Elizabeth 's knowledge and agreed that there should be no change in religion . Her only condition was the immediate alleviation of the conditions of her captivity . James went along with the idea for a while but then rejected it and signed an alliance treaty with Elizabeth , abandoning his mother . Elizabeth also rejected the Association because she did not trust Mary to cease plotting against her during the negotiations . In February 1585 , William Parry was convicted of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth , without Mary 's knowledge , though her agent Thomas Morgan was implicated . In April , Mary was placed in the stricter custody of Sir Amias Paulet , and at Christmas she was moved to a moated manor house at Chartley . Death ( edit ) Trial ( edit ) Drawing of the trial of Mary , Queen of Scots , 14 -- 15 October 1586 On 11 August 1586 , after being implicated in the Babington Plot , Mary was arrested while out riding and taken to Tixall . In a successful attempt to entrap her , Walsingham had deliberately arranged for Mary 's letters to be smuggled out of Chartley . Mary was misled into thinking her letters were secure , while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham . From these letters it was clear that Mary had sanctioned the attempted assassination of Elizabeth . She was moved to Fotheringhay Castle in a four - day journey ending on 25 September , and in October was put on trial for treason under the Act for the Queen 's Safety before a court of 36 noblemen , including Cecil , Shrewsbury , and Walsingham . Spirited in her defence , Mary denied the charges . She told her triers , `` Look to your consciences and remember that the theatre of the whole world is wider than the kingdom of England '' . She protested that she had been denied the opportunity to review the evidence , that her papers had been removed from her , that she was denied access to legal counsel and that as a foreign anointed queen she had never been an English subject and thus could not be convicted of treason . Mary was convicted on 25 October and sentenced to death with only one commissioner , Lord Zouche , expressing any form of dissent . Nevertheless , Elizabeth hesitated to order her execution , even in the face of pressure from the English Parliament to carry out the sentence . She was concerned that the killing of a queen set a discreditable precedent and was fearful of the consequences , especially if , in retaliation , Mary 's son , James , formed an alliance with the Catholic powers and invaded England . Elizabeth asked Paulet , Mary 's final custodian , if he would contrive a clandestine way to `` shorten the life '' of Mary , which he refused to do on the grounds that he would not make `` a shipwreck of my conscience , or leave so great a blot on my poor posterity '' . On 1 February 1587 , Elizabeth signed the death warrant , and entrusted it to William Davison , a privy councillor . On 3 February , ten members of the Privy Council of England , having been summoned by Cecil without Elizabeth 's knowledge , decided to carry out the sentence at once . Execution ( edit ) The execution scene , drawn by eyewitness Robert Beale At Fotheringhay on the evening of 7 February 1587 , Mary was told that she was to be executed the next morning . She spent the last hours of her life in prayer , distributing her belongings to her household , and writing her will and a letter to the King of France . The scaffold that was erected in the Great Hall was two feet high and draped in black . It was reached by two or three steps and furnished with the block , a cushion for her to kneel on and three stools , for her and the earls of Shrewsbury and Kent , who were there to witness the execution . The executioners ( one named Bull and his assistant ) knelt before her and asked forgiveness , as it was typical for the executioner to ask the pardon of the one being put to death . She replied , `` I forgive you with all my heart , for now , I hope , you shall make an end of all my troubles . '' Her servants , Jane Kennedy and Elizabeth Curle , and the executioners helped Mary to remove her outer garments , revealing a velvet petticoat and a pair of sleeves in crimson brown , the liturgical colour of martyrdom in the Catholic Church , with a black satin bodice and black trimmings . As she disrobed she smiled and said that she `` never had such grooms before ... nor ever put off her clothes before such a company '' . She was blindfolded by Kennedy with a white veil embroidered in gold , knelt down on the cushion in front of the block , on which she positioned her head , and stretched out her arms . Her last words were , In manus tuas , Domine , commendo spiritum meum ( `` Into thy hands , O Lord , I commend my spirit '' ) . Mary was not beheaded with a single strike . The first blow missed her neck and struck the back of her head . The second blow severed the neck , except for a small bit of sinew , which the executioner cut through using the axe . Afterwards , he held her head aloft and declared , `` God save the Queen . '' At that moment , the auburn tresses in his hand turned out to be a wig and the head fell to the ground , revealing that Mary had very short , grey hair . A small dog owned by the queen is said to have emerged from hiding among her skirts -- though eye - witness Emanuel Tomascon does not include it in his report . Items supposedly worn or carried by Mary at her execution are of doubtful provenance ; contemporary accounts state that all her clothing , the block , and everything touched by her blood was burnt in the fireplace of the Great Hall to obstruct relic - hunters . Copy of Mary 's effigy . The original , by Cornelius Cure , is in Westminster Abbey . When the news of the execution reached Elizabeth , she became indignant and asserted that Davison had disobeyed her instructions not to part with the warrant and that the Privy Council had acted without her authority . Elizabeth 's vacillation and deliberately vague instructions gave her plausible deniability to attempt to avoid the direct stain of Mary 's blood . Davison was arrested , thrown into the Tower of London , and found guilty of misprision . He was released nineteen months later after Cecil and Walsingham interceded on his behalf . Mary 's request to be buried in France was refused by Elizabeth . Her body was embalmed and left in a secure lead coffin until her burial , in a Protestant service , at Peterborough Cathedral in late July 1587 . Her entrails , removed as part of the embalming process , were buried secretly within Fotheringhay Castle . Her body was exhumed in 1612 , when her son , King James VI and I , ordered that she be reinterred in Westminster Abbey in a chapel opposite the tomb of Elizabeth . In 1867 , her tomb was opened in an attempt to ascertain the resting place of James I ; he was ultimately found with Henry VII , but many of her other descendants , including Elizabeth of Bohemia , Prince Rupert of the Rhine and the children of Anne , Queen of Great Britain , were interred in her vault . Legacy ( edit ) Assessments of Mary in the sixteenth century divided between Protestant reformers such as George Buchanan and John Knox , who vilified her mercilessly , and Catholic apologists such as Adam Blackwood , who praised , defended and eulogised her . After the accession of James I in England , historian William Camden wrote an officially sanctioned biography that drew from original documents . It condemned Buchanan 's work as an invention , and `` emphasized Mary 's evil fortunes rather than her evil character '' . Differing interpretations persisted into the eighteenth century : William Robertson and David Hume argued that the casket letters were genuine and that Mary was guilty of adultery and murder , while William Tytler argued the reverse . In the latter half of the twentieth century , the work of Antonia Fraser was acclaimed as `` more objective ... free from the excesses of adulation or attack '' that had characterised older biographies , and her contemporaries Gordon Donaldson and Ian B. Cowan also produced more balanced works . Historian Jenny Wormald concluded that Mary was a tragic failure , who was unable to cope with the demands placed on her , but hers was a rare dissenting view in a post-Fraser tradition that Mary was a pawn in the hands of scheming noblemen . There is no concrete proof of her complicity in Darnley 's murder or of a conspiracy with Bothwell . Such accusations rest on assumptions , and Buchanan 's biography is today discredited as `` almost complete fantasy '' . Mary 's courage at her execution helped establish her popular image as the heroic victim in a dramatic tragedy . Family tree ( edit ) hide Family tree of Mary , Queen of Scots James II of Scotland James III of Scotland Mary Stewart James Hamilton , 1st Earl of Arran Elizabeth Hamilton James Hamilton , 2nd Earl of Arran John Stewart , 3rd Earl of Lennox Henry VII of England Elizabeth of York Claude , Duke of Guise Antoinette de Bourbon James IV of Scotland Margaret Tudor Archibald Douglas , 6th Earl of Angus Henry VIII of England Francis , Duke of Guise Charles , Cardinal of Lorraine Mary of Guise James V of Scotland Matthew Stewart , 4th Earl of Lennox Margaret Douglas James Stewart , 1st Earl of Moray Mary , Queen of Scots Henry Stuart , Lord Darnley Edward VI of England Mary I of England Elizabeth I of England James VI and I See also ( edit ) Act Anent the demission of the Crown in favour of our Sovereign Lord , and his Majesty 's Coronation 1567 Cultural depictions of Mary , Queen of Scots Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bishop John Lesley said Mary was born on the 7th , but Mary and John Knox claimed the 8th , which was the feast day of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary ( Fraser 1994 , p. 13 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 11 ) . Jump up ^ While Catholic Europe switched to the New Style Gregorian calendar in the 1580s , England and Scotland retained the Old Style Julian calendar until 1752 . In this article , dates before 1752 are Old Style , with the exception that years are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 25 March . Jump up ^ Also spelled as Marie and as Steuart or Stewart Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 11 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 16 Jump up ^ This version is taken from Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie 's The History of Scotland from 21 February 1436 to March 1565 written in the 1570s . The phrase was first recorded by John Knox in the 1560s as `` The devil go with it ! It will end as it began : it came from a woman ; and it will end in a woman '' ( Wormald 1988 , pp. 11 -- 12 ) . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 12 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 12 ; Guy 2004 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 13 ; Guy 2004 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Sadler to Henry VIII , 23 March 1543 , quoted in Clifford 1809 , p. 88 ; Fraser 1994 , p. 18 ; Guy 2004 , p. 22 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 15 ; John Knox claimed the king had signed a blank sheet of paper that Beaton had then filled in , while Arran claimed that Beaton had taken the dying king 's hand in his own and traced out the signature ( Wormald 1988 , pp. 46 -- 47 ) . The disputed will is printed in Historical Manuscripts Commission ( 1887 ) . The Manuscripts of the Duke of Hamilton , KT . Eleventh Report , Appendix , Part VI . London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . pp. 205 , 219 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 17 , 60 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 20 , 60 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 17 -- 18 ; Weir 2008 , p. 8 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 18 ; Guy 2004 , p. 25 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 19 ; Weir 2008 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 21 ; Guy 2004 , p. 27 ; Weir 2008 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Sadler to Henry VIII , 11 September 1543 , quoted in Clifford 1809 , p. 289 ; Fraser 1994 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 22 ; Guy 2004 , p. 32 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 58 -- 59 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 23 -- 24 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 26 ; Guy 2004 , p. 36 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 29 -- 30 ; Weir 2008 , p. 10 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 30 ; Weir 2008 , p. 11 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 40 -- 41 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 41 -- 42 ; `` St Mauris to the Queen Dowager '' , 25 August 1548 , quoted in Hume , Martin A.S. ; Tyler , Royall , eds. ( 1912 ) . `` Appendix : Miscellaneous 1548 '' . Calendar of State Papers , Spain : Volume IX : 1547 -- 1549 . London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . p. 577 . ; Lord Guthrie ( 1907 ) . `` Mary Stuart and Roscoff '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland . 42 : 13 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 31 -- 32 ; Guy 2004 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 36 , 44 -- 45 , 50 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 12 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 77 ; Catherine 's dislike of Mary became apparent only after Henry II 's death ( Fraser 1994 , pp. 102 -- 103 , 115 -- 116 , 119 ; Guy 2004 , p. 46 ) . Catherine 's interests competed with those of the Guise family , and there may have been an element of jealousy or rivalry between the two queens ( Donaldson 1974 , pp. 50 -- 51 ; Fraser 1994 , pp. 102 -- 103 , 116 , 119 ) . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 178 -- 182 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 71 -- 80 ; Weir 2008 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 37 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 39 -- 40 , 43 , 75 -- 80 ; Weir 2008 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 62 ; Guy 2004 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 90 -- 91 ; Weir 2008 , p. 17 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 1558 ) . Discours du grand et magnifique triumphe faict au mariage du tresnoble & magnifique Prince Francois de Valois Roy Dauphin , filz aisné du tres - chrestien Roy de France Henry II du nom & de treshaulte & vertueuse Princesse madame Marie d'Estreuart Roine d'Escosse ( in French ) . Paris : Annet Briere . Jump up ^ Teulet , Alexandre ( 1862 ) . Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse au XVIe siècle ( in French ) . 1 . Paris : Renouard . pp. 302 -- 311 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 83 ; Weir 2008 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 83 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 95 -- 96 ; Weir 2008 , p. 18 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 85 ; Weir 2008 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 86 -- 88 ; Guy 2004 , p. 100 ; Weir 2008 , p. 19 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 88 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 80 , 93 Jump up ^ Thompson , James ( 1909 ) . The Wars of Religion in France . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4179 - 7435 - 1 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 96 -- 97 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 108 -- 109 ; Weir 2008 , p. 14 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 94 -- 100 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 97 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 97 -- 101 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 114 -- 115 ; Weir 2008 , p. 20 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 105 -- 107 ; Weir 2008 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 119 -- 120 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 21 -- 22 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 137 ; Guy 2004 , p. 134 ; Weir 2008 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Knox , John , History of the Reformation of Religion in Scotland , 4th Book , various editions , e.g. , Lennox , Cuthbert ( editor ) ( 1905 ) . London : Andrew Melrose , pp. 225 -- 337 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 155 -- 156 , 215 -- 217 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 140 -- 143 , 176 -- 177 , 186 -- 187 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 125 , 145 -- 146 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 167 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 125 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 145 Jump up ^ The other members were Lord Justice Clerk John Bellenden of Auchinoul , Lord Clerk Register James MacGill of Nether Rankeillour , Secretary of State William Maitland of Lethington , Lord High Treasurer Robert Richardson , Lord High Admiral the Earl of Bothwell , the Earls of Arran and Morton , the Earl Marischal , and Lord Erskine ( later the Earl of Mar ) ( Weir 2008 , p. 30 ) . Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 114 -- 116 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 192 -- 203 ; Weir 2008 , p. 42 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 123 -- 124 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 162 ; Guy 2004 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 162 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 168 -- 169 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 157 -- 161 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 212 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 175 , 181 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 134 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 114 -- 117 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 173 -- 174 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 133 -- 134 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 193 Jump up ^ Rennie , James ( published anonymously ) ( 1826 ) . Mary , Queen of Scots : Her Persecutions , Sufferings , and Trials from her Birth till her Death . Glasgow : W.R. McPhun . p. 114 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 220 ; Guy 2004 , p. 202 ; Weir 2008 , p. 52 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 178 ; Weir 2008 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 206 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 118 ; Weir 2008 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Bain 1900 , p. 125 ; Guy 2004 , p. 204 ; Weir 2008 , p. 58 Jump up ^ For the quote and his height see Fraser 1994 , p. 221 and Weir 2008 , pp. 49 , 56 ; for falling in love see Fraser 1994 , p. 224 ; Weir 2008 , p. 63 and Wormald 1988 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 230 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 150 Jump up ^ A dispensation , backdated to 25 May , was granted in Rome on 25 September ( Weir 2008 , p. 82 ) . Jump up ^ Bain 1900 , p. 124 ; Fraser 1994 , p. 219 ; Weir 2008 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 219 ; Weir 2008 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 64 , 91 Jump up ^ Bingham 1995 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Bingham 1995 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 78 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 151 -- 153 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 79 -- 82 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 229 -- 230 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 77 , 79 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 234 ; Guy 2004 , p. 231 ; Weir 2008 , p. 83 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 151 -- 154 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 239 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 87 -- 88 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 245 -- 246 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 88 -- 97 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 247 ; Guy 2004 , p. 245 ; Weir 2008 , p. 95 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 249 -- 252 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 248 -- 249 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 105 -- 107 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 255 -- 256 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 253 -- 258 ; Weir 2008 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 256 -- 258 ; Guy 2004 , p. 259 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 116 -- 117 , 121 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 159 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 259 ; Guy 2004 , p. 260 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 259 ff ; Wormald 1988 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Bingham 1995 , pp. 158 -- 159 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 273 -- 274 ; Fraser 1994 , pp. 274 -- 275 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 157 -- 160 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 274 -- 275 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 275 -- 276 ; Guy 2004 , p. 274 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 161 -- 163 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 276 ; Weir 2008 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 275 ; Weir 2008 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Bingham 1995 , p. 160 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Bingham 1995 , pp. 160 -- 163 ; Fraser 1994 , pp. 277 -- 279 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 176 -- 178 , 261 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Confession of James Ormiston , one of Bothwell 's men , 13 December 1573 , quoted ( from Robert Pitcairn 's Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland from AD 1488 to AD 1624 ) in Weir 2008 , p. 177 ; Fraser 1994 , p. 279 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 190 -- 192 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 285 -- 292 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 292 -- 294 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 227 -- 233 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 232 -- 233 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 296 -- 297 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 297 -- 299 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 244 -- 247 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 296 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 252 ; Greig 2004 Jump up ^ A post-mortem revealed internal injuries , thought to have been caused by the explosion . John Knox claimed the surgeons who examined the body were lying , and that Darnley had been strangled , but all the sources agree there were no marks on the body and there was no reason for the surgeons to lie as Darnley was murdered either way ( Weir 2008 , p. 255 ) . Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 298 -- 299 Jump up ^ The original letter is in French , this translation is from Weir 2008 , pp. 308 -- 309 . For other versions see Guy 2004 , p. 312 and Lewis 1999 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 304 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 312 -- 313 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 311 -- 312 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 336 -- 340 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 313 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 343 -- 345 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 163 Jump up ^ James Melville of Halhill , who was in the castle , wrote that Bothwell `` had ravished her and lain with her against her will '' ( quoted in Fraser 1994 , pp. 314 -- 317 ) . Other contemporaries dismissed the abduction as bogus ( Donaldson 1974 , p. 117 ; Fraser 1994 , p. 317 ) . See also Guy 2004 , pp. 328 -- 329 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 351 -- 355 ; and Wormald 1988 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 367 , 374 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 319 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 330 -- 331 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 366 -- 367 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 382 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 322 -- 323 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 336 -- 337 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 383 -- 390 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 165 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 391 -- 393 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 335 ; Guy 2004 , p. 351 ; Weir 2008 , p. 398 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 411 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 364 ; Weir 2008 , p. 413 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 165 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 347 ; Guy 2004 , p. 366 ; Weir 2008 , p. 421 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 166 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 422 , 501 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 357 -- 359 ; Guy 2004 , p. 367 ; Weir 2008 , p. 432 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 368 ; Weir 2008 , p. 433 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 369 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 433 -- 434 : Wormald 1988 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 368 -- 369 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 369 ; Weir 2008 , p. 435 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 369 ; Guy 2004 , p. 435 ; Weir 2008 , p. 434 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 430 ; Weir 2008 , p. 445 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 444 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 385 -- 390 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 447 ; Mary later requested to attend the conference at Westminster , but Elizabeth refused permission and so Mary 's commissioners withdrew from the inquiry ( Weir 2008 , pp. 461 -- 463 ) . Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 432 ; Weir 2008 , p. 464 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 175 Jump up ^ For the list of documents see , for example , Guy 2004 , p. 397 and Wormald 1988 , p. 176 ; for the casket description see Robertson , Joseph ( 1863 ) . Inventaires de la Royne d'Ecosse . Edinburgh : Bannatyne Club . p. lviii. and Guy 2004 , p. 432 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 407 ; Weir 2008 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 435 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 446 -- 447 Jump up ^ e.g. , Guy 2004 , p. 395 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 453 , 468 Jump up ^ Norfolk , Sussex and Sadler to Elizabeth , 11 October 1568 , quoted in Bain 1900 , p. 527 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 451 -- 452 Jump up ^ Bingham 1995 , p. 193 ; Weir 2008 , p. 465 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 392 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 466 -- 467 Jump up ^ McInnes 1970 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 400 , 416 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 465 -- 474 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 396 -- 397 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 400 -- 404 , 408 -- 412 , 416 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 465 -- 474 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 404 , 410 , 420 -- 426 ; Fraser 1994 , pp. 287 , 396 -- 401 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 399 , 401 -- 417 Jump up ^ Thomson , George Malcolm ( 1967 ) . The Crime of Mary Stuart . London : Hutchinson . pp. 148 -- 153 , 159 -- 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 081730 - 6 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 352 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 171 , 176 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 470 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 471 Jump up ^ Williams 1964 , pp. 137 -- 139 ; Weir 2008 , p. 453 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 459 ; Williams 1964 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , pp. 475 -- 476 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 390 ; Weir 2008 , p. 481 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 481 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 391 Jump up ^ Mary , Queen of Scots . `` A catte '' . Royal Collection Trust . Inventory no . 28224 . Jump up ^ Embroideries by Mary are also kept in the Victoria and Albert Museum ( Marian Hanning , Oxburgh Hangings ) and Hardwick Hall . Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 484 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 410 -- 411 ; Guy 2004 , p. 441 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 442 ; Weir 2008 , p. 484 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 440 -- 441 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 438 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 439 Jump up ^ It had been the motto of her mother ( Guy 2004 , pp. 443 -- 444 ) . Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 443 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 444 -- 445 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 453 -- 454 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 448 -- 450 , 518 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 443 -- 446 , 511 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 447 , 458 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 415 -- 424 ; Weir 2008 , p. 487 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 496 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 180 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 469 ; Guy 2004 , p. 451 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 464 -- 470 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 492 -- 494 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 467 ; Weir 2008 , p. 493 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 446 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 473 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 474 -- 476 ; Weir 2008 , p. 506 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 458 -- 462 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 458 -- 462 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 472 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 457 ; Weir 2008 , p. 507 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 479 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 484 -- 485 ; Fraser 1994 , p. 493 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 482 -- 483 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 477 -- 480 ; Weir 2008 , p. 507 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 483 -- 485 ; Weir 2008 , p. 507 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 185 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 508 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 509 Jump up ^ Two of the commissioners were Catholics ( Lewis 1999 , p. 22 ) . Jump up ^ Boyd 1915 , pp. 59 -- 65 , 143 -- 145 , 309 -- 314 ; Fraser 1994 , pp. 506 -- 512 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 488 -- 489 , 492 ; Weir 2008 , p. 508 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 488 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 506 -- 512 ; Guy 2004 , pp. 489 -- 493 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 517 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 521 -- 522 ; Weir 2008 , p. 508 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 529 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 528 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 519 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 496 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 531 ; Guy 2004 , p. 498 ; Weir 2008 , p. 508 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 533 -- 534 ; Guy 2004 , p. 500 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 537 ; Guy 2004 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 7 ; Lewis 1999 , p. 118 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 538 ; Guy 2004 , p. 7 ; Weir 2008 , p. 209 ; Wormald 1988 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Morris , John ( ed . ) ( 1874 ) . Letter Book of Amias Paulet , pp. 368 -- 369 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 7 ; Lewis 1999 , pp. 41 , 119 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 539 ; Guy 2004 , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Fraser 1994 , p. 540 ; Guy 2004 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Tomascon , Emanuel ( 1924 ) . `` 79 . Execution of Mary Stuart '' . In von Klarwill , E. The Fugger Newsletters . London : John Lane The Bodley Head . pp. 97 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 540 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 541 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 497 Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Robert ( 2006 ) . Elizabeth 's Spy Master : Francis Walsingham and the secret war that saved England . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . pp. 196 -- 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84613 - 0 . Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 532 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 542 , 546 -- 547 ; Weir 2008 , p. 509 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 541 ; Guy 2004 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 504 ; Weir 2008 , p. 509 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , p. 554 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , pp. 505 -- 506 ; Wormald 1988 , pp. 13 -- 14 , 192 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 505 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 17 , 192 -- 193 Jump up ^ Wormald 1988 , pp. 188 -- 189 Jump up ^ Weir 2008 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Fraser 1994 , pp. 269 -- 270 ; Guy 2004 , p. 313 : Weir 2008 , p. 510 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 391 ; see also Fraser 1994 , p. 269 Jump up ^ Guy 2004 , p. 502 ; Weir 2008 , pp. 3 -- 4 , 509 References ( edit ) Bain , Joseph , ed. ( 1900 ) . Calendar State Papers , Scotland : Volume II . Edinburgh : General Register Office ( Scotland ) . Bingham , Caroline ( 1995 ) . Darnley : A Life of Henry Stuart , Lord Darnley , Consort of Mary Queen of Scots . London : Constable . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 472530 - 0 . Boyd , William K. , ed. ( 1915 ) . Calendar of State Papers , Scotland : Volume IX . Glasgow : General Register Office ( Scotland ) . Clifford , Arthur , ed. ( 1809 ) . The State Papers and Letters of Sir Ralph Sadler . Edinburgh : Archibald Constable and Co . Donaldson , Gordon ( 1974 ) . Mary , Queen of Scots . London : English Universities Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 12383 - 6 . Fraser , Antonia ( 1994 ) ( 1969 ) . Mary Queen of Scots . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 17773 - 9 . Greig , Elaine Finnie ( 2004 ) . `` Stewart , Henry , duke of Albany ( Lord Darnley ) ( 1545 / 6 -- 1567 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 26473 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Guy , John ( 2004 ) . `` My Heart is my Own '' : The Life of Mary Queen of Scots . London : Fourth Estate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84115 - 753 - 5 . Lewis , Jayne Elizabeth ( 1999 ) . The Trial of Mary Queen of Scots : A Brief History with Documents . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 21815 - 7 . McInnes , Charles T. , ed. ( 1970 ) . Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland Volume 12 . Edinburgh : General Register Office ( Scotland ) . Weir , Alison ( 2008 ) ( 2003 ) . Mary , Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 952707 - 7 . Williams , Neville ( 1964 ) . Thomas Howard , Fourth Duke of Norfolk . London : Barrie & Rockliff . Wormald , Jenny ( 1988 ) . Mary , Queen of Scots . London : George Philip . ISBN 978 - 0 - 540 - 01131 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Bath , Michael ( 2008 ) . Emblems for a Queen : The Needlework of Mary Queen of Scots . London : Archetype Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904982 - 36 - 4 . Labanov , A.I. ( Prince Lobanov - Rostovsky ) ( 1844 ) . Lettres et Memoires de Marie , Reine d'Ecosse . London : Charles Dolman . Marshall , Rosalind ( 2006 ) . Queen Mary 's Women : Female Relatives , Servants , Friends and Enemies of Mary , Queen of Scots . Edinburgh : John Donald . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85976 - 667 - 8 . Marshall , Rosalind ( 2013 ) . Mary , Queen of Scots . Edinburgh : National Museums of Scotland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905267 - 78 - 1 . Read , Conyers ( 1909 ) . The Bardon Papers : Documents relating to the imprisonment and trial of Mary , Queen of Scots . London : Camden Series . Swain , Margaret ( 1973 ) . The Needlework of Mary Queen of Scots . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold . ISBN 978 - 0 - 442 - 29962 - 0 . Warnicke , Retha M. ( 2006 ) . Mary Queen of Scots . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 29182 - 8 . Wilkinson , Alexander S. ( 2004 ) . Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion , 1542 -- 1600 . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . doi : 10.1057 / 9780230286153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 28615 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMary , Queen of Scotsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Portraits of Mary , Queen of Scots at the National Portrait Gallery , London Mary , Queen of Scots House of Stuart Born : 8 December 1542 Died : 8 February 1587 Regnal titles Preceded by James V Queen of Scotland 1542 -- 1567 Succeeded by James VI French royalty Preceded by Catherine de ' Medici Queen consort of France 1559 -- 1560 Vacant Title next held by Elisabeth of Austria English , Scottish and British monarchs Monarchs of England before 1603 Monarchs of Scotland before 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund II Cnut Harold I Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold II Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret of Norway John Balliol Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603 James VI & I Charles I Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . Pictish and Scottish monarchs Monarchs of the Picts ( traditional ) Drest I Talorc I Nechtan I Drest II Galan Erilich Drest III Drest IV Gartnait I Cailtram Talorc II Drest V Galam Cennalath Bridei I Gartnait II Nechtan II Cinioch Gartnait III Bridei II Talorc III Talorgan I Gartnait IV Drest VI Bridei III Taran Bridei IV Nechtan III Drest VII Alpín I Óengus I Bridei V Ciniod I Alpín II Talorgan II Drest VIII Conall Constantine ( I ) Óengus II Drest IX Uuen Uurad Bridei VI Ciniod II Bridei VII Drest X Monarchs of the Scots ( traditional ) Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I ( II ) Áed Giric Eochaid ( uncertain ) Donald II Constantine II ( III ) Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III ( IV ) Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Canmore Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I the Lion Alexander II Alexander III Margaret First Interregnum John Second Interregnum Robert the Bruce ( I ) David II Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Charles I Charles II James VII Mary II William II Anne also monarch of England and Ireland . Dauphines of France Joanna of Bourbon ( 1350 -- 1364 ) Margaret of Burgundy ( 1412 -- 1415 ) Jacqueline of Bavaria ( 1415 -- 1417 ) Margaret of Scotland ( 1436 -- 1445 ) Charlotte of Savoy ( 1451 -- 1461 ) Catherine de ' Medici ( 1536 -- 1547 ) Mary , Queen of Scots ( 1558 -- 1559 ) Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria ( 1680 -- 1690 ) Marie Adélaïde of Savoy ( 1711 -- 1712 ) Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain ( 1745 -- 1746 ) Maria Josepha of Saxony ( 1747 -- 1765 ) Marie Antoinette of Austria ( 1770 -- 1774 ) Marie Thérèse of France ( 1824 -- 1830 ) Queens and empresses of France Adelaide of Aquitaine Rozala of Italy Bertha of Burgundy Constance of Arles Matilda of Frisia Anne of Kiev Bertha of Holland Bertrade de Montfort Adelaide of Maurienne Eleanor of Aquitaine Constance of Castile Adela of Champagne Isabella of Hainault Ingeborg of Denmark Agnes of Merania Blanche of Castile Margaret of Provence Isabella of Aragon Maria of Brabant Joan I of Navarre Margaret of Burgundy Clementia of Hungary Joan II of Burgundy Blanche of Burgundy Marie of Luxembourg Jeanne d'Évreux Joan the Lame Blanche of Navarre Joan I of Auvergne Joanna of Bourbon Isabeau of Bavaria Marie of Anjou Charlotte of Savoy Anne of Brittany Joan of France Mary Tudor Claude of France Eleanor of Austria Catherine de ' Medici Mary Stuart , Queen of Scots Elisabeth of Austria Louise of Lorraine Margaret of Valois Marie de ' Medici Anne of Austria Maria Theresa of Spain Marie Leszczyńska Marie Antoinette of Austria Marie Joséphine of Savoy * Joséphine de Beauharnais Marie Louise of Austria Marie Thérèse of France * Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily Eugénie de Montijo * disputed BIBSYS : 90053904 BNF : cb121808234 ( data ) GND : 118577808 ISNI : 0000 0001 2103 5913 LCCN : n80044764 MusicBrainz : 33094d15 - 0153 - 4a39 - a52b - 1a633a39f036 NDL : 00621085 NKC : jn20000701156 NLA : 36245804 SELIBR : 194429 SNAC : w60p0wxk SUDOC : 027706893 ULAN : 500220567 VIAF : 104722318 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&oldid=854660849 '' Categories : Mary , Queen of Scots 1542 births 1587 deaths 16th - century executions by England 16th - century women rulers 16th - century monarchs in Europe 16th - century Scottish monarchs 16th - century Scottish people 16th - century Scottish women Anti-Protestantism Burials at Westminster Abbey Dauphines of France Dauphines of Viennois Executed monarchs Executed Scottish women French queens consort Heirs to the English throne Heirs to the Scottish throne House of Stuart Lutenists Modern child rulers Monarchs who abdicated People executed by Tudor England by decapitation People executed under the Tudors for treason against England People executed under Elizabeth I of England Pretenders to the English throne People from Linlithgow People of the Elizabethan era People of the Rough Wooing Queens regnant of Scotland Roman Catholic monarchs Scottish people of French descent Scottish Roman Catholics Smallpox survivors Scottish princesses Women of the Tudor period Scottish people of the Rough Wooing Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) EngvarB from February 2014 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 14 elements Use dmy dates from February 2014 Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 中文 66 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 23 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how old was mary queen of scots when she took the throne | [
"When Henry II died on 10 July 1559 from injuries sustained in a joust, fifteen-year-old Francis and sixteen-year-old Mary became king and queen of France.[49] Two of the Queen's uncles, the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal of Lorraine, were now dominant in French politics,[50] enjoying an ascendancy called by some historians la tyrannie Guisienne.[51]\n"
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"sixteen"
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8273461385007838353 | List of Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One | List of Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One - wikipedia List of Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One Jump to : navigation , search `` Xbox One backwards compatibility '' redirects here . For Xbox games compatible with Xbox One , see List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . The following is a list of all Xbox 360 games compatible with the Xbox One under this functionality . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 List of compatible titles 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . At E3 2017 , Microsoft announced Backward Compatibility with the original Xbox for the Xbox One . Backwards compatible Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often / all the time . 16xAF texture filtering will be automatically applied . Forced v - sync Variable refresh rate ( VRR ) compatibility ( if you have a compatible display ) List of compatible titles ( edit ) Title Publisher ( s ) Format Date added Notes / References 3D Ultra Minigolf Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Age of Booty Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Anomaly Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Astropop PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2017 Battlestations : Midway Square Enix 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Bullet Soul 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 Call of Duty : World at War Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 CLANNAD Prototype 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Japan Only Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Japan Only Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Darksiders THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders 2 THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Deadliest Warrior Spike Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DiRT Showdown Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store Doom II : Hell on Earth Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store Doom 3 BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Dungeons and Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Fable II Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Including the ' Game of the Year ' edition Fable III Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 3 Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Golden Axe Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grid 2 Codemasters 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Gripshift Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Halo 4 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Harm 's Way Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store at xbox.com here Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Juju Flying Wild Hog XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE ! Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Magic : The Gathering -- Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami Digital Entertainment 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Missile Command Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NIN2 - JUMP CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 RAGE Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Runner2 Aksys Games XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Sacred 3 Deep Silver 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Saints Row : The Third THQ 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Screamride Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault : Tenchu From Software XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Sonic CD Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Stacking THQ XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Ultimate Sith Edition DLC not available . Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan Only Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan Only Steins ; Gate Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan Only Strania Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Tales from Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' em Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Unbound Saga Activision XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Undertow Chair Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt RED 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 The Walking Dead Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/ ? linkId = 16823597 Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Stephany Nunneley ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Unleashed 1 and 2 now backwards compatible on Xbox One '' . vg247.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Xbox One backward compatibility ( Xbox.com ) Xbox One backward compatibility game list ( MajorNelson.com ) ( hide ) Video game products by Microsoft Microsoft Studios Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games With 3D support Kinect Backward - compatible Downloadable Arcade Arcade Kinect Xbox Originals Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Kinect Xbox One X Enhanced Backward - compatible Xbox Xbox 360 Others Kinect Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows Games for Windows DirectX Games for Windows -- Live Games Games for Windows Windows Games on Demand Xbox on Windows Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Xbox Play Anywhere games Games with Gold Developer tools Xbox Development Kit XNA XNA Game Studio PartnerNet ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Xbox_360_games_compatible_with_Xbox_One&oldid=802092160 '' Categories : Backward compatibility Video game lists by platform Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 23 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | does xbox 360 games work on xbox 1s | [] | [] |
-8736646542491443336 | Gabriel synthesis | Gabriel synthesis - wikipedia Gabriel synthesis Jump to : navigation , search Gabriel synthesis Named after Siegmund Gabriel Reaction type Substitution reaction Identifiers Organic Chemistry Portal gabriel - synthesis RSC ontology ID RXNO : 0000103 The Gabriel synthesis is a chemical reaction that transforms primary alkyl halides into primary amines . Traditionally , the reaction uses potassium phthalimide . The reaction is named after the German chemist Siegmund Gabriel . The Gabriel reaction has been generalized to include the alkylation of sulfonamides and imides , followed by deprotection , to obtain amines ( see Alternative Gabriel reagents ) . The alkylation of ammonia is often an unselective and inefficient route to amines . In the Gabriel method , phthalimide anion is employed as a surrogate of H N . Contents ( hide ) 1 Traditional Gabriel synthesis 2 Alternative Gabriel reagents 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Traditional Gabriel synthesis ( edit ) In this method , the sodium or potassium salt of phthalimide is N - alkylated with a primary alkyl halide to give the corresponding N - alkylphthalimide . The reaction fails with most secondary alkyl halides : Upon workup by acidic hydrolysis the primary amine is liberated as the amine salt . Alternatively the workup may be via the Ing -- Manske procedure , involving reaction with hydrazine . This method produces a precipitate of phthalhydrazide ( C H ( CO ) N H ) along with the primary amine : C H ( CO ) NR + N H → C H ( CO ) N H + RNH The first technique often produces low yields or side products . Separation of phthalhydrazide can be challenging . For these reasons , other methods for liberating the amine from the phthalimide have been developed . Even with the use of the hydrazinolysis method , the Gabriel method suffers from relatively harsh conditions . Alternative Gabriel reagents ( edit ) Many alternative reagents have been developed to complement the use of phthalimides . Most such reagents , e.g. the sodium salt of saccharin , and di - tert - butyl - iminodicarboxylate . These reagents are electronically similar to the phthalimide salts , consisting of imido nucleophiles ... In terms of their advantages , these reagents hydrolyze more readily , extend the reactivity to secondary alkyl halides , and allow the production of secondary amines . See also ( edit ) Robinson -- Gabriel synthesis - also developed by Siegmund Gabriel Delépine reaction - primary amines from benzyl or alkyl halides References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sheehan , J.C. ; Bolhofer , V.A. ( 1950 ) . `` An Improved Procedure for the Condensation of Potassium Phthalimide with Organic Halides '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72 ( 6 ) : 2786 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01162a527 . Jump up ^ Gibson , M.S. ; Bradshaw , R.W. ( 1968 ) . `` The Gabriel Synthesis of Primary Amines '' . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . Engl. 7 ( 12 ) : 919 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 196809191 . Jump up ^ Mitsunobu , O. Comp . Org . Syn. 1991 , 6 , 79 -- 85 . ( Review ) Jump up ^ Gabriel , S. ( 1887 ) . `` Ueber eine Darstellung primärer Amine aus den entsprechenden Halogenverbindungen '' . Ber. 20 : 2224 . doi : 10.1002 / cber. 18870200227 . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , J ( 1975 ) . `` New `` Gabriel '' syntheses of amines `` . Tetrahedron. 31 ( 20 ) : 2517 . doi : 10.1016 / 0040 - 4020 ( 75 ) 80263 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ulf Ragnarsson ; Leif Grehn ( 1991 ) . `` Novel Gabriel Reagents '' . Acc . Chem. Res. 24 ( 10 ) : 285 -- 289 . doi : 10.1021 / ar00010a001 . Jump up ^ T.O. Soine and M.R. Buchdahl `` β - Bromoethylphthalimide '' Org . Synth. 1952 , volume 32 , 18 . doi : 10.15227 / orgsyn. 032.0018 Jump up ^ C.C. DeWitt `` γ - Aminobutyric Acid '' Org . Synth. 1937 , volume 17 , 4 . doi : 10.15227 / orgsyn. 017.0004 Jump up ^ Richard H.F. Manske `` Benzyl Phthalimide '' Org . Synth. 1932 , volume 12 , 10 . doi : 10.15227 / orgsyn. 012.0010 Jump up ^ Khan , M.N. ( 1995 ) . `` Kinetic Evidence for the Occurrence of a Stepwise Mechanism in the Hydrazinolysis of Phthalimide '' . J. Org . Chem. 60 ( 14 ) : 4536 . doi : 10.1021 / jo00119a035 . Jump up ^ Osby , J.O. ; Martin , M.G. ; Ganem , B. ( 1984 ) . `` An Exceptionally Mild Deprotection of Phthalimides '' . Tetrahedron Lett. 25 ( 20 ) : 2093 . doi : 10.1016 / S0040 - 4039 ( 01 ) 81169 - 2 . External links ( edit ) An animation of the mechanism of the Gabriel synthesis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_synthesis&oldid=795879783 '' Categories : Substitution reactions Name reactions Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Suomi ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 02 : 17 . About Wikipedia | gabriel phthalimide reaction is used for the preparation of | [] | [] |
-8122841763168039710 | Puducherry | Puducherry - Wikipedia Puducherry This article is about the union territory . For the city , see Pondicherry . For other entities called Puducherry or Pondicherry , see Pondicherry ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Union territory of India in India Puducherry Pondichéry Union territory of India Aerial view of Pondicherry Seal of Puducherry Location of Puducherry ( marked in red ) in India Coordinates : 11 ° 54 ′ 40 '' N 79 ° 48 ′ 45 '' E / 11.911082 ° N 79.812533 ° E / 11.911082 ; 79.812533 Coordinates : 11 ° 54 ′ 40 '' N 79 ° 48 ′ 45 '' E / 11.911082 ° N 79.812533 ° E / 11.911082 ; 79.812533 Country India French India colony of the French colonial empire 1673 de facto transfer to India 1 November 1954 de jure transfer to India 16 August 1962 Capital and Largest city Pondicherry Districts Government Lieutenant Governor Kiran Bedi Chief Minister V. Narayanasamy ( INC ) Chief Secretary Ashwani Kumar , IAS Director General of Police Sunil Kumar Gautam , IPS Legislature Unicameral ( 33 seats ) Area Total 483 km ( 186 sq mi ) Area rank 33rd Population ( 2011 ) Total 1,244,464 Rank 29th Density 2,600 / km ( 6,700 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Puducherrian Languages Official Tamil ( in Pondicherry and Karaikal ) Malayalam ( in Mahé ) , Telugu ( in Yanam ) , English and French Time zone UTC + 05 : 30 ( IST ) ISO 3166 code IN - PY Vehicle registration PY 01 , PY 02 , PY 03 , PY 04 , PY 05 , PY 05V Website www.py.gov.in ^ * 30 elected , 3 nominated Puducherry ( / pʊdʊˈtʃɛri / , literally New Town in Tamil ) , formerly known as Pondicherry ( / pɒndɪˈtʃɛri / ; French : Pondichéry ) , is a union territory of India . It was formed out of four exclaves of former French India , namely Pondichéry ( Pondicherry ; now Puducherry ) , Karikal ( Karaikal ) , Mahé and Yanaon ( Yanam ) . It is named after the largest district , Puducherry . Historically known as Pondicherry ( Pāṇṭiccēri ) , the territory changed its official name to Puducherry ( Putuccēri ) on 20 September 2006 . Puducherry lies in the southern part of the Indian Peninsula . The areas of Puducherry district and Karaikal district are bound by the state of Tamil Nadu , while Yanam district and Mahé district are enclosed by the states of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala respectively . Puducherry is the 29th most populous and the third most densely populated of the states and union territories of India . It has a gross domestic product ( GDP ) of ₹ 0.21 lakh crore ( US $2.9 billion ) and ranks 27th in India . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Districts of Union Territory of Puducherry 3 Demographics 4 Government and administration 4.1 Special administration status 4.2 Official languages 4.3 Official symbols 5 Culture 5.1 French influence 6 Economy 6.1 Fisheries 6.2 Tourism 7 Transport 7.1 Rail 7.2 Road 7.3 Air 8 Education 9 In Popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Puducherry The earliest recorded history of Puducherry can be traced to the 2nd century AD . The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mentions a marketplace named Poduke ( ch 60 ) . G.W.B. Huntingford suggested this might be a site about 2 miles from the modern Puducherry , which was possibly the location of Arikamedu ( now part of Ariyankuppam ) . Huntingford noted that Roman pottery was found at Arikamedu in 1937 . In addition , archaeological excavations between 1944 and 1949 showed that it was `` a trading station to which goods of Roman manufacture were imported during the first half of the 1st century CE '' Subsequent investigation by Vimala Begley from 1989 to 1992 modified this assessment , and now place the period of occupation from the 3rd or 2nd century BCE to the 8th century CE. to . In 1674 , Pondicherry ( Pondichéry ) became a French colony of the French colonial empire . Together with Chandernagor ( already French since 1673 ) , Mahé ( since 1721 ) , Yanam ( Yanaon ) ( since 1731 ) , Karaikal ( Karikal ) ( since 1739 ) and Masulipatam ( 1760 ) , it formed the French colony of French India , under a single French governor in Pondicherry , although French rule over one or more of these enclaves was repeatedly interrupted by British occupations . The territories of French India were completely transferred to the Republic of India de facto on 1 November 1954 , and de jure on 16 August 1962 , when French India ceased to exist , becoming the present Indian constituent union territory of Pondicherry , still combining four coastal enclaves . Geography ( edit ) Map showing the districts of Puducherry Further information : List of rivers of Puducherry The union territory of Puducherry consists of four small unconnected districts : Puducherry district ( 293 km ( 113 sq mi ) ) , Karaikal district ( 161 km ( 62 sq mi ) ) and Yanam district ( 20 km ( 7.7 sq mi ) ) on the Bay of Bengal and Mahé district ( 9 km ( 3.5 sq mi ) ) on the Arabian Sea , covering a total area of 483 km ( 186 sq mi ) . Puducherry and Karaikal have the largest areas and population , and are both enclaves of Tamil Nadu . Yanam and Mahé are enclaves of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala , respectively . Its population , as per the 2011 Census , is 1,244,464 . Some of Puducherry 's regions are themselves amalgamations of non-contiguous enclaves , often called pockets in India . The Puducherry region is made of 11 such pockets , some of which are very small and entirely surrounded by the territory of Tamil Nadu . Mahé region is made up of three pockets . This unusual geography is a legacy of the colonial period with Puducherry retaining the borders of former French India . All four regions of Puducherry are located in the coastal region . Five rivers in Puducherry district , seven in Karaikal district , two in Mahé district and one in Yanam district drain into the sea , but none originates within the territory . Districts of Union territory of Puducherry ( edit ) Puducherry district is an enclave of Tamil Nadu . Mahé district is an enclave of Kerala . Yanam district is an enclave of Andhra Pradesh . Karaikal district is an enclave of Tamil Nadu . Demographics ( edit ) Religion in Puducherry Hinduism ( 87.3 % ) Christianity ( 6.2 % ) Islam ( 6 % ) Hinduism is the major religion with 87.3 % of the population adhering to it . Other religions include Christianity ( 6.2 % ) and Islam ( 6 % ) . Government and administration ( edit ) Puducherry Legislative Assembly Main articles : Puducherry Legislative Assembly and Puducherry Municipal Council See also : List of Lieutenant Governors of Puducherry , List of Chief Ministers of Puducherry , and List of districts of Puducherry Puducherry is a Union Territory of India rather than a state , which implies that governance and administration falls directly under federal authority . However , Puducherry is one of only two union territories in India ( the other being Delhi ) , that is entitled by a special constitutional amendment to have an elected legislative assembly and a cabinet of ministers , thereby conveying partial statehood . The Centre is represented by the Lieutenant Governor , who resides at the Raj Nivas ( Le Palais du Gouverneur ) at the Park , the former palace of the French governor . The central government is more directly involved in the territory 's financial well - being unlike states , which have a central grant that they administer . Consequently , Puducherry has at various times , enjoyed lower taxes , especially in the indirect category . Special administration status ( edit ) The territory changed its name to Puducherry in 2006 According to the Treaty of Cession of 1956 , the four territories of former French India territorial administration are permitted to make laws with respect to specific matters . In many cases , such legislation may require ratification from the federal government or the assent of the President of India . Article II of the Treaty states : `` The Establishments will keep the benefit of the special administrative status which was in force prior to 1 November 1954 . Any constitutional changes in this status which may be made subsequently shall be made after ascertaining the wishes of the people . '' Official languages ( edit ) Main article : Official languages of Puducherry French was the official language according to Article XXVIII of the `` Traité de Cession '' ( Treaty of Cession ) of 1956 . According to the treaty , `` the French language shall remain the official language of the Establishments so long as the elected representatives of the people shall not decide otherwise '' . Through the 1963 Union Territories Act , Tamil , Telugu , Marathi and Malayalam became official languages used region-wise . French did not lose its official status even after the adoption of The Pondicherry Official Language Act 1965 ( Act No. 3 of 1965 ) . This act stated that `` the Tamil language shall ( ... ) be the language to be used for all or any of the official purposes of the Union territory '' . It also provides for the use of the Malayalam and Telugu languages in the Mahé and Yanam districts . The law also states that English `` may be used for all or any of the official purposes of the Union territory '' . As of today , the official gazette of Puducherry is still published in French , albeit with a marginal use . Official symbols ( edit ) On 16 April 2007 , the government of Puducherry announced that the following were to be its state symbols : State symbols of Puducherry Song Invocation to Tamil Goddess ( written by Bharathidasan ) Animal Squirrel Bird Koel Flower Cannonball tree 's flower Tree Bael fruit tree Culture ( edit ) French influence ( edit ) Consulate of France at Goubert Avenue , White Town , Puducherry The plan of the city of Pondicherry is based on the French grid pattern and features perpendicular streets . The town is divided into two sections : the French Quarter ( Ville Blanche or ' White Town ' ) and the Indian quarter ( Ville Noire or ' Black Town ' ) . Many streets retain French names , and villas in French architectural styles are a common sight . In the French quarter , the buildings are typically in French colonial style , with long compounds and stately walls . The Indian quarter consists of houses lined with verandas and with large doors and grilles . These French - and Indian - style houses are preserved from destruction by an organisation named INTACH . The French language can be seen on signs and menus , and heard in Puducherry . Puducherry has residents with French passports : Most are of Indian descent and a small number are of non-Indian descent . At the time of Puducherry 's transfer to India in 1954 , residents were given a choice to retain their French citizenship or to gain Indian citizenship . Those with French passports today are generally descendants of residents who chose to keep their French citizenship . Several monuments in the city pertain to the French period . A French Consulate is in Puducherry , along with cultural organisations . Another important building is Le Foyer du Soldat , a veterans legion hall for soldiers who served in French wars . Among the French cultural organisations , the French Institute of Pondicherry , the Puducherry Centre of the École française d'Extrême - Orient and a branch of the Alliance Française are noteworthy . A French high school ( Lycée français de Pondichéry ) operates under the aegis of the French Minister of National Education . Economy ( edit ) The Promenade in the main town Puducherry is one of the most popular tourist attractions of the Union Territory Sri Aurobindo Ashram , Puducherry The gross state domestic product of Puducherry , at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in crores of Indian rupees grew from 184 to 25,819 crore rupees from 1980 -- 2014 . Year Gross State Domestic Product 1980 184 1985 342 603 1995 1,320 2000 3,781 13,092 2014 25,819 Fisheries ( edit ) The potential for fisheries is substantial in the Union Territory . The four regions of the Union Territory have a coastline of 45 km with 675 of inshore waters , 1.347 hectares ( 3.33 acres ) of inland water and 800 ha of brackish water . 27 marine fishing villages and 23 inland fishing villages host a fishermen population of about 65,000 of which 13,000 are actively engaged in fishing . Tanks and ponds are also tapped for commercial fish rearing . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Puducherry Puducherry is one of the most popular tourist spots for national and international tourists . Out of 274 Paadal Petra Sthalam Shiva Temples , the Puducherry region is owning 1 temple and in Karaikal regions it is having 4 temples which itself a clear proof that the Puducherry territory is also a part of the spiritual and sacramental of Shaivism principles . Besides in Villianur , Bahour and in so many areas of Puducherry region there are so many Shiva temples built up during the golden period of King Chola empire which gives immense pleasure to be proud of that our Puducherry territory was administered under the control of such golden rulers . So visiting such ancient temples would definitely give more spiritual vibrations to the tourists . For every year the Puducherry territory administration also declares official Holiday for performing the grand Car Festivals to the temples situates in Villianur , Veerampattinam that too the Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry and the Chief Minister of Puducherry also participates in such grand Car Festival . Besides in Kizhoor , Puducherry which is 22 km away from Puducherry therein on 18 - 10 - 1954 a referendum was conducted to ensure that whether the erstwhile French establishments of Puducherry shall continue with French administration or to merge with Indian Union and finally decided to merge with Indian Union . Puducherry was the residence of Sri Aurobindo ( 1872 -- 1950 ) and the Sri Aurobindo Ashram still operates from Puducherry . A unique experimental city Auroville , the brainchild of the Mother , whose inhabitants are drawn from all parts of the world is situated on the outskirts of the city . There are several temples , churches , monuments , parks and mosques which attract tourists . St. Luke -- Sacred Heart Church , Puducherry Transport ( edit ) Rail ( edit ) Puducherry railway station Puducherry is connected by a railway branch line from the five - way junction at Viluppuram and Chennai . The railway line is a broad gauge line with 16 originating Trains and 17 Terminating Trains Road ( edit ) Main article : Road Network in Puducherry District Further information : Puducherry Road Transport Corporation Puducherry has a network all weather metalled roads connecting the territory . Puducherry has a road length of 2,552 km ( road length per 4.87 km ) , the highest in the country . Yanam Draksharamam Road , Puducherry Road length comparison with Tamil Nadu and India as a whole Total road length ( in Puducherry ) 2,552 km Road length per 1000 km Puducherry Tamil Nadu India 4,575 1,572 663 Classification of roads Sl . No . Type of road Length in ( km ) National highways 64.450 State highways 49.304 District & other roads Puducherry -- 173.384 Karaikal -- 55.162 Mahé -- 19.622 Yanam -- 26.460 274.628 274.628 Rural roads Puducherry -- 164.964 Karaikal -- 83.470 248.434 248.434 Grand total 636.816 Air ( edit ) Puducherry Airport Puducherry Airport is situated at Lawspet . The Puducherry Government upgraded the airport in 2012 with a new terminal building and apron to accommodate larger aircraft . The new terminal building was inaugurated in January 2013 and scheduled flights to Bengaluru were launched . A MoU has been signed with Airports Authority of India for expansion of Puducherry Airport in two phases . Karaikal Airport is a planned greenfield airport and will be the India 's first airport to be built entirely with private capital . Education ( edit ) Main article : List of educational institutions in Puducherry Puducherry has a literacy rate of 86.55 % . Pondicherry University is a central university located in Puducherry . Other colleges include Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research ( JIPMER ) , Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute ( Government of Puducherry ) , Indira Gandhi College of Arts and science ( Govt of Puducherry ) , Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute , National Institute of Technology , Puducherry , Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Institute of Engineering and Technology , Pondicherry Engineering College , Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences , Achariya College of Engineering & Technology ACET , Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering and Technology , Rajiv Gandhi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Christ institute of technology , Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College , Shri Krishnaa College of Engineering & Technology , Sri Ganesh College Of Engineering and Technology and Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre . In popular culture ( edit ) Puducherry was the setting for Yann Martel 's first third of his Booker Prize - winning novel Life of Pi ( 2001 ) . A portion of the subsequent film adaptation of the same name was filmed there . Lee Langley 's novel A House in Pondicherry ( 1996 ) was set there . Prince Pondicherry is an Indian character from Roald Dahl 's children 's novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) . The prince orders Willy Wonka to build a palace of chocolate in India ; the palace melts in the hot sun . The 9th season of the reality show Splisvilla on MTV was set in Puducherry . See also ( edit ) Geography portal Asia portal South Asia portal India portal Puducherry portal Puducherry ( Lok Sabha constituency ) Causes for liberation of French colonies in India French East India Company French colonial empire Municipal Administration in French India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` narendra modi appointe Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry '' . The Hindu . 22 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` V Narayanasamy to be new Puducherry Chief Minister '' . Jump up ^ Varma , M. Dinesh ( 2015 - 06 - 06 ) . `` New Chief Secretary assumes charge '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` IG Sunil Kumar Gautam to assume charge after polls '' . The Hindu . 2016 - 02 - 18 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` PUDUCHERRY LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India : 50th report ( delivered to the Lokh Sabha in 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities , Ministry of Minority Affairs , Government of India . p. 155 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Asia New name for old French territory '' . BBC News . 20 September 2006 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National : Bill to rename Pondicherry as Puducherry passed '' . The Hindu . 22 August 2006 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` State Domestic Product and other aggregates , 2004 -- 05 series '' . Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. 27 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ The Dating of Arikamedu and its Bearing on the Archaeology of Early ... utilisateurs.linguist.univ-paris-diderot.fr/ ~ chevilla / FestSchrift / V_Beg_3x. pdf Jump up ^ The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea : Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century . Kessinger Publishing . July 2007 . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 548 - 20943 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Population by religion community -- 2011 '' . Census of India , 2011 . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Archived from the original on 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lanka BBC Info Know Puducherry : Government Name Pondicherry As Puducherry '' . lankabbc.com. 2012 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Government of Union Territories Act , 1963 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Puducherry code volume 1 '' ( pdf ) . Government of Puducherry . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ CIDIF. `` 06 - Le français à Pondichéry , par Roland Breton '' . go1.cc . Archived from the original on 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu News : Puducherry comes out with list of State symbols '' . The Hindu . 21 April 2007 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ List of Indian states by GDP Jump up ^ karthik . `` Pondicherry Station - 16 Train Departures SR / Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry '' . indiarailinfo.com . Jump up ^ `` Flight operations await new terminal '' . IBN Live . 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First flight to Puducherry from Bangalore on January 17 '' . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puducherry airport to go on stream in October '' . The Economic Times . 3 September 2011 . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coimbatore firm to build India 's first private airport in Karaikal '' . The Times of India . 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate : 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Jump up ^ `` Pondicherry University '' . Pondicherry University . Archived from the original on 25 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Website of PKIET '' . Pkiet.edu.in . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Filming Locations '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Pondicherry ( union territory ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Puducherry . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Puducherry Official website of the Government of the Union Territory of Puducherry Treaty establishing De Jure Cession of French Establishments in India Official website of Department of Tourism , Pondicherry Official website of Puducherry Tourism , by Pondy Tourism Events and happenings in and around Puducherry Puducherry travel guide from Wikivoyage State of Puducherry Capital : Pondicherry Districts Pondicherry Karaikal Mahé Yanam Municipalities Karaikal Mahé Ozhukarai Pondicherry Yanam Languages French Tamil Malayalam Telugu Education Pondicherry University Pondicherry Engineering College JIPMER National Institute of Technology , Puducherry History History of Pondicherry Places of interest Beach Manakula Vinayagar Temple Matrimandir Sri Aurobindo Ashram Sacred Heart Basilica Transport Rail Puducherry Karaikal Mahe Air Puducherry Airport Karaikal Airport Sports Yanam Tigers Pondicherry Cricket Association Indira Gandhi Sports Stadium Rajiv Gandhi Cricket Stadium YSR Indoor Stadium States and union territories of India States Arunachal Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli National Capital Territory of Delhi Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Capitals in India Proposed states and territories Historical Regions British Provinces BNF : cb124983164 ( data ) GND : 4622229 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puducherry&oldid=865716794 '' Categories : Puducherry South India Union Territories of India English - speaking countries and territories Tamil - speaking countries and territories States and territories established in 1963 1963 establishments in India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Use Indian English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2016 Articles with short description Infobox settlement pages with bad settlement type Articles containing French - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Kiswahili لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 77 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 18 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | former french colony in india's puducherry region | [] | [] |
-4317141888301803537 | Disk storage | Disk storage - wikipedia Disk storage Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Disk storage ( also sometimes called drive storage ) is a general category of storage mechanisms where data is recorded by various electronic , magnetic , optical , or mechanical changes to a surface layer of one or more rotating disks . A disk drive is a device implementing such a storage mechanism . Notable types are the hard disk drive ( HDD ) containing a non-removable disk , the floppy disk drive ( FDD ) and its removable floppy disk , and various optical disc drives ( ODD ) and associated optical disc media . ( The spelling disk and disc are used interchangeably except where trademarks preclude one usage , e.g. the Compact Disc logo . The choice of a particular form is frequently historical , as in IBM 's usage of the disk form beginning in 1956 with the `` IBM 350 disk storage unit '' ) . Six hard disk drives Three floppy disk drives A CD - ROM ( optical ) disc drive Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Access methods 3 Rotation speed and track layout 4 Interfaces 5 Basic terminology 6 See also 7 References Background ( edit ) Audio information was originally recorded by analog methods ( see Sound recording and reproduction ) . Similarly the first video disc used an analog recording method . In the music industry , analog recording has been mostly replaced by digital optical technology where the data is recorded in a digital format with optical information . The first commercial digital disk storage device was the IBM 350 which shipped in 1956 as a part of the IBM 305 RAMAC computing system . The random - access , low - density storage of disks was developed to complement the already used sequential - access , high - density storage provided by tape drives using magnetic tape . Vigorous innovation in disk storage technology , coupled with less vigorous innovation in tape storage , has reduced the difference in acquisition cost per terabyte between disk storage and tape storage ; however , the total cost of ownership of data on disk including power and management remains larger than that of tape . Disk storage is now used in both computer storage and consumer electronic storage , e.g. , audio CDs and video discs ( standard DVD and Blu - ray ) . Data on modern disks is stored in fixed length blocks , usually called sectors and varying in length from a few hundred to many thousands of bytes . Gross disk drive capacity is simply the number of disk surfaces times the number of blocks / surface times the number of bytes / block . In certain legacy IBM CKD drives the data was stored on magnetic disks with variable length blocks , called records ; record length could vary on and between disks . Capacity decreased as record length decreased due to the necessary gaps between blocks . Access methods ( edit ) Digital disk drives are block storage devices . Each disk is divided into logical blocks ( collection of sectors ) . Blocks are addressed using their logical block addresses ( LBA ) . Read from or writing to disk happens at the granularity of blocks . Originally the disk capacity was quite low and has been improved in one of several ways . Improvements in mechanical design and manufacture allowed smaller and more precise heads , meaning that more tracks could be stored on each of the disks . Advancements in data compression methods permitted more information to be stored in each of the individual sectors . The drive stores data onto cylinders , heads , and sectors . The sectors unit is the smallest size of data to be stored in a hard disk drive and each file will have many sectors units assigned to it . The smallest entity in a CD is called a frame , which consists of 33 bytes and contains six complete 16 - bit stereo samples ( two bytes × two channels × six samples = 24 bytes ) . The other nine bytes consist of eight CIRC error - correction bytes and one subcode byte used for control and display . The information is sent from the computer processor to the BIOS into a chip controlling the data transfer . This is then sent out to the hard drive via a multi-wire connector . Once the data is received onto the circuit board of the drive , they are translated and compressed into a format that the individual drive can use to store onto the disk itself . The data is then passed to a chip on the circuit board that controls the access to the drive . The drive is divided into sectors of data stored onto one of the sides of one of the internal disks . An HDD with two disks internally will typically store data on all four surfaces . The hardware on the drive tells the actuator arm where it is to go for the relevant track and the compressed information is then sent down to the head which changes the physical properties , optically or magnetically for example , of each byte on the drive , thus storing the information . A file is not stored in a linear manner , rather , it is held in the best way for quickest retrieval . Rotation speed and track layout ( edit ) Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks ( not - to - scale ) ; green denotes start and red denotes end . * Some CD - R ( W ) and DVD - R ( W ) / DVD + R ( W ) recorders operate in ZCLV , CAA or CAV modes . Mechanically there are two different motions occurring inside the drive . One is the rotation of the disks inside the device . The other is the side - to - side motion of the head across the disk as it moves between tracks . There are two types of disk rotation methods : constant linear velocity ( used mainly in optical storage ) varies the rotational speed of the optical disc depending upon the position of the head , and constant angular velocity ( used in HDDs , standard FDDs , a few optical disc systems , and vinyl audio records ) spins the media at one constant speed regardless of where the head is positioned . Track positioning also follows two different methods across disk storage devices . Storage devices focused on holding computer data , e.g. , HDDs , FDDs , Iomega zip drives , use concentric tracks to store data . During a sequential read or write operation , after the drive accesses all the sectors in a track it repositions the head ( s ) to the next track . This will cause a momentary delay in the flow of data between the device and the computer . In contrast , optical audio and video discs use a single spiral track that starts at the inner most point on the disc and flows continuously to the outer edge . When reading or writing data there is no need to stop the flow of data to switch tracks . This is similar to vinyl records except vinyl records started at the outer edge and spiraled in toward the center . Interfaces ( edit ) The disk drive interface is the mechanism / protocol of communication between the rest of the system and the disk drive itself . Storage devices intended for desktop and mobile computers typically use ATA ( PATA ) and SATA interfaces . Enterprise systems and high - end storage devices will typically use SCSI , SAS , and FC interfaces in addition to some use of SATA . Basic terminology ( edit ) Disk - Generally refers to magnetic media and devices . Disc - Required by trademarks for certain optical media and devices . Platter -- An individual recording disk . A hard disk drive contains a set of platters . Developments in optical technology have led to multiple recording layers on DVDs . Spindle -- the spinning axle on which the platters are mounted . Rotation -- Platters rotate ; two techniques are common : Constant angular velocity ( CAV ) keeps the disk spinning at a fixed rate , measured in revolutions per minute ( RPM ) . This means the heads cover more distance per unit of time on the outer tracks than on the inner tracks . This method is typical with computer hard drives . Constant linear velocity ( CLV ) keeps the distance covered by the heads per unit time fixed . Thus the disk has to slow down as the arm moves to the outer tracks . This method is typical for CD drives . Track -- The circle of recorded data on a single recording surface of a platter . Sector -- A segment of a track Low level formatting -- Establishing the tracks and sectors . Head -- The device that reads and writes the information -- magnetic or optical -- on the disk surface . Arm -- The mechanical assembly that supports the head as it moves in and out . Seek time -- Time needed to move the head to a new position ( specific track ) . Rotational latency -- Average time , once the arm is on the right track , before a head is over a desired sector . Data transfer rate - The rate at which user data bits are transferred from or to the medium . Technically , this would more accurately be entitled the `` gross '' data transfer rate . See also ( edit ) Disk array Disk drive performance characteristics Magnetic storage RAID USB flash drive References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard L. Moore ; et al. ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Disk and Tape Storage Cost Models '' ( PDF ) . San Diego Supercomputer Center , UCSD . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disk_storage&oldid=843490923 '' Categories : Computer storage devices Rotating disc computer storage media Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch 日本 語 Олык марий Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 13 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the purpose of high level and low level formatting | [] | [] |
6132493365676125710 | Statutory declaration | Statutory declaration - wikipedia Statutory declaration Jump to : navigation , search A statutory declaration is a legal document defined under the law of certain Commonwealth nations . It is similar to a statement made under oath , however , it is not sworn . Statutory declarations are commonly used to allow a person to declare something to be true for the purposes of satisfying some legal requirement or regulation when no other evidence is available . They are thus similar to affidavits ( which are made on oath ) . Depending on jurisdiction , statutory declarations can be used for : Declarations of identity , nationality , marital status , etc . when documentary evidence is unavailable . Declaring the intention to change one 's name . Affirming the provenance and nature of goods for export or import . Statements of originality for patent applications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 Canada 3 United Kingdom 3.1 England and Wales 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Australia ( edit ) Australian law defines a statutory declaration as a written statement declared to be true in the presence of an authorised witness . The Statutory Declarations Act 1959 governs the use of statutory declarations in matters involving the law of the Australian Commonwealth , Australian Capital Territory , and other territories but not including the Northern Territory . Any person within the jurisdiction of this law may make a statutory declaration in relation to any matter . The declaration may be used in connection with matters of law , including judicial proceedings , but what weight is given to the declaration is a matter for the judge to decide . Statutory declarations must be made in a prescribed form and witnessed by a person as specified in the Statutory Declarations Regulations ( 1993 ) . Prescribed witnesses include legal and medical practitioners , Justices of the Peace , notaries public , police officers , military officers , registered members of certain professional organisations ( i.e. National Tax Accountant 's Association and Institution of Engineers Australia ) , and certain other Commonwealth employees . Intentionally making a false statement as a statutory declaration is a crime equivalent to perjury , and punishable by fines and / or a prison sentence of up to four years . The states of Australia each have their own laws regarding statutory declarations . Canada ( edit ) In Canadian jurisdictions , statutory declarations are statements of facts written down and attested to by the declarant before individuals who are authorized to administer oaths , except that they are normally used outside of court settings . They have the same effect in law as a sworn statement or affidavit . In federal proceedings , the form is governed by the Canada Evidence Act . Similar provision is made by the various provinces for use in proceedings within their respective jurisdictions . A person who makes a false declaration can be charged with perjury under the Criminal Code . United kingdom ( edit ) Statutory declarations can be used as a method of legally changing one 's name . They may be used by UK financial institutions to enable an asset of relatively small value ( usually less than £ 15,000 ) to be transferred to the executors of a will or other persons legally entitled to deal with or benefit from the estate of a person who has died . England and wales ( edit ) Under the Statutory Declarations Act 1835 , a declaration can be made before anyone who is authorised by law to hear it ( for example , a solicitor or legal executive ) , or before any Justice of the Peace . In addition , officers of the armed services with the equivalent rank of major and above , and British diplomatic and consular officers in post abroad , may authenticate a statutory declaration . The person who hears the declaration need not enquire into the truth of it . That person 's function is limited to hearing the declaration , and certifying that he or she has done so by signing it . If the declaration turns out to be untrue , the defendant making it may be punished for perjury . The form of the statutory declaration is prescribed in the schedule to the Act : `` I ( full name ) , do solemnly and sincerely declare that the contents of this declaration are true . And I make this declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true and by virtue of the provisions of the Statutory Declarations Act 1835 . '' A standard form is used for a statutory declaration ; one copy will be given to the applicant and the other is held on file . See also ( edit ) Affidavit Sworn declaration References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Canada Evidence Act , RSC 1985 , c C - 5 , s 41 . Jump up ^ `` INSTRUCTIONS TO PERSONS AUTHORIZED TO ADMINISTER OATHS , AFFIRMATIONS AND SOLEMN DECLARATIONS WITHIN THE PROVINCE OF ALBERTA '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Criminal Code , RSC 1985 , c C - 46 , s 131 . Jump up ^ CAB Statutory declaration of change of name for adults ( Scotland ) Jump up ^ Statutory Declarations Act 1835 Extent England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland Jump up ^ section 12 ( 1 ) ( f ) and Schedule 2 Legal Services Act 2007 . See also : Institute of Paralegals Jump up ^ Passport policy - Statutory Declarations Jump up ^ Statutory Declarations Act 1835 ( 1835 c. 62 ( Regnal . 5_and_6_Will_4 ) ) Jump up ^ Adult Court Book Bench , page 180 . Judicial College , 2017 Jump up ^ Statutory Declaration Form as laid down by the Magistrates ' Courts Act 1980 , section 14 and Criminal Procedure Rules , rule 37.11 . External links ( edit ) Statutory Declarations - Australian Attorney - General 's Department Statutory Declarations Act 1959 ( Australia ) Statutory Declarations Regulations 1993 ( Australia ) Statutory Declarations Act , 1938 ( Ireland ) Oaths and Declarations Act 1957 ( New Zealand ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statutory_declaration&oldid=832026720 '' Categories : Australian law Evidence law Legal documents Oaths Notary Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 11 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the purpose of a statutory declaration | [
"Statutory declarations are commonly used to allow a person to declare something to be true for the purposes of satisfying some legal requirement or regulation when no other evidence is available. They are thus similar to affidavits (which are made on oath)."
] | [
"to allow a person to declare something to be true for the purposes of satisfying some legal requirement or regulation"
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9085977079540261155 | Finance | Finance - wikipedia Finance Jump to : navigation , search For the board game , see Finance ( game ) . `` Financial '' redirects here . For the Caucasian newspaper , see The Financial . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Finance Markets ( show ) Bond Commodity Derivatives Foreign exchange Money Over-the - counter Private equity Real estate Spot Stock Participants Investor institutional Retail Speculator Instruments ( show ) Bond Cash Collateralised debt obligation Credit default swap Time deposit ( certificate of deposit ) Credit line Deposit Derivative Futures contract Indemnity Insurance Letter of credit Loan Mortgage Option ( call exotic put ) performance bonds Repurchase agreement Stock Security Syndicated loan Synthetic CDO Corporate ( show ) Accounting Audit Capital budgeting Credit rating agency Risk management Financial statement Leveraged buyout Mergers and acquisitions Structured finance Venture capital Personal ( show ) Credit / Debt Employment contract Financial planning Retirement Student loan Public ( show ) Government spending Final consumption expenditure Operations Redistribution Transfer payment Government revenue Taxation Deficit spending Budget ( balance ) Debt Non-tax revenue Warrant of payment Banks and banking ( show ) Central bank Deposit account Fractional - reserve banking Loan Money supply Lists of banks Bank regulation Banking license Basel Accords Bank for International Settlements Financial Stability Board Deposit insurance Separation of investment and retail banking Regulation Financial law ( show ) International Financial Reporting Standards ISO 31000 Professional certification Fund governance Economic history ( show ) Private equity and venture capital Recession Stock market bubble Stock market crash Accounting scandals Finance is a field that deals with the study of investments . It includes the dynamics of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of different degrees of uncertainties and risks . Finance can also be defined as the science of money management . Market participants aim to price assets based on their risk level , fundamental value , and their expected rate of return . Finance can be broken into three sub-categories : public finance , corporate finance and personal finance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Areas of finance 1.1 Personal finance 1.2 Corporate finance 1.2. 1 Financial services 1.3 Public finance 2 Capital 3 Financial theory 3.1 Financial economics 3.2 Financial mathematics 3.3 Experimental finance 3.4 Behavioral finance 4 Professional qualifications 5 Unsolved problems in finance 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Areas of finance ( edit ) Frankfurt Stock Exchange , European Center of finance , Frankfurt am Main . Wall Street , American center of finance . London Stock Exchange , British centre of finance . Personal finance ( edit ) Main article : Personal finance Questions in personal finance revolve around : Protection against unforeseen personal events , as well as events in the wider economies Transference of family wealth across generations ( bequests and inheritance ) Effects of tax policies ( tax subsidies or penalties ) management of personal finances Effects of credit on individual financial standing Development of a savings plan or financing for large purchases ( auto , education , home ) Planning a secure financial future in an environment of economic instability Warren Buffett is an American investor , business magnate , and philanthropist . He is considered by some to be one of the most successful investors in the world . Personal finance may involve paying for education , financing durable goods such as real estate and cars , buying insurance , e.g. health and property insurance , investing and saving for retirement . Personal finance may also involve paying for a loan , or debt obligations . The six key areas of personal financial planning , as suggested by the Financial Planning Standards Board , are : Financial position : is concerned with understanding the personal resources available by examining net worth and household cash flows . Net worth is a person 's balance sheet , calculated by adding up all assets under that person 's control , minus all liabilities of the household , at one point in time . Household cash flows total up all from the expected sources of income within a year , minus all expected expenses within the same year . From this analysis , the financial planner can determine to what degree and in what time the personal goals can be accomplished . Adequate protection : the analysis of how to protect a household from unforeseen risks . These risks can be divided into the following : liability , property , death , disability , health and long term care . Some of these risks may be self - insurable , while most will require the purchase of an insurance contract . Determining how much insurance to get , at the most cost effective terms requires knowledge of the market for personal insurance . Business owners , professionals , athletes and entertainers require specialized insurance professionals to adequately protect themselves . Since insurance also enjoys some tax benefits , utilizing insurance investment products may be a critical piece of the overall investment planning . Tax planning : typically the income tax is the single largest expense in a household . Managing taxes is not a question of if you will pay taxes , but when and how much . Government gives many incentives in the form of tax deductions and credits , which can be used to reduce the lifetime tax burden . Most modern governments use a progressive tax . Typically , as one 's income grows , a higher marginal rate of tax must be paid . Understanding how to take advantage of the myriad tax breaks when planning one 's personal finances can make a significant impact in which it can later save you money in the long term . Investment and accumulation goals : planning how to accumulate enough money -- for large purchases and life events -- is what most people consider to be financial planning . Major reasons to accumulate assets include purchasing a house or car , starting a business , paying for education expenses , and saving for retirement . Achieving these goals requires projecting what they will cost , and when you need to withdraw funds that will be necessary to be able to achieve these goals . A major risk to the household in achieving their accumulation goal is the rate of price increases over time , or inflation . Using net present value calculators , the financial planner will suggest a combination of asset earmarking and regular savings to be invested in a variety of investments . In order to overcome the rate of inflation , the investment portfolio has to get a higher rate of return , which typically will subject the portfolio to a number of risks . Managing these portfolio risks is most often accomplished using asset allocation , which seeks to diversify investment risk and opportunity . This asset allocation will prescribe a percentage allocation to be invested in stocks ( either preferred stock or common stock ) , bonds ( for example mutual bonds or government bonds , or corporate bonds ) , cash and alternative investments . The allocation should also take into consideration the personal risk profile of every investor , since risk attitudes vary from person to person . Retirement planning is the process of understanding how much it costs to live at retirement , and coming up with a plan to distribute assets to meet any income shortfall . Methods for retirement plans include taking advantage of government allowed structures to manage tax liability including : individual ( IRA ) structures , or employer sponsored retirement plans , annuities and life insurance products . Estate planning involves planning for the disposition of one 's assets after death . Typically , there is a tax due to the state or federal government at one 's death . Avoiding these taxes means that more of one 's assets will be distributed to one 's heirs . One can leave one 's assets to family , friends or charitable groups . Corporate finance ( edit ) Main article : Corporate finance Jack Welch an American retired business executive , author , and chemical engineer . He was chairman and CEO of General Electric between 1981 and 2001 . During his tenure at GE , the company 's value rose 4,000 % . Corporate finance deals with the sources funding and the capital structure of corporations , the actions that managers take to increase the value of the firm to the shareholders , and the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources . Although it is in principle different from managerial finance which studies the financial management of all firms , rather than corporations alone , the main concepts in the study of corporate finance are applicable to the financial problems of all kinds of firms . Corporate finance generally involves balancing risk and profitability , while attempting to maximize an entity 's assets , net incoming cash flow and the value of its stock , and generically entails three primary areas of capital resource allocation . In the first , `` capital budgeting '' , management must choose which `` projects '' ( if any ) to undertake . The discipline of capital budgeting may employ standard business valuation techniques or even extend to real options valuation ; see Financial modeling . The second , `` sources of capital '' relates to how these investments are to be funded : investment capital can be provided through different sources , such as by shareholders , in the form of equity ( privately or via an initial public offering ) , creditors , often in the form of bonds , and the firm 's operations ( cash flow ) . Short - term funding or working capital is mostly provided by banks extending a line of credit . The balance between these elements forms the company 's capital structure . The third , `` the dividend policy '' , requires management to determine whether any unappropriated profit ( excess cash ) is to be retained for future investment / operational requirements , or instead to be distributed to shareholders , and if so , in what form . Short term financial management is often termed `` working capital management '' , and relates to cash - , inventory - and debtors management . Corporate finance also includes within its scope business valuation , stock investing , or investment management . An investment is an acquisition of an asset in the hope that it will maintain or increase its value over time that will in hope give back a higher rate of return when it comes to disbursing dividends . In investment management -- in choosing a portfolio -- one has to use financial analysis to determine what , how much and when to invest . To do this , a company must : Identify relevant objectives and constraints : institution or individual goals , time horizon , risk aversion and tax considerations ; Identify the appropriate strategy : active versus passive hedging strategy Measure the portfolio performance James Harris Simons American mathematician , hedge fund manager , and philanthropist . He is known as a quantitative investor and in 1982 founded Renaissance Technologies , a private hedge fund based in East Setauket , NY . Financial management overlaps with the financial function of the accounting profession . However , financial accounting is the reporting of historical financial information , while financial management is concerned with the allocation of capital resources to increase a firm 's value to the shareholders and increase their rate of return on the investments . Financial risk management , an element of corporate finance , is the practice of creating and protecting economic value in a firm by using financial instruments to manage exposure to risk , particularly credit risk and market risk . ( Other risk types include foreign exchange , shape , volatility , sector , liquidity , inflation risks , etc . ) It focuses on when and how to hedge using financial instruments ; in this sense it overlaps with financial engineering . Similar to general risk management , financial risk management requires identifying its sources , measuring it ( see : Risk measure # Examples ) , and formulating plans to address these , and can be qualitative and quantitative . In the banking sector worldwide , the Basel Accords are generally adopted by internationally active banks for tracking , reporting and exposing operational , credit and market risks . Financial services ( edit ) Main article : Financial services An entity whose income exceeds its expenditure can lend or invest the excess income to help that excess income produce more income in the future . Though on the other hand , an entity whose income is less than its expenditure can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity claims , decreasing its expenses , or increasing its income . The lender can find a borrower -- a financial intermediary such as a bank -- or buy notes or bonds ( corporate bonds , government bonds , or mutual bonds ) in the bond market . The lender receives interest , the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives , and the financial intermediary earns the difference for arranging the loan . A bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders . A bank accepts deposits from lenders , on which it pays interest . The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers . Banks allow borrowers and lenders , of different sizes , to coordinate their activity . Finance is used by individuals ( personal finance ) , by governments ( public finance ) , by businesses ( corporate finance ) and by a wide variety of other organizations such as schools and non-profit organizations . In general , the goals of each of the above activities are achieved through the use of appropriate financial instruments and methodologies , with consideration to their institutional setting . Finance is one of the most important aspects of business management and includes analysis related to the use and acquisition of funds for the enterprise . In corporate finance , a company 's capital structure is the total mix of financing methods it uses to raise funds . One method is debt financing , which includes bank loans and bond sales . Another method is equity financing -- the sale of stock by a company to investors , the original shareholders ( they own a portion of the business ) of a share . Ownership of a share gives the shareholder certain contractual rights and powers , which typically include the right to receive declared dividends and to vote the proxy on important matters ( e.g. , board elections ) . The owners of both bonds ( either government bonds or corporate bonds ) and stock ( whether its preferred stock or common stock ) , may be institutional investors -- financial institutions such as investment banks and pension funds or private individuals , called private investors or retail investors . Public finance ( edit ) Main article : Public finance Public finance describes finance as related to sovereign states and sub-national entities ( states / provinces , counties , municipalities , etc . ) and related public entities ( e.g. school districts ) or agencies . It usually encompasses a long - term strategic perspective regarding investment decisions that affect public entities . These long - term strategic periods usually encompass five or more years . Public finance is primarily concerned with : Identification of required expenditure of a public sector entity Source ( s ) of that entity 's revenue The budgeting process Debt issuance ( municipal bonds ) for public works projects Central banks , such as the Federal Reserve System banks in the United States and Bank of England in the United Kingdom , are strong players in public finance , acting as lenders of last resort as well as strong influences on monetary and credit conditions in the economy . Capital ( edit ) Main article : Financial capital Capital , in the financial sense , is the money that gives the business the power to buy goods to be used in the production of other goods or the offering of a service . ( Capital has two types of sources , equity and debt ) . The deployment of capital is decided by the budget . This may include the objective of business , targets set , and results in financial terms , e.g. , the target set for sale , resulting cost , growth , required investment to achieve the planned sales , and financing source for the investment . A budget may be long term or short term . Long term budgets have a time horizon of 5 -- 10 years giving a vision to the company ; short term is an annual budget which is drawn to control and operate in that particular year . Budgets will include proposed fixed asset requirements and how these expenditures will be financed . Capital budgets are often adjusted annually ( done every year ) and should be part of a longer - term Capital Improvements Plan . A cash budget is also required . The working capital requirements of a business are monitored at all times to ensure that there are sufficient funds available to meet short - term expenses . The cash budget is basically a detailed plan that shows all expected sources and uses of cash when it comes to spending it appropriately . The cash budget has the following six main sections : Beginning cash balance -- contains the last period 's closing cash balance , in other words , the remaining cash of the last year . Cash collections -- includes all expected cash receipts ( all sources of cash for the period considered , mainly sales ) Cash disbursements -- lists all planned cash outflows for the period such as dividend , excluding interest payments on short - term loans , which appear in the financing section . All expenses that do not affect cash flow are excluded from this list ( e.g. depreciation , amortization , etc . ) Cash excess or deficiency -- a function of the cash needs and cash available . Cash needs are determined by the total cash disbursements plus the minimum cash balance required by company policy . If total cash available is less than cash needs , a deficiency exists . Financing -- discloses the planned borrowings and repayments of those planned borrowings , including interest . Financial theory ( edit ) Financial economics ( edit ) Main article : Financial economics Financial economics is the branch of economics studying the interrelation of financial variables , such as prices , interest rates and shares , as opposed to goods and services . Financial economics concentrates on influences of real economic variables on financial ones , in contrast to pure finance . It centres on managing risk in the context of the financial markets , and the resultant economic and financial models . It essentially explores how rational investors would apply risk and return to the problem of an investment policy . Here , the twin assumptions of rationality and market efficiency lead to modern portfolio theory ( the CAPM ) , and to the Black -- Scholes theory for option valuation ; it further studies phenomena and models where these assumptions do not hold , or are extended . `` Financial economics '' , at least formally , also considers investment under `` certainty '' ( Fisher separation theorem , `` theory of investment value '' , Modigliani -- Miller theorem ) and hence also contributes to corporate finance theory . Financial econometrics is the branch of financial economics that uses econometric techniques to parameterize the relationships suggested . Although they are closely related , the disciplines of economics and finance are distinct . The `` economy '' is a social institution that organizes a society 's production , distribution , and consumption of goods and services , all of which must be financed . Financial mathematics ( edit ) Main article : Financial mathematics Financial mathematics is a field of applied mathematics , concerned with financial markets . The subject has a close relationship with the discipline of financial economics , which is concerned with much of the underlying theory that is involved in financial mathematics . Generally , mathematical finance will derive , and extend , the mathematical or numerical models suggested by financial economics . In terms of practice , mathematical finance also overlaps heavily with the field of computational finance ( also known as financial engineering ) . Arguably , these are largely synonymous , although the latter focuses on application , while the former focuses on modelling and derivation ( see : Quantitative analyst ) . The field is largely focused on the modelling of derivatives , although other important subfields include insurance mathematics and quantitative portfolio problems . See Outline of finance : Mathematical tools ; Outline of finance : Derivatives pricing . Experimental finance ( edit ) Main article : Experimental finance Experimental finance aims to establish different market settings and environments to observe experimentally and provide a lens through which science can analyze agents ' behavior and the resulting characteristics of trading flows , information diffusion and aggregation , price setting mechanisms , and returns processes . Researchers in experimental finance can study to what extent existing financial economics theory makes valid predictions and therefore prove them , and attempt to discover new principles on which such theory can be extended and be applied to future financial decisions . Research may proceed by conducting trading simulations or by establishing and studying the behavior , and the way that these people act or react , of people in artificial competitive market - like settings . Behavioral finance ( edit ) Main article : Behavioral economics Behavioral finance studies how the psychology of investors or managers affects financial decisions and markets when making a decision that can impact either negatively or positively on one of their areas . Behavioral finance has grown over the last few decades to become central and very important to finance . Behavioral finance includes such topics as : Empirical studies that demonstrate significant deviations from classical theories . Models of how psychology affects and impacts trading and prices Forecasting based on these methods . Studies of experimental asset markets and use of models to forecast experiments . A strand of behavioral finance has been dubbed quantitative behavioral finance , which uses mathematical and statistical methodology to understand behavioral biases in conjunction with valuation . Some of these endeavors has been led by Gunduz Caginalp ( Professor of Mathematics and Editor of Journal of Behavioral Finance during 2001 - 2004 ) and collaborators including Vernon Smith ( 2002 Nobel Laureate in Economics ) , David Porter , Don Balenovich , Vladimira Ilieva , Ahmet Duran ) . Studies by Jeff Madura , Ray Sturm and others have demonstrated significant behavioral effects in stocks and exchange traded funds . Among other topics , quantitative behavioral finance studies behavioral effects together with the non-classical assumption of the finiteness of assets . Professional qualifications ( edit ) There are several related professional qualifications , that can lead to the field : Generalist Finance qualifications : Degrees : Master of Science in Finance ( MSF ) , Master of Finance ( M. Fin ) , Master of Financial Economics , Master of Applied Finance , Master of Liberal Arts in Finance ( ALM. Fin ) Certifications : Chartered Financial Analyst ( CFA ) , Certified Treasury Professional ( CTP ) , Certified Valuation Analyst ( CVA ) , Certified Patent Valuation Analyst ( CPVA ) , Chartered Business Valuator ( CBV ) , Certified International Investment Analyst ( CIIA ) , Financial Risk Manager ( FRM ) , Professional Risk Manager ( PRM ) , Association of Corporate Treasurers ( ACT ) , Certified Market Analyst ( CMA / FAD ) Dual Designation , Corporate Finance Qualification ( CF ) , Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst ( CAIA ) , Chartered Investment Manager ( CIM ) Quantitative Finance qualifications : Master of Financial Engineering ( MSFE ) , Master of Quantitative Finance ( MQF ) , Master of Computational Finance ( MCF ) , Master of Financial Mathematics ( MFM ) , Certificate in Quantitative Finance ( CQF ) . Accountancy qualifications : Qualified accountant : Chartered Certified Accountant ( ACCA , UK certification ) , Chartered Accountant ( ACA -- England & Wales certification / CA -- certification in Scotland and Commonwealth countries ) , Certified Public Accountant ( CPA , US certification ) , ACMA / FCMA ( Associate / Fellow Chartered Management Accountant ) from Chartered Institute of Management Accountant ( CIMA ) , UK . Certified Management Accountant ( CMA ) from Institute of Management Accountants , US certification . Non-statutory qualifications : Chartered Cost Accountant CCA Designation from AAFM Business qualifications : Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) , Master of Management ( MM ) , Master of Commerce ( M. Comm ) , Master of Science in Management ( MSM ) , Doctor of Business Administration ( DBA ) Unsolved problems in finance ( edit ) As the debate to whether finance is an art or a science is still open , there have been recent efforts to organize a list of unsolved problems in finance . See also ( edit ) Book : Finance Outline of finance Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 List of unsolved problems in finance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Financial Planning Curriculum Framework '' . Financial Planning Standards Board . 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Basel Committee 's response to the financial crisis : report to the G20 '' . www.bis.org. 2010 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Doss , Daniel ; Sumrall , William ; Jones , Don ( 2012 ) . Strategic Finance for Criminal Justice Organizations ( 1st ed . ) . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1439892237 . Jump up ^ Doss , Daniel ; Sumrall , William ; Jones , Don ( 2012 ) . Strategic Finance for Criminal Justice Organizations ( 1st ed . ) . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . pp. 53 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 1439892237 . Jump up ^ Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System of the United States . Mission of the Federal Reserve System . Federalreserve.gov Accessed : 2010 - 01 - 16 . ( Archived by WebCite at Archived 2010 - 01 - 16 at WebCite ) Jump up ^ Shefrin , Hersh ( 2002 ) . Beyond greed and fear : Understanding behavioral finance and the psychology of investing . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . p. ix . ISBN 978 - 0195304213 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is finance an art or a science ? '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Look up finance in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Finance Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Finance . Media related to Finance at Wikimedia Commons Learn Finance Step by step with infographics tools OECD work on financial markets Observation of UK Finance Market Wharton Finance Knowledge Project -- aimed to offer free access to finance knowledge for students , teachers , and self - learners . Professor Aswath Damodaran ( New York University Stern School of Business ) -- provides resources covering three areas in finance : corporate finance , valuation and investment management and syndicate finance . 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-6392274965117851039 | United States Women's Open Championship (golf) | United States Women 's Open Championship ( golf ) - wikipedia United States Women 's Open Championship ( golf ) U.S. Women 's Open Tournament information Location Shoal Creek , Alabama in 2018 Established 1946 , 72 years ago Course ( s ) Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club in 2018 Par 72 ( in 2018 ) Length 6,693 yd ( 6,120 m ) in 2018 Organized by USGA ( since 1953 ) Tour ( s ) LPGA Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 5.0 million in 2018 Month played May / June in 2018 Tournament record score Aggregate 272 Annika Sörenstam ( 1996 ) 272 Juli Inkster ( 1999 ) 272 Chun In - gee ( 2015 ) To par -- 16 Juli Inkster ( 1999 ) Current champion Ariya Jutanugarn 2018 U.S. Women 's Open Golf Championship The United States Women 's Open Golf Championship , one of thirteen national championships conducted by the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) , is the oldest of the LPGA Tour 's five major championships , which includes the ANA Inspiration , Women 's PGA Championship , Women 's British Open , and The Evian Championship . Established 72 years ago in 1946 , the U.S. Women 's Open is the only event to have been recognized as a major by the LPGA since the group 's founding in 1950 . Originally operated by the Women 's Professional Golfers Association ( WPGA ) for its first three years and the LPGA for the next four , it became a USGA event in 1953 . Usually held in early July , the U.S. Women 's Open is the third major of the LPGA season and has the highest purse in women 's golf , at $ 5.0 million in 2017 . Unlike the U.S. Open , the U.S. Women 's Open is not globally recognized as a major championship . The Ladies European Tour does not sanction any of the three majors held in the United States , and the LPGA of Japan Tour has its own set of majors . The significance of this is limited , as the LPGA Tour is the dominant tour in women 's golf . In 2007 , international players outnumbered Americans for the first time . The 2008 tournament was won by 19 - year - old South Korean Inbee Park , who became the event 's youngest winner ever . The 2012 championship , won by Choi Na - yeon , was played July 5 -- 8 at Blackwolf Run in Kohler , Wisconsin , which previously hosted the event in 1998 , won by Pak Se - ri in a Monday playoff that extended to 20 holes . The Original Championship Course for 2012 played just under 7,000 yards ( 6,400 m ) , over 500 yards ( 460 m ) longer than in 1998 . Beginning in 2018 , the U.S. Women 's Open will be held prior to its men 's counterpart ( rather than following it and the U.S. Senior Open ) , in order to `` provide optimum playing conditions for the world 's best players across a broader variety of the country 's finest golf courses . '' The playoff format was modified in 2018 , reduced from three to two aggregate holes , followed by sudden death . The last 18 - hole playoff was in 2006 ; the three - hole playoff was introduced the following year and used in 2011 and 2016 . Contents 1 Qualification 2 Winners 3 Multiple champions 4 Champions by nationality 5 Future sites 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Qualification ( edit ) The U.S. Women 's Open is open to any professional or amateur female golfer . Amateurs must have an up - to - date USGA Handicap Index not exceeding 2.4 , lowered in 2014 from 4.4 in 2013 . Players may obtain a place by being exempt or by competing successfully in qualifying . In 2002 , a two - stage method of qualification was introduced : 18 holes for local qualifying and 36 holes for sectional qualifying . In 2010 , the qualification process reverted to a single sectional stage of 36 holes played on a single day . The criteria for exemption from qualifying has changed through the years . In 2010 , there were eleven exemption categories , including winners of the U.S. Women 's Open for the last ten years , winners of the other three majors for the last five years , the top 50 from the previous year 's LPGA Tour money list , the top five from the previous year 's Japan LPGA Tour , Korea LPGA Tour , and Ladies European Tour money lists , and official winners of LPGA co-sponsored events for the 52 - week period prior to the U.S. Women 's Open . There is no upper or lower age limit . The youngest - ever qualifiers were 11 - year - old Lucy Li in 2014 , and 12 - year - old Lexi Thompson in 2007 . Winners of major amateur tournaments are also exempt . Currently , winners of the U.S. Girls ' Junior , U.S. Women 's Amateur ( and finalist ) , and U.S. Women 's Mid-Amateur ( all USGA events ) are exempt provided they did not turn professional beforehand . Winners of the Augusta National Women 's Amateur Championship will qualify effective with the inaugural tournament in 2019 . Winners ( edit ) See also : List of U.S. Women 's Open ( golf ) champions The number following some winners ' names indicates the cumulative number of U.S. Women 's Open wins for that player . Year Champion Country Venue Location Score To par Purse ( $ ) Winner 's share ( $ ) 2018 Ariya Jutanugarn Thailand Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club Shoal Creek , Alabama 277 − 11 5,000,000 900,000 2017 Park Sung - hyun South Korea Trump National Golf Club Bedminster , NJ 277 − 11 5,000,000 900,000 2016 Brittany Lang United States CordeValle Golf Club San Martin , CA 282 − 6 4,500,000 810,000 2015 Chun In - gee South Korea Lancaster Country Club Lancaster , PA 272 − 8 4,500,000 810,000 2014 Michelle Wie United States Pinehurst Resort , Course No. 2 Pinehurst , NC 278 − 2 4,000,000 720,000 2013 Inbee Park ( 2 ) South Korea Sebonack Golf Club Southampton , NY 280 − 8 3,250,000 585,000 2012 Choi Na - yeon South Korea Blackwolf Run , composite course Kohler , WI 281 − 7 3,250,000 585,000 2011 Ryu So - yeon South Korea Broadmoor Golf Club , East Course Colorado Springs , CO 281 − 3 3,250,000 585,000 Paula Creamer United States Oakmont Country Club Oakmont , PA 281 − 3 3,250,000 585,000 2009 Ji Eun - hee South Korea Saucon Valley Country Club Bethlehem , PA 284 3,250,000 585,000 2008 Inbee Park South Korea Interlachen Country Club Edina , MN 283 − 9 3,250,000 585,000 2007 Cristie Kerr United States Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club Southern Pines , NC 279 − 5 3,100,000 560,000 2006 Annika Sörenstam ( 3 ) Sweden Newport Country Club Newport , RI 284 3,100,000 560,000 2005 Birdie Kim South Korea Cherry Hills Country Club Cherry Hills Village , CO 287 + 3 3,100,000 560,000 Meg Mallon ( 2 ) United States The Orchards Golf Club South Hadley , MA 274 − 10 3,100,000 560,000 2003 Hilary Lunke United States Pumpkin Ridge Golf Club , Witch Hollow Course North Plains , OR 283 − 1 3,100,000 560,000 2002 Juli Inkster ( 2 ) United States Prairie Dunes Golf Club Hutchinson , KS 276 − 4 3,000,000 535,000 2001 Karrie Webb ( 2 ) Australia Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club Southern Pines , NC 273 − 7 2,900,000 520,000 2000 Karrie Webb Australia Merit Club Libertyville , IL 282 − 6 2,750,000 500,000 1999 Juli Inkster United States Old Waverly Golf Club West Point , MS 272 − 16 1,750,000 315,000 1998 Pak Se - ri South Korea Blackwolf Run , composite course Kohler , WI 290 + 6 1,500,000 267,500 1997 Alison Nicholas England Pumpkin Ridge Golf Club , Witch Hollow Course North Plains , OR 274 − 10 1,300,000 232,500 Annika Sörenstam ( 2 ) Sweden Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club Southern Pines , NC 272 − 8 1,200,000 212,500 1995 Annika Sörenstam Sweden Broadmoor Golf Club , East Course Colorado Springs , CO 278 − 2 1,000,000 175,000 1994 Patty Sheehan ( 2 ) United States Indianwood Golf and Country Club , Old Course Lake Orion , MI 277 − 7 850,000 155,000 1993 Lauri Merten United States Crooked Stick Golf Club Carmel , IN 280 − 8 800,000 144,000 1992 Patty Sheehan United States Oakmont Country Club Oakmont , PA 280 − 4 700,000 130,000 1991 Meg Mallon United States Colonial Country Club Fort Worth , TX 283 − 1 600,000 110,000 1990 Betsy King ( 2 ) United States Atlanta Athletic Club , Riverside Course Duluth , GA 284 − 4 500,000 85,000 1989 Betsy King United States Indianwood Golf and Country Club , Old Course Lake Orion , MI 278 − 2 450,000 80,000 1988 Liselotte Neumann Sweden Baltimore Country Club , Five Farms , East Course Baltimore , MD 277 − 7 400,000 70,000 Laura Davies England Plainfield Country Club Edison , NJ 285 − 3 325,000 55,000 1986 Jane Geddes United States NCR Country Club Kettering , OH 287 − 1 300,000 50,000 1985 Kathy Baker United States Baltusrol Golf Club , Upper Course Springfield , NJ 280 − 8 250,000 41,975 1984 Hollis Stacy ( 3 ) United States Salem Country Club Peabody , MA 290 + 2 225,000 36,000 Jan Stephenson Australia Cedar Ridge Country Club Broken Arrow , OK 290 + 6 200,000 32,780 1982 Janet Alex United States Del Paso Country Club Sacramento , CA 283 − 5 175,000 27,315 1981 Pat Bradley United States La Grange Country Club La Grange , IL 279 − 9 150,000 22,000 1980 Amy Alcott United States Richland Country Club Nashville , TN 280 − 4 140,000 20,047 1979 Jerilyn Britz United States Brooklawn Country Club Fairfield , CT 284 125,000 19,000 1978 Hollis Stacy ( 2 ) United States Country Club of Indianapolis Indianapolis , IN 289 + 5 100,000 15,000 1977 Hollis Stacy United States Hazeltine National Golf Club Chaska , MN 292 + 4 75,000 11,040 1976 JoAnne Carner ( 2 ) United States Rolling Green Golf Club Springfield , PA 292 + 8 60,000 9,054 Sandra Palmer United States Atlantic City Country Club Northfield , NJ 295 + 7 55,000 8,044 Sandra Haynie United States La Grange Country Club La Grange , IL 295 + 7 40,000 6,073 1973 Susie Berning ( 3 ) United States Country Club of Rochester Rochester , NY 290 + 2 40,000 6,000 1972 Susie Berning ( 2 ) United States Winged Foot Golf Club , East Course Mamaroneck , NY 299 + 11 40,000 6,000 1971 JoAnne Carner United States Kahkwa Club Erie , PA 288 31,000 5,000 1970 Donna Caponi ( 2 ) United States Muskogee Country Club Muskogee , OK 287 − 1 30,000 5,000 1969 Donna Caponi United States Scenic Hills Country Club Pensacola , FL 294 + 6 31,040 5,000 1968 Susie Berning United States Moselem Springs Golf Club Fleetwood , PA 289 + 5 25,000 5,000 1967 Catherine Lacoste ( a ) France The Homestead Hot Springs , VA 294 + 6 25,000 0 1966 Sandra Spuzich United States Hazeltine National Golf Club Chaska , MN 297 + 9 20,000 4,000 1965 Carol Mann United States Atlantic City Country Club Northfield , NJ 290 + 2 17,780 3,800 1964 Mickey Wright ( 4 ) United States San Diego Country Club Chula Vista , CA 290 − 2 9,900 2,090 1963 Mary Mills United States Kenwood Country Club Cincinnati , OH 289 − 3 9,000 1,900 1962 Murle Lindstrom United States Dunes Golf and Beach Club Myrtle Beach , SC 301 + 13 8,000 1,800 1961 Mickey Wright ( 3 ) United States Baltusrol Golf Club , Lower Course Springfield , NJ 293 + 5 8,000 1,800 1960 Betsy Rawls ( 4 ) United States Worcester Country Club Worcester , MA 292 + 4 7,200 1,710 1959 Mickey Wright ( 2 ) United States Churchill Valley Country Club Pittsburgh , PA 287 − 1 7,200 1,800 1958 Mickey Wright United States Forest Lake Country Club Bloomfield , MI 290 − 2 7,200 1,800 1957 Betsy Rawls ( 3 ) United States Winged Foot Golf Club , East Course Mamaroneck , NY 299 + 7 7,200 1,800 1956 Kathy Cornelius United States Northland Country Club Duluth , MN 302 + 11 6,000 1,500 1955 Fay Crocker Uruguay Wichita Country Club Wichita , KS 299 + 11 7,500 2,000 1954 Babe Zaharias ( 3 ) United States Salem Country Club Peabody , MA 291 + 3 7,500 2,000 1953 Betsy Rawls ( 2 ) United States Country Club of Rochester Rochester , NY 302 + 10 7,500 2,000 1952 Louise Suggs ( 2 ) United States Bala Golf Club Philadelphia , PA 284 + 8 7,500 1,750 1951 Betsy Rawls United States Druid Hills Golf Club Atlanta , GA 293 + 5 7,500 1,500 1950 Babe Zaharias ( 2 ) United States Rolling Hills Country Club Wichita , KS 291 − 9 5,000 1,250 1949 Louise Suggs United States Prince Georges Golf and Country Club Landover , MD 291 − 9 7,500 1,500 1948 Babe Zaharias United States Atlantic City Country Club Northfield , NJ 300 7,500 1,200 1947 Betty Jameson United States Starmount Forest Country Club Greensboro , NC 295 − 9 7,500 1,200 1946 Patty Berg † United States Spokane Country Club Spokane , WA 5&4 19,700 5,600 - Won in playoff ( a ) = Amateur † = Won 5 and 4 over Betty Jameson in 36 - hole match play final Jump up ^ The club is located in a portion of the Duluth postal area that became part of the newly incorporated city of Johns Creek in 2006 . Although the club is still served by the Duluth post office , it now lists its mailing address as Johns Creek . Multiple champions ( edit ) This table lists the golfers who have won more than one U.S. Women 's Open . Deceased golfer † Grand Slam winners ‡ Golfer Country Total Years Betsy Rawls United States 1951 , 1953 , 1957 , 1960 Mickey Wright ‡ United States 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1964 Babe Zaharias † United States 1948 , 1950 , 1954 Susie Berning United States 1968 , 1972 , 1973 Hollis Stacy United States 1977 , 1978 , 1984 Annika Sörenstam ‡ Sweden 1995 , 1996 , 2006 Louise Suggs ‡ United States 1949 , 1952 Donna Caponi United States 1969 , 1970 JoAnne Carner United States 1971 , 1976 Betsy King United States 1989 , 1990 Patty Sheehan United States 1992 , 1994 Karrie Webb ‡ Australia 2000 , 2001 Juli Inkster ‡ United States 1999 , 2002 Meg Mallon United States 1991 , 2004 Inbee Park South Korea 2008 , 2013 The defending champion has retained the title on seven occasions , most recently 17 years ago in 2001 : 2001 - Karrie Webb 1996 - Annika Sörenstam 1990 - Betsy King 1978 - Hollis Stacy 1973 - Susie Berning 1970 - Donna Caponi 1959 - Mickey Wright Through 2018 , three consecutive championships has not been achieved . Champions by nationality ( edit ) This table lists the total number of titles won by golfers of each nationality . Nationality Wins United States 51 South Korea 8 Sweden Australia England France Uruguay Thailand Future sites ( edit ) Year Course Location Dates 2019 Country Club of Charleston Charleston , South Carolina May 30 -- June 2 2020 Champions Golf Club , Cypress Creek Course Houston , Texas June 4 -- 7 2021 The Olympic Club , Lake Course San Francisco , California June 3 -- 6 2022 Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club Southern Pines , North Carolina June 2 -- 5 2023 Pebble Beach Golf Links Pebble Beach , California June 1 -- 4 Source : See also ( edit ) Golf portal Golf in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Women 's Open : History '' . USGA. 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Women 's Open Notebook '' . PGA Tour . Associated Press . June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Liz ( July 7 , 1998 ) . `` Pak wins Open on 92nd hole '' . Spokesman - Review . p . C1 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 U.S. Women 's Open : Fact Sheet '' . USGA . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shoal Creek to Host 2018 U.S. Women 's Open '' . USGA . May 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Open abandons 18 holes for 2 - hole playoff '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Women 's Open sectional qualifying complete '' . USGA . June 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Women 's Open Fact Sheet '' . USGA. 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 U.S. Open Qualifying '' . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Li , 11 , qualifies for U.S. Open '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Peter ( June 30 , 2007 ) . `` Thompson proves that youngsters can have fun '' . The Times . London . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 - 2010 - US Women 's Open - history - purses & winners ' shares '' ( PDF ) . LPGA . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Women 's Open to be played at Shoal Creek in Alabama in 2018 '' . PGA of America . Associated Press . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website United States Golf Association website Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal U.S. Women 's Open championships 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 LPGA major golf championships Current ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Past du Maurier Classic Titleholders Championship Women 's Western Open Related British Ladies Amateur U.S. Women 's Amateur See also Most wins Chronological Grand Slam LPGA Tour events Major championships ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Other tournaments Pure Silk - Bahamas LPGA Classic ISPS Handa Women 's Australian Open Honda LPGA Thailand HSBC Women 's World Championship Bank of Hope Founders Cup Kia Classic Lotte Championship Hugel - JTBC LA Open LPGA Mediheal Championship Volunteers of America LPGA Texas Classic Kingsmill Championship LPGA Volvik Championship ShopRite LPGA Classic Meijer LPGA Classic Walmart NW Arkansas Championship Thornberry Creek LPGA Classic Marathon Classic Aberdeen Standard Investments Ladies Scottish Open Indy Women in Tech Championship CP Women 's Open Cambia Portland Classic Sime Darby LPGA Malaysia LPGA KEB Hana Bank Championship Swinging Skirts LPGA Taiwan Championship Toto Japan Classic Blue Bay LPGA CME Group Tour Championship Team events Solheim Cup ( odd - numbered years ) International Crown ( even - numbered years ) Other Former events All events listed in chronological order . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Women%27s_Open_Championship_(golf)&oldid=854610076 '' Categories : United States Women 's Open Championship ( golf ) LPGA Tour events United States Golf Association championships Women 's major golf championships Women 's golf tournaments in the United States 1946 establishments in Washington ( state ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Svenska 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 15 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the women's golf us open | [
"\n\n\nYear\nChampion\nCountry\nVenue\nLocation\nScore\nTo par\nPurse ($)[12]\nWinner'sshare ($)\n\n\n2018\nAriya Jutanugarn\n Thailand\nShoal Creek Golf and Country Club\nShoal Creek, Alabama\n277\n−11 PO\n5,000,000\n900,000\n\n\n2017\nPark Sung-hyun\n South Korea\nTrump National Golf Club\nBedminster, NJ\n277\n−11\n5,000,000\n900,000\n\n\n2016\nBrittany Lang\n United States\nCordeValle Golf Club\nSan Martin, CA\n282\n−6 PO\n4,500,000\n810,000\n\n\n2015\nChun In-gee\n South Korea\nLancaster Country Club\nLancaster, PA\n272\n−8\n4,500,000\n810,000\n\n\n2014\nMichelle Wie\n United States\nPinehurst Resort, Course No. 2\nPinehurst, NC\n278\n−2\n4,000,000\n720,000\n\n\n2013\nInbee Park (2)\n South Korea\nSebonack Golf Club\nSouthampton, NY\n280\n−8\n3,250,000\n585,000\n\n\n2012\nChoi Na-yeon\n South Korea\nBlackwolf Run, composite course\nKohler, WI\n281\n−7\n3,250,000\n585,000\n\n\n2011\nRyu So-yeon\n South Korea\nBroadmoor Golf Club, East Course\nColorado Springs, CO\n281\n−3 PO\n3,250,000\n585,000\n\n\n2010\nPaula Creamer\n United States\nOakmont Country Club\nOakmont, PA\n281\n−3\n3,250,000\n585,000\n\n\n2009\nJi Eun-hee\n South Korea\nSaucon Valley Country Club\nBethlehem, PA\n284\nE\n3,250,000\n585,000\n\n\n2008\nInbee Park\n South Korea\nInterlachen Country Club\nEdina, MN\n283\n−9\n3,250,000\n585,000\n\n\n2007\nCristie Kerr\n United States\nPine Needles Lodge and Golf Club\nSouthern Pines, NC\n279\n−5\n3,100,000\n560,000\n\n\n2006\nAnnika Sörenstam (3)\n Sweden\nNewport Country Club\nNewport, RI\n284\nE PO\n3,100,000\n560,000\n\n\n2005\nBirdie Kim\n South Korea\nCherry Hills Country Club\nCherry Hills Village, CO\n287\n+3\n3,100,000\n560,000\n\n\n2004\nMeg Mallon (2)\n United States\nThe Orchards Golf Club\nSouth Hadley, MA\n274\n−10\n3,100,000\n560,000\n\n\n2003\nHilary Lunke\n United States\nPumpkin Ridge Golf Club, Witch Hollow Course\nNorth Plains, OR\n283\n−1 PO\n3,100,000\n560,000\n\n\n2002\nJuli Inkster (2)\n United States\nPrairie Dunes Golf Club\nHutchinson, KS\n276\n−4\n3,000,000\n535,000\n\n\n2001\nKarrie Webb (2)\n Australia\nPine Needles Lodge and Golf Club\nSouthern Pines, NC\n273\n−7\n2,900,000\n520,000\n\n\n2000\nKarrie Webb\n Australia\nMerit Club\nLibertyville, IL\n282\n−6\n2,750,000\n500,000\n\n\n1999\nJuli Inkster\n United States\nOld Waverly Golf Club\nWest Point, MS\n272\n−16\n1,750,000\n315,000\n\n\n1998\nPak Se-ri\n South Korea\nBlackwolf Run, composite course\nKohler, WI\n290\n+6 PO\n1,500,000\n267,500\n\n\n1997\nAlison Nicholas\n England\nPumpkin Ridge Golf Club, Witch Hollow Course\nNorth Plains, OR\n274\n−10\n1,300,000\n232,500\n\n\n1996\nAnnika Sörenstam (2)\n Sweden\nPine Needles Lodge and Golf Club\nSouthern Pines, NC\n272\n−8\n1,200,000\n212,500\n\n\n1995\nAnnika Sörenstam\n Sweden\nBroadmoor Golf Club, East Course\nColorado Springs, CO\n278\n−2\n1,000,000\n175,000\n\n\n1994\nPatty Sheehan (2)\n United States\nIndianwood Golf and Country Club, Old Course\nLake Orion, MI\n277\n−7\n850,000\n155,000\n\n\n1993\nLauri Merten\n United States\nCrooked Stick Golf Club\nCarmel, IN\n280\n−8\n800,000\n144,000\n\n\n1992\nPatty Sheehan\n United States\nOakmont Country Club\nOakmont, PA\n280\n−4 PO\n700,000\n130,000\n\n\n1991\nMeg Mallon\n United States\nColonial Country Club\nFort Worth, TX\n283\n−1\n600,000\n110,000\n\n\n1990\nBetsy King (2)\n United States\nAtlanta Athletic Club, Riverside Course\nDuluth, GA[N 1]\n284\n−4\n500,000\n85,000\n\n\n1989\nBetsy King\n United States\nIndianwood Golf and Country Club, Old Course\nLake Orion, MI\n278\n−2\n450,000\n80,000\n\n\n1988\nLiselotte Neumann\n Sweden\nBaltimore Country Club, Five Farms, East Course\nBaltimore, MD\n277\n−7\n400,000\n70,000\n\n\n1987\nLaura Davies\n England\nPlainfield Country Club\nEdison, NJ\n285\n−3 PO\n325,000\n55,000\n\n\n1986\nJane Geddes\n United States\nNCR Country Club\nKettering, OH\n287\n−1 PO\n300,000\n50,000\n\n\n1985\nKathy Baker\n United States\nBaltusrol Golf Club, Upper Course\nSpringfield, NJ\n280\n−8\n250,000\n41,975\n\n\n1984\nHollis Stacy (3)\n United States\nSalem Country Club\nPeabody, MA\n290\n+2\n225,000\n36,000\n\n\n1983\nJan Stephenson\n Australia\nCedar Ridge Country Club\nBroken Arrow, OK\n290\n+6\n200,000\n32,780\n\n\n1982\nJanet Alex\n United States\nDel Paso Country Club\nSacramento, CA\n283\n−5\n175,000\n27,315\n\n\n1981\nPat Bradley\n United States\nLa Grange Country Club\nLa Grange, IL\n279\n−9\n150,000\n22,000\n\n\n1980\nAmy Alcott\n United States\nRichland Country Club\nNashville, TN\n280\n−4\n140,000\n20,047\n\n\n1979\nJerilyn Britz\n United States\nBrooklawn Country Club\nFairfield, CT\n284\nE\n125,000\n19,000\n\n\n1978\nHollis Stacy (2)\n United States\nCountry Club of Indianapolis\nIndianapolis, IN\n289\n+5\n100,000\n15,000\n\n\n1977\nHollis Stacy\n United States\nHazeltine National Golf Club\nChaska, MN\n292\n+4\n75,000\n11,040\n\n\n1976\nJoAnne Carner (2)\n United States\nRolling Green Golf Club\nSpringfield, PA\n292\n+8 PO\n60,000\n9,054\n\n\n1975\nSandra Palmer\n United States\nAtlantic City Country Club\nNorthfield, NJ\n295\n+7\n55,000\n8,044\n\n\n1974\nSandra Haynie\n United States\nLa Grange Country Club\nLa Grange, IL\n295\n+7\n40,000\n6,073\n\n\n1973\nSusie Berning (3)\n United States\nCountry Club of Rochester\nRochester, NY\n290\n+2\n40,000\n6,000\n\n\n1972\nSusie Berning (2)\n United States\nWinged Foot Golf Club, East Course\nMamaroneck, NY\n299\n+11\n40,000\n6,000\n\n\n1971\nJoAnne Carner\n United States\nKahkwa Club\nErie, PA\n288\nE\n31,000\n5,000\n\n\n1970\nDonna Caponi (2)\n United States\nMuskogee Country Club\nMuskogee, OK\n287\n−1\n30,000\n5,000\n\n\n1969\nDonna Caponi\n United States\nScenic Hills Country Club\nPensacola, FL\n294\n+6\n31,040\n5,000\n\n\n1968\nSusie Berning\n United States\nMoselem Springs Golf Club\nFleetwood, PA\n289\n+5\n25,000\n5,000\n\n\n1967\nCatherine Lacoste (a)\n France\nThe Homestead\nHot Springs, VA\n294\n+6\n25,000\n0\n\n\n1966\nSandra Spuzich\n United States\nHazeltine National Golf Club\nChaska, MN\n297\n+9\n20,000\n4,000\n\n\n1965\nCarol Mann\n United States\nAtlantic City Country Club\nNorthfield, NJ\n290\n+2\n17,780\n3,800\n\n\n1964\nMickey Wright (4)\n United States\nSan Diego Country Club\nChula Vista, CA\n290\n−2 PO\n9,900\n2,090\n\n\n1963\nMary Mills\n United States\nKenwood Country Club\nCincinnati, OH\n289\n−3\n9,000\n1,900\n\n\n1962\nMurle Lindstrom\n United States\nDunes Golf and Beach Club\nMyrtle Beach, SC\n301\n+13\n8,000\n1,800\n\n\n1961\nMickey Wright (3)\n United States\nBaltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course\nSpringfield, NJ\n293\n+5\n8,000\n1,800\n\n\n1960\nBetsy Rawls (4)\n United States\nWorcester Country Club\nWorcester, MA\n292\n+4\n7,200\n1,710\n\n\n1959\nMickey Wright (2)\n United States\nChurchill Valley Country Club\nPittsburgh, PA\n287\n−1\n7,200\n1,800\n\n\n1958\nMickey Wright\n United States\nForest Lake Country Club\nBloomfield, MI\n290\n−2\n7,200\n1,800\n\n\n1957\nBetsy Rawls (3)\n United States\nWinged Foot Golf Club, East Course\nMamaroneck, NY\n299\n+7\n7,200\n1,800\n\n\n1956\nKathy Cornelius\n United States\nNorthland Country Club\nDuluth, MN\n302\n+11 PO\n6,000\n1,500\n\n\n1955\nFay Crocker\n Uruguay\nWichita Country Club\nWichita, KS\n299\n+11\n7,500\n2,000\n\n\n1954\nBabe Zaharias (3)\n United States\nSalem Country Club\nPeabody, MA\n291\n+3\n7,500\n2,000\n\n\n1953\nBetsy Rawls (2)\n United States\nCountry Club of Rochester\nRochester, NY\n302\n+10 PO\n7,500\n2,000\n\n\n1952\nLouise Suggs (2)\n United States\nBala Golf Club\nPhiladelphia, PA\n284\n+8\n7,500\n1,750\n\n\n1951\nBetsy Rawls\n United States\nDruid Hills Golf Club\nAtlanta, GA\n293\n+5\n7,500\n1,500\n\n\n1950\nBabe Zaharias (2)\n United States\nRolling Hills Country Club\nWichita, KS\n291\n−9\n5,000\n1,250\n\n\n1949\nLouise Suggs\n United States\nPrince Georges Golf and Country Club\nLandover, MD\n291\n−9\n7,500\n1,500\n\n\n1948\nBabe Zaharias\n United States\nAtlantic City Country Club\nNorthfield, NJ\n300\nE\n7,500\n1,200\n\n\n1947\nBetty Jameson\n United States\nStarmount Forest Country Club\nGreensboro, NC\n295\n−9\n7,500\n1,200\n\n\n1946\nPatty Berg †\n United States\nSpokane Country Club\nSpokane, WA\n5&4\n19,700\n5,600\n"
] | [
"Ariya Jutanugarn"
] |
-3410112939453314704 | Ten Commandments | Ten Commandments - wikipedia Ten Commandments Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ten Commandments ( disambiguation ) . `` Decalogue '' redirects here . For other uses , see Decalogue ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on The Ten Commandments I am the LORD thy God No other gods before me No graven images or likenesses Not take the LORD 's name in vain Remember the sabbath day Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness Thou shalt not covet Related articles Tablets of Stone Ritual Decalogue Catholic theology This 1768 parchment ( 612 × 502 mm ) by Jekuthiel Sofer emulated the 1675 Ten Commandments at the Amsterdam Esnoga synagogue . The Ten Commandments , also known as the Decalogue , are a set of biblical laws relating to ethics and worship , which play a fundamental role in Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . The commandments include instructions to worship only God , to honour one 's parents , and to keep the sabbath , as well as prohibitions against idolatry , blasphemy , murder , adultery , theft , dishonesty , and coveting . Different religious groups follow different traditions for interpreting and numbering them . The Ten Commandments appear twice in the Hebrew Bible , in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy . Modern scholarship has found likely influences in Hittite and Mesopotamian laws and treaties , but is divided over exactly when the Ten Commandments were written and who wrote them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Passages in Exodus and Deuteronomy 3 Traditions for numbering 4 Religious interpretations 4.1 Judaism 4.1. 1 Two tablets 4.1. 2 Use in Jewish ritual 4.2 Samaritan 4.3 Christianity 4.3. 1 References in the New Testament 4.3. 2 Roman Catholicism 4.3. 3 Orthodox 4.3. 4 Protestantism 4.3. 4.1 Lutheranism 4.3. 4.2 Reformed 4.3. 4.3 Methodist 4.3. 5 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints 4.4 Islam 4.5 Main points of interpretative difference 4.5. 1 Sabbath day 4.5. 2 Killing or murder 4.5. 3 Theft 4.5. 4 Idolatry 4.5. 5 Adultery 5 Critical historical analysis 5.1 Early theories 5.2 Hittite treaties 5.3 Dating 5.4 The Ritual Decalogue 6 United States debate over display on public property 7 Cultural references 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Terminology Part of the All Souls Deuteronomy , containing one of the oldest extant copies of the Decalogue In biblical Hebrew , the Ten Commandments are called עשרת הדברים ( transliterated aseret ha - d'varîm ) and in Rabbinical Hebrew עשרת הדברות ( transliterated asereth ha - dibrot ) , both translatable as `` the ten words '' , `` the ten sayings '' , or `` the ten matters '' . The Tyndale and Coverdale English translations used `` ten verses '' . The Geneva Bible used `` tenne commandements '' , which was followed by the Bishops ' Bible and the Authorized Version ( the `` King James '' version ) as `` ten commandments '' . Most major English versions use `` commandments . '' The English name `` Decalogue '' is derived from Greek δεκάλογος , dekalogos , the latter meaning and referring to the Greek translation ( in accusative ) δέκα λόγους , deka logous , `` ten words '' , found in the Septuagint ( or LXX ) at Exodus 34 : 28 and Deuteronomy 10 : 4 . The stone tablets , as opposed to the commandments inscribed on them , are called לוחות הברית , Luchot HaBrit , meaning `` the tablets of the covenant '' . Passages in Exodus and Deuteronomy The biblical narrative of the revelation at Sinai begins in Exodus 19 after the arrival of the children of Israel at Mount Sinai ( also called Horeb ) . On the morning of the third day of their encampment , `` there were thunders and lightnings , and a thick cloud upon the mount , and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud '' , and the people assembled at the base of the mount . After `` the LORD came down upon mount Sinai '' , Moses went up briefly and returned and prepared the people , and then in Exodus 20 `` God spoke '' to all the people the words of the covenant , that is , the `` ten commandments '' as it is written . Modern biblical scholarship differs as to whether Exodus 19 - 20 describes the people of Israel as having directly heard all or some of the decalogue , or whether the laws are only passed to them through Moses . The people were afraid to hear more and moved `` afar off '' , and Moses responded with `` Fear not . '' Nevertheless , he drew near the `` thick darkness '' where `` the presence of the Lord '' was to hear the additional statutes and `` judgments '' , all which he `` wrote '' in the `` book of the covenant '' which he read to the people the next morning , and they agreed to be obedient and do all that the LORD had said . Moses escorted a select group consisting of Aaron , Nadab and Abihu , and `` seventy of the elders of Israel '' to a location on the mount where they worshipped `` afar off '' and they `` saw the God of Israel '' above a `` paved work '' like clear sapphire stone . And the LORD said unto Moses , Come up to me into the mount , and be there : and I will give thee tablets of stone , and a law , and commandments which I have written ; that thou mayest teach them . And Moses rose up , and his minister Joshua : and Moses went up into the mount of God . -- First mention of the tablets in Exodus 24 : 12 -- 13 Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law ( 1659 ) by Rembrandt . ( Gemäldegalerie , Berlin ) The mount was covered by the cloud for six days , and on the seventh day Moses went into the midst of the cloud and was `` in the mount forty days and forty nights . '' And Moses said , `` the LORD delivered unto me two tablets of stone written with the finger of God ; and on them was written according to all the words , which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly . '' Before the full forty days expired , the children of Israel collectively decided that something had happened to Moses , and compelled Aaron to fashion a golden calf , and he `` built an altar before it '' and the people `` worshipped '' the calf . After the full forty days , Moses and Joshua came down from the mountain with the tablets of stone : `` And it came to pass , as soon as he came nigh unto the camp , that he saw the calf , and the dancing : and Moses ' anger waxed hot , and he cast the tablets out of his hands , and brake them beneath the mount . '' After the events in chapters 32 and 33 , the LORD told Moses , `` Hew thee two tablets of stone like unto the first : and I will write upon these tablets the words that were in the first tablets , which thou brakest . '' `` And he wrote on the tablets , according to the first writing , the ten commandments , which the LORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly : and the LORD gave them unto me . '' According to Jewish tradition , Exodus 20 : 1 -- 17 constitutes God 's first recitation and inscription of the ten commandments on the two tablets , which Moses broke in anger with his rebellious nation , and were later rewritten on replacement stones and placed in the ark of the covenant ; and Deuteronomy 5 : 4 -- 20 consists of God 's re-telling of the Ten Commandments to the younger generation who were to enter the Promised Land . The passages in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 contain more than ten imperative statements , totalling 14 or 15 in all . Traditions for numbering Different religious traditions divide the seventeen verses of Exodus 20 : 1 -- 17 and their parallels at Deuteronomy 5 : 4 -- 21 into ten `` commandments '' or `` sayings '' in different ways , shown in the table below . Some suggest that the number ten is a choice to aid memorization rather than a matter of theology . Traditions : LXX : Septuagint , generally followed by Orthodox Christians . P : Philo , same as the Septuagint , but with the prohibitions on killing and adultery reversed . S : Samaritan Pentateuch , with an additional commandment about Mount Gerizim as 10th . T : Jewish Talmud , makes the `` prologue '' the first `` saying '' or `` matter '' and combines the prohibition on worshiping deities other than Yahweh with the prohibition on idolatry . A : Augustine follows the Talmud in combining verses 3 -- 6 , but omits the prologue as a commandment and divides the prohibition on coveting in two and following the word order of Deuteronomy 5 : 21 rather than Exodus 20 : 17 . C : Catechism of the Catholic Church , largely follows Augustine . L : Lutherans follow Luther 's Large Catechism , which follows Augustine but omits the prohibition of images and uses the word order of Exodus 20 : 17 rather than Deuteronomy 5 : 21 for the ninth and tenth commandments . R : Reformed Christians follow John Calvin 's Institutes of the Christian Religion , which follows the Septuagint ; this system is also used in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer . The Ten Commandments LXX Main article Exodus 20 : 1 - 17 Deuteronomy 5 : 4 - 21 -- -- -- -- -- ( 1 ) I am the Lord thy God , which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt , out of the house of bondage . 6 Thou shalt have no other gods before me 7 Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image 4 -- 6 8 -- 10 Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain 7 11 Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy 8 -- 11 12 -- 15 5 5 5 5 Honour thy father and thy mother 12 16 6 7 5 6 5 5 5 6 Thou shalt not kill 13 17 7 6 6 7 6 6 6 7 Thou shalt not commit adultery 14 18 8 8 7 8 7 7 7 8 Thou shalt not steal 15 19 9 9 8 9 8 8 8 9 Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour 16 20 10 10 9 10 10 10 9 10 Thou shalt not covet ( neighbour 's house ) 17a 21b 10 10 9 10 9 9 10 10 Thou shalt not covet ( neighbour 's wife ) 17b 21a 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 Thou shalt not covet ( neighbour 's servants , animals , or anything else ) 17c 21c -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- Ye shall erect these stones which I command thee upon Mount Gerizim 17d ( Samaritan ) 21d ( Samaritan ) All scripture quotes above are from the King James Version . Click on verses at top of columns for other versions . Religious interpretations The Ten Commandments concern matters of fundamental importance in Judaism , Christianity and Islam : the greatest obligation ( to worship only God ) , the greatest injury to a person ( murder ) , the greatest injury to family bonds ( adultery ) , the greatest injury to commerce and law ( bearing false witness ) , the greatest inter-generational obligation ( honour to parents ) , the greatest obligation to community ( truthfulness ) , the greatest injury to moveable property ( theft ) . The Ten Commandments are written with room for varying interpretation , reflecting their role as a summary of fundamental principles . They are not as explicit or detailed as rules or many other biblical laws and commandments , because they provide guiding principles that apply universally , across changing circumstances . They do not specify punishments for their violation . Their precise import must be worked out in each separate situation . The Bible indicates the special status of the Ten Commandments among all other Torah laws in several ways : They have a uniquely terse style . Of all the biblical laws and commandments , the Ten Commandments alone are said to have been `` written with the finger of God '' ( Exodus 31 : 18 ) . The stone tablets were placed in the Ark of the Covenant ( Exodus 25 : 21 , Deuteronomy 10 : 2 , 5 ) . Judaism The Ten Commandments form the basis of Jewish law , stating God 's universal and timeless standard of right and wrong -- unlike the rest of the 613 commandments in the Torah , which include , for example , various duties and ceremonies such as the kashrut dietary laws , and now unobservable rituals to be performed by priests in the Holy Temple . Jewish tradition considers the Ten Commandments the theological basis for the rest of the commandments ; a number of works , starting with Rabbi Saadia Gaon , have made groupings of the commandments according to their links with the Ten Commandments . The traditional Rabbinical Jewish belief is that the observance of these commandments and the other mitzvot are required solely of the Jewish people and that the laws incumbent on humanity in general are outlined in the seven Noahide laws , several of which overlap with the Ten Commandments . In the era of the Sanhedrin transgressing any one of six of the Ten Commandments theoretically carried the death penalty , the exceptions being the First Commandment , honouring your father and mother , saying God 's name in vain , and coveting , though this was rarely enforced due to a large number of stringent evidentiary requirements imposed by the oral law . Two tablets Main article : Tablets of Stone The arrangement of the commandments on the two tablets is interpreted in different ways in the classical Jewish tradition . Rabbi Hanina ben Gamaliel says that each tablet contained five commandments , `` but the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other '' , that is , that the tablets were duplicates . This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of the ancient Near East , in which a copy was made for each party . According to the Talmud , the compendium of traditional Rabbinic Jewish law , tradition , and interpretation , one interpretation of the biblical verse `` the tablets were written on both their sides '' , is that the carving went through the full thickness of the tablets , yet was miraculously legible from both sides . Use in Jewish ritual The Ten Commandments on a glass plate The Mishna records that during the period of the Second Temple , the Ten Commandments were recited daily , before the reading of the Shema Yisrael ( as preserved , for example , in the Nash Papyrus , a Hebrew manuscript fragment from 150 -- 100 BCE found in Egypt , containing a version of the ten commandments and the beginning of the Shema ) ; but that this practice was abolished in the synagogues so as not to give ammunition to heretics who claimed that they were the only important part of Jewish law , or to dispute a claim by early Christians that only the Ten Commandments were handed down at Mount Sinai rather than the whole Torah . In later centuries rabbis continued to omit the Ten Commandments from daily liturgy in order to prevent a confusion among Jews that they are only bound by the Ten Commandments , and not also by many other biblical and Talmudic laws , such as the requirement to observe holy days other than the sabbath . Today , the Ten Commandments are heard in the synagogue three times a year : as they come up during the readings of Exodus and Deuteronomy , and during the festival of Shavuot . The Exodus version is read in parashat Yitro around late January -- February , and on the festival of Shavuot , and the Deuteronomy version in parashat Va'etchanan in August -- September . In some traditions , worshipers rise for the reading of the Ten Commandments to highlight their special significance though many rabbis , including Maimonides , have opposed this custom since one may come to think that the Ten Commandments are more important than the rest of the Mitzvot . In printed Chumashim , as well as in those in manuscript form , the Ten Commandments carry two sets of cantillation marks . The ta'am ' elyon ( upper accentuation ) , which makes each Commandment into a separate verse , is used for public Torah reading , while the ta'am tachton ( lower accentuation ) , which divides the text into verses of more even length , is used for private reading or study . The verse numbering in Jewish Bibles follows the ta'am tachton . In Jewish Bibles the references to the Ten Commandments are therefore Exodus 20 : 2 -- 14 and Deuteronomy 5 : 6 -- 18 . Samaritan The Samaritan Pentateuch varies in the Ten Commandments passages , both in that the Samaritan Deuteronomical version of the passage is much closer to that in Exodus , and in that Samaritans count as nine commandments what others count as ten . The Samaritan tenth commandment is on the sanctity of Mount Gerizim . The text of the Samaritan tenth commandment follows : And it shall come to pass when the Lord thy God will bring thee into the land of the Canaanites whither thou goest to take possession of it , thou shalt erect unto thee large stones , and thou shalt cover them with lime , and thou shalt write upon the stones all the words of this Law , and it shall come to pass when ye cross the Jordan , ye shall erect these stones which I command thee upon Mount Gerizim , and thou shalt build there an altar unto the Lord thy God , an altar of stones , and thou shalt not lift upon them iron , of perfect stones shalt thou build thine altar , and thou shalt bring upon it burnt offerings to the Lord thy God , and thou shalt sacrifice peace offerings , and thou shalt eat there and rejoice before the Lord thy God . That mountain is on the other side of the Jordan at the end of the road towards the going down of the sun in the land of the Canaanites who dwell in the Arabah facing Gilgal close by Elon Moreh facing Shechem . Christianity See also : Christian views on the Old Covenant Most traditions of Christianity hold that the Ten Commandments have divine authority and continue to be valid , though they have different interpretations and uses of them . The Apostolic Constitutions , which implore believers to `` always remember the ten commands of God , '' reveal the importance of the Decalogue in the early Church . Through most of Christian history the decalogue was considered a summary of God 's law and standard of behaviour , central to Christian life , piety , and worship . References in the New Testament See also : Matthew 5 § Antitheses During his Sermon on the Mount , Jesus explicitly referenced the prohibitions against murder and adultery . In Matthew 19 : 16 - 19 Jesus repeated five of the Ten Commandments , followed by that commandment called `` the second '' ( Matthew 22 : 34 - 40 ) after the first and great commandment . And , behold , one came and said unto him , Good Master , what good thing shall I do , that I may have eternal life ? And he said unto him , Why callest thou me good ? there is none good but one , that is , God : but if thou wilt enter into life , keep the commandments . He saith unto him , Which ? Jesus said , Thou shalt do no murder , Thou shalt not commit adultery , Thou shalt not steal , Thou shalt not bear false witness , Honour thy father and thy mother : and , Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself . -- Matthew 19 : 16 - 19 In his Epistle to the Romans , Paul the Apostle also mentioned five of the Ten Commandments and associated them with the neighbourly love commandment . Romans 13 : 8 Owe no man any thing , but to love one another : for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law . 9 For this , Thou shalt not commit adultery , Thou shalt not kill , Thou shalt not steal , Thou shalt not bear false witness , Thou shalt not covet ; and if there be any other commandment , it is briefly comprehended in this saying , namely , Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself . 10 Love worketh no ill to his neighbour : therefore love is the fulfilling of the law . -- Romans 13 : 8 - 10 KJV Roman Catholicism Main article : Ten Commandments in Catholic theology In Roman Catholicism , Jesus freed Christians from the rest of Jewish religious law , but not from their obligation to keep the Ten Commandments . It has been said that they are to the moral order what the creation story is to the natural order . According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church -- the official exposition of the Catholic Church 's Christian beliefs -- the Commandments are considered essential for spiritual good health and growth , and serve as the basis for social justice . Church teaching of the Commandments is largely based on the Old and New Testaments and the writings of the early Church Fathers . In the New Testament , Jesus acknowledged their validity and instructed his disciples to go further , demanding a righteousness exceeding that of the scribes and Pharisees . Summarized by Jesus into two `` great commandments '' that teach the love of God and love of neighbour , they instruct individuals on their relationships with both . Orthodox The Eastern Orthodox Church holds its moral truths to be chiefly contained in the Ten Commandments . A confession begins with the Confessor reciting the Ten Commandments and asking the penitent which of them he has broken . Protestantism See also : Law and Gospel After rejecting the Roman Catholic moral theology , giving more importance to biblical law and the gospel , early Protestant theologians continued to take the Ten Commandments as the starting point of Christian moral life . Different versions of Christianity have varied in how they have translated the bare principles into the specifics that make up a full Christian ethic . A Christian school in India displays the Ten Commandments Lutheranism The Lutheran division of the commandments follows the one established by St. Augustine , following the then current synagogue scribal division . The first three commandments govern the relationship between God and humans , the fourth through eighth govern public relationships between people , and the last two govern private thoughts . See Luther 's Small Catechism and Large Catechism . Reformed The Articles of the Church of England , Revised and altered by the Assembly of Divines , at Westminster , in the year 1643 state that `` no Christian man whatsoever is free from the obedience of the commandments which are called moral . By the moral law , we understand all the Ten Commandments taken in their full extent . '' The Westminster Confession , held by Presbyterian Churches , holds that the moral law contained in the Ten Commandments `` does forever bind all , as well justified persons as others , to the obedience thereof '' . Methodist The moral law contained in the Ten Commandments , according to the founder of the Methodist movement John Wesley , was instituted from the beginning of the world and is written on the hearts of all people . As with the Reformed view , Wesley held that the moral law , which is contained in the Ten Commandments , stands today : Every part of this law must remain in force upon all mankind in all ages , as not depending either on time or place , nor on any other circumstances liable to change ; but on the nature of God and the nature of man , and their unchangeable relation to each other '' ( Wesley 's Sermons , Vol . I , Sermon 25 ) . In keeping with Wesleyan covenant theology , `` while the ceremonial law was abolished in Christ and the whole Mosaic dispensation itself was concluded upon the appearance of Christ , the moral law remains a vital component of the covenant of grace , having Christ as its perfecting end . '' As such , in Methodism , an `` important aspect of the pursuit of sanctification is the careful following '' of the Ten Commandments . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints According to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS ) doctrine , Jesus completed rather than rejected the Mosaic Law . The Ten Commandments are considered eternal gospel principles necessary for exaltation . They appear in the Book of Mosiah 12 : 34 -- 36 , 13 : 15 -- 16 , 13 : 21 -- 24 and Doctrine and Covenants . According to the Book of Mosiah , a prophet named Abinadi taught the Ten Commandments in the court of King Noah and was martyred for his righteousness . Abinadi knew the Ten Commandments from the brass plates . In an October 2010 address , LDS president and prophet Thomas S. Monson taught `` The Ten Commandments are just that -- commandments . They are not suggestions . '' The Strangite denomination has different views of the Decalogue . Islam The Quran includes a version of the Ten Commandments in sura Al - An'am 6 : 151 : `` Say : `` Come , I will rehearse what Allah hath ( really ) prohibited you from '' : ( 1 ) worship not anything with Him ( God ) ; ( 2 ) be good to your parents ; ( 3 ) kill not your children on a plea of want ; - We provide sustenance for you and for them ; - ( 4 ) come not near indecent deeds ( adultery ) . Whether open or secret ; ( 5 ) do not kill the soul , which Allah has made sacred , except by way of justice and law : thus doth He command you , that ye may learn wisdom . ( 6 ) and come not near the property of the orphan , except to improve it , until he attain the age of full strength ; ( 7 ) give measure and weight with ( full ) justice ; - no burden do we place on any soul , but that which it can bear ; - ( 8 ) when you speak , speak justly , even if a near relative is concerned ; ( 9 ) and fulfill the covenant of Allah . thus doth He command you , that ye may remember . ( 10 ) and this is God 's straight path , so follow it and do not follow other ways , lest you be separated from His way . This He has instructed you that you will be righteous . '' Another Chapter of The Quran also includes a version of the Ten Commandments in sura Al - Isra 17 : 22 : `` ( 1 ) Do not make ( as equal ) with Allah another deity and ( thereby ) become censured and forsaken And your Lord has decreed that you not worship except Him , ( 2 ) and to parents , good treatment . Whether one or both of them reach old age ( while ) with you , say not to them ( so much as ) , `` uff , '' and do not repel them but speak to them a noble word . And lower to them the wing of humility out of mercy and say , `` My Lord , have mercy upon them as they brought me up ( when I was ) small . '' Your Lord is most knowing of what is within yourselves . If you should be righteous ( in intention ) - then indeed He is ever , to the often returning ( to Him ) , Forgiving. ( 3 ) And give the relative his right , and ( also ) the poor and the traveler , and do not spend wastefully . Indeed , the wasteful are brothers of the devils , and ever has Satan been to his Lord ungrateful. And if you ( must ) turn away from the needy awaiting mercy from your Lord which you expect , then speak to them a gentle word. And do not make your hand ( as ) chained to your neck or extend it completely and ( thereby ) become blamed and insolvent. Indeed , your Lord extends provision for whom He wills and restricts ( it ) . Indeed , He is ever , concerning His servants , Acquainted and Seeing. And do not kill your children for fear of poverty . We provide for them and for you . Indeed , their killing is ever a great sin . ( 4 ) And do not approach unlawful sexual intercourse . Indeed , it is ever an immorality and is evil as a way . ( 5 ) And do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden , except by right . And whoever is killed unjustly - We have given his heir authority , but let him not exceed limits in ( the matter of ) taking life . Indeed , he has been supported ( by the law ) . ( 6 ) And do not approach the property of an orphan , except in the way that is best , until he reaches maturity . And fulfill ( every ) commitment . Indeed , the commitment is ever ( that about which one will be ) questioned . ( 7 ) And give full measure when you measure , and weigh with an even balance . That is the best ( way ) and best in result . ( 8 ) And do not pursue that of which you have no knowledge . Indeed , the hearing , the sight and the heart - about all those ( one ) will be questioned . ( 9 ) And do not walk upon the earth exultantly . Indeed , you will never tear the earth ( apart ) , and you will never reach the mountains in height . All All that - its evil is ever , in the sight of your Lord , detested . That is from what your Lord has revealed to you of wisdom . ( 10 ) And , ( O mankind ) , do not make ( as equal ) with Allah another deity , lest you be thrown into Hell , blamed and banished. `` . According to Abdullah Ibn Abbas ° the verses of Chapter 17 Al - Isra are the Quranic version of the ten Commandments Verses 22 to 39 Main points of interpretative difference Sabbath day See also : Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy ; Shabbat ; and Judaizers All Abrahamic religions observe a weekly day of rest , often called the Sabbath , although the actual day of the week ranges from Friday in Islam , Saturday in Judaism ( both reckoned from dusk to dusk ) , and Sunday , from midnight to midnight , in Christianity . Sabbath in Christianity is a day of rest from work , often dedicated to religious observance , derived from the Biblical Sabbath . Non-Sabbatarianism is the principle of Christian liberty from being bound to physical sabbath observance . Most dictionaries provide both first - day and seventh - day definitions for `` sabbath '' and `` Sabbatarian '' , among other related uses . Observing the Sabbath on Sunday , the day of resurrection , gradually became the dominant Christian practice from the Jewish - Roman wars onward . The Church 's general repudiation of Jewish practices during this period is apparent in the Council of Laodicea ( 4th century AD ) where Canons 37 -- 38 state : `` It is not lawful to receive portions sent from the feasts of Jews or heretics , nor to feast together with them '' and `` It is not lawful to receive unleavened bread from the Jews , nor to be partakers of their impiety '' . Canon 29 of the Laodicean council specifically refers to the sabbath : `` Christians must not judaize by resting on the ( Jewish ) Sabbath , but must work on that day , rather honouring the Lord 's Day ; and , if they can , resting then as Christians . But if any shall be found to be judaizers , let them be anathema from Christ . '' Killing or murder Main article : Thou shalt not kill The Sixth Commandment , as translated by the Book of Common Prayer ( 1549 ) . The image is from the altar screen of the Temple Church near the Law Courts in London . Multiple translations exist of the fifth / sixth commandment ; the Hebrew words לא תרצח ( lo tirtzach ) are variously translated as `` thou shalt not kill '' or `` thou shalt not murder '' . The imperative is against unlawful killing resulting in bloodguilt . The Hebrew Bible contains numerous prohibitions against unlawful killing , but does not prohibit killing in the context of warfare ( 1Kings 2 : 5 -- 6 ) , capital punishment ( Leviticus 20 : 9 -- 16 ) and self - defence ( Exodus 22 : 2 -- 3 ) , which are considered justified . The New Testament is in agreement that murder is a grave moral evil , and references the Old Testament view of bloodguilt . Theft Main article : Thou shalt not steal Some academic theologians , including German Old Testament scholar Albrecht Alt : Das Verbot des Diebstahls im Dekalog ( 1953 ) , suggest that the commandment translated as `` thou shalt not steal '' was originally intended against stealing people -- against abductions and slavery , in agreement with the Talmudic interpretation of the statement as `` thou shalt not kidnap '' ( Sanhedrin 86a ) . Idolatry Main articles : Idolatry , Idolatry in Judaism , and Idolatry in Christianity Idolatry is forbidden in all Abrahamic religions . In Judaism there is a prohibition against worshipping an idol or a representation of God , but there is no restriction on art or simple depictions . Islam has a stronger prohibition , banning representations of God , and in some cases of Muhammad , humans and , in some interpretations , any living creature . In Christianity 's earliest centuries , some Christians had informally adorned their homes and places of worship with images of Christ and the saints , which others thought inappropriate . No church council had ruled on whether such practices constituted idolatry . The controversy reached crisis level in the 8th century , during the period of iconoclasm : the smashing of icons . In 726 Emperor Leo III ordered all images removed from all churches ; in 730 a council forbade veneration of images , citing the Second Commandment ; in 787 the Seventh Ecumenical Council reversed the preceding rulings , condemning iconoclasm and sanctioning the veneration of images ; in 815 Leo V called yet another council , which reinstated iconoclasm ; in 843 Empress Theodora again reinstated veneration of icons . This mostly settled the matter until the Protestant Reformation , when John Calvin declared that the ruling of the Seventh Ecumenical Council `` emanated from Satan '' . Protestant iconoclasts at this time destroyed statues , pictures , stained glass , and artistic masterpieces . The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Theodora 's restoration of the icons every year on the First Sunday of Great Lent . Eastern Orthodox tradition teaches that while images of God , the Father , remain prohibited , depictions of Jesus as the incarnation of God as a visible human are permissible . To emphasize the theological importance of the incarnation , the Orthodox Church encourages the use of icons in church and private devotions , but prefers a two - dimensional depiction as a reminder of this theological aspect . Icons depict the spiritual dimension of their subject rather than attempting a naturalistic portrayal . In modern use ( usually as a result of Roman Catholic influence ) , more naturalistic images and images of the Father , however , also appear occasionally in Orthodox churches , but statues , i.e. three - dimensional depictions , continue to be banned . The Roman Catholic Church holds that one may build and use `` likenesses '' , as long as the object is not worshipped . Many Roman Catholic Churches and services feature images ; some feature statues . For Roman Catholics , this practice is understood as fulfilling the Second Commandment , as they understand that these images are not being worshipped . For Jews and Muslims , veneration violates the Second Commandment . Jews and Muslims read this commandment as prohibiting the use of idols and images in any way . For this reason , Jewish Temples and Islamic Mosques do not have pictures of God , saints or prophets . Some Protestants will picture Jesus in his human form , while refusing to make any image of God or Jesus in Heaven . Strict Amish people forbid any sort of image , such as photographs . Adultery Originally this commandment forbade male Israelites from having sexual intercourse with the wife of another Israelite ; the prohibition did not extend to their own slaves . Sexual intercourse between an Israelite man , married or not , and a woman who was neither married nor betrothed was not considered adultery . This concept of adultery stems from the economic aspect of Israelite marriage whereby the husband has an exclusive right to his wife , whereas the wife , as the husband 's possession , did not have an exclusive right to her husband . Critical historical analysis Early theories Critical scholarship is divided over its interpretation of the ten commandment texts . Julius Wellhausen 's influential hypothesis regarding the formation of the Pentateuch suggests that Exodus 20 - 23 and 34 `` might be regarded as the document which formed the starting point of the religious history of Israel . '' Deuteronomy 5 then reflects King Josiah 's attempt to link the document produced by his court to the older Mosaic tradition . In a 2002 analysis of the history of this position , Bernard M. Levinson argued that this reconstruction assumes a Christian perspective , and dates back to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 's polemic against Judaism , which asserted that religions evolve from the more ritualistic to the more ethical . Goethe thus argued that the Ten Commandments revealed to Moses at Mt . Sinai would have emphasized rituals , and that the `` ethical '' Decalogue Christians recite in their own churches was composed at a later date , when Israelite prophets had begun to prophesy the coming of the messiah , Jesus Christ . Levinson points out that there is no evidence , internal to the Hebrew Bible or in external sources , to support this conjecture . He concludes that its vogue among later critical historians represents the persistence of the idea that the supersession of Judaism by Christianity is part of a longer history of progress from the ritualistic to the ethical . By the 1930s , historians who accepted the basic premises of multiple authorship had come to reject the idea of an orderly evolution of Israelite religion . Critics instead began to suppose that law and ritual could be of equal importance , while taking different form , at different times . This means that there is no longer any a priori reason to believe that Exodus 20 : 2 -- 17 and Exodus 34 : 10 -- 28 were composed during different stages of Israelite history . For example , critical historian John Bright also dates the Jahwist texts to the tenth century BCE , but believes that they express a theology that `` had already been normalized in the period of the Judges '' ( i.e. , of the tribal alliance ) . He concurs about the importance of the decalogue as `` a central feature in the covenant that brought together Israel into being as a people '' but views the parallels between Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 , along with other evidence , as reason to believe that it is relatively close to its original form and Mosaic in origin . Hittite treaties According to John Bright , however , there is an important distinction between the Decalogue and the `` book of the covenant '' ( Exodus 21 - 23 and 34 : 10 -- 24 ) . The Decalogue , he argues , was modelled on the suzerainty treaties of the Hittites ( and other Mesopotamian Empires ) , that is , represents the relationship between God and Israel as a relationship between king and vassal , and enacts that bond . `` The prologue of the Hittite treaty reminds his vassals of his benevolent acts ... ( compare with Exodus 20 : 2 `` I am the LORD your God , who brought you out of the land of Egypt , out of the house of slavery '' ) . The Hittite treaty also stipulated the obligations imposed by the ruler on his vassals , which included a prohibition of relations with peoples outside the empire , or enmity between those within . '' ( Exodus 20 : 3 : `` You shall have no other gods before Me '' ) . Viewed as a treaty rather than a law code , its purpose is not so much to regulate human affairs as to define the scope of the king 's power . Julius Morgenstern argued that Exodus 34 is distinct from the Jahwist document , identifying it with king Asa 's reforms in 899 BCE . Bright , however , believes that like the Decalogue this text has its origins in the time of the tribal alliance . The book of the covenant , he notes , bears a greater similarity to Mesopotamian law codes ( e.g. the Code of Hammurabi which was inscribed on a stone stele ) . He argues that the function of this `` book '' is to move from the realm of treaty to the realm of law : `` The Book of the Covenant ( Ex. , chs. 21 to 23 ; cf . ch. 34 ) , which is no official state law , but a description of normative Israelite judicial procedure in the days of the Judges , is the best example of this process . '' According to Bright , then , this body of law too predates the monarchy . Hilton J. Blik writes that the phrasing in the Decalogue 's instructions suggests that it was conceived in a mainly polytheistic milieu , evident especially in the formulation of the henotheistic `` no - other - gods - before - me '' commandment . Dating If the Ten Commandments are based on Hittite forms , it would date them to somewhere between the 14th - 12th century BCE . Archaeologists Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman argue that `` the astonishing composition came together ... in the seventh century BCE '' . Critical scholar Yehezkel Kaufmann ( 1960 ) dates the oral form of the covenant to the time of Josiah . An even later date ( after 586 BCE ) is suggested by David H. Aaron . The ritual Decalogue Main article : Ritual Decalogue Some proponents of the Documentary hypothesis have argued that the biblical text in Exodus 34 : 28 identifies a different list as the ten commandments , that of Exodus 34 : 11 -- 27 . Since this passage does not prohibit murder , adultery , theft , etc. , but instead deals with the proper worship of Yahweh , some scholars call it the `` Ritual Decalogue '' , and disambiguate the ten commandments of traditional understanding as the `` Ethical Decalogue '' . According to these scholars the Bible includes multiple versions of events . On the basis of many points of analysis including linguistic it is shown as a patchwork of sources sometimes with bridging comments by the editor ( Redactor ) but otherwise left intact from the original , frequently side by side . Richard Elliott Friedman argues that the Ten Commandments at Exodus 20 : 1 -- 17 `` does not appear to belong to any of the major sources . It is likely to be an independent document , which was inserted here by the Redactor . '' In his view , the Covenant Code follows that version of the Ten Commandments in the northern Israel E narrative . In the J narrative in Exodus 34 the editor of the combined story known as the Redactor ( or RJE ) , adds in an explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets which were shattered . `` In the combined JE text , it would be awkward to picture God just commanding Moses to make some tablets , as if there were no history to this matter , so RJE adds the explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets that were shattered . '' He writes that Exodus 34 : 14 -- 26 is the J text of the Ten Commandments : `` The first two commandments and the sabbath commandment have parallels in the other versions of the Ten Commandments . ( Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 ). ... The other seven commandments here are completely different . '' He suggests that differences in the J and E versions of the Ten Commandments story are a result of power struggles in the priesthood . The writer has Moses smash the tablets `` because this raised doubts about the Judah 's central religious shrine '' . According to Kaufmann , the Decalogue and the book of the covenant represent two ways of manifesting God 's presence in Israel : the Ten Commandments taking the archaic and material form of stone tablets kept in the ark of the covenant , while the book of the covenant took oral form to be recited to the people . United States debate over display on public property See also : Roy Moore , Van Orden v. Perry , and Separation of church and state in the United States Ten Commandments display at the Texas State Capitol in Austin . European Protestants replaced some visual art in their churches with plaques of the Ten Commandments after the Reformation . In England , such `` Decalogue boards '' also represented the English monarch 's emphasis on rule of royal law within the churches . The United States Constitution forbids establishment of religion by law ; however images of Moses holding the tablets of the Decalogue , along other religious figures including Solomon , Confucius , and Mohamed holding the Qur'an , are sculpted on the north and south friezes of the pediment of the Supreme Court building in Washington . Images of the Ten Commandments have long been contested symbols for the relationship of religion to national law . In the 1950s and 1960s the Fraternal Order of Eagles placed possibly thousands of Ten Commandments displays in courthouses and school rooms , including many stone monuments on courthouse property . Because displaying the commandments can reflect a sectarian position if they are numbered ( see above ) , the Eagles developed an ecumenical version that omitted the numbers , as on the monument at the Texas capitol ( shown here ) . Hundreds of monuments were also placed by director Cecil B. DeMille as a publicity stunt to promote his 1956 film The Ten Commandments . Placing the plaques and monuments to the Ten Commandments in and around government buildings was another expression of mid-twentieth century U.S. civil religion , along with adding the phrase `` under God '' to the Pledge of Allegiance . By the beginning of the twenty - first century in the U.S. , however , Decalogue monuments and plaques in government spaces had become a legal battleground between religious as well as political liberals and conservatives . Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) and Americans United for Separation of Church and State launched lawsuits challenging the posting of the ten commandments in public buildings . The ACLU has been supported by a number of religious groups ( such as the Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) , and the American Jewish Congress ) , both because they do not want government to be issuing religious doctrine and because they feel strongly that the commandments are inherently religious . Many commentators see this issue as part of a wider culture war between liberal and conservative elements in American society . In response to the perceived attacks on traditional society , other legal organizations , such as the Liberty Counsel , have risen to advocate the conservative interpretation . Many Christian conservatives have taken the banning of officially sanctioned prayer from public schools by the U.S. Supreme Court as a threat to the expression of religion in public life . In response , they have successfully lobbied many state and local governments to display the ten commandments in public buildings . Those who oppose the posting of the ten commandments on public property argue that it violates the establishment clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States . In contrast , groups like the Fraternal Order of Eagles who support the public display of the ten commandments claim that the commandments are not necessarily religious but represent the moral and legal foundation of society , and are appropriate to be displayed as a historical source of present - day legal codes . Also , some argue like Judge Roy Moore that prohibiting the public practice of religion is a violation of the first amendment 's guarantee of freedom of religion . The Ten Commandments by Lucas Cranach the Elder in the townhall of Wittenberg , ( detail ) U.S. courts have often ruled against displays of the Ten Commandments on government property . They conclude that the ten commandments are derived from Judeo - Christian religions , to the exclusion of others : the statement `` Thou shalt have no other gods before me '' excludes non-monotheistic religions like Hinduism , for example . Whether the Constitution prohibits the posting of the commandments or not , there are additional political and civil rights issues regarding the posting of what is construed as religious doctrine . Excluding religions that have not accepted the ten commandments creates the appearance of impropriety . The courts have been more accepting , however , of displays that place the Ten Commandments in a broader historical context of the development of law . One result of these legal cases has been that proponents of displaying the Ten Commandments have sometimes surrounded them with other historical texts to portray them as historical , rather than religious . Another result has been that other religious organizations have tried to put monuments to their laws on public lands . For example , an organization called Summum has won court cases against municipalities in Utah for refusing to allow the group to erect a monument of Summum aphorisms next to the ten commandments . The cases were won on the grounds that Summum 's right to freedom of speech was denied and the governments had engaged in discrimination . Instead of allowing Summum to erect its monument , the local governments chose to remove their ten commandments . Cultural references Two famous films of this name were directed by Cecil B. DeMille : a silent movie released in 1923 starring Theodore Roberts as Moses and a colour VistaVision version of 1956 , starring Charlton Heston as Moses . Both Dekalog , a 1989 Polish film series directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski , and The Ten , a 2007 American film , use the ten commandments as a structure for 10 smaller stories . The receipt of the Ten Commandments by Moses was satirized in Mel Brooks 's movie History of the World Part I ( 1981 ) , which shows Moses ( played by Brooks , in a similar costume to Charlton Heston 's Moses in the 1956 film ) , receiving three tablets containing fifteen commandments , but before he can present them to his people , he stumbles and drops one of the tablets , shattering it . He then presents the remaining tablets , proclaiming Ten Commandments . In The Prince of Egypt , a 1998 animated film that depicted the early life of Moses ( voiced by Val Kilmer ) , the ending depicts him with the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai , accompanied by a reprise of Deliver Us . See also Bible portal Book of Mormon portal Alternatives to the Ten Commandments -- Secular and humanist alternatives to the biblical lists Code of Hammurabi ( 1772 BCE ) Code of Ur - Nammu ( 2050 BCE ) Five Precepts Five Precepts ( Taoism ) Maat , 42 confessions , ' The negative confession ' ( 1500 BCE ) of Papyrus of Ani , also known as The declaration of innocence before the Gods of the tribunal from The book of going forth by day , also Book of the dead The Ten Commandments ( 2007 film ) K10C : Kids ' Ten Commandments Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics Ten Conditions of Bai'at References Jump up ^ `` UBA : Rosenthaliana 1768 '' ( English : 1768 : The Ten Commandments , copied in Amsterdam Jekuthiel Sofer ) ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Rooker , Mark ( 2010 ) . The Ten Commandments : Ethics for the Twenty - First Century . Nashville , Tennessee : B&H Publishing Group . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 8054 - 4716 - 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . The Ten Commandments are literally the ' Ten Words ' ( ăśeret hadděbārîm ) in Hebrew . The use of the term dābār , ' word , ' in this phrase distinguishes these laws from the rest of the commandments ( mişwâ ) , statutes ( hōq ) , and regulations ( mišpāţ ) in the Old Testament . ^ Jump up to : `` Exodus 34 : 28 -- multiple versions and languages '' . Studybible.info . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ δεκάλογος . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ `` Deuteronomy 10 : 4 -- multiple versions and languages '' . Studybible.info . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ When LORD is printed in small caps , it typically represents the so - called Tetragrammaton , a Greek term representing the four Hebrews YHWH which indicates the divine name . This is typically indicated in the preface of most modern translations . For an example , see Crossway Bibles ( 28 December 2011 ) , `` Preface '' , Holy Bible : English Standard Version , Wheaton : Crossway , p . IX , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4335 - 3087 - 6 , retrieved 19 November 2012 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 4 : 13 , 5 : 22 Jump up ^ Somer , Benjamin D. Revelation and Authority : Sinai in Jewish Scripture and Tradition ( The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library ) . pg = 40 . Jump up ^ Hebrews 12 : 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Exodus 20 : 21 Jump up ^ Exodus 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 4 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 7 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 1 , 9 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 1 -- 11 Jump up ^ Exodus 24 : 16 -- 18 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 9 : 10 Jump up ^ Ex. 32 : 1 -- 5 Jump up ^ Ex. 32 : 6 -- 8 Jump up ^ Ex. 32 : 19 Jump up ^ Ex. 34 : 1 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 10 : 4 Jump up ^ Exodus. 20 : 1 ; Exodus. 32 : 15 -- 19 Jump up ^ Deuteronomy. 4 : 10 -- 13 ; Deut. 5 : 22 ; Deut. 9 : 17 ; Deut. 10 : 1 -- 5 Jump up ^ Chan , Yiu Sing Lúcás ( 2012 ) . The Ten Commandments and the Beatitudes . Lantham , MA : Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 38 , 241 . ^ Jump up to : Block , Daniel I. ( 2012 ) . `` The Decalogue in the Hebrew Scriptures '' . In Greenman , Jeffrey P. ; Larsen , Timothy . The Decalogue Through the Centuries : From the Hebrew Scriptures to Benedict XVI . Westminster John Knox Press . pp. 1 -- 27 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 23490 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Luther 's Large Catechism ( 1529 ) Jump up ^ Fincham , Kenneth ; Lake , Peter ( editors ) ( 2006 ) . Religious Politics in Post-reformation England . Woodbridge , Suffolk : The Boydell Press . p. 42 . ISBN 1 - 84383 - 253 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : I am the LORD your God , who brought you out of the land of Egypt , out of the house of slavery . ^ Jump up to : You shall have no other gods before me . Jump up ^ You shall not make for yourself a carved image , or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above , or that is in the earth beneath , or that is in the water under the earth . You shall not bow down to them or serve them , for I the LORD your God am a jealous God , visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me , but showing steadfast love to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments . Jump up ^ You shall not make for yourself a carved image , or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above , or that is on the earth beneath , or that is in the water under the earth . You shall not bow down to them or serve them ; for I the LORD your God am a jealous God , visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me , but showing steadfast love to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments . ^ Jump up to : You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain , for the LORD will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain . Jump up ^ Remember the Sabbath day , to keep it holy . Six days you shall labor , and do all your work , but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God . On it you shall not do any work , you , or your son , or your daughter , your male servant , or your female servant , or your livestock , or the sojourner who is within your gates . For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth , the sea , and all that is in them , and rested on the seventh day . Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy . Jump up ^ Observe the Sabbath day , to keep it holy , as the LORD your God commanded you . Six days you shall labor and do all your work , but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God . On it you shall not do any work , you or your son or your daughter or your male servant or your female servant , or your ox or your donkey or any of your livestock , or the sojourner who is within your gates , that your male servant and your female servant may rest as well as you . You shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt , and the LORD your God brought you out from there with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm . Therefore the LORD your God commanded you to keep the Sabbath day . Jump up ^ Honor your father and your mother , that your days may be long in the land that the LORD your God is giving you . Jump up ^ Honor your father and your mother , as the LORD your God commanded you , that your days may be long , and that it may go well with you in the land that the LORD your God is giving you . ^ Jump up to : You shall not murder . Jump up ^ You shall not commit adultery . Jump up ^ And you shall not commit adultery . Jump up ^ You shall not steal . Jump up ^ And you shall not steal . Jump up ^ You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor . Jump up ^ And you shall not bear false witness against your neighbor . Jump up ^ You shall not covet your neighbor 's house Jump up ^ And you shall not desire your neighbor 's house , his field , Jump up ^ You shall not covet your neighbor 's wife ... Jump up ^ And you shall not covet your neighbor 's wife . Jump up ^ ... or his male servant , or his female servant , or his ox , or his donkey , or anything that is your neighbor 's . Jump up ^ ... or his male servant , or his female servant , his ox , or his donkey , or anything that is your neighbor 's . ^ Jump up to : Herbert Huffmon , `` The Fundamental Code Illustrated : The Third Commandment , '' in The Ten Commandments : The Reciprocity of Faithfulness , ed . William P. Brown. , pp. 205 -- 212 . Westminster John Knox Press ( 2004 ) . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22323 - 0 Jump up ^ Miller , Patrick D. ( 2009 ) . The Ten Commandments . Presbyterian Publishing Corp. pp. 4 -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 23055 - 5 . Jump up ^ Milgrom , Joseph ( 2005 ) . `` The Nature of Revelation and Mosaic Origins '' . In Blumenthal , Jacob ; Liss , Janet . Etz Hayim Study Guide . Jewish Publication Society . pp. 70 -- 74 . ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0822 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : William Barclay , The Ten Commandments . Westminster John Knox Press ( 2001 ) , originally The Plain Man 's Guide to Ethics ( 1973 ) . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22346 - X ^ Jump up to : Gail R. O'Day and David L. Petersen , Theological Bible Commentary , p. 34 , Westminster John Knox Press ( 2009 ) ISBN 0 - 664 - 22711 - 2 Jump up ^ Norman Solomon , Judaism , p. 17 . Sterling Publishing Company ( 2009 ) ISBN 1 - 4027 - 6884 - 2 Jump up ^ Wayne D. Dosick , Living Judaism : The Complete Guide to Jewish Belief , Tradition , and Practice , pp. 31 -- 33 . HarperCollins ( 1995 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 062179 - 6 `` There are 603 more Torah commandments . But in giving these ten -- with their wise insight into the human condition -- God established a standard of right and wrong , a powerful code of behavior , that is universal and timeless . '' Jump up ^ Talmud Makkos 1 : 10 Jump up ^ Rabbi Ishmael . Horowitz - Rabin ( ed . ) , ed . Mekhilta . pp. 233 , Tractate de -- ba -- Hodesh , 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Margaliot , Dr. Meshulam ( July 2004 ) . `` What was Written on the Two Tablets ? '' . Bar - Ilan University . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Exodus 32 : 15 Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud , tractate Shabbat 104a . ^ Jump up to : Simon Glustrom , The Myth and Reality of Judaism , pp 113 -- 114 . Behrman House ( 1989 ) . ISBN 0 - 87441 - 479 - 2 Jump up ^ Yerushalmi Berakhot , Chapter 1 , fol . 3c . See also Rabbi David Golinkin , Whatever Happened to the Ten Commandments ? Jump up ^ Talmud . tractate Berachot 12a . Jump up ^ Covenant & Conversation Yitro 5772 Chief Rabbi . Retrieved 24 May 2015 Jump up ^ Gaster , Moses ( 1923 ) . `` The Samaritan Tenth Commandment '' . The Samaritans , Their History , Doctrines and Literature . The Schweich Lectures . Jump up ^ Braaten , Carl E. ; Seitz , Christopher ( 2005 ) . `` Preface '' . I Am the Lord Your God . Grand Rapids , MI : William B. Eerdmans . p. x . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Alexander ( 1 May 2007 ) . The Ante - Nicene Fathers . VII . Cosimo , Inc. p. 413 . ISBN 9781602064829 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Turner , Philip ( 2005 ) . `` The Ten Commandments in the Church in a Postmodern World '' . In Braaten , Carl E. ; Seitz , Christopher . I Am the Lord Your God . Grand Rapids , MI : William B. Eerdmans . p. 3 . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Jan Kreeft , Catholic Christianity : A Complete Catechism of Catholic Beliefs Based on the Catechism of the Catholic Church , ch. 5 . Ignatius Press ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 89870 - 798 - 6 Jump up ^ Kreeft , Peter ( 2001 ) . Catholic Christianity . Ignatius Press . ISBN 0 - 89870 - 798 - 6 . pp. 201 -- 203 ( Google preview p. 201 ) Jump up ^ Carmody , Timothy R. ( 2004 ) . Reading the Bible . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4189 - 0 . p. 82 Jump up ^ Paragraph number 2052 -- 2074 ( 1994 ) . `` Catechism of the Catholic Church '' . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . Retrieved 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Kreeft , Peter ( 2001 ) . Catholic Christianity . Ignatius Press . ISBN 0 - 89870 - 798 - 6 . p. 202 ( Google preview p. 202 ) Jump up ^ Schreck , Alan ( 1999 ) . The Essential Catholic Catechism . Servant Publications . ISBN 1 - 56955 - 128 - 6 . p. 303 Jump up ^ Sebastian Dabovich , Preaching in the Russian Church , p. 65 . Cubery ( 1899 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander Hugh Hore , Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Church , p. 36 . J. Parker and Co. ( 1899 ) . ^ Jump up to : Timothy Sedgwick , The Christian Moral Life : Practices of Piety , pp. 9 -- 20 . Church Publishing ( 2008 ) . ISBN 1 - 59627 - 100 - 0 Jump up ^ Luther 's Small Catechism ( 1529 ) Jump up ^ Neal , Daniel ( 1843 ) . The History of the Puritans , Or Protestant Non-conformists . Harper . p. 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Westminster Confession of Faith : Chapter XIX - Of the Law of God '' . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rodes , Stanley J. ( 25 September 2014 ) . From Faith to Faith : John Wesley 's Covenant Theology and the Way of Salvation . James Clarke & Co. p. 69 . ISBN 9780227902202 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Ted A. ( 1 October 2011 ) . Methodist Doctrine : The Essentials , 2nd Edition . Abingdon Press . pp. 40 , 68 -- 69 . ISBN 9781426753473 . ^ Jump up to : The Sabbath Recorder , Volume 75 . George B. Utter. 1913 . p. 422 . The moral law contained in the Ten Commandments and enforced by the prophets , he ( Christ ) did not take away . It was not the design of his coming to revoke any part of this . This is a law which never can be broken . It stands fast as the faithful witness in heaven . Jump up ^ Olmstead , Thomas F. `` The Savior 's Use of the Old Testament '' . Ensign . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . p. 46 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Commandments '' . Gospel Library . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 12 : 34 -- 36 Jump up ^ 13 : 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ 13 : 20 -- 24 Jump up ^ Cramer , Lew W. ( 1992 ) . `` Abinadi '' . In Ludlow , Daniel H. Encyclopedia of Mormonism . New York : Macmillan . pp. 5 -- 7 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mosiah 13 : 11 -- 26 : The Ten Commandments : `` Some may wonder how Abinadi could have read the Ten Commandments that God gave to Moses . It should be remembered that the brass plates Nephi obtained contained the five books of Moses ( Nephi 5 : 10 -- 11 ) . This record , which would have contained the Ten Commandments , had been passed down by Nephite prophets and record keepers . The previous scriptures were known to King Noah and his priests because they quoted from Isaiah and referred to the law of Moses ( see Mosiah 12 : 20 -- 24 , 28 ) . '' Jump up ^ Thomas S. Monson . `` Stand in Holy Places - Thomas S. Monson '' . Lds.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ibn Kathir , Stories of the Prophets , From Adam to Muhammad , Ibn Katheer , `` Ibn Katheer states that many of the early Muslim scholars and others maintain that the content of these Ten Commandments exists in the following two verses ( Al An ' aam : 151 - 2 ) '' Jump up ^ `` Surah Al - Isra - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . Quran.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Surah Al - Isra - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . Quran.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Surah Al - Isra - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . Quran.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Surah Al - Isra - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . Quran.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Surah Al - Isra - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . Quran.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Surah Al - Isra - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . Quran.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Surah Al - Isra - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . Quran.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Surah Al - Isra - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . Quran.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Surah Al - Isra - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . Quran.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Surah Al - Isra - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . Quran.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Surah Al - Isra - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . Quran.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Surah Al - Isra - The Noble Qur'an - القرآن الكريم '' . Quran.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 1 - 3 Quranic version of Ten Commandments of Tourah ( sic ) - 017 Bani Isreal ( sic ) 023 035 '' . YouTube . 2011 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( Hebrew : שַׁבָּת , shabbâth , Hebrew word # 7676 in Strong 's Concordance , meaning intensive `` repose '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Synod of Laodicea ( 4th Century ) -- New Advent Jump up ^ Exodus 20 : 13 Multiple versions and languages . Jump up ^ Bloodguilt , Jewish Virtual Library , Genesis 4 : 10 , Genesis 9 : 6 , Genesis 42 : 22 , Exodus 22 : 2 -- 2 , Leviticus 17 : 4 , Leviticus 20 , Numbers 20 , Deuteronomy 19 , Deuteronomy 32 : 43 , Joshua 2 : 19 , Judges 9 : 24 , 1 Samuel 25 , 2 Samuel 1 , 2 Samuel 21 , 1 Kings 2 , 1 Kings 21 : 19 , 2 Kings 24 : 4 , Psalm 9 : 12 , Psalm 51 : 14 , Psalm 106 : 38 , Proverbs 6 : 17 , Isaiah 1 : 15 , Isaiah 26 : 21 , Jeremiah 22 : 17 , Lamentations 4 : 13 , Ezekiel 9 : 9 , Ezekiel 36 : 18 , Hosea 4 : 2 , Joel 3 : 19 , Habakkuk 2 : 8 , Matthew 23 : 30 -- 35 , Matthew 27 : 4 , Luke 11 : 50 -- 51 , Romans 3 : 15 , Revelation 6 : 10 , Revelation 18 : 24 Jump up ^ Matthew 5 : 21 , Matthew 15 : 19 , Matthew 19 : 19 , Matthew 22 : 7 , Mark 10 : 19 , Luke 18 : 20 , Romans 13 : 9 , 1 Timothy 1 : 9 , James 2 : 11 , Revelation 21 : 8 Jump up ^ Matthew 23 : 30 -- 35 , Matthew 27 : 4 , Luke 11 : 50 -- 51 , Romans 3 : 15 , Revelation 6 : 10 , Revelation 18 : 24 ^ Jump up to : Archpriest John W. Morris , The Historic Church : An Orthodox View of Christian History , chapter 7 . AuthorHouse ( 2011 ) ISBN 1 - 4567 - 3492 - X ^ Jump up to : Alexander Hugh Hore , Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Church , J. Parker and co. ( 1899 ) `` The images or Icons , as they are called , of the Greek Church are not , it must be remarked , sculptured images , but flat pictures or mosaics ; not even the Crucifix is sanctioned ; and herein consists the difference between the Greek and Roman Churches , in the latter of which both pictures and statues are allowed , and venerated with equal honour . '' p. 353 Jump up ^ Collins , R.F. ( 1992 ) . `` Ten Commandments . '' In D.N. Freedman ( Ed . ) , The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary ( Vol. 6 , p. 386 ) . New York : Doubleday Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Judaica vol01 pg 424 Jump up ^ Julius Wellhausen 1973 Prolegomena to the History of Israel Glouster , MA : Peter Smith . 392 Jump up ^ Levinson , Bernard M. ( July 2002 ) . `` Goethe 's Analysis of Exodus 34 and Its Influence on Julius Wellhausen : the Pfropfung of the Documentary Hypothesis '' . Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 114 ( 2 ) : 212 -- 223 Jump up ^ John Bright 1972 A History of Israel Second Edition . Philadelphia : the Westminster Press . 142 -- 143 4th edition p. 146 - 147 ISBN 0 - 664 - 22068 - 1 Jump up ^ Bright , John ( 2000 ) . A History of Israel ( 4 ed . ) . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 146 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ John Bright , 1972 A History of Israel Second Edition . Philadelphia : the Westminster Press . 142 4th ed. p. 146 + Jump up ^ John Bright , 1972 , p. , 146 -- 147 4th ed. p. 150 -- 151 Jump up ^ Cornfeld , Gaalyahu Ed Pictorial Biblical Encyclopedia , MacMillan 1964 p. 237 Jump up ^ John Bright , 1972 , p. , 165 4th ed. p. 169 -- 170 Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Julius ( 1927 ) , The Oldest Document of the Hexateuch , IV , HUAC Jump up ^ Bright , John , 2000 , A History of Israel 4th ed. p. 173 . Jump up ^ John Bright , 1972 , p. 166 4th ed. p. 170 + Jump up ^ `` The point here being underscored is that the Decalogue represents an earlier stage in the development of this tradition , and the Ten Commandments , when critically viewed , do not only NOT demand a monotheistic adherence , they clearly presuppose and affirm a polytheistic reality ! Those who attempt to impose a principle of monotheism on the Ten Commandments are simply anticipating the historical development of the tradition ahead of its time and are thus already assuming what they pretend to discover . '' ( Tyranny , Taboo , and the Ten Commandments : The Decalogue Decoded And Its Impact on Civil Society , Hilton J. Bik , Xlibris Corporation 2008 , p. 199 ) . Jump up ^ Israel Finkelstein , Neil Asher Silberman ( 2002 ) . The Bible Unearthed . p 63 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2338 - 1 Jump up ^ Israel Finkelstein , Neil Asher Silberman ( 2002 ) . The Bible Unearthed , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Yehezkal Kaufmann 1960 The Religion of Israel : From its beginnings to the Babylonian Exile trans . and Abridged by Moshe Greenberg . New York : Schocken Books , p. 174 -- 175 . Jump up ^ `` '' Etched in Stone : The Emergence of the Decalogue `` '' ( PDF ) . ( 99.8 KB ) , The Chronicle , Hebrew Union College -- Jewish Institute of Religion , Issue 68 , 2006 , p. 42 . `` a critical survey of biblical literature demonstrates no cognizance of the ten commandments prior to the post-exilic period ( after 586 B.C.E. ) '' Jump up ^ Exodus 34 : 28 Jump up ^ Exodus 34 : 11 -- 27 Jump up ^ The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha . Augmented Third Edition , New Revised Standard Version , 2007 Jump up ^ The Hebrew Bible : A Brief Socio - Literary Introduction . Norman Gottwald , 2008 Jump up ^ Dictionary of the Old Testament : Pentateuch . T. Desmond Alexander and David Weston Baker , 2003 Jump up ^ Commentary on the Torah . Richard Elliott Friedman , 2003 Jump up ^ Friedman , Richard Elliott . The Bible with Sources Revealed , 2003 p. 7 Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 153 Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 177 Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 179 Jump up ^ Friedman , Richard Elliott . `` Who Wrote The Bible ? '' 1987 pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Office of the Curator , `` Courtroom Friezes : North and South Walls '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States , 5 / 8 / 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Watts , `` Ten Commandments Monuments '' ( PDF ) . 2004 Jump up ^ Emmet V. Mittlebeeler , ( 2003 ) `` Ten Commandments . '' P. 434 in The Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics . Edited by P.A. Djupe and L.R. Olson . New York : Facts on File . Jump up ^ `` MPR : The Ten Commandments : Religious or historical symbol ? '' . News.minnesota.publicradio.org. 2001 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ PCUSA Assembly Committee on General Assembly Procedures D. 3. a http://apps.pcusa.org/ga216/business/commbooks/comm03.pdf Jump up ^ American Jewish Congress , `` AJCongress Voices Opposition to Courtroom Display of ten Commandments , '' ( May 16 , 2003 ) http://www.ajcongress.org/site/PageServer?pagename=may03_03 Jump up ^ The Ten ( 2007 ) -- IMDb Jump up ^ Fifteen Commandments Further reading This article 's further reading may not follow Wikipedia 's content policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view ; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Aaron , David H ( 2006 ) . Etched in Stone : The Emergence of the Decalogue . Continuum . ISBN 0 - 567 - 02791 - 0 . Abdrushin ( 2009 ) . The Ten Commandments of God and the Lord 's Prayer . Grail Foundation Press . ISBN 1 - 57461 - 004 - X . http://the10com.org/index.html Barenboim , Peter ( 2005 ) , Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers , Moscow : Letny Sad , ISBN 5 - 94381 - 123 - 0 . Boltwood , Emily ( 2012 ) . 10 Simple Rules of the House of Gloria . Tate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62024 - 840 - 9 . Freedman , David Noel ( 2000 ) . The Nine Commandments . Uncovering a Hidden Pattern of Crime and Punishment in the Hebrew Bible . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49986 - 8 . Friedman , Richard Elliott ( 1987 ) . Who Wrote the Bible ? . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 671 - 63161 - 6 . Hazony , David ( 2010 ) . The Ten Commandments : How Our Most Ancient Moral Text Can Renew Modern Life . New York : Scribner . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 6235 - 4 . Kaufmann , Yehezkel ( 1960 ) . The Religion of Israel , From Its Beginnings To the Babylonian Exile . trans . Moshe Greenberg . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Kuntz , Paul Grimley ( 2004 ) . The Ten Commandments in History : Mosaic Paradigms for a Well - Ordered Society . Wm B Eerdmans Publishing , Emory University Studies in Law and Religion . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2660 - 1 . Markl , Dominik ( 2012 ) : `` The Decalogue in History : A Preliminary Survey of the Fields and Genres of its Reception '' , in : Zeitschrift für Altorientalische und Biblische Rechtsgeschichte -- vol. 18 , no. , pp. 279 -- 293 . ( pdf ) Markl , Dominik ( ed . ) ( 2013 ) . The Decalogue and its Cultural Influence . Sheffield : Sheffield Phoenix Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909697 - 06 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Mendenhall , George E ( 1973 ) . The Tenth Generation : The Origins of the Biblical Tradition . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 1267 - 4 . Mendenhall , George E ( 2001 ) . Ancient Israel 's Faith and History : An Introduction To the Bible In Context . Louisville : Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22313 - 3 . Watts , James W. ( 2004 ) . `` Ten Commandments Monuments and the Rivalry of Iconic Texts '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Religion and Society . 6 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 27 . External links Find more aboutTen Commandmentsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Ten Commandments : Ex. 20 version ( text , mp3 ) , Deut. 5 version ( text , mp3 ) in The Hebrew Bible in English by Jewish Publication Society , 1917 ed . Ten Commandments Commandments I am the Lord thy God Thou shalt have no other gods before me Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour Thou shalt not covet Modern media The Ten Commandments : The Musical K10C : Kids ' Ten Commandments Les Dix Commandements ( musical ) 2007 film 2010 film The Ten Commandments ( 2007 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 1956 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 1923 film ) Related articles 613 Mitzvot Alternatives Catholic theology Finger of God Ritual Decalogue Seven Laws of Noah Tablets of Stone Ark of the Covenant topics People Moses Kohanim High Priest of Israel Israelites Levites Bezalel Tribe of Judah Oholiab Kehath Tribe of Levi Jeremiah Joshua Samuel Solomon Menelik I Contents Tablets of Stone Ten Commandments Manna Aaron 's rod Cherub Locations Mount Sinai Jericho Jordan River Holy of Holies Tabernacle Ai Shiloh Gibeah Gilgal Eben - Ezer Philistia Beth Shemesh Kiriath - Jearim Temple Mount Dome of the Rock Well of Souls Cathedral of Chartres Tana Qirqos Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion Related The Sign and the Seal ( 1992 book ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ten_Commandments&oldid=800774498 '' Categories : Ten Commandments Biblical phrases Book of Deuteronomy Book of Exodus Law in the Bible Codes of conduct Commandments Divine command theory Hebrew Bible topics Jewish ethics Jewish law and rituals Judeo - Christian topics Moses Mosaic law in Christian theology Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Pages with Bible version errors Pages with numeric Bible version references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles that may contain original research from July 2017 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia spam cleanup from June 2015 Wikipedia further reading cleanup Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ ܐܪܡܝܐ Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 15 : 56 . 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-4597439355163916555 | Constitutional Convention (United States) | Constitutional Convention ( United states ) - wikipedia Constitutional Convention ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original convention that created the U.S. Constitution . For that Constitution 's method of changing itself , see Article Five of the United States Constitution . `` Federal Convention '' redirects here . For other uses , see Federal Convention ( disambiguation ) . Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States The Constitutional Convention ( also known as the Philadelphia Convention , the Federal Convention , or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia ) took place from May 25 to September 17 , 1787 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation , the intention from the outset of many of its proponents , chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one . The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention . The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution , placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States . The most contentious disputes revolved around composition and election of the Senate , how `` proportional representation '' was to be defined ( whether to include slaves or other property ) , whether to divide the executive power between three persons or invest the power into a single president , how to elect the president , how long his term was to be and whether he could run for reelection , what offenses should be impeachable , the nature of a fugitive slave clause , whether to allow the abolition of the slave trade , and whether judges should be chosen by the legislature or executive . Most of the time during the Convention was spent on deciding these issues , while the powers of legislature , executive , and judiciary were not heavily disputed . Once the Convention began , the delegates first agreed on the principles of the Convention , then they agreed on Madison 's Virginia Plan and began to modify it . A Committee of Detail , assembled during the July 4 recess , eventually produced a rough draft of the constitution . Most of the rough draft remained in place , and can be found in the final version of the constitution . After the final issues were resolved , the Committee on Style produced the final version , and it was voted on and sent to the states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 2 The Convention 2.1 James Madison 's blueprint 2.2 The early debate 2.3 The first draft 2.4 Further modifications and concluding debate 2.5 Drafting and signing 3 Proposed plans 3.1 Virginia Plan 3.2 New Jersey Plan 3.3 Hamilton 's plan 3.4 Pinckney 's plan 3.5 Connecticut Compromise 4 Slavery 4.1 Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise 4.2 Three - Fifths Compromise 5 Delegates 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Historical context ( edit ) Before the Constitution was drafted , the nearly 4 million inhabitants of the 13 newly independent states were governed under the Articles of Confederation , created by the Second Continental Congress . It soon became evident to nearly all that the chronically underfunded Confederation government , as originally organized , was inadequate for managing the various conflicts that arose among the states . As the Articles of Confederation could only be amended by unanimous vote of the states , any state had effective veto power over any proposed change . In addition , the Articles gave the weak federal government no taxing power : it was wholly dependent on the states for its money , and had no power to force delinquent states to pay . Once the immediate task of winning the American Revolutionary War had passed , the states began to look to their own interests , and disputes arose . These included a dispute between Maryland and Virginia over the Potomac River and opposition to Rhode Island 's imposing taxes on all traffic passing through it on the post road that linked all the states . James Madison suggested that state governments should appoint commissioners `` to take into consideration the trade of the United States ; to examine the relative situation and trade of said states ; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interests and permanent harmony '' . Another impetus for the convention was Shays ' Rebellion . A political conflict between Boston merchants and rural farmers over issues such as property seizures for tax debts had broken out into an open rebellion . This rebellion was led by a former Revolutionary War captain , Daniel Shays , himself a small farmer with tax debts , who had never received payment for his service in the Continental Army . The rebellion took months for Massachusetts to put down completely , and some desired a federal army that would be able to put down such insurrections . In September 1786 , at the Annapolis Convention , delegates from five states called for a Constitutional Convention in order to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation . The Constitutional Convention took place in Philadelphia on May 14 , 1787 . Rhode Island , fearing that the Convention would work to its disadvantage , boycotted the Convention and , when the Constitution was put to the states , initially refused to ratify it . The Convention ( edit ) Independence Hall 's Assembly Room Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century , very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14 , 1787 , and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured . ( New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings , on July 23 . ) James Madison arrived first , and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived . While waiting for the other delegates , the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan , which was designed and written by James Madison . On May 25 , the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House . George Washington was unanimously elected president of the Convention , and it was agreed that the discussions and votes would be kept secret until the conclusion of the meeting . Although William Jackson was elected as secretary , his records were brief and included very little detail . Madison 's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 , supplemented by the notes of Robert Yates , remain the most complete record of the Convention . Throughout the debate , delegates constantly referred to precedents from history in support of their position . Most commonly , they referred to the history of England , in particular the Glorious Revolution ( often simply called `` The Revolution '' ) , classical history ( mainly the Roman Republic and the leagues of Greek city - states ) , and recent precedents from Holland and Germany . Outside the Convention in Philadelphia , there was a national convening of the Society of the Cincinnati . Washington was said to be embarrassed . The 1776 `` old republican '' delegates like Elbridge Gerry ( MA ) found anything military or hereditary anathema . The Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia and New York convention was meeting to redefine its Confession , dropping the faith requirement for civil authority to prohibit false worship . Protestant Episcopalian Washington attended a Roman Catholic Mass and dinner . Revolution veteran Jonas Phillips , of the Mikveh Israel Synagogue , petitioned the Convention to avoid a national oath including belief in both Old and New Testaments . Merchants of Providence , Rhode Island , petitioned for consideration , though their Assembly had not sent a delegation . Manasseh Cutler came directly from the capital in New York and found himself a frequent dinner guest among the delegates . He carried grants of five million acres to parcel out among The Ohio Company and `` speculators '' , including some who were attending the Convention . A Philadelphia guest of Robert Morris , Noah Webster would write a pamphlet immediately after the signing . `` Leading Principles of the Federal Convention '' advocated adoption of the Constitution . It was published much earlier and more widely circulated than today 's better known Federalist Papers . James Madison 's blueprint ( edit ) While waiting for the Convention to formally begin , James Madison sketched out his initial draft , which became known as the Virginia Plan and reflected his views as a strong nationalist . By the time the rest of the Virginia delegation arrived , most of the Pennsylvania delegation had arrived as well . They agreed on Madison 's plan , and formed what came to be the predominant coalition . By the time the Convention started , the only blueprints that had been assembled were Madison 's Virginia Plan , and Charles Pinckney 's plan . As Pinckney did n't have a coalition behind his plan , Madison 's plan was the starting point for deliberations . James Madison , the author of the Virginia Plan The Convention agreed on several principles . Most importantly , they agreed that the Convention should go beyond its mandate merely to amend the Articles of Confederation , and instead should produce a new constitution outright . While some delegates thought this illegal , the Articles of Confederation were closer to a treaty between sovereign states than they were to a national constitution , so the genuine legal problems were limited . Another principle they agreed on was that the new government would have all the powers of the Confederation Congress , plus additional powers over the states . Once agreeing on these principles , the Convention voted on the Virginia plan and signaled their approval for it . Once this was done , they began modifying it . Madison 's plan operated on several assumptions that were not seriously challenged . During the deliberations , few raised serious objections to the planned bicameral congress , nor the separate executive function , nor the separate judicial function . As English law had typically recognized government as having two separate functions , law making embodied in the legislature , and law executing embodied in the king and his courts , the division of the legislature from the executive and judiciary was a natural and uncontested point . The division of the legislature into an upper and lower house was n't questioned either , despite the obscure origins of the English House of Lords and its role as the representative of the hereditary nobility . Americans had seldom known any but bicameral legislatures , both in Britain and in most state governments . The main exceptions to this were the dysfunctional Confederation Congress and the unicameral Pennsylvania legislature , which was seen as quickly vacillating between partisan extremes after each election . Experience had convinced the delegates that an upper house was necessary to tame the passions of the lower classes against the interests of wealthy merchants and landowners . Since America had no native hereditary aristocracy , the character of this upper house was designed to protect the interests of this wealthy elite , the `` minority of the opulent , '' against the interests of the lower classes , who constituted the majority of the population . On Thursday , June 7 , it was proposed that senators should be chosen directly by the state legislatures , instead of by popular vote , as this method was more likely to preserve the power of the upper classes . Convention delegate Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts observed that `` the great mercantile interest and of stockholders , is not provided for in any mode of election - they will however be better represented if the State legislatures choose the second branch . '' The proposal was carried unanimously . In England , at this day , if elections were open to all classes of people , the property of landed proprietors would be insecure . An agrarian law would soon take place . If these observations be just , our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation . Landholders ought to have a share in the government , to support these invaluable interests , and to balance and check the other . They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority . The Senate , therefore , ought to be this body ; and to answer these purposes , they ought to have permanency and stability . -- James Madison , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates The delegates also agreed with Madison that the executive function had to be independent of the legislature . In their aversion to kingly power , American legislatures had created state governments where the executive was beholden to the legislature , and by the late 1780s this was widely seen as being a source of paralysis . The Confederation government was the ultimate example of this . Furthermore , in the English tradition , judges were seen as being agents of the King and his court , who represented him throughout his realm . Madison believed that in the American states , this direct link between state executives and judges was a source of corruption through patronage , and thought the link had to be severed between the two , thus creating the `` third branch '' of the judiciary which had been without any direct precedent before this point . Madison , however , did not believe that the judiciary should be truly independent , but rather beholden to the legislature rather than the executive . At the Convention , some sided with Madison that the legislature should choose judges , while others believed the president should choose judges . A compromise was eventually reached that the president should choose judges and the Senate confirm them . In a few areas , Madison 's plan included provisions that had little support among the delegates . Few agreed with Madison that the legislature should be able to invalidate state laws , so the idea was dropped . While most thought there should be some mechanism to invalidate bad laws by congress , few agreed with Madison that a board of the executive and judges should decide on this . Instead , the power was given solely to the executive in the form of the veto . Many also thought this would be useful to protect the executive , whom many worried might become beholden to an imperial legislature . Also , during the deliberations , the New Jersey Plan was introduced , although it was more of a protest to the excessive national character of the Virginia plan , and was not seriously considered . The office of Vice President was also included later in the deliberations , mainly to provide the president a successor if he was unable to complete his term but also to provide presidential electors with an incentive to vote for at least one out of state candidate in addition to a `` favorite son '' from their own state or region . The early debate ( edit ) Each state was allowed to cast a single vote either for or against a proposal during the debates in accordance with the majority opinion of the state 's delegates . Throughout the Convention , delegates would regularly come and go , with only 30 -- 40 being present on a typical day . Consequently , if a state 's delegates were equally divided in their views on a given proposal , or if too few of the state 's delegates were in attendance to establish a quorum for the delegation when votes were being cast on a particular proposal , that state 's delegation had essentially no effect on the outcome of the vote on the proposal . Thus , for example , after two of New York 's three delegates abandoned the Convention in mid July with no intention of returning , New York was left unable to vote on any further proposals at the Convention , although Hamilton would continue to periodically attend and occasionally to speak during the debates . All communities divide themselves into the few and the many . The first are the rich and well born , the other the mass of the people . The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God ; and however generally this maxim has been quoted and believed , it is not true in fact . The people are turbulent and changing ; they seldom judge or determine right . Give therefore to the first class a distinct , permanent share in the government . They will check the unsteadiness of the second , and as they can not receive any advantage by a change , they therefore will ever maintain good government . Can a democratic assembly , who annually revolve in the mass of the people , be supposed steadily to pursue the public good ? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy . Their turbulent and uncontroling disposition requires checks . -- Alexander Hamilton , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates The first area of major dispute was the manner by which the lower house would be apportioned . A minority wanted it to be apportioned so that all states would have equal weight , though this was never seriously considered . Most wanted it apportioned in accordance with some mixture of property and population . Though there was discussion on how to calculate property for this purpose , the issue of property was later dropped because of its difficulty , and an assumption that property would closely correlate to population . Most accepted the desire among the slave states to count slaves as part of the population , although their servile status was raised as a major objection against this . The Three - Fifths Compromise assessing population by adding the number of free persons to three - fifths of `` all other persons '' ( slaves ) was agreed to without serious dispute . In 1783 , when attempting to assess a national taxation system , the Confederation Congress had considered a three fifths ratio , which did not achieve unanimity . This compromise resulted in a large coalition of states , including the small slave states of South Carolina and Georgia , backing the Virginia plan and thus expanding the power of the primary coalition . That the lower house was to be elected directly by the voters was also accepted without major dispute . Front side of the Virginia Plan More contentious than the lower house was the question of the upper house . Few agreed with Madison that its members should be elected by the lower house . James Wilson suggested election by popular vote versus election by state legislature , but his proposal was shot down 10 -- 1 by the delegates . Most delegates did n't question the intelligence of the voters , rather what concerned them was the slowness by which information spread in the late 18th century . At the time of the Convention , they noted that local newspapers said little of current events , and what little they had was sketchy and dated . Local papers even said little about the meeting of the Convention . Alexander Hamilton proposed extending the term in office for senators to life , considering earlier proposals of four and seven years inefficient to enable the `` rich and well born '' to have a `` distinct , permanent share in the government , '' which could `` check the imprudence of democracy . '' Moreover , Hamilton proposed that senators not be elected directly by the general public , but by `` electors '' chosen for that purpose . Besides the problems of direct election , the new Constitution was seen as such a radical break with the old system , by which delegates were elected to the Confederation Congress by state legislatures , that the Convention agreed to retain this method of electing senators to make the constitutional change less radical . The more difficult problem was the issue of apportionment . The Connecticut delegation offered a compromise , whereby the number of representatives for each state in the lower house would be apportioned based on the relative size of the state 's population , while the number of representatives in the upper house would be the same for all of the states , irrespective of size . The large states , fearing a diminution of their influence in the legislature under this plan , opposed this proposal . Unable to reach agreement , the delegates decided to leave this issue for further consideration later during the meeting . The delegates could n't agree on whether the executive should be a single person , or a board of three . Many wished to limit the power of the executive and thus supported the proposal to divide the executive power between three persons . The possible problems of this system , in addition to the knowledge that George Washington would probably be the first president , calmed the fears enough so that the proponents of a singular executive could accumulate a large coalition . This issue came up occasionally after the matter was settled , but was never again seriously doubted . Another issue concerned the election of the president . Few agreed with Madison that the executive should be elected by the legislature . There was widespread concern with direct election , because information diffused so slowly in the late 18th century , and because of concerns that people would only vote for candidates from their state or region . A vocal minority wanted the national executive to be chosen by the governors of the states . The issue was one of the last major issues to be resolved , and was done so in the electoral college . At the time , before the formation of modern political parties , there was widespread concern that candidates would routinely fail to secure a majority of electors in the electoral college . The method of resolving this problem therefore was a contested issue . Most thought that the house should then choose the president , since it most closely reflected the will of the people . This caused dissension among delegates from smaller states , who realized that this would put their states at a disadvantage . To resolve this dispute , the Convention agreed that the house would elect the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , but that each state delegation would vote as a bloc , rather than individually . As the Convention was entering its second full month of deliberations , it was decided that further consideration of the prickly question of how to apportion representatives in the national legislature should be referred to a committee composed of one delegate from each of the eleven states that were present at that time at the Convention . The members of this `` Grand Committee , '' as it has come to be known , included Elbridge Gerry , Oliver Ellsworth , Robert Yates , William Paterson , Gunning Bedford , Jr. , George Mason , William Davie , John Rutledge , Abraham Baldwin , and Benjamin Franklin . In its report to the Convention on July 5 , the committee offered a compromise . The large states had opposed the Connecticut Compromise , because they felt it gave too much power to the smaller states . The Grand Committee 's proposal added the requirement that revenue bills originate in the lower house and not be subject to modification by the upper house ( although this Origination Clause would later be modified so that revenue bills could be amended in the upper house , or Senate ) . With this modification , the Convention in a close vote adopted the compromise on July 16 . Nationalist delegates remained bitterly opposed , however , until on July 23 they succeeded in further modifying the compromise to give members of the Senate individual voting power , rather than having votes taken by each state 's representatives en bloc , as had occurred in Congress under the Articles of Confederation . This accomplished the nationalist goal of preventing state governments from having a direct say in Congress 's choice to make national laws . The final document was thus a mixture of Madison 's original `` national '' constitution and the desired `` federal '' Constitution that many of the delegates sought . The first draft ( edit ) The Convention adjourned from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of the Committee of Detail , which was to produce a first draft of the Constitution . It was chaired by John Rutledge , with the other members including Edmund Randolph , Oliver Ellsworth , James Wilson , and Nathaniel Gorham . Though the committee did not record minutes of its proceedings , three key surviving documents offer clues to the committee 's handiwork : an outline by Randolph with edits by Rutledge , extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson , also with Rutledge 's edits , and the committee 's final report to the Convention . From this evidence it is thought that the committee used the original Virginia Plan , the decisions of the Convention on modifications to that plan , and other sources , such as the Articles of Confederation , provisions of the state constitutions , and even Charles Pinckney 's plan , to produce the first full draft , which author David O. Stewart has called a `` remarkable copy - and - paste job . '' Randolph adopted two rules in preparing his initial outline : that the Constitution should only include essential principles , avoiding minor provisions that would change over time , and that it should be stated in simple and precise language . Much of what was included in the committee 's report consisted of numerous details that the Convention had never discussed but which the committee correctly viewed as uncontroversial and unlikely to be challenged ; and as such , much of the committee 's proposal would ultimately be incorporated into the final version of the Constitution without debate . Examples of these details included the Speech and Debate Clause , which grants members of Congress immunity for comments made in their jobs , and the rules for organizing the House of Representatives and the Senate . However , Rutledge , himself a former state governor , was determined that while the new national government should be stronger than the Confederation government had been , the national government 's power over the states should not be limitless ; and at Rutledge 's urging , the committee went beyond what the Convention had proposed . As Stewart describes it , the committee `` hijacked '' and remade the Constitution , altering critical agreements the Convention delegates had already made , enhancing the powers of the states at the expense of the national government , and adding several far - reaching provisions that the Convention had never discussed . John Rutledge , a judge and former governor of South Carolina , chaired the committee that wrote the first draft of the Constitution . He argued for a federal government of limited power . The first major change , insisted on by Rutledge , was meant to sharply curtail the essentially unlimited powers to legislate `` in all cases for the general interests of the Union '' that the Convention only two weeks earlier had agreed to grant the Congress . Rutledge and Randolph worried that the broad powers implied in the language agreed on by the Convention would have given the national government too much power at the expense of the states . In Randolph 's outline the committee replaced that language with a list of 18 specific `` enumerated '' powers , many adopted from the Articles of Confederation , that would strictly limit the Congress ' authority to measures such as imposing taxes , making treaties , going to war , and establishing post offices . Rutledge , however , was not able to completely convince all of the members of the committee to accept the change . Over the course of a series of drafts , a catchall provision ( the `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' ) was eventually added , most likely by Wilson , a nationalist little concerned with the sovereignty of individual states , giving the Congress the broad power `` to make all Laws that shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers , and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof . '' Another revision of Wilson 's draft also placed eight specific limits on the states , such as barring them from independently entering into treaties and from printing their own money , providing a certain degree of balance to the limits on the national government intended by Rutledge 's list of enumerated powers . In addition , Wilson 's draft modified the language of the Supremacy Clause adopted by the Convention , to ensure that national law would take precedence over inconsistent state laws . These changes set the final balance between the national and state governments that would be entered into the final document , as the Convention never challenged this dual - sovereignty between nation and state that had been fashioned by Rutledge and Wilson . Another set of radical changes introduced by the Committee of Detail proved far more contentious when the committee 's report was presented to the Convention . On the day the Convention had agreed to appoint the committee , Southerner Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , of South Carolina , had warned of dire consequences should the committee fail to include protections for slavery in the Southern states , or allow for taxing of Southern agricultural exports . Pinckney and his fellow Southern delegates must have been delighted to see that the committee had included three provisions that explicitly restricted the Congress ' authority in ways favorable to Southern interests . The proposed language would bar the Congress from ever interfering with the slave trade . It would also prohibit taxation of exports , and would require that any legislation concerning regulation of foreign commerce through tariffs or quotas ( that is , any laws akin to England 's `` Navigation Acts '' ) pass only with two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress . While much of the rest of the committee 's report would be accepted without serious challenge on the Convention floor , these last three proposals would provoke outrage from Northern delegates and slavery opponents . The final report of the committee , which became the first draft of the Constitution , was the first workable constitutional plan , as Madison 's Virginia Plan had simply been an outline of goals and a broad structure . Even after it issued this report , the committee continued to meet off and on until early September . Further modifications and concluding debate ( edit ) Another month of discussion and relatively minor refinement followed , during which several attempts were made to alter the Rutledge draft , though few were successful . Some wanted to add property qualifications for people to hold office , while others wanted to prevent the national government from issuing paper money . Madison in particular wanted to push the Constitution back in the direction of his Virginia plan . One important change that did make it into the final version included the agreement between northern and southern delegates to empower Congress to end the slave trade starting in 1808 . Southern and northern delegates also agreed to strengthen the Fugitive Slave Clause in exchange for removing a requirement that two - thirds of Congress agree on `` navigation acts '' ( regulations of commerce between states and foreign governments ) . The two - thirds requirement was favored by southern delegates , who thought Congress might pass navigation acts that would be economically harmful to slaveholders . Once the Convention had finished amending the first draft from the Committee of Detail , a new set of unresolved questions were sent to several different committees for resolution . The Committee of Detail was considering several questions related to habeas corpus , freedom of the press , and an executive council to advise the president . Two committees addressed questions related to the slave trade and the assumption of war debts . A new committee was created , the Committee on Postponed Parts , to address other questions that had been postponed . Its members , such as Madison , were delegates who had shown a greater desire for compromise and were chosen for this reason as most in the Convention wanted to finish their work and go home . The committee dealt with questions related to the taxes , war making , patents and copyrights , relations with Indian tribes , and Franklin 's compromise to require money bills to originate in the House . The biggest issue they addressed was the presidency , and the final compromise was written by Madison with the committee 's input . They adopted Wilson 's earlier plan for choosing the president by an electoral college , and settled on the method of choosing the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , which many such as Madison thought would be `` nineteen times out of twenty '' . The committee also shortened the president 's term from seven years to four years , freed the president to seek re-election after an initial term , and moved impeachment trials from the courts to the Senate . They also created the office of the vice president , whose only roles were to succeed a president unable to complete a term of office , to preside over the Senate , and to cast tie - breaking votes in the Senate . The committee transferred important powers from the Senate to the president , for example the power to make treaties and appoint ambassadors . One controversial issue throughout much of the Convention had been the length of the president 's term , and whether the president was to be term limited . The problem had resulted from the understanding that the president would be chosen by Congress ; the decision to have the president be chosen instead by an electoral college reduced the chance of the president becoming beholden to Congress , so a shorter term with eligibility for re-election became a viable option . Near the end of the Convention , Gerry , Randolph , and Mason emerged as the main force of opposition . Their fears were increased as the Convention moved from Madison 's vague Virginia Plan to the concrete plan of Rutledge 's Committee of Detail . Some have argued that Randolph 's attacks on the Constitution were motivated by political ambition , in particular his anticipation of possibly facing rival Patrick Henry in a future election . The main objection of the three was the compromise that would allow Congress to pass `` navigation acts '' with a simple majority in exchange for strengthened slave provisions . Among their other objections was an opposition to the office of vice president . Though most of their complaints did not result in changes , a couple did . Mason succeeded in adding `` high crimes and misdemeanors '' to the impeachment clause . Gerry also convinced the Convention to include a second method for ratification of amendments . The report out of the Committee of Detail had included only one mechanism for constitutional amendment , in which two - thirds of the states had to ask Congress to convene a convention for consideration of amendments . Upon Gerry 's urging , the Convention added back the Virginia Plan 's original method whereby Congress would propose amendments that the states would then ratify . All amendments to the Constitution , save the 21st amendment , have been made through this latter method . Despite their successes , these three dissenters grew increasingly unpopular as most other delegates wanted to bring the Convention 's business to an end and return home . As the Convention was drawing to a conclusion , and delegates prepared to refer the Constitution to the Committee on Style to pen the final version , one delegate raised an objection over civil trials . He wanted to guarantee the right to a jury trial in civil matters , and Mason saw in this a larger opportunity . Mason told the Convention that the constitution should include a bill of rights , which he thought could be prepared in a few hours . Gerry agreed , though the rest of the committee overruled them . They wanted to go home , and thought this was nothing more than another delaying tactic . Few at the time realized how important the issue would become , with the absence of a bill of rights becoming the main argument of the anti-Federalists against ratification . Most of the Convention 's delegates thought that states already protected individual rights , and that the Constitution did not authorize the national government to take away rights , so there was no need to include protections of rights . Once the Convention moved beyond this point , the delegates addressed a couple of last - minute issues . Importantly , they modified the language that required spending bills to originate in the House of Representatives and be flatly accepted or rejected , unmodified , by the Senate . The new language empowered the Senate to modify spending bills proposed by the House . Drafting and signing ( edit ) U.S. Postage , Issue of 1937 , depicting Delegates at the signing of the Constitution , engraving after a painting by Junius Brutus Stearns Once the final modifications had been made , the Committee of Style and Arrangement was appointed `` to revise the style of and arrange the articles which had been agreed to by the house . '' Unlike other committees , whose members were named so the committees included members from different regions , this final committee included no champions of the small states . Its members were mostly in favor of a strong national government and unsympathetic to calls for states ' rights . They were William Samuel Johnson ( Connecticut ) , Alexander Hamilton ( New York ) , Gouverneur Morris ( Pennsylvania ) , James Madison ( Virginia ) , and Rufus King ( Massachusetts ) . On Wednesday , September 12 , the report of the `` committee of style '' was ordered printed for the convenience of the delegates . For three days , the Convention compared this final version with the proceedings of the Convention . The Constitution was then ordered engrossed on Saturday , September 15 by Jacob Shallus , and was submitted for signing on September 17 . It made at least one important change to what the Convention had agreed to ; King wanted to prevent states from interfering in contracts . Although the Convention never took up the matter , his language was now inserted , creating the contract clause . Gouverneur Morris is credited , both now and then , as the chief draftsman of the final document , including the stirring preamble . Not all the delegates were pleased with the results ; thirteen left before the ceremony , and three of those remaining refused to sign : Edmund Randolph of Virginia , George Mason of Virginia , and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts . George Mason demanded a Bill of Rights if he was to support the Constitution . The Bill of Rights was not included in the Constitution submitted to the states for ratification , but many states ratified the Constitution with the understanding that a bill of rights would soon follow . Shortly before the document was to be signed , Gorham proposed to lower the size of congressional districts from 40,000 to 30,000 citizens . A similar measure had been proposed earlier , and failed by one vote . George Washington spoke up here , making his only substantive contribution to the text of the Constitution in supporting this move . The Convention adopted it without further debate . Gorham would sign the document , although he had openly doubted whether the United States would remain a single , unified nation for more than 150 years . Ultimately , 39 of the original 55 delegates ended up signing , but it is likely that none were completely satisfied . Their views were summed up by Benjamin Franklin , who said , I confess that There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them ... I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain , may be able to make a better Constitution ... It therefore astonishes me , Sir , to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does ; and I think it will astonish our enemies ... Rhode Island never sent delegates , and two of New York 's three delegates did not stay at the Convention for long . Therefore , as George Washington stated , the document was executed by `` eleven states , and Colonel Hamilton . '' Washington signed the document first , and then moving by state delegation from north to south , as had been the custom throughout the Convention , the delegates filed to the front of the room to sign their names . At the time the document was signed , Franklin gave a persuasive speech involving an anecdote on a sun that was painted on the back of Washington 's Chippendale chair . As recounted in Madison 's notes : Whilst the last members were signing it Doctor . Franklin looking towards the Presidents Chair , at the back of which a rising sun happened to be painted , observed to a few members near him , that Painters had found it difficult to distinguish in their art a rising from a setting sun . I have said he , often and often in the course of the Session , and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue , looked at that behind the President without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting : But now at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting Sun . The Constitution was then submitted to the states for ratification , pursuant to its own Article VII . Proposed plans ( edit ) Several plans were introduced , with the most important plan being that of James Madison ( the Virginia Plan ) . The Convention 's work was mostly a matter of modifying this plan . Charles Pinckney also introduced a plan , although this was n't considered and its exact character has been lost to history . After the Convention was well under way , the New Jersey Plan was introduced though never seriously considered . It was mainly a protest to what some delegates thought was the excessively radical change from the Articles of Confederation . Alexander Hamilton also offered a plan after the Convention was well under way , though it included an executive serving for life and therefore the delegates felt it too closely resembled a monarchy . Historians are unsure how serious he was about this , and some have speculated that he may have done it to make Madison 's plan look moderate by comparison . The Connecticut Compromise was n't a plan but one of several compromises offered by the Connecticut delegation . It was key to the ultimate ratification of the constitution , but was only included after being modified by Benjamin Franklin in order to make it more appealing to larger states . Virginia plan ( edit ) Main article : Virginia Plan The Virginia Plan Prior to the start of the Convention , the Virginian delegates met and , drawing largely from Madison 's suggestions , came up with what came to be known as the Virginia Plan , also known as the Large State Plan . For this reason , James Madison is sometimes called the Father of the Constitution . Presented by Virginia governor Edmund Randolph on May 29 , 1787 , the Virginia Plan proposed a very powerful bicameral legislature . Both houses of the legislature would be determined proportionately . The lower house would be elected by the people , and the upper house would be elected by the lower house . The executive would exist solely to ensure that the will of the legislature was carried out and would therefore be selected by the legislature . The Virginia Plan also created a judiciary , and gave both the executive and some of the judiciary the power to veto , subject to override . New Jersey plan ( edit ) Main article : New Jersey Plan The New Jersey Plan After the Virginia Plan was introduced , New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan . Under the Articles of Confederation , each state had equal representation in Congress , exercising one vote each . The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states ' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population . On June 14 and 15 , 1787 , a small - state caucus met to create a response to the Virginia Plan . The result was the New Jersey Plan , otherwise known as the Small State Plan . Paterson 's New Jersey Plan was ultimately a rebuttal to the Virginia Plan , and was much closer to the initial call for the Convention : drafting amendments to the Articles of Confederation to fix the problems in it . Under the New Jersey Plan , the existing Continental Congress would remain , but it would be granted new powers , such as the power to levy taxes and force their collection . An executive branch was created , to be elected by Congress ( the plan allowed for a multi-person executive ) . The executives would serve a single term and were subject to recall on the request of state governors . The plan also created a judiciary that would serve for life , to be appointed by the executives . Lastly , any laws set by Congress would take precedence over state laws . When Paterson reported the plan to the Convention on June 15 , 1787 , it was ultimately rejected , but it gave the smaller states a rallying point for their interests . Hamilton 's plan ( edit ) The Hamilton Plan Unsatisfied with the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan , Alexander Hamilton proposed his own plan . It also was known as the British Plan , because of its resemblance to the British system of strong centralized government . In his plan , Hamilton advocated virtually doing away with state sovereignty and consolidating the states into a single nation . The plan featured a bicameral legislature , the lower house elected by the people for three years . The upper house would be elected by electors chosen by the people and would serve for life . The plan also gave the Governor , an executive elected by electors for a life - term of service , an absolute veto over bills . State governors would be appointed by the national legislature , and the national legislature had veto power over any state legislation . Hamilton presented his plan to the Convention on June 18 , 1787 . The plan was perceived as a well - thought - out plan , but it was not considered , because it resembled the British system too closely . It also contemplated the loss of most state authority , which the states were unwilling to allow . Pinckney 's plan ( edit ) The Pinckney Plan Immediately after Randolph finished laying out the Virginia Plan , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina presented his own plan to the Convention . As Pinckney did not write it down , the only evidence of the plan are Madison 's notes , so the details are somewhat vague . It was a confederation , or treaty , among the thirteen states . There was to be a bicameral legislature made up of a Senate and a House of Delegates . The House would have one member for every one thousand inhabitants . The House would elect Senators who would serve by rotation for four years and represent one of four regions . Congress would meet in a joint session to elect a President , and would also appoint members of the cabinet . Congress , in joint session , would serve as the court of appeal of last resort in disputes between states . Pinckney did also provide for a supreme Federal Judicial Court . The Pinckney plan was not debated , but it may have been referred to by the Committee of Detail . Connecticut compromise ( edit ) Main article : Connecticut Compromise The Connecticut Compromise , forged by Roger Sherman from Connecticut , was proposed on June 11 . In a sense it blended the Virginia ( large - state ) and New Jersey ( small - state ) proposals . Ultimately , however , its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate , and thus retaining a federal character in the constitution . Sherman sided with the two - house national legislature of the Virginia Plan , but proposed `` That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st . branch ( house ) should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants ; and that in the second branch or Senate , each State should have one vote and no more . '' This plan failed at first , but on July 23 the question was finally settled . What was ultimately included in the constitution was a modified form of this plan . In the Grand Committee , Benjamin Franklin successfully proposed the requirement that revenue bills originate in the house . But the final July 16 vote on the compromise still left the Senate looking like the Confederation Congress . In the preceding weeks of debate , Madison , King , and Gouverneur Morris each vigorously opposed the compromise for this reason . Then on July 23 , just before most of the convention 's work was referred to the Committee of Detail , Morris and King moved that state representatives in the Senate be given individual votes , rather than voting en bloc , as they had in the Confederation Congress . Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut , a leading proponent of the compromise , supported their motion , and the Convention adopted it . As the personally powerful senators were to receive terms much longer than the state legislators who appointed them , they became substantially independent . The compromise nonetheless continued to serve the self - interest of small - state political leaders , who were assured of access to more seats in the Senate than they might otherwise have obtained . Slavery ( edit ) Among the most controversial issues confronting the delegates was that of slavery . Slavery was widespread in the states at the time of the Convention . At least a third of the Convention 's 55 delegates owned slaves , including all of the delegates from Virginia and South Carolina . Slaves comprised approximately one - fifth of the population of the states ; and apart from northernmost New England , where slavery had largely been eliminated , slaves lived throughout all regions of the country . The majority of the slaves ( more than 90 % ) , however , lived in the South , where approximately 1 in 3 families owned slaves ( in the largest and wealthiest state , Virginia , that figure was nearly 1 in 2 families ) . The entire agrarian economy of the South was based on slave labor , and the Southern delegates to the Convention were unwilling to accept any proposals that they believed would threaten the institution . Quaker John Dickinson argued forcefully against slavery during the Convention . Once Delaware 's largest slaveholder , he had freed all of his slaves by 1787 . Commerce and slave trade compromise ( edit ) Whether slavery was to be regulated under the new Constitution was a matter of such intense conflict between the North and South that several Southern states refused to join the Union if slavery were not to be allowed . Delegates opposed to slavery were forced to yield in their demands that slavery practiced within the confines of the new nation be completely outlawed . However , they continued to argue that the Constitution should prohibit the states from participating in the international slave trade , including in the importation of new slaves from Africa and the export of slaves to other countries . The Convention postponed making a final decision on the international slave trade until late in the deliberations because of the contentious nature of the issue . During the Convention 's late July recess , the Committee of Detail had inserted language that would prohibit the federal government from attempting to ban international slave trading and from imposing taxes on the purchase or sale of slaves . The Convention could not agree on these provisions when the subject came up again in late August , so they referred the matter to an eleven - member committee for further discussion . This committee helped work out a compromise : Congress would have the power to ban the international slave trade , but not for another twenty years ( that is , not until 1808 ) . In exchange for this concession , the federal government 's power to regulate foreign commerce would be strengthened by provisions that allowed for taxation of slave trades in the international market and that reduced the requirement for passage of navigation acts from two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress to simple majorities . Three - fifths compromise ( edit ) Main article : Three - Fifths Compromise Another contentious slavery - related question was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress , or would instead be considered property and as such not be considered for purposes of representation . Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation , but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population . Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation , but not in determining representation . Finally , delegate James Wilson proposed the Three - Fifths Compromise . This was eventually adopted by the Convention . Delegates ( edit ) The states had originally appointed seventy representatives to the Convention , but a number of the appointees did not accept or could not attend , leaving fifty - five delegates who would ultimately craft the Constitution . Almost all of the fifty - five delegates had taken part in the Revolution , with at least twenty - nine having served in the Continental forces , most in positions of command . All but two or three had served in colonial or state government during their careers . The vast majority ( about 75 % ) of the delegates were or had been members of the Confederation Congress , and many had been members of the Continental Congress during the Revolution . Several had been state governors . Just two delegates , Roger Sherman and Robert Morris , would be signatories to all three of the nation 's founding documents : the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution . More than half of the delegates had trained as lawyers ( several had even been judges ) , although only about a quarter had practiced law as their principal means of business . There were also merchants , manufacturers , shippers , land speculators , bankers or financiers , two or three physicians , a minister , and several small farmers . Of the twenty - five who owned slaves , sixteen depended on slave labor to run the plantations or other businesses that formed the mainstay of their income . Most of the delegates were landowners with substantial holdings , and most , with the possible exception of Roger Sherman and William Few , were very comfortably wealthy . George Washington and Robert Morris were among the wealthiest men in the entire country . Connecticut Oliver Ellsworth * William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman Delaware Richard Bassett Gunning Bedford , Jr . Jacob Broom John Dickinson George Read Georgia Abraham Baldwin William Few William Houstoun * William Pierce * Maryland Daniel Carroll Luther Martin * James McHenry John Francis Mercer * Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry * Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Caleb Strong * New Hampshire Nicholas Gilman John Langdon New Jersey David Brearley Jonathan Dayton William Houston * William Livingston William Paterson New York Alexander Hamilton John Lansing , Jr. * Robert Yates * North Carolina William Blount William Richardson Davie * Alexander Martin * Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson Pennsylvania George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Benjamin Franklin Jared Ingersoll Thomas Mifflin Gouverneur Morris Robert Morris James Wilson South Carolina Pierce Butler Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney John Rutledge Virginia John Blair James Madison George Mason * James McClurg * Edmund Randolph * George Washington George Wythe * Rhode Island Rhode Island did not send delegates to the Convention . ( * ) Did not sign the final draft of the U.S. Constitution . Randolph , Mason , and Gerry were the only three present in Philadelphia at the time who refused to sign . Several prominent Founders are notable for not participating in the Constitutional Convention . Thomas Jefferson was abroad , serving as the minister to France ( nonetheless , Jefferson , in a letter to John Adams , would describe the delegates approvingly as a gathering of `` demi - gods '' ) . John Adams was in Britain , serving as minister to that country , but he wrote home to encourage the delegates . Patrick Henry refused to participate because he `` smelt a rat in Philadelphia , tending toward the monarchy . '' Also absent were John Hancock and Samuel Adams . Many of the states ' older and more experienced leaders may have simply been too busy with the local affairs of their states to attend the Convention , which had originally been planned to strengthen the existing Articles of Confederation , not to write a constitution for a completely new national government . See also ( edit ) Constitution Day ( United States ) Constitution of the United States Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution The Federalist Papers Founding Fathers of the United States History of the United States Constitution History of the United States National Constitution Center Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution United States Bill of Rights Syng inkstand America 's Critical Period Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manasseh Cutler was a Congregationalists minister and former Army chaplain from Massachusetts . He arrived directly from lobbying success in New York City during the Northwest Ordinance negotiations at the Articles Congress . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jillson , Calvin C. ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Jump up ^ Odesser - Torpey , Marilyn ( 2013 ) . Insiders ' Guide to Philadelphia & Pennsylvania Dutch Country . Morris Book Publishing , LLC . p. 26 . ISBN 9780762756995 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rossiter , Clinton ( 1987 ) . 1787 : The Grand Convention . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30404 - 6 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Pop Culture : 1790 '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Edward J. ; Winship , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention : A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7517 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6570 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Articles of Confederation , Art . 13 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Gaillard ( 1902 ) . The Life of James Madison . Doubleday . Jump up ^ The Ratification of the Constitution National Archives ^ Jump up to : Padover , Saul K. ( 1995 ) . Jacob W. Landynski , ed . The living U.S. Constitution : Historical Background Landmark Supreme Court Decisions with Introductions indexed Guide Pen Portraits of Signers. 3 . New York : NY : A Meridian Book . Jump up ^ Irons , Lee. , The 1788 American Revision of the Westminster Standards , viewed September 15 , 2011 . Referencing `` Records of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America 1706 -- 1788 '' ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 37 , 173 -- 76 , 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 37 , 173 -- 76 , 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Teaching American History.org , A citizen of America : an examination into the leading principles of America , viewed October 20 , 2011 . Scudder , Horace Elisha . Noah Webster , 1885 ed. , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 . Robert Yates . http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/yates.asp Jump up ^ The Three - Fifth Compromise Digitalhistory.uh.edu Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1966 ) . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Volume 1 . Yale University Press . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 00080 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : 2 The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , at 94 -- 95 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) ^ Jump up to : See Laurence Claus , Power Enumeration and the Silences of Constitutional Federalism http://ssrn.com/abstract=2837390 ^ Jump up to : Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 . Jump up ^ United States Postage Stamps Jump up ^ National Archives . `` Bill of Rights '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Speech of Benjamin Franklin -- The U_S_ Constitution Online -- USConstitution_net ^ Jump up to : `` Rising Sun '' in The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding , Vol. 1 ( ed . John R. Vile : ABC - CLIO , 2005 ) , p. 681 . Jump up ^ Madison Notes for September 17 , 1787 . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 2006 ) . America 's Constitution : A Biography . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7272 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : US Constitution.net . `` Constitutional Topic : The Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Plan of Charles Pinckney ( South Carolina ) , Presented to the Federal Convention , May 29 , 1787 . `` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : May 29 . `` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1 THE RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787 , at 489 , 490 , 551 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census ( 1909 ) . A Century of Population Growth : From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 . D.C. : Government Printing Office . ^ Jump up to : Constitutional Rights Foundation . `` The Constitution and Slavery '' . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2004 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States National Archives and Records Administration . `` America 's Founding Fathers , Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : United States National Archives and Records Administration . `` America 's Founding Fathers , Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1913 ) . The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven : Yale University Press . Bibliography ( edit ) Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6570 - 7 . Bowen , Catherine Drinker , Miracle At Philadelphia : The Story of the Constitutional Convention ( Little , Brown 1966 ) Farrand , Max ( 1913 ) . The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven : Yale University Press . Hunt , Gaillard ( 1902 ) . The Life of James Madison . Doubleday . Jillson , Calvin C. ( 2009 ) . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change ( 5th ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88702 - 8 . Larson , Edward J. ; Winship , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention : A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7517 - 0 . Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 . United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census ( 1909 ) . A Century of Population Growth : From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constitutional Convention ( United States ) . 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-5090486905322817692 | Creature from the Black Lagoon | Creature from the Black Lagoon - wikipedia Creature from the Black Lagoon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the eponymous character , see Gill - man . For the pinball machine , see Creature from the Black Lagoon ( pinball ) . For the manga , see Black Lagoon . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : the formatting and writing style of some sections such as the remake section are too heavily deatailed Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Creature from the Black Lagoon Theatrical release poster by Reynold Brown Directed by Jack Arnold Produced by William Alland Screenplay by Harry Essex Arthur A. Ross Story by Maurice Zimm Starring Richard Carlson Julia Adams Richard Denning Antonio Moreno Music by Henry Mancini Hans J. Salter Herman Stein Cinematography William E. Snyder Edited by Ted J. Kent Production company Universal Pictures Distributed by Universal - International Release date February 12 , 1954 ( 1954 - 02 - 12 ) ( premiere ) March 5 , 1954 ( 1954 - 03 - 05 ) ( et al. , regional openings ) Running time 79 minutes Country United States Language English Budget unknown Box office $1,300,000 Creature from the Black Lagoon is a 1954 American black - and - white 3D monster horror film from Universal - International , produced by William Alland , directed by Jack Arnold , that stars Richard Carlson , Julia Adams , Richard Denning , Antonio Moreno and Whit Bissell . The Creature was played by Ben Chapman on land and by Ricou Browning underwater . The film premiered in Detroit on February 12 and was released on a regional basis , opening on various dates . Creature from the Black Lagoon was filmed in 3D and originally projected by the polarized light method . The audience wore viewers with gray polarizing filters , similar to the viewers most commonly used today . Because the brief 1950s 3D film fad had peaked in mid-1953 and was fading fast in early 1954 , many audiences actually saw the film `` flat '' , in 2D . Typically , the film was shown in 3D in large downtown theaters and flat in smaller neighborhood theaters . In 1975 Creature from the Black Lagoon was re-released to theaters in the inferior red - and - blue - glasses anaglyph 3D format , which was also used for a 1980 home video release on Beta and VHS videocassettes . For marketing reasons , a comedic short TV special was aired prior to the film 's release titled Abbott and Costello Meet the Creature from the Black Lagoon . Ben Chapman reprised his role as the Gill - Man for the program . Creature from the Black Lagoon generated two sequels : Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) , which was also filmed and released in 3D in hopes of reviving the format , and The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) , filmed in 2D . The creature , also known as the Gill - man , is usually counted among the classic Universal Monsters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Critical reception 5 Novelization 6 Home media 7 Legacy 8 Cancelled remake 9 Reboot 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Citations 11.3 Bibliography 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Autographed Julie Adams still featuring the Creature menacing Kay . A geology expedition in the Amazon uncovers fossilized evidence ( a skeletal hand with webbed fingers ) from the Devonian period that provides a direct link between land and sea animals . Expedition leader Dr. Carl Maia ( Antonio Moreno ) orders his two assistants to stay in camp while he visits the marine biology institute . Maia reunites with his friend and former student , ichthyologist Dr. David Reed ( Richard Carlson ) . Dr. Reed works at an aquarium in California , but more recently he has been a guest at Maia 's institute in Brazil to study lungfish . Reed persuades his boss , the financially minded Dr. Mark Williams ( Richard Denning ) , to fund a return expedition to the Amazon to look for the remainder of the skeleton . Soon after Dr. Maia leaves camp , a piscine amphibious humanoid , a living member of the same species from which the fossil originated , becomes curious about the expedition 's camp . When its sudden appearance frightens the assistants , they panic and attack , and in response the enraged creature kills them both . The group goes aboard the tramp steamer Rita , captained by crusty Lucas ( Nestor Paiva ) . The expedition consists of David , Carl , Mark , as well as Reed 's girlfriend and colleague , Kay Lawrence ( Julie Adams ) , and another scientist , Dr. Edwin Thompson ( Whit Bissell ) . When they arrive at the camp , they discover Maia 's assistants have been killed while he was away . Lucas suggests it was likely done by a jaguar , but the others are unsure . A further excavation of the area where Carl found the fossil turns up nothing . Mark is ready to give up the search , but David suggests that perhaps thousands of years ago the part of the embankment containing the rest of the skeleton fell into the water and was washed downriver , broken up by the current . Carl says the tributary empties into a lagoon . Lucas calls it the `` Black Lagoon '' , a paradise from which no one has ever returned . The scientists decide to risk it , unaware that the amphibious `` Gill - man '' that killed Carl 's assistants has been watching them . Taking notice of the beautiful Kay , the creature follows the Rita all the way downriver to the Black Lagoon . Once the expedition arrives , David and Mark go diving to collect rock samples from the lagoon floor . After they return , Kay goes swimming and is stalked underwater by the Gill - man , who then gets briefly caught in one of the ship 's drag lines . Although it escapes , the creature leaves a claw behind in the net , revealing its existence . Subsequent encounters with the Gill - man claim the lives of Lucas 's crew members , before the creature is captured and locked in a cage aboard the Rita . It escapes during the night , attacking Thompson , who was guarding it . Kay smashes the creature with a lantern , driving it off , but Thompson is severely injured . Following this incident , David decides they should return to civilization . Mark , obsessed with capturing ( or killing ) the creature , objects . As the Rita tries to leave , they find the lagoon 's entrance blocked by fallen logs , courtesy of the Gill - man . While the others attempt to remove the logs , Mark is mauled to death while trying to capture the creature single - handedly , underwater . It then abducts Kay and takes her to its cavern lair . David , Lucas and Carl give chase , and Kay is rescued . The creature is riddled with bullets before retreating to the lagoon , where its body sinks into the watery depths . Cast ( edit ) Ricou Browning played the `` Gill Man '' in the underwater scenes of Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) , Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) , and The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) . Richard Carlson as Dr. David Reed Julie Adams as Kay Lawrence Richard Denning as Dr. Mark Williams Antonio Moreno as Dr. Carl Maia Nestor Paiva as Captain Lucas Whit Bissell as Dr. Edwin Thompson Bernie Gozier as Zee Henry A. Escalante as Chico Perry Lopez as Tomas Rodd Redwing as Luis Sydney Mason as Dr. Matos Ben Chapman as Gill - man ( land ) Ricou Browning as Gill - man ( underwater ) Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) Ginger Stanley did underwater stunts in the first two films . Producer William Alland was attending a 1941 dinner party during the filming of Citizen Kane ( in which he played the reporter Thompson ) when Mexican cinematographer Gabriel Figueroa told him about the myth of a race of half - fish , half - human creatures in the Amazon River . Alland wrote story notes titled `` The Sea Monster '' 10 years later . His inspiration was Beauty and the Beast . In December 1952 , Maurice Zimm expanded this into a treatment , which Harry Essex and Arthur Ross rewrote as The Black Lagoon . Following the success of the 3D film House of Wax in 1953 , Jack Arnold was hired to direct the film in the same format . The designer of the approved Gill - man was Disney animator Milicent Patrick , though her role was deliberately downplayed by make - up artist Bud Westmore , who for half a century would receive sole credit for the creature 's conception . Jack Kevan , who worked on The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) and made prosthetics for amputees during World War II , created the bodysuit , while Chris Mueller Jr. sculpted the head . Ben Chapman portrayed the Gill - man for the majority of the scenes shot at Universal City , California . Many of the on - top of the water scenes were filmed at Rice Creek near Palatka , Florida . The costume made it impossible for Chapman to sit for the 14 hours of each day that he wore it , and it overheated easily , so he stayed in the back lot 's lake , often requesting to be hosed down . He also could not see very well while wearing the headpiece , which caused him to scrape Julie Adams ' head against the wall when carrying her in the grotto scenes . Ricou Browning played the Gill - Man in the underwater shots , which were filmed by the second unit in Wakulla Springs , Florida . Critical reception ( edit ) Creature from the Black Lagoon received positive reviews from critics upon its release and is now considered a classic . Leonard Maltin awarded the film three out of a possible four stars , writing , `` Archetypal ' 50s monster movie has been copied so often that some of the edge is gone , but ... is still entertaining , with juicy atmosphere and luminous underwater photography sequences . '' Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 84 % , based on 32 reviews , with a overall rating average of 6.9 / 10 . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2001 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- Nominated 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Gill - man -- Nominated Villain Novelization ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Creature from the Black Lagoon was novelized in 1954 by John Russell Fearn under the pseudonym of `` Vargo Statten '' , then later , in 1977 , in mass market paperback under the pseudonym of `` Carl Dreadstone '' . This was part of a short - lived series of books based on the classic Universal horror films . The 1977 book was introduced by Ramsey Campbell , but was written by Walter Harris . The 1977 novel offers a completely different Gill - man , who in this version of the story is gigantic , almost as big as the Rita herself , weighing in at 30 tons . It is both coldblooded and warmblooded , is a hermaphrodite , and also possesses a long whip - like tail . The gigantic creature is dubbed `` AA '' , for `` Advanced Amphibian '' , by the expedition team members . After slaying most of the team members , destroying a Sikorsky helicopter , and kidnapping Kay more than once , the creature is killed by the crew of a United States Navy torpedo boat . The 1977 novel also differs greatly with respect to the human characters . Only David Reed and Kay Lawrence remain the same . Mark Williams is a German named `` Bruno Gebhardt '' and dies not as a result from drowning , but by the monster falling on him . Lucas is named `` Jose Goncalves Fonseca de Souza '' and is a mostly sympathetic character , until his suggestion of throwing the wounded and unconscious Reed to the monster makes an enraged Gebhardt / Williams throw `` him '' to the beast instead . Dr. Thompson and Dr. Maia both die grisly deaths , whereas in the movie they survive ; Maia is eaten by the monster , and Thompson is impaled on a long tree branch flung at him by the creature like a spear ( in an apparent nod to a deleted scene from Revenge of the Creature wherein the Gill - man killed a guard in this fashion ) . Home media ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1980 , Universal released Creature from the Black Lagoon on video cassette in an anaglyph 3D version , using the Deep Vision anaglyph 3D release as its source . Subsequent releases on VHS , Beta and DVD were the 2D version . On October 2 , 2012 , Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released the film on Blu - ray as a 2D / Blu - ray 3D dual format disc as part of the `` Universal Classic Monsters : The Essential Collection '' box set . On June 4 , 2013 , the Creature from the Black Lagoon Blu - ray disc was released as a stand - alone title . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Cultural impact of Creature from the Black Lagoon . Cancelled remake ( edit ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( August 2016 ) In 1982 , John Landis wanted Jack Arnold to direct a remake of the film , and Nigel Kneale was commissioned to write the screenplay . Kneale completed the script , which involved a pair of creatures , one destructive and the other calm and sensitive , being persecuted by the United States Navy . A decision to make the film in 3D led to the remake being canceled by producers at Universal , both for budgetary concerns and to avoid a clash with Jaws 3 - D. In 1992 , John Carpenter was developing the remake at Universal . He originally hired Bill Phillips to write the script while Rick Baker was hired to create the 3D model of the Creature , but the project never got green - lit . Herschel Weingrod and Timothy Harris wrote a new script , and Universal offered Peter Jackson the director 's position in 1995 , but he chose to work on King Kong instead . In February 1996 , Ivan Reitman was planning to direct the remake , but the outing never materialized . With the financial success of The Mummy remake in May 1999 , development of the Creature from the Black Lagoon remake was revived . In December 2001 , Gary Ross signed on to write and produce the remake with his father , Arthur A. Ross , one of the original 's writers . He told The Hollywood Reporter , `` The story my father wrote embodies the clash between primitive men and civilized men , and that obviously makes it a fertile area for re-examination . '' In August 2002 , Guillermo del Toro , a fan of the original , was attached as director . He had hoped to do a story focused more on the Creature 's perspective and letting him have romantic success , which he would later turn into the 2017 film The Shape of Water , but Universal heads rejected this concept . Because of these creative clashes and his commitments to numerous other projects , Universal was forced to go without del Toro and hired Tedi Sarafian ( credited on Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines ) to write a script in March 2003 . In October 2005 , Breck Eisner signed on as director . `` As a kid , I remember loving Jack Arnold 's original version of this film '' , he explained . `` What I really want to do is update an iconic image from the ' 50s and bring in more of the sci - fi sensibility of Alien or John Carpenter 's The Thing ( 1982 ) . '' Ross said in March 2007 the Gill - man 's origin would be reinvented , with him being the result of a pharmaceutical corporation polluting the Amazon . `` It 's about the rainforest being exploited for profit '' , he said . However , the production was delayed by the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike ; as a result , Eisner made The Crazies ( 2010 ) the number one on his priority list instead . His new goal was to finish filming The Crazies and then begin filming Creature from the Black Lagoon in Manaus , Brazil and on the Amazon River in Peru . Eisner was inspired to shoot on location by the film Fitzcarraldo , and the boat set had been built . Eisner continued to rewrite the script , which was to be a summer blockbuster full of `` action and excitement , but ( still ) scary '' . Eisner spent six months designing the new incarnation of the Gill - man with Mark McCreery ( Jurassic Park , and Davy Jones ' designer ) . The director said the design was `` very faithful to the original , but updated '' and that the Gill - man would still be sympathetic . In 2009 , it was reported that Carl Erik Rinsch might direct a 2010 remake that would be produced by Marc Abraham , Eric Newman and Gary Ross ; however , a project featuring this ensemble had been abandoned by 2011 . In March 2012 , Universal announced that a remake was in production , and would simply be titled The Black Lagoon rather than Creature from the Black Lagoon , in order to distinguish the two versions . In October 2012 , the studio hired Dave Kajganich to write the film . The film was expected to hit theaters by May 2014 , but was ultimately cancelled . Reboot ( edit ) Main article : Universal Monsters § Dark Universe Universal Pictures is developing a shared universe of rebooted modern - day versions of their classic Universal Monsters , with various films in different stages of development . The series begins with The Mummy ( 2017 ) and will continue with Bride of Frankenstein ( 2019 ) . The Creature from the Black Lagoon has a story written by Jeff Pinkner and a script written by Will Beall . In June 2017 , Kurtzman revealed that the Gill - man will be from the Amazon . But on November 8 , 2017 , Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan moved on to other projects , leaving the future of the Dark Universe in doubt . See also ( edit ) 1950s portal Florida portal Film in the United States portal Horror fiction portal References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Furmanek , Bob and Greg Kintz . `` An in - depth look at ' Creature from the Black Lagoon ' . '' 3dfilmarchive.com , 2012 . Retrieved : November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portrait of Ginger Stanley sitting on a diving board - Weeki Wachee Springs , Florida . '' State Archives of Florida . Retrieved : March 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vieira 2003 , pp. 141 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Ferrari 2003 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard . Leonard Maltin 's 2014 Movie Guide . Penguin Press . p. 298 . ISBN 9780451418104 . Jump up ^ `` Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 2005 , pp. 154 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Archerd , Army `` Olympics to cross finish line in style . '' Variety , July 19 , 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Archerd , Army . `` Hiller relieved that noms were n't leaked . '' Variety , February 12 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Recreating the Eighth Wonder . '' King Kong ( 3 - disc Deluxe Extended Edition DVD ) , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fleming . Michael . `` Kornberg reups at U . '' Variety , May 20 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian . `` Back to the Black Lagoon . '' IGN , December 13 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian . `` Del Toro to Uni 's Creature Redo . '' IGN , August 7 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Del Toro Talks Black Lagoon Influence On `` Shape '' - Dark Horizons `` . darkhorizons.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( March 11 , 2003 ) . `` T3 Scribe Penning Creature '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Gabriel . `` U 's ' Creature ' meets maker . '' Variety , October 19 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael . `` On screens soon , abused Earth gets its revenge . '' The New York Times , March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rotten , Ryan . `` Exclusive : Eisner on Creature from the Black Lagoon Remake . '' Shock Till You Drop , May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Creature to Feature Rinsch ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Creature from the Black Lagoon ' Taps New Director for Revival . '' bloody-disgusting.com . Retrieved : March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` ' Creature From the Black Lagoon ' nabs a writer ( Exclusive ) . '' The Hollywood Reporter , October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved : March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.cinemablend.com/news/1667260/where-the-creature-from-the-black-lagoon-monster-comes-from-in-universals-dark-universe Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Couch , Aaron ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Universal 's `` Monsterverse '' in Peril as Top Producers Exit ( Exclusive ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ferrari , Andrea . Il Cinema Dei Mostri . Milan , Italy : Mondadori , 2003 . ISBN 88 - 435 - 9915 - 1 . Murray , Andy . Into the Unknown : The Fantastic Life of Nigel Kneale . Stockport , Cheshire , UK : Critical Vision , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 900486 - 50 - 4 . Vieira , Mark A. Hollywood Horror : From Gothic to Cosmic . New York : Harry N. Abrams , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4535 - 5 . Warren , Bill . Keep Watching the Skies : American Science Fiction Films of the Fifties , 21st Century Edition . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , 2009 , ( First edition 1982 ) . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 032 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Creature from the Black Lagoon . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Creature from the Black Lagoon Creature from the Black Lagoon on IMDb Creature from the Black Lagoon at the TCM Movie Database Creature from the Black Lagoon at AllMovie Creature from the Black Lagoon at Rotten Tomatoes The Reel Gill - man -- Official site of Ben Chapman , who played the Gill - man Gill - man Films Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Saturday the 14th ( 1981 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Other Creature from the Black Lagoon : The Musical Creature from the Black Lagoon : Pinball Legacy Monster Bash : Pinball Films directed by Jack Arnold With These Hands ( 1950 ) Girls in the Night ( 1953 ) It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) The Glass Web ( 1953 ) Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) The Man from Bitter Ridge ( 1955 ) Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) Tarantula ( 1955 ) Red Sundown ( 1956 ) Outside the Law ( 1956 ) The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1957 ) The Tattered Dress ( 1957 ) Man in the Shadow ( 1957 ) The Lady Takes a Flyer ( 1958 ) High School Confidential ( 1958 ) The Space Children ( 1958 ) Monster on the Campus ( 1958 ) No Name on the Bullet ( 1959 ) The Mouse That Roared ( 1959 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( 1961 ) A Global Affair ( 1964 ) The Lively Set ( 1964 ) Hello Down There ( 1969 ) Black Eye ( 1974 ) Boss Nigger ( 1975 ) The Swiss Conspiracy ( 1976 ) The Wackiest Wagon Train in the West ( 1976 ) Marilyn : The Untold Story ( 1980 ) Universal Monsters Films Dracula Dracula ( English ) / ( Spanish ) ( 1931 ) Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) Remakes Dracula ( 1979 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Frankenstein Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ; character ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Edgar Allan Poe Murders in the Rue Morgue ( 1932 ) The Black Cat ( 1934 ) The Raven ( 1935 ) The Black Cat ( 1941 ) The Mystery of Marie Roget ( 1942 ) Mummy ( Imhotep Kharis ) The Mummy ( 1932 ) The Mummy 's Hand ( 1940 ) The Mummy 's Tomb ( 1942 ) The Mummy 's Ghost The Mummy 's Curse ( 1944 ) Dark Universe The Mummy ( 2017 ) The Mummy The Mummy ( 1999 ) Returns ( 2001 ) Tomb of the Dragon Emperor ( 2008 ) Invisible Man Invisible Man ( 1933 ) Returns Invisible Woman ( 1940 ) Invisible Agent ( 1942 ) The Invisible Man 's Revenge ( 1944 ) The Wolf Man Werewolf of London ( 1935 ) The Wolf Man ( 1941 ) She - Wolf of London ( 1946 ) The Wolfman ( 2010 remake ) Crossovers Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Killer , Boris Karloff ( 1949 ) Invisible Man ( 1951 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1953 ) Mummy ( 1955 ) Ape Woman Captive Wild Woman ( 1943 ) Jungle Woman ( 1944 ) The Jungle Captive ( 1945 ) Inner Sanctum Mysteries Calling Dr. Death ( 1943 ) Weird Woman Dead Man 's Eyes ( 1944 ) The Frozen Ghost Strange Confession Pillow of Death ( 1945 ) Gill - man Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) Other films Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 ) Cat and the Canary ( 1927 ) Man Who Laughs ( 1928 ) Last Warning Last Performance ( 1929 ) Cat Creeps La Voluntad del muerto ( 1930 ) Old Dark House ( 1932 ) Secret of the Blue Room ( 1933 ) Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1935 ) Invisible Ray ( 1936 ) Night Key ( 1937 ) Phantom Creeps ( 1939 ) Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) Tower of London ( 1939 ) Black Friday ( 1940 ) Man Made Monster Horror Island ( 1941 ) Mad Doctor of Market Street Strange Case of Doctor Rx Night Monster ( 1942 ) Mad Ghoul ( 1943 ) The Climax ( 1944 ) Spider Woman Strikes Back Cat Creeps ( 1946 ) The Creeper House of Horrors ( 1946 ) The Brute Man ( 1946 ) The Strange Door ( 1951 ) The Black Castle ( 1952 ) It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) Tarantula Cult of the Cobra This Island Earth ( 1955 ) Curucu , Beast of the Amazon Mole People ( 1956 ) Incredible Shrinking Man Deadly Mantis Land Unknown Monolith Monsters ( 1957 ) Thing That Could n't Die Monster on the Campus ( 1958 ) Curse of the Undead ( 1959 ) Leech Woman ( 1960 ) Tributes Boo ! ( 1932 ) Shock Theater ( 1957 ) Tales of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) The Munsters ( 1964 -- 66 ) Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 ) Monster Squad ( 1976 -- 77 ) Love at First Bite ( 1979 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Dracula : Dead and Loving It ( 1995 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Monster High ( 2010 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- present ) Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) GND : 7546933 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creature_from_the_Black_Lagoon&oldid=819373695 '' Categories : 1954 films English - language films 1950s 3D films 1950s monster movies 1950s science fiction horror films American films American monster movies American black - and - white films American science fiction horror films Brazil in fiction Films scored by Henry Mancini Films directed by Jack Arnold Films set in Brazil Films set in South America Films shot in Jacksonville , Florida Horror adventure films History of Silver Springs , Florida Universal Monsters film series Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles to be expanded from December 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from August 2016 All articles needing rewrite Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 00 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did they film the creature from the black lagoon | [
"Ben Chapman portrayed the Gill-man for the majority of the scenes shot at Universal City, California. Many of the on-top of the water scenes were filmed at Rice Creek near Palatka, Florida. The costume made it impossible for Chapman to sit for the 14 hours of each day that he wore it, and it overheated easily, so he stayed in the back lot's lake, often requesting to be hosed down. He also could not see very well while wearing the headpiece, which caused him to scrape Julie Adams' head against the wall when carrying her in the grotto scenes. Ricou Browning played the Gill-Man in the underwater shots, which were filmed by the second unit in Wakulla Springs, Florida.[3]",
"Ben Chapman portrayed the Gill-man for the majority of the scenes shot at Universal City, California. Many of the on-top of the water scenes were filmed at Rice Creek near Palatka, Florida. The costume made it impossible for Chapman to sit for the 14 hours of each day that he wore it, and it overheated easily, so he stayed in the back lot's lake, often requesting to be hosed down. He also could not see very well while wearing the headpiece, which caused him to scrape Julie Adams' head against the wall when carrying her in the grotto scenes. Ricou Browning played the Gill-Man in the underwater shots, which were filmed by the second unit in Wakulla Springs, Florida.[3]"
] | [
"Wakulla Springs, Florida",
"Rice Creek near Palatka, Florida"
] |
1417196605585552822 | China–Philippines relations | China -- Philippines relations - wikipedia China -- Philippines relations Jump to : navigation , search China -- Philippines relations China Philippines Relations between the Republic of the Philippines and the People 's Republic of China have gradually improved over the years since the initiative of Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos to support communism in mainland China while battling a communist insurgency in the Philippines . China withdrew support for Filipino communists due to this . However , relations between the two countries have suffered due to the worsening South China Sea dispute . The current president of the Philippines , Rodrigo Duterte , aims at remedying relations between the Philippines and China at the expense of the former 's relationship with the United States , the Philippines ' national territorial integrity as seen when the Philippine foreign minister paved way for China 's expansionism , and a stronger ASEAN voice , leaving Vietnam at the forefront . Several major bilateral agreements were signed between the two countries over the years , such as : Joint Trade Agreement ( 1975 ) ; Scientific and Technological Cooperation Agreement ( 1978 ) ; Postal Agreement ( 1978 ) ; Air Services Agreement ( 1979 ) ; Visiting Forces Agreement ( 1999 ) ; Cultural Agreement ( 1979 ) ; Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement ( 1992 ) ; Agreement on Agricultural Cooperation ( 1999 ) ; Tax Agreement ( 1999 ) ; and Treaty on Mutual Judicial Assistance on Criminal Matters ( 2000 ) . In May 2000 , on the eve of the 25th anniversary of their diplomatic relations , the two countries signed a Joint Statement defining the framework of bilateral relations in the 21st century . Bilateral relations between the Philippines and China have significantly progressed in recent years . The growing bilateral relations were highlighted by the state visit to China of Philippine President Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo on 29 -- 31 October 2001 . During the visit , President Arroyo held bilateral talks with top Chinese leaders , namely President Jiang Zemin , NPC Chairman Li Peng , and Premier Zhu Rongji . President Arroyo also attended the 9th APEC Economic Leaders Meeting held in Shanghai on October 20 -- 21 , 2001 , where she also had bilateral talks with President Jiang . During President Arroyo 's visit , eight important bilateral agreements were signed . A 2014 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center showed 93 % of Filipinos were concerned that territorial disputes between China and neighbouring countries could lead to a military conflict . Recently , Philippines has been rapidly improving relations and cooperating with China on various issues , developing a much stronger and stable ties with the country , as well as a successful Code of conduct with China and the rest of ASEAN . However , the average trust view of Filipinos towards China is negative 33 , dipping much lower in certain provinces such as Zambales and Palawan where it is at least negative 45 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Country comparison 1.1 Leaders of the two states 2 Political relations 3 Trade and commerce 4 Military exchanges 5 Bilateral Agreements 6 Others 7 Territorial disputes 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Country comparison ( edit ) Official name People 's Republic of China Republic of the Philippines Native Name 中华 人民 共和国 Republika ng Pilipinas Coat of Arms Flag Population 1,368,260,000 100,981,437 Area 9,596,961 km2 343,448 km2 Population density 144 / km2 202 / km2 Capital Beijing Manila Largest city Shanghai Quezon City Government Unitary single - party socialist republic Unitary presidential constitutional republic Predecessor States Manchurian Imperial Period ( 1644 -- 1912 ) Empire of the Great Qing ( 1644 -- 1912 ) The Heaven Kingdom of Eternal Peace ( 1851 -- 1864 ) Republican Period ( 1912 -- 1949 ) Republic of China ( Provisional ) ( 1912 ) Republic of China ( Beiyang ) ( 1912 -- 1928 ) Empire of China ( 1915 -- 1916 ) Restored Imperial Government of the Great Qing ( 1917 ) Republic of China ( Nationalist ) ( 1928 -- 1949 ) Communist - controlled China ( 1927 -- 1949 ) Japanese - puppet Republic of China ( 1940 -- 1945 ) Communist Period ( 1949 -- present ) People 's Republic of China Mao Period ( 1949 -- 1976 ) Restructuring Period ( 1976 -- 1989 ) Rising Power Period ( 1989 -- 2002 ) Contemporary Period ( 2002 -- present ) Spanish Colonial Period ( 1565 -- 1898 ) Captaincy General of the Philippine Islands ( 1565 -- 1898 ) British - occupied Manila ( 1762 -- 1764 ) Sovereign Tagalog Nation ( 1896 -- 1897 ) Revolutionary Government in Tejeros ( 1897 ) Republic of the Philippines ( 1897 ) American Colonial Period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Military Government of the Philippine Islands ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Philippine Republic ( 1899 -- 1901 ) Insular Government of the Philippine Islands ( 1901 -- 1935 ) Commonwealth of the Philippines ( 1935 -- 1946 ) Japanese - sponsored Philippine Republic ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Post -- Colonial Period ( 1946 -- present ) Republic of the Philippines Third Republic ( 1946 -- 1972 ) Martial Law Period ( 1972 -- 1981 ) Fourth Republic ( 1981 -- 1986 ) Fifth Republic ( 1986 -- present ) First leader Qin Shi Huang ( Imperial ) Sun Yat Sen ( Presidential ) Mao Zedong ( de jure ) Miguel López de Legazpi ( Colonial ) Emilio Aguinaldo ( Official ) Manuel L. Quezon ( de jure ) Head of State Xi Jinping General Secretary / President Rodrigo Duterte President Head of the Government Li Keqiang Premier Deputy Head of State Li Yuanchao Vice President Leni Robredo Vice President Deputy Head of the Government Zhang Gaoli Vice Premier Legislature National People 's Congress ( Unicameral ) Congress ( Bicameral ) Senate and House of Representatives Presiding Officer Zhang Dejiang Congress Chairman Aquilino Pimentel III Senate President Pantaleon Alvarez House Speaker Official languages Chinese Filipino and English GDP ( nominal ) $15.891 trillion $811.726 billion Leaders of the two states ( edit ) Political relations ( edit ) Bilateral meeting between the People 's Republic of China and the Philippines at the East Hall , Great Hall of the People . Prior to the 1970s , the Philippines government maintained a close relationship with the Kuomintang - ruled Taiwan ( Republic of China ) , and saw China ( People 's Republic of China ) as a security threat . It began considering normalizing relations with China at the start of the 1970s ; the two countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1975 with the signing of the Joint Communiqué by leaders of the two countries . Over the 34 years , China -- Philippines relations in general have attained a smooth development , and also remarkable achievements in all areas of bilateral cooperation . Since the establishment of diplomatic relations , there has been frequent exchange of high - level visits between China and the Philippines . Philippine Presidents Marcos ( June 1975 ) , Corazon Aquino ( April 1988 ) , Ramos ( April 1993 ) , Estrada ( May 2000 ) , Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo ( November 2001 and September 2004 ) , and Benigno Aquino III ( August -- September 2011 ) have visited China . Premier Li Peng ( December 1990 ) , Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 8th National People 's Congress Mr. Qiao Shi ( August 1993 ) , President Jiang Zemin ( November 1996 ) , Premier Zhu Rongji ( November 1999 ) , Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 9th National People 's Congress Mr. Li Peng ( September 2002 ) , Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People 's Congress Mr. Wu Bangguo ( August 2003 ) , President Hu Jintao ( April 2005 ) and Premier Wen Jiabao ( January 2007 ) visited the Philippines . During President Jiang Zemin 's state visit to the Philippines in 1996 , leaders of the two countries agreed to establish a cooperative relationship based on good - neighborliness and mutual trust towards the 21st century , and reached important consensus and understanding of `` Shelving disputes and going in for joint development '' on the issue of South China Sea . In 2000 , China and the Philippines signed the `` Joint Statement Between China and the Philippines on the Framework of Bilateral Cooperation in the Twenty - First Century '' , which confirmed that the two sides will establish a long - term and stable relationship on the basis of good neighborliness , cooperation , mutual trust and benefit . During President Hu Jintao 's state visit to the Philippines in 2005 , both countries are determined to establish the strategic and cooperative relations that aim at the peace and development . During Premier Wen Jiabao 's official visit to the Philippines in January 2007 , both sides issued a joint statement , reaffirming the commitment of taking further steps to deepen the strategic and cooperative relationship for peace and development between the two countries . In April 2007 President Arroyo attended the annual meeting of the Boao Forum for Asia . In June 2007 she visited Chengdu and Chongqing , and in October , she attended Shanghai Special Olympics and made a side trip to Yantai , Shandong Province . In January 2008 , Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives De Venecia visited China . In August , President Arroyo attended the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games and made a side trip to Chengdu . In October Arroyo attended the Asia - Europe Summit Meeting in China and made a side trip to Wuhan and Hangzhou . Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives Nograles went to Nanning for the 5th China - ASEAN Expo and paid a visit to Kunming and Xiamen . Vice President De Castro attended the 9th China Western International Exposition in Chengdu . In November De Castro attended the 4th World Cities Forum in Nanjing and visited Anhui and Shanghai . In December , President Arroyo went to Hong Kong to attend the Clinton Global Initiative Forum - Asia Meeting . China 's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines set up a consultation mechanism in 1991 , and 15 rounds of diplomatic consultations have been held since then . Apart from reciprocal establishment of Embassies , China has a consulate general in Cebu , and established a consulate office in Laoag in April 2007 . The Philippines has consulates general in Xiamen , Guangzhou , Shanghai , Chongqing , Chengdu and Hong Kong . Trade and commerce ( edit ) Main article : Bamboo network Binondo , the oldest chinatown in the world and an important business center in Manila Bilateral trade volume in 2007 was 30.62 billion USD . From January to October 2008 , bilateral trade volume reached 25.3 billion USD , an increase of 1.4 % as compared with the same period last year . By the end of September 2008 , the actually utilized value of accumulative investment from the Philippines to China reached 2.5 billion USD . China 's transformation into a major economic power in the 21st century has led to an increase of foreign investments in the bamboo network , a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties . In 1999 , China 's Ministry of Agriculture and the Department of Agriculture of the Philippines signed the Agreement on Strengthening Cooperation in Agriculture and Related Fields . In 2000 , relevant government agencies signed an agreement whereby China offers the Philippines 100 million USD credit facility . In March 2003 , China 's aid project the China - Philippines Agricultural Technology Center was completed . With its successful trial planting in the Philippines , China 's hybrid rice and corn have been growing over large areas in the country . In 2004 , both sides signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Fisheries Cooperation . In January 2007 , Chinese and Philippine Ministries of Agriculture signed Memorandum of Understanding on Broadening and Deepening Agriculture and Fisheries Cooperation . In August 2003 , the two countries signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Constructing the Northern Luzon Railway Project . In April 2005 , the two countries signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the field of Infrastructure between the Ministry of Commerce of the People 's Republic of China and the Department of Trade and Industry of the Republic of the Philippines . Military exchanges ( edit ) In April 2002 , Philippine Secretary of Defense Reyes visited to China . In June , Philippine naval fleets visited China for the first time . In September , Chinese Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission , State Councilor and Defense Minister Chi Haotian visited the Philippines . In 2004 , Narciso Abaya , Chief of the General Staff of Philippine Armed Forces ( AFP ) and Secretary of Defense Avelino Cruz paid visits to China respectively , and both sides established the mechanism of annual Defense and Security Consultation . In May 2005 , Xiong Guangkai , Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Chinese People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) visited the Philippines and held the first Defense and Security Consultation with Philippine Defense Undersecretary Antonio Santos . In May 2006 , Chief of the General Staff of AFP Gen. Denga visited China . In October , Philippine vice Secretary of Defense Santos visited China and both sides held the second round of Defense and Security Consultation . Also in October , North China Sea Fleet visited the Philippines , conducting a joint non-traditional security exercises . In May 2007 , Zhang Qinsheng , Deputy Chief of the General Staff of PLA visited the Philippines and both sides held the Defense and Security Consultation for the third time . Chinese Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission , State Councilor and Defense Minister Cao Gangchuan , paid a visit to the Philippines in September . Bilateral agreements ( edit ) The cooperation in the fields of culture , technology , judiciary and tourism between the two countries achieves continuous progress . So far , the two sides have signed 11 two - year action plans of cultural cooperation . The joint committee of scientific and technological cooperation has held 13 sessions , during which 244 research projects have been confirmed . The major bilateral agreements between the two countries are as follows : Scientific and Technological Cooperation Agreement ( 1978 ) , Cultural Cooperation Agreement ( 1979 ) , Civil Aviation and Transportation Agreement ( 1979 ) , Memorandum of Understanding on Sports Cooperation ( 2001 ) , Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Information Industry ( 2001 ) , Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Crackdown on Transnational Crimes ( 2001 ) , Treaty on Extradition ( 2001 ) , Pact on Cooperation Against Illicit Traffic and Abuse of Narcotic Drugs ( 2001 ) , Memorandum of Understanding on Tourism Cooperation ( 2002 ) , Memorandum of Understanding on Maritime Cooperation ( 2005 ) , Pact on Cooperation in Youth Affairs ( 2005 ) , Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Sanitary and Phytosanitary Cooperation ( 2007 ) , Memorandum of Understanding on Education Cooperation ( 2007 ) , Pact on Protection of Cultural Heritage ( 2007 ) , Pact on Sanitary Cooperation ( 2008 ) , etc . Others ( edit ) See also : Chinese Filipino The Cebu Taoist Temple in Cebu City Chinese Filipinos constitute one group of Overseas Chinese and are one of the largest Overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia . As of 2005 , Chinese Filipinos number approximately 1.5 million corresponding to 1.6 % of the Philippine population . Chinese Filipinos are well represented in all levels of Philippine society , and well integrated politically and economically . The ethnically Chinese Filipinos comprise 1.6 % ( 1.5 million ) of the population or ~ 15 - 25 % of the population including all variants of Chinese mestizos . Pure Chinese Filipinos comprise the 9th largest , and the largest non-indigenous ethnic group in the Philippines . Chinese Filipinos are present within several commerce and business sectors in the Philippines and a few sources estimate companies which comprise a majority of the Philippine economy are owned by Chinese Filipinos , if one includes Chinese mestizos . In view of the ongoing territorial dispute of China and the Philippines ( such as Scarborough Shoal ) , Chinese - Filipinos prefer a peaceful solution through diplomatic talks while some view that China should not extend its claims to other parts of South China Sea . There are 24 pairs of sister - cities or sister - provinces between China and the Philippines , namely : Hangzhou and Baguio City , Guangzhou and Manila City , Shanghai and Metro Manila , Xiamen and Cebu City , Shenyang and Quezon City , Fushun and Lipa City , Hainan and Cebu Province , Sanya and Lapu - Lapu City , Shishi and Naya City , Shandong and Ilocos Norte Province , Zibo and Manduae City , Anhui and Cavite Province , Hubei and Leyte Province , Liuzhou and Muntinlupa City , Hezhou and San Fernando City , Haerbin and Cagayan de Oro City , Laibin and Laoag City , Beijing and Manila City , Jiangxi and Bohol Province , Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Davao City , Lanzhou and Albay Province , Beihai and Puerto Princessa City , Fujian Province and Laguna Province , Wuxi and Puerto Princessa City . The Chinese official Xinhua News Agency has its branch in Manila while CCTV - 4 , the Chinese international TV program , has landed in the Philippines . In 2018 , anxiety between the Philippines and China grew after leaked reports confirmed that China inserted micro-speakers in the African Union building it made for the organization . Some buildings in the Philippines where closed door meetings are held were established by China . Furthermore , Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte gave way for China to establish numerous structures throughout the Philippines under his term . China later rejected the findings of the reports , however , more evidences proved the existence of the Chinese micro-speakers used by China to bug closed - door meetings in the African Union building . Territorial disputes ( edit ) The two countries have disputes over the sovereignty of some islands and shoals in the Spratly Islands . After rounds of consultations , both sides agreed to strive for a solution through bilateral friendly consultation . In October 2004 , Chinese Maritime Safety Administration and Philippine Coast Guard conducted a joint sand table rescue exercise for the first time . China National Offshore Oil Corp. and Philippine National Oil Company signed the `` Agreement for Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking on Certain Areas in the South China Sea '' in September 1 , 2004 . In May 2005 , Vietnam agreed to join the Sino - Philippine cooperation . Oil companies from three countries signed the `` Agreement for Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking on Certain Areas in the South China Sea '' in March , 2005 . Due to the 2012 Scarborough Shoal standoff , relations between the two countries have soured greatly after China pursued to grab the Scarborough Shoal , which has been in Philippine possession until the standoff . After a few weeks , a storm passed by the area and the international community of nations urged both nations to ease tensions by withdrawing from the site . Both nations agreed to withdraw , however , when the Philippines withdrew , China immediately sent warships to counter any arrival from the Philippine side . The blatant defiance to the truce met international outcry towards China . China afterwards began establishing structures on the shoal . An American footage showed after a few months that the shoal may possess Chinese ballistic missiles . After the 2013 Bohol Earthquake , China was criticized by many international disaster risk reduction organization for failing to send aid to its neighbor , which is considered an international ethic , regardless of foreign conflicts . A few days later , China sent an `` underwhelming '' response to disaster relief in the Philippines . China sent their Type 920 hospital ship and gave relief to assist the Philippines , though the move was extremely small compared to other nations . The aid given by the small nation of Singapore was thrice larger than China 's aid . In March 2017 , Chinese ships were spotted in the Benham Plateau ( also known as Benham Rise ) , an internationally recognized territory of the Philippines . The Philippines , through its ambassador to Beijing has officially asked China to explain the reported presence of one of its vessels in Benham Rise in the Pacific . A week later , the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement saying that China is honoring the Philippines ' sovereign rights over Benham Rise . A few days after , China revoked the statement stating that the Philippines has no sovereignty and sovereign rights on the Benham Rise . It would later be acknowledged by the Philippine government that China was conducting research on the Philippine Rise without going through the Philippine government , sparking public outrage in the Philippines . In January 2018 , Filipino Congressman Gary Alejano revealed that Secretary Alan Peter Cayetano of the Department of Foreign Affairs had approved the Chinese Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to perform a scientific survey of the Rise , with the approval of President Rodrigo Duterte . Duterte 's spokespreson , Harry Roque , later confirmed Alejano 's revelation , and said that Filipinos have no capability to research the Rise . Massive backlash surged as numerous Filipino research proofs from university professors and researchers were leaked . In February , Duterte 's agriculture secretary told media that Duterte has now ordered the halting of all foreign researches in the Philippines Rise , however , the research being conducted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences was already finished before the halt order . Afterwards , confirmed reports broke out , stating that the International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ( IOC ) of the UNESCO have rules wherein the entity that first discovers unnamed features underwater have the right to name those features , prompting Filipino officials to realize that China was after , not just research , but also the naming rights over the underwater features of the Philippine Rise which will be internationally - recognized through UNESCO . A CSIS expert concluded that the current Philippine government is ' well - intentioned but naive ' . A few days after the research halt ordered by Duterte , it was clarified by the Philippine government that all researches ongoing at the time the halting was made were officially cancelled , but the government still fully allows research activities in the Rise after the halting . Foreign researchers , including Chinese , may still do research within the Rise if they apply for research activities through the Philippine government . Due to this clarification , rallies surged in Philippine metropolitan streets . Duterte later insisted , in a bid to disperse public anxiety , that the Rise belongs to the Philippines . February 12 , 2018 , the International Hydrographic Organization approved the names proposed by China for five features in the Philippine Rise after China submitted to the organization its research findings on the area . The names given by China were all in Chinese , namely , Jinghao Seamount ( some 70 nautical miles east of Cagayan ) , Tianbao Seamount ( some 70 nautical miles east of Cagayan ) , Haidonquing Seamount ( east at 190 nautical miles ) , Cuiqiao Hill , and Jujiu Seamount , the last two form the central peaks of the Philippine Rise undersea geological province . The Chinese naming of the features met public protests in the Philippines , however , the Philippine government itself chose to impose a bystander policy , enlarging public anxiety towards the Duterte regime 's buddy - buddy policy towards China . See also ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Philippines seeks United Nations arbitration on South China Sea claims Bamboo network China List of diplomatic missions in the People 's Republic of China List of diplomatic missions of the People 's Republic of China Philippines List of diplomatic missions in the Philippines List of diplomatic missions of the Philippines Cardenal , Juan Pablo ; Araújo , Heriberto ( 2011 ) . La silenciosa conquista china . Barcelona : Crítica . pp. 258 -- 261 . ( in Spanish ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Philippines ' Duterte in China announces split with US '' . Aljazeera.com . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 : How Asians View Each Other '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China , ASEAN agree on framework for South China Sea code of conduct '' . Reuters. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` China , Philippines confirm twice - yearly bilateral consultation mechanism on South China Sea - Xinhua English.news.cn '' . news.xinhuanet.com . Jump up ^ `` Progress made on draft of South China Sea code of conduct '' . philstar.com . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe theaustralian '' . www.theaustralian.com.au . Jump up ^ The de jure head of government of China is the Premier , whose current holder is Li Keqiang . The President of China is legally a ceremonial office , but the paramount leader has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of transition , and the current paramount leader is President Xi Jinping . Jump up ^ Zhao , Hong ( 2012 ) . `` Sino - Philippines Relations : Moving beyond South China Sea Dispute ? '' . Journal of East Asian Affairs : 57 . ISSN 1010 - 1608 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 -- via Questia . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Quinlan , Joe ( November 13 , 2007 ) . `` Insight : China 's capital targets Asia 's bamboo network '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Murray L Weidenbaum ( 1 January 1996 ) . The Bamboo Network : How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia . Martin Kessler Books , Free Press . pp. 4 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82289 - 1 . Jump up ^ Amy Chua , `` World on Fire '' , 2003 , Doubleday , pp. 3 & 43 . Jump up ^ `` BW Online December 30 , 2002 Is Democracy Dangerous ? '' . Businessweek.com. 2002 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The ethnic Chinese variable in domestic and foreign policies in Malaysia and Indonesia '' ( PDF ) . Summit.sfu.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Essential Outsiders : Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of ... - Daniel Chirot , Anthony Reid - Google Books . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Scarborough in the eyes of Filipino - Chinese '' . Rappler.com . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/if-china-bugged-the-au-headquarters-what-african-countries-should-be-worried/ Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/30/china-african-union-headquarters-bugging-spying Jump up ^ https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/china-planted-bugs-while-building-african-union-hq-wqgw5ff7q Jump up ^ Zirulnick , Ariel . `` Philippines feels the economic cost of standing up to China . '' CS Monitor , 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` China urged to send warships amid Philippine aid anger '' . Globalpost.com. 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Axe , David ( 29 November 2013 ) . `` China 's Hospital Ship Helps Out in The Philippines -- America 's Stays Home '' . Medium.com . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` PH , China exchange statements over ships spotted in Benham Rise '' . Cnnphilippines.com . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` China : We respect Philippines ' rights over Benham Rise '' . Cnnphilippines.com . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Amurao , George ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` China eyes Philippines ' strategic eastern shores '' . Asia Times . Jump up ^ http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/642291/duterte-orders-no-more-foreign-explorations-in-benham-rise-pinol/story/ Jump up ^ https://beta.philstar.com/headlines/2018/02/08/1785645/china-seeks-name-sea-features-philippine-rise Jump up ^ https://www.rappler.com/nation/195587-duterte-naive-west-philippine-sea-gregory-poling-csis Jump up ^ http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2018/02/06/palace-clarifies-foreign-research-may-be-allowed-philippine-rise-587568 Jump up ^ http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2018/02/10/philippine-rise-belongs-philippines-duterte-insists-588240 Jump up ^ http://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/02/12/18/china-named-5-undersea-features-at-ph-rise-says-expert Jump up ^ http://globalnation.inquirer.net/164127/breaking-china-named-5-undersea-features-ph-rise-expert Wikimedia Commons has media related to China -- Philippines relations . 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3794233561202790238 | Origins of the Six-Day War | Origins of the Six - Day war - wikipedia Origins of the Six - Day war Jump to : navigation , search The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The origins of the Six - Day War , which was fought between June 5 and June 10 , 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt ( known then as the United Arab Republic , UAR ) , Jordan , and Syria , include both longstanding and immediate issues . At the time of the Six - Day War , the earlier foundation of Israel , the resulting Palestinian refugee issue , and Israel 's participation in the invasion of Egypt during the Suez crisis of 1956 continued to be significant grievances for the Arab world . Arab nationalists , led by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser , continued to be hostile to Israel 's existence and made grave threats against its Jewish population . By the mid-1960s , relations between Israel and its Arab neighbors had deteriorated to the extent that a number of border clashes had taken place . In April 1967 , Syria shot at an Israeli tractor ploughing in the demilitarized zone , which escalated to a prewar aerial clash . In May 1967 , following misinformation about Israeli intentions provided by the Soviet Union , Egypt expelled UN peacekeepers who had been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since the Suez conflict , and announced a blockade of Israel 's access to the Red Sea ( international waters ) via the Straits of Tiran , which Israel considered an act of war . Tension escalated , with both sides ' armies mobilising . Less than a month later , Israel launched a surprise strike which began the Six - Day War . The conventional view and memoirs of key Israelis indicate that Israel 's actions leading into the war were prudent and the blame for the war rested on Egypt . According to political scientist Zeev Maoz , most scholarly studies attribute the crisis to a complicated process of unwanted escalation , which all sides wanted to prevent , but for which all were ultimately responsible . Nasser knew that his blockade of the Straits of Tiran from Israeli vessel passage , on 23 May 1967 , might very likely provide Israel with reason to launch war . His decisions to ask for the removal of the UN peacekeepers from Sinai and especially to block the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping via the Straits of Tiran , are commonly accepted as the point where war became inevitable . Some commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self - defense , while in the 21st century the view that Israel acted in self - defense has become increasingly contested . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary of events leading to war 2 Territorial , water ways and water resources disputes 2.1 Territorial disputes 2.2 Straits of Tiran 2.3 Water dispute 3 Events during the years before the war 3.1 Israel and the Arab states 3.2 Israel and Egypt : Suez Crisis aftermath 3.3 Israel and Egypt : Rotem Crisis 4 Events during the months before the war 4.1 Israel and Jordan : Samu incident 4.1. 1 Samu incident consequences 4.2 Israel and Syria 4.2. 1 April 7 , 1967 cross-border battle 4.2. 2 Later developments 4.3 Israel and Egypt 5 Events during the weeks before the war 5.1 Misinformation from the Soviet Union 5.2 Egyptian Troop Build - up in Sinai 5.3 Removal of U.N. peacekeepers from Egypt 5.3. 1 The Egyptian right to remove the U.N. peacekeepers 5.3. 2 International reactions 5.4 The Straits of Tiran closure 5.4. 1 For the Egyptian right to close the Straits 5.4. 2 Against the Egyptian right to close the Straits 5.5 Egypt 's plan to attack Israel on 27 May 5.6 The crisis and diplomacy 5.7 Jordan joins Egypt 5.8 Arab states preparations 5.9 Developments in Israel 6 Who would win the war 7 Retrospective 7.1 Israel : was the war imminent ? 7.2 Did Israel plan a war ? 7.2. 1 For 7.2. 2 Against 7.3 Did Egypt plan a war ? 7.3. 1 For 7.3. 2 Against 8 The war consequences 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Summary of events leading to war After the 1956 Suez Crisis , Egypt agreed to the stationing of a United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF ) in the Sinai to ensure all parties would comply with the 1949 Armistice Agreements . Despite the overwhelming support for Resolution 1000 in the UN General Assembly , Israel refused to allow UNEF forces onto its territory . In the following years , there were numerous minor border clashes between Israel and its Arab neighbors , particularly Syria . In early November , 1966 , Syria signed a mutual defense agreement with Egypt . On November 13 , 1966 , in response to PLO ( Palestine Liberation Organization ) guerrilla activity , including a mine attack that left three dead , the Israeli Defence Force ( IDF ) attacked the village of as - Samu in the Jordanian - occupied West Bank . Jordanian units that engaged the Israelis were quickly beaten back . King Hussein of Jordan criticized Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser for failing to come to Jordan 's aid , and `` hiding behind UNEF skirts '' . Israel was censured for this invasion in United Nations Security Council Resolution 228 , being reproached by the US , the UK , France and the USSR . On April 7 , 1967 Israel invaded Syria . The USSR urged that the collective defense agreement with Egypt had been triggered . In May 1967 , Nasser received false reports from the Soviet Union that Israel was massing on the Syrian border . Nasser began massing his troops in the Sinai Peninsula on Israel 's border ( May 16 ) , expelled the UNEF force from Gaza and Sinai ( May 19 ) and took up UNEF positions at Sharm el - Sheikh , overlooking the Straits of Tiran . Israel reiterated declarations made in 1957 that any closure of the Straits would be considered an act of war , or justification for war . Nasser declared the Straits closed to Israeli shipping on May 22 -- 23 . On May 30 , Jordan and Egypt signed a defense pact . The following day , at Jordan 's invitation , the Iraqi army began deploying troops and armored units in Jordan . They were later reinforced by an Egyptian contingent . On June 1 , Israel formed a National Unity Government by widening its cabinet , and on June 4 the decision was made to go to war . The next morning , Israel launched Operation Focus , a large - scale surprise air strike that launched the Six - Day War . Territorial , Water ways and Water resources disputes Territorial disputes The peace accord at the end of the 1948 war had established demilitarized zones ( DMZs ) between Israel and Syria However , as recalled by UN military forces officers such as Odd Bull and Carl von Horn , Israelis gradually took over portions of the zone , evicting Arab villagers and demolishing their homes ; these actions incurring protests from the UN Security Council . Moshe Dayan , the Israeli defense minister at the time of the Six Day War , recounted in a 1976 interview that Israeli policy in the Demilitarized Zone between 1949 and 1967 was `` to seize some territory and hold it until the enemy despairs and gives it to us '' , thus changing `` the lines of the ceasefire accord with military actions that were less than a war '' . Dayan related further that in the process Israel had provoked more than 80 % of the border clashes with Syria in the lead - up to its April 7 , 1967 invasion of Syria . In defense of the Israeli actions historian Michael Oren said that `` ( t ) here is an element of truth to Dayan 's claim '' , but that Israeli actions were justified , as `` Israel regarded the de-militarized zones in the north as part of their sovereign territory '' . Gluska qualified this view by pointing out that such Israeli sovereignty over all of the DMZ `` was not sanctioned by the UN '' . In fact the Israeli view had been rejected in 1951 by both Britain and the UN Security council ( in Resolution 93 ) . In January 1967 Israel reverted to claiming sovereignty over the DMZ . Publicly , Syria claimed that the escalating conflict was the result of Israel attempting to increase tension in order to justify a large - scale military operation against Syria , and to expand its occupation of the Demilitarized Zone by dispossessing the remaining Arab farmers . According to Moshe Shemesh , a historian and former senior intelligence officer in the IDF , Jordan 's military and civilian leaders estimated that Israel 's main objective was conquest of the West Bank . They felt that Israel was striving to drag all of the Arab countries into a war . After the Samu raid , these apprehensions became the deciding factor in Jordan 's decision to participate in the war . King Hussein was convinced Israel would try to occupy the West Bank whether Jordan went to war , or not . Straits of Tiran After the 1956 war , Egypt agreed to reopen the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping , whose closure had been a significant catalyst in precipitating the Suez Crisis . Water dispute Main article : War over Water The Johnston Plan was a plan for the unified water resource development of the Jordan Valley , sponsored by UNRWA and accepted by the main Arab leader , Nasser , and by Jordan and Israel . In 1964 , Israel began drawing water from the Jordan River for its National Water Carrier , in accordance with the Johnston Plan , reducing the flow that reached Hashemite territory to the Johnston Plan allocation . In January 1964 an Arab League summit meeting convened in Cairo , claimed that the diversion of the Jordan waters by Israel multiplies the dangers to Arab existence and decided to deprive Israel of 35 % of the National Water Carrier capacity , by a diversion of the Jordan River headwaters ( both the Hasbani and the Banias tributaries ) to the Yarmouk River , although the scheme was only marginally feasible , it was technically difficult and expensive . The following year , the Arab states began construction of the Headwater Diversion Plan , which , once completed , would divert the waters of the Banias Stream before the water entered Israel and the Sea of Galilee , to flow instead into a dam at Mukhaiba for use by Jordan and Syria , and divert the waters of the Hasbani into the Litani River in Lebanon . The diversion works would have reduced the installed capacity of Israel 's carrier by about 35 % , and Israel 's overall water supply by about 11 % . The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) attacked the diversion works in Syria in March , May , and August 1965 , perpetuating a prolonged chain of border violence that linked directly to the events leading to war . Events during the years before the war Israel and the Arab States At the time , no Arab state had recognized Israel . Syria , aligned with the Soviet bloc , began sponsoring guerrilla raids on Israel in the early 1960s as part of its `` people 's war of liberation '' , designed to deflect domestic opposition to the Ba'ath Party . Speaking to the UN General Assembly in September 1960 , Nasser had stated that `` The only solution to Palestine is that matters should return to the condition prevailing before the error was committed -- i.e. , the annulment of Israel 's existence . '' In 1964 he said , `` We swear to God that we shall not rest until we restore the Arab nation to Palestine and Palestine to the Arab nation . There is no room for imperialism and there is no room for Britain in our country , just as there is no room for Israel within the Arab nation . '' In 1965 he asserted , `` We shall not enter Palestine with its soil covered in sand , we shall enter it with its soil saturated in blood . '' Even after nearly two decades of its existence , no neighboring Arab country of Israel was willing to negotiate a peace agreement with Israel or accept its existence . Tunisian President Habib Bourgiba suggested in a speech in Jericho in 1965 that the Arab world should face reality and negotiate with Israel , but this was rejected by the other Arab countries . Israel and Egypt : Suez crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt , and set the stage leading to the Six - Day War . In a speech delivered to the Knesset , David Ben - Gurion said that the 1949 armistice agreement with Egypt was dead and buried , and that the armistice lines were no longer valid and could not be restored . Under no circumstances would Israel agree to the stationing of UN forces on its territory or in any area it occupied . Heavy diplomatic pressure from both the United States and the Soviet Union forced Israel into a conditional withdrawal of its military from the Sinai Peninsula , only after satisfactory arrangements had been made with the international force that was about to enter the canal zone . After the 1956 war , Egypt agreed to the stationing of a UN peacekeeping force in the Sinai , the United Nations Emergency Force , to keep that border region demilitarized , and prevent Palestinian fedayeen guerrillas from crossing the border into Israel . As a result , the border between Egypt and Israel remained quiet for the vast majority of the period up to 1967 . After the 1956 war , the region returned to an uneasy balance without resolution of any of the underlying issues . Israel and Egypt : Rotem crisis Main article : Rotem Crisis In February 1960 , tensions along the Israeli -- Syrian border prompted Nasser to deploy Egyptian armed forces in northern Sinai . Only six days after troop movements had begun , did Israel learn of the presence of an Egyptian force , numbering around 500 tanks , on its undefended southern border . Caught off - guard , Israel scrambled to deploy its own forces , while Ben - Gurion adopted a policy of pacification to ease tensions and prevent the outbreak of hostilities . Both sides eventually stood down , yet each drew different conclusions from the affair . Israeli national defence policy came to see any mass deployment of Egyptian forces on its border as unacceptable , and believed new rules had been set in place . Egypt , however , viewed the crisis as a great success . Egypt believed the deployment had prevented an Israeli attack on Syria , and it was thus possible to deter Israel with the mere deployment of forces , without the danger of going to war . The crisis was to have a direct effect on both sides during the events of May 1967 , which eventually led to the Six - Day War . Both Israel and Egypt applied the lessons they had learned in the earlier affair . Indeed , these were at first perceived to be a repeat of the Rotem affair , and were expected to follow the same course . Major differences however gave the new crisis its own momentum and eventually led to war . Events during the months before the war Israel and Jordan : Samu incident Main article : Samu Incident The long armistice line between Jordan and Israel was tense since the beginning of Fatah 's guerrilla operations in January 1965 . While Syria supported such operations , Egypt and Jordan refused to let PLO guerrillas operate from their territory . After 1965 the majority of raids on Israel originated from the Syrian border . Israel viewed the state from which the raids were perpetrated as responsible . King Hussein , the Hashemite ruler , was in a bind : he did not want to appear as cooperating with Israel in light of the delicate relationship of his government with the majority Palestinian population in his kingdom , and his success in preventing such raids was only partial . In the summer and autumn of 1966 the PLO carried out several guerrilla attacks that caused death and injury to Israeli civilians and military personnel . This culminated on November 11 , 1966 , when an Israeli border patrol hit a land mine , killing three soldiers and injuring six others . Israel believed the mine had been planted by militants from Es Samu , a village in the southern West Bank , close to where the incident took place , which was a Fatah stronghold . This led the Israeli cabinet to approve a large scale operation called ' Shredder ' . On Friday , November 12 , King Hussein of Jordan penned a letter of personal condolence to Israel which he cabled to U.S. ambassador to Israel , Walworth Barbour , through the U.S. embassy in Amman which passed it to Barbour in Tel Aviv . Barbour , believing there was no urgency to delivering the letter , left it on his desk over the weekend , thus failing to deliver it in a timely fashion . The next day , on the morning of November 13 , the Israel Defense Forces invaded Jordan , crossing the border into the West Bank and attacked Es Samu . The attacking force consisted of 3,000 - 4,000 soldiers backed by tanks and aircraft . They were divided into a reserve force , which remained on the Israeli side of the border , and two raiding parties , which crossed into the West Bank . The larger force of eight Centurion Tanks , followed by 400 paratroopers mounted in 40 open - topped half - tracks and 60 engineers in 10 more half - tracks , headed for Samu ; while a smaller force of three tanks and 100 paratroopers and engineers in 10 half - tracks headed towards two smaller villages : Kirbet El - Markas and Kirbet Jimba . According to Terrence Prittie 's Eshkol : The Man and the Nation , 50 houses were destroyed , but the inhabitants had been evacuated hours before . To Israel 's surprise , the Jordanian military intervened . The 48th Infantry Battalion of the Jordanian Army ran into the Israeli forces northwest of Samu ; and two companies approaching from the northeast were intercepted by the Israelis , while a platoon of Jordanians armed with two 106 mm recoilless guns entered Samu . The Jordanian Air Force intervened as well and a Jordanian Hunter fighter was shot down in the action . In the ensuing battles , three Jordanian civilians and 16 soldiers were killed ; 54 other soldiers and 96 civilians were wounded . The commander of the Israeli paratroop battalion , Colonel Yoav Shaham , was killed and 10 other Israeli soldiers were wounded . According to the Israeli government , 50 Jordanians were killed , but the true number was never disclosed by the Jordanians , in order to keep up morale and confidence in King Hussein 's regime . The whole battle was short : the Israeli forces crossed the ceasefire line at 6 : 00 A.M. and returned by 10 : 00 A.M. Samu incident Consequences Hussein felt betrayed by the operation which shattered the fragile trust between Israel and Jordan . He had been having secret meetings with Israeli foreign ministers Abba Eban and Golda Meir for three years . According to him he was doing everything he could to stop guerrilla attacks from the West Bank and Jordan . `` I told them I could not absorb a serious retaliatory raid , and they accepted the logic of this and promised there would never be one '' . Two days later , in a memo to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson , his Special Assistant Walt Rostow wrote : `` retaliation is not the point in this case . This 3000 - man raid with tanks and planes was out of all proportion to the provocation and was aimed at the wrong target , '' and went on to describe the damage done to US and Israeli interests : They 've wrecked a good system of tacit cooperation between Hussein and the Israelis ... They 've undercut Hussein . We 've spent $500 million to shore him up as a stabilizing factor on Israel 's longest border and vis - à - vis Syria and Iraq . Israel 's attack increases the pressure on him to counterattack not only from the more radical Arab governments and from the Palestinians in Jordan but also from the Army , which is his main source of support and may now press for a chance to recoup its Sunday losses ... They 've set back progress toward a long term accommodation with the Arabs ... They may have persuaded the Syrians that Israel did n't dare attack Soviet - protected Syria but could attack US - backed Jordan with impunity . The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 228 unanimously deploring `` the loss of life and heavy damage to property resulting from the action of the Government of Israel on 13 November 1966 '' , censuring `` Israel for conducting `` a large - scale and carefully planned military action against Jordanian territory '' in violation of the United Nations Charter and of the General Armistice Agreement between Israel and Jordan '' and emphasizing `` to Israel that actions of military reprisal can not be tolerated and that , if they are repeated , the Security Council will have to consider further and more effective steps as envisaged in the Charter to ensure against the repetition of such acts . '' Facing a storm of criticism from Jordanians , Palestinians , and his Arab neighbors for failing to protect Samu , Hussein ordered a nationwide mobilization on November 20 . Hussein complained that Egypt and Syria had failed to protect the West Bank , while `` hiding behind UNEF skirts '' ; this accusation may have been a factor in Nasser 's decision to rid his country of the UNEF force on the eve of the Six - Day War . This was the largest scale operation that Israel had been involved with since the Suez Crisis . While the diplomatic and political developments were not as Israel expected , following the operation Hussein worked hard to avoid any further clashes by preventing guerrilla operations from being launched from within Jordan . Some view the Samu attack as the beginning of the escalation in tensions that led to the war , with others going further to describe it as the first step in the prelude to war . Israel and Syria Overall , Oren 's account of the period portrays Israel as the innocent victim of Syrian provocation and aggression . From the Golan Heights , Syrians had shelled Israeli settlements and other targets , such as fishermen in the Sea of Galilee , drawing punitive responsive strikes from Israel . In addition , following the 1966 Syrian coup d'état , attacks and acts of sabotage by Syrian - based Palestinian guerrillas ( Fatah ) had increased , although Jordan was still the main source . For two and a half years from the start of the attacks up until the Israeli invasion of Syria on April 7 , 1967 , the Fatah incursions launched from Syrian territory had resulted in three Israeli deaths , all of them soldiers . In September 1966 the Israeli Chief of Staff Yitzhak Rabin gave an interview in which he stated that Israeli actions `` should be aimed at those who carry out the attacks and at the regime that supports them '' . These ' unfortunate ' words were interpreted as a ' plot ' to bring down the Syrian government . Syria also claimed that Syrian shelling had always occurred in response to Israeli firing on peaceful Arab farmers or Syrian posts . This point , also raised by Dayan in his interview , is further supported by the eye - witness accounts of Dutch UN Observer force Colonel Jan Mühren who attested to the Israeli practice of using armoured tractors to farm in the DMZ in areas prohibited by the 1949 Armistice agreement . These activities would draw Syrian fire , to which Israel would respond with its own forces . However , the vague 1949 Armistice agreement had not prohibited civil activity in the DMZ . In November 1966 , Egypt and Syria signed a defense pact whereby each country would support the other if it were attacked . According to Indar Jit Rikhye , Egyptian Foreign Minister Mahmoud Riad told him that the Soviet Union had persuaded Egypt to enter the pact with two ideas in mind : to reduce the chances of a punitive attack on Syria by Israel , and to bring the Syrians under Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser 's moderating influence . In January 1967 the Israeli Minister of Health , Yisrael Barzilai , warned that Egypt 's commitment to Syria under their mutual defense pact `` could escalate the situation and nobody foresee how it will end '' . During a visit to London in February 1967 , Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban briefed journalists on Israel 's `` hopes and anxieties '' explaining to those present that , although the governments of Lebanon , Jordan and the United Arab Republic ( Egypt 's official name until 1971 ) seemed to have decided against active confrontation with Israel , it remained to be seen whether Syria could maintain a minimal level of restraint at which hostility was confined to rhetoric . At the same time Israel was planning , approving and executing the provocations of Syria along the DMZ referred to by Dayan . The provocations were sending a tractor to plow in the demilitarized areas . The Syrians would fire on these tractors and would frequently shell Israeli settlements . This reached a critical point when armored tractor work on land in the southern demilitarized zone close to Kibbutz Ha - On was scheduled . It was anticipated that the Syrians would react . The Israeli Air Force was placed on alert . Prime Minister Eshkol approved the plan . April 7 , 1967 cross-border battle Earlier in the week , Syria had twice attacked an Israeli tractor working in the DMZ area . When the tractor returned on the morning of April 7 , 1967 , as predicted in the plan , the Syrians opened fire again initially with light weapons . The Israelis responded by sending in armor - plated tractors to continue ploughing , resulting in further exchanges of fire . The resulting tit - for - tat escalated , leading to tanks , heavy mortars , machine guns , and artillery being used in various sections along the 47 mile ( 76 km ) border in what was described as `` a dispute over cultivation rights in the demilitarized zone south - east of Lake Tiberias . '' At this point the critical departure from previous incidents occurred . Without advance planning nor having been submitted for prior approval to the Ministerial Committee on Security , Israeli aircraft dive - bombed Syrian positions with 250 and 500 kg bombs . For the first time the IAF was employed before an Israeli settlement had actually been shelled ( with the exception of stray shells which fell in Tel Katzir ) and Israeli planes penetrated as far as Damascus . The Syrians then responded by shelling Israeli border settlements heavily , and Israeli jets retaliated by bombing the village of Sqoufiye , destroying around 40 houses in the process . At 15 : 19 Syrian shells started falling on Kibbutz Gadot ; over 300 landed within the kibbutz compound in 40 minutes . The `` incident '' had escalated into a full - scale aerial battle over the Golan Heights after Israel scrambled jets , resulting in the loss of six Syrian Air Force MiG - 21s to Israeli Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIs , and the latter 's flight over Damascus . The United Nations Truce Supervision Organization ( UNTSO ) attempted to arrange a ceasefire , but Syria declined to co-operate unless Israeli agricultural work was halted . The Israeli newspaper Maariv wrote `` This was not an ' incident ' but a real war . '' Under these circumstances , the Soviet Union intervened to halt the downward course of events and to deter Israel by activating the Egyptian -- Syrian defense pact signed in November 1966 under Soviet pressure for this precise purpose . Although the April 7 cross-border battle is often called an ' incident ' , various reactions to the event belie this description . The Israeli press called it a war . Moshe Dayan was reported by Ezer Weismann to have responded `` Have you lost your minds ? You are leading the country to war ! '' . Brigadier - General Israel Lior agreed : `` From my point of view , the Six - Day War had begun . '' On April 21 , 1967 as in May 1966 . the Soviet deputy foreign minister , Yaakov Malik , relayed an oral message to the Israeli ambassador in Moscow : `` The government of the Soviet Union sees the need to warn again the government of Israel that the hazardous policy it has been waging for several years is fraught with danger , and ( Israel ) will be held solely responsible . Later developments Speaking to a Mapai party meeting in Jerusalem on May 11 Prime Minister of Israel Levi Eshkol warned that Israel would not hesitate to use air power on the scale of 7 April in response to continued border terrorism , and on the same day Israeli envoy Gideon Rafael presented a letter to the president of the Security Council warning that Israel would `` act in self - defense as circumstances warrant '' . Writing from Tel Aviv on May 12 , James Feron reported that some Israeli leaders had decided to use force against Syria `` of considerable strength but of short duration and limited in area '' and quoted `` one qualified observer '' who `` said it was highly unlikely that Egypt ( then officially called United Arab Republic ) , Syria 's closest ally in the Arab world , would enter the hostilities unless the Israeli attack were extensive '' . In early May the Israeli cabinet authorized a limited strike against Syria , but Rabin 's renewed demand for a large - scale strike to discredit or topple the Ba'ath regime was opposed by Eshkol . BBC journalist Jeremy Bowen reports : The toughest threat was reported by the news agency United Press International ( UPI ) on 12 May : ' A high Israeli source said today that Israel would take limited military action designed to topple the Damascus army regime if Syrian terrorists continue sabotage raids inside Israel . Military observers said such an offensive would fall short of all - out war but would be mounted to deliver a telling blow against the Syrian government . ' In the West as well as the Arab world the immediate assumption was that the unnamed source was Rabin and that he was serious . In fact , it was Brigadier - General Aharon Yariv , the head of military intelligence , and the story was overwritten . Yariv mentioned ' an all - out invasion of Syria and conquest of Damascus ' but only as the most extreme of a range of possibilities . But the damage had been done . Tension was so high that most people , and not just the Arabs , assumed that something much bigger than usual was being planned against Syria . Border incidents multiplied and numerous Arab leaders , both political and military , called for an end to Israeli attacks . Egypt , then already trying to seize a central position in the Arab world under Nasser , accompanied these declarations with plans to re-militarize the Sinai . Syria shared these views , although it did not prepare for an immediate invasion . The Soviet Union actively backed the military needs of the Arab states . Israel and Egypt In April 1967 , after meeting with Nasser , Lucius D. Battle , The U.S ambassador in Egypt reported to Washington that Nasser plans to deflect mounting internal pressure against his regime by creating a foreign policy crisis which could be to heat up the Israeli situation . Events during the weeks before the war Misinformation from the Soviet Union In 1967 , Israeli leaders repeatedly threatened to invade Syria and overthrow the Syrian government if Palestinian guerrilla actions across the border did not cease . In that context , the Soviet Union fed the Syrian government false information in the Spring of 1967 that Israel was planning to invade Syria . On May 13 , a Soviet intelligence report given by Soviet President Nikolai Podgorny to Egyptian Vice President Anwar Sadat likewise claimed falsely that Israeli troops were massing along the Syrian border . On May 14 , Nasser sent his chief of staff , General Fawzi , to Syria in order to verify the Soviet warning . Egyptian troop build - up in Sinai Egyptian President Nasser was in a difficult position . He had received humiliating rebukes for Egypt 's lack of action after the recent Israeli attacks on Jordan and Syria in April 1967 . This , combined with Israeli threats to topple the Syrian regime and the Soviet urging that the Syrian - Egyptian defence agreement had thereby been triggered , left Nasser feeling as though he had no option other than to display solidarity with Syria . On 14 May , Nasser began the re-militarization of the Sinai , and concentrated tanks and troops there . This move was reminiscent of what he had done in the Rotem Crisis , although this time it was done openly . Fawzi reported to Nasser that the Soviet alarm about an Israeli plot to attack Syria was baseless , but Nasser continued to pour his divisions into Sinai . Egyptian Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer explained to ( Soviet Ambassador ) Pozhidaev that the influx of troops into Sinai was for deterrence : `` Israel will not risk starting major military actions against Syria , because if it does Egyptian military units , having occupied forward initial positions on this border will immediately move out on the basis of the mutual defense agreement with Syria . '' On May 16 , Ahmed el - Feki , Egypt 's Under Secretary of State , assured David Nes , US chargé d'affaires in Cairo that Egypt would not `` take the initiative in attacking Israel . '' But in case of a large - scale Israeli attack against its neighbors , el - Feki said , Egypt would come to their aid . Nes came away from the conversation `` certain '' that Egypt had `` no aggressive intent . '' The reasons for Nasser 's decisions to expel the UN peacekeepers ( UNEF ) and the move to reinforce Egyptian forces in the Sinai were reported to the Israeli government by Prime Minister Eshkol on May 16 , 1967 as follows : `` It is estimated that , in light of Syrian reports and appeals to Egypt regarding Israel 's intention to take major action against Syria ; in light of declarations and warnings issued by Israel in the past few days ; and Egypt 's predicament since April . Egypt has come to the decision that in the present circumstances it can not sit by idly . It has therefore decided , in the face of the Israeli threat , to demonstrate readiness to come to Syria 's aid within the framework of the mutual defence pact . At the same time , it may be assumed that the Egyptians hope that their actions and demonstration will achieve the practical effect of deterring Israel from implementing its threat . '' Removal of UN peacekeepers from Egypt At 10 : 00 p.m. on May 16 , the commander of United Nations Emergency Force , General Indar Jit Rikhye , was handed a letter from General Mohammed Fawzy , Chief of Staff of the United Arab Republic , reading : `` To your information , I gave my instructions to all UAR armed forces to be ready for action against Israel , the moment it might carry out any aggressive action against any Arab country . Due to these instructions our troops are already concentrated in Sinai on our eastern border . For the sake of complete security of all UN troops which install OPs along our borders , I request that you issue your orders to withdraw all these troops immediately . '' The emissary who delivered the letter requested immediate withdrawal of United Nations troops from Sharm el Sheikh as well . Rikhye said he would report to the Secretary - General for instructions . The UNEF was established following the Suez crisis in 1956 by various resolutions of the Security Council culminating in resolution 1001 . Egypt agreed to the presence of the unit on her territory . Israel refused . Initially , Nasser 's letter had not demanded a full withdrawal of UNEF , but that they vacate the Sinai and concentrate in Gaza . Detailed archival studies revealed that the original letter had not included a request to withdraw troops from Sharm el - Sheik , overlooking the Straits of Tiran . The UN Secretary - General , U Thant , demanded an all - or - nothing clarification from Nasser , leaving the Egyptians with little choice but to ask for their total withdrawal . U Thant then attempted to negotiate with the Egyptian government , but on May 18 the Egyptian Foreign Minister informed nations with troops in UNEF that the UNEF mission in Egypt and the Gaza Strip had been terminated and that they must leave immediately . Egyptian forces then prevented UNEF troops from entering their posts . The Governments of India and Yugoslavia decided to withdraw their troops from UNEF , regardless of the decision of U Thant . While this was taking place , U Thant suggested that UNEF be redeployed to the Israeli side of the border , but Israel refused , arguing that UNEF contingents from countries hostile to Israel would be more likely to impede an Israeli response to Egyptian aggression than to stop that aggression in the first place . The Permanent Representative of Egypt then informed U Thant that the Egyptian government had decided to terminate UNEF 's presence in the Sinai and the Gaza Strip , and requested steps that would withdraw the force as soon as possible . The UNEF commander was given the order to begin withdrawal on May 19 . The withdrawal of UNEF was to be spaced over a period of some weeks . The troops were to be withdrawn by air and by sea from Port Said . The withdrawal plan envisaged that the last personnel of UNEF would leave the area on June 30 , 1967 . On the morning of May 27 , Egypt demanded that the Canadian contingent be evacuated within 48 hours `` on grounds of the attitude adopted by the Government of Canada in connection with UNEF and the United Arab Republic Government 's request for its withdrawal , and ' to prevent any probable reaction from the people of the United Arab Republic against the Canadian Forces in UNEF . ' '' The withdrawal of the Canadian contingent was accelerated and completed on May 31 , with the effect that UNEF was left without its logistics and air support components . In the war itself 15 members of the remaining force were killed and the rest evacuated through Israel . The Egyptian right to remove the UN peacekeepers Before UNEF could be deployed negotiations were necessary with the compliant host country , Egypt . A key principle governing the stationing and functioning of UNEF , and later of all other peacekeeping forces , was the consent of the host Government . Since it was not an enforcement action under Chapter VII of the Charter , UNEF could enter and operate in Egypt only with the consent of the Egyptian Government . This principle was clearly stated by the General Assembly in adopting resolution 1001 ( ES - I ) of 7 November 1956 concerning the establishment of UNEF ... The Secretary - General impressed upon those authorities that the Force provided a guarantee for the withdrawal of foreign forces from Egypt and that , since it would come only with Egypt 's consent , it could not stay or operate in Egypt if that consent were withdrawn ... Moreover , because Israel refused to accept UNEF on its territory , the Force had to be deployed only on the Egyptian side of the border , and thus its functioning was entirely contingent upon the consent of Egypt as the host country . Once that consent was withdrawn , its operation could no longer be maintained . Rostow is of the contrary opinion that `` Egyptian commitments of the period were broken one by one , the last being the request for the removal of U.N.E.F. '' In another publication Rostow adds detail : `` One of the most important terms of the agreement was set out in an aide memoire by Secretary - General Dag Hammarskjöld : if Egypt ever tried unilaterally to remove the United Nations peacekeeping forces in the Sinai , or to close the Straits of Tiran , the Secretary - General would call the Security Council into session immediately and block such initiatives until a peaceful resolution of the conflict could be reached . '' Oren , however , confirms Egypt 's right as follows : `` That ( UNEF ) presence , however , hung on a legal fiction . The `` good - faith agreement '' forged by Dag Hammarskjöld in 1957 , according to which Egypt would consult with the General Assembly and the UNEF Advisory Council before altering the force 's mandate , was in no way binding . The Egyptians could , in fact , dismiss UNEF whenever they chose . Bunche ( UN expert on Middle East diplomacy ) fully adhered to the secretary - general 's position that Egypt had a sovereign right to dismiss UNEF ' , however imprudent that decision might be . '' International reactions The United States did not find a UNEF withdrawal overly worrying . Walworth Barbour , US ambassador in Tel Aviv , told Israeli officials that the withdrawal did not affect the `` fundamental military situation , '' and that there was `` every reason for Nasser '' not to attack Israel . Egypt volunteered that if Israel were concerned about an Egyptian invasion , it could accept UNEF on its own side of the armistice line . `` If Israel wants them to stay , '' Field Marshal Amer told Soviet Ambassador Pozhidaev , `` it can make its own territory available . '' U Thant was thinking along the same lines . On May 18 , he posed that option to Israel 's UN ambassador , Gideon Rafael , as a protection against a possible invasion . Rafael replied that this option was `` entirely unacceptable to his Government . '' Jacques Roux , France 's ambassador in Cairo , gave Maurice Couve de Murville , the French foreign minister , an assessment that Egypt was making its moves in reaction to accusations that Egypt was not living up to its obligations to other Arab states . The request for a UNEF withdrawal did not , in Roux 's view , mean that the Egyptian leadership was embarking on `` an adventure . '' Israel was not particularly troubled by the evacuation of the UNEF in itself . There were some who even thought that it would be to Israel 's advantage . The Straits of Tiran closure Israeli Prime Minister Eshkol repeated declarations that Israel had made in 1957 , saying that closure of the Straits of Tiran would be an act of war . Then , on May 22 , Egypt responded by announcing , in addition to the UN withdrawal , that the Straits of Tiran would be closed to `` all ships flying Israeli flags or carrying strategic materials '' , with effect from May 23 . In order to enforce the blockade , Egypt falsely announced that the Tiran straits had been mined. 90 % of Israeli oil passed through the Straits of Tiran . Oil tankers that were due to pass through the straits were delayed . According to Sami Sharaf , Minister of State for Presidential Affairs , Nasser knew that the decision to block the Tiran straits made the war `` inevitable '' . Nasser stated , `` Under no circumstances can we permit the Israeli flag to pass through the Gulf of Aqaba . '' The closure of the Tiran Straits was closely linked to the previous withdrawal of the UN peacekeepers , because having the peacekeepers ( rather than the Egyptian military ) at Sharm el Sheik was important for keeping that waterway open . In his speech to Arab trade unionists on May 26 , Nasser announced : `` If Israel embarks on an aggression against Syria or Egypt , the battle against Israel will be a general one and not confined to one spot on the Syrian or Egyptian borders . The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel . '' Nasser publicly denied that Egypt would strike first and spoke of a negotiated peace if Israel allowed all Palestinian refugees the right of return , and of a possible compromise over the Straits of Tiran . For the Egyptian right to close the Straits Egypt stated that the Gulf of Aqaba had always been a national inland waterway subject to the sovereignty of the only three legitimate littoral States -- Jordan , Saudi Arabia , and Egypt -- who had the right to bar enemy vessels . The representative of the United Arab Republic further stated that `` Israel 's claim to have a port on the Gulf was considered invalid , as Israel was alleged to have occupied several miles of coastline on the Gulfline , including Umm Rashrash , in violation of Security Council resolutions of 1948 and the Egyptian - Israel General Armistice Agreement . '' The Arab states disputed Israel 's right of passage through the Straits , noting they had not signed the Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone specifically because of article 16 ( 4 ) which provided Israel with that right . In the United Nations General Assembly debates after the war , the Arab states and their supporters argued that even if international law gave Israel the right of passage , Israel was not entitled to attack Egypt to assert that right , because the closure was not an `` armed attack '' as defined by Article 51 of the United Nations Charter . Supporting this view in a letter written to the New York Times in June 1967 , lawyer Roger Fisher argued that The United Arab Republic had a good legal case for restricting traffic through the Strait of Tiran . First it is debatable whether international law confers any right of innocent passage through such a waterway ... ( Secondly ) ... a right of innocent passage is not a right of free passage for any cargo at any time . In the words of the Convention on the Territorial Sea : ' Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace , good order , or security of the coastal state ... taking the facts as they were I , as an international lawyer , would rather defend before the International Court of Justice the legality of the U.A.R 's action in closing the Strait of Tiran than to argue the other side of the case ... Against the Egyptian right to close the Straits After the 1956 campaign in which Israel conquered Sharm el - Sheikh and opened the blocked Straits , it was forced to withdraw and return the territory to Egypt . At the time , members of the international community pledged that Israel would never again be denied use of the Straits of Tiran . The French representative to the UN , for example , announced that an attempt to interfere with free shipping in the Straits would be against international law , and American President Dwight Eisenhower went so far as publicly to recognize that reimposing a blockade in the Straits of Tiran would be seen as an aggressive act which would oblige Israel to protect its maritime rights in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter . The rights of Egypt regarding the Straits of Tiran had been debated at the General Assembly pursuant to Israel 's withdrawal from the Sinai following the Suez Crisis . A number of states , including Australia , Canada , Denmark , the Netherlands , New Zealand , the United Kingdom and the United States argued that the Straits were international waters , and , as such , all vessels had the right of `` free and innocent passage '' through them . India , however , argued that Egypt was entitled to require foreign ships to obtain its consent before seeking access to the gulf because its territorial sea covered the Straits of Tiran . It too recognized the right of innocent passage through such waters , but argued it was up to the coastal State to decide which passage was `` innocent '' . Israel 's political ' anchor ' in its efforts to prevent any disruption of freedom of shipping through the Straits was a statement by then Foreign Minister Golda Meir at the UN Assembly on 1 March 1957 , while announcing her government 's decision to respond to the demand for withdrawal from Sinai and the Gaza Strip , to the effect that Israel would view disruption of free shipping through the Tiran Straits as an act of aggression and would reserve the right to react in accordance with Clause 51 of the UN Charter . International law professor John Quigley argues that under the doctrine of proportionality , Israel would only be entitled to use such force as would be necessary to secure its right of passage . State practice and customary international law is that ships of all states have a right of innocent passage through territorial seas . That Egypt had consistently granted passage as a matter of state practice until then suggests that its opinio juris in that regard was consistent with practice . Moreover , during the Egyptian occupation of the Saudi islands of Sanafir and Tiran in 1950 , it provided assurances to the US that the military occupation would not be used to prevent free passage , and that Egypt recognizes that such free passage is `` in conformity with the international practice and the recognized principles of international law . '' . In 1949 the International Court of Justice held in the Corfu Channel Case ( United Kingdom v. Albania ) that where a strait was overlapped by a territorial sea foreign ships , including warships , had unsuspendable right of innocent passage through such straits used for international navigation between parts of the high seas , but express provision for innocent passage through straits within the territorial sea of a foreign state was not codified until the 1958 Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone . Egypt 's plan to attack Israel on 27 May Caught up in Arab enthusiasm for military action and encouraged by the lack of response to the closure of the Straits , Egyptian Field Marshal Amer planned for initiating an attack on Israel in late May . He told one of his generals that `` This time we will be the ones to start the war . '' This was counter to Nasser 's strategy of pushing Israel to start the war . Historian Michael Oren states that Egyptian sources are divided over why Nasser did not veto Amer 's plan . Oren suggests that `` Nasser was apprised of ( the plan ) but lacked the political strength to override Amer 's order . Also , the preparation of an Egyptian invasion of Israel had certain advantages for Nasser ... '' The Egyptian attack plan was code - named Operation Dawn , and was planned by General Abdel Hakim Amer . It called for the strategic bombing of Israeli airfields , ports , cities , and the Negev Nuclear Research Center . Arab armies would then invade Israel , and cut it in half with an armored thrust through the Negev . On May 25 , 1967 , Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban landed in Washington `` with instructions to discuss American plans to re-open the Straits of Tiran '' . As soon as he arrived , he was given new instructions in a cable from the Israeli government . The cable said that Israel had learned of an imminent Egyptian attack , which overshadowed the blockade . No longer was he to emphasize the Straits issue ; he was instructed to ' inform the highest authorities of this new threat and to request an official statement from the United States that an attack on Israel would be viewed as an attack on the United States . '' Historian Michael Oren explains Eban 's reaction to the new instructions : `` Eban was livid . Unconvinced that Nasser was either determined or even able to attack , he now saw Israelis inflating the Egyptian threat -- and flaunting their weakness -- in order to extract a pledge that the President , Congress - bound , could never make . '' He described the cable as an `` ... act of momentous irresponsibility ... eccentric ... '' which `` lacked wisdom , veracity and tactical understanding , '' and later came to the conclusion that the genesis of the cable was Rabin 's indecisive state of mind . According to historian Tom Segev , the instructions sent to Eban in Washington were an attempt to mislead him , and through him president Johnson , to support Israel . Despite his own skepticism , Eban followed his instructions during his first meeting with Secretary Rusk , Under Secretary Rostow , and Assistant Secretary Lucius Battle . American intelligence experts spent the night analyzing each of the Israeli claims . On May 26 , Eban met with United States Secretary of State Dean Rusk , Defense Secretary Robert McNamara , and finally with President Lyndon B. Johnson . In a memo to the President , Rusk rejected the claim of an Egyptian and Syrian attack being imminent , plainly stating `` our intelligence does not confirm ( the ) Israeli estimate '' . According to declassified documents from the Johnson Presidential Library , President Johnson and other top officials in the administration did not believe war between Israel and its neighbors was necessary or inevitable . `` All of our intelligence people are unanimous that if the UAR attacks , you will whip hell out of them '' , Johnson told Eban during a visit to the White House on May 26 . Consequently , Johnson declined to airlift special military supplies to Israel or even to publicly support it . Eban left the White House distraught . In a lecture given in 2002 , Oren said , `` Johnson sat around with his advisors and said , ' What if their intelligence sources are better than ours ? ' Johnson decided to fire off a Hotline message to his counterpart in the Kremlin , Alexei Kosygin , in which he said , ' We 've heard from the Israelis , but we ca n't corroborate it , that your proxies in the Middle East , the Egyptians , plan to launch an attack against Israel in the next 48 hours . If you do n't want to start a global crisis , prevent them from doing that . ' At 2 : 30 a.m. on May 27 , Soviet Ambassador to Egypt Dimitri Pojidaev knocked on Nasser 's door and read him a personal letter from Kosygin in which he said , ' We do n't want Egypt to be blamed for starting a war in the Middle East . If you launch that attack , we can not support you . ' According to Oren , Nasser knew that operation Dawn was already set to be launched in only few hours time , at sunrise . His mood soured since he realized that Israel had accessed Egyptian secrets and compromised them . Nasser hurried to an emergency meeting at the headquarters , and told Amer about the exposure of Dawn and asked him to cancel the planned attack . Amer consulted his sources in the Kremlin , and they corroborated the substance of Kosygin 's message . Despondent , Amer told the commander of Egypt 's air force , Major General Mahmud Sidqi , that the operation was cancelled . '' The cancellation orders arrived to the pilots when they were already in their planes , awaiting the final go ahead . According to then Egyptian Vice-President Hussein el - Shafei , as soon as Nasser knew what Amer planned , he cancelled the operation . According to John Quigley , there is thin evidence that there was any Egyptian plan to attack Israel that would actually have been carried out . Abdel Magid Farid , suggests that Nasser did actually consider the first strike option until early on 27 May , when he was hauled out of bed at mid night by the Soviet Union ambassador ( his only source of arms and spare parts ) and warned not to precipitate a confrontation . Other evidence , however , suggests he never intended to strike first . Nasser rejected the first strike option as politically impossible as he felt it would provide a pretext for Israel and the U.S , and alienate the Soviets . All of Nasser 's plans were based on an assumption the Israelis would strike first . The crisis and diplomacy The Israeli government asked the U.S. and UK to open the Straits of Tiran , as they had guaranteed they would in 1957 . Harold Wilson 's proposal of an international maritime force to quell the crisis was adopted by President Johnson , but received little support , with only Britain and the Netherlands offering to contribute ships . The British cabinet later stated that there was a new balance of power in the Middle East , led by the United Arab Republic , that was A ) to the detriment of Israel and the Western powers and B) something Israel was going to have to learn to live with . United Nations Secretary - General U Thant also went to Cairo to help negotiate an agreement to avoid conflict . UN Secretary General , U Thant , visited Cairo for mediation and a renewed diplomatic effort to solve the crisis . Talks failed as President Nasser kept the straits closed and Israel refused to accept the UN troops on its side of the border . Most American diplomats who worked in the Middle East were sympathetic to Nasser 's views on the Straits , with several of them arguing that the US should ignore both its on - the - record promises to Israel regarding the Straits being open and international law ; a few diplomats who were not as impressed by threats from Arab nations advised the Johnson Administration to back the flotilla option as a `` show of force '' that would forestall war from breaking out . The US also tried to mediate , and Nasser agreed to send his vice-president to Washington to explore a diplomatic settlement . The meeting did not happen because Israel launched its offensive . On May 30 , Nasser responded to Johnson 's request of 11 days earlier and agreed to send his Vice President , Zakkariya Muhieddin , to Washington on June 7 to explore a diplomatic settlement in `` precisely the opening the White House had sought '' . Jordan joins Egypt During May and June the Israeli government had worked hard to keep Jordan out of any war ; it was concerned about being attacked on multiple fronts , and did not want to have to deal with the Jordanian West Bank . Israel called upon Jordan numerous times to refrain from hostilities . Israel 's own sense of concern regarding Jordan 's future role originated in the Jordanian control of the West Bank . This put Arab forces just 17 kilometers from Israel 's coast , a jump - off point from which a well - coordinated tank assault would likely cut Israel in two within half an hour . Hussein had doubled the size of Jordan 's army in the last decade and had US training and arms delivered as recently as early 1967 , and it was feared that it could be used by other Arab states as staging grounds for operations against Israel ; thus , attack from the West Bank was always viewed by the Israeli leadership as a threat to Israel 's existence . However , Jordan 's King Hussein got caught up in the wave of pan-Arab nationalism preceding the war ; . According to Mutawi , Hussein was caught on the horns of a galling dilemma : allow Jordan to be dragged into war and face the brunt of the Israeli response , or remain neutral and risk full - scale insurrection among his own people . Army Commander - in - Chief General Sharif Zaid Ben Shaker warned in a press conference that `` If Jordan does not join the war a civil war will erupt in Jordan '' . However , according to Avi Shlaim , Hussein 's actions were prompted by his feelings of Arab nationalism . An extremely important change took place on May 30 , when Jordan signed a mutual defense treaty with Egypt , thereby joining the military alliance already in place between Egypt and Syria . The move surprised both Egyptians and foreign observers , because President Nasser had generally been at odds with Hussein , calling him an `` imperialist lackey '' just days earlier . Nasser said that any differences between him and Hussein were erased `` in one moment '' and declared : `` Our basic objective will be the destruction of Israel . The Arab people want to fight . '' At the end of May 1967 , Jordanian forces were given to the command of an Egyptian general , Abdul Munim Riad . On the same day , Nasser proclaimed : `` The armies of Egypt , Jordan and Syria are poised on the borders of Israel ... to face the challenge , while standing behind us are the armies of Iraq , Algeria , Kuwait , Sudan and the whole Arab nation . This act will astound the world . Today they will know that the Arabs are arranged for battle , the critical hour has arrived . We have reached the stage of serious action and not of more declarations . '' The U.S president envoy reported from Cairo on 30 May that Nasser `` can not and will not retreat '' and `` he would probably welcome , but not seek , military showdown with Israel '' . On June 3 , days before the war , Egypt flew to Amman two battalions of commandos tasked with infiltrating Israel 's borders and engaging in attacks and bombings so as to draw IDF into a Jordanian front and ease the pressure on the Egyptians . Soviet - made artillery and Egyptian military supplies and crews were also flown to Jordan . Arab States preparations At the same time several other Arab states not bordering Israel , including Iraq , Sudan , Kuwait and Algeria , began mobilizing their armed forces . Writing from Egypt on June 4 , 1967 , New York Times journalist James Reston observed : `` Cairo does not want war and it is certainly not ready for war . But it has already accepted the possibility , even the likelihood , of war , as if it had lost control of the situation . '' President Abdul Rahman Arif of Iraq said that `` the existence of Israel is an error which must be rectified . This is an opportunity to wipe out the ignominy which has been with us since 1948 '' . The Iraqi Prime Minister predicted that `` there will be practically no Jewish survivors '' . In May 1967 , Hafez al - Assad , then Syria 's Defense Minister declared : `` Our forces are now entirely ready not only to repulse the aggression , but to initiate the act of liberation itself , and to explode the Zionist presence in the Arab homeland . The Syrian Army , with its finger on the trigger , is united ... I , as a military man , believe that the time has come to enter into a battle of annihilation . '' Developments in Israel Further information : Waiting period ( Six - Day War ) Spurred by the virulent Arab rhetoric , mounting concern and pressure from the media , public bellicose statements by their military , the unexpected major battle over Syria in April , the consequences thereof for the Egyptian - Syrian defense agreement , the expulsion of UNEF , and the mobilization of Egyptian troops into Sinai , the Israeli public sense was of heightened fear and of an approaching holocaust . Yitzhak Rabin reported that the cabinet was deadlocked over the issue of the blockade . Interior Minister Haim - Moshe Shapira in particular had pointed out that the Straits had been closed from 1951 to 1956 without the situation endangering Israel 's security . Nonetheless , on May 22 General Rabin reported to Israel 's cabinet that the Egyptian forces were in a defensive posture , that they were not being deployed to attack . The IDF concluded that Nasser meant to intervene in case of an Israeli attack against Syria . On 23 May , Rabin realized that by blocking the Tiran straits , Nasser probably understood that he was going to war . The Israeli cabinet met on May 23 and decided to launch an attack if the Straits of Tiran were not re-opened by May 25 . Following an approach from United States Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Eugene Rostow to allow time for the negotiation of a nonviolent solution , Israel agreed to a delay of ten days to two weeks . On May 24 Prime Minister Eshkol told his generals : `` Nobody ever said we were an army for preventive war ... I do not accept the mere fact that the Egyptian army is deployed in Sinai makes war inevitable ... You did not receive all these weapons in order for you to say that now we are ready and well - equipped to destroy the Egyptian army , so we must do it '' . U.S. intelligence likewise did not expect Egypt to attack in the absence of an Israeli invasion of Syria . On May 26 the United States communicated that assessment to Israel . On 30 May Jordan joined Egypt and Israel felt threatened also by the opening of Jordan to Iraqi and other Arab troops and an Israeli preemptive attack became more likely . While the generals were more troubled by the tanks and fighter airplanes that Nasser kept pouring into Sinai , the Israeli government were preoccupied with the Tiran Straits closure . Within Israel 's political leadership , it was decided that if the US would not act , and if the UN could not act , then Israel would have to act . On 1 June , Moshe Dayan was made Israeli Defense Minister , and on June 3 the Johnson administration gave an ambiguous statement ; Israel continued to prepare for war . Israel 's attack against Egypt on June 5 began what would later be dubbed the Six - Day War . CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab - Israeli War . The first page of the draft of the `` special estimate '' that predicted the outcome of the war Who would win the war The CIA assessed that Israel could `` defend successfully against simultaneous Arab attacks on all fronts ... or hold on any three fronts while mounting successfully a major offensive on the fourth . '' Days before the war , the C.I.A assessed that Israel failed to take the instant military counteraction to Nasser 's steps which might have been most effective . An attack would still be able to drive the Egyptians away from the entrance to the Strait of Tiran , but it would certainly cost Israel heavy losses of men and materiel , and doubted if Israel had sufficient war supply for a few weeks war . The Soviet leadership considered the armed forces of Egypt , Syria , Algeria and Iraq as superior to the IDF in number of troops , tanks , planes , ships and amount of armaments . They had been equipped with the most modern weapons , and had received high - level training from the Soviets . They estimated mistakenly , that Israel was militarily weak , and operated under the illusion that Arab armies could easily repel any Israeli attack and defeat the IDF on the battlefield . Retrospective Israel : was the war imminent ? Israel viewed the Straits of Tiran as a vital interest , through which Israel received vital imports , mainly oil from Iran , and a blockade threatened Israel 's ability to develop the Negev . Former Chief of Staff of the armed forces , Haim Bar - Lev ( a deputy chief during the war ) stated : `` the entrance of the Egyptians into Sinai was not a casus belli , '' but argued instead that the Egyptian blockade of the Straits of Tiran ultimately caused the war . After the closing of the Straits of Tiran , Israeli Foreign Minister , Abba Eban , contended that this was enough to start the war . Eban said , `` From May the 24th onward , the question who started the war or who fired the first shot became momentously irrelevant . There is no difference in civil law between murdering a man by slow strangulation or killing him by a shot in the head ... From the moment at which the blockade was posed , active hostilities had commenced , and Israel owed Egypt nothing of her Charter rights . '' While not viewed by the Israeli military as an imminent threat , the presence of a long - term direct and ' immediate ' threat on the border would require the IDF to mobilize its reserves and stand ready , thus severely disrupting normal life in Israel at intolerable economic cost . Writing in 2002 , American National Public Radio journalist Mike Shuster expressed a view that was prevalent in Israel before the war that the country `` was surrounded by Arab states dedicated to its eradication . Egypt was ruled by Gamal Abdel Nasser , a firebrand nationalist whose army was the strongest in the Arab Middle East . Syria was governed by the radical Baathist Party , constantly issuing threats to push Israel into the sea . '' With what Israel saw as provocative acts by Nasser , including the blockade of the Straits and the mobilization of forces in the Sinai , creating military and economic pressure , and the United States temporizing because of its entanglement in the Vietnam War , Israel 's political and military elite came to feel that preemption was not merely militarily preferable , but transformative . Major General Mattityahu Peled , the Chief of Logistics for the Armed Forces during the war , said the survival argument was `` a bluff which was born and developed only after the war ... When we spoke of the war in the General Staff , we talked of the political ramifications if we did n't go to war -- what would happen to Israel in the next 25 years . Never of survival today . '' Peled also stated that `` To pretend that the Egyptian forces massed on our frontiers were in a position to threaten the existence of Israel constitutes an insult not only to the intelligence of anyone capable of analyzing this sort of situation , but above all an insult to Zahal ( Israeli military ) . '' In a 30 March 1968 Ma'ariv interview Defense Minister Moshe Dayan explained : `` What do you mean , ( the war was ) unavoidable ? It was , of course , possible to avoid the war if the Straits ( of Tiran ) had stayed closed to Israeli shipping . Menachem Begin also stated that `` The Egyptian army concentrations in the Sinai approaches did not prove that Nasser was really about to attack us . We must be honest with ourselves . We decided to attack him . '' According to Martin van Creveld , the IDF pressed for war : `` ... the concept of ' defensible borders ' was not even part of the IDFs own vocabulary . Anyone who will look for it in the military literature of the time will do so in vain . Instead , Israel 's commanders based their thought on the 1948 war and , especially , their 1956 triumph over the Egyptians in which , from then Chief of Staff Dayan down , they had gained their spurs . When the 1967 crisis broke they felt certain of their ability to win a ' decisive , quick and elegant ' victory , as one of their number , General Haim Bar Lev , put it , and pressed the government to start the war as soon as possible '' . That the announcement of the blockade of the Strait of Tiran paved the way for war is disputed by Major General Indar Jit Rikhye , military adviser to the United Nations Secretary General , who called the accusation of a blockade `` questionable , '' pointing out that an Israeli - flagged ship had not passed through the straits in two years , and that `` The U.A.R. ( Egyptian ) navy had searched a couple of ships after the establishment of the blockade and thereafter relaxed its implementation . '' Did Israel plan a war ? For According to the U.S. assessment , Egypt had no intention of attacking Israel , and the Americans desperately tried to dissuade Israel from invading Egypt . The U.S. further views that Jordan and Syria only entered the war as a response to Israel 's invasion of Egypt . The USSR had come to similar conclusions : `` ... it is clear that the Soviet assessment from mid-May 1967 that Israel was about to strike at Syria was correct and well founded , and was not merely based on the public threats issued by Eshkol , Rabin and Yariv . '' . Against Some of Israel 's political leaders , however , hoped for a diplomatic solution . The U.S. President at the time , Lyndon Johnson , said that action by Egypt was the leading cause of the war : If a single act of folly was more responsible for this explosion than any other , it was the arbitrary and dangerous announced decision that the Straits of Tiran would be closed . The right of innocent , maritime passage must be preserved for all nations . According to Szabo , many commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self - defense . According to Ferris , Nasser 's decisions to ask for the removal of UNEF from Sinai and to block the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping , are commonly accepted as the point where war became inevitable . Did Egypt plan a war ? For According to Shlaim & Louis , in the end of May 1967 , Nasser claimed in a public speech to have been aware of the Straits of Tiran closure implications : `` Taking over Sharm El Sheikh meant confrontation with Israel . It also means that we ready to enter a general war with Israel . It was not a separate operation '' . General Abdal Muhsin Murtaji , the commander of the Sinai front in 1967 , wrote that the failed union with Syria and the debacle in Yemen forced Nasser to find an outlet for his failures , which he found through the 1967 war . Against Yitzhak Rabin , who served as the Chief of the General Staff for Israel during the war stated : `` I do not believe that Nasser wanted war . The two divisions he sent into Sinai on May 14 would not have been enough to unleash an offensive against Israel . He knew it and we knew it . '' Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban wrote in his autobiography that he found `` Nasser 's assurance that he did not plan an armed attack '' convincing , adding that `` Nasser did not want war ; he wanted victory without war '' . Some analysts suggest that Nasser took actions aimed at reaping political gains , which he knew carried a high risk of precipitating military hostilities . On this view , Nasser 's willingness to take such risks was based on his fundamental underestimation of Israel 's capacity for independent and effective military action . The war Consequences Main article : Six - Day War See also : Controversies relating to the Six - Day War On June 1 , Israel formed a National Unity Government , and on June 4 the decision was made to go to war . The next morning , Israel launched Operation Focus , a large - scale surprise air strike that was the opening of the Six - Day War . Controversy remains as to whether Israel 's attack was a preemptive strike or an unjustified attack . Many commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self - defense . Historian Michael Oren writes that Rusk was `` mad as hell '' and that Johnson later wrote `` I have never concealed my regret that Israel decided to move when it did '' . See also Six - Day War 1949 Armistice Agreements Suez Crisis Notes Jump up ^ Sources on the expulsion of UN forces : `` In 1967 , Egypt ordered the UN troops out and blocked Israeli shipping routes -- adding to already high levels of tension between Israel and its neighbours . '' `` Israel and the Palestinians in depth , 1967 : Six Day War '' , BBC . Accessed July 17 , 2010 . `` Buoyed by the almost universal Arab acclaim he received for his actions , Nasser expelled the UNEF forces and announced the closing of the Straits of Tiran '' Robert Owen Freedman . World Politics and the Arab - Israeli Conflict , Pergamon Press , 1979 , p. 79 . `` The Israeli attack ended a nerve - wracking three weeks of waiting ... begun when Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser expelled the United Nations peacekeepers from the Gaza Strip and the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula , blockaded the nearby Straits of Tiran to Israeli ships , and deployed his massive army along the Israeli border . '' Dan Perry , Alfred Ironside . Israel and the Quest for Permanence , McFarland , 1999 , p. 18 . `` Soon after Nasser expelled UN forces from the Sinai , Secretary of State Dean Rusk directed State Department officials in Washington , New York , and Moscow to urge the Soviets to restrain their Arab friends . '' Nigel John Ashton . Cold War in the Middle East : Regional Conflict and the Superpowers 1967 -- 73 , Routledge , 2007 , p. 18 . `` Nasser ... closed the Gulf of Aqaba to shipping , cutting off Israel from its primary oil supplies . He told UN peacekeepers in the Sinai Peninsula to leave . He then sent scores of tanks and hundreds of troops into the Sinai closer to Israel . The Arab world was delirious with support , '' `` The Mideast : A Century of Conflict Part 4 : The 1967 Six Day War '' , NPR morning edition , October 3 , 2002 . Accessed December 28 , 2008 . `` ... a Middle East crisis erupted on May 16 , 1967 , when Nasser expelled the UN troops that had policed the Sinai since the end of the Suez - Sinai War in 1957 . '' Peter L Hahn . Crisis and Crossfire : The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 , Potomac Books , 2005 , p. 50 . `` In May , 1967 President Nasser expelled UNEF from Egypt and set in train the events that precipitated Israel 's blitzkrieg invasion and conquest of the Sinai . '' JL Granatstein . Canadian Foreign Policy : Historical Readings , Copp Clark Pitman , 1986 , p. 236 . Footnotes Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Special Report and Add. 1 / 3 Report of the Secretary - General on the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force A / 6730 and Add. 1 / 3 26 June 1967 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Maoz , Zeev . Defending the Holy Land : A Critical Analysis of Israel 's Security & Foreign Policy , p. 111 ( University of Michigan Press , 2009 ) : `` It is most important to reiterate the conclusion of most scholarly accounts of the crisis : this was a process of unwanted escalation , which everybody wanted to prevent , but all were responsible for making this escalation unavoidable . '' ^ Jump up to : Ian J. Bickerton ( 15 September 2009 ) . The Arab - Israeli Conflict : A History . Reaktion Books . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 527 - 1 . ( P. 111 ) It is generally assumed that the June war was fought because in May Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping . ( P. 113 ) on 23 May 1967 , knowing that it might very likely provide Israel with the trigger it needed to launch a war , Nasser made the fateful step of closing the Straits of Tiran . ^ Jump up to : Jesse Ferris ( 23 December 2012 ) . Nasser 's Gamble : How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six - Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power . Princeton University Press . p. 286 . ISBN 1 - 4008 - 4523 - 8 . Both the decision to demand the removal of UNEF from Sinai and the decision to close the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping - commonly accepted as the point where war became inevitable - ^ Jump up to : Kinga Tibori Szabó ( 22 August 2011 ) . Anticipatory Action in Self - Defence : Essence and Limits under International Law . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 147 , 148 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6704 - 796 - 8 . ( p. 147 ) The sequence of events that led to the Israeli pre-emptive strike did indeed create a situation where an armed attack seemed unavoidable . ( p. 148 ) Many commentators treat it ( the six day war ) as the locus classicus of anticipatory action in self defence ^ Jump up to : John Quigley ( 17 December 2012 ) . The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 135 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 62049 - 9 . Terence Taylor ... wrote in 2004 ... that `` many scholars '' considered Israel to have `` conducted the ( 1967 ) action in anticipatory of self - defense Jump up ^ John Quigley ( 17 December 2012 ) . The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense : Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 134 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 62049 - 9 . Analysts in fields other than law began to question the original Israeli view of the 1967 war as declassified documentation from the major powers began to be released . ( ... ) Mary Ellen O'Connell ( ... ) said , `` we now know that Israel acted on less than convincing evidence . Thus , the 1967 war does not provide an actual example of lawful anticipatory self - defence '' ( ... ) Richard Falk asserted in 2012 that the view Israel acted in self - defence was by then `` increasingly contested by diplomatic historians '' Jump up ^ Rauschning ; Wiesbrock ; Lailach ( 1997 ) , p. 30 Missing or empty title = ( help ) . Jump up ^ Sachar 2007 , pp. 504 , 507 -- 8 . Jump up ^ First United Nations Emergency Force ( Unef I ) -- Background ( Full text ) , UN Jump up ^ http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?IntlOpId=273&CdnOpId=427 Jump up ^ Some sources date the agreement to November 4 , others to November 7 . Most sources simply say `` November '' . Gawrych ( 2000 ) p. 5 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Zeev , History of the Israeli Army , Straight Arrow Books ( 1974 ) p. 145 . Jump up ^ Churchill & Churchill , The Six Day War , Houghton Mifflin Company ( 1967 ) p. 21 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Kenneth , Arabs at war : military effectiveness 1948 - 1991 , University of Nebraska Press ( 2002 ) , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , pp. 149 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Hart , 1989 p. 226 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 / 2003 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Burrowes & Douglas 1972 , pp. 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19661117&id=TcQtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1J8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3947,3583635 Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami . `` The Israeli Military and the 1967 War '' , Routledge , 2007 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Govrin , Yosef . Israeli - Soviet relations , 1953 - 67 : from confrontation to disruption /. 1st ed . Portland : Frank Cass , 1998 . Pages 3 - 58 , 221 - 324 Jump up ^ Shlaim ( 2007 ) p. 238 . Jump up ^ Mutawi ( 2007 ) p. 93 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Raymond . ( 1988 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Meir , Golda ( 1 March 1957 ) , Statement to the General Assembly by Foreign Minister Meir , The State of Israel : Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Interference , by armed force , with ships of Israeli flag exercising free and innocent passage in the Gulf of Aqaba and through the Straits of Tiran will be regarded by Israel as an attack entitling it to exercise its inherent right of self - defence under Article 51 of the Charter and to take all such measures as are necessary to ensure the free and innocent passage of its ships in the Gulf and in the Straits Jump up ^ Churchill pp. 52 , 77 . ^ Jump up to : Schmemann , Serge ( 11 May 1997 ) . `` General 's Words Shed a New Light on the Golan '' . The New York Times See also Shlaim 2001 , pp. 235 - 236 ; Eyal Zisser , June 1967 : Israel 's capture of the Golan Heights , Israel Studies , Vol 7 , 168 - 194 ... ^ Jump up to : Elie Podeh ; Asher Kaufman ; Moshe Maoz ( 2006 ) . Arab - Jewish Relations : From Conflict to Resolution ( Hardcover ed . ) . Sussex Academic Press . pp. 118 -- 119 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903900 - 68 - 0 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein 2003 , pp. 131 -- 2 Jump up ^ Finkelstein 2003 , pp. 131 Jump up ^ `` Q&A with Michael Oren '' . The Jerusalem Post . 5 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami . `` The Israeli Military and the 1967 War '' , Routledge , 2007 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Sitta , The Line of 1967 - 1949 , Part 3 - `` The mysterious line of June 4 , 1967 '' , October 1999 Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami . `` The Israeli Military and the 1967 War '' , Routledge , 2007 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Shemesh 2008 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Moshe Gat ( 2003 ) . Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East , 1964 -- 1967 : The Coming of the Six - Day War . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97514 - 2 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . ( on 1965 ) Nasser too , assured the American under Secretary of state , Philip Talbot , that the Arabs would not exceed the water quotas prescribed by the Johnston plan Jump up ^ Sosland , Jeffrey ( 2007 ) Cooperating Rivals : The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin , SUNY Press , ISBN 0 - 7914 - 7201 - 9 p 70 Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ( 2000 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . Penguin Books . pp. 229 , 230 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 028870 - 4 . In January 1964 an Arab League summit meeting convened in Cairo . The main item on the agenda was the threat posed by Israel 's diversion of water ... The preamble to its decision stated : `` The establishment of Israel is the basic threat that the Arab nation in its entirety has agreed to forestall . And Since the existence of Israel is a danger that threatens the Arab nation , the diversion of the Jordan waters by it multiplies the dangers to Arab existence . Accordingly , the Arab states have to prepare the plans necessary for dealing with the political , economic and social aspects , so that if necessary results are not achieved , collective Arab military preparations , when they are not completed , will constitute the ultimate practical means for the final liquidation of Israel Jump up ^ Greg Shapland ( 1997 ) . Rivers of Discord : International Water Disputes in the Middle East . C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . pp. 13 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 214 - 4 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Masahiro Murakami ( 1995 ) . Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East ; Alternative Strategies . United Nations University Press . pp. 287 -- 297 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 808 - 0858 - 2 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . The book appears in : http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E0m.htm . The initial diversion capacity of the National Water Carrier without supplementary booster pumps was 320 million m3 , well within the limits of the Johnston Plan ... Shortly before completion of the Israeli Water Carrier in 1964 , an Arab summit conference decided to try to thwart it . Discarding direct military attack , the Arab states chose to divert the Jordan headwater ... he Arab states chose to divert the Jordan headwaters ... diversion of both the Hasbani and the Banias to the Yarmouk ... According to neutral assessments , the scheme was only marginally feasible ; it was technically difficult and expensive ... Political considerations cited by the Arabs in rejecting the 1955 Johnston Plan were revived to justify the diversion scheme . Particular emphasis was placed on the Carrier 's capability to enhance Israel 's capacity to absorb immigrants to the detriment of Palestinian refugees . In response , Israel stressed that the National Water Carrier was within the limits of the Johnston Plan ... the Arabs started work on the Headwater Diversion project in 1965 . Israel declared that it would regard such diversion as an infringement of its sovereign rights . According to estimates , completion of the project would have deprived Israel of 35 % of its contemplated withdrawal from the upper Jordan , constituting one - ninth of Israel 's annual water budget ... In a series of military strikes , Israel hit the diversion works . The attacks culminated in April 1967 in air strikes deep inside Syria . The increase in water - related Arab - Israeli hostility was a major factor leading to the June 1967 war . ^ Jump up to : Oren 2006 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix C : Historical review of the political riparian issues in the development of the Jordan River and basin management '' . Murakami. 1995 . Jump up ^ Koboril and Glantz 1998 , pp. 129 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Rabil 2003 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Sachar , 2007 . pp. 615 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Parker 1996 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Borowiec 1998 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Alteras 1993 , p. 246 Jump up ^ Brecher 1996 . Jump up ^ Sachar 2007 , pp. 503 - 505 . Jump up ^ Brecher 1996 p. 106 Jump up ^ Sachar 2007 , p. 504 . Jump up ^ Colaresi , 2005 , p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : Gluska , Ami ( 2007 ) . The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War : Government , armed forces and defence policy 1963 - 1967 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 16377 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bar - Joseph , Uri ( July 1996 ) . `` Rotem : The Forgotten Crisis on Road to the 1967 War '' . Journal of Contemporary History . Sage Publications . 31 ( 3 ) : 547 -- 566 . doi : 10.1177 / 002200949603100306 . Jump up ^ Maoz , Zeev ( 2009 ) . Defending the Holy Land : A Critical Analysis of Israel 's Security and Foreign Policy . The University of Michigan Press . p. 84 . ISBN 0472033417 . Jordan and Egypt refused to let guerrillas from the newly formed Palestinian Liberation Organization ( PLO ) operate from their territory . In contrast , the Ba'ath regime in Syria provided both logistical and practical support to the PLO . Jump up ^ Maoz , Zeev ( 2009 ) . Defending the Holy Land : A Critical Analysis of Israel 's Security and Foreign Policy . The University of Michigan Press . p. 84 . ISBN 0472033417 . Jump up ^ Oren 2005 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , pp. 31 - 32 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , pp. 23 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , pp. 33 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Prittie 1969 , pp. 245 . Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami ( 2007 ) . The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War . Routledge . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39245 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , p. 26 ( citing Amman Cables 1456 , 1457 , 11 December 1966 , National Security Files ( Country File : Middle East ) , LBJ Library ( Austin , Texas ) , Box 146 ) . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum From the President 's Special Assistant ( Rostow ) to President Johnson '' . Washington . 15 November 1966 . Archived from the original on 24 October 2005 . Retrieved 22 October 2005 . Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 228 Jump up ^ ' King Husain orders nation - wide military service ' , The Times , Monday , 21 November 1966 ; pg. 8 ; Issue 56794 ; col D . Jump up ^ ' Unified Arab command criticizes Jordan 's actions ' , The Times Saturday , November 26 , 1966 ; pg. 6 ; Issue 56799 ; col D . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , page 127 Jump up ^ Parker 1996 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Ben - Yehûdā and Sandler , 2002 , State University of New York Press , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein 2003 , pp. 186 -- 87 Jump up ^ Gilbert 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein 2003 , pp. 132 Jump up ^ Hajjar 1999 Jump up ^ Finkelstein 2003 , pp. 132 -- 3 , 187 Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami . `` The Israeli Military and the 1967 War '' , Routledge , 2007 , Table 4 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ http://www.theisraelproject.org/site/c.hsJPK0PIJpH/b.2715623/k.16D2/Breakdown_of_Attacks_Against_Israel_Leading_up_to_the_SixDay_War.htm Jump up ^ Segev , Tom , 2007 , op. cit. , p. 237 ^ Jump up to : `` OpenDocument Yearbook of the United Nations 1967 '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gluska , Ami . `` The Israeli Military and the 1967 War '' , Routledge , 2007 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hrjTvWZkgY Jump up ^ 1949 Israeli - Syrian Armistice agreement Jump up ^ Rikhye 1980 , p. 143 ( author interview ) . Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 93 Jump up ^ ' Intentions of Syria Crucial : Mr. Eban surveys Israel 's hopes and anxieties ' , The Times , Thursday , 23 February 1967 ; pg. 4 ; Issue 56873 ; col A . Jump up ^ Embattled neighbors : Syria , Israel , and Lebanon , By Robert G Rabil , p. 15 - 16. , They followed to a great extent a pattern of action and reaction . Israel would move tractors and equipment , often guarded by police , into disputed areas of the DMZ . From its high ground positions . Syria would fire at those advancing , and would frequently shell Israeli settlements in the Huleh Valley . Israel would retaliate with excessive raids on Syrian positions , including the use of air power . Jump up ^ The defense policies of nations : a comparative study , by Douglas Murray , Paul R. Viotti , p. 500 ^ Jump up to : Gluska , op . cit. , p. 100 Jump up ^ Gluska , op . cit. , p. 101 Jump up ^ Bowen ( 11 April 1967 ) . `` Report of ground / air action on Israeli / Syrian border on 7 April 1967 , from Defence and Military Attaché 's office '' . Tel Aviv . pp. 30 -- 31 . ( subscription required ) ; also `` Syria / Israel , account of incident from Eastern Department ; attack on Sqoufiye reported by UNTSO PRO / FCO 17 / 473 '' . 10 April 1967 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Aloni 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ ' Jets and tanks in fierce clash by Israel and Syria ' , The Times , Saturday , 8 April 1967 ; pg. 1 ; Issue 56910 ; col A . Jump up ^ Segev , Tom , op . cit. , p. 253 Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 99 Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 256 Jump up ^ Moshe Shemesh ( 2008 ) . Arab Politics , Palestinian Nationalism , and the Six Day War . Sussex Academic Press . p. 169 . Jump up ^ ' Warning by Israelis Stresses Air Power ' , New York Times , 12 May 1967 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Feron , 13 May 1967 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1967 , p. 1 col E . Jump up ^ Greg Cashman ; Leonard C. Robinson ( 1 March 2007 ) . An Introduction to the Causes of War : Patterns of Interstate Conflict from World War I to Iraq . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 3654 - 0 . In April 1967 , after meeting with Nasser , ... Lucius Battle , reported back to Washington ... that the Egyptian leader was anxious to create a forein policy crisis in order to deflect mounting internal pressure against his regime Jump up ^ Dayton Mak ( July 10 , 1991 ) . `` Foreign Affairs Oral History Project , ASSISTANT SECRETARY LUCIUS D. BATTLE Interview '' . The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training . Nasser was in real trouble , economically and politically ... I predicted that Nasser was about to do something dramatic ... ( optionally ) to heat up the Israeli situation , ... The Egyptians soon thereafter began to make unfortunate comments about the Israeli situation . The rest is history . The war came and Nasser never recovered from his decline which started before the war and accelerated after it . ^ Jump up to : Egypt : A Country Study , U.S. Library of Congress ^ Jump up to : `` Part 4 : The 1967 Six Day War '' , NPR : `` In the spring of that year ( 1967 ) , the Soviet Union had led the radical government in Damascus to believe that Israel was planning to invade Syria . Syria shared this misinformation with Nasser . The Egyptian leader closed the Gulf of Aqaba to shipping , cutting off Israel 's primary oil supplies . He also ordered United Nations peacekeepers to leave the Sinai Peninsula . And he sent scores of tanks and hundreds of troops into the Sinai toward Israel . '' Jump up ^ Bregman 2002 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Black 1992 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Benny Morris Righteous Victims : A History of the Zionist - Arab Conflict , 1881 -- 2001 . Pg 304 ^ Jump up to : Michael B. Oren ( 2002 ) . Six Days of War : June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East . Oxford University Press . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515174 - 9 . Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Lorch , Netanel ( 2003 - 09 - 02 ) . `` The Arab - Israeli Wars '' . Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , pp. 118 & 123 Jump up ^ Quigley , John , 2012 , op . cit. , Kindle Locations 447 - 450 . Jump up ^ Quigley , John , 2012 , op . cit. , Kindle Locations 431 - 436 . Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 124 . Jump up ^ `` The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense '' , John Quigley , p. 16 Jump up ^ U Thant , The United Nations Secretary - General ( 26 June 1967 ) . `` Report of the Secretary - General on the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force , General Assembly A / 6730 & Add. 1 - 3 & A / 6730 / Add. 3 / Corr. 1 '' . Brigadier Mokhtar , who handed General Fawzy 's letter to the Commander of UNEF , told General Rikhye at the time that he must order the immediate withdrawal of United Nations troops from El Sabha and Sharm el Sheikh on the night of 16 May since United Arab Republic armed forces must gain control of these two places that very night Jump up ^ Michael K. Carroll ( 1 January 2010 ) . Pearson 's Peacekeepers : Canada and the United Nations Emergency Force , 1956 - 67 . UBC Press . pp. 164 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 5886 - 1 . it was imperative that UAR forces occupied the strategic positions of Sharm el Seikh Jump up ^ Michael B. Oren ( 2002 ) . Six Days of War : June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East . Oxford University Press . pp. 69 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515174 - 9 . to evacuate ... Sharm el Sheikh that very night Jump up ^ Andrzej Sitkowski ( 1 January 2006 ) . UN Peacekeeping : Myth and Reality . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 51 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99214 - 9 . Brigadier Mokhtar verbally requested the immediate withdrawal of the U.N units from El - Sabha and Sharm El Sheikh Jump up ^ Rikhye 1980 , pp. 16 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Quigley , John ( December 2012 ) . `` The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense '' , Kindle Location 485 . Cambridge University Press . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 274 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ United Nations , op . cit . Jump up ^ BBC On this Day , 1967 : Israel launches attack on Egypt . Retrieved 8 October 2005 . Jump up ^ United Nations , `` First United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF I ) -- Background '' Jump up ^ Rostow , Eugene V. , `` Legal Aspects for the Search for Peace in the Middle East '' , 1970 , The American Journal of International Law Vol. 64 , No. 4 , The United Nations : Appraisal at 25 Years , p. 67 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Rostow , `` The Perils of Positivism '' , 1992 , DUKE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE & INTERNATIONAL LAW , Vol 2.2 , p. 233 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Oren , Michael B. , 2002 , `` Six - day Storm : The June 1967 War and the Creation of the Modern Middle East '' , Oxford University Press , P. 75 Jump up ^ Oren , 2002 , op . cit. , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Quigley , op . cit. , Kindle Locations 495 - 497 Jump up ^ Quigley , 2012 , op. cit. , Kindle location 508 Jump up ^ Quigley , 2012 , op. cit. , Kindle locations 504 - 507 Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Neff , David . Warriors for Jerusalem : the six days that changed the Middle East , p. 88 ( Simon & Schuster , 1984 ) : `` In separate messages to the leading maritime powers , Eshkol warned : ' Israel would stop short of nothing to cancel the blockade . It is essential that President Nasser should not have any illusions . ' '' Jump up ^ `` Statement to the General Assembly by Foreign Minister Meir , 1 March 1957 '' ( Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs ) : `` Interference , by armed force , with ships of Israeli flag exercising free and innocent passage in the Gulf of Aqaba and through the Straits of Tiran will be regarded by Israel as an attack entitling it to exercise its inherent right of self - defence under Article 51 of the Charter and to take all such measures as are necessary to ensure the free and innocent passage of its ships in the Gulf and in the Straits . '' Jump up ^ `` Egypt Closes Gulf Of Aqaba To Israel Ships : Defiant move by Nasser raises Middle East tension '' , The Times , p. 1 ( May 23 , 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Shlaim , Rogan 2012 p. 64 Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ; William Roger Louis ( 13 February 2012 ) . The 1967 Arab - Israeli War : Origins and Consequences . Cambridge University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 . 90 % of Israeli oil was imported through the Straits of Tiran Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ; William Roger Louis ( 13 February 2012 ) . The 1967 Arab - Israeli War : Origins and Consequences . Cambridge University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Daily brief to the U.S president on 27 May 1967 '' ( PDF ) . 27 May 1967 . `` diverted as was a sister ship yesterday Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ; William Roger Louis ( 13 February 2012 ) . The 1967 Arab - Israeli War : Origins and Consequences . Cambridge University Press . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 . sami sharaf ... the decision ( the closure of the Tiran straits ) was known ( to Nasser ) to make war inevitable Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ; William Roger Louis ( 13 February 2012 ) . The 1967 Arab - Israeli War : Origins and Consequences . Cambridge University Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 . the occupation of Sharm - al - Sheikh would force the closure of the Tiran Straits Jump up ^ Nasser , Gamal . `` Statement to Arab Trade Unionists '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 13 March 2007 ... Jump up ^ Seale 1988 , p. 131 citing Stephens 1971 , p. 479 . Jump up ^ ' The Situation in the Middle East : Communications Relating to the Observance of the Armistice Agreements in the Period January -- May 1967 ' , Yearbook of the United Nations 1967 , Office of Public Information , United Nations , New York . Jump up ^ Christie 1999 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Roger letter to the New York Times , 9 June 1967 quoted in Finkelstein , 2003 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Bregman 2000 , p 47 . Jump up ^ Jia 1998 . Jump up ^ Ami Gluska ( 9 January 2007 ) . The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War : Government , Armed Forces and Defence Policy 1963 -- 67 . Routledge . pp. 134 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 96596 - 2 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Quigley 1990 , pp. 166 -- 167 . ^ Jump up to : The Corfu Channel Case ( Merits ) , International Court of Justice , ICJ Reports , 1949 , pp. 27 -- 29 Archived 2016 - 01 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien 2001 , International Law , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Sandler , Aldy & Al - Khoshman 1993 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Aide - memoire from Egypt to the United States regarding Passage through the Straits of Tiran , 28 January 1950 . Jump up ^ Boczek 2005 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Oren ( 2002 ) , `` Amer 's Dawn '' , ( electronic ed . ) Missing or empty title = ( help ) . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , pp. 102 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Tom Segev , `` 1967 '' , loc 4986 in the Kindle edition . `` Eshkol knew that no such danger had suddenly emerged over the past two days . He was obviously trying to mislead Eban , and through him President Johnson , in order to ensure U.S. support '' Jump up ^ Quandt 2005 , p. 31 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Memorandum From Secretary of State Rusk to President Johnson '' . 1967 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Tolan , Sandy ( June 4 , 2007 ) . `` Rethinking Israel 's David - and - Goliath past '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab - Israeli War '' . April 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Baylis Thomas , How Israel was won : a concise history of the Arab - Israeli conflict , Lexington Books , 1999 , p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : Michael B. Oren ( 2002 ) . Six Days of War : June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East . Oxford University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515174 - 9 . Jump up ^ Michael Oren ( 2002 , 24 June ) . 1967 : The unwanted war that made the Middle East . Transcript of speech to The Commonwealth Club of California . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2003 , p. 57 ( author interview , Cairo , 15 December 2002 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Six - Day War and Israel Self - Defense '' , John Quigley , p. 34 ( Cambridge University Press ) Jump up ^ Farid was the secretary - general of the Presidency , a cabinet level post , from 1959 to until Nasser 's death http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5195412&fileId=S0020743800065971 Jump up ^ Shlaim , Louis , 2012 , p68 - 69 Jump up ^ `` History of the UNEF '' . Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Segev 1967 , pp. 82 , 175 - 191 . Jump up ^ quoted in Mutawi 2002 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Quandt , 2005 , p. 37 ^ Jump up to : BBC On this Day , Egypt and Jordan unite against Israel . Retrieved 8 October 2005 . Jump up ^ Mutawi 2002 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Leibler 1972 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Reston , James ' The Issue in Cairo : Israel a US `` Base '' ' , New York Times , 5 June 1967 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ 67 War , Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ Bard 2002 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Segev , 2007 , op . cit. , pp. 106 & 108 . Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , pp. 103 & 216 . Jump up ^ Rabin 1996 , p. 91 Jump up ^ Rabin 1996 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Shlaim , Rogan , 2012 p. 28 Jump up ^ Gelpi 2002 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Ben - Ami , 2005 , op . cit. , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Quigley , John , `` Palestine and Israel : A challenge to justice '' , 1990 , Duke University Press , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Shlaim , Rogan , 2012 p. 110 Jump up ^ Shlaim , Rogan , 2012 p. 32 Jump up ^ Sherman Kent for the Central Intelligence Agency 's Board of National Estimates ( May 26 , 1967 ) . `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1964 -- 1968 Volume XIX , Arab - Israeli Crisis and War , 1967 , Document 79 79 . Memorandum From the Central Intelligence Agency 's Board of National Estimates to Director of Central Intelligence Helms '' . Washington . The most likely course seems to be for Nasser to hold to his present winnings as long as he can , and in as full measure as he can . As of the moment he has vastly enhanced his own prestige in Egypt and throughout the Arab world , diminished the standing of Israel and , at least for the moment , administered a serious setback to the US . Moreover , by simply standing where he is he places the Israelis in an extremely difficult position . He keeps the crisis at high pitch , and as long as this continues the Israelis must remain mobilized . This they can not do for long without adverse effects upon their economy . 5 . The Israelis face dismaying choices . Surprised and shaken by Nasser 's action , they failed to take the instant military counteraction which might have been most effective . If they attack now they will face far more formidable opposition than in the rapid campaign of 1956 . We believe that they would still be able to drive the Egyptians away from the entrance to the Strait of Tiran , but it would certainly cost them heavy losses of men and materiel . We are not sure that they have sufficient stockpiles of ammunition and equipment for a war lasting more than three or four weeks , and it is possible that they would not embark upon a major campaign without prior assurances from the US of adequate resupply . Jump up ^ Yaacov Ro'i ; Boris Morozov ( 2008 ) . The Soviet Union and the June 1967 Six Day War . Stanford University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5880 - 2 . According to the KGB 's deputy resident in Washington at that time , no one in Moscow had any doubt that Israel would be quickly defeated Jump up ^ Talal Nizameddin ( January 1999 ) . Russia and the Middle East : Towards a New Foreign Policy . C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . pp. 26 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 380 - 6 . Moscow 's assumption that Israel was too weak to launch a pre emptive strike was proven wrong '' Jump up ^ Galia Golan ( 22 November 1990 ) . Soviet Policies in the Middle East : From World War Two to Gorbachev . CUP Archive . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 35859 - 0 . there reportedly were Soviet estimates that the Arab armies could pursue a protracted war Jump up ^ Uri Bar - Noi . `` The Soviet Union And The Six - Day War : Revelations From The Polish Archives '' . Wilson Center . The Kremlin estimated mistakenly , as if turned out -- that Israel was militarily weak ... Moscow did its utmost to tone down the belligerent rhetoric of Egyptian and Syrian leaders ... Prior to the outbreak of hostilities , Soviet leadership operated under the illusion that Arab armed forces could easily repel any Israeli offensive and defeat the IDF on the battlefield . In retrospect , Brezhnev assured his audience that the armed forces of Egypt , Syria , Algeria and Iraq were superior to the IDF in number of troops and amount of tanks , planes , ships and armaments . They had been equipped with the most modern weapons , and had received high - level training from Soviet ... the Soviet leader held Nasser solely responsible for this catastrophe . He claimed that the reckless closing of the Tiran Straits to the passage of Israeli ships provoked Israel to conduct a wider military campaign against its Arab neighbors . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=oUSbvWDgYucC&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=israel+exports+straits+of+tiran&source=bl&ots=O7K5VdVC5W&sig=LmTJ_FYlvd92wz2XybPzLRwEyCU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DgmdUaOlMMG4rQH2joDwBQ&ved=0CEsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=israel%20exports%20straits%20of%20tiran&f=false Jump up ^ `` Year In Review 1967 , UPI.com '' . Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Middle East : Was the War Necessary ? ( 1972 , 19 June ) . Time Magazine . Jump up ^ Gerteiny & Ziegler 2007 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Bober 1972 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Begin , Menachen . `` Foreign Relations since 1947 : 1982 -- 1984 '' . IL : MFA . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ van Creveld 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Rikhye , Indar Jit ( 1980 ) . The Sinai Blunder : Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force Leading to the Six - Day War of June 1967 . London : Rutledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 3136 - 1 . Jump up ^ John Quigley , `` The Six - Day War and Israeli Self - Defense '' , p. 192 ( Cambridge University Press ) Jump up ^ Gluska , 2007 , op . cit. , p. 118 Jump up ^ `` LBJ Pledges U.S. to Peace Effort '' , Eugene Register - Guard ( June 19 , 1967 ) . See also Johnson , Lyndon . `` Address at the State Department 's Foreign Policy Conference for Educators '' ( June 19 , 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Shlaim ; Louis ( 2012 ) p. 63 Jump up ^ `` General Abdal Muhsin Murtaji book review '' ( PDF ) . FAO Journal , VOLUME VIII , NUMBER 3 . September 2004 . p. 14 . In 1976 , General Abdal Muhsin Murtaji , an officer since 1937 and the commander of the Sinai front in 1967 , wrote a bold , scathing indictment of the Egyptian military in his book Al - Fariq Murtaji Yarwi Al - Haqiqa ( General Murtaji Narrates the Truth ) ... The failed union with Syria and the debacle in Yemen forced Nasser to find an outlet for his failures , which he found through the 1967 war Jump up ^ Eban 1977 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ Rubenberg 1989 pp. 107 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ben - Ami , Shlomo , 2005 , `` Scars of War ; Wounds of Peace - the Israeli - Arab tragedy '' , Weidenfeld & Nicholson , p. 103 Jump up ^ James 2005 Jump up ^ Oren 2002 , p. 196 . References al - Qusi , Abdallah Ahmad Hamid. ( 1999 ) . Al - Wisam fi at - Ta'rikh . Cairo : Al - Mu'asasa al - ' Arabiya al - Haditha . No ISBN available . Aloni , Shlomo ( 2001 ) . Arab - Israeli Air Wars 1947 -- 1982 . Osprey Aviation . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 294 - 6 Alteras , Isaac . ( 1993 ) . Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. - Israeli Relations , 1953 -- 1960 , University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1205 - 8 . Bailey , Sydney ( 1990 ) . Four Arab - Israeli Wars and the Peace Process . London : The MacMillan Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 04649 - 9 . Bar - On , Mordechai ; Morris , Benny & Golani , Motti ( 2002 ) . Reassessing Israel 's Road to Sinai / Suez , 1956 : A `` Trialogue '' . In Gary A. Olson ( Ed . ) . Traditions and Transitions in Israel Studies : Books on Israel , Volume VI ( pp. 3 -- 42 ) . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 5585 - 8 Bar - On , Mordechai ( 2006 ) . Never - Ending Conflict : Israeli Military History , ISBN 0 - 275 - 98158 - 4 Bard , Mitchell G. ( 2002 , 2008 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Middle East Conflict . NY : Alpha books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864410 - 7 . 4th Edition ISBN 1 - 59257 - 791 - 1 . Chapter 14 , `` Six Days to Victory '' is reproduced online as The 1967 Six - Day War . at the Jewish Virtual Library of the American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Ben - Gurion , David . ( 1999 ) . Ben - gurion diary : May -- June 1967 . Israel Studies 4 ( 2 ) , 199 - 220 . Black , Ian ( 1992 ) . Israel 's Secret Wars : A History of Israel 's Intelligence Services . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3286 - 3 Bober , Arie ( ed . ) ( 1972 ) . The other Israel . Doubleday Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 01467 - 8 . Boczek , Boleslaw Adam ( 2005 ) . International Law : A Dictionary . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5078 - 8 Borowiec , Andrew . ( 1998 ) . Modern Tunisia : A Democratic Apprenticeship . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96136 - 2 . Bowen , Jeremy ( 2003 ) . Six Days : How the 1967 War Shaped the Middle East . London : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 3095 - 7 Brams , Steven J. & Jeffrey M. Togman. ( 1998 ) . Camp David : Was the agreement fair ? In Paul F. Diehl ( Ed . ) , A Road Map to War : Territorial Dimensions of International Conflict . Nashville : Vanderbilt University Press . ISBN 0 - 8265 - 1329 - 8 . Brecher , Michael . ( 1996 ) . Eban and Israeli foreign policy : Diplomacy , war and disengagement . In A Restless Mind : Essays in Honor of Amos Perlmutter , Benjamin Frankel ( ed . ) , pp. 104 -- 117 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4607 - 5 Bregman , Ahron. ( 2000 ) . Israel 's Wars , 1947 -- 1993 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21468 - 8 . Bregman , Ahron ( 2002 ) . Israel 's Wars : A History Since 1947 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28716 - 2 Burrowes , Robert & Muzzio , Douglas . ( 1972 ) . The Road to the Six Day War : Towards an Enumerative History of Four Arab States and Israel , 1965 - 67 . The Journal of Conflict Resolution , Vol. 16 , No. 2 , Research Perspectives on the Arab - Israeli Conflict : A Symposium , pp. 211 -- 226 . Cohen , Raymond . ( 1988 ) Intercultural Communication between Israel and Egypt : Deterrence Failure before the Six - Day war . Review of International Studies , Vol. 14 , No. 1 , pp. 1 -- 16 Christie , Hazel ( 1999 ) . Law of the Sea . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4382 - 4 Churchill , Randolph & Churchill , Winston . ( 1967 ) . The Six Day War . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 395 - 07532 - 7 Colaresi , Michael P. ( 2005 ) . Scare Tactics : The politics of international rivalry . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 9780815630661 Eban , Abba ( 1977 ) . Abba Eban : An Autobiography . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 49302 - 8 Ehteshami , Anoushiravan and Hinnebusch , Raymond A. ( 1997 ) . Syria & Iran : Middle Powers in a Penetrated Regional System . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15675 - 0 Feron , James . ( 1967 , 13 May ) . Israelis ponder blow at Syrians ; Some leaders decide that force is the only way to curtail terrorism . The New York Times ( Fee required ) . El - Gamasy , Mohamed Abdel Ghani. ( 1993 ) . The October War . The American University in Cairo Press . ISBN 977 - 424 - 316 - 1 . Gawrych , George W. ( 2000 ) . The Albatross of Decisive Victory : War and Policy Between Egypt and Israel in the 1967 and 1973 Arab - Israeli Wars . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31302 - 4 . Available in multiple PDF files from the Combat Studies Institute and the Combined Arms Research Library , CSI Publications in parts . Gelpi , Christopher ( 2002 ) . Power of Legitimacy : Assessing the Role of Norms in Crisis Bargaining . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09248 - 6 Gerner , Deborah J. ( 1994 ) . One Land , Two Peoples . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2180 - 8 , p. 112 Gerteiny , Alfred G. & Ziegler , Jean ( 2007 ) . The Terrorist Conjunction : The United States , the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict , and Al - Qā'ida . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99643 - 3 , p. 142 Gilbert , Martin . ( 2008 ) . Israel -- A History . McNally & Loftin Publishers . ISBN 0 - 688 - 12363 - 5 . Chapter available online : Chapter 21 : Nasser 's Challenge . Goldstein , Erik ( 1992 ) . Wars and Peace Treaties , 1816 -- 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 07822 - 9 Green , Stephen J. ( 1984 ) . Taking Sides : America 's Secret Relations With Militant Israel . William Morrow & Co . ISBN 0 - 688 - 02643 - 5 . Griffin , David J. ( 2006 ) . Hawker Hunter 1951 to 2007 Lulu.com , 4 edition . ISBN 1 - 4303 - 0593 - 2 . Haddad , Yvonne. ( 1992 ) . Islamists and the `` Problem of Israel '' : The 1967 Awakening . Middle East Journal , Vol. 46 , No. 2 , pp. 266 -- 285 . Hajjar , Sami G . The Israel - Syria Track , Middle East Policy , Volume VI , February 1999 , Number 3 . Retrieved 30 September 2006 . Hammel , Eric ( 1992 ) . Six Days in June : How Israel Won the 1967 Arab - Israeli War . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 7535 - 6 Hattendorf , John B. ( 2000 ) . Naval Strategy and Power in the Mediterranean : Past , Present and Future . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8054 - 0 . Handel , Michael I. ( 1973 ) . Israel 's political - military doctrine . Center for International Affairs , Harvard University . ISBN 0 - 87674 - 025 - 5 Hart , Alan ( 1989 ) Arafat , A political biography . Indiana University Press ISBN 0 - 253 - 32711 - 3 . Herzog , Chaim ( 1982 ) . The Arab - Israeli Wars . Arms & Armour Press . ISBN 0 - 85368 - 367 - 0 Herbert , Nicholas ( 1967 , 17 May ) . Egyptian Forces On Full Alert : Ready to fight for Syria . The Times , p. 1 ; Issue 56943 ; col E . Herzog , Chaim ( 1989 ) . Heroes of Israel : Profiles of Jewish Courage . Little Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 35901 - 7 . Higham , Robin . ( 2003 ) . 100 Years of Air Power and Aviation . TAMU Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 241 - 0 . Hinnebusch , Raymond A. ( 2003 ) . The international politics of the Middle East . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 5346 - 7 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 2004 ) . Background on Israeli POWs and MIAs . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 2008 ) . The Six - Day War ( June 1967 ) . `` Israel Reportedly Killed POWs in ' 67 War ; Historians Say Deaths of Hundreds of Egyptians Was Covered Up Israel Reportedly Killed POWs in ' 67 War ; Historians Say Deaths of Hundreds of Egyptians Was Covered Up '' , Washington Post , 17 August 1995 , p . A. 30 ( Fee required ) . James , Laura ( 2005 ) . The Nassar And His Enemies : Foreign Policy Decision Making In Egypt On The Eve Of The Six Day War . The Middle East Review of International Affairs . Volume 9 , No. 2 , Article 2 . `` Israelis Say Tape Shows Nasser Fabricated ' Plot ' ; Recording Said to Be of Phone Call to Hussein Gives Plan to Accuse U.S. and Britain '' ( PDF ( subscription required ) ) . The New York Times . 1967 - 06 - 09 . p. 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 28 . Jia , Bing Bing . ( 1998 ) . The Regime of Straits in International Law ( Oxford Monographs in International Law ) . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 826556 - 5 . Koboril , Iwao and Glantz , Michael H. ( 1998 ) . Central Eurasian Water Crisis . United Nations University Press . ISBN 92 - 808 - 0925 - 3 Krauthammer , Charles ( 2007 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Prelude to the Six Days '' . The Washington Post . pp. A23 . ISSN 0740 - 5421 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 20 . Lavoy , Peter R. ; Sagan , Scott Douglas & Wirtz , James J. ( Eds . ) ( 2000 ) . Planning the Unthinkable : How New Powers Will Use Nuclear , Biological , and Chemical Weapons . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8704 - 8 . Leibler , Isi ( 1972 ) . The Case For Israel . Australia : The Executive Council of Australian Jewry . ISBN 0 - 9598984 - 0 - 9 . Lenczowski , George . ( 1990 ) . American Presidents and the Middle East . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 0972 - 6 . Lyndon Baines Johnson Library . ( 1994 ) . Transcript , Robert S. McNamara Oral History , Special Interview I , 3 / 26 / 93 , by Robert Dallek , Internet Copy , LBJ Library . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . McNamara : US Near War in ' 67 . ( 1983 , 16 Sep . ) . Boston Globe . P. 1 . ( Fee required ) . Mansour , Camille. ( 1994 ) . Beyond Alliance : Israel and US Foreign Policy . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08492 - 7 . Maoz , Zeev ( 2009 ) . Defending the Holy Land : A Critical Analysis of Israel 's Security & Foreign Policy . The University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 03341 - 6 Morris , Benny ( 2001 ) Righteous Victims New York , Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 74475 - 7 Miller , Benjamin . ( 2007 ) . States , Nations , and the Great Powers : The Sources of Regional War and Peace . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 69161 - 3 Murakami , Masahiro. ( 1995 ) . Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East : Alternative Strategies . United Nations University Press . ISBN 92 - 808 - 0858 - 3 . Mutawi , Samir ( 2002 ) . Jordan in the 1967 War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52858 - 5 Nordeen , Lon & Nicole , David . ( 1996 ) . Phoenix over the Nile : A history of Egyptian Air Power 1932 -- 1994 . Washington DC : Smithsonian Institution . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 626 - 3 . `` Mediterranean Eskadra '' . ( 2000 ) . Federation of American Scientists . Oren , Michael ( 2002 ) . Six Days of War . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515174 - 7 Oren , Michael . ( 2005 ) . The Revelations of 1967 : New Research on the Six Day War and Its Lessons for the Contemporary Middle East , Israel studies , volume 10 , number 2 . ( Subscription required ) . Oren , Michael . ( 2006 ) . `` The Six - Day War '' , in Bar - On , Mordechai ( ed . ) , Never - Ending Conflict : Israeli Military History . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98158 - 4 . Parker , Richard B. ( 1996 ) . The Six - day War : A Retrospective . University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1383 - 6 . Parker , Richard B. ( August 1997 ) . `` USAF in the Sinai in the 1967 War : Fact or Fiction '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Palestine Studies . XXVII ( 1 ) : 67 -- 75 . doi : 10.1525 / jps. 1997.27. 1.00 p0164l . Phythian , Mark ( 2001 ) . The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964 . Manchester : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 5907 - 0 Podeh , Elie ( Winter 2004 ) . `` The Lie That Wo n't Die : Collusion , 1967 '' . Middle East Quarterly . 11 ( 1 ) . Pimlott , John . ( 1983 ) . Middle East Conflicts : From 1945 to the Present . Orbis . ISBN 0 - 85613 - 547 - X . Pollack , Kenneth ( 2004 ) . Arabs at War : Military Effectiveness , 1948 -- 1991 . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8783 - 6 Pollack , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Air Power in the Six - Day War . The Journal of Strategic Studies . 28 ( 3 ) , 471 - 503 . Prior , Michael ( 1999 ) . Zionism and the State of Israel : A Moral Inquiry . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 20462 - 3 Quandt , William B. ( 2005 ) . Peace Process : American Diplomacy and the Arab - Israeli Conflict Since 1967 . Brookings Institution Press and the University of California Press ; 3 edition . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24631 - 4 Quigley , John B. ( 2005 ) . Case for Palestine : An International Law Perspective . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3539 - 5 Quigley , John B. ( 1990 ) . Palestine and Israel : A Challenge to Justice . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1023 - 6 Rabil , Robert G. ( 2003 ) . Embattled Neighbors : Syria , Israel , and Lebanon . Lynne Rienner Publishers . ISBN 1 - 58826 - 149 - 2 Rabin , Yitzhak ( 1996 ) . The Rabin Memoirs . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20766 - 1 . Rauschning , Dietrich ; Wiesbrock , Katja & Lailach , Martin ( eds . ) ( 1997 ) . Key Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly 1946 - 1996 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59704 - 8 . Rikhye , Indar Jit ( 1980 ) . The Sinai Blunder . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 3136 - 1 Robarge , David S. ( 2007 ) . Getting It Right : CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab - Israeli War , Center for the Study of Intelligence , Vol. 49 No. 1 Rubenberg , Cheryl A. ( 1989 ) . Israel and the American National Interest . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06074 - 1 Sachar , Howard M. ( 1976 , 2007 ) A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 48564 - 5 ; ISBN 0 - 375 - 71132 - 5 . Sadeh , Eligar ( 1997 ) . Militarization and State Power in the Arab - Israeli Conflict : Case Study of Israel , 1948 -- 1982 . Universal Publishers . ISBN 0 - 9658564 - 6 - 1 Sandler , Deborah ; Aldy , Emad & Al - Khoshman Mahmoud A. ( 1993 ) . Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba . -- A regional environmental challenge . Environmental Law Institute . 0911937463 . Seale , Patrick ( 1988 ) . Asad : The Struggle for Peace in the Middle East . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06976 - 5 Segev , Samuel ( 1967 ) . A Red Sheet : the Six Day War . Segev , Tom ( 2005 ) . Israel in 1967 . Keter . ISBN 965 - 07 - 1370 - 0 . Segev , Tom ( 2007 ) . 1967 : Israel , the War , and the Year that Transformed the Middle East Metropolitan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7057 - 6 Sela , Avraham ( 1997 ) . The Decline of the Arab - Israeli Conflict : Middle East Politics and the Quest for Regional Order . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 3537 - 7 Shafqat , Saeed ( 2004 ) . Islamic world and South Asia : Rise of Islamism and Terror , Causes and Consequences ? . In Kaniz F. Yusuf ( Ed . ) Unipolar World & The Muslim States . Islamabad : Pakistan Forum , pp 217 -- 246 . Shemesh , Moshe ( 2008 ) . Arab Politics , Palestinian Nationalism and the Six Day War . Sussex Academic Press . ISBN 1 - 84519 - 188 - 9 . Shlaim , Avi ( 2000 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32112 - 6 . Shlaim , Avi ( 2007 ) Lion of Jordan : The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace Vintage Books ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7828 - 8 Shlaim , Avi ; Louis , William Roger ( 13 February 2012 ) , The 1967 Arab - Israeli War : Origins and Consequences , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00236 - 4 Smith , Hedrick ( 1967 - 06 - 14 ) . `` As the Shock Wears Off ; Arab World , Appraising Its Defeat , is Split as it Gropes for Strategy '' ( PDF subscription required ) . The New York Times . p. 16 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 28 . Smith , Hedrick ( 1967 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Envoys Say Nasser Now Concedes U.S. Did n't Help Israel '' . The New York Times . pp. Page 1 , Col. 5 , Page 3 , Col. 1 . Stein , Janice Gross . ( 1991 ) . The Arab - Israeli War of 1967 : Inadvertent War Through Miscalculated Escalation , in Avoiding War : Problems of Crisis Management , Alexander L. George , ed . Boulder : Westview Press . Stephens , Robert H. ( 1971 ) . Nasser : A Political Biography . London : Allen Lane / The Penguin Press . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 0181 - 0 Stone , David ( 2004 ) . Wars of the Cold War . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 85753 - 342 - 9 Tolan , Sandy ( June 4 , 2007 ) . `` Rethinking Israel 's David - and - Goliath past '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2004 ) . Tanks : An Illustrated History of Their Impact . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 995 - 3 United Nations ( 967 , 5 June ) . 1347 Security Council MEETING : 5 June 1967 . Provisional agenda ( S / PV. 1347 / Rev. 1 ) . On a subpage of the website of The United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine ( UNISPAL ) . van Creveld , Martin ( 2004 ) . Defending Israel : A Controversial Plan Toward Peace . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32866 - 4 Youngs , Tim . ( 2001 ) . Developments in the Middle East Peace Process 1991 -- 2000 London : International Affairs and Defence Section , House of Commons Library . ISSN 1368 - 8456 . Finkelstein , Norman ( 2003 ) , Image and reality of the Israel - Palestine conflict , Verso , ISBN 1 - 85984 - 442 - 1 Further reading Barzilai , Gad ( 1996 ) . Wars , Internal Conflicts , and Political Order : A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East . New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2943 - 1 Cristol , A Jay ( 2002 ) . Liberty Incident : The 1967 Israeli Attack on the U.S. Navy Spy Ship . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 536 - 7 Gat , Moshe ( 2003 ) . Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East , 1964 -- 1967 : The Coming of the Six - Day War . Praeger / Greenwood . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97514 - 2 Hammel , Eric ( October 2002 ) . `` Sinai air strike : June 5 , 1967 '' . Military Heritage . 4 ( 2 ) : 68 -- 73 . Hopwood , Derek ( 1991 ) . Egypt : Politics and Society . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09432 - 1 Hussein of Jordan ( 1969 ) . My `` War '' with Israel . London : Peter Owen . ISBN 0 - 7206 - 0310 - 2 Katz , Samuel M. ( 1991 ) Israel 's Air Force ; The Power Series . Motorbooks International Publishers & Wholesalers , Osceola , WI . Makiya , Kanan ( 1998 ) . Republic of Fear : The Politics of Modern Iraq . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21439 - 0 Morris , Benny ( 1997 ) . Israel 's Border Wars , 1949 -- 1956 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829262 - 7 Rezun , Miron ( 1990 ) . Iran and Afghanistan . In A. Kapur ( Ed . ) . Diplomatic Ideas and Practices of Asian States ( pp. 9 -- 25 ) . Brill Academic Publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09289 - 7 Smith , Grant ( 2006 ) . Deadly Dogma . Institute for Research : Middle Eastern Policy . ISBN 0 - 9764437 - 4 - 0 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1967 Arab - Israeli War . The Photograph : A Search for June 1967 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . The three soldiers - background to that photograph Six Day War Personal recollections & Timeline Video Clip : Sandhurst military historian analysing how King Hussein became involved in the Six Day War . Video Clip : Analysis of Israel 's Sinai Campaign in 1967 by Sandhurst military historian . Video Clip : Military analysis of the attack on Jerusalem and the Jordanian defence . Six - Day War Encyclopaedia of the Orient All State Department documents related to the crisis UN Resolution 242 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . The status of Jerusalem , UNITED NATIONS , New York , 1997 ( Prepared for , and under the guidance of , the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People ) . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Status of Jerusalem : Legal Aspects . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Legal Aspects The Six Day War -- June 1967 and Its Aftermath - Professor Gerald Adler General Uzi Narkiss - A historic radio interview with General Uzi Narkiss taken on June 7 - one day after the Six - Day War , describing the battle for Jerusalem Liberation of the Temple Mount and Western Wall by Israel Defense Forces - Historic Live Broadcast on Voice of Israel Radio , June 7 , 1967 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . How The USSR Planned To Destroy Israel in 1967 by Isabella Ginor . Published by Middle East Review of International Affairs ( MERIA ) Journal Volume 7 , Number 3 ( September 2003 ) Position of Arab forces May 1967 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Israeli wars and conflicts Arab -- Israeli War ( 1948 -- 49 ) Reprisal operations ( 1951 -- 56 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Six - Day War ( 1967 ) War of Attrition ( 1967 -- 70 ) Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) Operation Litani ( 1978 ) First Lebanon War ( 1982 -- 85 ) South Lebanon conflict ( 1985 -- 2000 ) First Intifada ( 1987 -- 93 ) Second Intifada ( 2000 -- 05 ) Second Lebanon War ( 2006 ) Gaza War ( 2008 -- 09 ) Operation Pillar of Defense ( 2012 ) Israel -- Gaza conflict ( 2014 ) Arab -- Israeli conflict Countries Authorities Organizations Primary countries and authorities All - Palestine Egypt Hamas Gaza Iraq Kuwait Israel Jordan Lebanon Pakistan Palestinian National Authority Saudi Arabia Syria Organizations Active Abu Nidal Organization Amal al - Aqsa Martyrs ' Brigades Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab League Arab Liberation Front Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Fatah Guardians of the Cedars Hamas Hezbollah Jaish al - Islam Kataeb Lebanese Forces al - Mourabitoun Muslim Brotherhood Palestinian Islamic Jihad Palestine Liberation Front Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian Popular Struggle Front Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -- General Command Popular Resistance Committees as - Sa'iqa Inactive or former Arab Higher Committee Arab Liberation Army Black Hand Black September Haganah Holy War Army Irgun ( Etzel ) Japanese Red Army Lehi Palmach Revolutionary Cells South Lebanon Army Other countries Algeria China Cuba France Iran Kuwait Libya Morocco North Korea Norway Pakistan Russia Sudan Tunisia Turkey Uganda United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Venezuela Yemen Transnational European Union United Nations Former states Mandatory Palestine Soviet Union United Arab Republic Armed engagements Background 1920 Battle of Tel Hai 1936 -- 1939 Arab revolt 1944 Operation ATLAS 1947 -- 1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 1948 -- 1950s 1948 -- 1949 Arab -- Israeli War 1950s Palestinian Fedayeen attacks ( reprisal operations ) 1956 Suez Crisis 1960s 1966 Operation Shredder 1967 Six - Day War 1967 -- 1970 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1968 Operation Gift 1970s -- 1980 1973 Yom Kippur War Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1972 Operation Isotope / Lod Airport massacre / Munich Olympics massacre 1972 -- 1979 Operation Wrath of God ( Airstrike , Spring of Youth ) 1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 1974 Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Operation 1976 Operation Entebbe 1978 Coastal Road massacre / Operation Litani 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1980s 1981 Operation Opera 1982 Lebanon War 1982 -- 2000 South Lebanon conflict 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Operation Wooden Leg 1987 -- 1993 First Intifada 1988 Mothers ' Bus rescue / Tunis raid 1990s 1992 Operation Bramble Bush 1993 -- 2008 Palestinian suicide attacks 1993 Operation Accountability 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath 2000s 2000 -- 2005 Al - Aqsa Intifada ( Second Intifada ) 2000 -- 2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 2001 -- present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods / Operation Summer Rains / Operation Autumn Clouds / Lebanon War 2006 -- present Gaza -- Israel conflict 2007 -- 2008 Operation Hot Winter 2008 -- 2009 Gaza War 2007 -- present Lebanese rocket attacks 2010s 2010 Adaisseh skirmish / Palestinian militancy campaign Gaza -- Israel conflict 2011 Southern Israel cross-border attacks 2012 Operation Returning Echo / Operation Pillar of Defense 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict 2015 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2018 Gaza border protests 2018 Israel -- Syria clashes Diplomacy and peace proposals To 1948 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo - French Declaration 1919 Faisal -- Weizmann Agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948 -- 91 1948 UN General Assembly ( UNGA ) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1964 Palestinian National Covenant 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council ( UNSC ) Resolution 242 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel -- Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1983 Israel -- Lebanon agreement 1991 -- present 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords 1994 Gaza -- Jericho Agreement / Israel -- Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin - Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm el - Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm el - Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks 2013 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who committed the first act of war in the 1967 six day war conflict | [
"In April 1967, Syria shot at an Israeli tractor ploughing in the demilitarized zone, which escalated to a prewar aerial clash. In May 1967, following misinformation about Israeli intentions provided by the Soviet Union, Egypt expelled UN peacekeepers who had been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since the Suez conflict,[1] and announced a blockade of Israel's access to the Red Sea (international waters) via the Straits of Tiran, which Israel considered an act of war. Tension escalated, with both sides' armies mobilising. Less than a month later, Israel launched a surprise strike which began the Six-Day War."
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"Israel"
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5050738322562215855 | Stop and identify statutes | Stop and identify statutes - wikipedia Stop and identify statutes States ( colored red ) in which Stop and Identify statutes were in effect as of February 20 , 2013 . `` Stop and identify '' statutes are statutory laws in the United States that authorize police to legally obtain the identification of someone whom they reasonably suspect of having committed a crime . If there is no reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed , is being committed , or is about to be committed , an individual is not required to provide identification , even in `` Stop and ID '' states . The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause . Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 ( 1968 ) established that it is constitutionally permissible for police to temporarily detain a person based on an articulable reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed , and to conduct a patdown for weapons based on a reasonable belief that the person is armed . The question whether it is constitutionally permissible for the police to demand that a detainee provide his or her name was considered by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada , 542 U.S. 177 ( 2004 ) , which held that the name disclosure did not violate the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures . The Hiibel case also held that , because Hiibel had no reasonable belief that his name would be used to incriminate him , the name disclosure did not violate the Fifth Amendment right against self - incrimination ; however , the Court left open the possibility that Fifth Amendment right might apply in situations where there was a reasonable belief that giving a name could be incriminating . The Court accepted the Nevada supreme court interpretation of the Nevada statute that a detained person could satisfy the Nevada law by simply stating his name . The Court did not rule on whether particular identification cards could be required , though it did mention one state law requiring `` credible and reliable '' identification had been struck down for vagueness . Contents 1 Police -- citizen encounters 1.1 Consensual 1.2 Reasonable suspicion 1.3 Arrest 2 Obligation to identify 2.1 Variations in `` stop and identify '' laws 2.2 Interaction with other laws 2.3 Interpretation by courts 2.4 Recommendations of legal - aid organizations 3 Other countries 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Police -- citizen encounters ( edit ) In the United States , interactions between police and citizens fall into three general categories : consensual ( `` contact '' or `` conversation '' ) , detention ( often called a Terry stop , after Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 ( 1968 ) ) , or arrest . `` Stop and identify '' laws pertain to detentions . Different obligations apply to drivers of motor vehicles , who generally are required by state vehicle codes to present a driver 's license to police upon request . Consensual ( edit ) At any time , police may approach a person and ask questions . The objective may simply be a friendly conversation ; however , the police also may suspect involvement in a crime , but lack `` specific and articulable facts '' that would justify a detention or arrest , and hope to obtain these facts from the questioning . The person approached is not required to identify himself or answer any other questions , and may leave at any time . Police are not usually required to tell a person that he is free to decline to answer questions and go about his business ; however , a person can usually determine whether the interaction is consensual by asking , `` Am I free to go ? '' Reasonable suspicion ( edit ) A person is detained when circumstances are such that a reasonable person would believe he is not free to leave . Police may briefly detain a person if they have reasonable suspicion that the person has committed , is committing , or is about to commit a crime . Many state laws explicitly grant this authority . In Terry v. Ohio , the U.S. Supreme Court established that police may conduct a limited search for weapons ( known as a `` frisk '' ) if they reasonably suspect that the person to be detained may be armed and dangerous . Police may question a person detained in a Terry stop , but in general , the detainee is not required to answer . However , many states have `` stop and identify '' laws that explicitly require a person detained under the conditions of Terry to identify himself to police , and in some cases , provide additional information . Before Hiibel , it was unresolved whether a detainee could be arrested and prosecuted for refusing to disclose his name . Authority on this issue was split among the federal circuit courts of appeal , and the U.S. Supreme Court twice expressly refused to address the question . In Hiibel , the Court held , in a 5 -- 4 decision , that a Nevada `` stop and identify '' law did not violate the United States Constitution . The Court opinion implied that a detainee was not required to produce written identification , but could satisfy the requirement merely by stating his name . Some `` stop and identify '' laws do not require that a detainee identify himself , but allow refusal to do so to be considered along with other factors in determining whether there is probable cause to arrest . In some states , providing a false name is an offense . As of February 2011 , the Supreme Court has not addressed the validity of requirements that a detainee provide information other than his name , however some states such as Arizona have specifically codified that a detained person is not required to provide any information aside from their full name . Arrest ( edit ) Main article : Arrest A detention requires only that police have reasonable suspicion that a person is involved in criminal activity . However , to make an arrest , an officer must have probable cause to believe that the person has committed a crime . Some states require police to inform the person of the intent to make the arrest and the cause for the arrest . But it is not always obvious when a detention becomes an arrest . After making an arrest , police may search a person , his or her belongings , and his or her immediate surroundings . Whether an arrested person must identify himself may depend on the jurisdiction in which the arrest occurs . If a person is under arrest and police wish to question him , they are required to inform the person of his Fifth - Amendment right to remain silent by giving a Miranda warning . However , Miranda does not apply to biographical data necessary to complete booking . It is not clear whether a `` stop and identify '' law could compel giving one 's name after being arrested , although some states have laws that specifically require an arrested person to give his name and other biographical information , and some state courts have held that refusal to give one 's name constitutes obstructing a public officer . As a practical matter , an arrested person who refused to give his name would have little chance of obtaining a prompt release . Obligation to identify ( edit ) States with `` stop and identify '' laws Alabama Ala . Code § 15 - 5 - 30 Arizona Ari. Rev. Stat . Tit. 13 , § 2412 ( enacted 2005 ) & Tit. 28 , § 1595 Arkansas Ark . Code Ann . ( 1 ) § 5 - 71 - 213 - Loitering Colorado Colo . Rev. Stat. § 16 - 3 - 103 ( 1 ) Delaware Del . Code Ann. , Tit. 11 , § § 1902 , 1321 ( 6 ) Florida Fla . Stat . § 901.151 ( Stop and Frisk Law ) ; § 856.021 ( 2 ) ( loitering and prowling ) Georgia Ga . Code Ann . § 16 - 11 - 36 ( b ) ( loitering ) Illinois Ill . Comp . Stat. , ch. 725 , § 5 / 107 - 14 Indiana Indiana Code § 34 - 28 - 5 - 3.5 Kansas Kan . Stat . Ann . § 22 - 2402 ( 1 ) Louisiana La . Code Crim . Proc. Ann. , Art . 215.1 ( A ) ; La . Rev. Stat. 14 : 108 ( B ) ( 1 ) ( c ) Missouri ( Kansas City Only ) Mo . Rev. Stat. § 84.710 ( 2 ) Montana Mont . Code Ann . § 46 - 5 - 401 Nebraska Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29 - 829 Nevada Nev . Rev. Stat . § 171.123 New Hampshire N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 594 : 2 , § 644 : 6 New Mexico N.M. Stat . Ann . § 30 - 22 - 3 New York N.Y. Crim . Proc. Law § 140.50 North Dakota N.D. Cent . Code § 29 - 29 - 21 ( PDF ) Ohio Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.29 ( enacted 2006 ) Rhode Island R.I. Gen. Laws § 12 - 7 - 1 Utah Utah Code Ann . § 77 - 7 - 15 Vermont Vt . Stat . Ann. , Tit. 24 , § 1983 Wisconsin Wis . Stat . § 968.24 States not listed do not have a requirement to show Identification to law enforcement officers . Some states listed have `` Stop and ID '' laws which may or may not require someone to identify themselves during an investigative detention . While Wisconsin statutes allow law enforcement officers to `` demand '' ID , there is no statutory requirement to provide them ID nor is there a penalty for refusing to , hence Wisconsin is not a must ID state . Henes v. Morrissey , 194 Wis. 2d 338 , 353 - 54 ( 1995 ) . Annotations for Wisconsin § 968.24 , however , state `` The principles of Terry permit a state to require a suspect to disclose his or her name in the course of a Terry stop and allow imposing criminal penalties for failing to do so '' , citing Hiibel as authority . Hiibel held that statutes requiring suspects to disclose their names during police investigations did not violate the Fourth Amendment if the statute first required reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement . The Wisconsin Supreme Court held in Henes v. Morrissey that `` A crime is made up of two parts : proscribed conduct and a prescribed penalty . `` The former without the latter is no crime ... In this case no statute penalizes a refusal to identify oneself to a law enforcement officer , and no penalty is set forth in the statute for refusing to identify oneself . This statute is part of Chapter 968 entitled `` Commencement of Criminal Proceedings . By its very terms sec . 968.24 empowers a law enforcement officer to stop and question `` in the vicinity where the person was stopped . '' The statute does not authorize a law enforcement officer to make an arrest . '' Additionally Henes v. Morrissey held that a detained person not providing their name is n't on its own a violation of 946.41 Resisting or obstructing officer as the act of not identifying ones self is n't a false statement with intent to mislead the officer in the performance of his or her duty . Neither is Illinois , since the Illinois Second District Appellate Court Decision in People v. Fernandez , 2011 IL App ( 2d ) 100473 , which specifically states that section 107 - 14 is found in the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 , not the Criminal Code of 1961 , and governs the conduct of police officers . The fact remains that there is no corresponding duty in the Criminal Code of 1961 for a suspect to identify himself or herself . By contrast , in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada , 542 U.S. 177 , 181 ( 2004 ) , a Nevada statute ( Nev . Rev. Stat. § 171.123 ( 2003 ) ) specifically required that a person subjected to a Terry stop `` shall identify himself . '' The Supreme Court held that the statute was constitutional . As of February 2011 , there is no U.S. federal law requiring that an individual identify himself during a Terry stop , but Hiibel held that states may enact such laws , provided the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement , and 24 states have done so . The opinion in Hiibel implied that persons detained by police in jurisdictions with constitutional `` stop and identify '' laws listed are obligated to identify themselves , and that persons detained in other jurisdictions are not . The issue may not be that simple , however , for several reasons : The wording of `` stop and identify '' laws varies considerably from state to state . Noncompliance with a `` stop and identify '' law that does not explicitly impose a penalty may constitute violation of another law , such as one to the effect of `` resisting , obstructing , or delaying a peace officer '' . State courts have made varying interpretations of both `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws . Variations in `` stop and identify '' laws ( edit ) Four states ' laws ( Arizona , Indiana , Louisiana , and Nevada ) explicitly impose an obligation to provide identifying information . Fifteen states grant police authority to ask questions , with varying wording , but do not explicitly impose an obligation to respond : In Montana , police `` may request '' identifying information ; In Ohio , identifying information may be required `` when requested '' ; an obligation exists only when the police suspect a person is committing , has committed , or is about to commit a criminal offense , is witness to a violent felony offense , or is witness to an attempt or conspiracy to commit a violent felony offense ; In 12 states ( Alabama , Delaware , Illinois , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New York , North Dakota , Rhode Island , Utah , Wisconsin ) , police `` may demand '' identifying information . Of note , though , in New Hampshire for example ( RSA 594 : 2 ) , statutory language authorizing a ' demand ' for identity does not establish a legal requirement to provide documentation of identity ( ID ) , or even a requirement to respond in the first place . Further , a law enforcement officer is authorized to make such ' demand ' only of individuals for `` whom he has reason to suspect is committing , has committed or is about to commit a crime . '' Identifying information varies , but typically includes Name , address , and an explanation of the person 's actions ; In some cases it also includes the person 's intended destination , the person 's date of birth ( Indiana and Ohio ) , or written identification if available ( Colorado ) . Ohio does not require the person 's intended destination . Ohio requires only name , address , or date of birth . Date of birth is NOT required if the age of the person is an element to the crime ( such as underage drinking , curfew violation , etc ... ) that the person is reasonably suspected of . Indiana requires either name , address , and date of birth , or driver 's license , if on the person 's possession , and only applies if the person was stopped for an infraction or ordinance violation . Arizona law , apparently written specifically to codify the holding in Hiibel , requires a person 's `` true full name '' . Nevada law , which requires a person to `` identify himself or herself '' , apparently requires only that the person state his or her name . Texas law requires a person to provide their name , residence address and date of birth if lawfully arrested and asked by police . ( A detained person or witness of a crime is not required to provide any identifying information , however it is a crime for a detained person or witness to give a false name . ) In four states ( Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , and Rhode Island ) , failure to identify oneself is one factor to be considered in a decision to arrest . In all but Rhode Island , the consideration arises in the context of loitering or prowling . Seven states ( Arizona , Florida , Indiana , Louisiana , New Mexico , Ohio , and Vermont ) explicitly impose a criminal penalty for noncompliance with the obligation to identify oneself . As of February 2011 , the validity of a law requiring that a person detained provide anything more than stating his or her name has not come before the U.S. Supreme Court . Interaction with other laws ( edit ) In states whose `` stop and identify laws '' do not directly impose penalties , a lawful arrest must be for violation of some other law , such as one to the effect of `` resisting , obstructing , or delaying a peace officer '' . For example , the Nevada `` stop and identify '' law challenged in Hiibel did not impose a penalty on a person who refused to comply , but the Justice Court of Union Township , Nevada , determined that Hiibels refusal to identify himself constituted a violation of Nevada `` obstructing '' law . A similar conclusion regarding the interaction between Utah `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws was reached in Oliver v. Woods ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) . Interpretation by courts ( edit ) `` Stop and identify '' laws in different states that appear to be nearly identical may be different in effect because of interpretations by state courts . For example , California `` stop and identify '' law , Penal Code § 647 ( e ) had wording similar to the Nevada law upheld in Hiibel , but a California appellate court , in People v. Solomon ( 1973 ) , 33 Cal. App. 3d 429 construed the law to require `` credible and reliable '' identification that carries a `` reasonable assurance '' of its authenticity . Using this construction , the U.S. Supreme Court held the law to be void for vagueness in Kolender v. Lawson , 461 U.S. 352 ( 1983 ) . Some courts have recognized a distinction authorizing police to demand identifying information and specifically imposing an obligation of a suspect to respond . Other courts have apparently interpreted demand to impose an obligation on the detainee to comply . Wording and interpretation by state courts of `` obstructing '' laws also varies ; for example , New York `` obstructing '' law apparently requires physical rather than simply verbal obstruction ; likewise , a violation of the Colorado `` obstructing '' law appears to require use or threat of use of physical force . However , the Colorado Supreme Court held in Dempsey v. People , No. 04SC362 ( 2005 ) ( PDF ) that refusing to provide identification was an element in the `` totality of the circumstances '' that could constitute obstructing an officer , even when actual physical interference was not employed . Utah `` obstructing '' law does not require a physical act , but merely a failure to follow a `` lawful order ... necessary to effect the ... detention '' ; a divided court in Oliver v. Woods concluded that failure to present identification constituted a violation of that law . It is not universally agreed that , absent a `` stop and identify law '' , there is no obligation for a detainee to identify himself . For example , as the U.S. Supreme Court noted in Hiibel , California `` stop and identify '' statute was voided in Kolender v. Lawson . But in People v. Long , decided four years after Kolender , a California appellate court found no constitutional impropriety in a police officer 's demand for written identification from a detainee . The issue before the Long court was a request for suppression of evidence uncovered in a search of the defendant 's wallet , so the issue of refusal to present identification was not directly addressed ; however , the author of the Long opinion had apparently concluded in a 1980 case that failure to identify oneself did not provide a basis for arrest . Nonetheless , some cite Long in maintaining that refusal to present written identification constitutes obstructing an officer . Others disagree , and maintain that persons detained by police in California can not be compelled to identify themselves . Some courts , e.g. , State v. Flynn ( Wis . 1979 ) and People v. Loudermilk ( Calif. 1987 ) have held that police may perform a search for written identification if a suspect refuses to provide it ; a later California decision , People v. Garcia ( 2006 ) strongly disagreed . In the case of Utah v. Strieff ( 2016 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an officer 's stop of Edward Strieff and his demand for identification from Strieff was unlawful under Utah state law , but that the evidence collected pursuant to the stop was admissible due to the determination that Strieff was subject to a pre-existing arrest warrant . Therefore , the pre-existing warrant `` attenuated '' the unlawful stop - and - identify . Recommendations of legal - aid organizations ( edit ) Some legal organizations , such as the National Lawyers Guild and the ACLU of Northern California , recommend to either remain silent or to identify oneself whether or not a jurisdiction has a `` stop and identify '' law : And in any state , police do not always follow the law , and refusing to give your name may make them suspicious and lead to your arrest , so use your judgment . If you fear that your name may be incriminating , you can claim the right to remain silent , and if you are arrested , this may help you later . Giving a false name could be a crime . In a more recent pamphlet , the ACLU of Northern California elaborated on this further , recommending that a person detained by police should : ... give your name and the information on your drivers ' license . If you do n't , you may be arrested , even though the arrest may be illegal . Other countries ( edit ) Main article : List of national identity card policies by country Many countries allow police to demand identification and arrest people who do not carry any . Normally these countries provide all residents with national identity cards , which have the identity information the police would want to know , including citizenship . Foreign visitors need to have their passport available to show at all times . In some cases national identity cards from certain other countries are accepted . For example , in Portugal it is compulsory to carry the state ID card at all times . This card named Cartão de Cidadão - Citizen Card is an electronic card which includes biometric information , id number , social security number , fiscal information , place of birth , etc . Police can only ask for the ID card in public or a place open to public and only if there is a reasonable suspicion the person committed a crime . A certified copy of the ID card can be presented in such situations . If a citizen does not carry the ID card or its certified copy , the police will escort the person to the police department to remain detained until clear identification can be obtained . See also ( edit ) Brown v. Texas Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada Kolender v. Lawson Miranda v. Arizona Loitering Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although police and police officer are used throughout this article , most `` stop and identify '' laws use the term peace officer ( or sometimes law enforcement officer ) . In general , peace officers are state civil officers charged with preserving the public peace and granted the authority to do so . Peace officers normally include police officers , sheriffs and sheriffs ' deputies , marshals , constables , and often many other persons ; those included vary among the states . Jump up ^ In upholding Hiibel 's conviction , the Court noted , In this case petitioner 's refusal to disclose his name was not based on any articulated real and appreciable fear that his name would be used to incriminate him ... As best we can tell , petitioner refused to identify himself only because he thought his name was none of the officer 's business . -- 542 U.S. at 190 But the Court did leave open the possibility of different circumstances : Still , a case may arise where there is a substantial allegation that furnishing identity at the time of a stop would have given the police a link in the chain of evidence needed to convict the individual of a separate offense . In that case , the court can then consider whether the privilege applies , and , if the Fifth Amendment has been violated , what remedy must follow . We need not resolve those questions here . -- 542 U.S. at 191 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada , Justice Kennedy stated , Here the Nevada statute is narrower and more precise . The statute in Kolender had been interpreted to require a suspect to give the officer `` credible and reliable '' identification . In contrast , the Nevada Supreme Court has interpreted NRS § 171.123 ( 3 ) to require only that a suspect disclose his name . -- 542 U.S. at 184 -- 185 Justice Kennedy continued , As we understand it , the statute does not require a suspect to give the officer a drivers license or any other document . Provided that the suspect either states his name or communicates it to the officer by other means -- a choice , we assume , that the suspect may make -- the statute is satisfied and no violation occurs . -- 542 U.S. at 185 Writing for the Nevada Supreme Court in Hiibel v. Dist . Ct. , Chief Justice Young said , The suspect is not required to provide private details about his background , but merely to state his name to an officer when reasonable suspicion exists . -- 118 Nev . 868 at 875 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Terry v. Ohio , Chief Justice Warren stated , And in justifying the particular intrusion the police officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which , taken together with rational inferences from those facts , reasonably warrant that intrusion . -- 392 U.S. at 21 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Florida v. Royer 460 U.S. 491 ( 1983 ) , Justice White stated , The person approached , however , need not answer any question put to him ; indeed , he may decline to listen to the questions at all and may go on his way . -- 460 U.S. at 497 -- 498 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in United States v. Mendenhall , 446 U.S. 544 ( 1980 ) Justice Stewart stated , Our conclusion that no seizure occurred is not affected by the fact that the respondent was not expressly told by the agents that she was free to decline to cooperate with their inquiry , for the voluntariness of her responses does not depend upon her having been so informed . -- 446 U.S. at 555 Jump up ^ The ACLU publication Know Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement states , You can say , `` I do not want to talk to you '' and walk away calmly . Or , if you do not feel comfortable doing that , you can ask if you are free to go . If the answer is yes , you can consider just walking away . Do not run from the officer . If the officer says you are not under arrest , but you are not free to go , then you are being detained . Jump up ^ If the encounter is consensual , a person approached need not actually leave to terminate the encounter , but may simply ignore police . In Michigan v. Chesternut , 486 U.S. 567 ( 1988 ) , Justice Blackmun explained the Court 's holding that Chesternut had not been detained , stating that the police conduct `` would not have communicated to a reasonable person that he was not at liberty to ignore the police presence and go about his business . '' -- 486 U.S. at 569 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in United States v. Mendenhall , 446 U.S. 544 ( 1980 ) Justice Stewart stated : We conclude that a person has been `` seized '' within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment only if , in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident , a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave . -- 446 U.S. at 554 Jump up ^ In a concurring opinion in Terry v. Ohio , Justice White stated that a person detained can be questioned but is `` not obliged to answer , answers may not be compelled , and refusal to answer furnishes no basis for an arrest . '' This opinion , in turn , was cited in many later cases , including Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ In describing the split authority among the federal appellate court circuits in Hiibel v. Dist . Ct. , the Nevada Supreme Court stated : In Oliver v. Woods , ( 209 F. 3d 1179 , 1190 ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) ) the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a Utah statute that requires individuals to produce identification to an officer during an investigatory stop . However , in Carey v. Nevada Gaming Control Board ( 279 F. 3d 873 , 881 ( 9th Cir. 2002 ) ) , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that NRS 171.123 ( 3 ) violates the Fourth Amendment because `` ' the serious intrusion on personal security outweighs the mere possibility that identification ( might ) provide a link leading to arrest . ' '' Jump up ^ In Hiibel v. Dist . Ct. , the Nevada Supreme Court noted that the U.S. Supreme Court declined to address the issue of identification in Brown v. Texas , 443 U.S. 47 ( 1979 ) , at 53 n. 3 ( `` We need not decide whether an individual may be punished for refusing to identify himself in the context of a lawful investigatory stop which satisfies Fourth Amendment requirements . '' ) ; and Kolender v. Lawson , 461 U.S. 352 ( 1983 ) , 361 -- 62 n. 10 ( holding that a California statute was unconstitutional on vagueness grounds , but refusing to consider whether the statute violated the Fourth Amendment ) . Jump up ^ Texas does not require a detainee to identify himself unless he has been lawfully arrested , but does make it a crime to provide a false name . Texas Penal Code § 38.02 reads , in relevant part , ( b ) A person commits an offense if he intentionally gives a false or fictitious name , residence address , or date of birth to a peace officer who has : ( 1 ) lawfully arrested the person ; ( 2 ) lawfully detained the person ; or ( 3 ) requested the information from a person that the peace officer has good cause to believe is a witness to a criminal offense . Jump up ^ California Penal Code § 841 , states , in relevant part , The person making the arrest must inform the person to be arrested of the intention to arrest him , of the cause of the arrest , and the authority to make it ... Jump up ^ In Pennsylvania v. Muniz , 496 U.S. 582 ( 1990 ) , the Court cited the Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 12 quoting United States v. Horton , 873 F. 2d 180 , 181 , n . 2 ( CA8 1989 ) ) , the questions fall within a `` routine booking question '' exception which exempts from Miranda coverage questions to secure the `` ' biographical data necessary to complete booking or pretrial services . ' '' -- 496 U.S. at 601 -- 602 Jump up ^ The Fifth Amendment prohibits only communication that is testimonial , incriminating , and compelled ; see United States v. Hubbell , 530 U.S. 27 ( 2000 ) , at 34 -- 38 . Hiibel held that , in the circumstances of the case , a person 's name is not incriminating , and consequently is not protected by the Fifth - Amendment privilege against self - incrimination. -- 530 U.S. at 34 -- 38 Jump up ^ Texas Penal Code , Title 8 , § 38.02 ( a ) , reads A person commits an offense if he intentionally refuses to give his name , residence address , or date of birth to a peace officer who has lawfully arrested the person and requested the information . Giving false information is a related , and usually more serious offense ( under Subsection ( b ) , noted above ) , and applies to detainees as well as arrestees . Jump up ^ In People v. Quiroga ( 1993 ) 16 Cal. App. 4th 961 , the Court held that refusal to disclose one 's identity following a felony arrest constituted obstructing an officer : These statutory provisions lead to the conclusion that a refusal to disclose personal identification following arrest for a misdemeanor or infraction can not constitute a violation of ( California ) Penal Code section 148 ... Section 148 can reasonably be construed as applying to nondisclosure of identity following arrest for felonies , but not minor offenses , if this exception applies to the provisions cited above dealing with arrests for minor offenses. -- 16 Cal. App. 4th 961 , 970 Similar refusal following arrest for a misdemeanor or infraction did not violate the statute because the Legislature had `` established other ways of dealing with such nondisclosure '' . Jump up ^ In Burkes v. State ( Fla. 2d DCA 1998 ) , Case No. 97 - 00552 , the Court , in affirming the appellant 's conviction for violation of § 843.02 , Florida Statutes , `` Resisting officer without violence to his or her person '' , stated : The most compelling argument we discern for answering this question in the affirmative is that the right to remain silent means just that and has no exceptions . We , nevertheless , conclude that after an individual has been lawfully arrested , he must provide his name or otherwise identify himself when asked by law enforcement officers . Jump up ^ http://www.illinoiscourts.gov/opinions/AppellateCourt/2011/2ndDistrict/December/2100473.pdf Jump up ^ The Hiibel Court held , `` The principles of Terry permit a State to require a suspect to disclose his name in the course of a Terry stop . '' -- 542 U.S. at 187 Jump up ^ The opinion in Hiibel included a list of 21 states with `` stop and identify '' laws . For some reason , the Indiana law was not included in the list ; the Arizona and Ohio laws have been enacted since Hiibel was decided . The Texas law only applies to arrested persons . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional '' means that the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement . See Hiibel . Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Hiibel , Justice Kennedy stated , `` the source of the legal obligation ( to identify oneself ) arises from Nevada state law '' . -- 542 U.S. at 187 Jump up ^ In Hiibel , Justice Kennedy stated , `` In other States , a suspect may decline to identify himself without penalty . '' -- 542 U.S. at 183 Jump up ^ `` Lawriter - ORC - 2921.29 Failure to disclose personal information '' . State of Ohio Codes . Jump up ^ Assembly , Indiana General . `` Indiana Code 2016 - Indiana General Assembly , 2016 Session '' . Jump up ^ The opinion noted that Hiibel was asked to provide identification , which the Court understood as a request to produce a driver 's license or some other form of written identification , 11 different times ; however , it did not indicate that Hiibel was ever asked simply to identify himself . Jump up ^ NRS § 199.280 provides a penalty for a person who `` willfully resists , delays or obstructs a public officer in discharging or attempting to discharge any legal duty of his office '' Jump up ^ California stop - and - identify law in Penal Code § 647 ( e ) was repealed several years after 1983 and the sub-sections re-lettered , so the current Penal Code § 647 ( e ) is what used to be Penal Code § 647 ( f ) . Also , do not confuse Penal Code § 647 ( e ) with Penal Code § 647e . Jump up ^ ( voided in Kolender v. Lawson ) , read , in relevant part , Every person who commits any of the following acts is guilty of disorderly conduct , a misdemeanor : ... ( e ) who loiters or wanders upon the streets or from place to place without apparent reason or business and who refuses to identify himself and to account for his presence when requested by any peace officer so to do , if the surrounding circumstances are such as to indicate to a reasonable man that the public safety demands such identification . Jump up ^ In voiding California Penal Code § 647 ( e ) in Kolender v. Lawson , Justice O'Connor , writing for the Court , noted that Section 647 ( e ) , as presently drafted and as construed by the state courts , contains no standard for determining what a suspect has to do in order to satisfy the requirement to provide a `` credible and reliable '' identification . As such , the statute vests virtually complete discretion in the hands of the police to determine whether the suspect has satisfied the statute . -- 461 U.S. at 358 Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in People v. Love , 318 Ill. App. 3d 534 ( 2000 ) , rev 'd on other grounds , People v. Love , No. 90806 ( 2002 ) , Justice O'Brien stated , The State next argues that the officer 's order was a justifiable means of compelling defendant to state her name pursuant to section 107 - 14 , which provides that an officer making a Terry stop may `` demand the name and address of the person and an explanation of his actions . '' 725 ILCS 5 / 107 - 14 ( West 1992 ) . However , while section 107 - 14 states that an officer may `` demand '' the defendant 's name , it does not provide that the officer may compel a response . Further , the United States Supreme Court has stated in the context of a Terry stop : `` ( T ) he officer may ask the detainee a moderate number of questions to determine his identity and to try to obtain information confirming or dispelling the officer 's suspicions . But the detainee is not obliged to respond . '' ( Emphasis added . ) Berkemer v. McCarty , 468 U.S. 420 , 438 , 82 L. Ed . 2d 317 , 334 , 104 S. Ct. 3138 , 3150 ( 1984 ) . Noting Berkemer v. McCarty ( and Justice White 's concurring opinion in Terry that Berkemer quoted ) , the Hiibel Court stated , `` We do not read these statements as controlling '' ( 542 U.S. at 187 ) , so Love is probably weakened to the extent that it relies on Berkemer . Jump up ^ In Cady v. Sheahan ( 7th Cir. 2006 ) , the Court stated , In Hiibel , the Supreme Court held that states are permitted to statutorily authorize the demand for identification during a Terry stop , and to require compliance with such demand . 542 U.S. at 188 , 124 S. Ct. 2451 . Cady 's identity was relevant to the purpose of the stop and the officers did not exceed the scope of the stop by requesting identification . ( footnotes omitted ) ^ Jump up to : Writing for the Court in Oliver v. Woods , 209 F. 3d 1179 ( 10th Cir. 2000 ) , Judge Brorby stated , Section 76 - 8 - 305 does not require the use of force ; mere refusal to perform any act required by a lawful order necessary to effect the detention is sufficient to constitute a violation of § 76 - 8 - 305 . Moreover , an individual who merely refuses to refrain from performing any act that would impede the arrest or detention violates this section ... Thus , Officer Woods gave a lawful order when he told Mr. Oliver to present identification and to remain in the parking lot while he conducted the investigation . By refusing to present identification , Mr. Oliver refused to perform an act required by lawful order , necessary to effect the detention . Jump up ^ New Yorks `` obstructing '' law , NY Consolidated Laws Penal ( PEN ) § 195.05 , reads , in relevant part , A person is guilty of obstructing governmental administration when he intentionally obstructs , impairs or perverts the administration of law or other governmental function , or prevents or attempts to prevent a public servant from performing an official function , by means of intimidation , physical force or interference , or by means of any independently unlawful act Jump up ^ In People v. Offen , 408 N.Y.S. 2d 914 , 96 Misc. 2d 147 ( 1978 ) , Judge Hertz stated , An essential element of the crime of obstructing governmental administration , to be charged in an information , must be an act of either ( 1 ) intimidation or ( 2 ) physical force or interference or ( 3 ) an independently unlawful act . Plainly , ignoring an officer 's request for identification is not a crime , nor does that act supply any such element . Though it is clear that such conduct risks pursuit and arrest , no crime has been charged here . -- 96 Misc. 2d at 150 Jump up ^ See When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests ? under External links for an analysis of New York `` stop and identify '' and `` obstructing '' laws by Just Cause Law Collective lawyer Katya Komisaruk . Jump up ^ Colorado `` obstructing '' law , Colorado Revised Statutes § 18 - 8 - 104 ( 1 ) , reads , in relevant part , A person commits obstructing a peace officer ... when by using or threatening to use violence , force , physical interference , or an obstacle , such person knowingly obstructs , impairs , or hinders the enforcement of the penal law or the preservation of the peace by a peace officer , acting under color of his or her official authority . Jump up ^ Utah `` obstructing '' law , Utah Code § 76 - 8 - 305 , reads as follows : Interference with arresting officer . A person is guilty of a class B misdemeanor if he has knowledge , or by the exercise of reasonable care should have knowledge , that a peace officer is seeking to effect a lawful arrest or detention of that person or another and interferes with the arrest or detention by : ( 1 ) use of force or any weapon ; ( 2 ) the arrested person 's refusal to perform any act required by lawful order : ( a ) necessary to effect the arrest or detention ; and ( b ) made by a peace officer involved in the arrest or detention ; or ( 3 ) the arrested person 's or another person 's refusal to refrain from performing any act that would impede the arrest or detention . Jump up ^ In People v. Long ( 1987 ) 189 Cal. App. 3d 77 , Justice Agliano wrote , The voluntary display of identification is a routine experience for most of us . Measured against the obvious and substantial need for police recording the identity of a person suspected of having committed a crime , we find reasonable the minimal intrusion involved here in requiring the production of identification . In addition , defendant 's oral statement of his name was suspect when he insisted he had no identification while appearing to carry a wallet and , in addition , he seemed intoxicated. -- 189 Cal. App. 3d at 88 Jump up ^ In In re Gregory S. ( 1980 ) , 112 Cal. App. 3d 764 , Justice Agliano wrote We find no authority to support the court 's legal conclusion that a person who merely refuses to identify himself or to answer questions in a context similar to that before us thereby violates Penal Code section 148 or otherwise furnishes ground for arrest . The Legislature has required citizen self - identification in prescribed situations . Vehicle Code section 40302 calls for the production of a driver 's license or identification upon arrest for a violation of that code ; Vehicle Code section 12951 requires production of a driver 's license by the driver of a motor vehicle upon the request of an officer . Penal Code section 647 , subdivision ( e ) imposes a duty to identify oneself when such person loiters or wanders upon the streets or from place to place without apparent reason or business , and the surrounding circumstances reasonably indicate that the public safety demands identification . Section 647 , subdivision ( e ) was held valid in People v. Solomon ( 1973 ) 33 Cal. App. 3d 429 ( 108 Cal. Rptr. 867 ) , in which strong consideration was given to the legislatively declared governmental purpose to be served by identification when the conditions described in the statute exist . ( Id , at p. 436 ; see also California v. Byers ( 1971 ) 402 U.S. 424 ( 29 L. Ed. 2d 9 , 91 S. Ct. 1535 ) . ) None of the statutory conditions requiring identification existed in this case . -- 112 Cal. App. 3d at 779 Note : Penal Code 647 , subdivision ( e ) was voided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Kolender v. Lawson ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Shortly after Hiibel was decided , the Alameda County ( California ) District Attorney 's Office provided a case analysis ( PDF ) maintaining that refusal to identify oneself and provide written identification ( if available ) constitutes a violation of Penal Code § 148 ( a ) ( 1 ) , resisting , delaying , or obstructing an officer . The topic is further discussed in the 2010 edition of Point of View . Jump up ^ The California Peace Officers Legal Sourcebook ( `` CPOLS '' ; written by the office of the California Attorney General ) maintains that failure to identify oneself does not constitute a violation of California Penal Code § 148 ( a ) ( 1 ) , resisting , delaying , or obstructing a peace officer : Unlike Nevada and other states , California does not have a statute mandating that a detainee identify himself , and that obligation can not be read into Penal Code section 148 ... Hiibel does not provide a means of arresting someone for failing or refusing to identify himself . ( Revision 176 , 9 / 15 / 2014 , p. 2.14 a ; page last revised 1 / 10 ) Jump up ^ In State v. Flynn ( 1979 ) 92 Wis. 2d 427 ( 285 N.W. 2d 710 , 718 ) , cert. den . 449 U.S. 846 , the Wisconsin Supreme Court held that the Terry limitation of a search `` to an intrusion reasonably designed to discover guns , knives , clubs , or other hidden instruments for the assault of the police officer . '' ( 392 U.S. at 29 ) was limited to the specific circumstances of Terry . Chief Justice Beilfuss wrote , It is clear from the language itself that the court 's holding in Terry was limited to the precise situation before it . The court did not say that the sole justification for any search on less than probable cause is the protection of the police officer and others , but that that was the sole justification of the search in the situation then before it . The situation before us is significantly different . Jump up ^ In People v. Loudermilk ( 1987 ) 195 Cal. App. 3d 996 , Justice Low stated , Neither case ( Kolender v. Lawson or Brown v. Texas ) could be interpreted to prevent a police officer from demanding that a Terry suspect produce proof of identification . Further , nothing in those or other cases cited by defendant prevents an officer from seizing a wallet found during a lawful patdown search after that suspect has lied to the officer that he had no identification . -- 195 Cal. App. 3d at 1003 Justice Low noted the similarity to Flynn , and continued , We must emphasize that we do not hold that a suspect may be detained and searched merely because he either refused to identify himself or refused to produce proof of identification . Nor do we hold that each time an officer conducts a Terry stop he may immediately conduct a search for identification . The rule we announce does not provide officers with unfettered discretion and does not open citizens to harassment. -- 195 Cal. App. 3d at 1004 Jump up ^ In People v. Garcia ( 2006 ) 145 Cal. App. 4th 782 , Justice Yegan , noting State v. Flynn ( Wis . 1979 ) and State v. Wilcox ( N.J. 1981 ) , stated , We need not look to other jurisdictions to decide this case . We would have to indulge in legal legerdemain to justify a patdown search for identification . In fact , it would require a rewriting of Terry v. Ohio , supra , which we could not and would not undertake even if we were so inclined . Here , the record is devoid of any concern that appellant was armed and dangerous . The sole reason for the patdown was to gather evidence of identification . A fair reading of Terry v. Ohio , and its reference to the lower court opinion in State v. Terry show that the `` frisk '' allowable upon a proper showing was `` ' ... only a `` frisk '' for a dangerous weapon . It by no means authorizes a search for contraband , evidentiary material , or anything else in the absence of reasonable grounds to arrest . Such a search is controlled by requirements of the Fourth Amendment , and probable cause is essential . ' `` ( Terry v. Ohio , supra , 392 U.S. at p. 16 , fn. 12 ( 20 L. Ed . 2d at p. 903 , fn. 12 . ) Our own Supreme Court has unanimously so held . ( People v. Lawler ( 1973 ) 9 Cal. 3d 156 , 161 ( pat - down search `` only '' for weapons ) . ) If stare decisis means anything ( and it does ) and if the word only means only ( and it does ) , the trial court was required to grant this suppression motion as a matter of law . ( Auto Equity Sales , Inc. v. Superior Court ( 1962 ) 57 Cal. 2d 450 . ) -- 145 Cal. App. 4th at 788 Jump up ^ `` Know Your Rights ! What to Do if Questioned by Police , FBI , Customs Agents or Immigration Officers '' ( pdf ) . National Lawyers Guild , S.F. Bay Area Chapter ; ACLU of Northern California ; American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee . August 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Your Rights and the Police '' . ACLU of Northern California . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ www.view.pt ) , VIEW . ( [email protected] - . `` Um cidadão traz habitualmente consigo apenas uma fotocópia do cartão de cidadão ou do bilhete de identidade . Se a autoridade lhe exigir a identificação , pode estar descansado ? - Direitos e Deveres dos Cidadãos '' . External links ( edit ) ACLU `` Bust Card '' What To Do If You 're Stopped By The Police ACLU Know Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement 10 Rules for Dealing with Police from FlexYourRights.org , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) educational nonprofit organization . California Codes Colorado Revised Statutes Nevada Revised Statutes New York Legislature Source for New York State Laws Stop - and - Identify Laws from Police Chief magazine Suspects Who Refuse to Identify Themselves from Police Chief magazine The Identity Project : Hiibel When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests ? An analysis of New York 's `` stop and identify '' law . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stop_and_identify_statutes&oldid=856359698 '' Categories : U.S. state criminal law Search and seizure case law United States Fourth Amendment case law United States Fifth Amendment self - incrimination case law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 17 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | can you refuse to show id to police | [] | [] |
1136490942826417166 | Bizaardvark | Bizaardvark - wikipedia Bizaardvark Jump to : navigation , search Bizaardvark Genre Sitcom Created by Kyle Stegina & Josh Lehrman Starring Madison Hu Olivia Rodrigo Jake Paul DeVore Ledridge Ethan Wacker Theme music composer Matthew Tishler Eric Friedman Josh Lehrman Kyle Stegina Opening theme `` Let 's Go Make Some Videos '' by Olivia Rodrigo Madison Hu Composer ( s ) Scott Clausen Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 30 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Eric Friedman Marc Warren Producer ( s ) Jason Shubb Camera setup Videotape ( filmized ) Multi-camera Running time 21 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) It 's a Laugh Productions Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 720p Original release June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) -- present External links Website disneychannel.disney.com/bizaardvark Production website www.disneyabcpress.com/disneychannel/shows/bizaardvark/ Bizaardvark is an American sitcom created by Kyle Stegina and Josh Lehrman that premiered on Disney Channel on June 24 , 2016 . The series stars Madison Hu , Olivia Rodrigo , Jake Paul , DeVore Ledridge , and Ethan Wacker . In addition to the series ' regular episodes , the series has also aired shorts under the title of Bizaardvark Shorts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 Broadcast 7 Digital releases 8 References 9 External links Plot Frankie and Paige are two teenage best friends who post funny songs and comedic videos on the Internet . After hitting 10,000 subscribers on their Vuuugle channel Bizaardvark ( a portmanteau of the words `` bizarre '' and `` aardvark '' ) , they are accepted into the Vuuugle studios , where they make their videos while also having to share them with other `` Vuuuglers '' . Characters Main Frankie Wong ( Madison Hu ) is one star of Bizaardvark who plays the keyboard and piano . Paige Olvera ( Olivia Rodrigo ) is the other star of Bizaardvark who plays the guitar . Dirk Mann ( Jake Paul ) is the star of Dare Me Bro , where he takes dare requests that he performs . Amelia Duckworth ( DeVore Ledridge ) is the star of Perfect Perfection with Amelia who details about fashion . Bernard `` Bernie '' Schotz ( Ethan Wacker ) is a friend of Frankie and Paige who becomes their agent . Recurring Liam ( Johnathan McClain ) is the son of Vuuugle 's creator who speaks to the Vuuuglers through a robotic TV screen . Grandma Schotz ( Ellen Ratner ) is the grandmother of Bernie who lives with her . Production The series was created by Kyle Stegina and Josh Lehrman , who were discovered by the Disney Channel Storytellers program . They serve as the series ' co-executive producers . Eric Friedman serves as the executive producer and its showrunner . Marc Warren , who previously supervised Disney Channel Storytellers , was the executive producer on the pilot . The series started shooting in early 2016 . On December 15 , 2016 , Disney Channel renewed the series for a second season . The second season premiered on June 23 , 2017 . On July 22 , 2017 , it was announced that Jake Paul would be leaving both Bizaardvark and Disney Channel . Episodes Main article : List of Bizaardvark episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) TBA June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) TBA Ratings Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 20 June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) 2.41 January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) 0.99 1.27 10 June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 1.49 TBA TBD 1.19 Broadcast The series premiered in both the United States and Canada following the premiere of Adventures in Babysitting on Disney Channel and Disney Channel Canada , respectively , on June 24 , 2016 . Digital releases All episodes of Bizaardvark are available for digital purchase on Amazon and iTunes . References Jump up ^ `` First ! '' . Bizaardvark . Episode 1 . June 24 , 2016 . Disney Channel . Frankie : Okay , we need a name for our channel . Paige : Let 's just go through the alphabet . `` A '' , aardvark . Frankie : `` B '' , bizarre . Both : Bizaardvark ! ^ Jump up to : Lakeitcha Thomas ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bizaardvark Fact Sheet '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Channel Greenlights Tween Music Comedy Series Bizaardvark '' . Variety . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Bizaardvark Renewed for Second Season by Disney Channel '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jake Paul Exits Disney Channel Series Bizaardvark '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Split with Jake Paul Spotlights Challenge for Social - Media Sensations '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel Announces Premiere Dates , Guest Stars for Bizaardvark & Adventures in Babysitting '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel to Premiere New Live - Action Sitcom Bizaardvark '' . Broadway World . April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100th Disney Channel Original Movie , Adventures in Babysitting , Premieres Friday , June 24 , on Disney Channel '' ( Press release ) . Corus Entertainment . April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bizaardvark '' . Amazon . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bizaardvark , Vol. 1 '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . External links Bizaardvark on IMDb Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Descendants : Wicked World ( since 2015 , short - form ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Right Hand Guy ( Fall 2017 ) The Lifestyle Times of Jenievie Tolentino ( late 2017 ) Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers It 's a Laugh Productions Series Current K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( since 2016 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Former The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Films Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Crossovers `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ( 2006 ) `` Take This Job and Love It '' ( 2007 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' ( 2009 ) `` Weasels on Deck '' ( 2010 ) `` Charlie Shakes it Up '' ( 2011 ) `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' ( 2012 ) `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' ( 2013 ) `` Jessie 's Aloha - holidays with Parker and Joey '' ( 2014 ) `` Karate Kid - tastrophe '' ( 2015 ) `` Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med '' ( 2015 ) TV specials The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex ( 2013 ) Related ABC Kids Disney Channel Disney XD Disney Channel Original Series Disney Channel Original Movies Toon Disney ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Disney Channel Storytellers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bizaardvark&oldid=801286799 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2016 American television series debuts American children 's comedy television series American television sitcoms Disney Channel shows English - language television programs Television series by It 's a Laugh Productions Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 20 : 06 . 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4017581325391763586 | Red blood cell | Red blood cell - wikipedia Red blood cell Jump to : navigation , search Red blood cell Scanning electron micrograph of human red blood cells ( ca . 6 -- 8 μm in diameter ) Details Function Oxygen transport Identifiers Acronym ( s ) RBC MeSH D004912 Anatomical terms of microanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Red blood cells ( RBCs ) , also called erythrocytes , are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate 's principal means of delivering oxygen ( O ) to the body tissues -- via blood flow through the circulatory system . RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs , or gills of fish , and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body 's capillaries . The cytoplasm of erythrocytes is rich in hemoglobin , an iron - containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the red color of the cells . The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids , and this structure provides properties essential for physiological cell function such as deformability and stability while traversing the circulatory system and specifically the capillary network . In humans , mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks . They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles , in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin ; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin , with a plasma membrane as the sack . Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults . The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100 -- 120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages . Each circulation takes about 60 seconds ( one minute ) . Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells . Nearly half of the blood 's volume ( 40 % to 45 % ) is red blood cells . Red blood cells are also known as RBCs , red cells , red blood corpuscles , haematids , erythroid cells or erythrocytes ( from Greek erythros for `` red '' and kytos for `` hollow vessel '' , with - cyte translated as `` cell '' in modern usage ) . Packed red blood cells ( pRBC ) are red blood cells that have been donated , processed , and stored in a blood bank for blood transfusion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Vertebrates 1.2 Mammals 1.3 Human 2 Microstructure 2.1 Nucleus 2.2 Membrane composition 2.2. 1 Membrane lipids 2.2. 2 Membrane proteins 2.3 Surface electrostatic potential 3 Function 3.1 Secondary functions 3.2 Cellular processes 4 Life cycle 4.1 Creation 4.2 Functional lifetime 4.3 Senescence 5 Clinical significance 5.1 Disease 5.2 Transfusion 5.3 Tests 5.4 Separation and blood doping 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure Vertebrates There is an immense size variation in vertebrate red blood cells , as well as a correlation between cell and nucleus size . Mammalian red blood cells , which do not contain nuclei , are considerably smaller than those of most other vertebrates . Mature red blood cells of birds have a nucleus , however in the blood of adult females of penguin Pygoscelis papua enucleated red blood cells ( B ) have been observed , but with very low frequency . Almost all vertebrates , including all mammals and humans , have red blood cells . Red blood cells are cells present in blood in order to transport oxygen . The only known vertebrates without red blood cells are the crocodile icefish ( family Channichthyidae ) ; they live in very oxygen - rich cold water and transport oxygen freely dissolved in their blood . While they no longer use hemoglobin , remnants of hemoglobin genes can be found in their genome . Vertebrate red blood cells consist mainly of hemoglobin , a complex metalloprotein containing heme groups whose iron atoms temporarily bind to oxygen molecules ( O ) in the lungs or gills and release them throughout the body . Oxygen can easily diffuse through the red blood cell 's cell membrane . Hemoglobin in the red blood cells also carries some of the waste product carbon dioxide back from the tissues ; most waste carbon dioxide , however , is transported back to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs as bicarbonate ( HCO ) dissolved in the blood plasma . Myoglobin , a compound related to hemoglobin , acts to store oxygen in muscle cells . The color of red blood cells is due to the heme group of hemoglobin . The blood plasma alone is straw - colored , but the red blood cells change color depending on the state of the hemoglobin : when combined with oxygen the resulting oxyhemoglobin is scarlet , and when oxygen has been released the resulting deoxyhemoglobin is of a dark red burgundy color . However , blood can appear bluish when seen through the vessel wall and skin . Pulse oximetry takes advantage of the hemoglobin color change to directly measure the arterial blood oxygen saturation using colorimetric techniques . Hemoglobin also has a very high affinity for carbon monoxide , forming carboxyhemoglobin which is a very bright red in color . Flushed , confused patients with a saturation reading of 100 % on pulse oximetry are sometimes found to be suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning . Having oxygen - carrying proteins inside specialized cells ( as opposed to oxygen carriers being dissolved in body fluid ) was an important step in the evolution of vertebrates as it allows for less viscous blood , higher concentrations of oxygen , and better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues . The size of red blood cells varies widely among vertebrate species ; red blood cell width is on average about 25 % larger than capillary diameter , and it has been hypothesized that this improves the oxygen transfer from red blood cells to tissues . Mammals Typical mammalian red blood cells : ( a ) seen from surface ; ( b ) in profile , forming rouleaux ; ( c ) rendered spherical by water ; ( d ) rendered crenate by salt . ( c ) and ( d ) do not normally occur in the body . The red blood cells of mammal s are typically shaped as biconcave disks : flattened and depressed in the center , with a dumbbell - shaped cross section , and a torus - shaped rim on the edge of the disk . This distinctive biconcave shape optimises the flow properties of blood in the large vessels , such as maximization of laminar flow and minimization of platelet scatter , which suppresses their atherogenic activity in those large vessels . Moreover , this shape allows for a high surface - area - to - volume ( SA / V ) ratio to facilitate diffusion of gases . However , there are some exceptions concerning shape in the artiodactyl order ( even - toed ungulates including cattle , deer , and their relatives ) , which displays a wide variety of bizarre red blood cell morphologies : small and highly ovaloid cells in llamas and camels ( family Camelidae ) , tiny spherical cells in mouse deer ( family Tragulidae ) , and cells which assume fusiform , lanceolate , crescentic , and irregularly polygonal and other angular forms in red deer and wapiti ( family Cervidae ) . Members of this order have clearly evolved a mode of red blood cell development substantially different from the mammalian norm . Overall , mammalian red blood cells are remarkably flexible and deformable so as to squeeze through tiny capillaries , as well as to maximize their apposing surface by assuming a cigar shape , where they efficiently release their oxygen load . Red blood cells in mammals are unique amongst vertebrates as they do not have nuclei when mature . Red blood cells of mammals cells have nuclei during early phases of erythropoiesis , but extrude them during development as they mature in order to provide more space for hemoglobin . The red blood cells without nuclei , called reticulocytes , go on to lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria , Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum . The spleen acts as a reservoir of red blood cells , but this effect is somewhat limited in humans . In some other mammals such as dogs and horses , the spleen sequesters large numbers of red blood cells which are dumped into the blood during times of exertion stress , yielding a higher oxygen transport capacity . Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells . From left to right : human red blood cell , thrombocyte ( platelet ) , leukocyte . Human Two drops of blood are shown with a bright red oxygenated drop on the left and a deoxygenated drop on the right . Animation of a typical human red blood cell cycle in the circulatory system . This animation occurs at a faster rate ( ~ 20 seconds of the average 60 - second cycle ) and shows the red blood cell deforming as it enters capillaries , as well as the bars changing color as the cell alternates in states of oxygenation along the circulatory system . A typical human red blood cell has a disk diameter of approximately 6.2 -- 8.2 μm and a thickness at the thickest point of 2 -- 2.5 μm and a minimum thickness in the centre of 0.8 -- 1 μm , being much smaller than most other human cells . These cells have an average volume of about 90 fL with a surface of about 136 μm , and can swell up to a sphere shape containing 150 fL , without membrane distension . Adult humans have roughly 20 -- 30 trillion red blood cells at any given time , constituting approximately 70 % all cells by number . Women have about 4 -- 5 million red blood cells per microliter ( cubic millimeter ) of blood and men about 5 -- 6 million ; people living at high altitudes with low oxygen tension will have more . Red blood cells are thus much more common than the other blood particles : there are about 4,000 -- 11,000 white blood cells and about 150,000 -- 400,000 platelets per microliter . Human red blood cells take on average 60 seconds to complete one cycle of circulation . The blood 's red color is due to the spectral properties of the hemic iron ions in hemoglobin . Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million of these hemoglobin molecules . Each hemoglobin molecule carries four heme groups ; hemoglobin constitutes about a third of the total cell volume . Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of more than 98 % of the oxygen in the body ( the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood plasma ) . The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron , representing about 65 % of the total iron contained in the body . Microstructure Nucleus Red blood cells in mammals anucleate when mature , meaning that they lack a cell nucleus . In comparison , the red blood cells of other vertebrates have nuclei ; the only known exceptions are salamanders of the Batrachoseps genus and fish of the Maurolicus genus with closely related species . The elimination of the nucleus in vertebrate red blood cells has been offered as an explanation for the subsequent accumulation of non-coding DNA in the genome . The argument runs as follows : Efficient gas transport requires red blood cells to pass through very narrow capillaries , and this constrains their size . In the absence of nuclear elimination , the accumulation of repeat sequences is constrained by the volume occupied by the nucleus , which increases with genome size . Nucleated red blood cells in mammals consist of two forms : normoblasts , which are normal erythropoietic precursors to mature red blood cells , and megaloblasts , which are abnormally large precursors that occur in megaloblastic anemias . Membrane composition Red blood cells are deformable , flexible , are able to adhere to other cells , and are able to interface with immune cells . Their membrane plays many roles in this . These functions are highly dependent on the membrane composition . The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers : the glycocalyx on the exterior , which is rich in carbohydrates ; the lipid bilayer which contains many transmembrane proteins , besides its lipidic main constituents ; and the membrane skeleton , a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer . Half of the membrane mass in human and most mammalian red blood cells are proteins . The other half are lipids , namely phospholipids and cholesterol . Membrane lipids The most common red blood cell cell membrane lipids , schematically disposed as they are distributed on the bilayer . Relative abundances are not at scale . The red blood cell cell membrane comprises a typical lipid bilayer , similar to what can be found in virtually all human cells . Simply put , this lipid bilayer is composed of cholesterol and phospholipids in equal proportions by weight . The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity . Additionally , the activity of many membrane proteins is regulated by interactions with lipids in the bilayer . Unlike cholesterol , which is evenly distributed between the inner and outer leaflets , the 5 major phospholipids are asymmetrically disposed , as shown below : Outer monolayer Phosphatidylcholine ( PC ) ; Sphingomyelin ( SM ) . Inner monolayer Phosphatidylethanolamine ( PE ) ; Phosphoinositol ( PI ) ( small amounts ) . Phosphatidylserine ( PS ) ; This asymmetric phospholipid distribution among the bilayer is the result of the function of several energy - dependent and energy - independent phospholipid transport proteins . Proteins called `` Flippases '' move phospholipids from the outer to the inner monolayer , while others called `` floppases '' do the opposite operation , against a concentration gradient in an energy dependent manner . Additionally , there are also `` scramblase '' proteins that move phospholipids in both directions at the same time , down their concentration gradients in an energy independent manner . There is still considerable debate ongoing regarding the identity of these membrane maintenance proteins in the red cell membrane . The maintenance of an asymmetric phospholipid distribution in the bilayer ( such as an exclusive localization of PS and PIs in the inner monolayer ) is critical for the cell integrity and function due to several reasons : Macrophages recognize and phagocytose red cells that expose PS at their outer surface . Thus the confinement of PS in the inner monolayer is essential if the cell is to survive its frequent encounters with macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system , especially in the spleen . Premature destruction of thallassemic and sickle red cells has been linked to disruptions of lipid asymmetry leading to exposure of PS on the outer monolayer . An exposure of PS can potentiate adhesion of red cells to vascular endothelial cells , effectively preventing normal transit through the microvasculature . Thus it is important that PS is maintained only in the inner leaflet of the bilayer to ensure normal blood flow in microcirculation . Both PS and phosphatidylinositol - 4 , 5 - bisphosphate ( PIP2 ) can regulate membrane mechanical function , due to their interactions with skeletal proteins such as spectrin and protein 4.1 R. Recent studies have shown that binding of spectrin to PS promotes membrane mechanical stability . PIP2 enhances the binding of protein band 4.1 R to glycophorin C but decreases its interaction with protein band 3 , and thereby may modulate the linkage of the bilayer to the membrane skeleton . The presence of specialized structures named `` lipid rafts '' in the red blood cell membrane have been described by recent studies . These are structures enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids associated with specific membrane proteins , namely flotillins , stomatins ( band 7 ) , G - proteins , and β - adrenergic receptors . Lipid rafts that have been implicated in cell signaling events in nonerythroid cells have been shown in erythroid cells to mediate β2 - adregenic receptor signaling and increase cAMP levels , and thus regulating entry of malarial parasites into normal red cells . Membrane proteins Red blood cell membrane proteins separated by SDS - PAGE and silverstained The proteins of the membrane skeleton are responsible for the deformability , flexibility and durability of the red blood cell , enabling it to squeeze through capillaries less than half the diameter of the red blood cell ( 7 -- 8 μm ) and recovering the discoid shape as soon as these cells stop receiving compressive forces , in a similar fashion to an object made of rubber . There are currently more than 50 known membrane proteins , which can exist in a few hundred up to a million copies per red blood cell . Approximately 25 of these membrane proteins carry the various blood group antigens , such as the A , B and Rh antigens , among many others . These membrane proteins can perform a wide diversity of functions , such as transporting ions and molecules across the red cell membrane , adhesion and interaction with other cells such as endothelial cells , as signaling receptors , as well as other currently unknown functions . The blood types of humans are due to variations in surface glycoproteins of red blood cells . Disorders of the proteins in these membranes are associated with many disorders , such as hereditary spherocytosis , hereditary elliptocytosis , hereditary stomatocytosis , and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria . The red blood cell membrane proteins organized according to their function : Red blood cell membrane major proteins Transport Band 3 -- Anion transporter , also an important structural component of the red blood cell cell membrane , makes up to 25 % of the cell membrane surface , each red cell contains approximately one million copies . Defines the Diego Blood Group ; Aquaporin 1 -- water transporter , defines the Colton Blood Group ; Glut1 -- glucose and L - dehydroascorbic acid transporter ; Kidd antigen protein -- urea transporter ; RhAG -- gas transporter , probably of carbon dioxide , defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Na / K -- ATPase ; Ca -- ATPase ; Na K 2Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - H exchanger ; K - Cl -- cotransporter ; Gardos Channel . Cell adhesion ICAM - 4 -- interacts with integrins ; BCAM -- a glycoprotein that defines the Lutheran blood group and also known as Lu or laminin - binding protein . Structural role -- The following membrane proteins establish linkages with skeletal proteins and may play an important role in regulating cohesion between the lipid bilayer and membrane skeleton , likely enabling the red cell to maintain its favorable membrane surface area by preventing the membrane from collapsing ( vesiculating ) . Ankyrin - based macromolecular complex -- proteins linking the bilayer to the membrane skeleton through the interaction of their cytoplasmic domains with Ankyrin . Band 3 -- also assembles various glycolytic enzymes , the presumptive CO transporter , and carbonic anhydrase into a macromolecular complex termed a `` metabolon , '' which may play a key role in regulating red cell metabolism and ion and gas transport function ) ; RhAG -- also involved in transport , defines associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh . Protein 4.1 R - based macromolecular complex -- proteins interacting with Protein 4.1 R . Protein 4.1 R -- weak expression of Gerbich antigens ; Glycophorin C and D -- glycoprotein , defines Gerbich Blood Group ; XK -- defines the Kell Blood Group and the Mcleod unusual phenotype ( lack of Kx antigen and greatly reduced expression of Kell antigens ) ; RhD / RhCE -- defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Duffy protein -- has been proposed to be associated with chemokine clearance ; Adducin -- interaction with band 3 ; Dematin - interaction with the Glut1 glucose transporter . Surface electrostatic potential The zeta potential is an electrochemical property of cell surfaces that is determined by the net electrical charge of molecules exposed at the surface of cell membranes of the cell . The normal zeta potential of the red blood cell is − 15.7 milli volts ( mV ) . Much of this potential appears to be contributed by the exposed sialic acid residues in the membrane : their removal results in zeta potential of − 6.06 mV . Function Secondary functions When red blood cells undergo shear stress in constricted vessels , they release ATP , which causes the vessel walls to relax and dilate so as to promote normal blood flow . When their hemoglobin molecules are deoxygenated , red blood cells release S - nitrosothiols , which also act to dilate blood vessels , thus directing more blood to areas of the body depleted of oxygen . Red blood cells can also synthesize nitric oxide enzymatically , using L - arginine as substrate , as do endothelial cells . Exposure of red blood cells to physiological levels of shear stress activates nitric oxide synthase and export of nitric oxide , which may contribute to the regulation of vascular tonus . Red blood cells can also produce hydrogen sulfide , a signalling gas that acts to relax vessel walls . It is believed that the cardioprotective effects of garlic are due to red blood cells converting its sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide . Red blood cells also play a part in the body 's immune response : when lysed by pathogens such as bacteria , their hemoglobin releases free radicals , which break down the pathogen 's cell wall and membrane , killing it . Cellular processes As a result of not containing mitochondria , red blood cells use none of the oxygen they transport ; instead they produce the energy carrier ATP by the glycolysis of glucose and lactic acid fermentation on the resulting pyruvate . Furthermore the pentose phosphate pathway plays an important role in red blood cells ; see glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency for more . As red blood cells contain no nucleus , protein biosynthesis is currently assumed to be absent in these cells . Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles , mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and can not synthesize any RNA , and consequently can not divide and have limited repair capabilities . The inability to carry out protein synthesis means that no virus can evolve to target mammalian red blood cells . However , infection with parvoviruses ( such as human parvovirus B19 ) can affect erythroid precursors , as recognized by the presence of giant pronormoblasts with viral particles and inclusion bodies , thus temporarily depleting the blood of reticulocytes and causing anemia . Life cycle Human red blood cells are produced through a process named erythropoiesis , developing from committed stem cells to mature red blood cells in about 7 days . When matured , in a healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days ( and 80 to 90 days in a full term infant ) . At the end of their lifespan , they are removed from circulation . In many chronic diseases , the lifespan of the red blood cells is reduced . Creation Erythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood cells are produced ; it lasts about 7 days . Through this process red blood cells are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones . ( In the embryo , the liver is the main site of red blood cell production . ) The production can be stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin ( EPO ) , synthesised by the kidney . Just before and after leaving the bone marrow , the developing cells are known as reticulocytes ; these constitute about 1 % of circulating red blood cells . Functional lifetime The functional lifetime of an red blood cell is about 100 -- 120 days , during which time the red blood cells are continually moved by the blood flow push ( in arteries ) , pull ( in veins ) and a combination of the two as they squeeze through microvessels such as capillaries . They are also recycled in the bone marrow . Senescence The aging red blood cell undergoes changes in its plasma membrane , making it susceptible to selective recognition by macrophages and subsequent phagocytosis in the mononuclear phagocyte system ( spleen , liver and lymph nodes ) , thus removing old and defective cells and continually purging the blood . This process is termed eryptosis , red blood cell programmed cell death . This process normally occurs at the same rate of production by erythropoiesis , balancing the total circulating red blood cell count . Eryptosis is increased in a wide variety of diseases including sepsis , haemolytic uremic syndrome , malaria , sickle cell anemia , beta - thalassemia , glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency , phosphate depletion , iron deficiency and Wilson 's disease . Eryptosis can be elicited by osmotic shock , oxidative stress , energy depletion as well as a wide variety of endogenous mediators and xenobiotics . Excessive eryptosis is observed in red blood cells lacking the cGMP - dependent protein kinase type I or the AMP - activated protein kinase AMPK . Inhibitors of eryptosis include erythropoietin , nitric oxide , catecholamines and high concentrations of urea . Much of the resulting breakdown products are recirculated in the body . The heme constituent of hemoglobin are broken down into iron ( Fe ) and biliverdin . The biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin , which is released into the plasma and recirculated to the liver bound to albumin . The iron is released into the plasma to be recirculated by a carrier protein called transferrin . Almost all red blood cells are removed in this manner from the circulation before they are old enough to hemolyze . Hemolyzed hemoglobin is bound to a protein in plasma called haptoglobin , which is not excreted by the kidney . Clinical significance Disease Affected by Sickle - cell disease , red blood cells alter shape and threaten to damage internal organs . Blood diseases involving the red blood cells include : Anemias ( or anaemias ) are diseases characterized by low oxygen transport capacity of the blood , because of low red cell count or some abnormality of the red blood cells or the hemoglobin . Iron deficiency anemia is the most common anemia ; it occurs when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient , and hemoglobin , which contains iron , can not be formed Sickle - cell disease is a genetic disease that results in abnormal hemoglobin molecules . When these release their oxygen load in the tissues , they become insoluble , leading to mis - shaped red blood cells . These sickle shaped red cells are less deformable and viscoelastic meaning that they have become rigid and can cause blood vessel blockage , pain , strokes , and other tissue damage . Thalassemia is a genetic disease that results in the production of an abnormal ratio of hemoglobin subunits . Hereditary spherocytosis syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by defects in the red blood cell 's cell membrane , causing the cells to be small , sphere - shaped , and fragile instead of donut - shaped and flexible . These abnormal red blood cells are destroyed by the spleen . Several other hereditary disorders of the red blood cell membrane are known . Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease wherein the body lacks intrinsic factor , required to absorb vitamin B from food . Vitamin B is needed for the production of hemoglobin . Aplastic anemia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells . Pure red cell aplasia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce only red blood cells . Effect of osmotic pressure on blood cells Micrographs of the effects of osmotic pressure Hemolysis is the general term for excessive breakdown of red blood cells . It can have several causes and can result in hemolytic anemia . The malaria parasite spends part of its life - cycle in red blood cells , feeds on their hemoglobin and then breaks them apart , causing fever . Both sickle - cell disease and thalassemia are more common in malaria areas , because these mutations convey some protection against the parasite . Polycythemias ( or erythrocytoses ) are diseases characterized by a surplus of red blood cells . The increased viscosity of the blood can cause a number of symptoms . In polycythemia vera the increased number of red blood cells results from an abnormality in the bone marrow . Several microangiopathic diseases , including disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathies , present with pathognomonic ( diagnostic ) red blood cell fragments called schistocytes . These pathologies generate fibrin strands that sever red blood cells as they try to move past a thrombus . Transfusion Main article : Blood transfusion Red blood cells may be given as part of a blood transfusion . Blood may be donated from another person , or stored by the recipient at an earlier date . Donated blood usually requires screening to ensure that donors do not contain risk factors for the presence of blood - borne diseases , or will not suffer themselves by giving blood . Blood is usually collected and tested for common or serious Blood - borne diseases including Hepatitis B , Hepatitis C and HIV . The blood type ( A , B , AB , or O ) or the blood product is identified . This relates to the presence of antigens on the cell 's surface . After this process , the blood is stored , and within a short duration is used . Blood can be given as a whole product or the red blood cells separated as packed red blood cells . Blood is often transfused when there is known anaemia , active bleeding , or when there is an expectation of serious blood loss , such as prior to an operation . Before blood is given , a small sample of the recipient 's blood is tested with the transfusion in a process known as cross-matching . In addition to the transmission of infection , certain types of transfusion reaction . In 2008 it was reported that human embryonic stem cells had been successfully coaxed into becoming red blood cells in the lab . The difficult step was to induce the cells to eject their nucleus ; this was achieved by growing the cells on stromal cells from the bone marrow . It is hoped that these artificial red blood cells can eventually be used for blood transfusions . Tests Several blood tests involve red blood cells . These include a RBC count ( the number of red blood cells per volume of blood ) , calculation of the hematocrit ( percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells ) , and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate . The blood type needs to be determined to prepare for a blood transfusion or an organ transplantation . Many diseases involving red blood cells are diagnosed with a blood film ( or peripheral blood smear ) , where a thin layer of blood is smeared on a microscope slide . This may reveal abnormalities of red blood cell shape and form . When red blood cells sometimes occur as a stack , flat side next to flat side . This is known as rouleaux formation , and it occurs more often if the levels of certain serum proteins are elevated , as for instance during inflammation . Separation and blood doping Red blood cells can be obtained from whole blood by centrifugation , which separates the cells from the blood plasma in a process known as blood fractionation . Packed red blood cells , which are made in this way from whole blood with the plasma removed , are used in transfusion medicine . During plasma donation , the red blood cells are pumped back into the body right away and only the plasma is collected . Some athletes have tried to improve their performance by blood doping : first about 1 litre of their blood is extracted , then the red blood cells are isolated , frozen and stored , to be reinjected shortly before the competition . ( Red blood cells can be conserved for 5 weeks at − 79 ° C or − 110 ° F ) This practice is hard to detect but may endanger the human cardiovascular system which is not equipped to deal with blood of the resulting higher viscosity . Another method of blood doping involves injection with erythropoietin in order to stimulate production of red blood cells . Both practices are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency . History The first person to describe red blood cells was the young Dutch biologist Jan Swammerdam , who had used an early microscope in 1658 to study the blood of a frog . Unaware of this work , Anton van Leeuwenhoek provided another microscopic description in 1674 , this time providing a more precise description of red blood cells , even approximating their size , `` 25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand '' . In 1901 , Karl Landsteiner published his discovery of the three main blood groups -- A , B , and C ( which he later renamed to O ) . Landsteiner described the regular patterns in which reactions occurred when serum was mixed with red blood cells , thus identifying compatible and conflicting combinations between these blood groups . A year later Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli , two colleagues of Landsteiner , identified a fourth blood group -- AB . In 1959 , by use of X-ray crystallography , Dr. Max Perutz was able to unravel the structure of hemoglobin , the red blood cell protein that carries oxygen . The oldest intact red blood cells ever discovered were found in Ötzi the Iceman , a natural mummy of a man who died around 3255 BCE . These cells were discovered in May 2012 . See also Altitude training Blood serum Erythrocyte deformability Erythrocyte fragility Blood substitute Packed red blood cells Red blood cell indices References Jump up ^ `` Blood Cells '' . Jump up ^ Erich Sackmann , Biological Membranes Architecture and Function. , Handbook of Biological Physics , ( ed . R. Lipowsky and E. Sackmann , vol. 1 , Elsevier , 1995 ^ Jump up to : J.A. Blom ( 15 December 2003 ) . Monitoring of Respiration and Circulation . CRC Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 50328 - 7 . Jump up ^ Laura Dean . 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Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06163 - 9 . Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ Anthis , Nick ( April 17 , 2008 ) . `` Why Are Veins Blue ? '' . Scienceblogs . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Gregory K. ; Sheafor , Brandon A. ( 1999 ) . `` Red Blood Cells : Centerpiece in the Evolution of the Vertebrate Circulatory System '' . Integrative and Comparative Biology . 39 ( 2 ) : 189 . doi : 10.1093 / icb / 39.2. 189 . Jump up ^ Uzoigwe C ( 2006 ) . `` The human erythrocyte has developed the biconcave disc shape to optimise the flow properties of the blood in the large vessels '' . Medical Hypotheses. 67 ( 5 ) : 1159 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2004.11. 047 . PMID 16797867 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Bitesize - GCSE Biology - Blood - Revision 2 '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gregory TR ( 2001 ) . `` The bigger the C - value , the larger the cell : genome size and red blood cell size in vertebrates '' . Blood Cells , Molecules & Diseases . 27 ( 5 ) : 830 -- 43 . doi : 10.1006 / bcmd. 2001.0457 . PMID 11783946 . Jump up ^ Goodman SR , Kurdia A , Ammann L , Kakhniashvili D , Daescu O ( December 2007 ) . `` The human red blood cell proteome and interactome '' . Experimental Biology and Medicine . 232 ( 11 ) : 1391 -- 408 . doi : 10.3181 / 0706 - MR - 156 . PMID 18040063 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Mary Louise Turgeon ( 2004 ) . Clinical Hematology : Theory and Procedures . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 100 . ISBN 9780781750073 . Jump up ^ McLaren CE , Brittenham GM , Hasselblad V ( April 1987 ) . `` Statistical and graphical evaluation of erythrocyte volume distributions '' . Am. J. Physiol. 252 ( 4 Pt 2 ) : H857 -- 66 . PMID 3565597 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Bianconi , Eva ; Piovesan , Allison ; Facchin , Federica ; Beraudi , Alina ; Casadei , Raffaella ; Frabetti , Flavia ; Vitale , Lorenza ; Pelleri , Maria Chiara ; Tassani , Simone ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) . `` An estimation of the number of cells in the human body '' . Annals of Human Biology . 40 ( 6 ) : 463 -- 471 . doi : 10.3109 / 03014460.2013. 807878 . ISSN 0301 - 4460 . PMID 23829164 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Robert S. ; Ault , Kenneth A. ; Rinder , Henry M. ( 2005 ) . Hematology in Clinical Practice : A Guide to Diagnosis and Management ( 4 ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144035 - 6 . Jump up ^ Iron Metabolism , University of Virginia Pathology . Accessed 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Iron Transport and Cellular Uptake by Kenneth R. Bridges , Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders . Accessed 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Cohen , W.D. ( 1982 ) . `` The cytomorphic system of anucleate non-mammalian erythrocytes '' . Protoplasma. 113 : 23 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01283036 . Jump up ^ Wingstrand KG ( 1956 ) . `` Non-nucleated erythrocytes in a teleostean fish Maurolicus mülleri ( Gmelin ) '' . Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie. 45 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 200 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00338830 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 24 ) . PMID 13402080 . Jump up ^ Gregory , T.R. ( 2001 ) . `` The Bigger the C - Value , the Larger the Cell : Genome Size and Red Blood Cell Size in Vertebrates '' . Blood Cells , Molecules , and Diseases . 27 ( 5 ) : 830 -- 843 . doi : 10.1006 / bcmd. 2001.0457 . PMID 11783946 . ^ Jump up to : Yazdanbakhsh K , Lomas - Francis C , Reid ME ( October 2000 ) . `` Blood groups and diseases associated with inherited abnormalities of the red blood cell membrane '' . Transfusion Medicine Reviews . 14 ( 4 ) : 364 -- 74 . doi : 10.1053 / tmrv. 2000.16232 . PMID 11055079 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Mohandas N , Gallagher PG ( November 2008 ) . `` Red cell membrane : past , present , and future '' . Blood . 112 ( 10 ) : 3939 -- 48 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2008 - 07 - 161166 . PMC 2582001 . PMID 18988878 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodi PM , Trucco VM , Gennaro AM ( June 2008 ) . `` Factors determining detergent resistance of erythrocyte membranes '' . Biophysical Chemistry . 135 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 14 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpc. 2008.02. 015 . PMID 18394774 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hempelmann E , Götze O ( 1984 ) . `` Characterization of membrane proteins by polychromatic silver staining '' . Hoppe - Seyler 's Z Physiol Chem. 365 : 241 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Iolascon A , Perrotta S , Stewart GW ( March 2003 ) . `` Red blood cell membrane defects '' . Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Hematology. 7 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 56 . PMID 14692233 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Denomme GA ( July 2004 ) . `` The structure and function of the molecules that carry human red blood cell and platelet antigens '' . Transfusion Medicine Reviews . 18 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tmrv. 2004.03. 006 . PMID 15248170 . Jump up ^ Tokumasu F , Ostera GR , Amaratunga C , Fairhurst RM ( 2012 ) Modifications in erythrocyte membrane zeta potential by Plasmodium falciparum infection . Exp Parasitol Jump up ^ Wan J , Ristenpart WD , Stone HA ( October 2008 ) . `` Dynamics of shear - induced ATP release from red blood cells '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 ( 43 ) : 16432 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 10516432W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0805779105 . PMC 2575437 . PMID 18922780 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Diesen DL , Hess DT , Stamler JS ( August 2008 ) . `` Hypoxic vasodilation by red blood cells : evidence for an s - nitrosothiol - based signal '' . Circulation Research . 103 ( 5 ) : 545 -- 53 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCRESAHA. 108.176867 . PMC 2763414 . PMID 18658051 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Kleinbongard P , Schutz R , Rassaf T , et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Red blood cells express a functional endothelial nitric oxide synthase '' . Blood . 107 ( 7 ) : 2943 -- 51 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2005 - 10 - 3992 . PMID 16368881 . Jump up ^ Ulker P , Sati L , Celik - Ozenci C , Meiselman HJ , Baskurt OK ( 2009 ) . `` Mechanical stimulation of nitric oxide synthesizing mechanisms in erythrocytes '' . Biorheology. 46 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 32 . doi : 10.3233 / BIR - 2009 - 0532 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 24 ) . PMID 19458415 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Benavides , Gloria A ; Victor M Darley - Usmar ; Mills , R.W. ; Patel , H.D. ; Isbell , T.S. ; Patel , R.P. ; Darley - Usmar , V.M. ; Doeller , J.E. ; Kraus , D.W. ( 2007 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlic '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 ( 46 ) : 17977 -- 17982 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10417977B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0705710104 . PMC 2084282 . PMID 17951430 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kesava , Shobana ( 2007 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Red blood cells do more than just carry oxygen ; New findings by NUS team show they aggressively attack bacteria too '' ( PDF ) . The Straits Times . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jiang N , Tan NS , Ho B , Ding JL ( October 2007 ) . `` Respiratory protein - generated reactive oxygen species as an antimicrobial strategy '' . Nature Immunology. 8 ( 10 ) : 1114 -- 22 . doi : 10.1038 / ni1501 . PMID 17721536 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Jr , Jeremy M. Berg , John L. Tymoczko , Lubert Stryer ; with Gregory J. Gatto , ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 7th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . pp. 455 , 609 . ISBN 9781429229364 . Jump up ^ Tilton , WM ; Seaman , C ; Carriero , D ; Piomelli , S ( August 1991 ) . `` Regulation of glycolysis in the erythrocyte : role of the lactate / pyruvate and NAD / NADH ratios '' . The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine . 118 ( 2 ) : 146 -- 52 . PMID 1856577 . Jump up ^ Kabanova S , Kleinbongard P , Volkmer J , Andrée B , Kelm M , Jax TW ( 2009 ) . `` Gene expression analysis of human red blood cells '' . International Journal of Medical Sciences . 6 ( 4 ) : 156 -- 9 . doi : 10.7150 / ijms. 6.156 . PMC 2677714 . PMID 19421340 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Zimmer , Carl ( 2007 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Scientists Explore Ways to Lure Viruses to Their Death '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Erik D. Heegaard & Kevin E. Brown ( July 2002 ) . `` Human parvovirus B19 '' . Clin Microbiol Rev. 15 ( 3 ) : 485 -- 505 . doi : 10.1128 / CMR. 15.3. 485 - 505.2002 . PMC 118081 . PMID 12097253 . Jump up ^ Harrison , K.L. ( 1979 ) . `` Fetal Erythrocyte Lifespan '' . Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health . 15 ( 2 ) : 96 -- 97 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 1754.1979. tb01197. x . Jump up ^ Higgins , John . `` Red Blood Cell Population Dynamics '' . Clinics in laboratory medicine . 35 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 57 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cll. 2014.10. 002 . Jump up ^ Lang F , Lang E , Föller M ( 2012 ) . `` Physiology and pathophysiology of eryptosis '' . Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy. 39 ( 5 ) : 308 -- 314 . doi : 10.1159 / 000342534 . PMC 3678267 . PMID 23801921 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Föller M , Huber SM , Lang F ( October 2008 ) . `` Erythrocyte programmed cell death '' . IUBMB Life . 60 ( 10 ) : 661 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / iub. 106 . PMID 18720418 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ An X , Mohandas N ( May 2008 ) . `` Disorders of red cell membrane '' . British Journal of Haematology. 141 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2008. 07091. x . PMID 18341630 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ First red blood cells grown in the lab , New Scientist News , 19 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Circular of Information for Blood and Blood Products '' ( pdf ) . American Association of Blood Banks , American Red Cross , America 's Blood Centers . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Swammerdam , Jan ( 1637 -- 1680 ) '' , McGraw Hill AccessScience , 2007 . Accessed 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Red Gold -- Blood History Timeline '' . PBS . 2002 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Pappas ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Iceman ' mummy holds world 's oldest blood cells '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red blood cells . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens by Laura Dean . Searchable and downloadable online textbook in the public domain . Database of vertebrate erythrocyte sizes . Red Gold , PBS site containing facts and history Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes The main cell types in blood Myeloid Granulocytes CFU - G Band cell Neutrophil Basophil CFU - Baso Eosinophil CFU - Eos Mast cell CFU - Mast Monocytes Macrophages Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells , Foreign - body giant cell Touton giant cells Other Antigen presenting cells Dendritic cells Langerhans cell CFU - DL CFU - M MPS Platelets CFU - Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Red blood cells Reticulocyte Normoblast CFU - E Other Precursor cells CFU - GM Megakaryocyte -- erythroid progenitor cell CFU - GEMM Myelomonocyte Other Plasma Hematopoietic stem cell GND : 4070945 - 0 NDL : 00570626 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_blood_cell&oldid=833022098 '' Categories : Human cells Blood cells Respiration 1658 in science Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 07 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | he percentage of red blood cells in a sample of human blood is normally about | [
"In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks. They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles, in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin, with a plasma membrane as the sack. Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults.[2] The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100–120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages. Each circulation takes about 60 seconds (one minute).[3] Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells.[4][5] Nearly half of the blood's volume (40% to 45%) is red blood cells."
] | [
"Nearly half"
] |
6714887966213904930 | Gossip Girl (season 6) | Gossip Girl ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Gossip Girl ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Gossip Girl ( season 6 ) DVD cover art Starring Blake Lively Leighton Meester Penn Badgley Chace Crawford Ed Westwick Kaylee DeFer Kelly Rutherford Matthew Settle Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network The CW Original release October 8 ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) -- December 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 List of Gossip Girl episodes The sixth and final season of the American teen drama television series Gossip Girl premiered on The CW on October 8 and concluded on December 17 , 2012 , consisting of 10 episodes . Based on the novel series of the same name by Cecily von Ziegesar , the series was developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage . The CW officially renewed the series for a sixth season on May 11 , 2012 . The series finale was preceded by a special retrospective , including interviews with the cast and crew . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 1.3 Special guest cast 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Cast 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Gossip Girl characters Main cast ( edit ) Blake Lively as Serena van der Woodsen Leighton Meester as Blair Waldorf Penn Badgley as Dan Humphrey Chace Crawford as Nate Archibald Ed Westwick as Chuck Bass Kaylee DeFer as Ivy Dickens Kelly Rutherford as Lily Humphrey Matthew Settle as Rufus Humphrey Kristen Bell as Gossip Girl ( uncredited ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Sofia Black D'Elia as Sage Spence Robert John Burke as Bart Bass Barry Watson as Steven Spence Michelle Trachtenberg as Georgina Sparks Yin Chang as Nelly Yuki Tamara Feldman as Poppy Lifton Zuzanna Szadkowski as Dorota Kishlovsky Alice Callahan as Jessica Leitenberg Nan Zhang as Kati Farkas Margaret Colin as Eleanor Waldorf William Baldwin as William van der Woodsen Sam Robards as Howard Archibald Desmond Harrington as Jack Bass Wallace Shawn as Cyrus Rose Special guest cast ( edit ) Connor Paolo as Eric van der Woodsen Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey Michael Bloomberg as himself Lisa Loeb as herself Ella Rae Peck as Lola Rhodes ( uncredited ) Jessica Szohr as Vanessa Abrams ( uncredited ) Katie Cassidy as Juliet Sharp ( uncredited ) Willa Holland as Agnes Andrews ( uncredited ) Rachel Bilson as herself ( uncredited ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Gossip Girl episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 112 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' Mark Piznarski Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage October 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) 0.78 The summer is over and Serena has gone missing . After a brief encounter abroad , Blair and Chuck make a promise to each other about their relationship , which leaves them once again apart . Dan , with some help from an unlikely ally , Georgina , is writing a scathing tell - all book that can only mean trouble . As the sole head of The Spectator , Nate is making his own decisions and is ready to go up against Gossip Girl . As word spreads that Serena is missing , the gang bands together to find her and are shocked by what they find . Title reference : The 2007 film Gone Baby Gone . 113 `` High Infidelity '' Joe Lazarov Annemarie Navar - Gill October 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) 0.78 Trying to prove herself in adult society , Serena hosts the Central Park Conservancy 's big gala , of which she is now the newest board member , and she and Nate both learn something shocking about their significant others . Blair prepares to debut her new fashion line , but a rival from her past holds the key to her future . With the help of Georgina , Dan lands some meetings with publishers , but he must decide if he is willing to sacrifice his integrity in order to get his work published . Meanwhile , Chuck tries to persuade Amira to help him look into his father 's past , even if it means jeopardizing Lily and Bart 's relationship . Title reference : The 2000 film High Fidelity . 114 `` Dirty Rotten Scandals '' Bart Wenrich Natalie Krinsky October 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 22 ) 0.95 Feeling the pressure to make her first Waldorf Designs fashion show a success , Blair must rely on help from an unlikely source , but some unexpected scheming causes a scandal on the runway . Serena discovers that befriending Steven 's daughter Sage is trickier than she thought , especially when she is forced to put her issues with Blair aside to make Sage happy . Nate publishes Dan 's first serialized article causing a stir and producing a serious threat . Meanwhile , Chuck begins to look into the clue that Amira left behind , which may help uncover what Bart is hiding . Title reference : The 1988 film Dirty Rotten Scoundrels . 115 `` Portrait of a Lady Alexander '' Andy Wolk Matt Whitney November 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) 0.66 Chuck 's continued investigation into his father 's dealings leads him to an unlikely event with Manhattan 's elite , where he hopes to find the one person who can tell him the truth about Bart . Serena and Steven decide to reveal their romantic histories so they are not surprised about anything , but neither was prepared for what they uncovered . With The Spectator in jeopardy after Dan decided to publish elsewhere , Nate must make a difficult decision to keep it in business . Meanwhile , Georgina pushes Dan to choose a worthy person to date to boost his image , but he finds himself drawn in a different direction . Elsewhere , Ivy tries to persuade Rufus to go through and unpack a group of boxes with all of his stuff from the apartment that Lily had sent over to the loft after he moved out . Title reference : The 1996 film The Portrait of a Lady . 116 5 `` Monstrous Ball '' Amy Heckerling Sara Goodman November 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 12 ) 0.73 After Eleanor gives Blair an ultimatum , Blair is even more determined to remedy Waldorf Designs ' problems by making a splash with a dress at the upcoming cotillion , but a shocking revelation at the ball affects everyone . Serena becomes worried about Steven 's attitude toward her , but after some investigating she discovers the surprising reason why . Sage learns that her father plans to propose marriage to Serena and plots an all - out attack to destroy the engagement once and for all despite the risk of endangering her relationship with Nate . Chuck finds an unlikely ally in Ivy as he tries to drive a wedge between Bart and Lily 's relationship to help expose his father 's secret . Meanwhile , Dan publishes another article , but the effect is just the opposite of what he was hoping for as Georgina continues to pressure him to publish more . Elsewhere , Rufus learns about Ivy 's inheritance as she continues to help him rebuild his life . Title reference : The 2001 film Monster 's Ball . 117 6 `` Where the Vile Things Are '' Norman Buckley Dan Steele November 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 19 ) 0.72 Blair gets ready for her mother 's imminent arrival , but is unprepared for the set of demands her mother puts upon her . Serena volunteers to help Dan find a new place to live , but their time together brings up unexpected emotions . With Ivy 's help , Chuck discovers there is evidence incriminating his father in illegal activities and enlists the help of Nate to retrieve it . Meanwhile , Rufus and Ivy are excited about their art gallery opening until they find an empty RSVP list and must scramble to find another way to make the event a success . Title reference : The 2009 film Where the Wild Things Are . 118 7 `` Save the Last Chance '' Anna Mastro Jessica Queller November 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 26 ) 0.84 Serena and Dan realize that they need to make amends with the people they have wronged to rebuild their shattered lives . Blair has one last chance to prove to her mother her worth as a fashion designer and with Serena 's help , comes up with a plan to make her line the `` it '' look for Sage and her friends . Chuck is close to getting the evidence he needs against his father , until one of his closest allies reveals his plan to Bart . Title reference : The 2001 film Save the Last Dance . 119 8 `` It 's Really Complicated '' John Stephens Jake Coburn December 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 03 ) 0.79 Serena and Dan decide to throw their first Thanksgiving dinner together , inviting only their closest friends , but everyone seems to have their own agenda for attending . Serena has a run - in and invites both Steven and Sage to the dinner , while Lily and Bart also crash the event which fuels the tension between everyone . Feeling defeated by his father , Chuck begins a downward spiral , leaving Blair to find a solution to his problems . Meanwhile , Dan has written his latest exposé , but he must make a tough decision whether to publish it , knowing it could destroy a close friendship with Serena and everyone else that he knows . Title reference : The 2009 film It 's Complicated . 120 9 `` The Revengers '' Patrick Norris Sara Goodman & Natalie Krinsky December 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 10 ) 1.06 After a run - in with an increasingly paranoid Bart , Blair grows alarmingly concerned for Chuck 's safety . Feeling confident that his father will never hurt him , Chuck makes a deal that could change his life . Blair devises a plan with the help of Serena , Georgina , Sage and Ivy to get what they need out of Bart . Meanwhile , Nate 's financial dilemma lands him in a place that he never thought he would be , jail . In the end , Chuck is escorted by Bart 's security to the roof of a building , minutes later Bart joins him . Blair , alarmed at not being able to locate Chuck , asks around for him and races up to the roof as well . A fight ensues between Chuck and Bart and Blair arrives just in time to see Bart hanging off the side of the building . Chuck refuses to help him up for fear that he would harm his friends or himself . The episode ends with Bart falling and Blair and Chuck running off . Title reference : The 2012 film The Avengers . 121 10 `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Mark Piznarski Stephanie Savage December 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 17 ) 1.55 Serena decides to come back to New York and confront Dan about the `` Serena Chapter '' . Chuck proposes to Blair when he is implicated in the death of Bart . Georgina joins forces with Jack Bass in one last scheme to help Chuck and Blair . Nate and Sage try to find the identity of Gossip Girl with the information that they have . William van der Woodsen returns to comfort Lily and rejects Ivy who finally realizes that William used her just to win Lily back . Dorota , Eleanor Waldorf and Cyrus Rose also become involved in planning Chuck and Blair 's improvised wedding . Various characters from previous seasons make cameos , including Vanessa , Juliet , Agnes and Lola . Kristen Bell has a cameo as herself alongside Rachel Bilson . Dan is revealed to be Gossip Girl . Five years later : The group gathers for Dan and Serena 's wedding . Eric and Jenny are both in attendance as is Eleanor and Cyrus Rose who is delivering the vows . Nate has become successful with The Spectator and will likely run for Mayor of New York City . Chuck and Blair are still married and have a four - year - old son named Henry Bass . Ivy has written a best - selling autobiography titled Ivy League which has been adapted into a major Hollywood feature film with her as the screenwriter and starring Olivia Burke and Lola Rhodes as the Serena and Ivy / Charlie characters . Georgina and Jack have gotten together , Lily and William are finally back together and Rufus is with Lisa Loeb . In the final shot , a new generation of wealthy Upper East Siders are seen at Constance as a new lonely boy walks past his classmates , denoting the beginning of a brand - new Gossip Girl . Title reference : The 2009 film New York , I Love You . Production ( edit ) On May 11 , 2012 , the series was picked up for a short sixth and final season , beginning in October and concluding on December 17 . On May 17 , 2012 , with the reveal of The CW 's 2012 -- 13 television schedule , Gossip Girl stayed on Monday night and moved to the 9 : 00 pm Eastern / 8 : 00 pm Central timeslot following the fifth season of 90210 . It was announced on July 30 , 2012 , that the sixth season would have 10 episodes . On April 25 , 2012 , it was confirmed that former showrunner and executive producer Joshua Safran left the show as he had became the new showrunner of NBC 's Smash . On May 11 , 2012 , writer Sara Goodman was promoted to executive producer . On October 29 , the fourth episode of the season , `` Portrait of a Lady Alexander '' , was rescheduled for November 5 , due to Hurricane Sandy . Cast ( edit ) Blake Lively , Leighton Meester , Penn Badgley , Chace Crawford , Ed Westwick , Kaylee DeFer , Kelly Rutherford , and Matthew Settle all returned as series regulars . Michelle Trachtenberg was upgraded to a guest - starring role for this season . Former recurring star , Desmond Harrington and Robert John Burke , also returned as guest stars for the season . On July 7 , 2012 , actress Andrea Gabriel , known for her role on Lost , had been cast as a businesswoman from Dubai . 7th Heaven alum Barry Watson landed a guest - starring role as young entrepreneur Steven Spence , who becomes romantically involved with Serena . British model Alexa Chung appears as herself in a plot involving Blair 's new fashion line . Former Skins star Sofia Black D'Elia was seen filming scenes with Lively for the then - upcoming sixth season . She played the role of Sage Spence , Steven 's daughter . Former Gossip Girl guest stars Tamara Feldman and Yin Chang were reported to return to the show for its final season as Poppy Lifton and Nelly Yuki , respectively . Taylor Momsen and Connor Paolo reprised their roles as Jenny Humphrey and Eric van der Woodsen for the series finale , who had not been seen since their departures in season 4 . Kristen Bell , Rachel Bilson , Katie Cassidy , Ella Rae Peck , Willa Holland , Lisa Loeb , Michael Bloomberg and Jessica Szohr had cameo roles in the series finale . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( million ) `` Gone Maybe Gone '' October 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) 0.4 / 1 0.78 `` High Infidelity '' October 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) 0.4 / 1 0.78 `` Dirty Rotten Scandals '' October 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 22 ) 0.4 / 1 0.95 `` Portrait of a Lady Alexander '' November 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) 0.3 / 1 0.66 5 `` Monstrous Ball '' November 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 12 ) 0.4 / 1 0.73 6 `` Where the Vile Things Are '' November 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 19 ) 0.4 / 1 0.72 7 `` Save the Last Chance '' November 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 26 ) 0.4 / 1 0.84 8 `` It 's Really Complicated '' December 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 03 ) 0.3 / 1 0.79 9 `` The Revengers '' December 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 10 ) 0.6 / 1 1.06 10 `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' December 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 17 ) 0.8 / 2 1.55 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Renewed For Shortened Final Season , Sara Goodman to Succeed Josh Safran as EP '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gossip Girl Wraps Up a Six - Season Run with a Two - Hour Series Finale on Monday , December 17 '' . The CW . November 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' DWTS ' Adjusted Up ; ' 90210 ′ , ' Revolution ' , ' Partners ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ′ , and ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Baseball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & MLB Baseball Adjusted up ; No Adjustment for ' 90210 ' or ' Dancing With the Stars ' + Final Debate Analysis Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' Revolution ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The Mob Doctor ' , ' 90210 ' or ' The Voice ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Mob Doctor ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Gossip Girl ' Adjusted Up ; ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/11/28/monday-final-ratings-dancing-with-the-stars-bones-how-i-met-your-mother-the-mob-doctor-adjusted-down/159182/ ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Extreme Makeover ' , ' Gossip Girl ' & ' Blake Shelton 's Not So Family Christmas ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/12/11/monday-final-ratings-gossip-girl-adjusted-up-how-i-met-your-mother-extreme-makeover-2-broke-girls-hawaii-five-0-adjusted-down/161138/ ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' 1600 Penn ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustments for ' Gossip Girl ' Finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` CW Boss on the Demise of Ringer , a Supernatural End Date , Gossip Girl Episode Count and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` CW 2011 - 12 Primetime Schedule : ' Supernatural ' To Wednesday , ' Nikita ' To 9pm , ' Beauty & The Beast ' Follows ' Vampire Diaries ' & Lots More Changes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Marissa ( July 30 , 2012 ) . `` TCA 2012 : CW 's Mark Pedowitz Talks ' Gossip Girl , ' ' Muppets ' and Flaws in Nielsen Measurement '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Executive Producer to Run Smash '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Sandy derails CW and CBS : Gossip Girl Hawaii Five - O Partners and more to air repeats instead of new episodes '' . zap2it.com . October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Lost Alum Andrea Gabriel Joins Gossip Girl '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corneau , Allison ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Barry Watson joins Gossip Girl 's Final Season '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl snags Alexa Chung for final season '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Beth ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Season 6 : Serena Spotted With The New Girl - and She 's a Troublemaker ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl Season 6 spoilers : Nelly yuki and Poppy Lifton return '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Jenna ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl scoop Taylor Momsen and Connor Paolo twitpic teases wedding or maybe it does n't '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Kristen Bell to ( Finally ! ) Appear in Gossip Girl Series Finale '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' scoop : Katie Cassidy returning for the finale ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) List of Gossip Girl season 6 episodes on IMDb List of Gossip Girl season 6 episodes at TV.com ( hide ) Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gossip_Girl_(season_6)&oldid=825318463 '' Categories : 2012 American television seasons Gossip Girl ( season 6 ) episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 18 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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5766362147281670761 | Château d'If | Château d'If - wikipedia Château d'If This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Château d'If ( close up ) . The Château d'If with Marseille in the background . The Château d'If is a fortress ( later a prison ) located on the island of If , the smallest island in the Frioul archipelago situated in the Mediterranean Sea about 1.5 kilometres ( ⁄ mile ) offshore in the Bay of Marseille in southeastern France . It is famous for being one of the settings of Alexandre Dumas ' adventure novel The Count of Monte Cristo . If is the French word for the yew tree . Contents 1 Island 2 Fortress 3 Prison 4 The château today 5 In fictional works 6 Notable prisoners 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Island ( edit ) Île d'If measures 3 hectares ( 0.03 km ) and is located 3.5 km ( 2 ⁄ mi ) west of the Old Port of Marseille . The entire island is heavily fortified ; high ramparts with gun platforms surmount the cliffs that rise steeply from the surrounding ocean . Apart from the fortress , the island is uninhabited . Fortress ( edit ) 1681 scale model of the château d'If The `` château '' is a square , three - story building 28 m ( 92 ft ) long on each side , flanked by three towers with large gun embrasures . It was built in 1524 - 31 on the orders of King Francis I , who , during a visit in 1516 , saw the island as a strategically important location for defending the coastline from sea - based attacks . The castle 's principal military value was as a deterrent ; it never had to fight off an actual attack . The closest that it came to a genuine test of strength was in July 1531 , when Holy Roman Emperor Charles V made preparations to attack Marseille . However , he abandoned the invasion plan . This might have been fortunate , given the weaknesses identified by military engineer Vauban in a scathing report in 1701 : `` The fortifications look like the rock , they are fully rendered , but very roughly and carelessly , with many imperfections . The whole having been very badly built and with little care ... All the buildings , very crudely done , are ill made . '' The embalmed body of general Jean Baptiste Kléber was repatriated to France after his assassination in Cairo in 1800 . Napoleon , fearing that his tomb would become a symbol to Republicanism , ordered that the body stay at the château . It remained there for 18 years until Louis XVIII granted Kléber a proper burial in his native Strasbourg . Prison ( edit ) The cell named after Edmond Dantès at the Château d'If The isolated location and dangerous offshore currents of the Château d'If made it an ideal escape - proof prison , very much like the island of Alcatraz in California in more recent times . Its use as a dumping ground for political and religious detainees soon made it one of the most feared and notorious jails in France . Over 3,500 Huguenots ( French Calvinists ) were sent to Château d'If , as was Gaston Crémieux , a leader of the Paris Commune , who was shot there in 1871 . The island became internationally famous in the 19th century when Alexandre Dumas used it as a setting for The Count of Monte Cristo , published to widespread acclaim in 1844 . In the novel , the main character Edmond Dantès ( a commoner who later purchases the noble title of Count ) and his mentor , Abbé Faria , were both imprisoned in it . After fourteen years , Dantès makes a daring escape from the castle , becoming the first person ever to do so and survive . In reality , no one is known to have done this . The modern Château d'If maintains a roughly hewn dungeon in honour of Dantès as a tourist attraction . As was common practice in those days , prisoners were treated differently according to their class and wealth . The poorest were placed at the bottom , being confined perhaps twenty or more to a cell in windowless dungeons under the castle . However , the wealthiest inmates were able to pay for their own private cells ( or pistoles ) higher up , with windows , a garderobe and a fireplace . The Château today ( edit ) Facial pic of If Castle Tourists explore the château 's courtyard The château 's use as a prison ceased at the end of the 19th century . It was demilitarized and opened to the public on 23 September 1890 . It can be reached by boat from Marseille 's old port . Its fame comes from the setting for Dumas ' novel , The Count of Monte Cristo . This fame has made the prison a popular tourist destination . Mark Twain visited the château in July 1867 during a months - long pleasure excursion . He recounts his visit in his book , The Innocents Abroad . He says a guide took his party into the prison , which was not yet open to the public , and inside the cells , one of which he says housed the `` Iron Mask . '' There is a sign at the château that says `` Prison dite de l'Homme au Masque de Fer '' ( `` Said to be the prison of the Man in the Iron Mask '' ) , but this is likely only legend since the famed Man in the Iron Mask was never held at the Château d'If . The Château d'If is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture . In fictional works ( edit ) Château d'If was represented by Saint Mary 's Tower in the 2002 film The Count of Monte Cristo Château d'If is famous for being one of the settings of Alexandre Dumas ' adventure novel The Count of Monte Cristo . However , other locations have been used to represent Château d'If in film adaptations of the work . In the 2002 adaptation starring Jim Caviezel , the château was represented by Saint Mary 's Tower on Comino , the smallest inhabited Maltese island . The cliff - top watchtower can be seen from the ferry crossing between Malta and Gozo . The fortress was used as the location where Alain Charnier a.k.a. Frog One ( Fernando Rey ) meets Devereaux ( Frédéric de Pasquale ) to finalise the drugs shipment to the United States in the 1971 crime film The French Connection . In the 1956 `` Tales of Old Dartmoor '' episode of The Goon Show radio comedy series , Grytpype - Thynne has Dartmoor Prison put to sea to visit the Château d'If , as part of a plan to find the treasure of the Count of Monte Cristo . In `` The Ruby Notebook '' by Laura Resau , Zeeta and Wendell visit the Château d'If . In the Clive Cussler novel Spartan Gold , the main characters visit the Château d'If as part of their quest for hidden treasure . Notable prisoners ( edit ) Chevalier Anselme ( 1580 - ? ) Jean Serres , Huguenot Élie Neau , Huguenot Chevalier de Lorraine , lover of Philippe de France Jean - Baptiste Chataud ( fr ) , accused of bringing the plague to Marseille - ( c. 1720 - c. 1723 ) Honoré Mirabeau , writer , popular orator and statesman - ( 1774 -- 1775 ) Abbé Faria - ( 1797 - ? ) - his stay at the château is disputed Michel Mathieu Lecointe - Puyraveau , politician - ( 1815 ) Gaston Crémieux , a leader of the Paris Commune ( 1871 ) Contrary to common belief , the Marquis de Sade was not a prisoner at the château . See also ( edit ) Alcatraz Island References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lonely Planet Guide to Marseille '' . Lonelyplanet.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Marseille Office of Tourism '' . Marseille-tourisme.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs ( in French ) Jump up ^ Jean Paul Baillard . Kléber après Kléber ( 1800 - 2000 ) - Les pérégrinations posthumes des restes du général Kléber ISBN 2 - 913302 - 08 - 4 ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Centre Des Monuments Nationaux '' . If.monuments-nationaux.fr . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Château d'If -- Between Myth and Reality '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Château d'If . Ministry of Culture database entry for Château d'If ( in French ) Ministry of Culture photos ( in French ) Information at marseille-tourisme.com Official information incl . admission fees and open hours Château d'If Tour - Sign about Man in the Iron Mask is at 1 : 30 into video . Coordinates : 43 ° 16 ′ 47.5 '' N 5 ° 19 ′ 30.5 '' E / 43.279861 ° N 5.325139 ° E / 43.279861 ; 5.325139 Marseille Landmarks Belsunce Château d'If Gare de Marseille - Saint - Charles Hippodrome de Marseille L'Estaque Musée Cantini Église Saint Roch Palais de la Bourse Docks Musée Grobet - Labadié Place Castellane Château Pastré Porte d'Aix Marseille History Museum La Joliette Bastide de la Guillermy Place Jean - Jaurès Oppidum de Verduron CMA CGM Tower La Treille Palais du Pharo Parc du 26e Centenaire Musée de la Faïence de Marseille Stade Vélodrome Château Borély Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille Canebière Mazargues Notre - Dame de la Garde Opéra Unité d'habitation La Vieille Charité Vieux - Port Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilisations La Friche Plages du Prado Parc Borély Villa Valmer Palais Longchamp Fort Saint - Jean Bompard Geography Huveaune Massif de l'Étoile Massif des Calanques Mont Puget Frioul archipelago Arrondissements of Marseille History Timeline of Marseille Sporting clubs Olympique de Marseille Marseille Consolat Marseille Provence XV Marseille XIII Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Château_d % 27If&oldid = 822163762 '' Categories : Frioul archipelago Castles in Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Defunct prisons in France Buildings and structures in Marseille Infrastructure completed in 1531 Museums in Marseille Historic house museums in Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Islands of Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Tourist attractions in Marseille Monuments historiques of Marseille 1531 establishments in France The Count of Monte Cristo Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 19 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what is the prison in the count of monte cristo | [
"The Château d'If is a fortress (later a prison) located on the island of If, the smallest island in the Frioul archipelago situated in the Mediterranean Sea about 1.5 kilometres (7⁄8 mile) offshore in the Bay of Marseille in southeastern France. It is famous for being one of the settings of Alexandre Dumas' adventure novel The Count of Monte Cristo. If is the French word for the yew tree.\n"
] | [
"The Château d'If"
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-8975868569304573301 | Just Go with It | Just Go with It - Wikipedia Just Go with It This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Pretend Wife '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with The Make - Believe Wife . Just Go with It Theatrical release poster Directed by Dennis Dugan Produced by Adam Sandler Jack Giarraputo Heather Parry Screenplay by Allan Loeb Timothy Dowling Based on Cactus Flower by I.A.L. Diamond Cactus Flower by Abe Burrows Pierre Barillet Jean Pierre - Gredy Starring Adam Sandler Jennifer Aniston Nick Swardson Brooklyn Decker Dave Matthews Bailee Madison Nicole Kidman Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Theo van de Sande Edited by Tom Costain Production company Happy Madison Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) ( New York City ) February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $215 million Just Go with It is a 2011 American romantic comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan , written by Allan Loeb and Timothy Dowling and starring Adam Sandler ( who also co-produced ) , Jennifer Aniston , Nicole Kidman , Nick Swardson and Brooklyn Decker . The film is based on the 1969 film Cactus Flower , which was adapted from an earlier Broadway stage play written by Abe Burrows , which in turn was based upon the French play Fleur de cactus . Production of the film began on March 2 , 2010 . The film was released on February 11 , 2011 by Columbia Pictures in North America . The film grossed over $214 million , making it a box office success - however , the film received negative reviews from critics and won two Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Actor and Worst Director . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , Daniel `` Danny '' Maccabee ( Adam Sandler ) , a 22 - year old man , leaves his wedding right before the ceremony is about to begin after learning that his fiancee is cheating on him , and was only marrying him because he was going to be a doctor . He goes to drink alone at a bar , where a young , beautiful woman walks in . She sees that Danny has a wedding ring on his hand , and asks him about his wife , to which he explains how she recently left him for someone else , and the woman from the bar ends up sleeping with him . Twenty - three years later , Danny ( now 45 - years old ) is now a successful plastic surgeon in Los Angeles who feigns unhappy marriages to get women , and to avoid romantic commitment that may lead to heartbreak . The only woman aware of his schemes is his office manager and best friend Katherine Murphy ( Jennifer Aniston ) , a divorced mother of two . At a party , Danny meets Palmer ( Brooklyn Decker ) , a sixth grade math teacher , without his wedding ring on , and they have a connection together . The next morning , she finds the ring and assumes he is married . She refuses to date him because her parents divorced due to adultery . Instead of telling her the truth , Danny tells her that he is getting divorced from a woman named Devlin . Danny tells Palmer that they are getting divorced because she cheated on him with a man named `` Dolph Lundgren '' ( not the actor ) . Palmer then insists on meeting Devlin . Danny asks Katherine to pose as `` Devlin '' and they go shopping for new clothes to dress like a trophy wife . A made - over Katherine / `` Devlin '' then meets with Danny and Palmer and gives them her blessing . However , after hearing Katherine talking on the phone with her kids , Palmer assumes that her kids are Danny 's as well . Danny then privately meets with Katherine 's kids , Maggie ( Bailee Madison ) and Michael ( Griffin Gluck ) , to get them to play along and gives them the aliases of `` Kiki Dee '' and `` Bart '' respectively . Danny accepts their demands for being his fake children . Palmer meets the kids at a play center where Maggie has adopted a fake british accent , and Michael acts very morose . They blackmail Danny in front of Palmer to take them all to Hawaii . At the airport , they are all surprised by Danny 's goofball cousin Eddie ( Nick Swardson ) , who has adopted an Austrian disguise as the `` Dolph Lundgren '' that Danny had made up earlier . To maintain the lies , Danny and Katherine are forced to bring him along . At the resort in Hawaii , Danny tells Eddie that he is considering asking Palmer to marry him . Katherine and Danny also run into the real - life Devlin Adams ( Nicole Kidman ) and her husband Ian Maxtone - Jones ( Dave Matthews ) . Because of Katherine and Devlin 's long - time rivalry , Katherine introduces Danny as her husband rather than admit she is a single mother . Over time , Katherine is impressed by Danny and his way of fun with her kids . Katherine again runs into Devlin , who invites her and Danny out to dinner . Eddie agrees to take Palmer out to dinner so that Danny can go with Katherine . Since he is supposed to be a sheep salesman , Eddie 's cover is nearly blown when he is forced to save the life of an actual sheep who choked on a toy whistle . At dinner , Devlin asks Danny and Katherine to tell each other what they admire most about each other , and , as Danny and Katherine talk , they start to feel a connection . Later , when Palmer and Eddie return from their dinner date , Palmer suggests that she and Danny get married now , since a drunken Eddie told her about Danny 's plans of engagement . Danny and Katherine are both surprised by her proposition , but Danny ultimately agrees . Danny later calls Katherine regarding his confusion , but Katherine says that she will be taking a job in New York City to get a fresh start to her life . The next day , Palmer confronts Katherine about Danny 's feelings for her , which Katherine dismisses . Katherine then runs into Devlin at a bar and admits that she pretended to be married to Danny to avoid embarrassment . Devlin confesses that she is divorcing Ian because he is gay and also that he did not invent the iPod , but made his money by suing the Los Angeles Dodgers after getting hit by a foul ball . Katherine confides in Devlin about being in love with Danny , but then Danny shows up behind her , saying that he is not marrying Palmer and that he is in love with Katherine . Meanwhile , on the plane ride back to the mainland , Palmer meets a professional tennis player ( Andy Roddick ) who shares her interests . Sometime later , Danny and Katherine get married . Cast ( edit ) Adam Sandler as Dr. Daniel `` Danny '' Maccabee Jennifer Aniston as Katherine Murphy , later Maccabee / Devlin Maccabee Bailee Madison as Maggie Murphy / Kiki Dee Maccabee Griffin Gluck as Michael Murphy / Bart Maccabee Nick Swardson as Eddie Simms / Dolph Lundgren Brooklyn Decker as Palmer Dodge Nicole Kidman as Devlin Adams Dave Matthews as Ian Maxtone - Jones Rachel Dratch as Kirsten Brant Kevin Nealon as Adon Heidi Montag as Kimberly Minka Kelly as Joanna Damon Rakefet Abergel as Patricia Dan Patrick as Tanner Patrick Mario Joyner as Henderson Keegan - Michael Key as Ernesto Allen Covert as Brian ( Soul Patch ) Andy Roddick as Himself Unknown as the Kangaroo Production ( edit ) Originally titled `` Holiday in Hawaii '' , and then `` Pretend Wife '' , it was released as `` Just Go with It '' . The film was shot in Los Angeles and the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kauai between March 2 , 2010 and May 25 , 2010 . The film is deliberately vague about which Hawaiian island its latter portion depicts ; thus , the characters hike across a rope bridge on Maui and arrive in the next scene at a spectacular waterfall on Kauai , rather than the ordinary irrigation dam and pond on Maui where the actual trail terminates . The characters stay at a Hawaiian hotel called the Waldorf Astoria . In actuality , the film was shot at the Grand Wailea in Maui , which is owned by Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts . One of the film 's in - jokes is the scene wherein Decker 's character meets her obvious soulmate - professional tennis player Andy Roddick - as Decker and Roddick are actually married . Release ( edit ) The film was released in theaters in the United States and Canada on February 11 , 2011 and in Bulgaria on March 25 , 2011 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Just Go with It grossed $103 million in the U.S. and Canada and $111.9 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $214.9 million . The film topped its opening weekend box office with $30.5 million . The biggest market in other territories being Russia , where it grossed $13,174,937 . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a rating of 18 % , based on 137 reviews , with an average rating of 3.8 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` Just Go With It may be slightly better than some entries in the recently dire rom - com genre , but that 's far from a recommendation . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 33 out of 100 , based on 31 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . The Telegraph named Just Go with It in its `` ten worst films of 2011 '' list , saying it is `` a crass and overpopulated remake of Cactus Flower , served up as a mangy romcom of serial deceptions . '' Christopher Orr of The Atlantic noted that `` the title itself seems a plea for audiences ' forbearance '' and is part of a disappointing trend involving `` the reimagining of good , if perhaps not quite classic , films associated with the latter 1960s and early 1970s . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote that Just Go With It `` is saved from utter disaster , though , by Jennifer Aniston '' who has `` expert comic timing '' and `` plays like a grown - up . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipients Result Ref Golden Raspberry Awards April 1 , 2012 Worst Actor Adam Sandler ( also for Jack and Jill ) Won Worst Supporting Actor Nick Swardson ( also for Jack and Jill ) Nominated Worst Supporting Actress Nicole Kidman Nominated Worst Screen Couple Adam Sandler and either Jennifer Aniston or Brooklyn Decker Nominated Worst Director Dennis Dugan ( also for Jack and Jill ) Won Teen Choice Awards August 7 , 2011 Choice Movie : Romantic Comedy Just Go with It Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Romantic Comedy Adam Sandler Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Romantic Comedy Jennifer Aniston Nominated Choice Movie Breakout : Female Brooklyn Decker Won Choice Movie : Chemistry Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston Won Home Media ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released Just Go with It on DVD and Blu - ray disc on June 7 , 2011 . It has so far grossed $14,535,543 in North America DVD sales . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Horn , John ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Word of Mouth : ' Just Go With It ' plays the demographics '' . LA Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go With It ( 2011 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2009 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Sandler , Aniston playing ' Pretend ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Wailea in Maui : The Setting for `` Just Go With It '' `` . FiveStarAlliance.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It Weekend Grosses '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It Foreign Totals '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go with It Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ten worst films of 2011 '' . The Telegraph . London . December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` ' Just Go With It ' : A Sad Union of the Saccharine and Scatological '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 11 February 2011 ) . `` Movie Review : Just Go With It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Blake Lively Wins Choice TV Drama Actress The Teen Choice Awards ! Here Are More Winners ! '' . Hollywood Life . August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Just Go With It - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Just Go With It Official website Just Go with It on IMDb Just Go with It at AllMovie Just Go with It at Rotten Tomatoes Just Go with It at Metacritic Just Go with It at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Dennis Dugan Problem Child ( 1990 ) Brain Donors ( 1992 ) The Shaggy Dog ( 1994 ) Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Beverly Hills Ninja ( 1997 ) Big Daddy ( 1999 ) Saving Silverman ( 2001 ) National Security ( 2003 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry ( 2007 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Happy Madison Productions Films Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) Little Nicky ( 2000 ) The Animal ( 2001 ) Joe Dirt ( 2001 ) Mr. Deeds ( 2002 ) The Master of Disguise ( 2002 ) Eight Crazy Nights ( 2002 ) The Hot Chick ( 2002 ) Anger Management ( 2003 ) Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star ( 2003 ) 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo ( 2005 ) Grandma 's Boy ( 2006 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) Click ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck And Larry ( 2007 ) Reign Over Me ( 2007 ) Strange Wilderness ( 2008 ) The House Bunny ( 2008 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Bedtime Stories ( 2008 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop ( 2009 ) The Shortcut ( 2009 ) Funny People ( 2009 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Zookeeper ( 2011 ) Bucky Larson : Born to Be a Star ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy ( 2012 ) Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Blended ( 2014 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Joe Dirt 2 : Beautiful Loser ( 2015 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) The Do - Over ( 2016 ) Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) The Week Of ( 2018 ) Television series Rules of Engagement ( 2007 -- 13 ) The Gong Show with Dave Attell ( 2008 ) Nick Swardson 's Pretend Time ( 2010 -- 11 ) Breaking In ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Goldbergs ( 2013 -- present ) Imaginary Mary ( 2017 ) Key people Adam Sandler Allen Covert Jack Giarraputo Tim Herlihy Heather Parry Sony Pictures Entertainment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Go_with_It&oldid=852679445 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s romantic comedy films American film remakes American films American romantic comedy films Columbia Pictures films Films scored by Rupert Gregson - Williams Films about families Films about vacationing Films based on adaptations Films directed by Dennis Dugan Films produced by Adam Sandler Films set in 1988 Films set in 2011 Films set in California Films set in Hawaii Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Long Island Happy Madison films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 16 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the film just go with it filmed | [
"The film was shot in Los Angeles and the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kauai between March 2, 2010 and May 25, 2010.[citation needed] The film is deliberately vague about which Hawaiian island its latter portion depicts; thus, the characters hike across a rope bridge on Maui and arrive in the next scene at a spectacular waterfall on Kauai, rather than the ordinary irrigation dam and pond on Maui where the actual trail terminates.\n",
"The film was shot in Los Angeles and the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kauai between March 2, 2010 and May 25, 2010.[citation needed] The film is deliberately vague about which Hawaiian island its latter portion depicts; thus, the characters hike across a rope bridge on Maui and arrive in the next scene at a spectacular waterfall on Kauai, rather than the ordinary irrigation dam and pond on Maui where the actual trail terminates.\n",
"The film was shot in Los Angeles and the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kauai between March 2, 2010 and May 25, 2010.[citation needed] The film is deliberately vague about which Hawaiian island its latter portion depicts; thus, the characters hike across a rope bridge on Maui and arrive in the next scene at a spectacular waterfall on Kauai, rather than the ordinary irrigation dam and pond on Maui where the actual trail terminates.\n"
] | [
"Los Angeles",
"Maui",
"Kauai"
] |
-4680796530345797313 | Battle of Jutland | Battle of Jutland - wikipedia Battle of Jutland Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Jutland Part of World War I The Battle of Jutland , 1916 Date 31 May -- 1 June 1916 Location North Sea , near Denmark 56 ° 42 ′ N 5 ° 52 ′ E / 56.700 ° N 5.867 ° E / 56.700 ; 5.867 Coordinates : 56 ° 42 ′ N 5 ° 52 ′ E / 56.700 ° N 5.867 ° E / 56.700 ; 5.867 Result See Outcome section Belligerents United Kingdom Germany Commanders and leaders Sir John Jellicoe Sir David Beatty Reinhard Scheer Franz Hipper Strength Total : 151 combat ships 28 battleships 9 battlecruisers 8 armoured cruisers 26 light cruisers 78 destroyers 1 minelayer 1 seaplane carrier Total : 99 combat ships 16 battleships 5 battlecruisers 6 pre-dreadnoughts 11 light cruisers 61 torpedo - boats Casualties and losses 6,094 killed 674 wounded 177 captured 3 battlecruisers 3 armoured cruisers 8 destroyers ( 113,300 tons sunk ) 2,551 killed 507 wounded 1 battlecruiser 1 pre-dreadnought 4 light cruisers 5 torpedo - boats ( 62,300 tons sunk ) North Sea 1914 -- 1918 U-Boat Campaign 1st Heligoland Bight 22 September 1914 Texel 1st Yarmouth Scarborough Cuxhaven Dogger Bank Noordhinder Bank 2nd Dogger Bank 29 February 1916 2nd Yarmouth Jutland 19 August 1916 1st Dover Strait 16 March 1917 2nd Dover Strait 4 May 1917 Lerwick 2nd Heligoland Bight Zeebrugge 1st Ostend 2nd Ostend Mine Barrage Tondern 24 October 1918 The Battle of Jutland ( German : Skagerrakschlacht , the Battle of Skagerrak ) was a naval battle fought by the British Royal Navy 's Grand Fleet under Admiral Sir John Jellicoe , against the Imperial German Navy 's High Seas Fleet under Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer during the First World War . The battle unfolded in extensive manoeuvring and three main engagements ( the battlecruiser action , the fleet action and the night action ) , from 31 May to 1 June 1916 , off the North Sea coast of Denmark 's Jutland Peninsula . It was the largest naval battle and the only full - scale clash of battleships in that war . Jutland was the third fleet action between steel battleships , following the smaller but more decisive battles of the Yellow Sea ( 1904 ) and Tsushima ( 1905 ) during the Russo - Japanese War . Jutland was the last major battle in world history fought primarily by battleships . Germany 's High Seas Fleet intended to lure out , trap , and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet , as the German naval force was insufficient to openly engage the entire British fleet . This formed part of a larger strategy to break the British blockade of Germany and to allow German naval vessels access to the Atlantic . Meanwhile , Great Britain 's Royal Navy pursued a strategy of engaging and destroying the High Seas Fleet , thereby keeping German naval forces contained and away from Britain and her shipping lanes . The Germans planned to use Vice-Admiral Franz Hipper 's fast scouting group of five modern battlecruisers to lure Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty 's battlecruiser squadrons into the path of the main German fleet . They stationed submarines in advance across the likely routes of the British ships . However , the British learned from signal intercepts that a major fleet operation was likely , so on 30 May Jellicoe sailed with the Grand Fleet to rendezvous with Beatty , passing over the locations of the German submarine picket lines while they were unprepared . The German plan had been delayed , causing further problems for their submarines , which had reached the limit of their endurance at sea . On the afternoon of 31 May , Beatty encountered Hipper 's battlecruiser force long before the Germans had expected . In a running battle , Hipper successfully drew the British vanguard into the path of the High Seas Fleet . By the time Beatty sighted the larger force and turned back towards the British main fleet , he had lost two battlecruisers from a force of six battlecruisers and four powerful battleships -- though he had sped ahead of his battleships of 5th Battle Squadron earlier in the day , effectively losing them as an integral component for much of this opening action against the five ships commanded by Hipper . Beatty 's withdrawal at the sight of the High Seas Fleet , which the British had not known were in the open sea , would reverse the course of the battle by drawing the German fleet in pursuit towards the British Grand Fleet . Between 18 : 30 , when the sun was lowering on the western horizon , back - lighting the German forces , and nightfall at about 20 : 30 , the two fleets -- totalling 250 ships between them -- directly engaged twice . Fourteen British and eleven German ships sank , with great loss of life . After sunset , and throughout the night , Jellicoe manoeuvred to cut the Germans off from their base , hoping to continue the battle the next morning , but under the cover of darkness Scheer broke through the British light forces forming the rearguard of the Grand Fleet and returned to port . Both sides claimed victory . The British lost more ships and twice as many sailors but succeeded in containing the German fleet . However , the British press criticised the Grand Fleet 's failure to force a decisive outcome , while Scheer 's plan of destroying a substantial portion of the British fleet also failed . Finally , the British strategy of denying Germany access to both the United Kingdom and the Atlantic did succeed , which was the British long - term goal . The Germans ' `` fleet in being '' continued to pose a threat , requiring the British to keep their battleships concentrated in the North Sea , but the battle reinforced the German policy of avoiding all fleet - to - fleet contact . At the end of 1916 , after further unsuccessful attempts to reduce the Royal Navy 's numerical advantage , the German Navy accepted that its surface ships had been successfully contained , subsequently turning its efforts and resources to unrestricted submarine warfare and the destruction of Allied and neutral shipping , which - along with the Zimmermann Telegram - by April 1917 triggered the United States of America 's declaration of war on Germany . Subsequent reviews commissioned by the Royal Navy generated strong disagreement between supporters of Jellicoe and Beatty concerning the two admirals ' performance in the battle . Debate over their performance and the significance of the battle continues to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and planning 1.1 German planning 1.1. 1 Submarine deployments 1.1. 2 Zeppelins 1.2 British response 2 Naval tactics in 1916 2.1 Ship design 3 Order of battle 4 Battlecruiser action 4.1 Contact 4.2 Run to the south 4.3 Run to the north 4.4 The fleets converge 5 Fleet action 5.1 Deployment 5.2 Windy Corner 5.3 Crossing the T 5.4 Gefechtskehrtwendung 6 Night action and German withdrawal 7 Outcome 7.1 Reporting 7.2 Assessments 7.3 British self - critique 7.3. 1 Shell performance 7.3. 2 Battlecruiser losses 7.3. 3 Ammunition handling 7.3. 4 Gunnery 7.3. 5 Signalling 7.3. 6 Fleet Standing Orders 8 Controversy 8.1 Beatty 's actions 9 Death toll 9.1 British 9.2 German 10 Selected honours 10.1 Pour le Mérite 10.2 Victoria Cross 11 Status of the survivors and wrecks 12 Remembrance 13 Film 14 See also 15 Notes 16 Citations 17 Bibliography 18 Further reading 19 External links Background and planning ( edit ) German planning ( edit ) With 16 dreadnought - type battleships , compared with the Royal Navy 's 28 , the German High Seas Fleet stood little chance of winning a head - to - head clash . The Germans therefore adopted a divide - and - conquer strategy . They would stage raids into the North Sea and bombard the English coast , with the aim of luring out small British squadrons and pickets , which could then be destroyed by superior forces or submarines . In January 1916 , Admiral von Pohl , commander of the German fleet , fell ill . He was replaced by Scheer , who believed that the fleet had been used too defensively , had better ships and men than the British , and ought to take the war to them . According to Scheer , the German naval strategy should be : to damage the English fleet by offensive raids against the naval forces engaged in watching and blockading the German Bight , as well as by mine - laying on the British coast and submarine attack , whenever possible . After an equality of strength had been realised as a result of these operations , and all our forces had been made ready and concentrated , an attempt was to be made with our fleet to seek battle under circumstances unfavourable to the enemy . Reinhard Scheer , German fleet commander On 25 April 1916 , a decision was made by the German admiralty to halt indiscriminate attacks by submarine on merchant shipping . This followed protests from neutral countries , notably the United States , that their nationals had been the victims of attacks . Germany agreed that future attacks would only take place in accord with internationally agreed prize rules , which required an attacker to give a warning and allow the crews of vessels time to escape , and not to attack neutral vessels at all . Scheer believed that it would not be possible to continue attacks on these terms , which took away the advantage of secret approach by submarines and left them vulnerable to even relatively small guns on the target ships . Instead , he set about deploying the submarine fleet against military vessels . It was hoped that , following a successful German submarine attack , fast British escorts , such as destroyers , would be tied down by anti-submarine operations . If the Germans could catch the British in the expected locations , good prospects were thought to exist of at least partially redressing the balance of forces between the fleets . `` After the British sortied in response to the raiding attack force '' , the Royal Navy 's centuries - old instincts for aggressive action could be exploited to draw its weakened units towards the main German fleet under Scheer . The hope was that Scheer would thus be able to ambush a section of the British fleet and destroy it . Submarine deployments ( edit ) A plan was devised to station submarines offshore from British naval bases , and then stage some action that would draw out the British ships to the waiting submarines . The battlecruiser SMS Seydlitz had been damaged in a previous engagement , but was due to be repaired by mid May , so an operation was scheduled for 17 May 1916 . At the start of May , difficulties with condensers were discovered on ships of the third battleship squadron , so the operation was put back to 23 May . Ten submarines -- U-24 , U-32 , U-43 , U-44 , UC - 47 , U-51 , U-52 , U-63 , U-66 , and U-70 -- were given orders first to patrol in the central North Sea between 17 and 22 May , and then to take up waiting positions . U-43 and U-44 were stationed in the Pentland Firth , which the Grand Fleet was likely to cross leaving Scapa Flow , while the remainder proceeded to the Firth of Forth , awaiting battlecruisers departing Rosyth . Each boat had an allocated area , within which it could move around as necessary to avoid detection , but was instructed to keep within it . During the initial North Sea patrol the boats were instructed to sail only north -- south so that any enemy who chanced to encounter one would believe it was departing or returning from operations on the west coast ( which required them to pass around the north of Britain ) . Once at their final positions , the boats were under strict orders to avoid premature detection that might give away the operation . It was arranged that a coded signal would be transmitted to alert the submarines exactly when the operation commenced : `` Take into account the enemy 's forces may be putting to sea '' . Additionally , UB - 27 was sent out on 20 May with instructions to work its way into the Firth of Forth past May Island . U-46 was ordered to patrol the coast of Sunderland , which had been chosen for the diversionary attack , but because of engine problems it was unable to leave port and U-47 was diverted to this task . On 13 May , U-72 was sent to lay mines in the Firth of Forth ; on the 23rd , U-74 departed to lay mines in the Moray Firth ; and on the 24th , U-75 was dispatched similarly west of the Orkney Islands . UB - 21 and UB - 22 were sent to patrol the Humber , where ( incorrect ) reports had suggested the presence of British warships . U-22 , U-46 and U-67 were positioned north of Terschelling to protect against intervention by British light forces stationed at Harwich . On 22 May 1916 , it was discovered that Seydlitz was still not watertight after repairs and would not now be ready until the 29th . The ambush submarines were now on station and experiencing difficulties of their own : visibility near the coast was frequently poor due to fog , and sea conditions were either so calm the slightest ripple , as from the periscope , could give away their position , or so rough as to make it very hard to keep the vessel at a steady depth . The British had become aware of unusual submarine activity , and had begun counter patrols that forced the submarines out of position . UB - 27 passed Bell Rock on the night of 23 May on its way into the Firth of Forth as planned , but was halted by engine trouble . After repairs it continued to approach , following behind merchant vessels , and reached Largo Bay on 25 May . There the boat became entangled in nets that fouled one of the propellers , forcing it to abandon the operation and return home . U-74 was detected by four armed trawlers on 27 May and sunk 25 mi ( 22 nmi ; 40 km ) south - east of Peterhead . U-75 laid its mines off the Orkney Islands , which , although they played no part in the battle , were responsible later for sinking the cruiser Hampshire carrying Lord Kitchener ( head of the army ) on a mission to Russia on 5 June . U-72 was forced to abandon its mission without laying any mines when an oil leak meant it was leaving a visible surface trail astern . Zeppelins ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The throat of the Skagerrak , the strategic gateway to the Baltic and North Atlantic , waters off Jutland , Norway and Sweden The Germans maintained a fleet of Zeppelins that they used for aerial reconnaissance and occasional bombing raids . The planned raid on Sunderland intended to use Zeppelins to watch out for the British fleet approaching from the north , which might otherwise surprise the raiders . By 28 May , strong north - easterly winds meant that it would not be possible to send out the Zeppelins , so the raid again had to be postponed . The submarines could only stay on station until 1 June before their supplies would be exhausted and they had to return , so a decision had to be made quickly about the raid . It was decided to use an alternative plan , abandoning the attack on Sunderland but instead sending a patrol of battlecruisers to the Skagerrak , where it was likely they would encounter merchant ships carrying British cargo and British cruiser patrols . It was felt this could be done without air support , because the action would now be much closer to Germany , relying instead on cruiser and torpedo boat patrols for reconnaissance . Orders for the alternative plan were issued on 28 May , although it was still hoped that last - minute improvements in the weather would allow the original plan to go ahead . The German fleet assembled in the Jade River and at Wilhelmshaven and was instructed to raise steam and be ready for action from midnight on 28 May . Franz Hipper , commander of the German battlecruiser squadron By 14 : 00 on 30 May , the wind was still too strong and the final decision was made to use the alternative plan . The coded signal `` 31 May G.G. 2490 '' was transmitted to the ships of the fleet to inform them the Skagerrak attack would start on 31 May . The pre-arranged signal to the waiting submarines was transmitted throughout the day from the E-Dienst radio station at Brugge , and the U-boat tender Arcona anchored at Emden . Only two of the waiting submarines , U-66 and U-32 , received the order . British response ( edit ) Unfortunately for the German plan , the British had obtained a copy of the main German codebook from the light cruiser SMS Magdeburg , which had been boarded by the Russian Navy after the ship ran aground in Russian territorial waters in 1914 . German naval radio communications could therefore often be quickly deciphered , and the British Admiralty usually knew about German activities . The British Admiralty 's Room 40 maintained direction finding and interception of German naval signals . It had intercepted and decrypted a German signal on 28 May that provided `` ample evidence that the German fleet was stirring in the North Sea . '' Further signals were intercepted , and although they were not decrypted it was clear that a major operation was likely . At 11 : 00 on 30 May , Jellicoe was warned that the German fleet seemed prepared to sail the following morning . By 17 : 00 , the Admiralty had intercepted the signal from Scheer , `` 31 May G.G. 2490 '' , making it clear something significant was imminent . Not knowing the Germans ' objective , Jellicoe and his staff decided to position the fleet to head off any attempt by the Germans to enter the North Atlantic , or the Baltic through the Skagerrak , by taking up a position off Norway where they could possibly cut off any German raid into the shipping lanes of the Atlantic , or prevent the Germans from heading into the Baltic . A position further west was unnecessary , as that area of the North Sea could be patrolled by air using blimps and scouting aircraft . John Jellicoe , British fleet commander Consequently , Admiral Jellicoe led the sixteen dreadnought battleships of the 1st and 4th Battle Squadrons of the Grand Fleet and three battlecruisers of the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron eastwards out of Scapa Flow at 22 : 30 on 30 May . He was to meet the 2nd Battle Squadron of eight dreadnought battleships commanded by Vice-Admiral Martyn Jerram coming from Cromarty . Hipper 's raiding force did not leave the Outer Jade Roads until 01 : 00 on 31 May , heading west of Heligoland Island following a cleared channel through the minefields , heading north at 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . The main German fleet of sixteen dreadnought battleships of 1st and 3rd Battle Squadrons left the Jade at 02 : 30 , being joined off Heligoland at 04 : 00 by the six pre-dreadnoughts of the 2nd Battle Squadron coming from the Elbe River . Beatty 's faster force of six ships of the 1st and 2nd Battlecruiser Squadrons plus the 5th Battle Squadron of four fast battleships left the Firth of Forth on the next day ; Jellicoe intended to rendezvous with him 90 mi ( 78 nmi ; 140 km ) west of the mouth of the Skagerrak off the coast of Jutland and wait for the Germans to appear or for their intentions to become clear . The planned position would give him the widest range of responses to likely German moves . Naval tactics in 1916 ( edit ) The principle of concentration of force was fundamental to the fleet tactics of this time ( as in earlier periods ) . Tactical doctrine called for a fleet approaching battle to be in a compact formation of parallel columns , allowing relatively easy manoeuvring , and giving shortened sight lines within the formation , which simplified the passing of the signals necessary for command and control . A fleet formed in several short columns could change its heading faster than one formed in a single long column . Since most command signals were made with flags or signal lamps between ships , the flagship was usually placed at the head of the centre column so that its signals might be more easily seen by the many ships of the formation . Wireless telegraphy was in use , though security ( radio direction finding ) , encryption , and the limitation of the radio sets made their extensive use more problematic . Command and control of such huge fleets remained difficult . Thus , it might take a very long time for a signal from the flagship to be relayed to the entire formation . It was usually necessary for a signal to be confirmed by each ship before it could be relayed to other ships , and an order for a fleet movement would have to be received and acknowledged by every ship before it could be executed . In a large single - column formation , a signal could take 10 minutes or more to be passed from one end of the line to the other , whereas in a formation of parallel columns , visibility across the diagonals was often better ( and always shorter ) than in a single long column , and the diagonals gave signal `` redundancy '' , increasing the probability that a message would be quickly seen and correctly interpreted . However , before battle was joined the heavy units of the fleet would , if possible , deploy into a single column . To form the battle line in the correct orientation relative to the enemy , the commanding admiral had to know the enemy fleet 's distance , bearing , heading , and speed . It was the task of the scouting forces , consisting primarily of battlecruisers and cruisers , to find the enemy and report this information in sufficient time , and , if possible , to deny the enemy 's scouting forces the opportunity of obtaining the equivalent information . Ideally , the battle line would cross the intended path of the enemy column so that the maximum number of guns could be brought to bear , while the enemy could fire only with the forward guns of the leading ships , a manoeuvre known as `` crossing the T '' . Admiral Tōgō , commander of the Japanese battleship fleet , had achieved this against Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky 's Russian battleships in 1905 at the Battle of Tsushima , with devastating results . Jellicoe achieved this twice in one hour against the High Seas Fleet at Jutland , but on both occasions , Scheer managed to turn away and disengage , thereby avoiding a decisive action . Ship design ( edit ) Within the existing technological limits , a trade - off had to be made between the weight and size of guns , the weight of armour protecting the ship , and the maximum speed . Battleships sacrificed speed for armour and heavy naval guns ( 11 in ( 280 mm ) or larger ) . British battlecruisers sacrificed weight of armour for greater speed , while their German counterparts were armed with lighter guns and heavier armour . These weight savings allowed them to escape danger or catch other ships . Generally , the larger guns mounted on British ships allowed an engagement at greater range . In theory , a lightly armoured ship could stay out of range of a slower opponent while still scoring hits . The fast pace of development in the pre-war years meant that every few years , a new generation of ships rendered its predecessors obsolete . Thus , fairly young ships could still be obsolete compared to the newest ships , and fare badly in an engagement against them . Admiral John Fisher , responsible for reconstruction of the British fleet in the pre-war period , favoured large guns , oil fuel , and speed . Admiral Tirpitz , responsible for the German fleet , favoured ship survivability and chose to sacrifice some gun size for improved armour . The German battlecruiser SMS Derfflinger had belt armour equivalent in thickness -- though not as comprehensive -- to the British battleship HMS Iron Duke , significantly better than on the British battlecruisers such as Tiger . German ships had better internal subdivision and had fewer doors and other weak points in their bulkheads , but with the disadvantage that space for crew was greatly reduced . As they were designed only for sorties in the North Sea they did not need to be as habitable as the British vessels and their crews could live in barracks ashore when in harbour . Order of battle ( edit ) Main article : Order of battle at Jutland British German Dreadnought battleships 28 16 Pre-dreadnoughts 0 6 Battlecruisers 9 5 Armoured cruisers 8 0 Light cruisers 26 11 Destroyers 79 61 Seaplane carrier 0 Warships of the period were armed with guns firing projectiles of varying weights , bearing high explosive warheads . The sum total of weight of all the projectiles fired by all the ship 's broadside guns is referred to as `` weight of broadside '' . At Jutland , the total of the British ships ' weight of broadside was 332,360 lb ( 150,760 kg ) , while the German fleet 's total was 134,216 lb ( 60,879 kg ) . This does not take into consideration the ability of some ships and their crews to fire more or less rapidly than others , which would increase or decrease amount of fire that one combatant was able to bring to bear on their opponent for any length of time . Jellicoe 's Grand Fleet was split into two sections . The dreadnought Battle Fleet , with which he sailed , formed the main force and was composed of 24 battleships and three battlecruisers . The battleships were formed into three squadrons of eight ships , further subdivided into divisions of four , each led by a flag officer . Accompanying them were eight armoured cruisers ( classified by the Royal Navy since 1913 as `` cruisers '' ) , eight light cruisers , four scout cruisers , 51 destroyers , and one destroyer - minelayer . David Beatty , commander of the British battlecruiser fleet The Grand Fleet sailed without three of its battleships : Emperor of India in refit at Invergordon , Queen Elizabeth dry - docked at Rosyth and Dreadnought in refit at Devonport . The brand new Royal Sovereign was left behind ; with only three weeks in service , her untrained crew was judged unready for battle . British reconnaissance was provided by the Battlecruiser Fleet under David Beatty : six battlecruisers , four fast Queen Elizabeth - class battleships , 14 light cruisers and 27 destroyers . Air scouting was provided by the attachment of the seaplane tender HMS Engadine , one of the first aircraft carriers in history to participate in a naval engagement . The German High Seas Fleet under Scheer was also split into a main force and a separate reconnaissance force . Scheer 's main battle fleet was composed of 16 battleships and six pre-dreadnought battleships arranged in an identical manner to the British . With them were six light cruisers and 31 torpedo - boats , ( the latter being roughly equivalent to a British destroyer ) . The German scouting force , commanded by Franz Hipper , consisted of five battlecruisers , five light cruisers and 30 torpedo - boats . The Germans had no equivalent to Engadine and no heavier - than - air aircraft to operate with the fleet but had the Imperial German Naval Airship Service 's force of rigid airships available to patrol the North Sea . All of the battleships and battlecruisers on both sides carried torpedoes of various sizes , as did the lighter craft . The British battleships carried three or four underwater torpedo tubes . The battlecruisers carried from two to five . All were either 18 - inch or 21 - inch diameter . The German battleships carried five or six underwater torpedo tubes in three sizes from 18 to 21 inch and the battlecruisers carried four or five tubes . The German battle fleet was hampered by the slow speed and relatively poor armament of the six pre-dreadnoughts of II Squadron , which limited maximum fleet speed to 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) , compared to maximum British fleet speed of 21 knots ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) . On the British side , the eight armoured cruisers were deficient in both speed and armour protection . Both of these obsolete squadrons were notably vulnerable to attacks by more modern enemy ships . Battlecruiser action ( edit ) The route of the British battlecruiser fleet took it through the patrol sector allocated to U-32 . After receiving the order to commence the operation , the U-boat moved to a position 80 mi ( 70 nmi ; 130 km ) east of May Island at dawn on 31 May . At 03 : 40 , it sighted the cruisers HMS Galatea and Phaeton leaving the Forth at 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . It launched one torpedo at the leading cruiser at a range of 1,000 yd ( 910 m ) , but its periscope jammed ' up ' , giving away the position of the submarine as it manoeuvred to fire a second . The lead cruiser turned away to dodge the torpedo , while the second turned towards the submarine , attempting to ram . U-32 crash dived , and on raising its periscope at 04 : 10 saw two battlecruisers ( the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron ) heading south - east . They were too far away to attack , but Kapitänleutnant von Spiegel reported the sighting of two battleships and two cruisers to Germany . U-66 was also supposed to be patrolling off the Firth of Forth but had been forced north to a position 60 mi ( 52 nmi ; 97 km ) off Peterhead by patrolling British vessels . This now brought it into contact with the 2nd Battle Squadron , coming from the Moray Firth . At 05 : 00 , it had to crash dive when the cruiser Duke of Edinburgh appeared from the mist heading toward it . It was followed by another cruiser , Boadicea , and eight battleships . U-66 got within 350 yd ( 320 m ) of the battleships preparing to fire , but was forced to dive by an approaching destroyer and missed the opportunity . At 06 : 35 , it reported eight battleships and cruisers heading north . The courses reported by both submarines were incorrect , because they reflected one leg of a zigzag being used by British ships to avoid submarines . Taken with a wireless intercept of more ships leaving Scapa Flow earlier in the night , they created the impression in the German High Command that the British fleet , whatever it was doing , was split into separate sections moving apart , which was precisely as the Germans wished to meet it . Jellicoe 's ships proceeded to their rendezvous undamaged and undiscovered . However , he was now misled by an Admiralty intelligence report advising that the German main battle fleet was still in port . The Director of Operations Division , Rear Admiral Thomas Jackson , had asked the intelligence division , Room 40 , for the current location of German call sign DK , used by Admiral Scheer . They had replied that it was currently transmitting from Wilhelmshaven . It was known to the intelligence staff that Scheer deliberately used a different call sign when at sea , but no one asked for this information or explained the reason behind the query -- to locate the German fleet . The German battlecruisers cleared the minefields surrounding the Amrum swept channel by 09 : 00 . They then proceeded north - west , passing 35 mi ( 30 nmi ; 56 km ) west of the Horn 's Reef lightship heading for the Little Fisher Bank at the mouth of the Skagerrak . The High Seas Fleet followed some 50 mi ( 43 nmi ; 80 km ) behind . The battlecruisers were in line ahead , with the four cruisers of the II scouting group plus supporting torpedo boats ranged in an arc 8 mi ( 7.0 nmi ; 13 km ) ahead and to either side . The IX torpedo boat flotilla formed close support immediately surrounding the battlecruisers . The High Seas Fleet similarly adopted a line - ahead formation , with close screening by torpedo boats to either side and a further screen of five cruisers surrounding the column 5 -- 8 mi ( 4.3 -- 7.0 nmi ; 8.0 -- 12.9 km ) away . The wind had finally moderated so that Zeppelins could be used , and by 11 : 30 five had been sent out : L14 to the Skagerrak , L23 240 mi ( 210 nmi ; 390 km ) east of Noss Head in the Pentland Firth , L21 120 mi ( 100 nmi ; 190 km ) off Peterhead , L9 100 mi ( 87 nmi ; 160 km ) off Sunderland , and L16 80 mi ( 70 nmi ; 130 km ) east of Flamborough Head . Visibility , however , was still bad , with clouds down to 1,000 ft ( 300 m ) . Contact ( edit ) HMS Warspite and Malaya , seen from HMS Valiant at around 14 : 00 hrs By around 14 : 00 , Beatty 's ships were proceeding eastward at roughly the same latitude as Hipper 's squadron , which was heading north . Had the courses remained unchanged , Beatty would have passed between the two German fleets , 40 mi ( 35 nmi ; 64 km ) south of the battlecruisers and 20 mi ( 17 nmi ; 32 km ) north of the High Seas Fleet at around 16 : 30 , possibly trapping his ships just as the German plan envisioned . His orders were to stop his scouting patrol when he reached a point 260 mi ( 230 nmi ; 420 km ) east of Britain and then turn north to meet Jellicoe , which he did at this time . Beatty 's ships were divided into three columns , with the two battlecruiser squadrons leading in parallel lines 3 mi ( 2.6 nmi ; 4.8 km ) apart . The 5th Battle Squadron was stationed 5 mi ( 4.3 nmi ; 8.0 km ) to the north - west , on the side furthest away from any expected enemy contact , while a screen of cruisers and destroyers was spread south - east of the battlecruisers . After the turn , the 5th Battle Squadron was now leading the British ships in the westernmost column , and Beatty 's squadron was centre and rearmost , with the 2nd BCS to the west . ( 1 ) 15 : 22 hrs , Hipper sights Beatty . ( 2 ) 15 : 48 hrs , First shots fired by Hipper 's squadron . ( 3 ) 16 : 00 hrs - 16 : 05 hrs , Indefatigable explodes , leaving two survivors . ( 4 ) 16 : 25 hrs , Queen Mary explodes , nine survive . ( 5 ) 16 : 45 hrs , Beatty 's battlecruisers move out of range of Hipper . ( 6 ) 16 : 54 hrs , Evan - Thomas 's battleships turn north behind Beatty . At 14 : 20 on 31 May , despite heavy haze and scuds of fog giving poor visibility , scouts from Beatty 's force reported enemy ships to the south - east ; the British light units , investigating a neutral Danish steamer ( NJ Fjord ) , which was stopped between the two fleets , had found two German destroyers engaged on the same mission ( B109 and B110 ) . The first shots of the battle were fired at 14 : 28 when HMS Galatea and Phaeton of the British 1st Light Cruiser Squadron opened on the German torpedo boats , which withdrew toward their approaching light cruisers . At 14 : 36 , the Germans scored the first hit of the battle when SMS Elbing , of Rear - Admiral Friedrich Boedicker 's Scouting Group II , hit her British counterpart Galatea at extreme range . Beatty began to move his battlecruisers and supporting forces south - eastwards and then east to cut the German ships off from their base and ordered Engadine to launch a seaplane to try to get more information about the size and location of the German forces . This was the first time in history that a carrier - based aeroplane was used for reconnaissance in naval combat . Engadine 's aircraft did locate and report some German light cruisers just before 15 : 30 and came under anti-aircraft gunfire but attempts to relay reports from the aeroplane failed . Unfortunately for Beatty , his initial course changes at 14 : 32 were not received by Sir Hugh Evan - Thomas 's 5th Battle Squadron ( the distance being too great to read his flags ) , because the battlecruiser HMS Tiger -- the last ship in his column -- was no longer in a position where she could relay signals by searchlight to Evan - Thomas , as she had previously been ordered to do . Whereas before the north turn , Tiger had been the closest ship to Evan - Thomas , she was now further away than Beatty in Lion . Matters were aggravated because Evan - Thomas had not been briefed regarding standing orders within Beatty 's squadron , as his squadron normally operated with the Grand Fleet . Fleet ships were expected to obey movement orders precisely and not deviate from them . Beatty 's standing instructions expected his officers to use their initiative and keep station with the flagship . As a result , the four Queen Elizabeth - class battleships -- which were the fastest and most heavily armed in the world at that time -- remained on the previous course for several minutes , ending up 10 mi ( 8.7 nmi ; 16 km ) behind rather than five . Beatty also had the opportunity during the previous hours to concentrate his forces , and no reason not to do so , whereas he steamed ahead at full speed , faster than the battleships could manage . Dividing the force had serious consequences for the British , costing them what would have been an overwhelming advantage in ships and firepower during the first half - hour of the coming battle . With visibility favouring the Germans , Hipper 's battlecruisers at 15 : 22 , steaming approximately north - west , sighted Beatty 's squadron at a range of about 15 mi ( 13 nmi ; 24 km ) , while Beatty 's forces did not identify Hipper 's battlecruisers until 15 : 30 . ( position 1 on map ) . At 15 : 45 , Hipper turned south - east to lead Beatty toward Scheer , who was 46 mi ( 40 nmi ; 74 km ) south - east with the main force of the High Seas Fleet . Run to the south ( edit ) Beatty 's conduct during the next 15 minutes has received a great deal of criticism , as his ships out - ranged and outnumbered the German squadron , yet he held his fire for over 10 minutes with the German ships in range . He also failed to use the time available to rearrange his battlecruisers into a fighting formation , with the result that they were still manoeuvring when the battle started . At 15 : 48 , with the opposing forces roughly parallel at 15,000 yd ( 14,000 m ) , with the British to the south - west of the Germans ( i.e. , on the right side ) , Hipper opened fire , followed by the British ships as their guns came to bear upon targets ( position 2 ) . Thus began the opening phase of the battlecruiser action , known as the Run to the South , in which the British chased the Germans , and Hipper intentionally led Beatty toward Scheer . During the first minutes of the ensuing battle , all the British ships except Princess Royal fired far over their German opponents , due to adverse visibility conditions , before finally getting the range . Only Lion and Princess Royal had settled into formation , so the other four ships were hampered in aiming by their own turning . Beatty was to windward of Hipper , and therefore funnel and gun smoke from his own ships tended to obscure his targets , while Hipper 's smoke blew clear . Also , the eastern sky was overcast and the grey German ships were indistinct and difficult to range . Beatty 's flagship Lion burning after being hit by a salvo from Lützow HMS Indefatigable sinking after being struck by shells from the German battlecruiser Von der Tann Beatty had ordered his ships to engage in a line , one British ship engaging with one German and his flagship HMS Lion doubling on the German flagship SMS Lützow . However , due to another mistake with signalling by flag , and possibly because Queen Mary and Tiger were unable to see the German lead ship because of smoke , the second German ship , Derfflinger , was left un-engaged and free to fire without disruption . SMS Moltke drew fire from two of Beatty 's battlecruisers , but still fired with great accuracy during this time , hitting Tiger 9 times in the first 12 minutes . The Germans drew first blood . Aided by superior visibility , Hipper 's five battlecruisers quickly registered hits on three of the six British battlecruisers . Seven minutes passed before the British managed to score their first hit . The first near - kill of the Run to the South occurred at 16 : 00 , when a 30.5 cm ( 12.0 in ) shell from Lützow wrecked the `` Q '' turret amidships on Beatty 's flagship Lion . Dozens of crewmen were instantly killed , but far larger destruction was averted when the mortally wounded turret commander -- Major Francis Harvey of the Royal Marines -- promptly ordered the magazine doors shut and the magazine flooded . This prevented a magazine explosion at 16 : 28 , when a flash fire ignited ready cordite charges beneath the turret and killed everyone in the chambers outside `` Q '' magazine . Lion was saved . HMS Indefatigable was not so lucky ; at 16 : 02 , just 14 minutes into the gunnery exchange , she was hit aft by three 28 cm ( 11 in ) shells from SMS Von der Tann , causing damage sufficient to knock her out of line and detonating `` X '' magazine aft . Soon after , despite the near - maximum range , Von der Tann put another 28 cm ( 11 in ) shell on Indefatigable 's `` A '' turret forward . The plunging shells probably pierced the thin upper armour , and seconds later Indefatigable was ripped apart by another magazine explosion , sinking immediately with her crew of 1,019 officers and men , leaving only two survivors . ( position 3 ) . Hipper 's position deteriorated somewhat by 16 : 15 as the 5th Battle Squadron finally came into range , so that he had to contend with gunfire from the four battleships astern as well as Beatty 's five remaining battlecruisers to starboard . But he knew his baiting mission was close to completion , as his force was rapidly closing with Scheer 's main body . At 16 : 08 , the lead battleship of the 5th Battle Squadron , HMS Barham , caught up with Hipper and opened fire at extreme range , scoring a 15 in ( 380 mm ) hit on Von der Tann within 60 seconds . Still , it was 16 : 15 before all the battleships of the 5th were able to fully engage at long range . At 16 : 25 , the battlecruiser action intensified again when HMS Queen Mary was hit by what may have been a combined salvo from Derfflinger and Seydlitz ; she disintegrated when both forward magazines exploded , sinking with all but nine of her 1,275 man crew lost . ( position 4 ) . Commander von Hase , the first gunnery officer aboard Derfflingler , noted : The enemy was shooting superbly . Twice the Derfflinger came under their infernal hail and each time she was hit . But the Queen Mary was having a bad time ; engaged by the Seydlitz as well as the Derfflinger , she met her doom at 1626 . A vivid red flame shot up from her forepart ; then came an explosion forward , followed by a much heavier explosion amidships . Immediately afterwards , she blew up with a terrific explosion , the masts collapsing inwards and the smoke hiding everything . HMS Queen Mary blowing up During the Run to the South , from 15 : 48 to 16 : 54 , the German battlecruisers made an estimated total of forty - two 28 and 30.5 cm ( 11.0 and 12.0 in ) hits on the British battlecruisers ( nine on Lion , six on Princess Royal , seven on Queen Mary , 14 on Tiger , one on New Zealand , five on Indefatigable ) , and two more on the battleship Barham , compared with only eleven 13.5 in ( 340 mm ) hits by the British battlecruisers ( four on Lützow , four on Seydlitz , two on Moltke , one on von der Tann ) , and six 15 in ( 380 mm ) hits by the battleships ( one on Seydlitz , four on Moltke , one on von der Tann ) . Shortly after 16 : 26 , a salvo struck on or around HMS Princess Royal , which was obscured by spray and smoke from shell bursts . A signalman promptly leapt on to the bridge of Lion and announced `` Princess Royal 's blown up , Sir . '' Beatty famously turned to his flag captain , saying `` Chatfield , there seems to be something wrong with our bloody ships today . '' ( In popular legend , Beatty also immediately ordered his ships to `` turn two points to port '' , i.e. , two points nearer the enemy , but there is no official record of any such command or course change . ) Princess Royal , as it turned out , was still afloat after the spray cleared . At 16 : 30 , Scheer 's leading battleships sighted the distant battlecruiser action ; soon after , HMS Southampton of Beatty 's 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron led by Commodore William Goodenough sighted the main body of Scheer 's High Seas Fleet , dodging numerous heavy - calibre salvos to report in detail the German strength : 16 dreadnoughts with six older battleships . This was the first news that Beatty and Jellicoe had that Scheer and his battle fleet were even at sea . Simultaneously , an all - out destroyer action raged in the space between the opposing battlecruiser forces , as British and German destroyers fought with each other and attempted to torpedo the larger enemy ships . Each side fired many torpedoes , but both battlecruiser forces turned away from the attacks and all escaped harm except Seydlitz , which was hit forward at 16 : 57 by a torpedo fired by the British destroyer HMS Petard . Though taking on water , Seydlitz maintained speed . The destroyer HMS Nestor , under the command of Captain Barry Bingham , led the British attacks . The British disabled the German torpedo boat V27 , which the Germans soon abandoned and sank , and Petard then torpedoed and sank V29 , her second score of the day . S35 and V26 rescued the crews of their sunken sister ships . But Nestor and another British destroyer -- HMS Nomad -- were immobilised by shell hits , and were later sunk by Scheer 's passing dreadnoughts . Bingham was rescued , and won the Victoria Cross for his leadership in the destroyer action . Run to the north ( edit ) As soon as he himself sighted the vanguard of Scheer 's distant battleship line 12 mi ( 10 nmi ; 19 km ) away , at 16 : 40 , Beatty turned his battlecruiser force 180 ° , heading north to draw the Germans toward Jellicoe . ( position 5 ) . Beatty 's withdrawal toward Jellicoe is called the `` Run to the North '' , in which the tables turned and the Germans chased the British . Because Beatty once again failed to signal his intentions adequately , the battleships of the 5th Battle Squadron -- which were too far behind to read his flags -- found themselves passing the battlecruisers on an opposing course and heading directly toward the approaching main body of the High Seas Fleet . At 16 : 48 , at extreme range , Scheer 's leading battleships opened fire . Meanwhile , at 16 : 47 , having received Goodenough 's signal and knowing that Beatty was now leading the German battle fleet north to him , Jellicoe signalled to his own forces that the fleet action they had waited so long for was finally imminent ; at 16 : 51 , by radio , he informed the Admiralty so in London . The difficulties of the 5th Battle Squadron were compounded when Beatty gave the order to Evan - Thomas to `` turn in succession '' ( rather than `` turn together '' ) at 16 : 48 as the battleships passed him . Evan - Thomas acknowledged the signal , but Lieutenant - Commander Ralph Seymour , Beatty 's flag lieutenant , aggravated the situation when he did not haul down the flags ( to execute the signal ) for some minutes . At 16 : 55 , when the 5BS had moved within range of the enemy battleships , Evan - Thomas issued his own flag command warning his squadron to expect sudden manoeuvres and to follow his lead , before starting to turn on his own initiative . The order to turn in succession would have resulted in all four ships turning in the same patch of sea as they reached it one by one , giving the High Seas Fleet repeated opportunity with ample time to find the proper range . However , the captain of the trailing ship ( HMS Malaya ) turned early , mitigating the adverse results . For the next hour , the 5th Battle Squadron acted as Beatty 's rearguard , drawing fire from all the German ships within range , while by 17 : 10 Beatty had deliberately eased his own squadron out of range of Hipper 's now - superior battlecruiser force . Since visibility and firepower now favoured the Germans , there was no incentive for Beatty to risk further battlecruiser losses when his own gunnery could not be effective . Illustrating the imbalance , Beatty 's battlecruisers did not score any hits on the Germans in this phase until 17 : 45 , but they had rapidly received five more before he opened the range ( four on Lion , of which three were by Lützow , and one on Tiger by Seydlitz ) . Now the only targets the Germans could reach , the ships of the 5th Battle Squadron , received simultaneous fire from Hipper 's battlecruisers to the east ( which HMS Barham and Valiant engaged ) and Scheer 's leading battleships to the south - east ( which HMS Warspite and Malaya engaged ) . Three took hits : Barham ( four by Derfflinger ) , Warspite ( two by Seydlitz ) , and Malaya ( seven by the German battleships ) . Only Valiant was unscathed . The four battleships were far better suited to take this sort of pounding than the battlecruisers , and none were lost , though Malaya suffered heavy damage , an ammunition fire , and heavy crew casualties . At the same time , the 15 in ( 380 mm ) fire of the four British ships was accurate and effective . As the two British squadrons headed north at top speed , eagerly chased by the entire German fleet , the 5th Battle Squadron scored 13 hits on the enemy battlecruisers ( four on Lützow , three on Derfflinger , six on Seydlitz ) and five on battleships ( although only one , on SMS Markgraf , did any serious damage ) . ( position 6 ) . The fleets converge ( edit ) Jellicoe was now aware that full fleet engagement was nearing , but had insufficient information on the position and course of the Germans . To assist Beatty , early in the battle at about 16 : 05 , Jellicoe had ordered Rear - Admiral Horace Hood 's 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron to speed ahead to find and support Beatty 's force , and Hood was now racing SSE well in advance of Jellicoe 's northern force . Rear - Admiral Arbuthnot 's 1st Cruiser Squadron patrolled the van of Jellicoe 's main battleship force as it advanced steadily to the south - east . At 17 : 33 , the armoured cruiser HMS Black Prince of Arbuthnot 's squadron , on the far southwest flank of Jellicoe 's force , came within view of HMS Falmouth , which was about 5 mi ( 4.3 nmi ; 8.0 km ) ahead of Beatty with the 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron , establishing the first visual link between the converging bodies of the Grand Fleet . At 17 : 38 , the scout cruiser HMS Chester , screening Hood 's oncoming battlecruisers , was intercepted by the van of the German scouting forces under Rear - Admiral Boedicker . Heavily outnumbered by Boedicker 's four light cruisers , Chester was pounded before being relieved by Hood 's heavy units , which swung westward for that purpose . Hood 's flagship HMS Invincible disabled the light cruiser SMS Wiesbaden shortly after 17 : 56 . Wiesbaden became a sitting target for most of the British fleet during the next hour , but remained afloat and fired some torpedoes at the passing enemy battleships from long range . Meanwhile , Boedicker 's other ships turned toward Hipper and Scheer in the mistaken belief that Hood was leading a larger force of British capital ships from the north and east . A chaotic destroyer action in mist and smoke ensued as German torpedo boats attempted to blunt the arrival of this new formation , but Hood 's battlecruisers dodged all the torpedoes fired at them . In this action , after leading a torpedo counter-attack , the British destroyer HMS Shark was disabled , but continued to return fire at numerous passing enemy ships for the next hour . Fleet action ( edit ) Deployment ( edit ) ( 1 ) 18 : 00 Scouting forces rejoin their respective fleets . ( 2 ) 18 : 15 British fleet deploys into battle line ( 3 ) 18 : 30 German fleet under fire turns away ( 4 ) 19 : 00 German fleet turns back ( 5 ) 19 : 15 German fleet turns away for second time ( 6 ) 20 : 00 ( 7 ) 21 : 00 Nightfall : Jellicoe assumes night cruising formation In the meantime , Beatty and Evan - Thomas had resumed their engagement with Hipper 's battlecruisers , this time with the visual conditions to their advantage . With several of his ships damaged , Hipper turned back toward Scheer at around 18 : 00 , just as Beatty 's flagship Lion was finally sighted from Jellicoe 's flagship Iron Duke . Jellicoe twice demanded the latest position of the German battlefleet from Beatty , who could not see the German battleships and failed to respond to the question until 18 : 14 . Meanwhile , Jellicoe received confused sighting reports of varying accuracy and limited usefulness from light cruisers and battleships on the starboard ( southern ) flank of his force . Jellicoe was in a worrying position . He needed to know the location of the German fleet to judge when and how to deploy his battleships from their cruising formation ( six columns of four ships each ) into a single battle line . The deployment could be on either the westernmost or the easternmost column , and had to be carried out before the Germans arrived ; but early deployment could mean losing any chance of a decisive encounter . Deploying to the west would bring his fleet closer to Scheer , gaining valuable time as dusk approached , but the Germans might arrive before the manoeuvre was complete . Deploying to the east would take the force away from Scheer , but Jellicoe 's ships might be able to cross the `` T '' , and visibility would strongly favour British gunnery -- Scheer 's forces would be silhouetted against the setting sun to the west , while the Grand Fleet would be indistinct against the dark skies to the north and east , and would be hidden by reflection of the low sunlight off intervening haze and smoke . Deployment would take twenty irreplaceable minutes , and the fleets were closing at full speed . In one of the most critical and difficult tactical command decisions of the entire war , Jellicoe ordered deployment to the east at 18 : 15 . Windy Corner ( edit ) Meanwhile , Hipper had rejoined Scheer , and the combined High Seas Fleet was heading north , directly toward Jellicoe . Scheer had no indication that Jellicoe was at sea , let alone that he was bearing down from the north - west , and was distracted by the intervention of Hood 's ships to his north and east . Beatty 's four surviving battlecruisers were now crossing the van of the British dreadnoughts to join Hood 's three battlecruisers ; at this time , Arbuthnot 's flagship , the armoured cruiser HMS Defence , and her squadron - mate HMS Warrior both charged across Beatty 's bows , and Lion narrowly avoided a collision with Warrior . Nearby , numerous British light cruisers and destroyers on the south - western flank of the deploying battleships were also crossing each other 's courses in attempts to reach their proper stations , often barely escaping collisions , and under fire from some of the approaching German ships . This period of peril and heavy traffic attending the merger and deployment of the British forces later became known as `` Windy Corner '' . Arbuthnot was attracted by the drifting hull of the crippled Wiesbaden . With Warrior , Defence closed in for the kill , only to blunder right into the gun sights of Hipper 's and Scheer 's oncoming capital ships . Defence was deluged by heavy - calibre gunfire from many German battleships , which detonated her magazines in a spectacular explosion viewed by most of the deploying Grand Fleet . She sank with all hands ( 903 officers and men ) . Warrior was also hit badly , but was spared destruction by a mishap to the nearby battleship Warspite . Warspite had her steering gear overheat and jam under heavy load at high speed as the 5th Battle Squadron made a turn to the north at 18 : 19 . Steaming at top speed in wide circles , Warspite appeared as a juicy target to the German dreadnoughts and took 13 hits , inadvertently drawing fire from the hapless Warrior . Warspite was brought back under control and survived the onslaught , but was badly damaged , had to reduce speed , and withdrew northward ; later ( at 21 : 07 ) , she was ordered back to port by Evan - Thomas . Warspite went on to a long and illustrious career , serving also in World War II . Warrior , on the other hand , was abandoned and sank the next day after her crew was taken off at 08 : 25 on 1 June by Engadine , which towed the sinking armoured cruiser 100 mi ( 87 nmi ; 160 km ) during the night . Invincible blowing up after being struck by shells from Lützow and Derfflinger As Defence sank and Warspite circled , at about 18 : 19 , Hipper moved within range of Hood 's 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron , but was still also within range of Beatty 's ships . At first , visibility favoured the British : HMS Indomitable hit Derfflinger three times and Seydlitz once , while Lützow quickly took 10 hits from Lion , Inflexible and Invincible , including two below - waterline hits forward by Invincible that would ultimately doom Hipper 's flagship . But at 18 : 30 , Invincible abruptly appeared as a clear target before Lützow and Derfflinger . The two German ships then fired three salvoes each at Invincible , and sank her in 90 seconds . A 30.5 cm ( 12.0 in ) shell from the third salvo struck Invincible 's Q - turret amidships , detonating the magazines below and causing her to blow up and sink . All but six of her crew of 1,032 officers and men , including Rear - Admiral Hood , were killed . Of the remaining British battlecruisers , only Princess Royal received heavy - calibre hits at this time ( two 30.5 cm ( 12.0 in ) by the battleship Markgraf ) . Lützow , flooding forward and unable to communicate by radio , was now out of action and began to attempt to withdraw ; therefore Hipper left his flagship and transferred to the torpedo boat SMS G39 , hoping to board one of the other battlecruisers later . Crossing the T ( edit ) By 18 : 30 , the main battle fleet action was joined for the first time , with Jellicoe effectively `` crossing Scheer 's T '' . The officers on the lead German battleships , and Scheer himself , were taken completely by surprise when they emerged from drifting clouds of smoky mist to suddenly find themselves facing the massed firepower of the entire Grand Fleet main battle line , which they did not know was even at sea . Jellicoe 's flagship Iron Duke quickly scored seven hits on the lead German dreadnought , SMS König but in this brief exchange , which lasted only minutes , as few as 10 of the Grand Fleet 's 24 dreadnoughts actually opened fire . The Germans were hampered by poor visibility , in addition to being in an unfavourable tactical position , just as Jellicoe had intended . Realising he was heading into a death trap , Scheer ordered his fleet to turn and disengage at 18 : 33 . Under a pall of smoke and mist , Scheer 's forces succeeded in disengaging by an expertly executed 180 ° turn in unison ( `` battle about turn to starboard '' , German Gefechtskehrtwendung nach Steuerbord ) , which was a well - practised emergency manoeuvre of the High Seas Fleet . Scheer declared : It was now obvious that we were confronted by a large portion of the English fleet . The entire arc stretching from north to east was a sea of fire . The flash from the muzzles of the guns was seen distinctly through the mist and smoke on the horizon , although the ships themselves were not distinguishable . Conscious of the risks to his capital ships posed by torpedoes , Jellicoe did not chase directly but headed south , determined to keep the High Seas Fleet west of him . Starting at 18 : 40 , battleships at the rear of Jellicoe 's line were in fact sighting and avoiding torpedoes , and at 18 : 54 HMS Marlborough was hit by a torpedo ( probably from the disabled Wiesbaden ) , which reduced her speed to 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . Meanwhile , Scheer , knowing that it was not yet dark enough to escape and that his fleet would suffer terribly in a stern chase , doubled back to the east at 18 : 55 . In his memoirs he wrote , `` the manoeuvre would be bound to surprise the enemy , to upset his plans for the rest of the day , and if the blow fell heavily it would facilitate the breaking loose at night . '' But the turn to the east took his ships , again , directly towards Jellicoe 's fully deployed battle line . Simultaneously , the disabled British destroyer HMS Shark fought desperately against a group of four German torpedo boats and disabled V48 with gunfire , but was eventually torpedoed and sunk at 19 : 02 by the German destroyer S54 . Shark 's Captain Loftus Jones won the Victoria Cross for his heroism in continuing to fight against all odds . Gefechtskehrtwendung ( edit ) HMS Birmingham under fire Commodore Goodenough 's 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron dodged the fire of German battleships for a second time to re-establish contact with the High Seas Fleet shortly after 19 : 00 . By 19 : 15 , Jellicoe had crossed Scheer 's `` T '' again . This time his arc of fire was tighter and deadlier , causing severe damage to the German battleships , particularly Rear - Admiral Behncke 's leading 3rd Squadron ( SMS König , Grosser Kurfürst , Markgraf , and Kaiser all being hit , along with SMS Helgoland of the 1st Squadron ) , while on the British side , only the battleship HMS Colossus was hit ( twice , by SMS Seydlitz but with little damage done ) . At 19 : 17 , for the second time in less than an hour , Scheer turned his outnumbered and out - gunned fleet to the west using the `` battle about turn '' ( German : Gefechtskehrtwendung ) , but this time it was executed only with difficulty , as the High Seas Fleet 's lead squadrons began to lose formation under concentrated gunfire . To deter a British chase , Scheer ordered a major torpedo attack by his destroyers and a potentially sacrificial charge by Scouting Group I 's four remaining battlecruisers . Hipper was still aboard the torpedo boat G39 and was unable to command his squadron for this attack . Therefore , SMS Derfflinger , under Captain Hartog , led the already badly damaged German battlecruisers directly into `` the greatest concentration of naval gunfire any fleet commander had ever faced '' , at ranges down to 4 mi ( 3.5 nmi ; 6.4 km ) . In what became known as the `` death ride '' , all the battlecruisers except SMS Moltke were hit and further damaged , as 18 of the British battleships fired at them simultaneously . Derfflinger had two main gun turrets destroyed . The crews of Scouting Group I suffered heavy casualties , but survived the pounding and veered away with the other battlecruisers once Scheer was out of trouble and the German destroyers were moving in to attack . In this brief but intense portion of the engagement , from about 19 : 05 to about 19 : 30 , the Germans sustained a total of 37 heavy hits while inflicting only two ; Derfflinger alone received 14 . While his battlecruisers drew the fire of the British fleet , Scheer slipped away , laying smoke screens . Meanwhile , from about 19 : 16 to about 19 : 40 , the British battleships were also engaging Scheer 's torpedo boats , which executed several waves of torpedo attacks to cover his withdrawal . Jellicoe 's ships turned away from the attacks and successfully evaded all 31 of the torpedoes launched at them -- though , in several cases , only just barely -- and sank the German destroyer S35 , attributed to a salvo from Iron Duke . British light forces also sank V48 , which had previously been disabled by HMS Shark . This action , and the turn away , cost the British critical time and range in the last hour of daylight -- as Scheer intended , allowing him to get his heavy ships out of immediate danger . The last major exchanges between capital ships in this battle took place just after sunset , from about 20 : 19 to about 20 : 35 , as the surviving British battlecruisers caught up with their German counterparts , which were briefly relieved by Rear - Admiral Mauve 's obsolete pre-dreadnoughts ( the German 2nd Squadron ) . The British received one heavy hit on Princess Royal but scored five more on Seydlitz and three on other German ships . As twilight faded to night and HMS King George V exchanged a few final shots with SMS Westfalen , neither side could have imagined that the only encounter between British and German dreadnoughts in the entire war was already concluded . Night action and German withdrawal ( edit ) Main article : Night action at the Battle of Jutland At 21 : 00 , Jellicoe , conscious of the Grand Fleet 's deficiencies in night fighting , decided to try to avoid a major engagement until early dawn . He placed a screen of cruisers and destroyers 5 mi ( 4.3 nmi ; 8.0 km ) behind his battle fleet to patrol the rear as he headed south to guard Scheer 's expected escape route . In reality , Scheer opted to cross Jellicoe 's wake and escape via Horns Reef . Luckily for Scheer , most of the light forces in Jellicoe 's rearguard failed to report the seven separate encounters with the German fleet during the night ; the very few radio reports that were sent to the British flagship were never received , possibly because the Germans were jamming British frequencies . Many of the destroyers failed to make the most of their opportunities to attack discovered ships , despite Jellicoe 's expectations that the destroyer forces would , if necessary , be able to block the path of the German fleet . Jellicoe and his commanders did not understand that the furious gunfire and explosions to the north ( seen and heard for hours by all the British battleships ) indicated that the German heavy ships were breaking through the screen astern of the British fleet . Instead , it was believed that the fighting was the result of night attacks by German destroyers . The most powerful British ships of all ( the 15 - inch - guns of the 5th Battle Squadron ) directly observed German battleships crossing astern of them in action with British light forces , at ranges of 3 mi ( 2.6 nmi ; 4.8 km ) or less , and gunners on HMS Malaya made ready to fire , but her captain declined , deferring to the authority of Rear - Admiral Evan - Thomas -- and neither commander reported the sightings to Jellicoe , assuming that he could see for himself and that revealing the fleet 's position by radio signals or gunfire was unwise . While the nature of Scheer 's escape , and Jellicoe 's inaction , indicate the overall German superiority in night fighting , the results of the night action were no more clear - cut than were those of the battle as a whole . In the first of many surprise encounters by darkened ships at point - blank range , Southampton , Commodore Goodenough 's flagship , which had scouted so proficiently , was heavily damaged in action with a German Scouting Group composed of light cruisers , but managed to torpedo SMS Frauenlob , which went down at 22 : 23 with all hands ( 320 officers and men ) . From 23 : 20 to approximately 02 : 15 , several British destroyer flotillas launched torpedo attacks on the German battle fleet in a series of violent and chaotic engagements at extremely short range ( often under 0.5 mi ( 0.80 km ) ) . At the cost of five destroyers sunk and some others damaged , they managed to torpedo the light cruiser SMS Rostock , which sank several hours later , and the pre-dreadnought SMS Pommern , which blew up and sank with all hands ( 839 officers and men ) at 03 : 10 during the last wave of attacks before dawn . Three of the British destroyers collided in the chaos , and the German battleship SMS Nassau rammed the British destroyer HMS Spitfire , blowing away most of the British ship 's superstructure merely with the muzzle blast of its big guns , which could not be aimed low enough to hit the ship . Nassau was left with a 11 ft ( 3.4 m ) hole in her side , reducing her maximum speed to 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) , while the removed plating was left lying on Spitfire 's deck . Spitfire survived and made it back to port . Another German cruiser , SMS Elbing , was accidentally rammed by the dreadnought Posen and abandoned , sinking early the next day . Of the British destroyers , HMS Tipperary , Ardent , Fortune , Sparrowhawk and Turbulent were lost during the night fighting . Just after midnight on 1 June , SMS Thüringen and other German battleships sank HMS Black Prince of the ill - fated 1st Cruiser Squadron , which had blundered into the German battle line . Deployed as part of a screening force several miles ahead of the main force of the Grand Fleet , Black Prince had lost contact in the darkness and took a position near what she thought was the British line . The Germans soon identified the new addition to its line and opened fire . Overwhelmed by point - blank gunfire , Black Prince blew up , ( 857 officers and men -- all hands -- were lost ) , as her squadron leader Defence had done hours earlier . Lost in the darkness , the battlecruisers SMS Moltke and Seydlitz had similar point - blank encounters with the British battle line and were recognised , but were spared the fate of Black Prince when the captains of the British ships , again , declined to open fire , reluctant to reveal their fleet 's position . At 01 : 45 , the sinking battlecruiser Lützow -- fatally damaged by Invincible during the main action -- was torpedoed by the destroyer G38 on orders of Lützow 's Captain Viktor von Harder after the surviving crew of 1,150 transferred to destroyers that came alongside . At 02 : 15 , the German torpedo boat V4 suddenly had its bow blown off ; V2 and V6 came alongside and took off the remaining crew , and the V2 then sank the hulk . Since there was no enemy nearby , it was assumed that she had hit a mine or had been torpedoed by a submarine . At 02 : 15 , five British ships of the 13th Destroyer Flotilla under Captain James Uchtred Farie regrouped and headed south . At 02 : 25 , they sighted the rear of the German line . HMS Marksman inquired of the leader Champion as to whether he thought they were British or German ships . Answering that he thought they were German , Farie then veered off to the east and away from the German line . All but Moresby in the rear followed , as through the gloom she sighted what she thought were four pre-dreadnought battleships 2 mi ( 1.7 nmi ; 3.2 km ) away . She hoisted a flag signal indicating that the enemy was to the west and then closed to firing range , letting off a torpedo set for high running at 02 : 37 , then veering off to rejoin her flotilla . The four pre-dreadnought battleships were in fact two pre-dreadnoughts , Schleswig - Holstein and Schlesien , and the battlecruisers Von der Tann and Derfflinger . Von der Tann sighted the torpedo and was forced to steer sharply to starboard to avoid it as it passed close to her bows . Moresby rejoined Champion convinced she had scored a hit . Finally , at 05 : 20 , as Scheer 's fleet was safely on its way home , the battleship SMS Ostfriesland struck a British mine on her starboard side , killing one man and wounding ten , but was able to make port . Seydlitz , critically damaged and very nearly sinking , barely survived the return voyage : after grounding and taking on even more water on the evening of 1 June , she had to be assisted stern first into port , where she dropped anchor at 07 : 30 on the morning of 2 June . The Germans were helped in their escape by the failure of the British Admiralty in London to pass on seven critical radio intercepts obtained by naval intelligence indicating the true position , course and intentions of the High Seas Fleet during the night . One message was transmitted to Jellicoe at 23 : 15 that accurately reported the German fleet 's course and speed as of 21 : 14 . However , the erroneous signal from earlier in the day that reported the German fleet still in port , and an intelligence signal received at 22 : 45 giving another unlikely position for the German fleet , had reduced his confidence in intelligence reports . Had the other messages been forwarded , which confirmed the information received at 23 : 15 , or had British ships reported accurately sightings and engagements with German destroyers , cruisers and battleships , then Jellicoe could have altered course to intercept Scheer at the Horns Reef . The unsent intercepted messages had been duly filed by the junior officer left on duty that night , who failed to appreciate their significance . By the time Jellicoe finally learned of Scheer 's whereabouts at 04 : 15 , the German fleet was too far away to catch and it was clear that the battle could no longer be resumed . Outcome ( edit ) Reporting ( edit ) At midday on 2 June , German authorities released a press statement claiming a victory , including the destruction of a battleship , two battlecruisers , two armoured cruisers , a light cruiser , a submarine and several destroyers , for the loss of Pommern and Wiesbaden . News that Lützow , Elbing and Rostock had been scuttled was withheld , on the grounds this information would not be known to the enemy . The victory of the Skagerrak was celebrated in the press , children were given a holiday and the nation celebrated . The Kaiser announced a new chapter in world history . Post-war , the official German history hailed the battle as a victory and it continued to be celebrated until after World War II . In Britain , the first official news came from German wireless broadcasts . Ships began to arrive in port , their crews sending messages to friends and relatives both of their survival and the loss of some 6,000 others . Authorities considered suppressing the news , but it had already spread widely . Some crews coming ashore found rumours had already reported them dead to relatives , while others were jeered for the defeat they had suffered . At 19 : 00 on 2 June , the Admiralty released a statement based on information from Jellicoe containing the bare news of losses on each side . The following day British newspapers reported a German victory . The Daily Mirror described the German Director of the Naval Department telling the Reichstag : `` The result of the fighting is a significant success for our forces against a much stronger adversary '' . The British population was shocked that the long anticipated battle had been a victory for Germany . On 3 June , the Admiralty issued a further statement expanding on German losses , and another the following day with exaggerated claims . However , on 7 June the German admission of the losses of Lützow and Rostock started to redress the sense of the battle as a loss . International perception of the battle began to change towards a qualified British victory , the German attempt to change the balance of power in the North Sea having been repulsed . In July , bad news from the Somme campaign swept concern over Jutland from the British consciousness . Assessments ( edit ) SMS Seydlitz was heavily damaged in the battle , hit by twenty - one main calibre shells , several secondary calibre and one torpedo. 98 men were killed and 55 injured . At Jutland , the Germans , with a 99 - strong fleet , sank 115,000 long tons ( 117,000 t ) of British ships , while a 151 - strong British fleet sank 62,000 long tons ( 63,000 t ) of German ships . The British lost 6,094 seamen ; the Germans 2,551 . Several other ships were badly damaged , such as Lion and Seydlitz . As of the summer of 1916 , the High Seas Fleet 's strategy was to whittle away the numerical advantage of the Royal Navy by bringing its full strength to bear against isolated squadrons of enemy capital ships whilst declining to be drawn into a general fleet battle until it had achieved something resembling parity in heavy ships . In tactical terms , the High Seas Fleet had clearly inflicted significantly greater losses on the Grand Fleet than it had suffered itself at Jutland and the Germans never had any intention of attempting to hold the site of the battle , so some historians support the German claim of victory at Jutland . However , Scheer seems to have quickly realised that further battles with a similar rate of attrition would exhaust the High Seas Fleet long before it reduced the Grand Fleet . Further , after the 19 August advance was nearly intercepted by the Grand Fleet , he no longer believed that it would be possible to trap a single squadron of Royal Navy warships without having the Grand Fleet intervene before he could return to port . Therefore , the High Seas Fleet abandoned its forays into the North Sea and turned its attention to the Baltic for most of 1917 whilst Scheer switched tactics against Britain to unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic . At a strategic level , the outcome has been the subject of a huge amount of literature with no clear consensus . The battle was widely viewed as indecisive in the immediate aftermath and this view remains influential . Despite numerical superiority , the British had been disappointed in their hopes for a decisive victory comparable to Trafalgar and the objective of the influential strategic doctrines of Alfred Mahan . The High Seas Fleet survived as a fleet in being . Most of its losses were made good within a month -- even Seydlitz , the most badly damaged ship to survive the battle , was repaired by October and officially back in service by November . However , the Germans had failed in their objective of destroying a substantial portion of the British Fleet , and no progress had been made towards the goal of allowing the High Seas Fleet to operate in the Atlantic Ocean . Subsequently , there has been considerable support for the view of Jutland as a strategic victory for the British . While the British had not destroyed the German fleet and had lost more ships than their enemy , the Germans had retreated to harbour ; at the end of the battle the British were in command of the area . The German fleet would only sortie into the North Sea thrice more , with a raid on 19 August , one in October 1916 and another in April 1918 . All three were unopposed by capital ships and quickly aborted as neither side were prepared to take the risks of mines and submarines . Apart from these three abortive operations the High Seas Fleet -- unwilling to risk another encounter with the British fleet -- confined its activities to the Baltic Sea for the remainder of the war . Jellicoe issued an order prohibiting the Grand Fleet from steaming south of the line of Horns Reef owing to the threat of mines and U-boats . A German naval expert , writing publicly about Jutland in November 1918 , commented , `` Our Fleet losses were severe . On 1 June 1916 , it was clear to every thinking person that this battle must , and would be , the last one '' . There is also significant support for viewing the battle as a German tactical victory , due to the much higher losses sustained by the British . The Germans declared a great victory immediately afterwards , while the British by contrast had only reported short and simple results . In response to public outrage , the First Lord of the Admiralty Arthur Balfour asked Winston Churchill to write a second report that was more positive and detailed . A crew member of SMS Westfalen At the end of the battle , the British had maintained their numerical superiority and had 23 dreadnoughts ready and four battlecruisers still able to fight , while the Germans had only 10 dreadnoughts . One month after the battle , the Grand Fleet was stronger than it had been before sailing to Jutland . Warspite was dry docked at Rosyth , returning to the fleet on 22 July , while Malaya was repaired in the floating dock at Invergordon , returning to duty on 11 July . Barham was docked for a month at Devonport before undergoing speed trials and returning to Scapa on 8 July . Princess Royal stayed initially at Rosyth but transferred to dry dock at Portsmouth before returning to duty at Rosyth 21 July . Tiger was dry docked at Rosyth and ready for service 2 July . Queen Elizabeth , Emperor of India and HMAS Australia , which had been undergoing maintenance at the time of the battle , returned to the fleet immediately , followed shortly after by Resolution and Ramillies . Lion initially remained ready for sea duty despite the damaged turret , then underwent a month 's repairs in July when Q turret was removed temporarily and replaced in September . A third view , presented in a number of recent evaluations , is that Jutland , the last major fleet action between battleships , illustrated the irrelevance of battleship fleets following the development of the submarine , mine and torpedo . In this view , the most important consequence of Jutland was the decision of the Germans to engage in unrestricted submarine warfare . Although large numbers of battleships were constructed in the decades between the wars , it has been argued that this outcome reflected the social dominance among naval decision - makers of battleship advocates who constrained technological choices to fit traditional paradigms of fleet action . Battleships played a relatively minor role in World War II , in which the submarine and aircraft carrier emerged as the dominant offensive weapons of naval warfare . British self - critique ( edit ) The official British Admiralty examination of the Grand Fleet 's performance recognised two main problems : British armour - piercing shells exploded outside the German armour rather than penetrating and exploding within . As a result , some German ships with only 8 in ( 20 cm ) - thick armour survived hits from 15 - inch ( 38 cm ) projectiles . Had these shells penetrated the armour and then exploded , German losses would probably have been far greater . Communication between ships and the British commander - in - chief were comparatively poor . For most of the battle , Jellicoe had no idea where the German ships were , even though British ships were in contact . They failed to report enemy positions , contrary to the Grand Fleet 's Battle Plan . Some of the most important signalling was carried out solely by flag instead of wireless or using redundant methods to ensure communications -- a questionable procedure , given the mixture of haze and smoke that obscured the battlefield , and a foreshadowing of similar failures by habit - bound and conservatively minded professional officers of rank to take advantage of new technology in World War II . Shell performance ( edit ) German armour - piercing shells were far more effective than the British ones , which often failed to penetrate heavy armour . The issue particularly concerned shells striking at oblique angles , which became increasingly the case at long range . Germany had adopted trinitrotoluene ( TNT ) as the explosive filler for artillery shells in 1902 , while the United Kingdom was still using a picric acid mixture ( Lyddite ) . The shock of impact of a shell against armour often prematurely detonated Lyddite in advance of fuze function while TNT detonation could be delayed until after the shell had penetrated and the fuze had functioned in the vulnerable area behind the armour plate . The issue of poorly performing shells had been known to Jellicoe , who as Third Sea Lord from 1908 to 1910 had ordered new shells to be designed . However , the matter had not been followed through after his posting to sea and new shells had never been thoroughly tested . Beatty discovered the problem at a party aboard Lion a short time after the battle , when a Swedish Naval officer was present . He had recently visited Berlin , where the German navy had scoffed at how British shells had broken up on their ships ' armour . The question of shell effectiveness had also been raised after the Battle of Dogger Bank , but no action had been taken . Hipper later commented , `` It was nothing but the poor quality of their bursting charges which saved us from disaster . '' Admiral Dreyer , writing later about the battle , during which he had been captain of the British flagship Iron Duke , estimated that effective shells as later introduced would have led to the sinking of six more German capital ships , based upon the actual number of hits achieved in the battle . The system of testing shells , which remained in use up to 1944 , meant that , statistically , a batch of shells of which 70 % were faulty stood an even chance of being accepted . Indeed , even shells that failed this relatively mild test had still been issued to ships . Analysis of the test results afterwards by the Ordnance Board suggested the likelihood that 30 -- 70 % of shells would not have passed the standard penetration test specified by the Admiralty . Efforts to replace the shells were initially resisted by the Admiralty , and action was not taken until Jellicoe became First Sea Lord in December 1916 . As an initial response , the worst of the existing shells were withdrawn from ships in early 1917 and replaced from reserve supplies . New shells were designed , but did not arrive until April 1918 , and were never used in action . Battlecruiser losses ( edit ) British battlecruisers were designed to chase and destroy enemy cruisers from out of the range of those ships . They were not designed to be ships of the line and exchange broadsides with the enemy . One German and three British battlecruisers were sunk -- but none were destroyed by enemy shells penetrating the belt armour and detonating the magazines . Each of the British battlecruisers was penetrated through a turret roof and her magazines ignited by flash fires passing through the turret and shell - handling rooms . Lützow sustained 24 hits and her flooding could not be contained . She was eventually sunk by her escorts ' torpedoes after most of her crew had been safely removed ( though six trapped stokers died when the ship was scuttled ) . Derfflinger and Seydlitz sustained 22 hits each but reached port ( although in Seydlitz 's case only just ) . The disturbing feature of the battlecruiser action is the fact that five German battle - cruisers engaging six British vessels of this class , supported after the first twenty minutes , although at great range , by the fire of four battleships of the `` Queen Elizabeth '' class , were yet able to sink ' Queen Mary ' and ' Indefatigable ' ... The facts which contributed to the British losses , first , were the indifferent armour protection of our battle - cruisers , particularly as regards turret armour , and , second , deck plating and the disadvantage under which our vessels laboured in regard to the light . Of this there can be no question . But it is also undoubted that the gunnery of the German battle - cruisers in the early stages was of a very high standard . -- Sir John Jellicoe , Jellicoe 's official despatch Jellicoe and Beatty , as well as other senior officers , gave an impression that the loss of the battlecruisers was caused by weak armour , despite reports by two committees and earlier statements by Jellicoe and other senior officers that Cordite and its management were to blame . This led to calls for armour to be increased , and an additional 1 in ( 2.5 cm ) was placed over the relatively thin decks above magazines . To compensate for the increase in weight , ships had to carry correspondingly less fuel , water and other supplies . Whether or not thin deck armour was a potential weakness of British ships , the battle provided no evidence that it was the case . At least amongst the surviving ships , no enemy shell was found to have penetrated deck armour anywhere . The design of the new battlecruiser HMS Hood ( which had started building at the time of the battle ) was altered to give her 5,000 long tons ( 5,100 t ) of additional armour . Ammunition handling ( edit ) British and German propellant charges differed in packaging , handling , and chemistry . The British propellant was of two types , MK1 and MD . The Mark 1 cordite had a formula of 37 % nitrocellulose , 58 % nitroglycerine , and 5 % petroleum jelly . It was a good propellant but burned hot and caused an erosion problem in gun barrels . The petroleum jelly served as both a lubricant and a stabiliser . Cordite MD was developed to reduce barrel wear , its formula being 65 % nitrocellulose , 30 % nitroglycerine , and 5 % petroleum jelly . While cordite MD solved the gun - barrel erosion issue , it did nothing to improve its storage properties , which were poor . Cordite was very sensitive to variations of temperature , and acid propagation / cordite deterioration would take place at a very rapid rate . Cordite MD also shed micro-dust particles of nitrocellulose and iron pyrite . While cordite propellant was manageable , it required a vigilant gunnery officer , strict cordite lot control , and frequent testing of the cordite lots in the ships ' magazines . British cordite propellant ( when uncased and exposed in the silk bag ) tended to burn violently , causing uncontrollable `` flash fires '' when ignited by nearby shell hits . In 1945 , a test was conducted by the U.S.N. Bureau of Ordnance ( Bulletin of Ordnance Information , No. 245 , pp. 54 -- 60 ) testing the sensitivity of cordite to then - current U.S. Naval propellant powders against a measurable and repeatable flash source . It found that cordite would ignite at 530 mm / 22 '' from the flash , the current U.S. powder at 120 mm , / 5 `` , and the U.S. flashless powder at 25 mm. / 1 '' / This meant that about 75 times the propellant would immediately ignite when exposed to flash , as compared to the U.S. powder . British ships had inadequate protection against these flash fires . German propellant ( RP C / 12 , handled in brass cartridge cases ) was less vulnerable and less volatile in composition . German propellants were not that different in composition from cordite -- with one major exception : centralite . This was symmetrical Diethyl Diphenyl Urea , which served as a stabiliser that was superior to the petroleum jelly used in British practice . It stored better and burned but did not explode . Stored and used in brass cases , it proved much less sensitive to flash . RP C / 12 was composed of 64.13 % nitrocellulose , 29.77 % nitroglycerine , 5.75 % centralite , 0.25 % magnesium oxide and 0.10 % graphite . The Royal Navy Battle Cruiser Fleet had also emphasised speed in ammunition handling over established safety protocol . In practice drills , cordite could not be supplied to the guns rapidly enough through the hoists and hatches . To bring up the propellant in good time to load for the next broadside , many safety doors were kept open that should have been shut to safeguard against flash fires . Bags of cordite were also stocked and kept locally , creating a total breakdown of safety design features . By staging charges in the chambers between the gun turret and magazine , the Royal Navy enhanced their rate of fire but left their ships vulnerable to chain reaction ammunition fires and magazine explosions . This ' bad safety habit ' carried over into real battle practices . Furthermore , the doctrine of a high rate of fire also led to the decision in 1913 to increase the supply of shells and cordite held on the British ships by 50 % , for fear of running out of ammunition . When this exceeded the capacity of the ships ' magazines , cordite was stored in insecure places . The British cordite charges were stored two silk bags to a metal cylindrical container , with a 16 - oz gunpowder igniter charge , which was covered with a thick paper wad , four charges being used on each projectile . The gun crews were removing the charges from their containers and removing the paper covering over the gunpowder igniter charges . The effect of having eight loads at the ready was to have 4 short tons ( 3,600 kg ) of exposed explosive , with each charge leaking small amounts of gunpowder from the igniter bags . In effect , the gun crews had laid an explosive train from the turret to the magazines , and one shell hit to a battlecruiser turret was enough to end a ship . A diving expedition during the summer of 2003 provided corroboration of this practice . It examined the wrecks of Invincible , Queen Mary , Defence , and Lützow to investigate the cause of the British ships ' tendency to suffer from internal explosions . From this evidence , a major part of the blame may be laid on lax handling of the cordite propellant for the shells of the main guns . The wreck of the Queen Mary revealed cordite containers stacked in the working chamber of the X turret instead of the magazine . There was a further difference in the propellant itself . While the German RP C / 12 burned when exposed to fire , it did not explode , as opposed to cordite . RP C / 12 was extensively studied by the British and , after World War I , would form the basis of the later Cordite SC . The memoirs of Alexander Grant , Gunner on Lion , suggest that some British officers were aware of the dangers of careless handling of cordite : With the introduction of cordite to replace powder for firing guns , regulations regarding the necessary precautions for handling explosives became unconsciously considerably relaxed , even I regret to say , to a dangerous degree throughout the Service . The gradual lapse in the regulations on board ship seemed to be due to two factors . First , cordite is a much safer explosive to handle than gun - powder . Second , but more important , the altered construction of the magazines on board led to a feeling of false security ... The iron or steel deck , the disappearance of the wood lining , the electric lights fitted inside , the steel doors , open because there was now no chute for passing cartridges out ; all this gave officers and men a comparative easiness of mind regarding the precautions necessary with explosive material . Grant had already introduced measures onboard Lion to limit the number of cartridges kept outside the magazine and to ensure doors were kept closed , probably contributing to her survival . On 5 June 1916 , the First Lord of the Admiralty advised Cabinet Members that the three battlecruisers had been lost due to unsafe cordite management . On 22 November 1916 , following detailed interviews of the survivors of the destroyed battlecruisers , the Third Sea Lord , Rear Admiral Tudor , issued a report detailing the stacking of charges by the gun crews in the handling rooms to speed up loading of the guns . After the battle , the B.C.F. Gunnery Committee issued a report ( at the command of Admiral David Beatty ) advocating immediate changes in flash protection and charge handling . It reported , among other things , that : Some vent plates in magazines allowed flash into the magazines and should be retro - fitted to a new standard . Bulkheads in HMS Lion 's magazine showed buckling from fire under pressure ( overpressure ) -- despite being flooded and therefore supported by water pressure -- and must be made stronger . Doors opening inward to magazines were an extreme danger . Current designs of turrets could not eliminate flash from shell bursts in the turret from reaching the handling rooms . Ignition pads must not be attached to charges but instead be placed just before ramming . Better methods must be found for safe storage of ready charges than the current method . Some method for rapidly drowning charges already in the handling path must be devised . Handling scuttles ( special flash - proof fittings for moving propellant charges through ship 's bulkheads ) , designed to handle overpressure , must be fitted . The United States Navy in 1939 had quantities of Cordite N , a Canadian propellant that was much improved , yet its Bureau of Ordnance objected strongly to its use onboard U.S. warships , considering it unsuitable as a naval propellant due to its inclusion of nitroglycerin . Gunnery ( edit ) British gunnery control systems , based on Dreyer tables , were well in advance of the German ones , as demonstrated by the proportion of main calibre hits made on the German fleet . Because of its demonstrated advantages , it was installed on ships progressively as the war went on , had been fitted to a majority of British capital ships by May , 1916 , and had been installed on the main guns of all but two of the Grand Fleet 's capital ships . The Royal Navy used centralised fire - control systems on their capital ships , directed from a point high up on the ship where the fall of shells could best be seen , utilising a director sight for both training and elevating the guns . In contrast , the German battlecruisers controlled the fire of turrets using a training - only director , which also did not fire the guns at once . The rest of the German capital ships were without even this innovation . German range - finding equipment was generally superior to the British 9 ft ( 2.7 m ) FT24 , as its operators were trained to a higher standard due to the complexity of the Zeiss 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) range finders . Their stereoscopic design meant that in certain conditions they could range on a target enshrouded by smoke . The German equipment was not superior in range to the British Barr & Stroud 15 ft ( 4.6 m ) rangefinder found in the newest British capital ships , and , unlike the British range finders , the German range takers had to be replaced as often as every thirty minutes , as their eyesight became impaired , affecting the ranges provided to their gunnery equipment . The results of the battle confirmed the value of firing guns by centralised director . The battle prompted the Royal Navy to install director firing systems in cruisers and destroyers , where it had not thus far been used , and for secondary armament on battleships . German ships were considered to have been quicker in determining the correct range to targets , thus obtaining an early advantage . The British used a ' bracket system ' , whereby a salvo was fired at the best - guess range and , depending where it landed , the range was progressively corrected up or down until successive shots were landing in front of and behind the enemy . The Germans used a ' ladder system ' , whereby an initial volley of three shots at different ranges was used , with the centre shot at the best - guess range . The ladder system allowed the gunners to get ranging information from the three shots more quickly than the bracket system , which required waiting between shots to see how the last had landed . British ships adopted the German system . It was determined that 9 - foot ( 2.7 m ) range finders of the sort issued to most British ships were not adequate at long range and did not perform as well as the 15 - foot ( 4.6 m ) range finders on some of the most modern ships . In 1917 , range finders of base lengths of 25 and 30 ft ( 7.6 and 9.1 m ) were introduced on the battleships to improve accuracy . Signalling ( edit ) Throughout the battle , British ships experienced difficulties with communications , whereas the Germans did not suffer such problems . The British preferred signalling using ship - to - ship flag and lamp signals , avoiding wireless , whereas the Germans used wireless successfully . One conclusion drawn was that flag signals were not a satisfactory way to control the fleet . Experience using lamps , particularly at night when issuing challenges to other ships , demonstrated this was an excellent way to advertise your precise location to an enemy , inviting a reply by gunfire . Recognition signals by lamp , once seen , could also easily be copied in future engagements . British ships both failed to report engagements with the enemy but also , in the case of cruisers and destroyers , failed to actively seek out the enemy . A culture had arisen within the fleet of not acting without orders , which could prove fatal when any circumstances prevented orders being sent or received . Commanders failed to engage the enemy because they believed other , more senior officers must also be aware of the enemy nearby , and would have given orders to act if this was expected . Wireless , the most direct way to pass messages across the fleet ( although it was being jammed by German ships ) , was avoided either for perceived reasons of not giving away the presence of ships or for fear of cluttering up the airwaves with unnecessary reports . Fleet standing orders ( edit ) Naval operations were governed by standing orders issued to all the ships . These attempted to set out what ships should do in all circumstances , particularly in situations where ships would have to react without referring to higher authority , or when communications failed . A number of changes were introduced as a result of experience gained in the battle . A new signal was introduced instructing squadron commanders to act independently as they thought best while still supporting the main fleet , particularly for use when circumstances would make it difficult to send detailed orders . The description stressed that this was not intended to be the only time commanders might take independent action , but was intended to make plain times when they definitely should . Similarly , instructions on what to do if the fleet was instructed to take evasive action against torpedoes were amended . Commanders were given discretion that if their part of the fleet was not under immediate attack , they should continue engaging the enemy rather than turning away with the rest of the fleet . In this battle , when the fleet turned away from Scheer 's destroyer attack covering his retreat , not all the British ships had been affected , and could have continued to engage the enemy . A number of opportunities to attack enemy ships by torpedo had presented themselves but had been missed . All ships , not just the destroyers armed principally with torpedoes but also battleships , were reminded that they carried torpedoes intended to be used whenever an opportunity arose . Destroyers were instructed to close the enemy fleet to fire torpedoes as soon as engagements between the main ships on either side would keep enemy guns busy directed at larger targets . Destroyers should also be ready to immediately engage enemy destroyers if they should launch an attack , endeavouring to disrupt their chances of launching torpedoes and keep them away from the main fleet . To add some flexibility when deploying for attack , a new signal was provided for deploying the fleet to the centre , rather than as previously only either to left or right of the standard closed - up formation for travelling . The fast and powerful 5th Battle Squadron was moved to the front of the cruising formation so it would have the option of deploying left or right depending upon the enemy position . In the event of engagements at night , although the fleet still preferred to avoid night fighting , a destroyer and cruiser squadron would be specifically detailed to seek out the enemy and launch destroyer attacks . Controversy ( edit ) At the time , Jellicoe was criticised for his caution and for allowing Scheer to escape . Beatty , in particular , was convinced that Jellicoe had missed a tremendous opportunity to annihilate the High Seas Fleet and win what would amount to another Trafalgar . Jellicoe was promoted away from active command to become First Sea Lord , the professional head of the Royal Navy , while Beatty replaced him as commander of the Grand Fleet . The controversy raged within the navy and in public for about a decade after the war . Criticism focused on Jellicoe 's decision at 19 : 15 . Scheer had ordered his cruisers and destroyers forward in a torpedo attack to cover the turning away of his battleships . Jellicoe chose to turn to the south - east , and so keep out of range of the torpedoes . Supporters of Jellicoe , including the historian Cyril Falls , pointed to the folly of risking defeat in battle when one already has command of the sea . Jellicoe himself , in a letter to the Admiralty seventeen months before the battle , said that he intended to turn his fleet away from any mass torpedo attack ( that being the universally accepted proper tactical response to such attacks , practised by all the major navies of the world ) . He said that , in the event of a fleet engagement in which the enemy turned away , he would assume they intended to draw him over mines or submarines , and he would decline to be so drawn . The Admiralty approved this plan and expressed full confidence in Jellicoe at the time ( October 1914 ) . The stakes were high , the pressure on Jellicoe immense , and his caution certainly understandable . His judgement might have been that even 90 % odds in favour were not good enough to bet the British Empire . The former First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill said of the battle that Jellicoe `` was the only man on either side who could have lost the war in an afternoon . '' The criticism of Jellicoe also fails to sufficiently credit Scheer , who was determined to preserve his fleet by avoiding the full British battle line , and who showed great skill in effecting his escape . Beatty 's actions ( edit ) On the other hand , some of Jellicoe 's supporters condemned the actions of Beatty for the British failure to achieve a complete victory . Although Beatty was undeniably brave , his mismanagement of the initial encounter with Hipper 's squadron and the High Seas Fleet cost considerable advantage in the first hours of the battle . His most glaring failure was in not providing Jellicoe with periodic information on the position , course , and speed of the High Seas Fleet . Beatty , aboard the battlecruiser Lion , left behind the four fast battleships of the 5th Battle Squadron -- the most powerful warships in the world at the time -- engaging with six ships when better control would have given him 10 against Hipper 's five . Though Beatty 's larger 13.5 in ( 340 mm ) guns out - ranged Hipper 's 11 and 12 in ( 280 and 300 mm ) guns by thousands of yards , Beatty held his fire for 10 minutes and closed the German squadron until within range of the Germans ' superior gunnery , under lighting conditions that favoured the Germans . Most of the British losses in tonnage occurred in Beatty 's force . Death toll ( edit ) See also : Damage to major ships at the Battle of Jutland See also : List of ships sunk at the Battle of Jutland The total loss of life was 9,823 men , of which the British losses were 6,784 and German losses were 3,039 . Counted among the British losses are 2 members of the Royal Australian Navy , and 1 member of the Royal Canadian Navy . 6 Australian nationals serving in the Royal Navy were also killed . British ( edit ) 113,300 tons sunk : Battlecruisers Indefatigable , Queen Mary , Invincible Armoured cruisers Black Prince , Warrior , Defence Flotilla leaders Tipperary Destroyers Shark , Sparrowhawk , Turbulent , Ardent , Fortune , Nomad , Nestor German ( edit ) 62,300 tons sunk : Battlecruiser Lützow Pre-Dreadnought Pommern Light cruisers Frauenlob , Elbing , Rostock , Wiesbaden Destroyers ( Heavy torpedo - boats ) V48 , S35 , V27 , V4 , V29 Selected honours ( edit ) The Victoria Cross is the highest military decoration awarded for valour `` in the face of the enemy '' to members of the British Empire armed forces . The Ordre pour le Mérite was the Kingdom of Prussia and consequently the German Empire 's highest military order until the end of the First World War . Pour le Mérite ( edit ) Franz Hipper ( SMS Lützow ) Reinhard Scheer ( SMS Friedrich der Grosse ) Victoria Cross ( edit ) The Hon . Edward Barry Stewart Bingham ( HMS Nestor ) John Travers Cornwell ( HMS Chester ) Francis John William Harvey ( HMS Lion ) Loftus William Jones ( HMS Shark ) Status of the survivors and wrecks ( edit ) HMS Caroline , the last surviving warship that saw action at Jutland , is preserved in Belfast , Northern Ireland In the years following the battle the wrecks were slowly discovered . Invincible was found by the Royal Navy minesweeper HMS Oakley in 1919 . After the Second World War some of the wrecks seem to have been commercially salvaged . For instance , the Hydrographic Office record for SMS Lützow ( No. 32344 ) shows that salvage operations were taking place on the wreck in 1960 . During 2000 -- 2016 a series of diving and marine survey expeditions involving veteran shipwreck historian and archaeologist Innes McCartney has located all of the wrecks sunk in the battle . It was discovered that over 60 % of them had suffered from metal theft . In 2003 McCartney led a detailed survey of the wrecks for the Channel 4 documentary `` Clash of the Dreadnoughts '' . The film examined the last minutes of the lost ships and revealed for the first time how both ' P ' and ' Q ' turrets of Invincible had been blasted out of the ship and tossed into the sea before she broke in half . This was followed by the Channel 4 documentary `` Jutland : WWI 's Greatest Sea Battle '' , broadcast in May 2016 , which showed how several of the major losses at Jutland had actually occurred and just how accurate the `` Harper Record '' actually was . On the 90th anniversary of the battle , in 2006 , the UK Ministry of Defence belatedly announced that the 14 British vessels lost in the battle were being designated as protected places under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 . This legislation only affects British ships and citizens and in practical terms offers no real protection from non-British salvors of the wreck sites . In May 2016 a number of British newspapers named the Dutch salvage company `` Friendship Offshore '' as one of the main salvors of the Jutland wrecks in recent years and depicted leaked photographs revealing the extent of their activities on the wreck of HMS Queen Mary . The last surviving veteran of the battle , Henry Allingham , a British RAF ( originally RNAS ) airman , died on 18 July 2009 , aged 113 , by which time he was the oldest documented man in the world and one of the last surviving veterans of the whole war . Also among the combatants was the then 20 - year - old Prince Albert , second in the line to the British throne , who would reign as King George VI of the United Kingdom from 1936 until his death in 1952 . He served as a junior officer in the Royal Navy . In 2013 , one ship from the battle survives and is still afloat , the light cruiser HMS Caroline . Decommissioned in 2011 , she is docked at the Royal Naval Reserve depot in Belfast , Northern Ireland . Remembrance ( edit ) The Battle of Jutland was annually celebrated as a great victory by the right wing in Weimar Germany . This victory was used to repress the memory of the German navy 's initiation of the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 , as well as the memory of the defeat in World War I in general . ( The celebrations of the Battle of Tannenberg played a similar role . ) This is especially true for the city of Wilhelmshaven , where wreath - laying ceremonies and torch - lit parades were performed until the end of the 1960s . In 1916 Contreadmiral Friedrich von Kühlwetter ( 1865 - 1931 ) wrote a detailed analysis of the battle and published it in a book under the title `` Skagerrak '' ( first anonymously published ) , which was reprinted in large numbers until after WWII and had a huge influence in keeping the battle in public memory amongst Germans as it was not tainted by the ideology of the Third Reich . Kühlwetter built the School for Naval Officers at Mürwik near Flensburg where he is still remembered . In May 2016 , the 100th Anniversary commemoration of the Battle of Jutland was held . On 29 May , a commemorative service was held at St Mary 's Church , Wimbledon , where the ensign from HMS Inflexible is on permanent display . On 31 May , the main service was held at St Magnus Cathedral in Orkney , attended by the British Prime Minister , David Cameron , and the German President , Joachim Gauck , along with Princess Anne and Vice Admiral Sir Tim Laurence . Film ( edit ) Wrath of the Seas ( Die versunkene Flotte , D 1926 , director Manfred Noa , assistant director Graham Hewett ) See also ( edit ) World War I portal List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions Sea War Museum Jutland Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In this article the terms `` torpedo boat '' ( sometimes `` torpedo - boat '' ) and `` destroyer '' are used interchangeably to refer to the same class of vessels in the German Navy . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nasmith , p. 261 Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Jutland '' . History Learning Site . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , `` Jutland 's Place in History , '' Naval History ( June 2016 ) 30 # 3 pp 16 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Distant Victory : The Battle of Jutland and the Allied Triumph in the First World War , page XCIV '' . Praeger Security International . July 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Analysis pp. 274 Jump up ^ `` Distant Victory : The Battle of Jutland and the Allied Triumph in the First World War , page XCV '' . Praeger Security International . July 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Protasio , John . ( 2011 ) . The Day the World was Shocked : The Lusitania Disaster and Its Influence on the Course of World War I pp. 200 -- 201 , Casemate Publications ( US ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 935149 - 45 - 3 Jump up ^ Tarrant p. 49 Jump up ^ Tarrant p. 55 Jump up ^ Campbell , p. 2 Jump up ^ Tarrant p. 56 - 57 Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 57 -- 58 Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 58 -- 60 Jump up ^ Tarrant p. 61 Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 62 , 60 , 65 Jump up ^ Stille , Mark . British Dreadnought vs. German Dreadnought : Jutland 1916 . 2010 . Osprey Publishing. ( Page 56 ) Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 63 -- 64 Jump up ^ Tarrant p. 64 ^ Jump up to : http://www.gwpda.org/naval/nr191401.htm Jump up ^ Sutherland , Cramwell , p. 13 Jump up ^ Forczyk pp. 58 -- 62 ^ Jump up to : ' Castles of Steel ' p. 666 Jump up ^ Marder III p. 168 Jump up ^ Tarrant p. 65 Jump up ^ Jellicoe , Joe , The Grand Fleet , 1914 -- 1916 , London , Cassell , 1919 Jump up ^ Massie , p. 576 ^ Jump up to : Campbell . Analysis . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 16 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 65 -- 66 Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Tarrant p. 67 Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Marder III pp. 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 69 -- 70 Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 70 -- 71 ^ Jump up to : `` 21 June 1916 -- Paul to Ted '' . familyletters.co.uk. 2016 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell . Analysis . p. 35 . Jump up ^ ' Marder ' III p. 55 Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Brooks pp. 234 -- 237 Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Brooks p. 239 Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 64 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 62 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Bennett , p. 187 Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 78 , 94 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 596 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 50 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell . Analysis . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Massie , pp. 600 -- 601 Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 135 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 124 -- 125 , 145 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 100 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 126 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 134 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 59 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 118 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 111 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 111 -- 115 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell . Analysis . pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 612 -- 613 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 115 . Jump up ^ Massie , p. 614 Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 153 , 179 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 259 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 319 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 185 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 183 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles . p. 621 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 187 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 622 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 624 -- 625 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell . Analysis . p. 246 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 218 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 197 . ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles . pp. 627 -- 628 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 205 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 220 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 211 -- 216 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 629 -- 630 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . pp. 252 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 272 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 635 -- 636 . Jump up ^ Massie , p. 637 ^ Jump up to : Massie , p. 645 Jump up ^ Marder pp. 140 -- 145 Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 647 . Jump up ^ Marder p. 146 Jump up ^ Marder p. 159 Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 645 -- 646 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 639 -- 640 . ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles . pp. 642 -- 645 , pp. 647 -- 648 . Jump up ^ Marder p. 142 Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 643 . Jump up ^ Campbell . Analysis . p. 290 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 651 -- 652 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 650 -- 651 . ^ Jump up to : Tarrant , German Perspective p245 ( claimed ) , p222 ( Arms and Armour paperback edition , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Tarrant . German Perspective . p. 259 . Jump up ^ German Perspective . pp. 260 -- 261 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 6342 . Jump up ^ Marder pp. 148 -- 151 Jump up ^ Tarrant pp. 274 -- 276 Jump up ^ Steel & Hart pp. 418 -- 420 Jump up ^ `` Daily Mirror Headlines : The Battle of Jutland , Published 3 June 1916 '' . BBC -- History . Jump up ^ Steele & Hart pp. 421 -- 422 Jump up ^ Sutherland & Canwell ( 2007 ) . The Battle of Jutland . Pen & Sword . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 529 - 3 . Jump up ^ Massie , Castles , p. 684 Jump up ^ Marder III p. 206 citing Captain Persius , Berliner Tageblatt , 18 November 1918 Jump up ^ Moretz , pp. 8 Jump up ^ Rasor , pp. 75 ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles . p. 665 . Jump up ^ Campbell p. 335 Jump up ^ Kennedy . The Rise and Fall . p. 257 . Jump up ^ McBride , William Leon ( 2000 ) . Technological change and the United States Navy , 1865 -- 1945 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6486 - 0 . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ( 2006 ) . Aircraft Carriers : A History of Carrier Aviation and Its Influence on World Events : 1909 -- 1945 . I. Washington : Potomac Books . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 663 - 0 . Jump up ^ Campbell , pp. 386 -- 387 Jump up ^ Marder III p. 170 Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ ' Castles ' p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : ' Castles ' p. 668 ^ Jump up to : Marder III p. 171 Jump up ^ ' Castles ' p. 671 citing Marder Vol . III p. 81 Jump up ^ Marder p. 169 Jump up ^ Marder III , p. 215 Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 666 -- 667 . Jump up ^ Gary Staff ( 2014 ) . German Battlecruisers of World War One : Their Design , Construction and Operations . Seaforth Publishing . p. 278 . ISBN 9781848323087 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 666 . Jump up ^ Battle of Jutland - Jellicoe 's Despatch , referencing Battle of Jutland - Official Despatches with Appendicies , `` Presented to Parliament by Command of His Majesty , His Majesty 's Stationary Office , 1920 Jump up ^ Marder III p. 218 Jump up ^ Marder III p. 219 ^ Jump up to : Tony DiGiulian . `` Naval Propellants -- A Brief Overview '' . navweaps.com . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Battle of Jutland , Memoir -- World War 1 Naval Combat '' . worldwar1.co.uk . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Loss of HMS Hood Part 3 '' . warship.org . Archived from the original on 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Campbell , pp. 377 -- 378 Jump up ^ Campbell , pp. 371 -- 372 Jump up ^ Lambert . `` Bloody Ships '' : 36 . Jump up ^ British Battlecruisers 1914 -- 18 , Lawrence Burr , Tony Bryan pp. 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ British Battlecruisers 1914 -- 18 , Lawrence Burr , Tony Bryan p. 43 Jump up ^ `` German Ammunition , Guns and Mountings Definitions '' . Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Memoir of Gunnery Officer Alexander Grant Jump up ^ marder III p. 174 ^ Jump up to : British Battlecruisers 1914 -- 18 , Lawrence Burr , Tony Bryan p. 40 Jump up ^ Advance Report of B.C.F. Gunnery Committee Jump up ^ Brooks p. 224 Jump up ^ Brooks , pp. 221 -- 222 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 223 Jump up ^ Marder III pp. 213 -- 214 Jump up ^ Marder III pp. 166 , 214 Jump up ^ Marder p. 215 Jump up ^ Marder III pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Marder III pp. 176 -- 178 Jump up ^ MarderIII p. 222 Jump up ^ Marder III pp. 224 -- 225 Jump up ^ Marder III p. 226 Jump up ^ Massie , p. 631 Jump up ^ Massie , p. 670 ^ Jump up to : Massie . Castles . p. 675 . Jump up ^ Massie , p. 632 Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 681 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 672 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 670 , 679 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 673 -- 674 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . p. 674 . Jump up ^ Massie . Castles . pp. 589 -- 590 . Jump up ^ Brewers Dictionary of 20th Century Phrase and Fable Jump up ^ Great War Primary Documents Archive , 2007 , `` Battle of Jutland -- Commonwealth Casualties '' ( Access : 24 February 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Gordon . Rules . p. 539 . Jump up ^ Innes McCartney ( 2016 ) . Jutland 1916 : The Archaeology of a Naval Battlefield . Bloomsbury . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 1844864164 . Jump up ^ Innes McCartney ( 2016 ) . Jutland 1916 : The Archaeology of a Naval Battlefield . Bloomsbury . ISBN 978 - 1844864164 . Jump up ^ `` Jutland -- Clash of the Dreadnoughts '' . Jump up ^ `` Jutland : WW1 's Greatest Sea Battle '' . Jump up ^ Innes McCartney ( 2016 ) . Jutland 1916 : The Archaeology of a Naval Battlefield . Bloomsbury . pp. 257 -- 260 . ISBN 978 - 1844864164 . Jump up ^ `` First World War sea graves hit industrial scale looting Royal Navy battlecruiser sunk Germans Battle Jutland '' . Jump up ^ `` World War One Sea Graves Hit by Industrial Scale Looting Salvaging Scrap Metal from Sunken Vessels / '' . Jump up ^ `` War Graves of Plymouth Sailors Looted '' . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's oldest veteran recalls WWI '' . BBC News . 26 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Walker , Andrew ( 29 January 2003 ) . `` Profile : King George VI '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Götz : Remembering the Battle , p. 360 Jump up ^ Kühlwetter : Skagerrak - Der Ruhmestag der deutschen Flotte Jump up ^ `` Battle of Jutland centenary marked '' . BBC News . BBC . 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bennett , Geoffrey ( 2005 ) . Naval Battles of the First World War . London : Pen & Sword Military Classics . ISBN 1 - 84415 - 300 - 2 . Black , Jeremy . `` Jutland 's Place in History , '' Naval History ( June 2016 ) 30 # 3 pp 16 -- 21 . Brooks , John ( 2005 ) . Dreadnought Gunnery at the Battle of Jutland : The Question of Fire Control . London : Routledge , Frank Cass series . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5702 - 6 . Brown , G.I. ( 1998 ) . The Big Bang : A History of Explosives . Gloucestershire : Sutton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 1878 - 0 . Campbell , John ( 1998 ) . Jutland : An Analysis of the Fighting . Lyons Press . ISBN 1 - 55821 - 759 - 2 . Costello , John ( 1976 ) Jutland 1916 with Terry Hughes English , Major J.A. ( 1979 ) . `` The Trafalgar Syndrome : Jutland and the Indecisiveness of Naval Warfare '' . Naval War College Review . XXXII ( 3 ) . Forczyk , Robert ( 2009 ) . Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship ( Yellow Sea 1904 -- 05 ) . Great Britain : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 330 - 8 . Götz , Georg ( 2010 ) . `` Remembering the Battle of Jutland in Post-War Wilhelmshaven '' . In Niven , William ; Paver , Chloe . Difficult Pasts . Memorialisation In Germany since 1945 . Macmillan . pp. 360 -- 368 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 20703 - 5 . Gordon , Andrew ( 1996 ) . The Rules of the Game : Jutland and British Naval Command . London : John Murray . Halpern , Paul G. ( 1994 ) . A Naval History of World War I. London : Routledge . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 498 - 4 . Keegan , John . The First World War United States . Alfred A. Knopf , Inc . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40052 - 4 . Kennedy , Paul M. ( 1983 ) . The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 35094 - 4 . Kühlwetter , von , Friedrich ( 1916 ) . Skagerrak : Der Ruhmestag der deutschen Flotte . Berlin : Ullstein . Lambert , Nicholas A ( January 1998 ) . `` '' Our Bloody Ships '' or `` Our Bloody System '' ? Jutland and the Loss of the Battle Cruisers , 1916 `` . The Journal of Military History . Society for Military History , Vol. 62 , No. 1 . 61 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 55 . doi : 10.2307 / 120394 . JSTOR 120394 . Marder , Arthur J. ( 1966 ) . Jutland and after , May 1916 -- December 1916 . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow . III . Oxford University Press . Massie , Robert K. ( 2003 ) . Castles of Steel : Britain , Germany , and the Winning of the Great War at Sea . Random House . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40878 - 0 . Massie , Robert K. ( 1991 ) . Dreadnought : Britain , Germany and the coming of the great war . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 52833 - 6 . McCartney , Innes ( 2016 ) . Jutland 1916 : The Archaeology of a Naval Battlefield . Bloomsbury . ISBN 978 - 1844864164 . McCartney , Innes ( 2013 ) . `` Jutland 1916 : The Archaeology of a Modern Naval Battle : The Wreck of HMS Invincible , The World 's First Battle Cruiser '' . SKYLLIS , The Journal of the German Society for the Promotion of Underwater Archaeology -- forthcoming . McCartney , Innes ( March 2012 ) . `` The Armoured Cruiser HMS Defence : A Case Study in Assessing the Royal Navy Shipwrecks of the Battle of Jutland 1916 as an Archaeological Resource '' . International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 41 : 56 -- 66 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 9270.2011. 00331. x . Moretz , Joseph ( 2002 ) . The Royal Navy and the Capital Ship in the Interwar Period : An Operational Perspective . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5196 - 6 . Morrison , S.E. ( 1958 ) . Leyte , June 1944 -- January 1945 . History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . XII . Boston : Little & Brown . OCLC 3339343 . Nasmith , Col. George ( 1919 ) . Canada 's Sons and Great Britain during the World War . Introduction by Gen. Sir Arthur W. Currie . Toronto : Thomas Allen . O'Connell , Robert J. ( 1993 ) . Sacred Vessels : The Cult of the Battleship and the Rise of the U.S. Navy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508006 - 8 . Rasor , Eugene L. ( 2000 ) . Winston S. Churchill , 1874 - 1965 : A Comprehensive Historiography and Annotated Bibliography . London : Greenwood . ISBN 0 - 3133 - 0546 - 3 . Tarrant , V.E. ( 1995 ) . Jutland : The German Perspective : A New View of the Great Battle , 31 May 1916 . London : Arms & Armour Press . ISBN 1 - 85409 - 244 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Bacon , Reginald ( 1925 ) . The Jutland Scandal . London . OCLC 1900062 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 2006 ) . Distant Victory : The Battle of Jutland and the Allied Triumph in the First World War . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99073 - 7 . Corbett , Julian ( 2003 ) . Naval Operations . Official History of the War . III ( repr . ed . ) . London : Longmans & Co . ISBN 1 - 84342 - 491 - 6 . H.W. Fawcett & G.W.W. Hooper , RN ( editors ) , The fighting at Jutland ( abridged edition ) ; the personal experiences of forty - five officers and men of the British Fleet London : MacMillan & Co , 1921 Frost , H.H. ( 1936 ) . The Battle of Jutland . Annapolis , MD : USNI . OCLC 2826423 . George , S.C. ( 1981 ) . Jutland to Junkyard . Edinburgh : Paul Harris . ISBN 0 - 86228 - 029 - X . Groos , Fregattenkäpitan Otto ( 1925 ) . Der Krieg in der Nordsee . Der Krieg zur See : 1914 -- 1918 ( in German ) . Bänd V. Berlin : Mittler & Sons . OCLC 2960788 . Hough , Richard ( 1975 ) . Dreadnought , A history of the Modern Battleship . Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 0517293676 . OCLC 5101910 . Legg , Stuart ( 1966 ) . Jutland , an Eye - Witness Account of a Great Battle . New York City : The John Day Company . OCLC 505431 . London , Charles ( 2000 ) . Jutland 1916 , Clash of the Dreadnoughts . Campaign . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 992 - 1 . Marder , Arthur J. ( 1965 ) . From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow , The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era , 1904 -- 1919 : The War Years to the eve of Jutland , 1914 -- 1916 . II . London : Oxford University Press . OCLC 865180297 . Roberts , John Arthur ( 2003 ) . Battlecruisers . ShipShape . London : Caxton Editions . ISBN 1 - 84067 - 530 - 6 . Steel , Nigel ; Hart , Peter ( 2004 ) . Jutland 1916 : Death in the Grey Wastes . London : Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35892 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Jutland . WW1 Centenary News - Battle of Jutland Jutland Centenary Initiative Jutland Commemoration Exhibition Interactive Map of Jutland Sailors Beatty 's official report Jellicoe 's official despatch Jellicoe , extract from The Grand Fleet , published 1919 World War I Naval Combat -- Despatches Scheer , Germany 's High Seas Fleet in the World War , published 1920 Henry Allingham Last known survivor of the Battle of Jutland Jutland Casualties Listed by Ship Some Original Documents from the British Admiralty , ( ( Room 40 , regarding the Battle of Jutland ) : Photocopies from The National Archives , Kew , Richmond , UK . Notable accounts by Rudyard Kipling Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 31 . by Alexander Grant , a gunner aboard HMS Lion A North Sea diary , 1914 -- 1918 , by Stephen King - Hall , a junior officer on the light cruiser HMS Southampton by Paul Berryman , a junior officer on HMS Malaya by Moritz von Egidy , captain of SMS Seydlitz by Richard Foerster , gunnery officer on Seydlitz by Georg von Hase , gunnery officer on Derfflinger ( Note : Due to the time difference , entries in some of the German accounts are one hour ahead of the times in this article . ) World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - 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Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal LCCN : sh85071160 GND : 4298378 - 2 BNF : cb119476439 ( data ) BNE : XX543520 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jutland&oldid=825673893 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1916 Naval battles of World War I involving Australia Naval battles of World War I involving Canada Naval battles of World War I involving Germany Naval battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom North Sea operations of World War I Protected Wrecks of the United Kingdom Military history of the North Sea 1916 in Europe Battle of Jutland May 1916 events June 1916 events Germany -- United Kingdom military relations Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing German - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the battle of jutland take place | [
"The Battle of Jutland (German: Skagerrakschlacht, the Battle of Skagerrak) was a naval battle fought by the British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet under Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, against the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet under Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer during the First World War. The battle unfolded in extensive manoeuvring and three main engagements (the battlecruiser action, the fleet action and the night action), from 31 May to 1 June 1916, off the North Sea coast of Denmark's Jutland Peninsula.[2] It was the largest naval battle and the only full-scale clash of battleships in that war. Jutland was the third fleet action between steel battleships, following the smaller but more decisive battles of the Yellow Sea (1904) and Tsushima (1905) during the Russo-Japanese War. Jutland was the last major battle in world history fought primarily by battleships.[3]"
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"off the North Sea coast of Denmark's Jutland Peninsula"
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2801001100326705714 | List of Pokémon: Indigo League episodes | List of Pokémon : Indigo League episodes - wikipedia List of Pokémon : Indigo League episodes Jump to : navigation , search Pokémon : Indigo League The front cover of the DVD collection box of English Pokémon : Indigo League season , containing the first 26 episodes of this season Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 82 ( Japan ) 80 ( U.S. ) Release Original network TV Tokyo Original release April 1 , 1997 -- January 21 , 1999 Season chronology Next → Adventures on the Orange Islands This is a list of episodes in the animated series Pokémon , named Pokémon : Indigo League for the DVD releases . The episodes aired in Japan as Pocket Monsters ( ポケットモンスター , Poketto Monsutā ) , covering the first season of the series about the adventures of series protagonist Ash Ketchum and his friends Misty and Brock on the way to the Indigo Plateau . The episodes were directed by Masamitsu Hidaka and produced by Oriental Light and Magic and TV Tokyo . The first season of Pokémon originally aired in Japan from April 1997 to February 1999 on TV Tokyo and in the United States from September 1998 to January 2000 ( from September 1998 to November 1998 , it was on first - run syndication and afterwards premiered on The WB Television Network ) . On U.S. television , how the seasons are organized is changed : the first 52 episodes that aired in the U.S. are a part of the first season , and the remaining 28 episodes are a part of Season 2 ( and Beauty and the Beach of Indigo League is aired during Season 2 ) , followed by 25 Adventures in the Orange Islands episodes . On DVD , Season 1 is made up of all 80 Indigo League episodes that aired in the U.S. The Japanese opening song is `` Aim to be a Pokemon Master '' by Rica Matsumoto . The ending songs are `` One Hundred Fifty - One '' by Unsho Ishizuka and Pokémon Kids , `` Meowth 's Song '' by Inuko Inuyama , `` Fantasy in My Pocket '' by Sachi & Juri , `` Pokemon Ondo '' by Sachiko Kobayashi , Koffing , and Ekans , and `` Type : Wild '' by Rica Matsumoto . The English opening song is `` Pokémon Theme '' by Jason Paige , while each episodes close with the PokéRAP , which contains 5 different versions ( each profiling about 30 Pokémon for a total of 151 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main overview 2 Airing overview 3 Season 1 -- Pokémon : Indigo League ( 1997 -- 1999 ) 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Main overview ( edit ) Ash Ketchum turns 10 years old and is able to start on a new journey as a Pokémon trainer . The night before Ash is to meet Professor Oak , he has a dream and breaks his alarm clock . The next day he oversleeps , which causes him to miss his chance at getting one of the three Kanto starter Pokémon : Charmander , Bulbasaur or Squirtle . However , Professor Oak has one last Pokémon at his lab , a Pikachu . Pikachu initially does not get along with Ash , but in the first episode , Ash saves Pikachu from a flock of angry Spearow and they become best friends , developing a special bond . On the way Ash meets Misty , the Cerulean City Gym Leader who loves water Pokémon and wants to join him until he pays her for her bike which was accidentally destroyed by Pikachu ; and Brock , the Pewter City Gym Leader who wants to join Ash on his journey so he can become the greatest Pokémon breeder . Ash catches and makes friends with many Pokémon while dealing with opposition from the Team Rocket trio of Jessie , James , and Meowth , and his childhood rival , Gary Oak , Professor Oak 's grandson , who is also a Pokémon trainer and always keeps ahead of him . Airing overview ( edit ) `` Pikachu 's Jukebox '' is seen on the end of episode 56 . The division between series of Pokémon is based on the English version openings of each episode as featured on region 1 DVD releases , and may not reflect the actual production season . The English episode numbers are based on their first airing in the United States in syndication , and on The WB Television Network . ( Other English - speaking nations largely followed either this order or the Japanese order . ) Subsequent airings of the English version follow the original Japanese order , except in the case of episodes which are no longer shown in English . Midway through the original series , YTV began to air the episodes before Kids ' WB until sometime in Johto . There are two end - of - show segments and one mid-episode segment during the season . The mid-episode eyecatch is called `` Who 's That Pokémon ? '' , where viewers identify the Pokémon covered in the episode . The first one that is shown at the end of the episode is the Pokérap , where they can rap the 150 total Pokémon . The second one is called `` Pikachu 's Jukebox '' , which includes six songs from its first official soundtrack 2. B.A. Master . The first season ran from April 1 , 1997 -- January 28 , 1999 in Japan . This season was shown on TV Tokyo . In the United States , new episodes originally aired in syndication from September 8 , 1998 -- November 20 , 1998 for the first 41 episodes ( excluding the banned episodes ) , but were moved to the Kids ' WB Saturday morning line - up on February 13 , 1999 , where the rest of the season was aired . With a total of 80 episodes ( 82 in Japan ) , on June 24 , 2000 ( January 21 , 1999 in Japan ) Pokémon : Indigo League finished and became the longest running Pokémon season . The episodes of this season have been released in 26 individual DVDs and VHS between December 13 , 1998 and January 23 , 2001 . Between 2006 and 2008 , Viz Media re-released episodes of the season in three DVD compilations . The first twenty - six episodes of this season were released on DVD on November 21 , 2006 , with `` Beauty and the Beach '' , being skipped . The second US season came out on November 13 , 2007 , with `` Princess vs. Princess '' and `` The Purr - fect Hero '' being moved onto the third part , to match the airing order . The third and final part was released on February 12 , 2008 . On November 5 , 2013 , Viz Media re-issued the first twenty - six episodes on DVD with all new packaging . As of November 4 , 2013 , Pokémon is airing on Boomerang every Monday through Friday from 4 - 5pm and every Saturday and Sunday from 6 - 7pm , but on March 3 , 2014 , it was pushed back to 6 : 30pm which means that Cartoon Network 's sister channel is airing it every day . On February 27 , 2014 , it was announced that the first season of Pokémon would be streamed on Netflix from March 1 , 2014 . The full first season is now on Netflix with the original 1998 versions that included the commercial bumpers voiced by Brock . Since Netflix uses the dub versions of the episodes , `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' ( translated Cyber Soldier Porygon ) is not on there due to not being officially dubbed , so as episode 35 ( translated The Legend of Dratini ) . Beauty and the Beach and Holiday Hi - Jynx are not on Netflix even though they were dubbed and aired . Netflix divides Indigo League into two seasons , according to the dub broadcast order seasons . Therefore , the second season includes Pokémon : Adventures in the Orange Islands , up to Charizard Chills , since the last 11 episodes are in Season 3 in the dub broadcast . Since then Netflix episodes have been reduced to just 52 episodes with `` Beauty and the Beach '' , `` Princess vs. Princess '' , and `` The Purr - fect Hero '' missing . On October 30 , 2017 , Manga Entertainment released the first half of the Indigo League saga on DVD and for the first time , Blu - ray as a 5 - disc box - set in the UK . On November 14 , 2017 , Viz Media released Pokemon : Indigo League -- Season 1 Champion 's Edition for the first time on Blu - ray in the US and on December 6 , 2017 , Beyond Home Entertainment released the first half of the Indigo League saga for the first time on Blu - ray in Australia . Season 1 -- Pokémon : Indigo League ( 1997 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) < td class = `` description '' style = `` border - bottom : 3px solid # 4B0082 '' colspan = `` 5 '' > Ash , Pikachu , and Misty finally reach Pewter City and meet Flint , a mysterious man who sells rocks . Ash is ready to challenge the Pewter City Gym Leader , Brock , for his first Badge , but loses the battle . Flint takes Ash and Pikachu to Brock 's home and Ash learns that Brock cares for his many younger brothers and sisters since their dad left them . He then brings Pikachu and Ash to a watermill to make Pikachu stronger . Ash battles Brock again , this time coming closer to winning . A fire breaks out in the gym , however , and the sprinklers go off , weakening Onix . Ash wants to defeat Onix but is held back by the thought of Brock 's siblings ( when he opens his eyes he finds he was literally held back by them ) . Ash leaves the Gym but Brock catches up to him and gives Ash the Boulder Badge . Flint turns out to be Brock 's father and takes over the Gym and the responsibility of his children for Brock when he decides to join Ash on his journey . EP # English title Japanese title Air date J# E# Japan United States `` Pokémon , I Choose You ! '' ( Pikachu I Choose You ! ) `` Pokemon ! Kimi ni Kimeta ! '' ( ポケモン ! きみ に きめ た ! ) April 1 , 1997 September 8 , 1998 Ash Ketchum is finally 10 years old , old enough to become a Pokémon Trainer . He wakes up late on the day he is supposed to receive his first Pokémon at Professor Oak 's lab , however , and arrives to discover all the Pokémon are gone . Ash has no choice to take a naughty Pikachu . Pikachu will not listen to Ash or go inside its Poké Ball , so Ash must drag it along with a rope . After many failed attempts at capturing some Pokémon , Ash throws a rock and hits a Spearow . The Spearow gets angry and the entire flock starts chasing Ash and Pikachu . They run away from the Spearow , borrowing a bike from a red - haired girl to escape , but when they can not go any farther , Ash uses his body to shield Pikachu from the attacking Pokémon . Pikachu realizes how much Ash cares for him and uses a powerful electric attack to drive the Spearow away , destroying the bicycle in the process as well . Ash and Pikachu see a glimpse of Ho - Oh . `` Team Rocket Emergency ! '' ( Showdown ! Pokémon Center ! ) `` Taiketsu ! Pokemon Sentā ! '' ( たい けつ ! ポケモン センター ! ) April 8 , 1997 September 9 , 1998 Finally arriving in Viridian City , Ash is cornered by Officer Jenny who asks why he is carrying Pikachu instead of having it in a Pokéball . After explaining , Jenny takes Ash to the Pokémon Center where Nurse Joy begins treatment on the injured Pikachu . Before Pikachu 's treatment finishes , however , Ash is interrupted by Misty , the girl who Ash took the bike from , who vows to stick with Ash until he pays her back for destroying her bike . The Pokémon Center is then attacked by Jessie , James , and their talking Meowth , members of Team Rocket , seeking to steal all of the infirm Pokémon . Ash 's Pikachu and the Pokémon Center 's many Pikachu manage to defeat Team Rocket by shocking them using Thunder Shock , sending them `` blasting off '' into the sky for the first time . `` Challenge of the Samurai '' ( Challenge of Butterfree ! ) `` Samurai Shōnen no Chōsen ! '' ( サムライ しょう ねん の ちょう せん ! ) April 22 , 1997 September 11 , 1998 While wandering through Viridian Forest , a Samurai challenges Ash to a battle , and it turns out to be Metapod vs. Metapod . After a short time , a swarm of Beedrill attacks , and Ash 's Metapod is taken by them . Ash is able to rescue his Metapod and it evolves once more into Butterfree . 5 5 `` Showdown in Pewter City '' ( Battle of Nibi Gym ! ) `` Nibi Jimu no Tatakai ! '' ( ニビジム の たたかい ! ) April 29 , 1997 September 14 , 1998 `` Ash Catches a Pokémon '' ( I Got a Pidgey ! ) `` Pokemon Getto da ze ! '' ( ポケモン ゲット だ ぜ ! ) April 15 , 1997 September 10 , 1998 Ash , Pikachu , and Misty have entered the Viridian Forest . Ash captures his first Pokémon , a Caterpie , and later , a Pidgeotto . Misty , however , is scared of bugs and screams every time Caterpie comes near her . Meanwhile , Team Rocket is following them , ready for a fresh attempt at capturing Pikachu . Ash is successful in driving off Team Rocket once more . 6 6 `` Clefairy and the Moon Stone '' ( Pippi and the Moon Stone ) `` Pippi to Tsuki no Ishi '' ( ピッピ と つきの いし ) May 6 , 1997 September 15 , 1998 Ash , Misty , Brock , and Pikachu arrive at Mt . Moon to find Team Rocket interfering with the local wildlife in hopes of finding the rare Moon Stone . With the help of Seymour the Scientist , the gang saves the Moon Stone and the Clefairies that guard it . Also , Brock catches a Zubat . 7 7 `` The Water Flowers of Cerulean City '' ( The Underwater Flowers of Hanada City ) `` Hanada Shiti no Suichūka '' ( ハナダシティ の すい ちゅう か ) May 13 , 1997 September 16 , 1998 In his quest to collect Gym Badges , Ash heads for Cerulean City , intending to confront the Cerulean Gym Leader . For some reason , Misty expresses a desire to avoid Cerulean City and disappears along the way . Upon entering the gym , Ash and Pikachu are entranced by a synchronized swimming show being performed by three beautiful sisters , unsure if he has really found another Gym . The three reveal that they are the Gym Leaders but have since converted the Gym into an aquarium and water show , and offer to just give Ash the badge , but Misty appears once more , revealing that she is also one of the Gym Leaders and will battle Ash in lieu of her three older sisters . However , Team Rocket disrupts the battle in an attempt to steal all of the Gym 's Pokémon , and Misty 's sisters decide to award Ash the Cascade Badge for helping save everyone . 8 8 `` The Path to the Pokémon League '' ( The Road to the Pokémon League ) `` Pokemon Rīgu e no Michi '' ( ポケモン リーグ へ の みち ) May 20 , 1997 September 17 , 1998 After receiving his second badge , Ash sets off triumphantly for Vermilion City . Along the way , they hear of a trainer named A.J. , a fierce Pokémon trainer who has never lost a match . Full of self - confidence from his own record of ten victories in a row , Ash heads directly for the gym to find his new opponent . When they arrive , a huge bulletin is in front of the gym with a neon sign declaring `` 98 Consecutive Victories '' , which appeals to Ash 's over-confidence . A.J. is on the brink of achieving his goal of 100 straight victories , after which he will embark on a journey to gather badges , and Ash discovers A.J. 's odd training style . 9 9 `` The School of Hard Knocks '' ( Pokémon Certain Victory Manual ) `` Pokemon Hisshō Manyuaru '' ( ポケモン ひっ しょう マニュアル ) May 27 , 1997 September 18 , 1998 Our three heroes have lost their way in the depths of a dense wooden forest , shrouded in thick , white mist . Momentarily giving up , they decide to break for a brief rest . As Ash wanders deeper into the wood , searching for firewood , he happens across a young boy being bullied by five classmates gathered around him . Eavesdropping on their conversation , Ash learns that the boys are attending a preparatory school for Pokémon trainers . Graduates from the school are automatically qualified to participate in the Pokémon League without travelling around and collecting any badges . Ash , Misty , and Brock head to the school and do not agree with some of their ideas of training , something their `` leader '' does not take well . 10 10 `` Bulbasaur and the Hidden Village '' ( Fushigidane of the Hidden Village ) `` Kakurezato no Fushigidane '' ( かくれ ざと の フシギダネ ) June 3 , 1997 September 21 , 1998 Ash and friends are still on their way to Vermilion City and still lost . They stop by a pond for a break when they see an Oddish taking a drink . Ash and Misty try to catch it but they are stopped by a mysterious Bulbasaur who rescues the Oddish . They continue on their journey and keep getting caught in traps , until the Bulbasaur 's owner , Melanie , finds them , saves them and brings them back to her cabin . It turns out that she helps injured , sick , and abandoned Pokémon , and they decide to help . Meanwhile , Team Rocket decides to steal all the Pokémon , while Brock wonders if he should stay with Melanie . In the end , Melanie gives Bulbasaur to Ash , but not until Bulbasaur challenges Ash and Pikachu to a battle . 11 11 `` Charmander -- The Stray Pokémon '' ( The Stray Pokémon -- Hitokage ) `` Hagure Pokemon , Hitokage '' ( はぐれ ポケモン ・ ヒトカゲ ) June 10 , 1997 September 22 , 1998 While on the road to Vermilion City , Ash , Misty , Brock , and Pikachu come across a Charmander sitting on a rock . Ash tries to catch it , but it turns out it has a trainer and can not be captured , so they head to the Pokémon Center . At the Pokémon Center , a hotshot trainer named Damian is bragging about how he left his Charmander behind , promising to come back for it when he means to abandon it for being weak in his eyes . After hearing this , they head back out to get the poor Pokémon as a rainstorm threatens its very life . After a battle with Team Rocket , where Damian witnesses Charmander defeating them , he tries to get Charmander to come back to him , but the Pokémon 's loyalty now belongs to Ash . Ash captures Charmander , gaining a new friend and Pokémon . 12 12 `` Here Comes the Squirtle Squad '' ( The Zenigame Squad Appears ! ) `` Zenigame - gundan Tōjō ! '' ( ゼニガメ ぐんだん とう じょう ! ) June 17 , 1997 September 23 , 1998 Ash , Misty , Brock , and Pikachu become the victims of pranks played by a gang of Squirtle known as the Squirtle Squad . They end up falling down a hole , and are even eventually captured by them . It turns out that they are working together with Team Rocket . When Pikachu is severely injured , the Squirtle lets Ash out to get medicine from town , but must return soon or his friends will be trapped by the Squirtle Squad forever . In the end , the Squirtle Squad saves the town from a fire started by Team Rocket and Squirtle joins Ash on his further adventures . 13 13 `` Mystery at the Lighthouse '' ( Masaki 's Lighthouse ) `` Masaki no Tōdai '' ( マサキ の とう だい ) June 24 , 1997 September 24 , 1998 When a Krabby that Ash catches disappears , he goes to a nearby lighthouse to see if it reached Professor Oak 's lab . The keeper of the lighthouse is Bill , a Pokémon Watcher who is searching for a mysterious Pokémon that sometimes appears by his lighthouse . Just as this mysterious Pokémon answers Bill 's call and approaches the lighthouse , Team Rocket appears and tries to capture it . Injured , the Pokémon loses its trust of Bill and vanishes forever , though Bill intends to keep an eye out in case it ever appears again . 14 14 `` Electric Shock Showdown '' ( Electric Shock Showdown ! Kuchiba Gym ) `` Dengeki Taiketsu ! Kuchiba Jimu '' ( で ん げき たい けつ ! クチバジム ) July 1 , 1997 September 25 , 1998 Ash finally arrives in Vermilion City and is ready to prove that he can defeat its Gym Leader Lt. Surge . However , Lt. Surge and his powerful Raichu easily defeat Ash , and he discovers that many trainers fail to defeat Lt. Surge . After contemplating evolving Pikachu into Raichu as well , Ash decides to use Pikachu 's speed to his advantage in his next battle , defeating Lt. Surge and winning the Thunder Badge . 15 15 `` Battle Aboard the St. Anne '' ( The St. Anne Battle ! ) `` Santo Annu - gō no Tatakai ! '' ( サントアンヌ ごう の たたかい ! ) July 8 , 1997 September 28 , 1998 Ash wins a ticket to take a trip on a luxury cruise ship , the St. Anne . Ash enjoys the journey , even trading Butterfree for a Raticate , but feels guilty afterwards and asks for Butterfree back . However , the whole cruise is a scheme devised by Team Rocket , who plans to steal the Pokémon of all the trainers on board . During the confusion , James purchases a Magikarp from a devious salesman , under the impression it will make him rich , unaware of Magikarp 's true nature . After Team Rocket 's plans fail , the St. Anne is hit by a powerful storm . Ash loses his Butterfree 's PokéBall in the confusion and goes to get it , just as James tries to retrieve Magikarp 's PokéBall , and both groups are knocked unconscious while the rest of the passengers escape safely . 16 16 `` Pokémon Shipwreck '' ( Pokémon Adrift ) `` Pokemon Hyōryūki '' ( ポケモン ひょう りゅう き ) July 15 , 1997 September 29 , 1998 Ash , Misty , Brock , and Pikachu wake up aboard the St. Anne , discovering it has capsized and sunk . Elsewhere , Jessie , James , and Meowth wake up as well , and in an attempt to escape only flood the area that they are in . When Ash and his friends find Team Rocket , the group decides to put their differences aside to escape safely , after an attempted battle nearly causes the ship to sink farther . After traversing the ship , they find a weak part of the hull to escape from , using Misty and Ash 's water Pokémon to escape , while Team Rocket uses James ' Magikarp , unaware that it can not swim . After making it to the surface on some debris , the group discovers Team Rocket , once more , and after a day stranded , decide to eat Magikarp , only discovering that it has no meat on it . In anger , James kicks Magikarp off the raft and it evolves into Gyarados . It calls a group of other Gyarados to attack the group , and everyone is stranded once more . 17 17 `` Island of the Giant Pokémon '' ( Island of the Gigantic Pokémon ! ? ) `` Kyodai Pokemon no Shima ! ? '' ( き ょ だい ポケモン の しま ! ? ) July 22 , 1997 September 30 , 1998 After being hit by a Dragon Rage attack from James ' newly evolved Gyarados while at sea , the humans are separated from their Pokémon on an island that is inhabited by giant Pokémon . Pikachu , Bulbasaur , Charmander , Squirtle , Meowth , Ekans , and Koffing try to make their way back to their trainers , while they escape the giant Pokémon , unaware that they have all landed on an island owned by Team Rocket to house a theme park dedicated to a giant robotic Pokémon . Note : This seems to date to be the only episode in which subtitles are used to help the viewer understand what the Pokémon are saying . 18 18 `` Beauty and the Beach '' ( Holiday at Aopulco ) `` Aopuruko no Kyūjitsu '' ( アオプルコ の きゅうじ つ ) July 29 , 1997 June 24 , 2000 Ash and his friends have finally arrived in Porta Vista , a beachside tourist town . After destroying an old man 's ship , they must help in the old man 's business . To attempt to pay the man back faster , Misty enters a beauty contest , only to discover she is competing against Jessie and James ( with fake breasts - All scenes with this were cut in the U.S. airing , when it was finally aired ) . Before being broadcast in the U.S. as a `` lost episode '' , this episode was deemed controversial , due to James having inflatable breasts . 19 19 `` Tentacool & Tentacruel '' ( Menokurage , Dokukurage ) `` Menokurage Dokukurage '' ( メノクラゲ ドククラゲ ) August 5 , 1997 October 1 , 1998 Stuck in Porta Vista because they missed the boat , Ash and friends sit around waiting for the next boat and witness a great explosion . They later discover that it is a group of Tentacool that is attacking the city since construction is destroying their reef . Ash and his friends manage to appease the giant Tentacruel and continue on their journey , with Misty catching a Horsea that was being harassed by the Tentacool . 20 20 `` The Ghost of Maiden 's Peak '' ( Ghost Pokémon and the Summer Festival ) `` Yūrei Pokemon to Natsumatsuri '' ( ゆう れい ポケモン と なつ まつり ) August 12 , 1997 October 2 , 1998 The boat that Ash and his friends arrive in the port city of Maiden 's Peak to attend the Summer 's End Festival . Brock and James both fall for a beautiful girl standing by the sea who disappears . Ash , Misty , and Team Rocket learn that she is the ghost of a maiden who waited for her lover to return from an ancient war and eventually turned into stone . While trying to protect Brock and James with some stickers bought from an old woman , the maiden reveals herself as the old woman , who in turn reveals herself to be Gastly , a ghost Pokémon . Ash tries to fight Gastly to release James and Brock from its spell but fails , until the sun rises and Gastly is forced to disappear . It is revealed that the ghost of the maiden actually exists and is a friend of Gastly , and is still waiting for the one she loves to return . 21 21 `` Bye , Bye Butterfree '' ( Bye Bye Butterfree ) `` Bai Bai Batafurī '' ( バイバイ バタフリー ) August 19 , 1997 October 5 , 1998 As the group continues on their way to Saffron City , they notice a flock of Butterfree out over the ocean . Brock informs Ash that it is the mating season for all of the Butterfree . Ash decides to release his Butterfree so that it can mate . However , Team Rocket has plans to steal them all . Ash 's Butterfree bravely frees all the Butterfree and in the end , Ash releases it . 22 22 `` Abra and the Psychic Showdown '' ( Casey ! Psychic Showdown ! ) `` Kēshii ! Chōnōryoku Taiketsu ! '' ( ケーシィ ! ちょう の うり ょ く たい けつ ! ) August 26 , 1997 October 6 , 1998 Ash and his friends finally arrive in Saffron City , but before Ash can enter the Saffron Gym he is warned by a strange man not to go in . Ash enters anyway to discover a strange training facility for people with psychic powers . Ash challenges Sabrina , the Saffron City Gym Leader and her Abra who evolves into Kadabra , and loses . They are transported into a toy box set and forced to play with a dangerous little girl , the group is rescued by the strange man who gives Ash a tip : He may be able to beat Sabrina with a Ghost Pokémon from Lavender Town . 23 23 `` The Tower of Terror '' ( Got It at the Pokémon Tower ! ) `` Pokemon Tawā de Getto da ze ! '' ( ポケモン タワー で ゲット だ ぜ ! ) September 2 , 1997 October 7 , 1998 Team Rocket encounters the Ghost Pokémon in a haunted tower while setting a trap for Ash and his friends , and end up getting frightened away . Ash and Pikachu enter alone since his friends are afraid to go in . Inside , he and Pikachu are the victims of pranks by a Gastly , Haunter , and Gengar looking for playmates . After being crushed under a falling chandelier , Haunter turns Ash and Pikachu into ghosts where they have some fun , though Ash asks them to send him back after seeing Misty and Brock cry over his lifeless body . Ash and Pikachu are brought back to life and Haunter decides to follow Ash as his new Pokémon . 24 24 `` Haunter vs. Kadabra '' ( Ghost vs. Esper ! ) `` Gōsuto Tai Esupā ! '' ( ゴースト VS エスパー ! ) September 9 , 1997 October 8 , 1998 Ash and his friends go back to Saffron City ready to try again for the Marsh Badge in the Gym . Ash asks Haunter for help to defeat Sabrina but Haunter disappears during the match . Brock and Misty get turned into dolls , and Ash is rescued just in time by the mysterious man . The man ( who is really Sabrina 's father ) reveals that Sabrina has two personalities -- one of the cold and unfeeling trainer , the other of the repressed little girl , who also turned her mother into a doll . The only way to defeat Sabrina is to make her smile again . During the next match , Haunter suddenly appears in front of Sabrina while Kadabra and Pikachu are battling . Sabrina and her Kadabra become unable to battle after being sent into peals of laughter by Haunter , giving Ash the victory . Haunter chooses to stay with Sabrina and her reunited family . 25 25 `` Primeape Goes Bananas '' ( Do n't Get Angry , Okorizaru ! ) `` Okoranai de ne Okorizaru ! '' ( おこら ない で ね オコリザル ! ) September 16 , 1997 October 9 , 1998 As Ash is on his way towards Celadon City , he encounters a Mankey . The Mankey starts chasing him and steals Ash 's hat . Ash tries to get it back and fails . Team Rocket arrives to get Pikachu and when Mankey walks by , James kicks it away and in its anger , evolves into Primeape . After remembering the poem Professor Oak said , Ash captures it . 26 26 `` Pokémon Scent - sation ! '' ( Erika and Kusaihana ) `` Erika to Kusaihana '' ( エリカ と クサイハナ ) September 23 , 1997 October 12 , 1998 When Ash reaches the Celadon Gym , he is kicked out because of his hatred for perfume , so with the help of Team Rocket ( who plotted to steal Erika 's special perfume ) , Ash sneaks into the gym disguised as a girl . In the gym , his disguise is ruined by Misty , Brock , and Pikachu , but the Gym Leader , Erika grants him a battle . During the battle , Team Rocket interrupts and sets the gym on fire . After rescuing Erika 's Gloom , Ash is presented with the Rainbow Badge . 27 27 `` Hypno 's Naptime '' ( Sleeper and Pokémon Hypnotism ! ? ) `` Surīpā to Pokemon Gaeri ! ? '' ( スリーパー と ポケモン が えり ! ? ) September 30 , 1997 October 13 , 1998 Ash and his friends arrive at a town where many of the town 's children are disappearing . They discover that a Hypno , a hypnotic Pokémon is responsible . Adults in the town have come to help their insomnia by being put to sleep by Hypno . However there is a side effect , making the children think they are different Pokémon and run away and put real Pokémon to sleep . Ash stops Team Rocket from stealing Hypno and uses the Pokémon , Drowzee to bring all the children and Pokémon back to normal . A useless Psyduck follows Misty around , and after she drops a PokéBall , Psyduck activates it and captures itself , much to Misty 's dismay . Note : The flashback was originally from `` Pokémon -- I Choose You ! '' in the original Japanese and the flashback was changed with `` Beauty and the Beach '' ( which was aired on June 24 , 2000 in the United States ) in the English dub . 28 28 `` Pokémon Fashion Flash '' ( Rokon ! Breeder Showdown ! ) `` Rokon ! Burīdā Taiketsu ! '' ( ロコン ! ブリーダー たい けつ ! ) October 7 , 1997 October 14 , 1998 Team Rocket plans a scheme to steal many Pokémon by opening a grooming shop . Ash and his friends meet Susie , a famous Pokémon breeder . In the end , Brock gains a Vulpix when Susie tells him to look after it as she goes off to learn more about Pokémon breeding . 29 29 `` The Punchy Pokémon '' ( Fighting Pokémon ! Huge Battle ! ) `` Kakutō Pokemon ! Dai Batoru ! '' ( かく とう ポケモン ! だい バトル ! ) October 14 , 1997 October 15 , 1998 After meeting a girl whose father is more concerned about training his fighting Pokémon Hitmonchan at the gym instead of his daughter , Ash enters a Fighting Pokémon - only tournament with his Primeape . Team Rocket also enters and resorts to cheating , stealing another man 's Hitmonlee , in order to win . After learning how much his daughter means to him and winning , the man promises to train Primeape to make him stronger , so Ash gives it away and promises to return . 30 30 `` Sparks Fly for Magnemite '' ( Do Coil Dream of Electric Mice ! ? ) `` Koiru wa Denki Nezumi no Yume o Miru ka ! ? '' ( コイル は でんき ネズミ の ユメ を みる か ! ? ) October 21 , 1997 October 16 , 1998 The group arrives in Gringy City where everything is dark and gloomy . A Magnemite follows Pikachu everywhere ever since he caught a peculiar illness , but it is the Grimers and Muk that are causing trouble in a local Power Plant . Ash captures Muk and Pikachu is cured of his cold . 31 31 `` Dig Those Diglett ! '' ( Full of Digda ! ) `` Diguda ga Ippai ! '' ( ディグダ が いっぱい ! ) October 28 , 1997 October 19 , 1998 Ash finds himself among a group of Pokémon Trainers hired to protect a construction site from the interfering ground Pokémon , Diglett . The construction is shut down after it is revealed that the Diglett and Dugtrio are trying to protect their home . Jessie 's Ekans and James ' Koffing evolve into Arbok and Weezing respectively . 32 32 `` The Ninja - Poké Showdown '' ( Sekichiku Ninja Showdown ! ) `` Sekichiku Ninja Taiketsu ! '' ( セキチク に んじゃ たい けつ ! ) November 4 , 1997 October 20 , 1998 The group finds a strange - looking ninja - style mansion . They explore it and encounter various traps . Soon , they discover that this is the Fuchsia Gym and Ash battles Koga , the Gym Leader , for the Soul Badge . When Team Rocket disrupts their battle , Misty discovers how powerful her Psyduck really is . 33 33 `` The Flame Pokémon - athon ! '' ( The Big Fire Pokémon Race ! ) `` Honō no Pokemon Dai Rēsu ! '' ( ほ の お の ポケモン だい レース ! ) November 11 , 1997 October 21 , 1998 The group arrive at the Laramie Ranch where a family of ranchers , with their daughter , Lara and her Ponyta , prepares for an annual Pokémon race . Ash takes over as Ponyta 's rider when Lara gets hurt due to Team Rocket 's interference . Then , Team Rocket helps a rival competitor to win the race by setting up traps for other participants . As the race continues , however , Ponyta evolves into Rapidash and wins the race . 34 34 `` The Kangaskhan Kid '' ( Garura 's Lullaby ) `` Garūra no Komoriuta '' ( ガルーラ の こもり うた ) November 18 , 1997 October 22 , 1998 Ash and his friends arrive at the Safari Zone , unaware that the part they have entered is a protected preserve when an Officer Jenny disguised as Chansey nearly arrests them for poaching . They come across a wild boy named Tommy that leads a herd of Kangaskhan and eventually find Tommy 's parents , who were searching for him since he was only three . Unfortunately , Tommy thinks that the Kangaskhan are his family . After battling Team Rocket , Tommy 's parents also become part of the Kangaskhan family . 35 -- `` The Legend of Dratini '' `` Miniryū no Densetsu '' ( ミニリュウ ので ん せつ ) November 25 , 1997 -- Ash and his friends get challenged by Team Rocket in seeing who can capture the most Pokémon within the Safari Zone , with Ash catching a whole herd of Tauros . As soon as Ash and his friends head out Pokémon hunting , Team Rocket manages to get the drop on the game warden ( Mr. Kaiza ) and forces him into giving up the location on where Dratini is ( the Dragon Valley ) . In the end , Ash , his friends , Team Rocket , and Kaiza end up seeing the legendary Dratini and Dragonair , with the heroes saving the day . This episode was deemed controversial , due to the use of guns , which causes confusion because Ash captures thirty Tauros . 36 35 `` The Bridge Bike Gang '' ( Stormy Cycling Road ) `` Arashi no Saikuringu Rōdo '' ( あらし の サイクリング ロード ) December 2 , 1997 October 23 , 1998 Continuing their journey , the group came across a bridge which could be used as a shortcut to the next town . They soon discover that the bridge is too long to walk and they would need bicycles to cross . They go to the Pokémon Center where Nurse Joy asks them to take some medicine to a sick Pokémon across the bridge . On their way , a bicycle gang appears to cause trouble and Team Rocket is helping them . When Ash and his friends decide to cross the bridge during a storm , the bicyclists realize that they are acting selflessly , and help them . 37 36 `` Ditto 's Mysterious Mansion '' ( Metamon and the Copycat Girl ) `` Metamon to Monomane Musume '' ( メタモン と ものまね むすめ ) December 9 , 1997 October 26 , 1998 During a storm , Ash and his friends arrive at a mysterious Mansion . While there , Ash meets Duplica , a girl who is an expert at impersonation , and she happens to own Ditto , a Pokémon that can transform into any Pokémon . However , Ditto can not seem to figure out how to change its face , a fact that stopped Duplica 's variety show . As they all try to help Ditto perfect its transformation , Team Rocket tries to steal the Ditto so it can transform into a Dratini which they can give to the boss . 38 -- `` Cyber Soldier Porygon '' `` Dennō Senshi Porigon '' ( で ん の うせん し ポリゴン ) December 16 , 1997 -- Satoshi and his friends arrive at Pokémon Center where the Monster Ball transfer machine has been causing problems , as the transferred Pokémon never end up at the other side . Satoshi and his friends decide to accompany Porygon , a computerized Pokémon , used by Professor Akihabara to investigate the problem , only to discover Rocket - dan and another Porygon are to blame . This episode was deemed controversial due to a scene with red and blue strobe lights causing a huge pair of seizures on Japanese viewers . The episode has also since been removed from rotation within Japan . 39 37 `` Holiday Hi - Jynx '' ( Rougela 's Christmas ) `` Rūjura no Kurisumasu '' ( ルージュラ の クリスマス ) October 5 , 1998 December 11 , 1999 Ash , Misty , Brock , and their Pokémon must return a lost Jynx to Santa before Christmas , with the help of a Lapras . Meanwhile , Jessie attempts to take revenge on Santa for stealing her favorite doll when she was young . 40 38 `` Snow Way Out '' ( Iwark as a Bivouac ) `` Iwāku de Bibāku '' ( イワーク で ビバーク ) October 5 , 1998 December 18 , 1999 Ash and his friends are trapped in a snowstorm . Brock suggests that the group uses his Onix to create a bivouac . They are about to start when a strong gust of wind blows Pikachu away , and Ash tries to save him . After saving Pikachu who is about to fall off a cliff , Ash finds himself separated from the rest of the group . He and his other Pokémon must brave out the rest of the storm together in a cave . 41 39 `` Pikachu 's Goodbye '' ( Forest of Pikachu ) `` Pikachū no Mori '' ( ピカチュウ の もり ) April 16 , 1998 November 20 , 1998 The group come into a forest where it is quiet and peaceful . They notice a large group of Pikachu that Ash 's Pikachu tries to make friends with . After saving a young Pikachu from drowning and rescuing the herd from Team Rocket , Ash 's Pikachu is welcomed among the other Pikachu as one of their own . Saddened by this sudden distance , Ash tries to leave Pikachu behind ( to Misty and Brock 's shock and dismay ) , thinking that in the long run , it is going to be better off with its own kind . As they attempt to leave the forest with Ash still standing his ground on leaving Pikachu , the three friends are surprised when Pikachu returns to them , flanked by the other wild Pikachu including the younger Pikachu it risked its life to save earlier . The episode ends with Ash and Pikachu having an emotional reunion and hugging one another while the rest of the wild Pikachu cheer for the two of them as Brock and Misty look on . 42 40 `` The Battling Eevee Brothers '' ( The 4 Eievui Brothers ) `` Ībui Yon Kyōdai '' ( イーブイ 4 きょう だい ) April 16 , 1998 October 27 , 1998 While traveling through the woods , the group encounters an Eevee that was apparently abandoned near a tree . They take it to its address in Stone Town and find it belongs to a little boy named Mikey . His three brothers are pressuring him into evolving his Eevee into one of three forms ; -- Jolteon , Vaporeon , or Flareon ; -- at an Evolution Party , where everyone uses Evolution Stones to evolve their Pokémon . However , the Evolution Party is disrupted by Team Rocket , and Mikey manages to use Eevee on its own to show his brothers that he does not need to evolve his beloved Eevee . 43 41 `` Wake Up , Snorlax ! '' ( Wake Up ! Kabigon ! ) `` Okiro ! Kabigon ! '' ( おきろ ! カビゴン ! ) April 23 , 1998 October 28 , 1998 Ash and his friends arrive at a town which is having problems with their water source . It seems that a Snorlax is blocking the water path . Team Rocket plans to capture the Snorlax , but Ash and his friends find help from an unexpected source . 44 42 `` Showdown at Dark City '' ( Showdown ! Pokémon Gym ! ) `` Taiketsu ! Pokemon Jimu ! '' ( たい けつ ! ポケモン ジム ! ) April 30 , 1998 October 29 , 1998 Upon entering Dark City , Ash and his friends discover that Pokémon Trainers are n't liked due to two rival Gyms who involve Ash and the gang as well as Team Rocket in their feuds to become the city 's legitimate Pokémon Gym . 45 43 `` The March of the Exeggutor Squad '' ( The Huge March of the Nassy Squad ! ) `` Nasshī Gundan Daikōshin ! '' ( ナッシー ぐんだん だい こうしん ! ) May 7 , 1998 October 30 , 1998 When at a carnival , Ash and his friends meet a magician who is really losing his touch and fails in his own magic show . In his effort to get better , he decides to hypnotize Ash and uses his Pokémon Exeggcute to capture loads of Exeggutor . But the Exeggutor end up hypnotizing themselves and Team Rocket and almost destroy the entire carnival . Luckily , they are saved by Charmander , who evolves into a disobedient Charmeleon . 46 44 `` The Problem with Paras '' ( Paras and Parasect ) `` Parasu to Parasekuto '' ( パラス と パラセクト ) May 14 , 1998 February 13 , 1999 Having run out of medicine , Ash and his friends go to a local shop to get some Potions . However , they do n't have much due to the owner 's Paras being weak . Ash and his friends decide to help out the owner by training her Paras , hoping that it can evolve into Parasect . 47 45 `` The Song of Jigglypuff '' ( Sing ! Purin ! ) `` Utatte ! Purin ! '' ( うたっ て ! プリン ! ) May 21 , 1998 February 20 , 1999 Entering Neon Town , a bustling Metropolis where everyone is tired and rude , Ash and his friends find a Jigglypuff who is too shy to sing its hypnotic song . Realizing they can kill two birds with one stone , Misty tries to teach the Jigglypuff to sing while Team Rocket attempts to record the song so they can use it against Ash . Everyone falls asleep , including Ash and his friends and Team Rocket , and a miffed Jigglypuff uses the marker hidden in her microphone to draw on everyone 's sleeping faces . From this point on , Jigglypuff follows Ash around trying to sing her song to a crowd that will not fall asleep in almost every episode . 48 46 `` Attack of the Prehistoric Pokémon '' ( Resurrected ! ? Fossil Pokémon ! ) `` Fukkatsu ! ? Kaseki Pokemon ! '' ( ふっかつ ! ? か せき ポケモン ! ) May 28 , 1998 February 27 , 1999 Arriving at a canyon to find an old fashioned fossil hunt , Ash , Gary and the gang decide to join in . But Team Rocket arrives and intends to blow the canyon up . Ash , Pikachu , and Team Rocket fall into a pit which is full of awakened ancient Pokémon . Their only hope rests in Ash 's disobedient Charmeleon , which evolves into a powerful , yet still disobedient Charizard to defeat a raging Aerodactyl . In the end , the ancient Pokémon are sealed away once more ( along with a terrified Team Rocket ) and Officer Jenny dismisses the entire event as a side effect caused by Jigglypuff 's singing . Ash , however , finds a rare Pokémon egg in the chaos and keeps it . 49 47 `` A Chansey Operation '' ( Lucky 's Clinical Records ) `` Rakkī no Karute '' ( ラッキー の カルテ ) June 4 , 1998 March 6 , 1999 After Pikachu gets an apple stuck in its throat , Ash and his friends rush it to a Pokémon Center . After being treated , they hear of a traffic accident ( caused by Team Rocket ) that has left many Pokémon injured so Ash and the gang are recruited to help treat the Pokémon . 50 48 `` Holy Matrimony ! '' ( Gardie and Kojirou ) `` Gādi to Kojirō '' ( ガーディ と コジロウ ) June 11 , 1998 March 13 , 1999 After finding a missing person sign featuring James , Ash and his friends decide to find James and inform him of his parents ' death . However James ' parents turn out to be alive , and their death was only a decoy to get him to return home to the rich Jessie - look - alike Jessebelle , a girl James was arranged to marry from when he was a little child . James has left because Jessebelle is terrifying , so everyone tries to save James from this fate , including James ' old pet Growlithe , Growlie . 51 49 `` So Near , Yet So Farfetch 'd '' ( Kamonegi 's Easy Mark ) `` Kamonegi no Kamo '' ( カモネギ の カモ ) June 18 , 1998 March 20 , 1999 When Misty 's PokéBalls are stolen by Farfetch 'd , Ash and the gang investigate to try to find the thief and get all the stolen things back . Note this episode was originally aired out of order . 52 50 `` Who Gets to Keep Togepi ? '' ( Whose Is Togepy ! ? ) `` Togepī wa Dare no Mono ! ? '' ( トゲピー はだれ の もの ! ? ) June 25 , 1998 March 27 , 1999 When the egg Ash found hatches into a brand new Pokémon , Togepi , everyone wants to own it . They decide to have a small Pokémon Tournament . Ash , who found it , claims he should be the one to keep it . In the end , Ash wins the tournament , but since Misty was the first person Togepi saw when he hatched , he thinks she is his mother and stays with her . 53 51 `` Bulbasaur 's Mysterious Garden '' ( Fushigidane 's Mysterious Flower Garden ) `` Fushigidane no Fushigi na Hanazono '' ( フシギダネ の ふしぎ の はなぞの ) July 2 , 1998 April 3 , 1999 When Bulbasaur gets injured in a battle , it starts to feel and act different . Ash takes Bulbasaur to a Pokémon Center and is informed that Bulbasaur is just ready to evolve . After hearing this Ash gets totally excited that he did n't even think if Bulbasaur even wanted to evolve . Not knowing that it is time for the Bulbasaur festival when all Bulbasaur in the region evolve . Bulbasaur gets kidnapped by a group of Bulbasaur led by a nasty Venusaur and taken to the festival against its will . 54 52 `` Princess vs. Princess '' ( Fierce Fighting ! Pokémon Girls ' Festival ) `` Gekitō ! Pokemon Hinamatsuri '' ( げき とう ! ポケモン ひなまつり ) July 9 , 1998 September 4 , 1999 It is the Queen of the Princess Festival and Misty and Jessie are going all out for it . After hours of shopping , they both decide to enter the Queen of the Princess Festival Battle Tournament to win the dolls they both coveted when they were children . 55 53 `` The Purr - fect Hero '' ( It 's Children 's Day ! Everyone Come Together ! ) `` Kodomo no Hi da yo ! Zen'in Shūgō ! '' ( こども の ひだ よ ! ぜん いん しゅう ごう ! ) July 9 , 1998 September 11 , 1999 Ash and his friends arrive at a small school on Kids ' Day and let the children play with their Pokémon . One of the children only wants to meet Meowth after being saved by a wild one from a Beedrill . Team Rocket 's Meowth pretends to be his hero , but is soon caught by Misty . Later , Timmy is saved again by the wild Meowth . 56 54 `` The Case of the K - 9 Caper ! '' ( Gardie the Police Dog ) `` Keisatsuken Gādi '' ( けい さ つけん ガーディ ) July 16 , 1998 April 10 , 1999 When Ash and his friends see a group of Growlithe training against a Policeman posing as a robber , Ash decides for him and Pikachu to do the same training to become the best they can be . However , when Team Rocket comes to steal them , Officer Jenny , Ash , and the gang 's voice gets changed , causing the Growlithe to think that Team Rocket are the Officers as they use their ears to follow command . 57 55 `` Pokémon Paparazzi '' ( Shutter Chance Pikachu ) `` Shattā Chansu wa Pikachū '' ( シャッター チャンス は ピカチュウ ) July 23 , 1998 April 17 , 1999 While eating Brock 's riceballs , Ash hears a shutter which he thinks is a gun . It 's really a camera belonging to a photographer named Todd . Todd was hired by Team Rocket to capture Pikachu , but he thinks they want him to capture a picture of him . After the confusion , Todd joins the group . 58 56 `` The Ultimate Test '' ( Pokémon League Certification Test ! ? ) `` Pokemon Rīgu Kenteishiken ! ? '' ( ポケモン けん てい しけん ! ? ) July 30 , 1998 April 24 , 1999 While traveling , Ash notes it has been a long time since his last Badge , so Todd suggests he takes the Pokémon League exam . Passing the exam would get him an immediate entry into the competition . But Ash being over confident of himself of passing the exam he totally fails in the first and second tests . In the third test , Team Rocket interferes the match and uses their given Pokémon to take revenge on the examinator for giving them a hard time on the first and second tests . In the end the examinator commands their given Pokémon to attack Team Rocket instead of himself , which sends them blasting off again . 59 57 `` The Breeding Center Secret '' ( The Secret of the Breeding Center ! ) `` Sodate - ya no Himitsu ! '' ( そだてや の ひみつ ! ) August 6 , 1998 May 1 , 1999 After putting Psyduck in a breeding center , Misty learns that she needs it to get some food from a generous chef . But when she goes to get it , Ash and the gang discover a diabolical plot by two other Team Rocket members , Cassidy and Butch , who are trying to steal Pokémon , and in doing so , Ash and the gang get framed , captured , and arrested by Officer Jenny . 60 58 `` Riddle Me This '' ( Burn ! Guren Gym ! ) `` Moero ! Guren Jimu ! '' ( もえろ ! グレンジム ! ) August 13 , 1998 September 18 , 1999 After reaching Cinnabar Island , Ash , Brock , and Misty are dismayed to find that the Gym has closed due to crowds of tourists coming to the island and lack of serious trainers . Desperate for his seventh badge , Ash goes around and meets a riddle master who gives him clues about the real Gym 's secret location . After finding the Gym in the island 's volcano , the riddle master appears and reveals that he is actually Blaine , the Gym Leader Ash has been searching for . Ash begins his battle against Blaine with his first Pokémon , Squirtle who loses to Blaine 's Ninetales and Charizard simply refusing to battle Blaine 's Rhydon . Eventually , Pikachu wins against Rhydon but Blaine has a secret weapon up his sleeve in the form of the Fire Pokémon , Magmar . With Pikachu 's electric attacks rendered useless , Magmar pushes Pikachu closer and closer to the edge of the battlefield . The episode ends in a cliffhanger as it shows Pikachu standing , determined as Magmar 's Fire Blast , the most powerful attack that Fire Pokémon have edges ever closer to the Electric Mouse . 61 59 `` Volcanic Panic '' ( Decisive Battle ! Guren Gym ! ) `` Kessen ! Guren Jimu ! '' ( けっせん ! グレンジム ! ) August 20 , 1998 September 18 , 1999 Pikachu successfully dodges Magmar 's Fire Blast but is left hanging over the edge and is left injured . Upon realizing that no Gym Badge is worth losing Pikachu and that he would be disqualified if he continues , Ash forfeits the match but vows not to leave Cinnabar Island until he has beaten both Blaine and Magmar in a rematch and gotten the Volcano Badge . But when the Gym and island come under threat after Team Rocket 's interference , Ash 's Charizard , Pikachu , Squirtle , Blaine 's Magmar , Misty 's Staryu , Brock 's Geodude , and Onix work together and eventually triumph in preventing the volcano from blowing which would destroy the island . As thanks , Blaine agrees to have a rematch with Ash . With the battlefield damaged beyond repair , the trainers settle for the top of the volcano . Blaine determines that the match will be one on one where only one Pokémon can be used and puts forward his Magmar . Ash 's Pikachu volunteers itself but in a surprise twist , Ash 's Charizard selects itself to battle much to the surprise of Ash and the group . After an intense battle where Ash looks set to lose , Charizard manages to turn things around by using its Seismic Toss which results in Magmar being knocked out and finally granting Ash his Volcano Badge . 62 60 `` Beach Blank - Out Blastoise '' ( Kamex 's Island ) `` Kamekkusu no Shima '' ( カメックス の しま ) August 27 , 1998 September 20 , 1999 On their way back to the mainland , Ash accidentally knocks into a Blastoise , a ruler of a small island that will not awake from its slumber . Squirtle dons his old persona as head of the Squirtle Squad to solve the case . It turns out Jigglypuff is stuck in one of Blastoise 's blasters . 63 61 `` The Misty Mermaid '' ( Hanada Gym ! Underwater Battle ! ) `` Hanada Jimu ! Suichū no Tatakai ! '' ( ハナダジム ! すい ちゅう の たたかい ! ) September 3 , 1998 September 23 , 1999 Upon returning to Cerulean City , Misty is asked by her sisters to help out with a new underwater show . She decides to help for this underwater play with her Pokémon , but Team Rocket arrives and try to ruin things . At the end of the episode , Misty leaves her Starmie and Horsea with her sisters to assist in further shows . 64 62 `` Clefairy Tales '' ( Pippi vs. Purin ) `` Pippi Tai Purin '' ( ピッピ VS プリン ) September 10 , 1998 September 25 , 1999 In Viridian City , Ash and his friends are victims to several thefts by some Clefairy . While investigating with Mr. Oswald , they discover the Clefairy are building a spaceship . 65 63 `` The Battle of the Badge '' ( Tokiwa Gym ! The Last Badge ! ) `` Tokiwa Jimu ! Saigo no Bajji ! '' ( トキワジム ! さい ご の バッジ ! ) September 17 , 1998 September 25 , 1999 Ash goes to the Gym in Viridian City , but Gary gets in there before him and challenges the Gym Leader for his own satisfaction , as he has already won ten Gym Badges . The Gym Leader , Team Rocket 's commander Giovanni , agrees to the fight , eventually using a never before seen Pokémon ( Mewtwo ) , which the Pokédex can not identify , to easily defeat Gary . Team Rocket kidnaps and tries to give Togepi to Giovanni , but Giovanni thinks it is useless . Giovanni leaves the Gym and puts Jessie , James , and Meowth in charge . Ash challenges them and after losing three of Giovanni 's Pokémon , Jessie and James use their own . Togepi sends them blasting off when it plays with the remote controls , and Ash wins the Earth Badge , his eighth and final badge . 66 64 `` It 's Mr. Mime Time ! '' ( Barrierd of the Pokémon Circus ) `` Pokemon Sākasu no Bariyādo '' ( ポケモン サーカス の バリヤード ) September 24 , 1998 September 27 , 1999 Upon heading back to Pallet Town , Ash and his friends see a Mr. Mime trying to escape from a trainer who runs a circus . Unable to get the circus ' overweight Mr. Mime to act , Ash and the gang have to find another one to take its place . The gang choose to dress up Ash so he can look like a Mr. Mime . Meanwhile , the Mr. Mime from earlier comes to the Ketchum residence and is mistaken by Mrs. Ketchum for Ash . 67 65 `` Showdown at the Po - ké Corral '' ( Rival Showdown ! Ōkido Laboratory ) `` Raibaru Taiketsu ! Ōkido Kenkyūjo '' ( ライバル たい けつ ! オーキド けん きゅうじょ ) October 8 , 1998 September 30 , 1999 Back in Pallet Town , Ash finds Gary , already there , waiting to partake in the Pokémon League . Always having a bitter rivalry with Gary , Professor Oak tells them both the meaning of Pokémon . Meanwhile , Team Rocket is trying to get inside the lab to steal the Pokémon after their headquarters is destroyed by Mewtwo . 68 66 `` The Evolution Solution '' ( When Yadon Becomes Yadoran ) `` Yadon ga Yadoran ni naru Toki '' ( ヤドン が ヤドラン に なる とき ) October 15 , 1998 October 2 , 1999 Ash goes to Seafoam Island to help Professor Oak to discover the mystery of how Slowpoke evolves into Slowbro . There , Professor Westwood V is also trying to solve the mystery . Jessie captures Shellder , and tries to rush a Slowpoke 's evolution , forcing Psyduck to stall the evolution . 69 67 `` The Pi - Kahuna '' ( Legend of the Surfing Pikachu ) `` Naminori Pikachū no Densetsu '' ( な みのり ピカチュウ ので ん せつ ) October 22 , 1998 October 2 , 1999 Ash and the gang take some time off to go surfing . While surfing , however , Ash passes out , but is thankfully rescued by a surfer named Victor and his blue - eyed Pikachu , Puka . Victor then reveals his plans to surf a tsunami called Humungadunga and become a surfing legend . 70 68 `` Make Room for Gloom '' ( Kusaihana of Botanical Garden ) `` Shokubutsuen no Kusaihana '' ( しょく ぶつ えん の クサイハナ ) October 29 , 1998 October 4 , 1999 Ash goes to a flower garden to get some fertilizer for his mother , but Bulbasaur sniffs the flowers and becomes paralyzed . 71 69 `` Lights , Camera , Quack - tion ! '' ( Pokémon the Movie ! ) `` Pokemon za Mūbī ! '' ( ポケモン ・ ザ ・ ムービー ! ) November 5 , 1998 October 8 , 1999 When the gang discovers there is a movie with an all Pokémon cast being made nearby , Ash and his friends put their Pokémon in for an audition . Misty 's Psyduck gets the main role while the others get minor roles . 72 70 `` Go West , Young Meowth '' ( Nyarth 's A-I-U-E-O ) `` Nyāsu no Aiueo '' ( ニャース の あいうえお ) November 12 , 1998 October 9 , 1999 Ash , his friends , and Delia go to Hollywood to see the premiere of the movie their Pokémon were cast in . Team Rocket follows them to find out that Meowth has history in this town ; It is here where he was a member of a gang of street Meowths led by the Persian . He learned to speak and walk upright to win the heart of a female Meowth who was abandoned by her owner . Upon returning , he challenges Persian who was once his mentor for the female Meowth he thought he lost years before . 73 71 `` To Master the Onixpected ! '' ( Elite Four Shiba Appears ! ) `` Shitennō Shiba Tōjō ! '' ( し てん の う シバ とう じょう ! ) November 19 , 1998 October 11 , 1999 After watching Elite Four member Bruno on TV , Ash and his friends decide to do training in the mountains to be as strong as Bruno . However , they meet Bruno and he manipulates them to do some menial tasks for him . Meanwhile , a giant Onix is on a rampage . 74 72 `` The Ancient Puzzle of Pokémopolis '' ( Clash ! Super-Ancient Pokémon ) `` Gekitotsu ! Chō Kodai Pokemon '' ( げき と つ ! ちょう こ だい ポケモン ) November 26 , 1998 October 14 , 1999 While training , Ash and his friends accidentally uncover the ruins of Pokémopolis , an ancient city . After a bit of research , they find a giant Gengar and a giant Alakazam starting to fight . Then , a giant Jigglypuff appears to put them to sleep . 75 73 `` Bad to the Bone ! '' ( Garagara 's Bone Club ) `` Garagara no Hone Konbō '' ( ガラガラ の ホネ こんぼう ) December 3 , 1998 October 16 , 1999 Ash and his friends offer to help a trainer that is heading for the Pokémon League to retrieve his stolen gym badges from Team Rocket . 76 74 `` All Fired Up ! '' ( Fire ! The Pokémon League Opening Ceremony ! ) `` Faiyā ! Pokemon Rīgu Kaikaishiki ! '' ( ファイヤー ! ポケモン リーグ かい かいしき ! ) December 10 , 1998 October 23 , 1999 Ash finally reaches the Indigo Plateau , home of the Pokémon League conference . Before the tournament begins , they plan on lighting a ceremonial cauldron with the flame of the legendary Pokémon , Moltres . Ash , as a participant , is free to carry the flame but when Team Rocket steals it , the tournament may be cancelled . 77 75 `` Round One : Begin ! '' ( Pokémon League Begins ! Water Field ! ) `` Pokemon Rīgu Kaimaku ! Mizu no Fīrudo ! '' ( ポケモン リーグ かい まく ! みずの フィールド ! ) December 17 , 1998 October 30 , 1999 Ash enters his first match of the tournament on the water field against Mandi the Astounding . During the battle against Mandi 's Exeggutor , Ash 's Krabby evolves into Kingler , who he then uses against Mandi 's remaining Seadra and Golbat , winning the match and moving onto the next preliminary round . 78 76 `` Fire and Ice '' ( Ice Field ! Blazing Battle ! ) `` Kōri no Fīrudo ! Honō no Tatakai ! '' ( こおり の フィールド ! ほ の お の たたかい ! ) December 24 , 1998 November 6 , 1999 For the second round Ash battles in the rock arena . Ash 's last Pokémon , Squirtle , defeats his foe 's last Pokémon , Nidorino , and he , victorious , moves on to Round 3 . In the third round , Ash faces a trainer named Pete in the ice arena . Both trainers are left with 2 Pokémon each . Pete uses Cloyster and Arcanine . In the end , Ash is victorious and he moves on to Round 4 . 79 77 `` The Fourth Round Rumble '' ( Grass Field ! Unexpected Rival ! ) `` Kusa no Fīrudo ! Igai na Kyōteki ! '' ( くさ の フィールド ! い がい な きょう てき ! ) January 1 , 1999 November 13 , 1999 During the 4th Round , Gary ends up losing after his Nidoking is defeated by a Golem . Meanwhile Ash faces against his toughest opponent yet , a trainer named Jeanette , who uses a Beedrill , a Scyther , and a Bellsprout . After a hard fought battle , the match ends with Ash victorious , and he moves on to the 5th round , becoming one of the final sixteen members of the tournament . 80 78 `` A Friend in Deed '' ( Rival Appears ! ) `` Raibaru Tōjō ! '' ( ライバル とう じょう ! ) January 7 , 1999 November 20 , 1999 Ash meets a new trainer named Richie , who is eerily similar to Ash , including owning a Pikachu . However , Team Rocket makes another attempt to steal Ash 's and Richie 's Pokémon . Ash and Richie prevent Team Rocket from stealing their Pokémon . Ash discovers his next battle is against Richie . Will Ash manage to reach the quarterfinals ? 81 79 `` Friend and Foe Alike '' ( Sekiei Stadium ! Vs. Hiroshi ! ) `` Sekiei Sutajiamu ! Tai Hiroshi ! '' ( セキエイ スタジアム ! VS ヒロシ ! ) January 14 , 1999 November 27 , 1999 After making a promise with Richie that he will have the best battle of his life , Ash is kidnapped by Team Rocket , who scheme to prevent him from participating in his fifth round match against Richie , let alone steal Pikachu . Ash is not about to let Team Rocket make him break the promise he made with Richie , so he is able to eventually escape . However , he loses due to his Charizard refusing his orders in the final stretch of his battle against Richie . Richie moves on to the quarterfinals . 82 80 `` Friends to the End '' ( Pokémon League ! Final Battle ! ) `` Pokemon Rīgu ! Saigo no Tatakai ! '' ( ポケモン リーグ ! さい ご の たたかい ! ) January 21 , 1999 November 27 , 1999 After losing to Richie in the fifth round , Ash is moping around , annoyed that he lost . He is convinced by Misty that he should support Richie who is now in the quarterfinals . However , when Richie loses , they both have to look inside themselves to see if they are good trainers . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This episode was shown as a `` sneak preview '' episode in the United States on September 7 , 1998 , a day before the series ' premiere . Jump up ^ This episode was initially removed from rotation in the United States . It was later broadcast as a `` lost episode '' . Jump up ^ This episode was removed from rotation in the United States following the September 11 attacks . Jump up ^ This episode was removed from rotation for a short period of time in the United States following the September 11 attacks . Jump up ^ This episode was banned due to the excessive use of guns which subsequently caused continuity problems due to Ash capturing a herd of Tauros . Jump up ^ This episode was banned due to the excessive use of guns which subsequently caused continuity problems due to Ash capturing a herd of Tauros . Jump up ^ This episode was removed from rotation worldwide following the epilepsy epidemic it caused . Jump up ^ This episode was removed from rotation Jump up ^ This episode caused a controversy in the United States and Japan due to the original depiction of the Pokémon Jynx . ^ Jump up to : These episodes aired in Japan as an hour - long special . ^ Jump up to : These episodes were aired together as part of an hour - long special to commemorate the return to broadcast after the `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' incident . Jump up ^ This is the final syndicated episode in the United States before a 3 - month hiatus during the transfer to the Kids ' WB block . ^ Jump up to : This episode was originally scheduled to air on the day of its respective Japanese holiday . However , due to the `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' incident the episode 's broadcast was pushed back too far . It was instead broadcast as an hour - long special with the other holiday - themed episode . Jump up ^ In the DVD box set for the season , this episode 's title is given as `` Hollywood Heartbreak '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Indigo League Seasons '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon DVD : TV '' . akacool.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon Indigo League DVD Guide '' . bulbagarden.net . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Season One : Indigo League Pt. 1 '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Pokémon US official website Pokémon anime website at TV Tokyo ( in Japanese ) Pokémon TV Anime at Pokémon JP official website ( in Japanese ) ( hide ) Pokémon Nintendo Game Freak Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Junichi Masuda Creatures Inc . 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-5095015514116884458 | Guardians of the Galaxy (film) | Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) - Wikipedia Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 '' redirects here . For the first volume of the comic book series , see Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1969 team ) . Guardians of the Galaxy Theatrical release poster Directed by James Gunn Produced by Kevin Feige Written by James Gunn Nicole Perlman Based on Guardians of the Galaxy by Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Starring Chris Pratt Zoe Saldana Dave Bautista Vin Diesel Bradley Cooper Lee Pace Michael Rooker Karen Gillan Djimon Hounsou John C. Reilly Glenn Close Benicio del Toro Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Ben Davis Edited by Fred Raskin Craig Wood Hughes Winborne Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 121 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $232 million ( gross ) $195.9 million ( net ) Box office $773.3 million Guardians of the Galaxy ( retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 ) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by James Gunn , who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman , and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , Vin Diesel , and Bradley Cooper as the titular Guardians , along with Lee Pace , Michael Rooker , Karen Gillan , Djimon Hounsou , John C. Reilly , Glenn Close , and Benicio del Toro . In Guardians of the Galaxy , Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial criminals who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact . Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009 . Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2012 . Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September . In February 2013 , Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star - Lord , and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed . Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England , with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013 . Post-production was finished on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21 , 2014 , and was released in theaters on August 1 , 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing $773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 , as well as the third - highest - grossing film of 2014 . The film was praised for its humor , action , soundtrack , visual effects , direction , musical score , and acting . At the 87th Academy Awards , the film received nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Makeup and Hairstyling . A sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , was released on May 5 , 2017 , with a third film , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 , scheduled to be released in 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Writing 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.1. 1 Merchandise 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 7.1 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 7.2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , following his mother 's death , a young Peter Quill is abducted from Earth by the Ravagers , a group of space pirates led by Yondu Udonta . Twenty - six years later on the planet Morag , Quill steals an orb but is attacked by Korath , a subordinate to the fanatical Kree , Ronan . Although Quill escapes with the orb , Yondu discovers his theft and issues a bounty for his capture , while Ronan sends the assassin Gamora after the orb . When Quill attempts to sell the orb on Xandar , capital of the Nova Empire , Gamora ambushes him and steals it . A fight ensues , drawing in a pair of bounty hunters : the genetically and cybernetically modified raccoon Rocket , and the tree - like humanoid Groot . Nova Corps officers capture the four , detaining them in the Kyln . A powerful inmate there , Drax , attempts to kill Gamora due to her association with Ronan and Thanos , who killed his family . Quill convinces Drax that Gamora can bring Ronan to him , though Gamora reveals that she has betrayed Ronan , unwilling to let him use the orb 's power . Learning that Gamora has a buyer for the orb , Quill , Rocket , Groot , and Drax work with her to escape the Kyln in Quill 's ship , the Milano . Ronan meets with Gamora 's adoptive father , Thanos , to discuss her betrayal . Quill 's group flee to Knowhere , a remote criminal outpost in space built in the giant severed head of a Celestial . A drunken Drax summons Ronan while the rest of the group meet Gamora 's contact , the collector Taneleer Tivan . Tivan opens the orb , revealing an Infinity Stone , an item of immeasurable power that destroys all but the most powerful beings who wield it . Tivan 's tormented assistant Carina grabs the Stone , triggering an explosion that engulfs Tivan 's archive . Ronan arrives and easily defeats Drax , while the others flee by ship , pursued by Ronan 's followers and Gamora 's adoptive sister Nebula . Nebula destroys Gamora 's ship , leaving her floating in space , and Ronan 's fighters capture the orb . Quill contacts Yondu before following Gamora into space , giving her his helmet to survive ; Yondu arrives and retrieves the pair . Rocket , Drax , and Groot threaten to attack Yondu 's ship to rescue them , but Quill negotiates a truce , promising the orb to Yondu . Quill 's group agrees that facing Ronan means certain death , but that they can not let him use the Infinity Stone to destroy the galaxy . On Ronan 's flagship , the Dark Aster , Ronan embeds the Stone in his warhammer , taking its power for himself . He contacts Thanos , threatening to kill him after first destroying Xandar ; hateful of her adoptive father , Nebula allies with Ronan . The Ravagers and Quill 's group join with the Nova Corps to confront the Dark Aster at Xandar , with Quill 's group breaching the Dark Aster with the Milano . Ronan uses his empowered warhammer to destroy the Nova Corps fleet . Gamora fights and defeats Nebula , who then escapes , but the group find themselves outmatched by Ronan 's power until Rocket crashes a Ravager ship through the Dark Aster . The damaged Dark Aster crash - lands on Xandar , with Groot sacrificing himself to shield the group . Ronan emerges from the wreck and prepares to destroy Xandar , but Quill distracts him , allowing Drax and Rocket to destroy Ronan 's warhammer . Quill grabs the freed Stone , and with Gamora , Drax , and Rocket sharing its burden , they use it to destroy Ronan . In the aftermath , Quill tricks Yondu into taking a container supposedly containing the Stone , and gives the real Stone to the Nova Corps . As the Ravagers leave Xandar , Yondu remarks that it turned out well that they did not deliver Quill to his father per their contract . Quill 's group , now known as the Guardians of the Galaxy , have their criminal records expunged , and Quill learns that he is only half - human , his father being part of an ancient , unknown species . Quill finally opens the last present he received from his mother : a cassette tape filled with her favorite songs . The Guardians leave in the rebuilt Milano along with a sapling cut from Groot . In a post-credits scene , Tivan sits in his destroyed archive with two of his living exhibits : a canine cosmonaut and an anthropomorphic duck . Cast ( edit ) The cast of Guardians of the Galaxy promoting the film at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . From top to bottom : Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , Hounsou , and del Toro . ( Scrollable image ) Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord : The half - human , half - alien leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Missouri as a child in 1988 and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . About the character , Pratt said , `` He had a hard time as a kid , and now he goes around space , making out with hot alien girls and just being a rogue and a bit of a jerk , and through teaming up with these guys , finds a higher purpose for himself . '' He also added that the character is a mix of Han Solo and Marty McFly . Pratt , who was mostly known for playing supporting characters , including Andy Dwyer on the television series Parks and Recreation , initially turned down the role . Pratt had lost weight to portray fit characters in films such as Moneyball and Zero Dark Thirty , and had given up ambitions to play the lead role in action films after humbling auditions for Star Trek and Avatar . Casting director Sarah Finn suggested Pratt to Gunn , who dismissed the idea despite struggling to cast that role . Despite this , Finn arranged for a meeting between the two , at which point Gunn was immediately convinced that Pratt was perfect for the role . Pratt also won over Feige , despite having gained weight again for Delivery Man . Prior to filming , Pratt underwent a strict diet and training regimen to lose 60 pounds ( 27 kg ) in six months . Pratt signed a multi-film contract with Marvel , and was granted a temporary leave from his work on Parks and Recreation in order to accommodate his participation in the film . Wyatt Oleff portrays a young Quill . Zoe Saldana as Gamora : An orphan from an alien world who seeks redemption for her past crimes . She was trained by Thanos to be his personal assassin . Saldana said that she became Gamora through make - up rather than computer generated imagery ( CGI ) or performance capture . On taking the role , Saldana said , `` I was just excited to be asked to join by James Gunn and to also play someone green . I 've been blue before ( in Avatar ) . '' Saldana described Gamora as `` ... a warrior , she 's an assassin and she 's very lethal but what saves her is the same thing that can doom her . She has a sense of righteousness . She 's a very righteous individual . '' Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer : A warrior who seeks to avenge his family 's death at the hands of Ronan . On relating to the character , Bautista said , `` I can just relate to Drax so much it 's not even funny . Just the simple things that we have in common . Simple things like the tattoos , the tragedy -- because , you know , I had a bit of tragedy in my life as well . So it 's really easy for me to pull from that . '' Bautista also said that there was `` a lot of comic relief to Drax '' , but the character was not aware of it . Bautista stated that he did not do much preparation for the role , because `` Luckily , for me , I 'm a lifelong athlete and I adapted real quick . '' Bautista 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply , though it could be removed in just 90 minutes . Drax has various scarring patterns on his body , which replace the simple tattoos from the comics , each having a specific story . Additionally , his skin tone was changed from the bright green in the comics to a muddier grey , to avoid visual similarities to the Hulk . Vin Diesel as Groot : A tree - like humanoid who is the accomplice of Rocket . Diesel stated that he provided the voice and motion capture for Groot , after originally being in talks to star in a new Phase Three Marvel film . Diesel also provided Groot 's voice for several foreign - language releases of the film . Krystian Godlewski portrayed the character on set , though his acting was not used in the final character CGI . On the character , which Gunn based on his dog , Gunn said , `` All the Guardians start out the movie as bastards -- except Groot . He 's an innocent . He 's a hundred percent deadly and a hundred percent sweet . He 's caught up in Rocket 's life , really . '' Gunn added that the design and movement of Groot took `` the better part of a year '' to create . Gunn added , `` The ways in which Vin Diesel says , ' I am Groot , ' I am astounded . All of the ' I am Groots ' that were earlier voices did n't sound very good at all ... Vin came in and in one day , laid down all these ' I am Groot ' tracks , and he 's a perfectionist . He made me explain to him with ever ( sic ) ' I am Groot , ' exactly what he was saying ... It was amazing when we first put that voice in there how much the character changed and how much he influenced the character . '' Regarding the limited words used by Groot , Diesel said in many ways this was , `` ... the most challenging thing to ask an actor to do . '' Diesel found an emotional note in his performance , invoking the death of his friend and Fast and Furious co-star Paul Walker , saying , `` This was in December ( 2013 ) , and the first time I came back to dealing with human beings after dealing with death , so playing a character who celebrates life in the way Groot does was very nice . '' Groot 's form and size - changing abilities are seen , with Gunn stating that he has the ability to grow in the film . Bradley Cooper as Rocket : A genetically engineered raccoon - like bounty hunter and mercenary who is a master of weapons and battle tactics . Gunn worked with live raccoons to get the correct feel for the character , and to make sure it was `` not a cartoon character '' , saying , `` It 's not Bugs Bunny in the middle of the Avengers , it 's a real , little , somewhat mangled beast that 's alone . There 's no one else in the universe quite like him , he 's been created by these guys to be a mean - ass fighting machine . '' Gunn also based the character on himself . Describing Rocket in relation to the rest of the Guardians , Cooper said , `` I think Rocket is dynamic . He 's the sort of Joe Pesci in Goodfellas guy . '' Cooper voiced Rocket , while Sean Gunn ( James ' younger brother ) stood in for the character during filming . James Gunn said that for the role of Rocket , some physical movement from Cooper , including facial expressions and hand movements , was recorded as potential reference for the animators , though much of Sean Gunn 's acting is used throughout the film . Before Cooper was cast , James Gunn said that it was a challenge finding a voice for Rocket , that he was looking for someone that could balance `` the fast - talking speech patterns that Rocket has , but also can be funny , because he is really funny . But also has the heart that Rocket has . Because there are actually some pretty dramatic scenes with Rocket . '' Lee Pace as Ronan the Accuser : A Kree radical who agrees to retrieve an artifact for Thanos in exchange for eradicating his mortal enemies , the Xandarians . Ronan and his Sakaaran army hunt down the Guardians when they interfere with his goals . Describing Ronan , Gunn said , `` He is the primary villain , and he is a really twisted guy , he has a really religious bent in this film . He has a very sick and twisted view of what morality is ; strength is virtue and weakness is sin and that is what he lives by , and I think he is very scary because of his beliefs , which are real to him . '' Pace , who originally auditioned for Peter Quill , described Ronan as a `` psycho '' and a `` monster '' . Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta : A blue - skinned bandit who is the leader of the Ravagers and a paternal figure to Quill . Yondu helps Quill to steal the orb before Quill betrays him , leaving Yondu and the Ravagers to chase the Guardians . On the character , Rooker said , he has `` some interesting issues -- not a good guy , not a bad guy . There 's hope and there 's a heart inside Yondu . '' Gunn created the film 's version of the character specifically with Rooker in mind , while borrowing the character 's mohawk and use of a whistle - controlled arrow from the comics . Rooker fully committed to the role once he knew his role on the TV series The Walking Dead would be ending . Rooker 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply . Karen Gillan as Nebula : An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings and is a loyal lieutenant in the employ of Ronan and Thanos . About the character , Gillan said , `` She is the female villain of the film ... She is very sadistic and evil , but I like to think for a very valid reason . '' She also added , `` I think she 's a really interesting character . What I like to play around with is how jealous she is . She 's Gamora 's sister , and there 's a lot of sibling rivalry . That 's the most interesting aspect to me , because jealousy can consume you and turn you bitter , and ugly . And she 's a total sadist , so that 's fun too . '' Gillan researched the ancient Spartans , shaved off her hair , and trained for two months for the role . The character 's makeup took approximately four - and - a-half hours to be applied . Djimon Hounsou as Korath : A Kree ally of Ronan who is a feared intergalactic hunter . As to why he took the role Hounsou said , `` I have a four - year old son who loves superheroes from Spider - Man to Iron Man to Batman . He 's got all the costumes . One day he looks at me and says ' Dad , I want to be light - skinned so I could be Spider - Man . Spider - Man has light skin . ' That was sort of a shock . This is why I am excited to be a part of the Marvel Universe , so I could hopefully provide that diversity in the role of the superhero . '' John C. Reilly as Rhomann Dey : A corpsman in the Nova Corps , the Nova Empire 's military and police force . Glenn Close as Irani Rael : The leader of the Nova Corps , known as Nova Prime , whose mission is to protect the citizens of the Nova Empire and keep peace . Close stated that she `` had always wanted to be in a movie like ( Guardians of the Galaxy ) , and that it would be `` the most fun to play something like the Judi Dench ( as M or ) Samuel L. Jackson ( as Nick Fury ) role '' . She said that she took the role because she `` love ( s ) to do stuff that 's different '' and wanted to show that she `` ( has ) always been up for anything . '' She also stated that her contract has `` several '' films on it , and that she would be open to working on other Marvel Studios films in addition to returning for Guardians sequels . Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector : An obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna , relics , and species in the galaxy who operates out of a place in space named Knowhere . Describing del Toro 's performance , Gunn said , `` He 's like an outer - space Liberace . That 's what it says in the script , which he 's kind of doing . '' On bringing the character to life , del Toro said , `` What James ( Gunn ) wanted , that I found out little by little as I was doing it , is that he wanted me to explore and just keep pushing the character and keep creating ( him ) as I was in front of the camera . '' Additionally , Josh Brolin appears , uncredited , as Thanos through voice acting and performance capture . Sean Gunn stood in for Thanos during filming and portrays Kraglin , Yondu 's first mate in the Ravagers . Alexis Denisof reprises his role as Thanos 's vizier , `` The Other '' , from The Avengers . Ophelia Lovibond plays Carina , the Collector 's slave ; Peter Serafinowicz plays Denarian Garthan Saal , a Nova Corps officer ; Gregg Henry plays Quill 's grandfather ; Laura Haddock plays Quill 's mother , Meredith ; Melia Kreiling plays Bereet ; Christopher Fairbank plays The Broker ; Mikaela Hoover plays Nova Prime 's assistant ; Marama Corlett plays a pit boss at the bar , The Boot ; Emmett J. Scanlan plays a Nova riot guard ; Alexis Rodney plays Moloka Dar ; Tom Proctor plays Horuz , a Ravager ; and Spencer Wilding plays a prison guard who confiscates Quill 's Walkman . Canine actor Fred appears as Cosmo . Stephen Blackehart had a supporting role . Naomi Ryan also had a supporting role in the film , though it was cut in the final version . Cameos in the film include : James Gunn as a Sakaaran ; Stan Lee as a Xandarian Ladies ' Man ; Lloyd Kaufman as an inmate ; Nathan Fillion as the voice of an inmate ; Rob Zombie as the voice of the Ravager Navigator ; composer Tyler Bates as a Ravager pilot ; and Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` I think anybody ... who would have said that this would make a great main movie would have been laughed off . It 's such an unlikely thing to do . So I think it 's lovely to work on something and expose its potential to the point where a company like Marvel will say , ' Yes , this makes sense . ' '' -- Dan Abnett , co-writer of the 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy relaunch , on the project Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige first mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International , stating , `` There are some obscure titles , too , like Guardians of the Galaxy . I think they 've been revamped recently in a fun way in the ( comic ) book . '' Feige reiterated that sentiment in a September 2011 issue of Entertainment Weekly , saying , `` There 's an opportunity to do a big space epic , which Thor sort of hints at , in the cosmic side '' of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Feige added , should the film be made , it would feature an ensemble of characters , similar to X-Men and The Avengers . Feige announced that the film was in active development at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International during the Marvel Studios panel , with an intended release date of August 1 , 2014 . He stated that the film 's titular team would consist of the characters Star - Lord , Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , Groot , and Rocket Raccoon . Two pieces of concept art were also displayed , one of Rocket Raccoon , and one featuring the entire team . In August 2012 , James Gunn entered talks to direct the film , beating out other contenders , including Peyton Reed and the duo Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck . The Avengers director Joss Whedon , who signed a deal to creatively consult on all of the films leading up to The Avengers sequel , was enthusiastic about the selection of Gunn to direct , saying `` James ( Gunn ) is what makes me think it will work ... He is so off the wall , and so crazy , but so smart , such a craftsman and he builds from his heart . He loves the raccoon . Needs the raccoon ... He has a very twisted take on it , but it all comes from a real love for the material . It 's going to be hard for ( the human characters ) to keep up . '' Writing ( edit ) Nicole Perlman , who was enrolled in Marvel 's screenwriting program in 2009 , was offered several of their lesser known properties to base a screenplay on . Out of those , Perlman chose Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning 's Guardians of the Galaxy , due to her interest in space and science fiction , adding , `` I think ( Marvel ) were a little taken aback when I chose Guardians , because there were ones that would make a lot more sense if you were a romantic - comedy writer or something like that . '' Perlman spent two years writing a draft , immersing herself in the Guardians universe , and was asked in late 2011 to create another draft , before Gunn was brought in in early 2012 to contribute to the script . Gunn eventually rewrote the script entirely because `` it did n't work '' for him ; he would use the film The Dirty Dozen as a reference to convey his ideas of the film to Marvel . Gunn later explained that Perlman 's draft was very different from the script he used during filming , including a different story , character arcs and no Walkman ; he stated , `` In Nicole 's script everything is pretty different ... it 's not about the same stuff . But that 's how the WGA works . They like first writers an awful lot . '' In August 2012 , Marvel Studios hired writer Chris McCoy to rewrite Perlman 's script , however , it is unclear what contribution he had to the final script , since he did not receive production credit . Gunn revealed that character introductions were the `` hardest scenes to crack '' , with Thanos ' introduction being the most difficult . He felt that `` having Thanos be in that scene was more helpful to the ( MCU ) than it was to Guardians of the Galaxy , '' yet he still wanted Thanos in the film , without `` ( belittling ) the actual antagonist of the film , which is Ronan . '' To solve his dilemma , Gunn chose to have Ronan kill `` The Other '' , Thanos ' vizier , saying , `` I thought that was interesting , because we 've had the Other , who 's obviously very powerful even in comparison to Loki , and then we see Ronan wipe his ass with him . So that I liked , but even that was sort of difficult , because it played as funnier when I first wrote it , and the humor did n't work so much . '' Pre-production ( edit ) In September 2012 , Gunn confirmed that he had signed on to direct the film and rewrite the script . By the end of November , Joel Edgerton , Jack Huston , Jim Sturgess , and Eddie Redmayne signed deals to test for the role of Peter Quill , as did Lee Pace , which he confirmed a week later in early December . Other actors who were considered for the role included Thor : The Dark World 's Zachary Levi , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , Michael Rosenbaum , and John Gallagher Jr . Chris Pratt was cast in the role in February 2013 , as part of a multi-film deal that he signed with Marvel . Gunn promoting the film at 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International In January 2013 , filming was scheduled to take place at Shepperton Studios in London , United Kingdom , and Marvel Studios announced that the film would be released in 3D . Victoria Alonso , an executive producer on the film , said that filming would begin in June . She also said that both Rocket Raccoon and Groot would be created through a combination of CGI and motion capture , going on to say that `` You ca n't do any motion capture with a raccoon -- they wo n't let you put the suit on . But we will do rotomation , probably , for some of the behavior ... we definitely will have performers to emulate what James Gunn will lead to be , the behavior and the performance . He 's very clear on where he wants to take the characters . '' In March 2013 , Feige discussed Guardians of the Galaxy in relation to the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying , `` It 's much more of a standalone film . It takes place in the same universe . And when we 've been on the other side of that universe in other movies , you might see those characteristics in Guardians , but the Avengers are not involved with what 's happening out there at this time . '' Feige also stated that 95 % of the film would take place in space . In mid-March , Dave Bautista was signed to play Drax the Destroyer . Other actors who had been considered for the role included Isaiah Mustafa , Brian Patrick Wade , and Jason Momoa . By the following week , sculptor Brian Muir , who sculpted Darth Vader 's mask for the Star Wars films , was revealed to be working on the film . In early April 2013 , Zoe Saldana entered into negotiations to star as Gamora in the film , and it was confirmed she had been cast later that month . Also in April , Michael Rooker joined the film 's cast as Yondu , and it was announced that Ophelia Lovibond had been cast in a supporting role . By this point in time , Lee Pace was in final negotiations to play the villain of the film . In May , Marvel offered John C. Reilly the role of Rhomann Dey . At the same time , it was disclosed that filmmakers were looking at actors including Hugh Laurie , Alan Rickman , and Ken Watanabe , for another role , and that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely were providing finishing touches to the script . A few days later , Glenn Close was cast as the head of the Nova Corps in the film , followed shortly by the casting of Karen Gillan as the film 's lead female villain . By June 2013 , Benicio del Toro was cast in the film , as part of a multi-film deal with Marvel Studios . Later in the month , it was confirmed that Reilly had been cast as Rhomann Dey . Special effects makeup designer David White took head and body casts of actors , such as Bautista , to experiment with materials used to create the characters . White said , `` James always pushed for practical and makeup effects . He wanted , like me , to see the real deal there on set . '' White was careful not to use `` modern '' creature designs to ensure they did not fall short in Gunn 's uniquely envisioned world . White and his team created upwards of 1,000 prosthetic makeup applications and 2,000 molds of different - colored aliens . For the specific aesthetic look to the film , Gunn wanted to create `` a colorful science - fiction world '' , and include elements of 1950s and ' 60s pulp movies , citing the Ravagers ' spaceships , which he compared to muscle cars , as an example of the latter . Science fiction artist Chris Foss inspired and helped design the final look of some of the spacecrafts that appear in the film . The Mass Effect video game series , Flash Gordon , Farscape , and Star Wars were primary inspirations for Gunn on the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began around July 6 , 2013 in London , United Kingdom , under the working title of Full Tilt . Filming took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios . Later in July , Gunn and the film 's cast flew from London to attend San Diego Comic - Con International , where it was revealed that Pace would play Ronan the Accuser , Gillan would be Nebula , del Toro as The Collector , and that Djimon Hounsou had been cast as Korath . Close was later revealed to play Nova Prime Irani Rael . Also at San Diego Comic - Con , Feige stated that Thanos would be a part of the film as the `` mastermind '' . On August 11 , 2013 , filming began at London 's Millennium Bridge , which was selected as a double for Xandar . In August 2013 , Marvel announced that Bradley Cooper would voice Rocket . On September 3 , 2013 , Gunn said that filming was `` a little over half ( way ) '' complete . Also in September , Vin Diesel stated that he was voicing Groot . However , Marvel did not confirm Diesel 's involvement in the film at the time . On October 12 , 2013 , Gunn announced on social media that filming had completed . Director of photography Ben Davis used Arri Alexa XT cameras for the film , saying , `` I 'm traditionally a photochemical fan , but going with the digital format was the right way for this movie ... the Alexa ( provided ) the right look for this particular film . '' During the opening scenes in the 1980s , Davis chose JDC Cooke Xtal ( Crystal ) Express anamorphic prime lenses because they `` had more anamorphic artifacts and aberrations , which ( he ) felt added something . '' Davis used spherical Panavision Primos for the rest of the film . Additionally , Davis worked closely with production designer Charles Wood in order to achieve the correct lighting looks for each scene . Dealing with two fully CGI characters forced Davis to shoot scenes multiple times , usually once with the references for the characters and once without them in the shot . Gunn revealed that his brother , Sean Gunn , took on multiple roles during the filming process , such as standing in for Rocket , which he noted was beneficial for the other actors , including Saldana , Pratt , and Bautista , who responded positively to Sean and his on - set performances . Special effects makeup designer David White made two life - size versions of Rocket and a bust of Groot as aids for visual effects , with White saying , `` it gives ( the filmmakers ) a good indication of where visual effects needs to pick up and whether Rocket can actually reach certain things or use certain devices . '' These busts were also used to see how the on - set lighting would affect the characters , to assist with the visual effects lighting process . In January 2015 , Disney revealed that the film came in `` slightly over the agreed budget '' at $232.3 million , with Disney receiving a rebate of $36.4 million from the British government . It was previously estimated to have had a $170 million budget . Post-production ( edit ) In November 2013 , Gunn stated that he attempted to use as many practical effects as possible while filming to aid the use of CGI and motion capture during post-production , saying , `` Our sets are enormous . We have a prison that is 350,000 pounds of steel . Anybody who knows me knows I love the mix of practical and CGI effects ... I ca n't wait for people to see it , because it 's astonishingly beautiful . '' After the release of Thor : The Dark World , Feige stated that the Infinity Stones would be a focus in the film , as well as going forward into the Phase Three slate of films within the MCU . In a separate interview for The Dark World in November , Feige added that a third , unknown Infinity Stone would be seen in the film , referred to as the `` Power Stone '' by the Collector . The mid-credits scene in The Dark World revealed Lovibond 's role as the Collector 's aide , later named Carina . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Diesel would voice Groot . A few weeks of additional filming , involving the film 's main cast and crew , occurred in March 2014 at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . In April 2014 , Gunn described Thanos as the `` head of the snake '' in the film , and confirmed he would appear via performance capture . In May 2014 , Gunn stated that the film features an `` enormous '' amount of smaller and minor characters from the Marvel Universe , adding that he felt the film had the most characters overall of any Marvel Studios film to date . Costume supervisor Dan Grace added to this by saying , `` We really , really get the feeling of the scale and scope of the galaxy . We visit five planets , we see a hundred different races . '' The film introduces the alien race Sakaaran , who act as Ronan 's mercenaries , as a replacement to the Badoon , as the Badoon film rights belonged to 20th Century Fox . By the end of May , Josh Brolin was revealed as the voice of Thanos , with Feige confirming in July that Brolin also provided the performance capture for the character . Thanos communicates via hologram for much of the film , though he does appear in a scene with Ronan and Nebula . In June 2014 , Feige added that Thanos and his followers are `` the biggest piece of connective tissue that will eventually lead us back into Avengers films in the future . '' On casting Brolin , Feige said , We reached out to him and it was one of those things that does not happen all the time but when it does it 's very nice , where he was totally intrigued . He was a fan of what we did , he met with Jeremy Latcham in a hotel in London and learned about the characters a little bit . I spoke to him on the phone a few times . We ran it by James who loved it , ran it by Joss ( Whedon ) who loved it because Thanos is in this universe because of Avengers . Then we shot him and recorded for it . On July 7 , 2014 , Gunn announced on social media that he had completed work on the film . In August , regarding the post-credit scene , Gunn revealed that the scene did not involve Howard the Duck when it was originally filmed , rather he was added during post-production , a decision made by `` some combination of ( Gunn ) and the editor Fred Raskin '' . As the decision to add the character was made late in the post-production process , he had to be designed that day , before being handed off to Sony Pictures Imageworks to animate . Also in August , regarding the pre-credit scene of Groot dancing , Gunn stated that he himself danced to provide motion reference for the animators , and that the decision was made to place the scene before the credits , rather than during or after them , because of positive responses from a test audience , which made Marvel and Gunn feel that they did not want `` people walking out and missing this thing '' . Marvel used design firm Sarofsky once again for the film 's title sequences , after liking their work for Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Sarofsky developed a custom typeface based on the font used in the teaser posters for the opening credits , which was tinted orange to offer a better contrast to the film 's blue and grey imagery . One of the typography solutions offered before the final product wound up being repurposed as the locator cards seen throughout the film . Visual effects ( edit ) The Gardens by the Bay ( top ) in Singapore helped inspire the look of the planet Xandar ( bottom ) . The film featured 2,750 visual effects shots , which make up approximately 90 % of the film . The visual effects were created by : Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) , who worked on creating Groot , as well as Morag , Xandar , the Dark Aster and the final battle on Xandar ; Framestore , who worked on creating Rocket , extending the Kyln prison set and constructing Knowhere ; Luma Pictures , who worked on Thanos ; Method Studios , who worked on creating the Orb opening and revealing its powers , as well as the holographic displays at the Nova Corps command center ; Lola VFX ; Cantina Creative ; Sony Pictures Imageworks , who worked on Howard the Duck and creating the Dark Aster shots with MPC ; CoSA VFX ; Secret Lab ; Rise Visual Effects Studios ; and Technicolor VFX . Pre - and post-visualizations were done by Proof and The Third Floor , with Proof also contributing to the creation of Rocket and Groot . Producer Nik Korda noted how helpful it was to have Sean Gunn and Krystian Godlewski portray Rocket and Groot on set , as it provided references for lighting and on - set performances to the animators . When creating Groot , MPC realized early on that his eyes would be essential in maintaining the character 's human qualities , as his face could n't move in the way that humans ' do . MPC visual effects supervisor Nicolas Aithadi explained that , `` When you look at humans what makes the eyes interesting is the imperfections -- trying to make these two irises not aimed at the same place -- trying to make them strange and look more human . '' Textures for Groot came from a number of sources , including inspiration from a botanical garden in London , and the character was modeled as individual branches , rigged individually , to simulate a muscle system for the character . One of the major challenges for Framestore in creating Rocket was his fur . Framestore 's Rachel Williams explained that , since `` raccoon fur is made up from a layer of short fine hair and a layer of longer thicker hairs '' , these layers were separated and animated individually , removing the need to use `` guide hairs '' to control the movements of thick sections of fur . Framestore and MPC worked closely sharing assets , to ensure shots of Rocket at MPC would match the Rocket created by Framestore , and vice versa for when Groot was needed by the other studio . In order to give Thanos `` the performance and the weight that he deserved '' , Luma Pictures created a new facial animation system to re-create Josh Brolin as a fully CG character , using his `` eyes , some of his cheek , how his muscles move when he talks '' . The character 's large jaw , and the deep groves that run down his face , had `` to be carefully planned out with the movement of his face . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( soundtrack ) In August 2013 , Gunn revealed that Tyler Bates would be composing the film 's score . Gunn stated that Bates would write some of the score first so that he can film to the music , as opposed to scoring to the film . In February 2014 , Gunn revealed that the film would incorporate songs from the 1960s and 1970s , such as `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , on a mixtape in Quill 's Walkman , which acts as a way for him to stay connected to the Earth , home , and family he lost . In May 2014 , Gunn added that using the songs from the ' 60s and ' 70s were `` cultural reference points '' , saying , `` It 's striking the balance throughout the whole movie , through something that is very unique , but also something that is easily accessible to people at the same time . The music and the Earth stuff is one of those touchstones that we have to remind us that , yeah , ( Quill ) is a real person from planet Earth who 's just like you and me . Except that he 's in this big outer space adventure . '' When choosing the songs , Gunn revealed he `` started the process by reading the Billboard charts for all of the top hits of the ' 70s '' , downloading `` a few hundred '' songs that were `` semi-familiar -- ones you recognize but might not be able to name off the top of your head '' and creating a playlist for all the songs that would fit the film tonally . He added that he `` would listen to the playlist on my speakers around the house -- sometimes I would be inspired to create a scene around a song , and other times I had a scene that needed music and I would listen through the playlist , visualizing various songs , figuring out which would work the best . '' Most of the songs were played on set to help `` the actors and the camera operators find the perfect groove for the shot '' , with David Bowie 's `` Moonage Daydream '' the only song chosen and added during post-production . Gunn also said that the opening scenes were designed with `` Hooked on a Feeling '' in mind ; however , once Gunn discovered `` Come and Get Your Love '' , the song used in the sequence , Gunn felt it was a `` better fit . '' Three albums were released by Hollywood Records on July 29 , 2014 : The film 's score , Guardians of the Galaxy ( Original Score ) , which features the music composed by Bates for the film ; Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , which comprises the twelve songs from Quill 's mixtape ; and a deluxe edition featuring both albums . By August 2014 , the album which mirrored Quill 's mixtape had reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart , becoming the first soundtrack album in history consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart . Hollywood Records also released a cassette version of the Awesome Mix Vol. 1 soundtrack on November 28 , 2014 , as an exclusive to Record Store Day participants . The cassette , which is the first cassette Disney Music Group has released since 2003 , comes with a digital download version of the album . Release ( edit ) Karen Gillan at the London premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy . The world premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy was held on July 21 , 2014 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood . The film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in the United States on August 1 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was released in 4,080 theaters in the United States , making it the widest August release , breaking the five - year record held by G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra ( 4,007 theatres ) . The breakdown of venues was : 354 IMAX screens , 3,200 3D screens , 350 large format screens and 240 D - Box screens . In its sixth weekend , Guardians of the Galaxy was playing in 69 territories , its most . In June 2014 , Gunn stated that the film had always been planned as a 3D film , and `` Unlike many directors , I 've been actively involved with converting every shot to 3D , making sure it works perfectly for the story and the film , making sure it 's spectacular and immersive without being silly , distracting , or overly showy . '' Gunn also revealed that the IMAX 3D version would include shifting aspect ratios , to make the viewing experience `` even fuller and more encompassing . I 've personally chosen all the places where the changes occur ... The changing aspect ratios in this case are actually a part of the storytelling . '' In July 2014 , Gunn revealed that there were multiple scenes he had cut from the film , and he was investigating how to release them , either in an extended cut of the film , or as bonus features on the film 's home media release . Marketing ( edit ) The cast and crew of Guardians of the Galaxy at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . ( L-R : producer Kevin Feige , Bautista , director James Gunn , del Toro , Saldana , Hounsou , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , and Pratt ) At Disney 's D23 Expo in August 2013 , Feige presented footage first revealed at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2013 . The first trailer for the film debuted on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on February 18 , 2014 , with a special introduction by Chris Pratt . The Los Angeles Times said the trailer delivered `` some spirited alien action , with exploding spaceships and muscled bad guys , not to mention a few purely comedic moments , '' while spotlighting `` a number of the offbeat characters . '' Total Film noted the similarity of the trailer 's opening clip to the 1981 film , Raiders of the Lost Ark , which Gunn stated was a big influence for Guardians , and made note of the `` edgy '' humor used throughout . Total Film also noted the similarity of the trailer to the one debuted at Comic - Con and D23 , with a few new shots featuring Nebula and the Collector . Social media response to the trailer was strong , with 88,000 mentions across Twitter , Facebook and various blogs in a 12 - hour period . Those numbers were comparable to trailers for other superhero films like Man of Steel and The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , and noteworthy for the late night - time period in which it premiered . The trailer received 22.8 million views in the 24 hours after it debuted . After the debut of the trailer , Blue Swede 's version of `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , which was prominently used throughout the trailer , went up 700 % in sales the following day . The line from Serafinowicz 's character , `` What a bunch of a-holes '' , was only intended to be featured in the trailers , but due to its positive reception , was included in the final cut of the film . Gunn noted that a different teaser was almost released `` that was very cheesy ( and ) sold the movie as something different than what it was '' , as it tested better than the version that was ultimately released . Gunn credited the marketing teams at Marvel and Disney for having faith in the latter version , despite how it tested , over choosing the version that would have mis - marketed the film . In March 2014 , the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' introduced the Kree race to the MCU , which began a storyline that recurs throughout the series and involves finding a hidden Kree city . Also in March , ABC aired a one - hour television special titled , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Guardians of the Galaxy . Starting in April 2014 , a two - part comic was released , titled Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude . Written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning , with art by Wellington Alves , the first issue focused on the background of Nebula and her bond with Thanos ; the second issue featured the adventures of Rocket and Groot before they join forces with the other Guardians . In June 2014 , Mike Pasciullo , senior VP of Marvel Studios , described the marketing approach for Guardians of the Galaxy by saying that Marvel had `` built a robust marketing program for the theatrical release that carefully integrates traditional advertising , social media , digital marketing , strategic promotional partnerships , organic entertainment integrations ( and ) publicity . '' In July 2014 , Marvel launched a viral marketing campaign for the film called `` Galaxy Getaways '' , a fictional travel website that allows users to book passage to some of the planets depicted in the film , including Xandar , Morag , and Knowhere . Beginning July 4 , 2014 , a sneak peek of the film was presented at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios in the Magic Eye and ABC Sound Studio theaters , respectively . Approximately 14 minutes of the film was screened on July 7 , 2014 , in IMAX 3D in the United States , and 3D theaters and IMAX 3D in Canada , along with two trailers . The screening was met with positive reviews , praising the humor , the 3D and IMAX conversion , and Cooper 's portrayal of Rocket . However , it was criticized for beginning partway through the film , not allowing viewers to easily acclimate to the film 's tone , and for how the general audience might respond to a film within the MCU without established characters making appearances . On July 12 , 2014 , Gunn and the actors from the film promoted Guardians of the Galaxy at the Lido 8 Cineplex in Singapore . On July 17 , 2014 , Disney Interactive released an action RPG video game titled Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon for iOS , Android and Windows devices . The game 's original story was written by Dan Abnett , and was meant to complement the film . On July 21 , Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel and Cooper appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! to promote the film and debut some additional exclusive content . On July 29 , Pratt and Saldana rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange as part of the film 's marketing strategy . On August 14 , Marvel released the scene of Groot dancing , which was shortly followed by an announcement from Funko that they were releasing a toy `` Dancing Groot '' . The Hollywood Reporter noted that the quick release of the scene from Marvel two weeks after the film 's theatrical release , along with the rush announcement from Funko , indicated the popularity of both the character and the scene . The scene also produced the word `` grooting '' , coined by Michael Rooker , in which a person dances similar to Groot , with the word entering the social media lexicon . Also in August , Marvel held a special screening of the film at Children 's Hospital Los Angeles , where Pratt dressed as Star - Lord to entertain the patients . Merchandise ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel filed eleven trademark applications for Guardians of the Galaxy , covering a variety of consumer products , from video games to cosmetics . Disney Consumer Products partnered with Mad Engine , C - Life , New Era , Hasbro , Disguise , Rubies , Sideshow Collectibles , Lego , KIDdesigns , iHome , Funko , Freeze , Fast Forward , and Innovative Designs to produce merchandise for the film , with releases starting in June 2014 . Mad Engine and C - Life were partnered as the core apparel outfitters , producing a line of T - shirts and fleece jackets , while New Era produced headwear and hats . Hasbro produced toys for the film ; Disguise and Rubies produced the costumes ; and Sideshow Collectibles was given charge of the collectibles . Lego announced three toy sets based on scenes from the film , while iHome created character speakers , Funko made vinyl bobbleheads , Freeze crafted 1980s - inspired apparel , and backpacks and stationery were made by Fast Forward and Innovative Designs . Despite first films in a potential new franchise usually being off - limits to licensees , Marvel used Iron Man 's success as evidence of unknown characters becoming hits with audiences to attract partnerships . Licensees embraced Rocket as the film 's potential breakout character , with Drax and Gamora being used for older demographics ; Star - Lord 's obsession with 1980s nostalgia , including his `` Awesome Mix Vo. 1 '' cassette , has also served as a basis for tie - in products . In August 2014 , Funko announced a toy based on `` Dancing Groot '' , while in October 2014 , Marvel and KID designs announced a replica of dancing Groot , for release in December 2014 . In December 2014 , Disney made a second marketing push , to coincide with the film 's home media release with additional merchandise . Merchandise partners included : KID designs with its replica dancing Groot ; Funko 's Fabrikations line with a plush Rocket ; Mattel 's Hot Wheels character cars ; C - Life , Hybrid - Jem Sportswear , Freeze , MZ Berger , Accutime , AME and Her Universe with apparel ; ThinkGeek with jewelry and watches ; American Greetings with cards ; Jay Franco with homegoods ; and Vandor with drinkware . Additional partners included Mad Engine , Just Play , and Dragon Models . Paul Gitter , senior vice-president of Marvel licensing at Disney Consumer Products said , `` The demand for Guardians of the Galaxy merchandise has been truly out of this world . Our merchandising and retail partners are doing a tremendous job of providing creative and innovative ways for fans to continue interacting with these popular characters and showcase their fandom year round . '' Home media ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on November 18 , 2014 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and DVD on November 24 , 2014 , in the United Kingdom and on December 9 in the United States . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , a blooper reel , and an exclusive preview of Avengers : Age of Ultron . As of October 4 , 2015 , the film has earned over $118 million in sales in the US . The film was also included in the 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $333.2 million in North America and an estimated $440.2 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $773.3 million . The film became the third - highest - grossing film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , behind The Avengers and Iron Man 3 . It was the third - highest - grossing 2014 film ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction and The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ) and the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 . It had a worldwide opening weekend of $160.7 million . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit for the film to be $204.2 million , when factoring together `` production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , '' placing it fifth on their list of 2014 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $11.2 million on its Thursday night pre-opening , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier 's gross ( $10.2 million ) for the biggest Thursday evening start for a movie in 2014 . IMAX accounted for 17 % of the total gross ( $1.9 million ) , which was the biggest August pre-release in IMAX format . On its opening day , the film earned $37.8 million , including the Thursday night earnings . Guardians of the Galaxy was the number one movie during its opening weekend and grossed $94.3 million , setting an August weekend record . During the opening weekend , IMAX earnings amounted to $11.7 million and 3 - D showings accounted for 45 % of ticket sales . The film 's success was partially attributed to its appeal to both genders : the opening - weekend audience was 44 % female , which is the biggest proportion ever for a MCU film ; 55 % of the opening - weekend audience was over the age of 25 . Although the film fell to second place in its second and third weekends , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the film was number one in its fourth , fifth , and sixth weekend . By doing so , it became the first film in 2014 to top the domestic box office in non-consecutive weeks , the first film of the summer ( May -- August ) to be the number one film in three weekends and the first MCU film to be the top film for four weeks , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier and The Avengers , both of which were number one for three weeks , and tied The Dark Knight for the most weeks at number one among comic book - based films . Phil Contrino , vice president and chief analyst of BoxOffice.com felt Guardians success was `` unconventional '' and was `` shattering expectations '' . The film remained in the top 10 for ten weekends . The film was the top - grossing film of summer 2014 ( ahead of Transformers : Age of Extinction ) , first of 2014 to pass $300 million for its domestic gross , and was the third - highest - grossing domestic film of 2014 ( behind American Sniper and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ) . The film was said to have `` injected life '' into an otherwise lower - than - normal summer box office . Outside North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released in 42 international markets and grossed $66.4 million on its opening weekend . The biggest debuts came from Russia ( $13 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $10.8 million ) , Mexico ( $6.5 million ) , Brazil ( $6.5 million ) , and South Korea ( $4.7 million ) . The film topped the weekend box office two times , in its first and second weekends . In its eleventh weekend , the film opened in China , earning $29.8 million , its largest , and became the third - highest opening in the country for any Disney release , behind Iron Man 3 and Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and was an all - time industry record opening in October . The following weekend saw an additional $21.3 million from China , making China the highest - grossing market with $69 million . The film 's three biggest markets in total earnings were : China ( $96.5 million ) , the UK ( $47.4 million ) , and Russia ( $37.5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 based on 297 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is just as irreverent as fans of the frequently zany Marvel comic would expect -- as well as funny , thrilling , full of heart , and packed with visual splendor . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 52 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore audiences gave Guardians of the Galaxy an `` A '' grade rating on an A+ to F scale , while earning an `` A + '' among under - 18 and 25 - to 34 - year - old viewers . Scott Foundas of Variety said `` James Gunn 's presumptive franchise - starter is overlong , overstuffed and sometimes too eager to please , but the cheeky comic tone keeps things buoyant -- as does Chris Pratt 's winning performance '' , and praised the film 's look created by cinematographer Ben Davis , production designer Charles Wood , and special effects makeup designer David White . Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the film 's look , and felt `` A well - matched ensemble rises to the challenge of launching a heroic origin film with distinctive style , abundant thrills and no shortage of humor . '' The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin said , `` A brand new summer family blockbuster this may be , but it plays by old , half - forgotten rules ; trimming out the clutter and cross-referencing for snappy , streamlined , Saturday - cartoon fun '' . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , `` Blessed with a loose , anarchic B - picture soul that encourages you to enjoy yourself even when you 're not quite sure what 's going on , the scruffy Guardians is irreverent in a way that can bring the first Star Wars to mind , in part because it has some of the most unconventional heroes this side of the Mos Eisley Cantina . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said , `` While Guardians takes you down one after another crazy narrative turn , it also pulls you into -- and , for the most part , keeps you in -- a fully realized other world . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is a late summer treat -- a mostly lighthearted and self - referential comic - book movie with loads of whiz - bang action , some laugh - out - loud moments and a couple of surprisingly beautiful and touching scenes as well , '' calling it `` a refreshing confection of entertainment . '' Jim Starlin , creator of Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , and Thanos , said it `` might be Marvel 's best movie yet '' . Jake Coyle of the Associated Press was more critical of the film , calling it `` terribly overstuffed and many of the jokes get drowned out by the special effects ... The pervasive movie references detract from the stab at freshness , and Guardians depends all too much on the whimsy of ' 70s anthems for an original beat . '' He also felt that Close , Reilly and del Toro were underused in the film . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said , `` In place of wit , Guardians offers a sort of generalized willingness to be amusing , an atmosphere of high spirits that feels like lots of people pumping air into a tire that has a hole in it . Everyone is clearly working , but nothing is really happening -- and yet the effort is so evident that there 's an impulse to reward it . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post also had a negative response to the film , comparing it to Howard the Duck and Green Lantern , and criticizing the dialogue , villains , soundtrack , lack of suspense , and the characters of Quill , Rocket , and Drax . The film received mixed reviews in China , where viewers complained that the film 's `` poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it , but also made it difficult to understand its humor . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2014 CinemaCon Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Chris Pratt Won Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Guardians of the Galaxy Won Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Blockbuster Award Guardians of the Galaxy Won Young Hollywood Awards Super Superhero Chris Pratt Nominated 2015 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Actor in an Action Movie Chris Pratt Nominated Best Actress in an Action Movie Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Makeup David White Won Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Empire Awards Best Female Newcomer Karen Gillan Won Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Contemporary Hair Styling in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Nominated Best Contemporary Make - Up in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Make - Up Effects in Feature Length Motion Picture David White Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actress Zoe Saldana Nominated MTV Movie Awards Movie of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Male Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Duo Bradley Cooper and Vin Diesel Nominated Best Shirtless Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best Musical Moment Chris Pratt Nominated Best Comedic Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Transformation Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Hero Chris Pratt Nominated Satellite Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Top 10 Films of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Ensemble Acting Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Live Action Family Film Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Awards Best Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Poster Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Charles Wood Won Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Photoreal / Live Action Feature Motion Picture Stephane Ceretti , Susan Pickett , Jonathan Fawkner , Nicolas Aithadi , Paul Corbould Nominated Outstanding Performance of an Animated Character in a Photoreal / Live Action Feature Motion Picture Kevin Spruce , Rachel Williams , Laurie Brugger , Mark Wilson for `` Rocket '' Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Best Adapted Screenplay James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Special Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Paul Corbould , Jonathan Fawkner , Nicolas Aithadi Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Best Makeup and Hairstyling Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Director James Gunn Won Best Writing James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated Best Actor Chris Pratt Won Best Editing Fred Raskin , Craig Wood and Hughes Winborne Nominated Best Production Design Charles Wood Nominated Best Costume Alexandra Byrne Nominated Best Make - up David White and Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Hugo Awards ( Science Fiction Achievement Awards ) Best Dramatic Presentation ( Long Form ) James Gunn ( director , screenplay ) , Nicole Perlman ( screenplay ) Won Sequels ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 was released on May 5 , 2017 , again written and directed by James Gunn . Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel , Cooper , Rooker , Gillan , and Sean Gunn all reprise their roles in the film , and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha , Chris Sullivan as Taserface , and Kurt Russell as Quill 's father Ego . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( edit ) In April 2017 , Gunn announced he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . It is scheduled to be released in 2020 . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring extraterrestrials Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Identified offscreen as Cosmo the Spacedog and Howard the Duck . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( IMAX ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sylt , Christian ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Reveals Guardians Of The Galaxy Was Over Budget At $232 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals Why Taserface Is In Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marston , George ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Star - Lord 's Father Revealed ... James Gunn Explains in Detail '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cameos , Hints at MCU 's Future ( Heavy Spoilers ) '' . Stitch Kingdom . July 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Webb , Charles ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Who Was That Voice In The Guardians of The Galaxy End Credits Scene ? ( Massive Spoilers ) '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . 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Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Next Movie Star '' . Entertainment Weekly : 24 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Christopher ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` How Chris Pratt Dropped 60 Pounds in Six Months '' . Men 's Fitness . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Mike ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt on Heartbreak , ' Delivery Man ' And Gearing Up For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Why Are Rob Lowe And Rashida Jones Leaving ' Parks And Rec ' ? EP Mike Schur Says Decision Was Mutual '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy : The Expendables In Outer Space '' . Time . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vespe , Eric ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Quint describes the funny and awesomely weird first footage from Marvel 's GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY ! Comic - Con 2013 ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel Chief Kevin Feige On Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Empire . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Zoe Saldana updates on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Exclusive : Zoe Saldana Gets Honest About Gamora 's Look '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Dave Bautista Talks Fight Scenes and Finding The Humor in Drax on the Set of Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Q&A Highlights : James Gunn 's Influences , the Soundtrack , the Sequel , Avengers Crossovers , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , James ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` '' Guardians Of The Galaxy '' Set Visit Puts Concerns To Rest `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Read the Official Synopsis For Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel . January 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel Reveals Details of His Marvel Meetings for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel in Talks To Join ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : conversationsMM ( September 5 , 2013 ) . Vin Diesel Conversations with Maria Menounos September 4 , 2013 . YouTube . Event occurs at 1 : 00 : 35 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Listen To Vin Diesel Voice Groot In Five Other Languages '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dietsch , TJ ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals His Brother 's Roles in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Acuna , Kristen ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's How Groot And Rocket Raccoon Look Without Visual Effects In ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn says Groot was inspired by his dog '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Dawww , Groot '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Larson , Jared ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` What Can Fans Expect from Vin Diesel 's Groot ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leyland , Nick ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Vine Diesel talks ' Guardians ' and playing Groot '' . The Movie Network . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLauchlin , Jim ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Liberating ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Not in the Regular ' Marvel Scheme of Things ' '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : From the Set of the Marvel Studios Adaptation '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official : Bradley Cooper to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . August 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Bradley Cooper in Talks to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director James Gunn Explains Rocket Raccoon as a `` Mangled Little Beast '' `` . / Film . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Why ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Reminds Bradley Cooper Of ' Goodfellas ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P. ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel on Stilts Is n't Even The Weirdest Thing About This Video '' . MTV . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Latest on Vin , Bradley and the Scene Everyone 's Talking About '' . MTV . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Why The Success Of Guardians Of The Galaxy Depends On A Talking Raccoon '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : From the Set of the Marvel Studios Adaptation '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AMC Theatres ( July 24 , 2013 ) . Comic Con ' 13 -- Guardians of the Galaxy Cast Chats with AMC . YouTube . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn : Guardians of the Galaxy are Rolling Stones to Avengers ' Beatles '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Lee Pace Confirms He 's Auditioning For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ; ' Says Script Is ' Great ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Daniel ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Pace on His Guardians of the Galaxy Character -- ' He 's af * * king psycho ! ' '' . Click . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Rooker Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Rooker 's feeling blue as ' Guardians ' alien Yondu '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Actor Michael Rooker Talks Yondu And The Future of Guardians Of The Galaxy ! '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IAR VIDEO : Director James Gunn and Karen Gillan Talk ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . IAmRogue . November 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , James ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Gillan Discusses `` Guardians Of The Galaxy '' Nebula , Ronan 's Intimidation Factor `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` SDCC ' 13 : Marvel Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron , Guardians Cast , More '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ibarra , Sabina ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con 2013 : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cast Talk Rocket Raccoon and Playing Badasses '' . ScreenCrave . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` John C. Reilly Firmed For Rhomann Dey , leader of the Nova Corps , In ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Glenn Close Is Head Cop in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Glenn Close on Donning ' Full Drag ' for Guardians of the Galaxy '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Serious actress ' Glenn Close embraces ' Guardians ' fun '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Benicio Del Toro Takes Lead Role in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Benicio del Toro Talks Guardians Of The Galaxy , Playing the Collector , His Marvel Contract , Inherent Vice , Paradise Lost LOST , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Brolin to Play Thanos in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Brolin Voicing Thanos in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Feige Talks GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY , THOR 3 , CAPTAIN AMERICA 3 , DOCTOR STRANGE , Casting Josh Brolin as Thanos , Comic - Con Plans , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Alyssa Milano , Howard the Duck , and Other Secrets of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Adds One More to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sunu , Steve ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Comic Reel : `` Justice League '' Movie Confirmed ; New Look At `` Guardians of the Galaxy 's '' Nebula `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serafinowicz , Peter ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Re Guardians , I 'm a Nova Corps Officer with John C Reilly '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Edward ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Original Guardians Of The Galaxy Ending Was Removed For Being Too Sad '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diabolique Magazine ( November 28 , 2013 ) . NYCC 2013 : Laura Haddock on Da Vinci 's Demons , Season 2 . YouTube . Event occurs at 2 : 37 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Posting this one as I land in Singapore . It 's @ meliakreiling as Bereet and @ prattprattpratt as I think you know by now . Thanks for all your kind messages about the 17 minute preview . Glad you all enjoyed it ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knight , Chris ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , reviewed : Marvel 's new film franchise is off to a promising start '' . National Post . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Happy Birthday to one of my very best friends ( and Nova Prime 's assistant ) @ mikaelahoover ! Love you lots , Mikaela ! Follow her ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- Plenty Had To Be Removed From The Final Cut '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scanlan , Emmett J. ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Myself & the brilliant @ KarenGillan2 in @ JamesGunn AWESOME LOOKING # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` '' Constantine '' Brings Jim Corrigan To Television `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gunn , James ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Also # FF AMAZING # gotg supporting cast @ Thejudgegunn @ MaramaCorlett @ AlexisRodney @ Melia_Kreiling @ GreggHenry88 @ BigSpenWilding '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodney , Alexis ( August 30 , 2014 ) . `` Great unseen image from Guardians of the Galaxy featuring myself as ( Moloka Dar ) . From the dude himself ... '' Twitter . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians Tom Headshot '' . TomProctor.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bussey , Ben ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Teases Deleted Guardians Of The Galaxy Musical Scene '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Filming a scene with my old pal @ blackehart , who is unfortunately about to tangle with Drax the Destroyer @ DaveBautista . # gotg '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Says He Will Cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Cannes Interview : Lloyd Kaufman on Nuke ' Em High '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday I was grateful when my old boss , the president of Troma Entertainment , @ lloydkaufman , came to London to do a cameo in the film -- as a prisoner in the Kyln . Lloyd taught me more than anyone else about making films . One of the things that keeps me sane in this business is staying true to my roots -- whether with friends , family , or co-workers . As the world around me changes it 's nice to have some consistency in my personal life ( even if that consistency is as crazy as @ michael_rooker ) . Have a great day , folks ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotgFollow '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` Nathan Fillion to make cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( July 21 , 2014 ) . Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Red Carpet Premiere . YouTube . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning : A cosmic odyssey from `` Legion '' to `` Guardians '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Considering ' Iron Fist ' & ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Movies , ' Black Panther ' & ' Guardians of the Galaxy , ' Too ! '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel 's next 5 movies after The Avengers could include some weird surprises '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names ' Avengers ' Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` The Marvel Panel : Ant - Man Smackdown , Iron Man 's Downfall , and Rocket Raccoon ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn in Talks to Direct Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon will return for ' The Avengers 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Mastermind Believes In ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shetty , Sharan ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Who Deserves Credit for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Great Script ? '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Mark ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Nicole Perlman Writes the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` How Nicole Perlman Became the First Woman to Write a Marvel Movie '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Badass Interview : James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Badass Digest . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madison , Charles ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 -- the promise of Nebula , Yondu and Peter Quill 's father '' . Film Divider . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Hires Three - Time Black List Writer for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ; Buchanan , Kyle ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Toughest Scene I Wrote : James Gunn on Writing Thanos Into Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn Confirmed to Direct and Rewrite Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Testing Short List of Actors For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Leader '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' tests male leads '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` Joseph Gordon - Levitt Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Race '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Smallville 's Michael Rosenbaum Up for Guardians of the Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn on ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : ' It 's a Richer , More Emotional Film ' '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt Getting ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Lead '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wiseman , Andreas ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy due to land at Shepperton '' . Screen International . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America & Guardians Coming in 3D '' . Marvel.com . January 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` How The Avengers Made A Motion Capture Hulk And Snagged An Oscar Nomination '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` SFX 233 Preview : Marvel Boss On Phase 2 '' . SFX . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Signs WWE 's Dave Bautista for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Man Who Carved Darth Vader 's Mask Is Busy on the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Zoe Saldana in Talks to Star in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Pace in Final Negotiations to Play Villain in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McWeeny , Drew ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` Will John C. Reilly join the Marvel Universe for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ? '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Star Joins Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Under the Skin of `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' With Makeup FX Wizard David White `` . Fast Company Co. Create . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on why ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is n't weird ( and the sequel he 'd like to make ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Foss Designed Spaceships For Guardians of the Galaxy ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saed , Sherif ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy director cites Mass Effect among his biggest inspirations , offers take on why video game movies suck '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Head Talks Thanos & Ultron -- Comic - Con 2013 . IGN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shahid , Sharnaz ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` PHOTOS : Guardians Of The Galaxy Cast Get Physical In London Shoot '' . Entertainmentwise . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Filming Schedule Passes Halfway Mark '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige Says Vin Diesel 's ' Guardians ' Role Is ' Close ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` And after our last shot with @ DaveBautista that 's a full wrap on # GotG ! It 's been a long strange wonderful trip ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tracking for $60 Million Opening '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Matt ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians : Thanos , SFX & More '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin Feige on Thor and Marvel 's Future '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` / Film Interview : ' Thor : The Dark World ' Producer Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` How Much Thanos Will You See in Guardians of the Galaxy ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Diente , Tanya ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Spoilers : Thanos , Gamora And The Infinity Stones '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Vin Diesel to Voice Groot in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dwarves at Twilight . Disney lot , additional shooting , early as hell '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Wrapping additional photography on # GotG with @ prattprattpratt @ Michael_Rooker & @ Thejudgegunn -- 3 dudes I love working with '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saldana , Zoe ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` Seriously , do you guys like @ Guardians trailer ? We shot some more stuff last weekend . @ JamesGunn @ prattprattpratt @ DaveBautista @ KarenGillan2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tilly , Chris ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Reasons To Get Excited About Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige updates on Guardians Of The Galaxy , Thanos , Ant - Man , TV shows and Doctor Strange '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Just Finished Work on ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Benicio Del Toro may not know he 's in a scene with you - know - who '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Story Behind Howard The Duck 's Credit Sting '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Pre-Credits Dancing Was Performed By James Gunn Himself '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy : Erin Sarofsky -- President , Owner And Executive Creative Director -- Sarofsky '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` The VFX of Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Fxguide . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( October 18 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Exec Talks ' Avengers 2 ' and Why the Studio `` Wants to Make Movies in L.A. '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` SHH 's Exclusive Interview with James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Foundas , Scott ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holman , Jordyn ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Method Studios Taps VFX Veteran Marc Weigert to Spearhead Growth '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( August 2013 ) . `` James Gunn On ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Composer Tyler Bates ' Approach '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Star Lord 's Walkman '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suskind , Alex ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Director James Gunn on How He Chose the Music in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy : Original Score '' . Soundtrack.net . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Records And Marvel Set To Release Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Deluxe Soundtrack , Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 1 And Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Digital Score Soundtrack '' . Digital Journal via PR Newswire . July 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Greg ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Becomes First Soundtrack in History Without New Songs to Land No. 1 Spot '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Guardians ' Soundtrack To Be Released On Cassette Tape '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` On the Red Carpet at the ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Premiere '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Hilary ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cast to Appear on ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office Friday : Summer Savior As ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' $92.2 M to $95.5 M ; ' Get On Up ' Down Low With $14.7 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` Update : Intl Box Office : ' Lucy ' Tops Chart ; ' Expendables 3 ′ In China ; Pics From Korea , Spain , Argentina Get A Look - In ; More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` First `` Guardians Of The Galaxy '' TV Spot Released , Gunn Hypes 3D Experience `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` D23 : Disney Brings Out Angelina Jolie for ' Maleficent , ' Screens New Footage of ' Saving Mr. Banks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ; McIntyre , Gina ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' trailer : Marvel unveils cosmic action comedy '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Indiana Jones ' Influence '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Edgy Humour '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Nebula 's introduction '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : The Collector '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer a Social Media Smash , Bigger Than ' Man of Steel ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Despite leak , ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' trailer breaks Marvel record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer Sends ' Hooked On a Feeling ' Sales Through the Roof '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- ' What A Bunch Of A-Holes ' Was Originally Only Meant For The Trailer '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn on Trailer Pressures and Nearly Shelving the First ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Teaser '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Blue Alien Confirmed As Kree '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to air Marvel special with ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' sneak peek -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning Put the Band Back Together for Guardians of the Galaxy Movie Prequel '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Does n't Scare Licensing Partners '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Offers Fans Interstellar Travel Via Galaxy Getaways '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sneak Peek Landing in Disney Parks July 4 '' . DisneyParks Blog . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get an Early Look at Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy in IMAX July 7 '' . Marvel.com . June 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Missed Guardians Of The Galaxy Sneak Peek ? Here 's a New Trailer ! '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dickson , Evan ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Footage Review : Evan 's Reaction to Marvel Screening 17 Minutes of Footage '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Screened 17 Minutes Of Guardians Of The Galaxy And This Is What We Saw '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Hooked On A Preview : `` Guardians '' Sneak Preview Footage Is Deliriously Fun `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` 17 Minute ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' IMAX 3D Presentation Elicits Cheers And Some Confusion ; Watch An Extended Clip '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leong , John ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` '' Guardians of the Galaxy '' cast thrill fans in Singapore `` . Channel NewsAsia . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Play Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon '' . Marvel . July 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alex ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Mobile Game ? You 're Welcome '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt and Zoe Saldana Join Marvel Entertainment Executives To Ring The Opening Bell at the NYSE to Promote the Highly - Anticipated Summer Film , Marvel s Guardians of the Galaxy '' . New York Stock Exchange . July 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Polowy , Kevin ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Here 's That Clip of Dancing Baby Groot in All Its Galactic Glory '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : Dancing Groot Is the Breakout Character of Summer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grooting ' has entered the lexicon '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Pratt Visits Children 's Hospital Los Angeles in Costume as Star - Lord From Guardians of the Galaxy '' . E !. Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Ramps Up Guardians of the Galaxy Trademarks '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Rallies New Merchandise Partners Around ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Krupa , Daniel ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy LEGO Toy Sets Coming Soon '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Lego Sets Officially Unveiled '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dancing Baby Groot of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' to Hit Shelves in December '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` New Wave of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Merchandise Launches Around Homevideo Release '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel UK ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy comes to 3D / 2D Blu - ray & DVD in the UK November 24 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' on Blu - Ray 12 / 9 with Deleted Scenes , Audio Commentary and More ; Digital HD in November '' . Stitch Kingdom . October 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - DVD and Blu - ray Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Guardians ' Now 3rd Biggest Marvel Movie Ever ; ' Dracula Untold ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Annabelle ' Hold Well ; Action In France , Mexico ; More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office FINAL : ' Happy New Year ' Uncorks Record Bollywood Bow ; ' Annabelle ' Still A Doll With $26.2 M ; ' Lucy ' Outmuscles ' Hercules ' In China ; More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : Milestones For ' Godzilla ' , ' 22 Jump Street ' , ' Transformers ' + ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $67.4 M ; Local Pics Make Waves In Asia ; More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` No. 5 ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Soars to Biggest Thursday Box Office Opening of the Year '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $37.8 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suber , Ray ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Obliterates August Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Nets $65 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( August 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles ' tops ' Expendables 3 , ' ' Let 's Be Cops ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brett ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Back on Top , ' Sin City 2 ′ Flops '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tops Weak Labor Day Box Office , Summer Stumbles to Close '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Wins Cold U.S. Box Office with $10.2 Million , ' The Identical ' Tanks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackmon , Joe ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Becomes Only Summer Movie To Top Box Office For Three Weekends '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Among Marvel Titles , ' Guardians ' Has The Most No. 1 Weekends '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gone Girl ' Edges Out ' Annabelle ' In Race That Energizes Box Office : Monday Actuals '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians ' Becomes Biggest Movie of the Summer '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office End of Summer : Some Profitable Hits In An Overall Blah Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Hits $600 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' retakes box office , passes ' Transformers ' for summer 's top film '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 -- via U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : ' Turtles ' Kicks In $29 M Opening ; ' Guardians ' At $313 M WW ; ' Maleficent ' Tops $500 M ; ' InBetweeners 2 ′ Smashes UK Records '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Annabelle ' Wins Over ' Gone Girl ' At Overseas Box Office In Hair - Pulling Race ; ' Dracula ' Drinks Up $34 M+ ; ' Guardians ' Strong In China ; More -- Int'l B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Zooms to $37.8 M Friday for Likely $92 M Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Zooms To $94 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Justin ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , review : ' a pop - culture gem ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turran , Kenneth ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy 's ' heroes are n't what you 'd expect '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Yee - Ha ! Space Cowboy Rides to the Rescue '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : A giddy space oddity makes the summer sunnier '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Greg ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Is Marvel 's Best Movie Yet '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' relaxes Marvel 's seriousness , but not enough '' . Associated Press via Star Tribune . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' review : Space jaunt no marvel '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is space junk '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poor subtitles may deal blow to superhero film '' . China Daily . October 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaCon honour for Chris Pratt '' . Screen Daily . March 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Emily ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2014 : And the winners are ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YHA Nominees list '' . Young Hollywood Awards . June 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Boyhood ' Wins Best Picture ; ' Birdman ' Leads With 7 Nods '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Jameson Empire Awards 2015 Live Blog '' . empireonline.com . Jump up ^ O'Mally , Zach ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Grammy Nominees 2015 : The Full List '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grand Budapest ' , ' Guardians ' , ' AHS : Freak Show ' Top Make - Up & Hair Stylists Awards '' . Deadline Hollywood . February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 hosts , nominees announced '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' Leads Satellite Awards Nominations '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics Society 2014 Awards '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Announce Nominees '' . AwardsDaily . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman ' , ' Foxcatcher ' Among Art Directors Guild Nominees '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual VES Awards '' . visual effects society . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Writers Guild Awards Nominations : ' Whiplash ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Guardians ' On Diverse List '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Nominations : ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Leads With 11 -- Full List '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations Unveiled -- Full List '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel Gets Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Marvel.com . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Compton 's Neil Brown Jr . Signs On For ' Sand Castle ' ; Pom Klementieff Joins ' Guardians Of The Galaxy 2 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 3 ' : James Gunn Returning to Write and Direct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 Coming In 2020 , According To Gunn '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) . Official website Guardians of the Galaxy on IMDb Guardians of the Galaxy at AllMovie Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Ronan the Accuser Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! 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-1191953126345647716 | Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) | Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) . Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Josh Gad Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $1.263 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical , visual style , production design , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest - grossing film of 2017 and the 10th - highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a castle during a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Years later , in the village of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose from his garden as a birthday gift to Belle . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who treat her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues her and is injured in the process . As Belle nurses his wounds , a friendship develops between them . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realises that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed when her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the herb - wife Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime but is unable to provide solid evidence , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast . Maurice and Belle escape , and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles , and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a young benevolent bibliophile woman who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as The Prince / Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the Prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the Enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the Enchantress in her beggar woman form . The film is released posthumously after Davies ' Death . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the Prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the Prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the Prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Baker , Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' Mother , an unnamed seamstress who is the mother of the Village Lasses . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones 's character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion -- singer of the original 1991 Beauty and the Beast duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson -- that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way '' . She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today '' . Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song Beauty and the Beast recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the Beauty and the Beast title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film release . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song `` Beauty and the Beast '' on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since attained over 100 million video views on the Vevo video - hosting service . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , United Kingdom ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million for marketing the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok and It . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $759.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the second-most expensive musical ever made ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second - biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the fifth - biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second - biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second - highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . Seventy percent of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second - biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases : Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first ( and currently only ) film of 2017 , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second - biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second - biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It topped the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second - biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third - biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG - rated film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest - ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second - biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third - biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped , and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was , however , never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second - biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 . It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two - day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and , overall , the eleventh - biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most successful commercial film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth - biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for the faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , cast performances , visuals , Jacqueline Durran 's costume designs , production design , Alan Menken 's musical score and songs , though the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews ... On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 296 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth , remarking : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as `` enthralling '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he sensed that the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The New York Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Beauty and the Beast Best Original Score Best Animation / Family TV Spot Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Choice Liplock Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Dan Stevens Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . There were also a number of boycotts against the film . A call to boycott on LifePetitions received over 129,000 signatures , while the American Family Association featured a petition to boycott with the film , asking the public to help crowdfund a CGI version of Pilgrim 's Progress instead . The film also received criticsm over its portrayal of LeFou , as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation . LeFou 's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney 's queercoding of villains in the past , and his infatuation with Gaston was seen as relying on a stereotype of gay men being predatory towards straight men . Furthermore , the only gay interaction LeFou has is a three second clip of him dancing with another man at the end of the film . Many saw this as Disney cheating its LGBT+ audiences . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible to fall in love with someone who is holding you prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th - century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.slashfilm.com/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday. 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast ( United States , 2017 ) '' . Reelviews . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIGN THE BOYCOTT : Tell Disney ' NO ' to LGBT agenda in Beauty and the Beast - # BoycottDisney '' . Jump up ^ Say NO to Disney , Say YES to Pilgrim 's Progress ! Jump up ^ Houlihan , Ryan . `` Disney Making LeFou Gay Is n't the Representation I Need '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` How Beauty and the Beast & Power Rangers Cheated Gay Fans '' . Screen Rant. 2017 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Cautiously Guarded About Beauty and the Beast 's LeFou Being Disney 's `` First Gay Character '' `` . www.themarysue.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Report Says LGBTQ People Are `` Nearly Invisible '' in Hollywood `` . Flare. 2017 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/02/16/beauty-and-the-beast-emma-watson-belle-beast-relationship/ Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert . '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it. `` . Vox . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . 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action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Kilala Princess Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Films by Bill Condon Films directed Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( TV , 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( TV , 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( TV , 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Written only Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=807122052 '' Categories : 2017 films English - 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-238264114297834886 | Clown | Clown - wikipedia Clown This article is about the comic performer . For other uses , see Clown ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clown Clown at a Memorial Day parade , 2004 Medium Physical comedy , acting , mime Types Circus , contemporary circus , comedy , theatre , television , film Ancestor arts Jester Descendant arts Harlequinade , comedian Originating era 18th century - 19th century Clowns are comic performers who employ slapstick or similar types of physical comedy , often in a mime style . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Modern circus clown 1.3 History in 20th - century North America 2 Principal types 2.1 Circus clown 2.2 Pierrot and Harlequin 2.3 White clown and Auguste 2.4 Whiteface makeup 2.5 Character clown 2.5. 1 North American 2.5. 2 Notable clowns 3 Clown organizations 3.1 Clowns International 3.2 World Clown Association 3.3 Clowns of America International 4 Clowning terminology 4.1 Skills 4.2 Frameworks 4.3 Gags , bits and business 4.4 Menu 4.5 Interludes 4.6 Prop stunts 5 `` Clowns '' in the world 's cultures 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Play media Video of a 1954 episode of the Super Circus show . Clowns have a varied tradition with significant variations in costume and performance . The most recognisable modern clown character is the Auguste or `` red clown '' type , with outlandish costumes featuring distinctive makeup , colourful wigs , exaggerated footwear , and colourful clothing . Their entertainment style is generally designed to entertain large audiences . Modern clowns are strongly associated with the tradition of the circus clown , which developed out of earlier comedic roles in theatre or Varieté shows during the 19th to mid 20th centuries . Many circus clowns have become well known and are a key circus act in their own right . The first mainstream clown role was portrayed by Joseph Grimaldi ( who also created the traditional whiteface make - up design ) . In the early 1800s , he expanded the role of Clown in the harlequinade that formed part of British pantomimes , notably at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane and the Sadler 's Wells and Covent Garden theatres . He became so dominant on the London comic stage that harlequinade Clowns became known as `` Joey '' , and both the nickname and Grimaldi 's whiteface make - up design were , and still are , used by other types of clowns . The comedy that clowns perform is usually in the role of a fool whose everyday actions and tasks become extraordinary -- and for whom the ridiculous , for a short while , becomes ordinary . This style of comedy has a long history in many countries and cultures across the world . Some writers have argued that due to the widespread use of such comedy and its long history it is a need that is part of the human condition . The `` fear of clowns , '' circus clowns in particular as a psychiatric condition has become known by the term coulrophobia . Origin ( edit ) The `` clown '' character developed out of the zanni `` rustic fool '' characters of the early modern commedia dell'arte , which were themselves directly based on the `` rustic fool '' characters of ancient Greek and Roman theatre . Rustic buffoon characters in Classical Greek theater were known as sklêro - paiktês ( from paizein `` to play ( like a child ) '' ) or deikeliktas , besides other generic terms for `` rustic '' or `` peasant '' . In Roman theater , a term for clown was fossor , literally `` digger ; labourer '' . The English word clown was first recorded c. 1560 ( as clowne , cloyne ) in the generic meaning `` rustic , boor , peasant '' . The origin of the word is uncertain , perhaps from a Scandinavian word cognate with clumsy . It is in this sense that `` Clown '' is used as the name of fool characters in Shakespeare 's Othello and The Winter 's Tale . The sense of clown as referring to a professional or habitual fool or jester developed soon after 1600 , based on Elizabethan `` rustic fool '' characters such as Shakespeare 's . The harlequinade developed in England in the 17th century , inspired by the commedia dell'arte . It was here that `` Clown '' came into use as the given name of a stock character . Originally a foil for Harlequin 's slyness and adroit nature , Clown was a buffoon or bumpkin fool who resembled less a jester than a comical idiot . He was a lower class character dressed in tattered servants ' garb . The now - classical features of the clown character were developed in the early 1800s by Joseph Grimaldi , who played Clown in Charles Dibdin 's 1800 pantomime Peter Wilkins : or Harlequin in the Flying World at Sadler 's Wells Theatre , where Grimaldi built the character up into the central figure of the harlequinade . Modern circus clown ( edit ) Main article : Circus clown The circus clown developed in the 19th century . The modern circus derives from Philip Astley 's London riding school , which opened in 1768 . Astley added a clown to his shows to amuse the spectators between equestrian sequences . American comedian George L. Fox became known for his clown role , directly inspired by Grimaldi , in the 1860s . Tom Belling senior ( 1843 -- 1900 ) developed the `` red clown '' or `` Auguste '' ( Dummer August ) character c. 1870 , acting as a foil for the more sophisticated `` white clown '' . Belling worked for Circus Renz in Vienna . Belling 's costume became the template for the modern stock character of circus or children 's clown , based on a lower class or `` hobo '' character , with red nose , white makeup around the eyes and mouth , and oversized clothes and shoes . The clown character as developed by the late 19th century is reflected in Ruggero Leoncavallo 's 1892 opera Pagliacci ( `` Clowns '' ) . Belling 's Auguste character was further popularized by Nicolai Poliakoff 's Coco in the 1920s to 1930s . The English word clown was borrowed , along with the circus clown act , into many other languages , such as French clown , Russian ( and other Slavic languages ) кло́ун , Greek κλόουν , Danish / Norwegian klovn , Romanian clovn etc . Italian retains Pagliaccio , a Commedia dell'arte zanni character , and derivations of the Italian term are found in other Romance languages , such as French Paillasse , Spanish payaso , Catalan / Galician pallasso , Portuguese palhaço , Greek παλιάτσος , Turkish palyaço , German Pajass ( via French ) , Yiddish פּאַיאַץ ( payats ) , Russian пая́ц . History in 20th - century North America ( edit ) In the early 20th century , with the disappearance of the rustic simpleton or village idiot character of everyday experience , North American circuses developed characters such as the tramp or hobo . Examples include Marceline Orbes , who performed at the Hippodrome Theater ( 1905 ) , Charlie Chaplin 's The Tramp ( 1914 ) , and Emmett Kelly 's Weary Willie based on hobos of the Depression era . Another influential tramp character was played by Otto Griebling during the 1930s to 1950s . Red Skelton 's Dodo the Clown in The Clown ( 1953 ) , depicts the circus clown as a tragicomic stock character , `` a funny man with a drinking problem '' . In the United States , Bozo the Clown was an influential Auguste character since the late 1950s . The Bozo Show premiered in 1960 and appeared nationally on cable television in 1978 . McDonald 's derived its mascot clown , Ronald McDonald , from the Bozo character in the 1960s . Willard Scott , who had played Bozo during 1959 -- 1962 , performed as the mascot in 1963 television spots . The McDonald 's trademark application for the character dates to 1967 . Based on the Bozo template , the US custom of birthday clown , private contractors who offer to perform as clowns at children 's parties , developed in the 1960s to 1970s . The strong association of the ( Bozo - derived ) clown character with children 's entertainment as it has developed since the 1960s also gave rise to `` Clown Care '' or `` hospital clowning '' in children 's hospitals by the mid 1980s . Clowns of America International ( established 1984 ) and World Clown Association ( established 1987 ) are associations of semi-professionals and professional performers . The shift of the Auguste or `` red clown '' character from his role as a foil for the white in circus or pantomime shows to a Bozo - derived standalone character in children 's entertainment by the 1980s also gave rise to the evil clown character , the attraction of clowns for small children being based in their fundamentally threatening or frightening nature . Principal types ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are different types of clowns portrayed around the world . They include Auguste Blackface Bouffon Buffoon Harlequin Jester Mime artist Pierrot Pirouette Pueblo Rodeo clown Tramp Whiteface Circus clown ( edit ) Further information : Circus clown Pierrot and Harlequin ( edit ) See Harlequinade The classical pairing of the White Clown with Auguste in modern tradition has a precedent in the pairing of Pierrot and Harlequin in the Commedia dell'arte . Originally , Harlequin 's role was that of a light - hearted , nimble and astute servant , paired with the sterner and melancholic Pierrot . In the 18th - century English Harlequinade , Harlequin was now paired with Clown . As developed by Joseph Grimaldi around 1800 , Clown became the mischievous and brutish foil for the more sophisticated Harlequin , who became more of a romantic character . The most influential such pair in Victorian England were the Payne Brothers , active during the 1860s and 1870s . White clown and auguste ( edit ) Les Rossyann . White clown and clumsy Auguste from France . The white clown , or clown blanc from the original French , is a sophisticated character , as opposed to the clumsy auguste . They are also distinguished as the `` sad clown '' ( blanc ) and `` happy clown '' ( auguste ) . The Auguste face base makeup color is a variation of pink , red , or tan rather than white . Features are exaggerated in size , and are typically red and black in color . The mouth is thickly outlined with white ( called the muzzle ) as are the eyes . Appropriate to the character , the auguste can be dressed in either well - fitted garb or in a costume that does not fit -- either oversize or too small is appropriate . Bold colors , large prints or patterns , and suspenders often characterize Auguste costumes . The auguste character - type is often an anarchist , a joker , or a fool . He is clever and has much lower status than the whiteface . Classically the whiteface character instructs the auguste character to perform his bidding . The auguste has a hard time performing a given task , which leads to funny situations . Sometimes the auguste plays the role of an anarchist and purposefully has trouble following the whiteface 's directions . Sometimes the auguste is confused or is foolish and makes errors less deliberately . The contra - auguste plays the role of the mediator between the white clown and the auguste character . He has a lower status than the white clown but a higher status than the auguste . He aspires to be more like the white clown and often mimics everything the white clown does to try to gain approval . If there is a contra - auguste character , he often is instructed by the whiteface to correct the auguste when he is doing something wrong . Whiteface makeup ( edit ) There are two major types of clowns with `` whiteface '' makeup : The classic `` white clown '' is derived from the Pierrot character . His makeup is white , usually with facial features such as eyebrows emphasized in black . He is the more intelligent and sophisticated clown , contrasting with the rude or grotesque Auguste types . Francesco Caroli and Glenn `` Frosty '' Little are examples of this type . The second type of whiteface is the buffoonish clown of the Bozo type , known as `` Comedy '' or `` Grotesque Whiteface '' . This type has grotesquely emphasized features , especially a red nose and red mouth , often with partial ( mostly red ) hair . In the comedic partnership of Abbott and Costello , Bud Abbot would have been the classic whiteface and Lou Costello the comedy whiteface or Auguste . Traditionally , the whiteface clown uses `` clown white '' makeup to cover the entire face and neck , leaving none of the underlying natural skin visible . In the European whiteface makeup , the ears are painted red . Whiteface makeup was originally designed by Joseph Grimaldi in 1801 . He began by painting a white base over his face , neck and chest before adding red triangles on the cheeks , thick eyebrows and large red lips set in a mischievous grin . Grimaldi 's design is used by many modern clowns . According to Grimaldi 's biographer Andrew McConnell Stott , it was one of the most important theatrical designs of the 1800s . America 's first great white faced clown was stage star George `` G.L. '' Fox . Following English Joseph Grimaldi , Fox popularised the Humpty Dumpty stories throughout the land in the first half of the 19th century in America . Character clown ( edit ) The character clown adopts an eccentric character of some type , such as a butcher , a baker , a policeman , a housewife or hobo . Prime examples of this type of clown are the circus tramps Otto Griebling and Emmett Kelly . Red Skelton , Harold Lloyd , Buster Keaton , Charlie Chaplin and Sacha Baron Cohen would all fit the definition of a character clown . The character clown makeup is a comic slant on the standard human face . Their makeup starts with a flesh tone base and may make use of anything from glasses , mustaches and beards to freckles , warts , big ears or strange haircuts . North American ( edit ) The most prevalent character clown in the American circus is the hobo , tramp or bum clown . There are subtle differences in the American character clown types . The primary differences among these clown types is attitude . According to American circus expert Hovey Burgess , they are : The Hobo : Migratory and finds work where he travels . Down on his luck but maintains a positive attitude . The Tramp : Migratory and does not work where he travels . Down on his luck and depressed about his situation . The Bum : Non-migratory and non-working . Notable clowns ( edit ) Bebe Bobo Barnett Bozo the Clown Pennywise the Dancing Clown Krusty the Clown Charlie Cairoli Vance Colvig , Jr . Eric Davis Tom Dougherty John Gilkey Abe Goldstein Poodles Hanneford Geoff Hoyle Clarabell Clownzo Bill Irwin Jef Johnson Emmett Kelly David Larible Barry Lubin Ronald McDonald Yuri Nikulin Bello Nock Oleg Popov David Shiner Peter Shub Red Skelton Sol ( comedian ) Zig and Zag Puddles Pity Party John Wayne Gacy Clown organizations ( edit ) Clowns International ( edit ) Clowns International claims to be the oldest clown society in the world . It was set up in 1946 . Apart from being a membership organisation Clowns International has set up a museum of clown memorabilia and a register of clown make - up . The latter also has a collection of full eggshells decorated as replicas of the specific clown 's head . World clown Association ( edit ) Main article : World Clown Association The World Clown Association ( WCA ) is a worldwide organization for clowns , jugglers , magicians , and face painters . It holds an annual convention , mainly in the United States . Clowns of America International ( edit ) Main article : Clowns of America International Clowns of America International , Inc . ( COAI ) is a Minnesota - based nonprofit clown arts membership organization which aims `` to share , educate , and act as a gathering place for serious minded amateurs , semiprofessionals , and professional clowns '' . Clowning terminology ( edit ) Skills ( edit ) In the circus , a clown might perform another circus role : Walk a tightrope , a highwire , a slack rope or a piece of rope on the ground . Ride a horse , a zebra , a donkey , an elephant or even an ostrich . Substitute himself in the role of `` lion tamer '' . Act as `` emcee '' , from M.C. or Master of Ceremonies , the preferred term for a clown taking on the role of `` Ringmaster '' . `` Sit in '' with the orchestra , perhaps in a `` pin spot '' in the center ring , or from a seat in the audience . Anything any other circus performer might do . It is not uncommon for an acrobat , a horse - back rider or a lion tamer to secretly stand in for the clown , the `` switch '' taking place in a brief moment offstage . Frameworks ( edit ) Frameworks are the general outline of an act that clowns use to help them build out an act . Frameworks can be loose , including only a general beginning and ending to the act , leaving it up to the clown 's creativity to fill in the rest , or at the other extreme a fully developed script that allows very little room for creativity . Shows are the overall production that a clown is a part of , it may or may not include elements other than clowning , such as in a circus show . In a circus context , clown shows are typically made up of some combination of Entrées , Side dishes , Clown Stops , Track Gags , Gags and bits . Gags , bits and business ( edit ) Business -- the individual motions the clown uses , often used to express the clown 's character . Gag -- very short piece of clown comedy that , when repeated within a `` bit '' or `` routine , '' may become a running gag . Gags are , loosely , the jokes clowns play on each other . A gag may have a beginning , a middle , and an end -- or may not . Gags can also refer to the prop stunts / tricks or the stunts that clowns use , such as a squirting flower . Bit -- the clown 's sketch or routine , made up of one or more `` gags '' either worked out and timed before going on stage , or impromptu bits composed of familiar improvisational material . Menu ( edit ) Entrée -- clowning acts lasting 5 -- 10 minutes . Typically made up of various gags and bits , usually within a clowning framework . Entrées almost always end with a `` blow - off '' -- the comedic ending of a show segment , `` bit , '' `` gag , '' `` stunt , '' or `` routine . '' Side dish -- shorter feature act . Side dishes are essentially shorter versions of the `` entrée , '' typically lasting 1 -- 3 minutes . Typically made up of various `` gags '' and `` bits , '' side dishes are usually within a clowning framework . Side dishes almost always end with a `` blow - off . '' Interludes ( edit ) `` Clown Stops '' or `` interludes '' are the brief appearances of clowns in a circus while the props and rigging are changed . These are typically made up of a few gags or several bits . Clown stops will always have a beginning , a middle , and an end to them , invariably culminating in a blow - off . These are also called `` reprises '' or `` run - ins '' by many , and in today 's circus they are an art form in themselves . Originally they were bits of `` business '' usually parodying the act that had preceded it . If for instance there had been a tightrope walker the reprise would involve two chairs with a piece of rope between and the clown trying to imitate the artiste by trying to walk between them , with the resulting falls and cascades bringing laughter from the audience . Today , interludes are far more complex , and in many modern shows the clowning is a thread that links the whole show together . Prop stunts ( edit ) Among the more well - known clown stunts are : squirting flower ; the `` too - many - clowns - coming - out - of - a-tiny - car '' stunt ; doing just about anything with a rubber chicken , tripping over one 's own feet ( or an air pocket or imaginary blemish in the floor ) , or riding any number of ridiculous vehicles or `` clown bikes '' . Individual prop stunts are generally considered individual bits . `` Clowns '' in the World 's cultures ( edit ) Main article : Clown society Further information : Ritual clown , Heyoka , Trickster , Bouffon , and Jester In anthropology , the term `` clown '' has been extended to comparable jester or fool characters in non-Western cultures . A society in which such `` clowns '' have an important position are termed `` clown societies '' , and a `` clown '' character involved in a religious or ritual capacity is known as a `` ritual clown '' . The most ancient `` clowns '' have been found in the Fifth dynasty of Egypt , around 2400 BC . Unlike court jesters , clowns have traditionally served a socio - religious and psychological role , and traditionally the roles of priest and clown have been held by the same persons . Peter Berger writes that `` It seems plausible that folly and fools , like religion and magic , meet some deeply rooted needs in human society '' . For this reason , clowning is often considered an important part of training as a physical performance discipline , partly because tricky subject matter can be dealt with , but also because it requires a high level of risk and play in the performer . In Native American mythology , the Trickster channels the spirit of the Coyote and becomes a sacred Clown character . A Heyoka is an individual in Native cultures who lives outside the constraints of normal cultural roles . The Heyoka plays the role of a backwards clown , doing everything in reverse . The Heyoka role is sometimes best filled by a Winkte . Many native tribes have a history of clowning . The Canadian Clowning method developed by Richard Pochinko and furthered by his former apprentice , Sue Morrison , combines European and Native American clowning techniques . In this tradition , masks are made of clay while the creator 's eyes are closed . A mask is made for each direction of the medicine wheel . During this process , the clown creates a personal mythology that explores their personal experiences . Gallery ( edit ) Chuchín ( José de Jesus Medrano ) , a famous Mexican circus clown from the late 1960s to 1984 Actor in a clown costume ( c. 1870 ) . The Italian Pagliacco of c. 1600 ( Maurice Sand , Masques et bouffons ( Comedie Italienne ) , 1860 ) The French Paillasse character ( 1885 engraving ) Joseph Grimaldi as Clown , showing his own make - up design . A circus clown in an Arm & Hammer Brand Soda advertisement poster ( c. 1900 ) 1968 postcard of the main cast of Bozo 's Circus ( WGN - TV ) ; from left to right : Ringmaster Ned ( Ned Locke ) , Mr. Bob ( bandleader Bob Trendler ) , Bozo the Clown ( Bob Bell ) , Oliver O. Oliver ( Ray Rayner ) , Sandy the Clown ( Don Sandburg ) . Pierrot and Harlequin by Paul Cézanne ( 1898 ) . Swedish actor Gösta Ekman senior ( 1890 - 1938 ) as a whiteface clown in the play Han som får örfilarna ( He Who Gets Slapped ) by Leonid Andreyev ( 1926 ) . Typical aspects of an Auguste ; white muzzle and eyes ( Swedish actor Lasse Beischer ( sv ) in a performance of 1 2 3 Schtunk ( sv ) , 2008 photograph ) . Emmett Kelly in his `` Weary Willie '' persona ( center ) with two whiteface clowns of Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus in a 1953 advertisement for the Pan-American Coffee Bureau . Smilie The Clown ( Steve Smilie Norman , 2008 photograph ) Toddles The Clown ( Todd Johnson ) , Minnesota ( 2008 photograph ) See also ( edit ) List of clowns Bouffon Circus clown Clown bicycle Clown car Clown Care Circus Knie Clown society Evil clown Fear of clowns Jester Mime artist Rodeo clown References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Crosswell , Julia , `` clown '' , Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins ( ( subscription required ) online ed . ) , Oxford University Press , retrieved February 14 , 2011 Jump up ^ Icelandic klunni , Swedish kluns `` clumsy , boorish person '' ; c.f. North Frisian klönne and `` kluns '' , also meaning `` clumsy person '' . An alternative proposal derives clown from Latin colonus `` colonist , farmer '' . The verb to clown `` to play the clown onstage '' is from about 1600 . `` Etymology Dictionary '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Neville , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ McConnell Stott , pp. 95 -- 100 Jump up ^ From paglia , the word for `` straw '' ( after the straw costume of the rustic buffoon character ) , or from bajaccio `` mocker , scoffer '' . Jump up ^ Dialectal Bajass in Schweizerisches Idiotikon Jump up ^ A study by the University of Sheffield concluded `` that clowns are universally disliked by children . Some found them quite frightening and unknowable . '' `` Health Hospital clown images ' too scary ' '' . BBC News . 2008 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 05 . Rohrer , Finlo ( 2008 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Why are clowns scary ? '' . BBC News ... The natural dislike of clowns makes them effective in eliciting laughter by releasing tension in acting clumsy or rendering themselves helpless . Durwin , Joseph ( 15 November 2004 ) . `` Coulrophobia and the Trickster '' . Trickster 's Way . San Antonio : Trinity University . 3 ( 1 ) . ISSN 1538 - 9030 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . `` Trinity.edu '' . Trinity.edu . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Joel ( ) Popular Theatre : A Sourcebook p. 139 Jump up ^ Berton , Danièle ; Simard , Jean - Pierre ( 2007 ) , Création théâtrale : Adaptation , schèmes , traduction ( in French ) p. 330 Jump up ^ Tiffany McCoy , Clown Types Archived 2015 - 10 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . ( 2010 ) , citing Strutter 's Complete Guide to Clown Makeup ( 1991 ) . ^ Jump up to : McConnell Stott , pp. 117 -- 118 Jump up ^ `` G.L. Fox the original Humpty Dumpty '' , Library of Congress ( online ) , accessed 24 October 2013 Jump up ^ `` Egg Gallery '' . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clowning Framework '' . simplycircus.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bala , Michael ( Winter 2010 ) . `` The Clown : An Archetypal Self - Journey '' . Jung Journal : Culture & Psyche. 4 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 71 . doi : 10.1525 / jung. 2010.4. 1.50 . JSTOR 10.1525 / jung. 2010.4. 1.50 . The one who swallows the largest amount of filth with the greatest gusto is most commended by the fraternity and onlookers . Jump up ^ New Scientist 14 Sep 1978 p. 774. Charles , Lucile Hoerr ( 1945 ) The Clown 's Function in The Journal of American Folklore Vol. 58 , No. 227 ( Jan . - Mar. , 1945 ) , pp. 25 - 34 . Edward P. Dozier The Pueblo Indians of North America p. 202 Jump up ^ Berger 1997 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Callery 2001 , p. 64 Bibliography Berger , Peter L. ( 1997 ) , Redeeming Laughter : The Comic Dimension of Human Experience , Walter de Gruyter , ISBN 3 - 11 - 015562 - 1 Callery , Dymphna ( 2001 ) , Through the Body : A Practical Guide to Physical Theatre , Nick Hern Books , ISBN 1 - 85459 - 630 - 6 McConnell Stott , Andrew ( 2009 ) . The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi . Edinburgh : Canongate Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84767 - 761 - 7 . 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9111045756813098397 | RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3) | RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 3 ) - wikipedia RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars Season 3 Broadcast from January 25 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) -- March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) Judges RuPaul Michelle Visage Carson Kressley Ross Mathews Host ( s ) RuPaul Broadcaster VH1 Competitors 10 Winner Trixie Mattel Origin Los Angeles , California Runner - up Kennedy Davenport Chronology ◀ Season 3 The third season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars began airing on January 25 , 2018 . The season was announced in August 2017 , and 9 of the 10 cast members were revealed during a VH1 television special titled `` Exclusive Queen Ruveal , '' which aired on October 20 , 2017 . This season featured ten All Star contestants , selected from the show 's first season through to its ninth season , who competed to be inducted into the `` Drag Race Hall of Fame '' . As in the previous season , the top two queens in the challenge compete in a `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy , '' with the winner of the lip sync earning $10,000 and choosing which of the bottom queens gets eliminated . A new twist on how the top queens of the season were chosen was revealed in the seasons last episode . The previously eliminated queens returned in the finale and voted for the top two out of the remaining top four finalists , from there on the two queens with the most votes advanced and the others were subsequently eliminated . The prizes for the winner of the competition are a one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . The winner of the third season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars was Trixie Mattel , with Kennedy Davenport being the runner - up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Lip syncs 4 Guest judges 4.1 Special guests 5 Episodes 6 Leak 7 Ratings 8 Reception 9 References 10 External Links Contestants ( edit ) The drag queens that competed are : ( Ages and names stated are at time of contest . ) Contestant Real name Age Hometown Original season Original placement Outcome Trixie Mattel Brian Firkus 28 Los Angeles , California Season 7 06 ! 6th Place Winner Kennedy Davenport Reuben Asberry Jr . 35 Dallas , Texas Season 7 04 ! 4th Place Runner - up BeBe Zahara Benet Nea Marshall Kudi 36 Minneapolis , Minnesota Season 1 01 ! Winner 3rd / 4th Place Shangela D.J. Pierce 35 Los Angeles , California Season 2 12 ! 12th Place Season 3 05 ! 6th Place Morgan McMichaels Thomas White 36 Los Angeles , California Season 2 08 ! 8th Place 5th Place BenDeLaCreme Benjamin Putnam 35 Seattle , Washington Season 6 05 ! 5th Place 6th Place Aja Jay Rivera 23 Brooklyn , New York Season 9 09 ! 9th Place 7th Place Chi Chi DeVayne Zavion Davenport 32 Shreveport , Louisiana Season 8 04 ! 4th Place 8th Place Milk Dan Donigan 29 New York , New York Season 6 09 ! 9th Place 9th Place Thorgy Thor Shane Galligan 33 Brooklyn , New York Season 8 06 ! 6th Place 10th Place Jump up ^ Morgan McMichaels originally placed 10th before being chosen to return to the competition . Jump up ^ This contestant was voted Miss Congeniality during her original season . Jump up ^ This contestant eliminated herself . Contestant progress ( edit ) Contestant 5 6 7 8 Trixie Mattel SAFE SAFE HIGH BTM3 WIN BTM3 WIN Winner Kennedy Davenport SAFE BTM2 WIN BTM3 SAFE BTM3 BTM3 Runner - up BeBe Zahara Benet SAFE HIGH SAFE SAFE WIN WIN BTM3 Eliminated Shangela HIGH WIN SAFE WIN BTM2 BTM3 WIN Eliminated Morgan McMichaels ELIM IN ELIM Guest BenDeLaCreme WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE ELIM Guest Aja WIN SAFE BTM3 SAFE ELIM OUT Guest Chi Chi DeVayne BTM2 LOW BTM3 ELIM OUT Guest Milk SAFE SAFE ELIM OUT Guest Thorgy Thor SAFE ELIM OUT Guest The contestant won RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . The contestant was the runner - up . The contestant was eliminated by jury vote without lip - syncing entirely . The contestant won the challenge and won the `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy . '' The contestant won the challenge but lost the `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy . '' The contestant came back for a chance to re-enter the competition and was chosen to return . The contestant came back for a chance to re-enter the competition but was not chosen to return . The contestant received positive judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant received negative judges ' critiques but was ultimately declared safe . The contestant won the challenge and won the `` Lip Sync for Your Legacy '' but chose to eliminate herself . The contestant was in the bottom and eligible for elimination . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant returned as a juror for the final episode to vote for the Top 2 Lip syncs ( edit ) Episode Contestants ( Pick for Elimination ) Song Winner Up for Elimination Eliminated Aja ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) vs . BenDeLaCreme ( Morgan McMichaels ) `` Anaconda '' ( Nicki Minaj ) BenDeLaCreme Chi Chi DeVayne Morgan McMichaels Morgan McMichaels BenDeLaCreme ( Thorgy Thor ) vs . Shangela ( Thorgy Thor ) `` Jump ( For My Love ) '' ( The Pointer Sisters ) Shangela Kennedy Davenport Thorgy Thor Thorgy Thor BenDeLaCreme ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) vs . Kennedy Davenport ( Milk ) `` Green Light '' ( Lorde ) Kennedy Davenport Aja Chi Chi DeVayne Milk Milk BenDeLaCreme ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) vs . Shangela ( Chi Chi DeVayne ) `` I Kissed a Girl '' ( Katy Perry ) BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Chi Chi DeVayne Kennedy Davenport Trixie Mattel Chi Chi DeVayne 5 BeBe Zahara Benet ( Aja ) vs . Trixie Mattel ( Aja ) `` The Boss '' ( Diana Ross ) BeBe Zahara Benet Aja Shangela Aja 6 BeBe Zahara Benet vs . BenDeLaCreme ( BenDeLaCreme ) ( Morgan McMichaels ) `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here ( Hex Hector Dance Mix ) '' ( Deborah Cox ) BenDeLaCreme Kennedy Davenport Shangela Trixie Mattel BenDeLaCreme 7 Shangela ( Morgan McMichaels ) vs . Trixie Mattel ( Morgan McMichaels ) `` Freaky Money '' ( RuPaul ft . Big Freedia ) Shangela BeBe Zahara Benet Kennedy Davenport Morgan McMichaels Morgan McMichaels 8 Kennedy Davenport vs . Trixie Mattel `` Wrecking Ball '' ( Miley Cyrus ) Trixie Mattel None Kennedy Davenport The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom . The contestant self - eliminated without being in the bottom . The contestant was eliminated after the final lip sync . Jump up ^ In episode 7 , BeBe Zahara Benet chose not to show who she selected to return to the competition and who she selected to eliminate if she had won the lip sync . Jump up ^ In episode 6 , the contestants in the lip sync were asked to choose an eliminated contestant to return to the competition in addition to picking someone to eliminate . Guest judges ( edit ) Guest judges for this season include ( in order of appearance ) : Vanessa Hudgens , actress and singer Todrick Hall , actor and singer Vanessa Williams , actress and singer Constance Zimmer , actress Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman , actor and model Nicole Byer , comedian and actress Kristin Chenoweth , actress and singer Tituss Burgess , actor and singer Shay Mitchell , actress and model Adam Lambert , singer and actor Emma Bunton , singer and actress Chris Colfer , actor and singer Garcelle Beauvais , actress and model Special guests ( edit ) Guests who appeared in episodes but did not judge on the main stage ( in order of appearance ) : Chad Michaels , runner - up from season four and winner of season one of All Stars Alaska , runner - up from season five and winner of season two of All Stars Marc Jacobs , fashion designer Nancy Pelosi , House Democratic leader and representative for California 's 12th congressional district Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 16 `` All - Star Variety Show '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) Nine formerly eliminated queens from past seasons of RuPaul 's Drag Race enter the workroom to win a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame , and also to win a cash prize of $100,000 . Upon entering the room , RuPaul introduces the final 10th queen , season one winner BeBe Zahara Benet , stating that he wants to showcase the contestant to a new generation of fans . For the episode 's maxi - challenge , each queen is to prepare a live talent presentation for the second All Star Variety Show . Upon judgement , BeBe Zahara Benet , Milk , and Trixie Mattel are deemed safe . During the critiques , Aja and BenDeLaCreme are selected as the top two all stars of the week . Contestants Shangela and Thorgy Thor receive positive reviews from the judges . Chi Chi DeVayne and Morgan McMichaels are placed in the bottom for their performances . Aja and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Nicki Minaj 's `` Anaconda '' ; BenDeLaCreme wins the lip sync and eliminates Morgan McMichaels . Guest Judge : Vanessa Hudgens Mini-challenge : Reading is Fundamental Mini-challenge Winner : BenDeLaCreme Mini-challenge Prize : $3,000 shopping spree to L.A. Eyeworks Main Challenge : Perform a talent in front of the judges , a live audience , and other competitors . Challenge Winners : Aja & BenDeLaCreme Main Challenge Prize : Five - night stay at the Grand Resort Hotel and Spa in Fort Lauderdale , air fare included Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BenDeLaCreme Lip Sync Song : `` Anaconda '' by Nicki Minaj Bottom Two : Chi Chi DeVayne & Morgan McMichaels Eliminated : Morgan McMichaels Farewell Message : `` I love you girls ! Keep rocking and stay FABULOUS ! '' 17 `` Divas Lip Sync Live '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) In episode two , the nine remaining queens are assigned female musicians to embody in the Divas Lip Sync Live battle , a tribute act in the form of a live medley of RuPaul songs . Aja performs as Amy Winehouse , BeBe Zahara Benet as Diana Ross , BenDeLaCreme as Julie Andrews , Chi Chi DeVayne as Patti LaBelle , Kennedy Davenport as Janet Jackson , Milk as Celine Dion , Shangela as Mariah Carey , Trixie Mattel as Dolly Parton , and Thorgy Thor as Stevie Nicks . The runway theme on the main stage is `` RuDemption , '' a theme for which each contestant recreates a look from their original season . Upon judgement , Aja , Milk , and Trixie Mattel are deemed safe . During the critiques , BeBe Zahara Benet , BenDaLeCreme , and Shangela receive positive feedback on their performances and runway looks , with the latter two winning the challenge . Chi Chi DeVayne , Kennedy Davenport and Thorgy Thor are all criticized for their performances , while their runway looks receive praise . DeVayne is declared safe from the bottom two . Shangela and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to The Pointer Sisters ' `` Jump ( For My Love ) . '' Shangela wins the lip sync and eliminates Thorgy Thor . Guest Judges : Todrick Hall & Vanessa Williams Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Main Challenge : Perform in a lip - syncing dance number inspired by VH1 Divas . Runway Theme : RuDemption Runway Challenge Winners : BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Main Challenge Prize : $1000 gift card from Sparkles Rhinestones and a $1000 gift card from Fierce Queen Heels Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Shangela Lip Sync Song : `` Jump ( For My Love ) '' by The Pointer Sisters Bottom Two : Kennedy Davenport & Thorgy Thor Eliminated : Thorgy Thor Farewell Message : `` Wooo ! Drag is fun . Suck it ShangeLLA ! '' ( Drawing of an ejaculating penis ) 18 `` The B * tchelor '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) The eight remaining queens are each assigned a personality by RuPaul for The Bitchelor , a satire based on the show The Bachelor . Aja plays the Needy Girl , BeBe Zahara Benet the Shy Virgin , BenDeLaCreme the Cougar , Chi Chi DeVayne and Shangela a polyamorous couple , Kennedy Davenport the Party Girl , Milk the Stalker , and Trixie Mattel the Fake Bitch . Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman participates as the main love interest of the show . The main - stage runway theme is `` Wigs on Wigs on Wigs '' . Upon judgement , Benet and Shangela are both deemed safe . BenDeLaCreme , Davenport and Mattel are praised for their performances and looks , with the former two contestants winning the challenge . Aja , Chi Chi DeVayne , and Milk are placed in the bottom three . Davenport and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Lorde 's `` Green Light . '' Davenport wins the lip sync and eliminates Milk . Guest Judges : Constance Zimmer & Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Main Challenge : Improvise in an unscripted dating show inspired by The Bachelor . Runway Theme : Wigs on Wigs on Wigs Challenge Winners : BenDeLaCreme & Kennedy Davenport Main Challenge Prize : A jewelry pack from Fierce Drag Jewels and a $1000 gift card to Nailed by Cristy Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Kennedy Davenport Lip Sync Song : `` Green Light '' by Lorde Bottom Three : Aja , Chi Chi DeVayne , & Milk Eliminated : Milk Farewell Message : `` Love u girls but ya 'll know this is bogus ! Stay amazing ❤ Milk '' 19 `` All Stars Snatch Game '' February 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) The seven remaining queens prepare for the Snatch Game , where each contestant picks a celebrity to impersonate . Aja appears as Crystal LaBeija , BeBe Zahara Benet as Grace Jones , BenDeLaCreme as Paul Lynde , Chi Chi DeVayne as Maya Angelou , Kennedy Davenport as Phaedra Parks , Shangela as Jenifer Lewis and Trixie Mattel as RuPaul . Guest judge Kristin Chenoweth partakes in the challenge , playing herself . The runway theme on the main stage is `` Flower Power . '' Upon judgement , BenDeLaCreme and Shangela are deemed the winners of the challenge . Aja and Benet receive positive remarks for their runway looks , though reviews are divided on Benet 's Snatch Game performance . Both are ultimately declared safe . DeVayne , Davenport and Mattel are placed in the bottom three . Shangela and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Katy Perry 's `` I Kissed a Girl . '' The lip sync is declared a tie , and both contestants eliminate DeVayne . Guest Judges : Kristin Chenoweth & Nicole Byer Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Main Challenge : Impersonate celebrities in the Snatch Game . Runway Theme : Flower Power Challenge Winners : BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Main Challenge Prize : A wig wardrobe courtesy of Rockstar Wigs and a $1000 gift card from Coolhaus Ice Cream Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BenDeLaCreme & Shangela Lip Sync Song : `` I Kissed a Girl '' by Katy Perry Bottom Three : Chi Chi DeVayne , Kennedy Davenport , & Trixie Mattel Eliminated : Chi Chi DeVayne Farewell Message : `` LOVE All of you gals , Remember to Keep it fair . Chi Chi 💋 '' 20 5 `` Pop Art Ball '' February 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) The six remaining queens participate in a mini-challenge where they dress up in `` Quick Drag '' and model in an Andy Warhol - inspired photoshoot . Aja wins the challenge , receiving a year 's supply of burgers from Hamburger Mary 's and a cash tip of $2,000 . For the main challenge , each contestant is asked to prepare two runway looks for the Pop Art Ball : one inspired by Warhol 's Campbell 's Soup Cans and a second inspired by Studio 54 . Additionally , each contestant has to record a voice - over narrative to be played during her runway presentation . During the judges ' critiques , Aja and Shangela are criticized for both of their runway looks , and they fall into the bottom two . BeBe Zahara Benet and Trixie Mattel are both commended for their runway looks , winning the challenge . BenDeLaCreme and Kennedy Davenport attract mixed commentary but are ultimately declared safe . Benet and Mattel lip - sync against each other to Diana Ross 's `` The Boss '' . Benet wins the lip sync and eliminates Aja . At the end of the episode , RuPaul brings previous winners Chad Michaels and Alaska back onto the main stage , and they reveal three queens in cloaks that will be returning for the next episode . Guest Judges : Tituss Burgess & Shay Mitchell Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Mini-challenge : Pose for a pop art - style portrait Mini-challenge Winner : Aja Mini-challenge Prize : A year 's supply of hamburgers from Hamburger Mary 's and $2,000 Main Challenge : Design wearable soup cans inspired by Andy Warhol as well as a Studio 54 disco look . Challenge Winners : BeBe Zahara Benet & Trixie Mattel Main Challenge Prize : Two - night escape for 2 at the W Hotel in Fort Lauderdale Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BeBe Zahara Benet Lip Sync Song : The Boss by Diana Ross Bottom Two : Aja & Shangela Eliminated : Aja Farewell Message : `` I love u bitches ❤ Honestly , thank you from the bottom of my heart ! Y'all inspire me ! - Aja '' 21 6 `` Handmaids to Kitty Girls '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) RuPaul reintroduces all the eliminated queens to the competition . Everyone is tasked with writing and performing original lyrics to audition for RuPaul 's new all - star supergroup , The Kitty Girls . The queens are split equally into two teams : the eliminated queens on one team , and the remaining queens on the other . Each member creates a character to perform : Benet appears as Jungle Kitty , BenDeLaCreme as Goth Kitty , Davenport as Diva Kitty , Shangela as Sparkle Kitty , and Mattel as IQ Kitty . On the opposite team , Aja appears as Lil ' Banjee , DeVayne as Cajun Kitty , Milk as Milky Kitty , McMichaels as Bimbo Kitty , and Thor as Cardio Kitty . During the judges ' critiques , Benet and BenDeLaCreme are praised for their performances , and they are deemed the top two contestants . Davenport , Shangela and Mattel are placed in the bottom three . Benet and BenDeLaCreme are instructed to eliminate one of the bottom queens and to select an eliminated contestant to return to the competition . Benet and BenDeLaCreme lip - sync against each other to Deborah Cox 's `` Nobody 's Supposed To Be Here , '' and the latter wins . BenDeLaCreme chooses McMichaels to return to the competition and subsequently eliminates herself , making her the second queen to leave the competition voluntarily . Upon the episode 's premiere , critics deemed her move one of the most controversial and `` unthinkable '' moments on the show . Guest Judges : Adam Lambert & Emma Bunton Alternating Judge : Carson Kressley Main Challenge : Audition for RuPaul 's new all star super group called `` The Kitty Girls . '' Challenge Winners : BeBe Zahara Benet & BenDeLaCreme Main Challenge Prize : $1,000 gift card to The Spa on Rodeo and a $1,000 gift card to MuLondon Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : BenDeLaCreme Lip Sync Song : `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here ( Hex Hector Dance Mix ) '' by Deborah Cox Bottom Three : Kennedy Davenport , Shangela , & Trixie Mattel Returned : Morgan McMichaels Eliminated : BenDeLaCreme Farewell Message : `` Dear new top 5 , thank you so much for this incredible journey . Stay fierce . You all deserve a crown . Your friendship and respect is the best win I can imagine . XO BDLC '' 22 7 `` My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) The five remaining queens are asked to act in a trailer for a movie titled My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip , comedically portraying Academy Award - winning female characters . Morgan McMichaels is tasked with handing out roles to each contestant : Bebe Zahara Benet plays The Queen ( The Queen ) , Kennedy Davenport plays La La ( La La Land ) , McMichaels plays Beige Swan ( Black Swan ) , Shangela plays Actavia ( The Help / Hidden Figures ) , and Trixie Mattel plays Sharon Frokovich ( Erin Brockovich ) . The runway theme for the episode is `` Red for Filth . '' During critiques , Shangela 's and Mattel 's performances and looks are praised , and they are chosen as the top two contestants . Although Benet , Davenport and McMichaels receive compliments for their runway looks , all three are placed in the bottom three . Shangela and Mattel lip - sync against each other to RuPaul 's `` Freaky Money . '' Shangela wins the lip sync and chooses to eliminate McMichaels . Guest Judges : Chris Colfer & Garcelle Beauvais Alternating Judge : Ross Mathews Main Challenge : Star in a raunchy girl comedy blockbuster . Runway Theme : `` Red for Filth '' Challenge Winners : Shangela & Trixie Mattel Main Challenge Prize : $1,000 gift card to Elea 's Closet and a luggage set from Radden Luggage Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Shangela Lip Sync Song : `` Freaky Money '' by RuPaul ft . Big Freedia Bottom Three : BeBe Zahara Benet , Kennedy Davenport & Morgan McMichaels Eliminated : Morgan McMichaels Farewell Message : `` Let no one dim your light . I love you all totally ! SISTERS FOREVER ! 💋 '' 23 8 `` A Jury of Their Queers '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) The final four queens were asked to write , sing and dance in an ambitious production number to RuPaul 's song `` Kitty Girl . '' Choreographer Todrick Hall accompanied the girls choreography , but also revealed that the entire music video would be shot in one - take throughout the backstage of RuPaul 's Drag Race , including the runway The music video opens with Kennedy Davenport , and follows with Shangela , Bebe Zahara Benet and Trixie Mattel ; the judges , and eliminated contestants , all appeared as cameo to the video . During the critiques , all four queens were given positive comments about their performances and runway looks . RuPaul reveals that each eliminated queen gets to vote two contestants to enter the top two spots , whereas each remaining contestant got the chance to plead why they deserved to be in the top positions . Subsequently , the four remaining queens were asked to change costumes for the lip - sync to Miley Cyrus 's `` Wrecking Ball '' . After deliberation , eliminated contestant Morgan McMichaels announces Davenport and Mattel as the top two All - Stars , effectively eliminating both Benet and Shangela . After the lip - sync , RuPaul announces Mattel as the season three winner , and earns a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame . Main Challenge : Write , sing , and dance in an ambitious production number to RuPaul 's song `` Kitty Girl . '' Eliminated : BeBe Zahara Benet & Shangela Final Two : Kennedy Davenport & Trixie Mattel Lip Sync Song : `` Wrecking Ball '' by Miley Cyrus Runner - up : Kennedy Davenport Winner of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars Season Three : Trixie Mattel Leak ( edit ) On February 15 , 2018 , the series production company World of Wonder filed a lawsuit against an anonymous leaker using the alias RealityTVLeaks . According to the lawsuit , RealityTVLeaks posted several visuals from the season on various social media websites such as Reddit , Twitter , and Instagram before each episode 's airing -- including runway themes , challenges , episode titles , and eliminated queens . Additionally , a producer from the show stated that the leaker removed `` information identifying ( World of Wonder ) as the copyright owner and author '' before adding `` misleading copyright management information falsely identifying ( the defendants ) as the copyright owners and authors . '' World of Wonder launched the suit because of the defendant 's `` unlawful theft and public dissemination of episodes of the popular and critically - acclaimed reality television show , '' and the production company confirmed it is seeking damages of $300,000 , including $150,000 for each infringed episode and $25,000 per violation of `` actual damages '' and defendants ' profits . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` All - Star Variety Show '' January 25 , 2018 0.46 0.895 `` Divas Lip Sync Live '' February 1 , 2018 0.40 0.777 `` The B * tchelor '' February 8 , 2018 0.39 0.738 `` All Stars Snatch Game '' February 15 , 2018 0.34 0.713 5 `` Pop Art Ball '' February 22 , 2018 0.38 0.732 6 `` Handmaids to Kitty Girls '' March 1 , 2018 0.49 0.883 7 `` My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip '' March 8 , 2018 0.31 0.658 8 `` A Jury of Their Queers '' March 15 , 2018 0.27 0.589 Reception ( edit ) Although a ratings success , the season was not critically well received , following the high bar set by All Stars 2 . Vulture , in writing a summation review , described the season as `` truly one of the roughest seasons of the show ever . After a stellar , jaw - unhingingly good All Stars 2 , this season felt more like an embarrassing cousin you brought to gay happy hour who wears double polos '' . The A.V. Club similarly described the season as disappointing ; in their final review of the season , they wrote , `` I should be celebrating the crowning of a new queen in the Drag Race hall of fame , but Drag Race All Stars season three has left me feeling totally underwhelmed and wondering , What 's the point ? '' Vulture did however make the point that although the season did not live up to expectations , `` even at its worst , it 's still one of one the best , if not the best goddamn reality competition show on television '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RuPaul to Reveal ' All Stars ' Season 3 Cast on Upcoming VH1 Special : ' Prepare to Be Gagged ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' season 3 cast to be revealed during TV special '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Matt ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` TV News Roundup : ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' to Launch Season 3 with Hour Special '' . Variety . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' season 3 queens announced : See an exclusive cast photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2017 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Avery , Dan . `` Shangela , Latrice Royale , Kasha Davis Raise The Roof To Save Kennedy Davenport 's Home '' . LOGO News . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Patricio , Edana ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' season 9 episode 1 : Lady Gaga , the Queens and spoilers '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weigle , Lauren ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Season 8 Cast '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Avery , Dan ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Milk Out Of Drag -- And Out Of His Clothes '' . Logo . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Stars : The Changing Face of Drag official website '' . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hegedus , Eric ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` RuPaul still reigns supreme as ' Drag Race ' hits 100 episodes '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Star Variety Show '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 1 . January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Divas Lip - Sync Live '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 2 . February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The B * itchelor '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 3 . February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Stars Snatch Game '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 4 . February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Stars Snatch Game '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 5 . February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Handmaid to Kitty Girls '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 6 . March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` My Best Squirrelfriend 's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 7 . March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Jury of their Queers '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . Season 3 . Episode 8 . March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Kevin ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars 3 ' Reveals Guest Judges , Releases New Sneak Peek '' . IntoMore . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Schedule for RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars '' . www.vh1.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Futon Clinic '' . The Futon Critic . January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sava , Oliver ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Everything changes for Drag Race All Stars with a shocking elimination '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Munzenrieder , Kyle ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` The Night Bendelacreme Became a Goddess '' . W Magazine . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulkerin , Tim ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` undamental Reading : On ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars 3 ' episode 6 , the girls got their revenge '' . Mic.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ru Paul Copyright '' . www.scribd.com . February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Stars Season 3 Episode Guide '' . www.tvguide.com . March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Matt ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race producers are suing an anonymous leaker for $300,000 '' . Gay Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.25. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.1. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.22. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.1. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.8. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.15. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2018/03/rupauls-drag-race-where-did-it-go-wrong-this-season.html Jump up ^ https://www.avclub.com/a-mediocre-season-of-rupaul-s-drag-race-all-stars-ends-1823821936 Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2018/03/rupauls-drag-race-where-did-it-go-wrong-this-season.html External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) RuPaul 's Drag Race Seasons Original 5 6 7 8 9 10 All Stars Contestants Winners Original BeBe Zahara Benet Tyra Sanchez Raja Sharon Needles Jinkx Monsoon Bianca Del Rio Violet Chachki Bob the Drag Queen Sasha Velour All Stars Chad Michaels Alaska Trixie Mattel Miss Congeniality Nina Flowers Pandora Boxx Yara Sofia Latrice Royale Ivy Winters BenDeLaCreme Katya Cynthia Lee Fontaine Other contestants Ongina Tammie Brown Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Raven Jujubee Jessica Wild Sahara Davenport Morgan McMichaels Shangela Manila Luzon Alexis Mateo Carmen Carrera Delta Work Mimi Imfurst Venus D - Lite Phi Phi O'Hara Willam Jiggly Caliente Roxxxy Andrews Detox Coco Montrese Alyssa Edwards Honey Mahogany Monica Beverly Hillz Adore Delano Courtney Act Laganja Estranja Milk Kelly Mantle Pearl Kennedy Davenport Miss Fame Jasmine Masters Kim Chi Chi Chi DeVayne Thorgy Thor Peppermint Shea Couleé Farrah Moan Aja Charlie Hides Asia O'Hara Related articles RuPaul 's Drag U episodes Drag Race Thailand The Switch Drag Race Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_All_Stars_(season_3)&oldid=837033552 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons RuPaul 's Drag Race seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 09 : 18 . About Wikipedia | ru pauls drag race all stars season 3 episode 7 | [] | [] |
-4329132611686059261 | Barbershop 2: Back in Business | Barbershop 2 : BACK in BUSINESS - wikipedia Barbershop 2 : BACK in BUSINESS This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 1.32. 74.53 ( talk ) at 09 : 39 , 20 August 2017 ( → Cast ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 09 : 39 , 20 August 2017 by 1.32. 74.53 ( talk ) ( → Cast ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Barbershop 2 : Back in Business Theatrical release poster Directed by Kevin Rodney Sullivan Produced by Alex Gartner Robert Teitel George Tillman , Jr . Written by Don D. Scott Based on Characters by Mark Brown Starring Ice Cube Cedric the Entertainer Sean Patrick Thomas Eve Troy Garity Michael Ealy Leonard Earl Howze Harry Lennix Queen Latifah Music by Richard Gibbs Cinematography Tom Priestley Edited by Patrick Flannery Paul Seydor Production company Cube Vision State Street Pictures Distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Release date February 6 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 06 ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $66 million Barbershop 2 : Back in Business is a 2004 American comedy film directed by Kevin Rodney Sullivan and released by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer on February 6 , 2004 . A sequel to 2002 's Barbershop and a second film in the Barbershop film series , also from State Street producing team Robert Teitel and George Tillman , Jr. , Barbershop 2 deals with the impact of gentrification on the reputation and livelihood of a long - standing south Chicago barbershop . Ice Cube , Cedric the Entertainer , Sean Patrick Thomas , Eve , and several other actors reprise their roles from the first Barbershop film . However , a few of the original film 's actors such as Tom Wright and Jazsmin Lewis return with smaller roles . Barbershop 2 also features what is billed as a `` special appearance '' by Queen Latifah , who starred in a spin - off , Beauty Shop which was released in March 2005 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Box office 4 Soundtrack 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Since the events of the previous film , Calvin Palmer , Jr. has finally settled comfortably into his role as the owner of the inner city barbershop founded by his grandfather and father . The shop 's latest threat comes from overzealous developer Quentin Leroux who opens a rival barbershop chain across the street , called `` Nappy Cutz '' . While Calvin attempts to figure out how to deal with the coming threat of direct competition from Quentin 's flashy establishment , his barbers have issues of their own . Isaac , the lone white barber , is now the star of the shop , and begins to feel that he deserves star treatment , feeling neglected by Calvin and the other barbers . Terri is finding success in managing her anger , but has trouble dealing with the growing mutual attraction between Ricky and her . Dinka is still interested in Terri , but is distraught when he finds out that she loves Ricky , instead . Jimmy has quit the shop to work for the local alderman Lalowe Brown ; his replacement , Calvin 's cousin Kenard , is fresh out of barber school and horribly inept at cutting hair . Meanwhile , the barbershop and other businesses like it are under threat from gentrification , and Calvin is offered a substantial bribe from Brown and Leroux in exchange for his support of the city council 's gentrification legislation . A subplot involves Eddie recalling his time as a young man in the late 1960s , when he first started working at the shop with Calvin 's father , including the riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr . Also , Eddie remembers his long - lost love , Loretta . This subplot causes Eddie and Calvin to begin bonding . The film also introduces Calvin 's good friend and ex-lover , Gina , who works at the beauty shop next door . The girls at the beauty shop have similar conversations and experiences as the barbers and Gina has a bitter rivalry with Eddie . After attempting to change his own barbershop 's style and decor to match those of his rival , Calvin decides to refuse the bribe money and speak out against the neighborhood 's gentrification at the local city council meeting . Though Calvin gives a passionate speech about the legislation helping the region to earn money at the cost of its soul and the community , the council still unanimously votes to approve the legislation and move forward with the project . Despite a mutual attraction , Terri and Ricky agree to remain friends ( but not before sharing one last kiss ) . Dinka still loses out on Terri , but finds love with a stylist at Gina 's beauty shop . Though the gentrification project is approved , the community remains loyal to Calvin 's barbershop . Cast ( edit ) Ice Cube as Calvin Palmer , Jr . Cedric the Entertainer as Eddie Walker Sean Patrick Thomas as Jimmy James Harry Lennix as Quentin Leroux Eve as Terri Jones Troy Garity as Isaac Rosenberg Michael Ealy as Ricky Nash Leonard Earl Howze as Dinka Kenan Thompson as Kenard DeRay Davis as Rayford Queen Latifah as Gina Norris Robert Wisdom as Lalowe Brown Jazsmin Lewis as Jennifer Palmer Tom Wright as Detective Williams Carl Wright as Checker Fred Garcelle Beauvais - Nilon as Loretta Keke Palmer as Gina 's niece Marcia Wright - Tillman as Joyce Avant as Dexter Regina Hall as Angie J.B. Smoove as One - Stop Box Office ( edit ) Barbershop 2 opened at # 1 with $24,241,612 . The $30 million production would go on to gross $65,111,277 in the domestic box office and $860,036 internationally for a worldwide total of $65,971,313 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Barbershop 2 : Back in Business ( soundtrack ) A soundtrack containing hip - hop and R&B music was released on February 3 , 2004 by Interscope Records . It peaked at # 18 on the Billboard 200 and # 8 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Barbershop : The Next Cut On March 26 , 2014 , Deadline.com reported that MGM was in negotiations with Ice Cube to produce a third Barbershop film . On March 19 , 2015 , MGM announced that the studio has been setting up deals with Cedric the Entertainer , Queen Latifah , and Nicki Minaj to appear in the film . Malcolm D. Lee is set to direct the film and New Line Cinema ( via Warner Bros . ) will distribute . The film was released on April 15 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BARBERSHOP 2 - BACK IN BUSINESS ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2004 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Barbershop 2 : Back in Business at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` BARBERSHOP 2 : BACK IN BUSINESS '' . Star movies . Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for February 6 - 8 , 2004 '' . Amazon.com . Box Office Mojo. 2004 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) . `` ' Barbershop ' Sequel In Works With Ice Cube At MGM '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 25 , 2015 ) . New Line Joins MGM And Will Release ' Barbershop 3. ′ Deadline.com External links ( edit ) Barbershop 2 : Back in Business on IMDb Barbershop 2 : Back in Business at Box Office Mojo Barbershop 2 : Back in Business at Rotten Tomatoes Barbershop 2 : Back in Business at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Kevin Rodney Sullivan Soul of the Game ( 1996 ) How Stella Got Her Groove Back ( 1998 ) Barbershop 2 : Back in Business ( 2004 ) Guess Who ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_2:_Back_in_Business&oldid=796363665 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s comedy films 2000s sequel films American films American comedy films African - American films Films set in Chicago Films shot in Chicago American sequel films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Cube Vision films Films produced by Ice Cube Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 09 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played calvin's son in barbershop 2 | [] | [] |
3956625798557819111 | Cat's in the Cradle | Cat 's in the Cradle - wikipedia Cat 's in the Cradle For the CSI episode , see Cats in the Cradle ( CSI ) . Not to be confused with Cat 's cradle ( disambiguation ) . `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' Side - A label of the U.S. vinyl single Single by Harry Chapin from the album Verities & Balderdash B - side `` Vacancy '' Released October 1 , 1974 Format 7 '' vinyl , CD Recorded 1973 Genre Folk rock , soft rock Length 3 : 44 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Harry Chapin Sandra Chapin Producer ( s ) Paul Leka Harry Chapin singles chronology `` WOLD '' ( 1973 ) `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' ( 1974 ) `` What Made America Famous ? '' ( 1974 ) `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' is a 1974 folk rock song by Harry Chapin from the album Verities & Balderdash . The single topped the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1974 . As Chapin 's only No. 1 hit song , it became the best known of his work and a staple for folk rock music . Chapin 's recording of the song was nominated for the 1975 Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2011 . Contents 1 Background 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Ugly Kid Joe version 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Other uses 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The song 's lyrics began as a poem written by Harry 's wife , Sandra `` Sandy '' Gaston ; the poem itself was inspired by the awkward relationship between her first husband , James Cashmore , and his father , John , a politician who served as Brooklyn borough president . She was also inspired by a country music song she had heard on the radio . Chapin also said the song was about his own relationship with his son , Josh , admitting , `` Frankly , this song scares me to death . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 -- 75 ) Peak position Australia 6 Canada Top Singles Canada Adult Contemporary 7 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Easy Listening 6 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 6 U.K. Singles Chart 53 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Canada 99 Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Australia 51 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 38 Ugly Kid Joe version ( edit ) `` Cats in the Cradle '' Single by Ugly Kid Joe from the album America 's Least Wanted Released March 25 , 1993 Recorded Genre Hard rock , soft rock Length 4 : 01 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Harry Chapin Sandra Chapin Producer ( s ) Mark Dodson Ugly Kid Joe singles chronology `` So Damn Cool '' ( 1992 ) `` Cats in the Cradle '' ( 1993 ) `` Busy Bee '' ( 1993 ) In 1992 , the hard rock band Ugly Kid Joe included a cover of the song , renamed `` Cats in the Cradle '' , on their debut album America 's Least Wanted . The cover was issued as a single in 1993 and peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 , the group 's highest ever position on that chart . The song also peaked at number three on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . The single sold 500,000 copies domestically , earning a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America . In Chapin 's version , the chorus changes from `` when you coming home , dad ? '' to `` when you coming home , son ? '' , as the child grows up , and the situation changes from a busy father neglecting his son to a busy son neglecting his father . In Ugly Kid Joe 's version , all the choruses use the same words with a subtle change from `` When you coming home ? Son , I do n't know when '' , to `` When you coming home , son ? I do n't know when . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 6 UK 7 Germany 10 Austria 7 Switzerland 5 Dutch Top 40 12 Belgium 20 France 28 Sweden Norway Australia New Zealand Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 79 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 24 Other uses ( edit ) Johnny Cash made his own version in his album Boom Chika Boom ( 1989 ) . In 1993 a version of the song was used in an anti-paramilitary advert commissioned by the Northern Ireland Office titled `` I Wanna Be Like You '' . A version of this song was recorded as `` Just Like Me '' by DMC featuring Sarah McLachlan . This version used the same melody and almost the same chorus lyrics , but with entirely revised lyrics in the verses so as to make the song about DMC 's adoption and feelings towards his birth mother . The recording appeared on DMC 's 2006 album Checks Thugs and Rock n Roll as well as McLachlan 's 2008 compilation Rarities , B - Sides and Other Stuff Volume 2 . Donkey sings this to Shrek in Shrek the Third after Shrek learns he 's going to be a father . The song is also used in the enhanced version of the 2013 video game Grand Theft Auto V in the songlist for the game 's Los Santos Rock Radio station . The titles of the Boy Meets World episodes `` I 'm Gonna be Like You , Dad '' and `` We 'll Have a Good Time Then '' quote from the song . Quitline uses the song to enforce the notion of premature death of parents because of their smoking habits . A version by singer Joseph Angel is used for a 2017 TV commercial for TD Ameritrade . In the episode `` St. Patrick 's Day '' ( S6E19 ) of The Office ( US ) , Dwight Schrute uses the song to lay a guilt trip on Jim Halpert for returning to work while his wife and newborn are at home . The song is central to the theme of The Goldbergs episode , `` In Conclusion -- Thanksgiving '' . In S5E9 ( 2013 ) of `` The Middle `` Mike tells his son Axl about `` this song from the 70s `` and its content when Axl is home from college over Christmas break and prefers a party over quality time with his family on Christmas Eve . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 40 Most Softsational Soft - Rock Songs '' . Stereogum.com . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards : Best Pop Solo Performance '' . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GRAMMY Hall Of Fame List '' . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Grayeb . `` Behind the Song : Cats in the Cradle '' . Harrychapin.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Chapin 's opening commentary at Soundstage and live performance of the song : `` Cat 's In The Cradle '' `` . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Item : 7096 - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart '' . Billboard. 1974 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1975 / Top 100 Songs of 1975 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Search for `` ugly kid joe '' `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1993 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 106 ( 3 ) : 73 . January 15 , 1994 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Ugly Kid Joe -- Cats in the Cradle '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ `` Cats In The Cradle von Ugly Kid Joe '' . Chartsurfer.de . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1993 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ HardyzGuy25 ( 2008 - 07 - 22 ) , Cat 's In The Cradle - Johnny Cash , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 Jump up ^ Rutherford , Adrian ( 30 January 2016 ) . `` Eerily prophetic Troubles ad that shocked us in 1993 gets 500,000 views in one day '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Doherty , Malachi ( 30 January 2016 ) . `` Landmark in NIO propaganda that showed us how bad Troubles were '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Matt ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Here 's all 162 new songs in the refreshed GTA 5 soundtrack '' . VG247.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Youtube : Quitline '' . 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TD Ameritrade TV Commercial , ' Cat 's in the Cradle ' Song by Joseph Angel '' . 11 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics at The Harry Chapin Archive Guitar Tabs and Chords at Fretbase Harry Chapin Ron Palmer Tim Scott John Wallace Stephen Chapin Tom Chapin Mike Masters Doug Walker Howie Fields Ron Evanuik Kim Scholes Yvonne Cable Studio albums Heads & Tales Sniper and Other Love Songs Short Stories Verities & Balderdash Portrait Gallery On the Road to Kingdom Come Dance Band on the Titanic Living Room Suite Sequel Live albums Greatest Stories Live Legends of the Lost and Found Posthumously Produced Harry Chapin Tribute The Last Protest Singer The Bottom Line Encore Collection Compilations Remember When the Music The Gold Medal Collection Story of a Life DVDs Rockpalast Live Remember When : The Anthology Singles `` Taxi '' `` Sunday Morning Sunshine '' `` WOLD '' `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' `` I Wanna Learn a Love Song '' `` Dreams Go By '' `` Flowers Are Red '' `` Sequel '' Other songs `` 30,000 Pounds of Bananas '' `` A Better Place to Be '' `` Corey 's Coming '' `` Halfway to Heaven '' `` The Mayor of Candor Lied '' `` Mr. Tanner '' `` Six String Orchestra '' `` Sniper '' Related articles Discography The Night That Made America Famous Ricky Skaggs Studio albums That 's It Sweet Temptation Waitin ' for the Sun to Shine Family & Friends Highways & Heartaches Do n't Cheat in Our Hometown Country Boy Love 's Gonna Get Ya ! Comin ' Home to Stay Kentucky Thunder My Father 's Son Solid Ground Life Is a Journey Big Mon : The Songs of Bill Monroe Ricky Skaggs and Friends Sing the Songs of Bill Monroe Solo ( Songs My Dad Loved ) Mosaic Country Hits Bluegrass Style Collaborative albums Second Generation Bluegrass One Way Track Skaggs & Rice Bluegrass Rules ! Ancient Tones Soldier of the Cross History of the Future The Three Pickers Brand New Strings Instrumentals Ricky Skaggs & Bruce Hornsby Salt of the Earth Honoring the Fathers of Bluegrass : Tribute to 1946 and 1947 Music to My Ears Hearts Like Ours Live albums Live in London Live at the Charleston Music Hall Cluck Ol ' Hen Compilation albums Favorite Country Songs Super Hits Notable singles `` You May See Me Walkin ' '' `` Crying My Heart Out Over You '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` Heartbroke '' `` I Would n't Change You If I Could '' `` Highway 40 Blues '' `` You 've Got a Lover '' `` Do n't Cheat in Our Hometown '' `` Honey ( Open That Door ) '' `` Uncle Pen '' `` Something in My Heart '' `` Country Boy '' `` You Make Me Feel Like a Man '' `` Cajun Moon '' `` I 've Got a New Heartache '' `` Love 's Gonna Get You Someday '' `` Love Ca n't Ever Get Better Than This '' ( with Sharon White ) `` Thanks Again '' `` Lovin ' Only Me '' `` Let It Be You '' `` Heartbreak Hurricane '' `` Hummingbird '' `` He Was On to Somethin ' ( So He Made You ) '' `` Life 's Too Long ( To Live Like This ) '' `` Same Ol ' Love '' `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' Related articles Discography Mark O'Connor `` Make You Mine '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cat%27s_in_the_Cradle&oldid=854279344 '' Categories : 1974 singles 1993 singles Harry Chapin songs Ugly Kid Joe songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Pop ballads Rock ballads Songs written by Harry Chapin 1974 songs Elektra Records singles Mercury Records singles Songs about parenthood Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Song recordings produced by Paul Leka Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 05 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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7792242387091369498 | Liberty Island | Liberty Island - wikipedia Liberty Island Liberty Island Liberty Island and the Statue of Liberty Location Upper New York Bay Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 20 '' N 74 ° 02 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68889 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68889 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 20 '' N 74 ° 02 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68889 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68889 ; - 74.04444 Area 14.717 acres ( 59,560 m ) Governing body National Park Service U.S. National Monument Designated 15 October 1924 7 September 1937 Designated by Calvin Coolidge Franklin D. Roosevelt U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location in Port of New York and New Jersey Liberty Island ( New York ) Liberty Island ( Hudson County , New Jersey ) Liberty Island ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of Hudson County , New Jersey Show map of the US Show all Liberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States , best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty . The island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan , surrounded by the waters of Jersey City , New Jersey . Long known as Bedloe 's Island , it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956 . In 1937 , by Presidential Proclamation 2250 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt , it became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument and in 1966 , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island . Contents 1 Geography and access 2 History 2.1 Great Oyster Island 2.2 Bedloe 's Island 2.3 Fort Wood 2.4 Statue of Liberty 2.5 Museum 3 Jurisdictional disputes 3.1 State dispute 3.2 Federal ownership 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Geography and access ( edit ) Coin - operated binoculars on Liberty Island . The island offers panoramic views of New York Harbor . According to the United States Census Bureau , the island has a land area of 59,558 square meters , or 14.717 acres , which is the property of the federal government . Liberty Island is located in the Upper New York Bay within the waters of Jersey City , Hudson County , New Jersey . It is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . The historical developments which led to this construction created the rare situation of an exclave of one state , New York , being situated in another , New Jersey . The island is operated by the National Park Service , and since September 11 , 2001 , guarded by around - the - clock patrols of the United States Park Police Marine Patrol Unit . Liberty Island is 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) east of Liberty State Park in Jersey City and is 1.58 statute miles ( 2.6 kilometers ) southwest of Battery Park in Lower Manhattan . Public access is permitted only by ferries from either of the two parks , which serve the national monument , also stopping at Ellis Island . Hornblower Cruises and Events , operating under the name Statue Cruises , holds the exclusive concession for ferry service to and from the island . History ( edit ) Great oyster Island ( edit ) At the time of European colonization of the Hudson River estuary in the mid-17th century , much of the west side of Upper New York Bay contained large tidal flats which hosted vast oyster beds , a major source of food for the Lenape native people who lived there at the time . Several islands were not completely submerged at high tide . Three of them ( later known as Bedloe 's / Love / Liberty , Ellis , and Black Tom ) were given the name Oyster Islands ( oester eilanden ) by the Dutch settlers of New Netherland , the first European colony in the Mid-Atlantic states . The oyster beds would remain a major source of food for nearly three centuries . Landfilling , started by the 1870s , particularly by the Lehigh Valley Railroad and Central Railroad of New Jersey , eventually obliterated the beds , engulfed one island and brought the shoreline much closer to the others . Bedloe 's Island ( edit ) After the surrender of Fort Amsterdam by the Dutch to the British in 1664 , the English governor Richard Nicolls granted the island to Captain Robert Needham . It was sold to Isaac Bedloe on December 23 , 1667 . The island was retained by his estate until 1732 when it was sold for five shillings to New York merchants Adolphe Philipse and Henry Lane . During their ownership , the island was temporarily commandeered by the city of New York to establish a smallpox quarantine station . In 1746 , Archibald Kennedy ( later 11th Earl of Cassilis ) purchased the island and a summer residence was established , along with construction of a lighthouse . In 1753 , the island is described in an advertisement ( in which `` Bedlow 's '' had become `` Bedloe 's '' , along with an alternate name of `` Love Island '' ) as being available for rental : To be Let . Bedloe 's Island , alias Love Island , together with the dwelling - house and lighthouse being finely situated for a tavern , where all kinds of garden stuff , poultry , etc. , may be easily raised for the shipping outward bound , and from where any quantity of pickled oysters may be transported ; it abounds with English rabbits . '' In 1756 , Kennedy allowed the island to again be used as a smallpox quarantine station , and on February 18 , 1758 , the Corporation of the City of New York bought the island for £ 1,000 for use as a pest house . When the British troops occupied New York Harbor in the lead - up to the American Revolutionary War , the island was to be used for housing for Tory refugees , but on April 2 , 1776 , the buildings constructed on the island for their use were burned to the ground . Fort Wood ( edit ) Fort Wood 's star - shaped walls became the base of the Statue of Liberty . On February 15 , 1800 , the New York State Legislature ceded the island to the federal government , for the construction of a defensive fort to be built there ( along with Governors Island and Ellis Island ) . Construction of a fort on the island in the shape of an 11 - point star began in 1806 and was completed in 1811 . Following the War of 1812 , the star - shaped fortification was named Fort Wood after Lt. Col Eleazer Derby Wood who was killed in the Siege of Fort Erie in 1813 . The granite fortification followed an 11 - pointed star fort layout with mounting 24 guns . A larger fort mounting 77 guns was proposed under the third system of US fortifications but was not built . By the time it was chosen for the Statue of Liberty in the 1880s , the fort was outmoded and obsolete , disused and its substantial stone walls were then used as the distinctive base for the Statue of Liberty given by the Third French Republic for the American 1876 centenary celebrations . It had become a part of the base for the Statue of Liberty after the island was first seen by the statue 's sculptor . The National Park Service ( which had been created in 1916 ) took over operations of the island in two stages : 2 acres ( 8,100 m ) in 1933 , and the remainder in 1937 . The military installation was completely removed by 1944 . Statue of Liberty ( edit ) The statue , entitled Liberty Enlightening the World , was a gift from the people of France to mark the American Centennial . It was agreed that the Congress would authorize the acceptance of the statue by the President of the United States , and that the War Department would facilitate its construction and presentation . The construction of the statue was completed in France in July 1884 . The cornerstone was laid on August 5 , 1884 , and after some funding delays , construction of the pedestal was finished on April 22 , 1886 . The statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17 , 1885 , on board the French frigate Isère , was stored for eleven months in crates waiting for its pedestal to be finished , and was then reassembled in four months . On October 28 , 1886 , the Statue of Liberty was unveiled by President Grover Cleveland . The name Liberty Island was made official by Congress in 1956 . Museum ( edit ) See also : American Museum of Immigration On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , and Mellody Hobson and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Jurisdictional disputes ( edit ) The geography along the New Jersey banks of Upper New York Bay before landfilling . Liberty Island 's location near New Jersey led to the state 's attempts to assert jurisdiction . There have been a number of disputes regarding the jurisdictional status of Liberty Island . State dispute ( edit ) An unusual clause in the 1664 colonial land grant that outlined New Jersey 's borders reads : `` westward of Long Island , and Manhitas Island and bounded on the east part by the main sea , and part by Hudson 's river '' rather than at the river 's midpoint , as was common in other colonial charters . When the Province of New Jersey was separated from the Province of New York in 1674 it was argued that Staten Island belonged to the former . Then governor Edmund Andros directed that all islands in the bay that could be circumnavigated within 24 hours were part of New York . Captain Christopher Billopp sailed around it within the allotted time and was soon thereafter granted a manor at its southern tip . The border came to be understood as being along the shore of the Hudson River , the Upper New York Bay , the Kill Van Kull , and Arthur Kill . In 1824 the City of New York attempted to assert a jurisdictional monopoly over the growing steam ferry service in New York Harbor in Gibbons v. Ogden . It was deemed by the court that interstate transport would be regulated by the federal government . This did not resolve the border issue . In 1830 , New Jersey planned to bring suit , but the matter was resolved with a compact between the states ratified by US Congress in 1834 which set the boundary line between them as the midpoint of the shared waterways . This was later confirmed by the US Supreme Court in a 1908 case which also expounded on the compact . In 1987 , US Representative Frank J. Guarini and Gerald McCann , then mayor of Jersey City , sued New York City , contending that New Jersey should have dominion over Liberty Island because it is on the New Jersey side of the state line . By default , since the court chose not to hear the case , the existing legal status was unchanged . Portions of the island that are above water are part of New York , while riparian rights to all of the submerged land surrounding the statue belong to New Jersey . The southwestern section , 4.17 acres ( 1.69 ha ) , of the island was created by land reclamation . A 1997 United States Supreme Court decision involved such riparian rights around nearby Ellis Island . Being mostly constructed of artificial infill , New Jersey argued and the court agreed that the 1834 compact covered only the natural parts of the island , and not the portions added by infill . Thus it was agreed that the parts of the island made of filled land belonged to New Jersey while the original natural part belonged to New York . This proved impractical to administer and New Jersey and New York subsequently agreed to share jurisdiction of the entire island . This special situation only applies to Ellis Island and part of Shooters Island . Federal ownership ( edit ) National Park Service building on Liberty Island Liberty Island has been owned by the federal government since 1801 , first as a military installation and now as a national landmark . Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island , listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1966 , encompasses land in both states control of which is superseded by the United States . The undisputed boundary between New Jersey and New York is in the center of the Hudson River and the Upper New York Bay , with Liberty Island situated well on the New Jersey side of the water line with Liberty Island itself an exclave of the State of New York and a part of New York City , allowing the state and city of New York to retain sovereignty of Liberty Island , serve process there and collect sales tax from Liberty Island souvenir shops . In response to a FAQ about whether the Statue of Liberty is in New York or New Jersey , the National Park Service , which oversees Liberty Island , cites the 1834 compact . Question 127 on a naturalization examination piloted in 2006 asks `` Where is the Statue of Liberty ? '' The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services gives `` New York Harbor '' and `` Liberty Island '' as preferred answers , but notes that `` New Jersey , '' `` New York , '' `` New York City , '' and `` on the Hudson '' are acceptable . The Statue of Liberty itself is claimed as a symbol by both New York and New Jersey . It was featured on New York license plates from 1986 through 2000 and on a special New Jersey license plate celebrating Liberty State Park in Jersey City . The Statue is also seen on the New York State Quarter . The national monument was the symbol of the Central Railroad of New Jersey , still used by the Raritan Valley Line . ( The Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal is nearby ) . Though it is uninhabited , the United States Geological Survey includes it as part of New York 's 10th congressional district as of the 114th United States Congress in 2015 . Both New York City and Jersey City have assigned the island lot numbers . Utility services , including electricity , water , and sewage , to Liberty and Ellis Islands are provided from the New Jersey side . Mail is delivered from Battery Park . See also ( edit ) New York City portal New Jersey portal Castle Clinton Communipaw Terminal Geography of New York -- New Jersey Harbor Estuary Kentucky Bend Liberty Island and the Statue of Liberty in popular culture List of exclaves Prall 's Island Robbins Reef Light References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 2250 : Enlarging the Statue of Liberty National Monument New York '' . Code of Federal Regulations : Title 3 -- The President 1936 -- 1938 Compilation . National Archives and Records Service , General Services Administration . 1968 . pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0760738904 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Hudson County New Jersey Street Map . Hagstrom Map Company , Inc. 2008 . ISBN 0 - 88097 - 763 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : New Jersey v. New York , 523 U.S. 767 , page 779 ( 26 May 1998 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ferry System Map -- Statue Of Liberty National Monument ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2006 ) . The Big Oyster . New York : Random House Trade paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 47639 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Providing Better Terminal Faciities for New York '' . Engineering News Record : 258 . 31 July 1880 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spell it with a `` W '' It should not be Bedloo 's Island but `` Bedlow 's '' '' ( pdf ) . The New York Times . August 14 , 1886 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Cornelius Burnham ( 1900 ) . `` Genealogical History Of Hudson And Bergen Counties New Jersey Early Settlers of Bergen County '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Statue of Liberty and Bedlow 's Island '' . New York : Regimental Press . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lazaretto Quarantine Station , Tinicum Township , Delaware County , PA : History '' . ushistory.org . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Liberty Island Chronology '' . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historic Buildings as seen and described by famous writers '' ( txt ) . archive.org . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wade , Arthur P. ( 2011 ) . Artillerists and Engineers : The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications , 1794 - 1815 . CDSG Press . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9748167 - 2 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Wood '' . dmna.ny.gov . Jump up ^ Roberts , Robert B. ( 1988 ) . Encyclopedia of Historic Forts : The Military , Pioneer , and Trading Posts of the United States . New York : Macmillan . pp. 594 -- 596 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 926880 - X . Jump up ^ `` Fort Wood '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York , N.Y. : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Liberty 's Statue Full Programme of the Inaugural Ceremonies '' ( pdf ) . The New York Times . 10 October 1886 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Delaware Division of Libraries Blog '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` USGS : LI '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Duke of York 's Release to John Lord Berkeley , and Sir George Carteret , 24 June 1664 '' . The Avalon Project Documents in Law , History and Diplomacy . Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Rieff , Henry . `` Intrepretations of New York - New Jersey Agreements 1834 and 1921 '' ( pdf ) . Newark Law Review . 1 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` New York vs. New Jersey : A New Perspective '' . Portfolio . The Port Authority of NY and NJ . 1 ( 2 ) . Summer 1988 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Mershon , S.L. ( 1918 ) . English Crown Grants . New York : The Law and History Club . ^ Jump up to : Greenhouse , Linda ( 27 May 1998 ) . `` The Ellis Island Verdict : The Ruling ; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ United States Statutes at Large : Volume 4 Jump up ^ `` Central R. Co. of New Jersey v. Jersey City , 209 U.S. 473 ( 1908 ) '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New Jerseyans ' Claim To Liberty Island Rejected '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 6 October 1987 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Is Liberty a Jersey Girl '' . New Jersey Society of Professional Land Surveyors . February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Fill of the Jersey City Quadrangle : Historic Fill Map HFM - 53 '' ( pdf ) . New Jersey State Department of Environmental Protection . 2004 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Is Lady Liberty a Jersey Girl ? - New Jersey Society of Professional Land Surveyors '' . www.njspls.org . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service map showing portions of the island belonging to New York and New Jersey '' . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers for New Pilot Naturalization Exam '' . U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services . 30 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` USGS 1 : 1,000,000 - Scale Congressional Districts of the United States - 114th Congress '' . data.gov . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty Lighthouse '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberty Island . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Bedloe 's Island . National Park Service Bedloe 's Island web site National Park Service 's Statue of Liberty and Liberty Island site Bedloe 's Island in 1867 at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Statue Of Liberty Fire Brigade Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Islands of New York City Major islands Long Manhattan Staten Pelham Islands The Blauzes Chimney Sweeps City Green Flats Hart High Hunter Rat Twin New York Bay Ellis Governors Hoffman Liberty Swinburne Jamaica Bay Barren Coney Canarsie Pol Mau Mau Ruffle Bar Rulers Bar Hassock ( Broad Channel ) Arthur Kill Kill Van Kull Isle of Meadows Prall 's Shooters East River Mill Rock North and South Brother Randalls and Wards Rikers Roosevelt U Thant ( Belmont ) Former islands shown in italics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberty_Island&oldid=852014909 '' Categories : Borders of New Jersey Borders of New York ( state ) Exclaves in the United States Internal territorial disputes of the United States Islands of New Jersey Islands of New York ( state ) Islands of New York City Islands of Manhattan Landforms of Hudson County , New Jersey National Register of Historic Places in Hudson County , New Jersey National Register of Historic Places in New York City Parks in Hudson County , New Jersey Port of New York and New Jersey Statue of Liberty Uninhabited Atlantic islands of the United States New Jersey Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Latviešu मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 02 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what body of water is ellis island in | [
"Liberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States, best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty. The island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan, surrounded by the waters of Jersey City, New Jersey. Long known as Bedloe's Island, it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956. In 1937, by Presidential Proclamation 2250 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, it became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument and in 1966,[3] was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island.[4]\n"
] | [
"Upper New York Bay in the United States"
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-4946104169708970885 | Gauntlet (Stargate Universe) | Gauntlet ( Stargate Universe ) - wikipedia Gauntlet ( Stargate Universe ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Gauntlet '' Stargate Universe episode Eli looking out over the stars Episode no . Season 2 Episode 20 Directed by Andy Mikita Written by Joseph Mallozzi & Paul Mullie Original air date May 9 , 2011 Guest appearance ( s ) Julia Benson as Vanessa James Peter Kelamis as Adam Brody Jennifer Spence as Lisa Park Patrick Gilmore as Dr. Dale Volker Jeffrey Bowyer - Chapman as Darren Becker Mike Dopud as Varro Leanne Adachi as Cpl . Barnes Lou Diamond Phillips as David Telford Vincent Gale as Morrison Sarah Smyth as Annie Balic Episode chronology ← Previous `` Blockade '' Next → -- List of Stargate Universe episodes `` Gauntlet '' is the twentieth episode of the second season and series finale of the military science fiction television series Stargate Universe . The episode originally aired on May 9 , 2011 on Syfy in the United States . The episode was directed by longtime director and producer of the Stargate franchise Andy Mikita . It was written by executive producers Joseph Mallozzi and Paul Mullie . In this episode , the drones are now monitoring every Stargate from Destiny 's position to the edge of the galaxy ; instead of just the stars . With their main supply line blocked , the crew manage to destroy a Command Ship to resupply only to take considerable damage in the process . Realizing they can not continue fighting , Eli ( David Blue ) comes up with an idea to put Destiny in one continuous FTL jump until they reach the next galaxy . This journey will take at least three years and the crew are to use the stasis chambers aboard to keep themselves alive . This episode represented the final foray into the Stargate franchise until Stargate Origins in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Development 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) As Lisa Park is still recovering from T.J. 's treatment to try to restore her vision , Dr. Rush and Eli inform Colonel Young that they have been able to improve Destiny 's sensors , but show that Command Ships await them at every Stargate from where they are to the edge of the galaxy , rendering themselves unable to obtain supplies . Young reports this to Colonel Telford on Earth , but unfortunately , the only known Stargate capable of reaching Destiny remains in control of the Langarans who refuse to allow for its use . Dr. Rush proposes a means of tuning the shields to improve their efficiency against the Control ship drone attacks ; they use this maneuver to gain time while they try to resupply on a nearby planet through the Stargate while resisting the Control ship attack . The drones , finding their weapons ineffective , begin to perform kamikaze attacks on Destiny , causing minor damage . On return to faster - than - light speed , the crew agree that while the idea worked , they would not survive for many more attacks . Eli offers the idea of keeping the Destiny in FTL and travel through the rest of the galaxy and the void beyond as to reach Stargates in the next galaxy . The plan would require the crew to use the recently discovered stasis pods as to remove power needed for life support on the ship 's power supply as well as to extend their meager supplies . Though there is a risk the ship would drop out of FTL before then , stranding them on what would then be a thousand - year journey , they all agree they have a better chance at survival than facing the Command ships . While the science team program Destiny 's course and revival systems , the other crew are each given the opportunity to use the communication stones to return to Earth and say their goodbyes to loved ones before being placed in stasis . Eventually , all but Col. Young , Dr. Rush , and Eli have been safely placed aside . As they are about to initiate the long jump , they find that one of the last empty pods is not working , and one of the three will have to stay outside ; they would be able to sustain life support for two weeks before it would need to be shut off , giving them the opportunity to try to fix the last chamber in that time . Dr. Rush offers to be the one , but Col. Young confides in Eli that he would not trust Dr. Rush to do what is right if he can not fix the chamber , and believes he should stay . Eli refuses to accept this , having been in Dr. Rush 's shadow since they arrived on Destiny , and believes he would have the best chance of survival as he is smarter than Dr. Rush . Col. Young accepts the decision , and Eli helps to put them in stasis . As power to the rest of the ship is shut down , Eli goes to the observation deck and silently watches the passing starscape . Development ( edit ) Prior to the script being written , the original pitch called for Colonel Young and Dr. Rush to be the last two people remaining with only one working stasis pod . The decision about who would be left out was decided by a coin flip , but the result would remain unknown to the audience , essentially setting up the season three premiere . The pitch for the season three premiere had Dr. Rush maintaining Destiny 's systems in his solitude until Earth eventually found a way to dial the ship . This would then only prove to be a dream that Dr. Rush has whilst he is in stasis , as Colonel Young is revealed to be the one left out . However , because of the lack of action , the `` it was all a dream '' scenario , and Dr. Rush 's character development , it was deemed unusable and , therefore , the original season two finale pitch would not work either . Joseph Mallozzi had the task of writing the first draft for `` Gauntlet . '' At the time , Mallozzi was under the impression that the show would continue into a third season , so he wrote the episode as if it were a season finale . The supper scene was originally planned to be only a montage of the crew having their last meal . However , SyFy 's Erika Kennair requested a change , in which after Mallozzi wrote Colonel Young 's speech , it was tweaked by Paul Mullie to include a reference of `` three years , '' which alluded to the time it took for Destiny to reach its destination and the show 's expected run . Reception ( edit ) `` Gauntlet '' was viewed by 1.134 million live viewers , resulting in a 0.8 Household rating , a 0.2 among adults 18 -- 49 . Meredith Woerner from io9 called the finale `` more like a bittersweet goodbye than an action - packed cliffhanger , even though it ended with a much more frightening conclusion than the first season . '' She was reminded of the failures of the first season saying that `` Perhaps Eli said it best in this episode : What 's the point of having tremendous potential if you 're not going to step up when you 're really needed ? Stargate Universe started off with mounds of potential ... Sadly , it was just too little too late . '' However once again she praised the dynamics between Eli and Dr. Rush remarking that `` Even when Rush finally admits to Eli that he 's full of potential and gives him the pat on the head he 's been shirking the whole series ... This was n't about Eli seeking acceptance , it was about Rush humbling himself for the first time in a long time . The mentor steps down , and Eli takes up the mantle of hero . '' Mike Moody from TVSquad declared `` Gauntlet '' `` a strong , densely plotted , emotional hour . '' He enjoyed the overall theme of the episode , speaking volumes about the characters working as a family , rather than trying to focus on `` the search for the God signal that was said to be Destiny 's true purpose . '' Like Woerner , Moody praised the dynamics between Eli and Dr. Rush adding that `` These two shared a satisfying scene where the elder scientist finally admitted to the slacker genius that he had tremendous potential . '' Moody had particular praise for Eli 's character development saying that `` Leaving the fates of the ship and its crew in Eli 's hands felt appropriate ... Eli , like many of us at some point in our lives , was faced with the difficult task of believing in himself . He still looked like the videogame - obsessed slacker we met in the pilot , but the heart of a true hero . '' Ramsey Isler from IGN remarked that `` All things considered , this was as good of a finale as we could expect . '' Isler had particular praise for the writing expressing that `` We should never take for granted how hard it is to come up with plausible scenarios for sci - fi shows ... This story works as well as it does because these are all smart ideas , and the creative team deserves credit for all it . '' Like Moody , Isler also praised Eli saying that `` The greatest achievement of SGU is that it told a grand and poignant tale of a wide - eyed , lonely , insecure boy growing into a brilliant man , and leading a life of adventure that few could ever imagine . '' Isler was also reminded of the many failures that led the show 's demise but claimed that `` this particular episode showed few flaws , and gave us reasons to recall just how much potential this series had . '' Overall , Isler said `` As sweet as the final moments of this series are , there is a certain bitter aftertaste too . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Colvin , Chad ( April 17 , 2011 ) . `` SGU continuation , other movies dead -- for now '' . Gateworld . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Joseph ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` May 12 , 2011 : Stargate : Universe , Beyond Season 2 ! What Might Have Been ! '' . WordPress . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Joseph ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` May 11 , 2011 : Gauntlet ! '' . WordPress . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Lead + ' Pawn Stars , ' ' WWE RAW , ' ' Bethenny , ' ' American Chopper ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Stargate Universe comes of age with a bittersweet finale '' . io9.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moody , Mike ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Stargate Universe ' Season 2 , Episode 20 ( Series Finale ) Recap '' . TVSquad . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Isler , Ramsey ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Stargate Universe : `` Gauntlet '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` Gauntlet '' at Stargate wikia ( hide ) Stargate Franchise Stargate SG - 1 Atlantis Universe Origins Infinity Games Pinball SNES / Genesis Resistance Worlds Literature Books Comics Audiobooks Fandom SG - 1 Awards Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 The Ark of Truth Continuum Characters Samantha Carter George Hammond Daniel Jackson Hank Landry Vala Mal Doran Cameron Mitchell Jack O'Neill Jonas Quinn Teal'c Recurring Earth characters Atlantis Awards Episodes Season 1 5 Characters Carson Beckett Samantha Carter Ronon Dex Teyla Emmagan Aiden Ford Jennifer Keller Rodney McKay John Sheppard Elizabeth Weir Richard Woolsey Radek Zelenka Universe Awards Episodes Season 1 Characters Chloe Armstrong Ronald Greer Tamara Johansen Nicholas Rush Matthew Scott Eli Wallace Camille Wray Everett Young Mythology Stargate Program Ancients characters Asgard Asurans Genii Goa'uld characters Kull Warriors Ori Replicators Tok'ra Wraith Technology Stargate Atlantis Goa'uld technology Starships Earth Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gauntlet_(Stargate_Universe)&oldid=826940768 '' Categories : Stargate Universe episodes 2011 American television episodes Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 21 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what happens in the last episode of stargate universe | [] | [] |
3766747866180651991 | List of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero characters | List of G.I. Joe : a Real American Hero characters - wikipedia List of G.I. Joe : a Real American Hero characters Jump to : navigation , search For the characters released in Europe as Action Force , see AF ( action figures ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following list ( organized by faction ) covers every known character in the G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero toy line to have received his / her own action figure . It includes the year the characters ' version 1 action figure debuted , their code names and real names , function , and original rank / grade ( if applicable ) . It does not include every edition of the character , or the codename and rank changes that occurred , and only covers the action figures releases in North America . Relating the characters to their appearances in the various comic book series , ( vol. 1 ) refers to the original comics series published by Marvel Comics , SM for the G.I. Joe : Special Missions spin - off ( also published by Marvel ) , ( vol. 2 ) for the comics series by Devil 's Due Publishing and FL for the G.I. Joe : Frontline spin - off . Although the majority of characters had action figures issued prior to their first appearance in the comic books , a few exceptions ( such as the Oktober Guardsmen ) exist where their comic book introduction predates their action figures . With IDW 's revival of G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero , which picks up immediately following the final issue of the original Marvel Comics run at issue no. 1551⁄2 , and the statement by Hasbro that `` we are currently taking the brand in a direction that does not take the Devil 's Due story into account '' , the volume 2 stories ( including characters killed in action ( KIA ) ) have been rendered non-canon . In 2007 , Hasbro marked the 25th anniversary of the G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero toyline by introducing a collection of newly sculpted 100 mm figures ( as opposed to the 33⁄4 '' scale of the RAH line ) . These figures replaced the classic O - ring construction with a swivel chest feature , and increased the number of points of articulation beyond the standard shoulder , elbow and knees , to swivel wrists , ankles , and double - hinged knees . Since then , new figures have continued to feature the updated articulation . Since 2011 , all convention and collector 's club exclusives have also used the updated figure style . Contents ( hide ) 1 G.I. Joe Team 1.1 A Real American Hero ( 1982 -- 1994 ) 1.2 Stars & Stripes Forever -- TRU Exclusives ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 1.3 A Real American Hero Collection ( 2000 -- 2002 ) 1.4 G.I. Joe vs Cobra ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 1.5 Direct to Consumer ( DTC ) ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 1.6 25th Anniversary ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 1.7 Rise of Cobra ( 2009 ) 1.8 Pursuit of Cobra ( 2010 - 2011 ) 1.9 30th Anniversary ( 2011 - 2012 ) 1.10 50th Anniversary ( 2014 - ) 1.11 Convention rxclusives 1.12 G.I. Joe Collector 's Club Exclusives 2 Cobra Command 2.1 25th Anniversary - style Cobra figures 3 Dreadnoks 4 Iron Grenadiers 5 Oktober Guard 6 See also 7 References 8 External links G.I. Joe team ( edit ) Main article : G.I. Joe Team A Real American Hero ( 1982 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Year Code Name Function Real Name Grade Service Branch Sub-team Notes 1982 Breaker Communications Officer Alvin R. Kibbey E-4 Army KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 109 - Died while escaping in a stolen Cobra Rage tank . 1982 Clutch VAMP Driver Lance J. Steinberg E-4 Army Mega Marines Packaged with the `` V.A.M.P. '' vehicle ; also released as Double Clutch ( 2003 ) 1982 Flash Laser Rifle Trooper Anthony S. Gambello E-4 Army Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( vol. 2 ) # 25 - Died in an explosion during the second Cobra Civil War . 1982 Grand Slam Laser Artillery Soldier James J. Barney E-5 Army 1982 Grunt Infantry Trooper Robert W. Graves E-4 Army 1982 Hawk Missile Commander Clayton M. Abernathy O - 6 Army Packaged with the Mobile Missile System ( M.M.S. ) 1982 Rock ' n Roll Machine Gunner Craig S. McConnel E-5 Army Also released as Bench Press ( 2009 ) 1982 Scarlett Counterintelligence Shana M. O'Hara E-5 Army Ninja Force 1982 Short - Fuze Mortar Soldier Eric W. Friestadt E-4 Army 1982 Snake Eyes Commando ( CLASSIFIED ) E-5 Army Desert Patrol Squad , Ninja Force Timber wolf included with Version 2 ( 1985 ) re-release . 1982 Stalker Ranger Lonzo R. Wilkinson E-5 Army Desert Patrol Squad , Tiger Force 1982 Steeler Tank Commander Ralph W. Pulaski O - 1 Army Packaged with the `` M.O.B.A.T. '' tank . 1982 Zap Bazooka Soldier Rafael J. Melendez E-4 Army Ace Fighter Pilot Brad J. Armbruster O - 3 Air Force Packaged with the `` Skystriker '' fighter jet . Airborne Helicopter Assault Trooper Franklin E. Talltree E-5 Army Subsequently renamed Sgt . Airborne ( 2003 ) and Air Raid ( 2009 ) Cover Girl Wolverine Driver Courtney A. Krieger E-4 Army Packaged with the `` Wolverine '' Armored Missile Vehicle ; also released as Agent Courtney Krieger ( 2006 ) Doc Medic Carl W. Greer O - 3 Army KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 109 - Executed by a SAW Viper . Duke First Sergeant Conrad S. Hauser E-8 Army Anti-Venom Task Force , Star Brigade , Tiger Force Gung - Ho Marine Ettienne R. LaFitte E-7 Marine Corps Desert Patrol Squad , Mega Marines Snow Job Arctic Trooper Harlan W. Moore E-6 Army Torpedo SEAL Edward W. Leialoha W - 4 Navy Tripwire Mine Detector Tormod S. Skoog E-4 ( Specialist ) Army Tiger Force Wild Bill Helicopter Pilot William S. Hardy W - 4 Army Packaged with the `` Dragonfly XH - 1 '' helicopter . 1984 Blowtorch Flamethrower Timothy P. Hanrahan E-4 Army 1984 ( ( Cutter ( G.I. Joe ) Cutter ) ) Hovercraft Pilot Skip A. Stone O - 2 Coast Guard D.E.F. Packaged with the `` Killer W.H.A.L.E. '' hovercraft . 1984 Deep Six S.H.A.R.C. Diver Malcolm R. Willoughby E-5 Navy Packaged with the `` S.H.A.R.C. '' submarine . 1984 Mutt and Junkyard Dog Handler Stanley R. Perlmutter E-4 ( Specialist ) Army Anti-Venom Task Force , D.E.F. , Slaughter 's Marauders Junkyard is Mutt 's dog . 1984 Recondo Jungle Trooper Daniel M. LeClaire E-4 Army Tiger Force 1984 Ripcord HALO Jumper Wallace A. Weems E-4 Army 1984 Roadblock Heavy Machine Gunner Marvin F. Hinton E-4 Army Anti-Venom Task Force , Star Brigade , Tiger Force Roadblock is Heavy Duty 's cousin . 1984 Spirit and Freedom Tracker Charlie Iron - Knife E-4 Army Slaughter 's Marauders Freedom is Spirit 's eagle . 1984 Thunder Self - Propelled Gun Artilleryman Matthew H. Breckinridge E-5 Army Packaged with the `` Slugger '' self - propelled cannon . KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 109 - Executed by a SAW Viper . 1985 Airtight Hostile Environment Kurt Schnurr E-4 Army 1985 Alpine Mountain Trooper Albert M. Pine E-4 Army 1985 Barbecue Firefighter Gabriel A. Kelly E-4 Army Slaughter 's Marauders 1985 Bazooka Missile Specialist David L. Katzenbogen E-5 Army Tiger Force 1985 Crankcase A.W.E. Striker Driver Elwood G. Indiana E-4 Army Packaged with the `` A.W.E. Striker '' vehicle . KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 109 - Executed by a SAW Viper . 1985 Dusty Desert Trooper Ronald W. Tadur E-4 Army Desert Patrol Squad , Tiger Force 1985 Flint Warrant Officer Dashiell R. Faireborn W - 3 Army Eco-Warriors , Tiger Force 1985 Footloose Infantry Trooper Andrew D. Meyers E-4 Army Slaughter 's Marauders 1985 Frostbite Snow Cat Driver Farley S. Seward E-4 Army Tiger Force Packaged with the `` Snow Cat '' vehicle . 1985 Heavy Metal Mauler M.B.T. Driver Sherman R. Guderian E-4 Army Packaged with the `` Mauler M.B.T. '' tank . KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 109 - Executed by a SAW Viper . 1985 Keel - Haul Admiral Everett P. Colby O - 9 Navy USS Flagg commander ; packaged with the `` U.S.S. Flagg '' aircraft carrier playset . 1985 Lady Jaye Covert Operations Alison R. Hart - Burnett E-6 Army Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( vol. 2 ) # 42 - Stabbed by Red Shadows agent Dela Eden . 1985 Quick Kick Silent Weapons MacArthur S. Ito E-4 Army KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 109 - Died while escaping in a stolen Cobra Rage tank . 1985 Sgt . Slaughter Drill Instructor Classified Top Secret E-9 Marine Corps Slaughter 's Marauders Figure available by mail - in ; inspired by professional wrestler Sgt . Slaughter . 1985 Shipwreck and Polly Sailor Hector X . Delgado E-7 Navy Polly is Shipwreck 's parrot . 1985 Tollbooth Bridge Layer Driver Chuck X. ( for nothing ) Goren E-5 Army Packaged with the `` Toss ' n Cross '' bridgelayer vehicle . 1986 Beach Head Ranger Wayne R. Sneeden E-6 Army 1986 Claymore Covert operations John Zullo O - 3 Army TRU Exclusive 1986 Cross-Country H.A.V.O.C. Driver Robert M. Blais E-5 Army Packaged with the `` H.A.V.O.C. '' vehicle . 1986 Dial Tone Communications Jack S. Morelli E-4 Army Tiger Force 1986 The Fridge Physical training instructor William Perry E-5 Army Figure available by mail - in ; inspired by football player William Perry . 1986 Iceberg Snow Trooper Clifton L. Nash E-5 Army 1986 Leatherneck Marine Wendell A. Metzger E-7 Marine Corps 1986 Lifeline Rescue Trooper Edwin C. Steen E-5 Army Tiger Force First of two characters code named Lifeline . 1986 Lift - Ticket Tomahawk Pilot Victor W. Sikorski W - 2 Army Packaged with the `` Tomahawk '' helicopter . 1986 Low - Light Night Spotter Cooper G. MacBride E-6 Army Slaughter 's Marauders 1986 Mainframe Computer Specialist Blaine L. Parker E-5 Marine Corps Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( vol. 2 ) # 25 - Died in an explosion during the second Cobra Civil War . 1986 Sci - Fi Laser Trooper Seymour P. Fine E-4 Army Star Brigade 1986 Slip - Stream Conquest X-30 Pilot Gregory B. Boyajian O - 2 Air Force Packaged with the `` Conquest X-30 '' fighter jet . 1986 Wet Suit SEAL Brian M. Forrest E-5 Navy Avalanche Dominator Driver Ian M. Costello E-5 Army Battleforce 2000 KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 113 - Died while maneuvering through an oil field when it was bombed by Cobra Commander . Back - Stop Persuader Driver Robert A. Levin N / A Army Packaged with the `` Persuader '' vehicle . One of two Joes without a rank / pay grade ( the other being Storm Shadow ) . Blaster Vindicator hovercraft Pilot Brian R. Davis E-5 Army Battleforce 2000 KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 113 - Died while maneuvering through an oil field when it was bombed by Cobra Commander . Blocker Eliminator Driver David B. McCarthy E-5 Army Battleforce 2000 KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 113 - Died while maneuvering through an oil field when it was bombed by Cobra Commander . Chuckles Undercover Philip M. Provost E-5 Army Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( vol. 2 ) # 25 - Killed by The Coil general Overlord . Crazylegs Assault Trooper David O. Thomas E-4 Army Night Force KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 109 - Died while escaping in a stolen Cobra Rage tank . Dodger Marauder Driver Richard Renwick E-7 Army Battleforce 2000 Fast Draw Mobile Missile Specialist Eliot Brown E-4 Army Hardtop Crawler Driver Nicholas D. Klas E-5 Air Force Packaged with the `` Defiant '' space shuttle playset . Jinx Ninja / Intelligence Kimi Arashikage E-5 Army Tiger Force Cousin of Storm Shadow . IDW Continuity : KIA by Chuckles to protect his own undercover status in `` Cobra '' issue # 3 ( 2009 ) . Knockdown Sky Sweeper Driver Blaine M. Gonsalves E-5 Army Battleforce 2000 KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 113 - Died while maneuvering through an oil field when it was bombed by Cobra Commander . Law & Order M.P. and K - 9 Christopher M. Lavigne E-4 Army Order is Law 's dog . Lt. Falcon Green Beret Vincent R. Falcone O - 2 Army Night Force Maverick Vector Pilot Thomas P. Kiley O - 3 Air Force Battleforce 2000 KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 113 - Died while maneuvering through an oil field when it was bombed by Cobra Commander . Mercer Renegade / Mercenary Felix P. Stratton E-5 ( Equivalent ) Army Renegades Outback Survivalist Stuart R. Selkirk E-5 Army Night Force Payload Defiant Pilot Mark Morgan , Jr . O - 6 Air Force Star Brigade Packaged with the `` Defiant '' space shuttle playset . Psyche - Out Deceptive Warfare Kenneth D. Rich O - 2 Army Night Force Red Dog Renegade David Taputapu E-5 ( Equivalent ) Army Renegades Rumbler R / C Crossfire Driver Earl - Bob Swilley E-4 Army Packaged with the `` Crossfire '' 4WD vehicle . Sneak Peek Advanced Recon Owen King E-5 Army Night Force Believed KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 113 - Shot and believed killed during the battle of Benzheen . Later revealed that he survived , recovered , and was sent on a secret undercover mission . Starduster Jetpack Trooper Edward J. Skylar E-5 Army Figure available by mail - in ; also released in 2008 as Skyduster . Later becomes commander of Comandos Heroicos . Steam Roller Mobile Command Center Operator Averill B. Whitcomb E-5 Army Packaged with the `` Mobile Command Center '' . Taurus Renegade Varujan Ayvazyan E-5 ( Equivalent ) Army Renegades Tunnel Rat E.O.D. Nicky Lee E-5 Army Desert Patrol Squad , Night Force 1988 Armadillo Rolling Thunder Driver Philo R. Makepeace E-7 Army Packaged with the `` Rolling Thunder '' vehicle . 1988 Blizzard Arctic Attack Soldier Gregory M. Natale E-7 Army 1988 Budo Samurai Warrior Kyle A. Jesso E-5 Army 1988 Charbroil Flamethrower Carl G. Shannon E-4 Army Anti-Venom Task Force , Night Force 1988 Ghostrider Phantom X-19 Stealth Fighter Pilot Jonas S. Jeffries O - 4 Air Force Packaged with the `` Phantom X-19 '' stealth fighter . 1988 Hardball Multi-Shot Grenadier Wilmer S. Duggleby E-4 Army Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( vol. 2 ) # 38 - Killed by Red Shadows assassins in Brazil . 1988 Hit & Run Light Infantryman Brent Scott E-4 Army 1988 Lightfoot Explosives Expert Cory R. Owens E-4 Army Night Force 1988 Muskrat Swamp Fighter Ross A. Williams E-4 Army Night Force 1988 Repeater Steadi - Cam Machine Gunner Jeffrey R. Therien E-6 Army Night Force 1988 Shockwave S.W.A.T. Specialist Jason A. Faria E-4 Army D.E.F. , Night Force Subsequently renamed Shockblast ( 2008 ) 1988 Skidmark Desert Fox 6WD Driver Cyril Colombani E-4 Army Packaged with the `` Desert Fox '' vehicle . Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( vol. 2 ) # 25 - Died when his vehicle exploded during the second Cobra Civil War . 1988 Skystriker Tiger Rat Pilot Alexander P. Russo O - 5 Air Force Tiger Force Packaged with the `` Tiger Rat '' fighter plane . 1988 Spearhead and Max Pointman Peter R. Millman E-4 Army Night Force Max is Spearhead 's bobcat . 1988 Storm Shadow Ninja / Intelligence Thomas S. Arashikage N / A Army Ninja Force This marks his first appearance as a member of the G.I. Joe team . 1988 Super Trooper Infantry Trooper Paul Latimer O - 2 Army Figure available by mail - in . 1988 Wildcard Mean Dog Driver Eric U. Scott E-4 Army Packaged with the `` Mean Dog '' vehicle . 1988 Windmill Skystorm X-Wing Chopper Pilot Edward J. Roth O - 3 Army Packaged with the `` Skystorm '' helicopter . 1989 Backblast Anti-Aircraft Soldier Edward J. Menninger E-5 Army 1989 Countdown Astronaut David D. Dubosky O - 3 Air Force Star Brigade 1989 Dee - Jay Comm - tech Trooper Thomas R. Rossi III E-4 ( Specialist ) Army Battleforce 2000 KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 113 - Died while maneuvering through an oil field when it was bombed by Cobra Commander . 1989 Dogfight Mudfighter Pilot James R. King O - 2 Air Force Packaged with the `` Mudfighter '' bomber . 1989 Downtown Mortar Man Thomas P. Riley E-4 Army 1989 Hot Seat Raider Driver Michael A. Provost E-7 Army Packaged with the `` Raider '' vehicle . 1989 Long Range Thunderclap Driver Karl W. Fritz E-7 Army Packaged with the `` Thunderclap '' vehicle . Another Long Range action figure was released in 2005 , as part of the 4 '' G.I. Joe : Sigma 6 toyline . 1989 Recoil LRRP ( Long Range Recon Patrol ) Joseph Felton E-5 Army 1989 Scoop Information Specialist Leonard Michaels E-4 Army 1989 Windchill Arctic Blast Driver Jim Steel E-6 Army Packaged with the `` Arctic Blast '' vehicle . 1990 Airborne Parachute assembler Robert M. Six E-7 Army Sky Patrol Second character code named Airborne . 1990 Airwave Audible Frequency Specialist Cliff V. Mewett E-8 Army Sky Patrol Airwave 's real name is listed as Cliff V. Mewett . The same name was used a few years later for Colonel Courage , though the character is African - American and born in a different city . 1990 Altitude Recon Scout John - Edward O. Jones E-9 Army Sky Patrol 1990 Ambush Concealment Specialist Aaron McMahon E-3 Army Desert Patrol Squad 1990 Bullhorn Intervention Specialist Stephen A. Ferreira E-5 Marine Corps 1990 Capt . Grid - Iron Hand - to - hand combat Specialist Terrence Lydon O - 3 Army 1990 Cold Front Avalanche Driver Charles Donahue E-7 Army Packaged with the `` Avalanche '' vehicle . 1990 Drop Zone Weapons Specialist Samuel C. Delisi E-8 Army Sky Patrol 1990 Freefall Paratrooper Philip W. Arndt E-5 Army 1990 Major Storm General mobile headquarters commander Robert G. Swanson O - 4 Army 1990 Pathfinder Jungle Assault Specialist William V. Iannotti E-6 Army 1990 Rampart Shoreline defender Dwayne A. Felix E-4 Navy Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( vol. 2 ) # 38 - Killed by Red Shadows assassins in Brazil . 1990 Rapid Fire Fast attack expert Robbie London O - 3 Army 1990 Salvo Anti-armor Trooper David K. Hasle E-7 Army 1990 Skydive Sky Patrol leader Lynton N. Felix E-8 Army Sky Patrol 1990 Static Line Demolitions expert Wallace J. Badducci E-7 Army Sky Patrol 1990 Stretcher Medical Specialist Thomas J. Larivee E-5 Army 1990 Sub-Zero Winter Operations Specialist Mark Habershaw O - 2 Army 1990 Topside Navy assault Trooper John Blanchet E-6 Navy 1990 Updraft Retaliator Pilot Matthew W. Smithers O - 3 Army Packaged with the `` Retaliator '' helicopter . 1991 Big Ben SAS Fighter David J. Bennett E-7 ( Equivalent ) Army ( British ) 1991 Clean - Sweep Anti-toxin Trooper Daniel W. Price E-4 Army Eco-Warriors 1991 Cloudburst Glider Trooper Chuck Ram E-4 Army Air Commandos 1991 Heavy Duty Heavy ordnance Trooper Lamont A. Morris E-5 Army Heavy Duty is Roadblock 's cousin . 1991 Major Altitude Battle Copter Pilot Robert D. Owens W - 2 Army Battle Copters 1991 Ozone Ozone Replenisher Trooper David F. Kunitz E-4 Army Eco-Warriors , Star Brigade 1991 Skymate Glider Trooper Daniel T. Toner E-5 ( Equivalent ) Army ( Australian ) Air Commandos 1991 Tracker SEAL Christopher R. Groen E-7 Navy Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( vol. 2 ) # 37 - Killed by Red Shadows assassins in Fiji . 1992 Barricade Bunker buster Philip M. Holsinger E-5 Army Anti-Venom Task Force 1992 Bullet - Proof Drug Elimination Force leader / Urban commander Earl S. Morris O - 4 Army D.E.F. 1992 Dojo Silent weapons ninja Michael P. Russo E-8 Army Ninja Force 1992 General Flagg G.I. Joe General James Longstreet Flagg III O - 7 Army Although the first General Flagg action figure to be released , he is actually the son of the original leader of the G.I. Joe Team . 1992 Nunchuk Nunchaku ninja Ralph Badducci E-5 Army Ninja Force 1992 T'Jbang Ninja swordsman Sam LaQuale E-7 Army Ninja Force 1993 Banzai Rising Sun ninja Robert J. Travaano E-4 Army Ninja Force 1993 Blast - Off Flame thrower Jeffery D. Thompson E-4 Marine Corps Mega Marines 1993 Bushido Snow ninja Lloyd S. Goldfine E-5 Army Ninja Force 1993 Colonel Courage Strategic commander Cliff V. Mewett O - 6 Army 1993 Long Arm First strike Specialist Thomas P. Mangiaratti E-4 Army 1993 Mace Undercover operative Thomas S. Bowman E-8 Marine Corps 1993 Mirage Bio-artillery expert / Weapons expert Joseph R. Balkun E-6 Marine Corps Mega Marines 1993 Robo - Joe Jet - tech operations expert Greg D. Scott E-3 Army Star Brigade Robo - Joe 's real name is listed as Greg Scott , the same name used for Lifeline 's v5 and v6 file cards . 1993 Snow Storm High - tech Snow Trooper Guillermo `` Willie '' Suarez E-6 Army 1993 T'gin - Zu Pile Driver operator Joseph R. Rainone E-4 Army Ninja Force 1994 Effects Explosives expert Aron Beck E-6 Army Star Brigade 1994 G.I. Joe N / A Joseph B. Colton O - 10 Army 30th Anniversary The original G.I. Joe , given his first figure in the A Real American Hero line to celebrate thirty years of the series . His filecard lists both his 1964 ( O - 2 ) and present day details . 1994 Gears Invention technician Joseph A. Morrone O - 3 Army Star Brigade 1994 Ice Cream Soldier Flamethrower commando Tom - Henry Ragan E-5 Army 1994 Space Shot Combat freighter Pilot George A. Roberts E-4 Air Force Star Brigade Stars & Stripes Forever -- TRU Exclusives ( 1997 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Year Code Name Function Real Name Grade Service Branch Sub-team Notes 1998 Thunderwing Tank Commander Spencer D. Crecelius O - 1 Army A Real American Hero collection ( 2000 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) Year Code Name Function Real Name Grade Service Branch Sub-team Notes 2000 Chameleon Cobra intelligence officer ( Classified ) N / A N / A She is the illegitimate half - sister of the Baroness , and has taken on her identity as a spy for the G.I. Joe team . 2000 Sidetrack Survival Specialist Sean C. McLaughlin E-6 Army First of two characters code named Sidetrack . 2000 Whiteout Arctic Trooper Leonard J. Lee III E-6 Army 2001 Big Brawler Jungle Mission Specialist Brian K. Mulholland E-8 Army Tiger Force 2001 Crossfire Army machine gunner Bill White E-7 Army 2001 Double Blast Army machine gunner Charles Griffith E-8 Army 2001 Sure Fire Military police David S. Lane O - 5 Army 2001 Wet Down SEAL Daniel R. Alexander W - 5 Navy 2002 Dart Pathfinder Jimmy Tall Elk E-6 Army 2002 Lifeline Rescue Trooper Greg Scott E-5 Army Anti-Venom Task Force Second character code named Lifeline . 2002 Sideswipe Medical Specialist Andrew Frankel E-5 Army 2002 Sidetrack Ranger John Boyce E-7 Army Second character code named Sidetrack . G.I. Joe vs. Cobra ( 2002 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) Year Code Name Function Real Name Grade Service Branch Sub-team Notes 2002 G.I. Joe Reservist Reservist N / A N / A Army Figure available by mail - in . 2003 Agent Faces Infiltrator Michelino J. Paolino E-4 Army 2003 Barrel Roll High altitude sniper Dwight E. Stall E-4 Air Force Barrel Roll is the brother of both G.I. Joe Bombstrike and Cobra Black Out . 2003 Cross Hair Infiltrator / sniper Don G. Fardie E-4 Army 2003 Depth Charge Underwater demolitions Nick H. Langdon E-5 Navy 2003 Hollow Point Range Officer Max W. Corey E-6 Marine Corps Built - To - Rule line 2003 Kamakura Ninja Sean Broca / Sean Collins E-5 Army 2003 Rampage Split Fire Driver Walter A. McDaniel E-6 Army 2003 Red Spot Laser Trooper Michael P. Ritchie E-4 Army 2003 Sgt . Hacker Information retrieval Jessie H. Jordon E-5 Army 2003 Switch Gears Tank Driver Jerome T. Jivoin E-5 Army 2003 Wide Scope Special weapons and tactical Larry M. Kranseler E-5 Army 2003 Wreckage Demolitions Specialist Dillon L. Moreno E-4 Army Tiger Force TRU Exclusive Action Man International Super Agent ( Classified ) N / A N / A TRU Exclusive . Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( vol. 2 ) # 37 - Killed by Red Shadows assassins in Fiji . Dr. Link Talbot Combat Veterinarian Lincoln B. Talbot E-4 Navy General Flagg G.I. Joe General Lawrence J. Flagg O - 7 Army KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 19 . The original leader of the G.I. Joe Team . Hard Drive Battlefield Computer Specialist Martin A. Pidel E-4 Army Hi - Tech Operations Support Specialist David P. Lewinski E-4 Army Rollbar Humvee Driver Robert D. Dubé E-4 Army Tracker Kwinn Mercenary Jesse Kwinn N / A N / A 2005 Bombstrike Forward Air Controller Alyssa Renee Stall E-4 Air Force Bombstrike is the sister of both G.I. Joe Barrel Roll and Cobra Black Out . 2005 Cannonball RHINO Driver John Warden E-4 Army 2005 Major Barrage Artillery commander David Vennemeyer O - 4 Army 2005 Tiger Claw Ninja apprentice Chad M. Johnson E-4 Army Direct to Consumer ( DTC ) ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) Year Code Name Function Real Name Grade Service Branch Sub-team Notes 2006 Checkpoint Steel Brigade Security Jared Wade E-4 Army Steel Brigade DTC / TRU Exclusive ( Plague Troopers vs Steel Brigade ) 2006 G.I. Jane Physicist Jane Ann Martelle E-5 Army DTC Exclusive ( Viper Lockdown ) 2006 Red Zone Steel Brigade Urban Assault Luke Ellison E-4 Army Steel Brigade 2006 Med Alert Medic Kirk Bacus E-4 Army 2006 Rook Steel Brigade Interrogator Andy Lombardi E-4 Army Steel Brigade DTC / TRU Exclusive ( Plague Troopers vs Steel Brigade ) 25th anniversary ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Year Code Name Function Real Name Grade Service Branch Sub-team Notes 2008 G.I. Joe Trooper Infantry Trooper ( Various ) ( Various ) ( Various ) TRU Exclusive ( Firefly Versus G.I. Joe Troopers ) 2008 Hard Master Arashikage Leader N / A N / A N / A 2008 Specialist Trakker Advanced Vehicle Specialist Matt Trakker N / A N / A Mobile Armored Strike Kommand Leader of M.A.S.K. , a toyline from Kenner originally unrelated to G.I. Joe . Rise of Cobra ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Year Code Name Function Real Name Grade Service Branch Sub-team Notes 2009 Agent Helix Covert Operations CLASSIFIED E-4 Army Original character from Double Helix 's `` G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra '' video game , hence her code name . 2009 Dialtone Communications Jill S. Morelli E-4 ( Specialist ) Army TRU Exclusive , sister of the original Dial Tone . 2009 G.I. Joe Pit Commando Covert Military Force Various E-4 ( Specialist ) Army 2009 G.I. Joe Pit Trooper Covert Military Force Various E-4 Army TRU Exclusive , part of the `` Attack on the G.I. Joe Pit Headquarters '' set 2009 Ice Storm Cold - Water Marine Combat & Survival Specialist Nolan A. MacPhee E-5 Army Ross Exclusive ; Packaged with `` Polar Sharc Submarine '' . 2009 Sgt . Stone Special Forces Commando Geoffrey Stone IV E-5 Army Pursuit of Cobra ( 2010 - 2011 ) ( edit ) Year Code Name Function Real Name Grade Service Branch Sub-team Notes Kickstart Steel Marauder Pilot Joseph A. Rivera E-5 Army Packaged with the `` Steel Marauder '' Mobile Mech Suit . Night Fox Special Combat and Operations Expert Armando M. Ortiz E-5 Navy Packaged with the `` A.W.E. Striker '' . Sandstorm Military Police Joseph M. Benjamin E-4 ( Specialist ) Army Target Exclusive ; packaged with the `` RAM Cycle '' . Tomahawk Pilot William P. Folger O - 2 Air Force Packaged with the `` Ghost H.A.W.K. '' 30th Anniversary ( 2011 - 2012 ) ( edit ) Year Code Name Function Real Name Grade Service Branch Sub-team Notes 2011 Steel Brigade Delta Combat Vehicle Driver N / A E-4 ( Specialist ) Army Packaged with the `` V.A.M.P. Mk II '' 50th anniversary ( 2014 - ) ( edit ) Year Code Name Function Real Name Grade Service Branch Sub-team Notes 2015 Sightline Anti-Aircraft Support Gary Goggles E-6 Army Packaged with the `` Skystriker '' 2016 Stiletto Security Paithoon Kwaigno E-5 Army Stiletto is a Cobra agent undercover in the G.I. Joe team . 2016 Jodie `` Shooter '' Craig G.I. Joe Marksman Jodie F. Craig E-7 Army Convention rxclusives ( edit ) Year Code Name Function Real Name Grade Service Branch Sub-team Notes 2005 Steel Brigade Commander G.I. JOE Security Force Leader ( Classified ) N / A N / A Steel Brigade Convention Exclusive 2005 Steel Brigade Paratrooper G.I. JOE Security Force ( Various ) ( Various ) ( Various ) Steel Brigade Convention Exclusive 2007 Sparks Communications Expert Alessandro D. Verdi E-5 Army Convention Exclusive 2007 G.I. Joe Doc Medical Doctor Carla P. Greer O - 3 Army Convention Exclusive ; G.I. Joe Doc is the niece of the original `` Doc '' ( 1983 ) . 2009 Blades S.A.F. Helicopter Pilot Herbert J. Rotweiler W - 2 Army Special Action Force Convention Exclusive 2009 Sgt . Manleh Jet Pack Trooper Jason Kavanagh E-5 ( Equivalent ) Army ( Argentine ) Comandos Heroicos Convention Exclusive 2009 Sgt . Redmack Mountain Trooper Reginald Cobb E-5 Army Comandos Heroicos Convention Exclusive 2009 Sgt . Shimik Commando Jerome Ford E-8 ( Equivalent ) Army ( Argentine ) Comandos Heroicos Convention Exclusive 2009 Sgt . Topson Communications Frank Barbieri E-6 ( Equivalent ) Army ( Argentine ) Comandos Heroicos Convention Exclusive Agent Natalie Poole S.A.F. Covert Operations Natalie Poole E-7 ( Equivalent ) MI - 6 Special Action Force Convention Exclusive Gaucho Z Force Mechanic Rico Gonzalles E-6 ( Equivalent ) Army ( Mexican ) Special Action Force / Z Force Convention Exclusive Jammer Z Force Communications Calvin Mondale E-7 ( Equivalent ) Army ( British ) Special Action Force / Z Force Convention Exclusive ; Jammer is an American ex-pat . Lt. Dolphin Q Force Commander Gareth Morgan O - 1 ( Equivalent ) Navy ( British ) Special Action Force / Q Force Convention Exclusive 2011 Sparta G.I. Joe Secret Agent Brigid Cortez N / A N / A Mission Brazil II Convention Exclusive 2013 Freestyle Night Force Fighter Pilot Jocelyn De La Vega O - 3 Air Force Night Force Convention Exclusive 2015 Felino Tiger Shark Pilot Joao Kayapo E-4 Tiger Force Convention Exclusive G.I. Joe Collector 's Club Exclusives ( edit ) Year Code Name Function Real Name Grade Service Branch Sub-team Notes Big Lob G.I. Joe Reservist Bradley J. Sanders E-4 ( Specialist ) Army G.I. Joe Collector 's Club Exclusive 2013 Quarrel Undercover Operations Hedda Polver E-6 ( equivalent ) Army ( Switzerland ) Z Force G.I. Joe Collector 's Club Exclusive 2013 Theodore M. Thomas Bomb Disposal Expert Theodore M. Thomas E-6 ( equivalent ) Army ( Argentine ) Comandos Heroicos G.I. Joe Collector 's Club Exclusive 2014 Bombardier S.A.F. Experiential Weapons Connor D. Tree E-5 ( equivalent ) Army ( U.K. ) Action Force G.I. Joe Collector 's Club Exclusive 2015 Marissa Fairborn EDC Cybertronian Liaison Marissa Fairborne O - 3 Air Force G.I. Joe Collector 's Club Exclusive 2016 Billy Arboc Son of Cobra Commander William Kesler ( Alias ) G.I. Joe Collector 's Club Exclusive Cobra command ( edit ) Main article : Cobra Command Year Code Name Function Real Name Notes 1982 Cobra Commander Enemy Leader Classified Hooded version of figure available in 1984 by mail - in . 1982 The Enemy Cobra Officer Unknown Generic officer action figure . 1982 The Enemy Cobra ( Soldier ) Unknown Generic soldier action figure . Major Bludd Mercenary Sebastian Bludd The Enemy Cobra H.I.S.S. Driver Unknown Packaged with the Cobra `` H.I.S.S. '' vehicle . The Enemy Viper Pilot Unknown Packaged with the Cobra `` Viper Glider '' . 1984 Baroness Cobra Intelligence Officer Unknown ( Alias : Anastasia DeCobray ) 1984 Copperhead Water Moccasin Driver Classified Packaged with the Cobra `` Water Moccasin '' vehicle . 1984 Firefly Cobra Saboteur Classified 1984 Scrap - Iron Cobra Anti-Armor Specialist Classified 1984 Storm Shadow Cobra Ninja Thomas Arashikage Has worked for Cobra and G.I. Joe . 1984 The Enemy Cobra Stinger Driver Unknown Packaged with the Cobra `` Stinger '' vehicle . 1984 Wild Weasel Rattler Pilot Classified Packaged with the Cobra `` Rattler '' fighter plane . 1985 Crimson Guard Cobra Elite Trooper Top Secret 1985 Eels Cobra Frogman Classified 1985 Lamprey Cobra Hydrofoil Pilot Unknown Packaged with the Cobra `` Moray '' hydrofoil . 1985 Snow Serpent Cobra Polar Assault Classified 1985 Tele - Vipers Cobra Communications Classified 1985 Tomax and Xamot Crimson Guard Commanders Classified 1986 A.V.A.C. Cobra Terror Drome Firebat Pilot Various Air - Viper , Advanced Class ; packaged with the Cobra `` Terror Drome '' playset . 1986 B.A.T. Cobra Android Trooper N / A 1986 Dr. Mindbender Master of Mind Control Dr. Bender KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 98 - Buried alive in Cobra Island freighter by Cobra Commander . Disavowed Continuity : Clone later killed in issue # 41 of the Devil 's Due RAH series . 1986 Motor - Viper Cobra Stun Pilot Various Packaged with the Cobra `` STUN '' vehicle . 1986 Serpentor Cobra Emperor Serpentor KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 76 - Shot in the face with an arrow by Zartan during the Cobra Civil War . 1986 Strato - Viper Cobra Night Raven Pilot Various Packaged with the Cobra `` Night Raven S3P '' fighter jet . 1986 Viper Cobra Infantry Various Big Boa Cobra Trainer Unknown Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( vol. 2 ) # 38 - Killed by Red Shadows operatives while in Brazil . Croc Master Cobra Reptile trainer Unknown KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 98 - Buried alive in Cobra Island freighter by Cobra Commander . Crystal Ball Cobra Hypnotist Unknown Golobulus Cobra - La Ruler Gyro - Viper Mamba Driver Various Packaged with the Cobra `` Mamba '' helicopter . Ice - Viper Cobra W.O.L.F. Driver Various Packaged with the Cobra `` W.O.L.F. '' vehicle . Nemesis Enforcer Cobra - La Team Raptor Cobra Falconer Unknown KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 98 - Buried alive in Cobra Island freighter by Cobra Commander . Royal Guard Cobra - La Team Sea Slug Sea Ray Navigator Various Packaged with the Cobra `` Sea Ray '' vehicle . Techno - Viper Cobra Battlefield Technician Various W.O.R.M.S. Maggot Driver Various Weapons Ordinance Rugged Machine Specialists ; packaged with the Cobra `` Maggot '' vehicle . 1988 Astro - Viper Cobranaut Various 1988 Hydro - Viper Cobra Underwater Elite Trooper Various Demon of the Deep 1988 Secto - Viper Cobra Bugg Driver Various Packaged with the Cobra `` BUGG '' vehicle . 1988 Star - Viper Cobra Stellar Stiletto Pilot Various Packaged with the Cobra `` Stellar Stiletto '' vehicle . 1988 Toxo - Viper Cobra Hostile Environment Trooper Various 1989 Aero - Viper Condor Z - 25 Pilot Various Packaged with the Cobra `` Condor Z - 25 '' fighter jet . 1989 Alley Viper Cobra Urban Assault Trooper Various 1989 Frag - Viper Cobra Grenade Thrower Various 1989 HEAT Viper Cobra Bazooka Man Various 1989 Night - Viper Cobra Night Fighter Various 1989 Track - Viper H.I.S.S. II Driver Various Packaged with the Cobra `` H.I.S.S. II '' vehicle . 1990 Decimator Cobra Hammerhead Driver Unknown Packaged with the Cobra `` Hammerhead '' submersible sea tank . 1990 Laser - Viper Cobra Laser Trooper Various 1990 Night Creeper Cobra Ninja Various 1990 Overlord Dictator Driver Unknown Packaged with the Cobra `` Dictator '' vehicle ; killed by Joe operative Scanner in the Devils Due RAH series . 1990 Range - Viper Cobra Wilderness Troopers Various 1990 Rock - Viper Cobra Mountain Trooper Various 1990 S.A.W. - Viper Cobra Heavy Machine Gunner Various Semi Automatic Weapon 1990 Vapor Cobra Hurricane VTOL Pilot Unknown Packaged with the Cobra `` Hurricane V.T.O.L. '' . 1991 Cesspool Chief Environmental Operative Vincent A. D'Alleva Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( America 's Elite ) # 30 - executed during raid on G.I. Joe prison facility . 1991 Crimson Guard Immortal Cobra Elite Trooper Top Secret 1991 Desert Scorpion Cobra Desert Trooper Various 1991 Incinerators Cobra Flamethrowers Various 1991 Interrogator Cobra Battle Copter Pilot Unknown 1991 Night Vulture Air Recon Trooper Various 1991 Overkill B.A.T. Leader Unknown Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( America 's Elite ) # 30 - executed during raid on G.I. Joe prison facility . 1991 Sky Creeper Air Recon Leader Unknown Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( Special Missions : The Enemy ) - Shot and thrown out of a helicopter by Black Out and Guillotine . 1991 Sludge Viper Cobra Hazardous Waste Viper Various 1992 Cobra Air Devil Acrobatic Aerial Assault Trooper Various 1992 Dice Cobra Bo - staff Ninja Unknown 1992 Flak - Viper Cobra Anti-aircraft Trooper Various 1992 Headhunters Headman 's Narcotic Guard Various 1992 Headman Headhunter Drug Kingpin Unknown Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( America 's Elite ) # 30 - executed during raid on G.I. Joe prison facility . 1992 Heli - Vipers Cobra Battle Copter Troopers Various 1992 Ninja - Viper Various 1992 Slice Cobra Ninja Swordsman Unknown 1992 Toxo - Zombie Cobra Toxic Disaster Trooper Various 1993 Bio-Vipers Mega Monster Various 1993 Cobra BAAT Battle Armored Android Trooper N / A Released as part of the `` Star Brigade '' line . 1993 Night Creeper Leader Ninja Supreme Master Unknown 1993 Crimson Guard Commander Cobra Elite Officer Top Secret 1993 Cyber-Vipers Cybernetic Officers Various 1993 Gristle Headhunter Urban Crime Commander Danimal J. Rogers 1993 Mega-Vipers Mega Monster Trainers Various 1993 Monstro - Vipers Mega Monster Various 1993 Nitro - Viper Detonator Driver Unknown Packaged with the Cobra `` Detonator '' vehicle . 1993 Red Ninjas Battle Axe Operators Unknown 1993 Headhunter Stormtroopers Headhunter Elite Urban Crime Guards Various 1994 Cobra Blackstar Elite Space Pilot Unknown Released as part of the `` Star Brigade '' line . 1994 Carcass Alien Destroyer 1994 Lobotomaxx Stellar Explorer 1994 Predacon Alien Bounty hunter 1998 Vypra Rattler 4 - WD Driver Ann A. Conda 2000 Rip It Heavy Equipment Operator Fredd T. Booth III Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( Special Missions : The Enemy ) - Shot and thrown out of a helicopter by Black Out and Guillotine . 2001 Cobra Fast Blast Viper Field Combat Various 2001 Iguanus Manimal Stellar Stalker 2001 Shadow Viper Counter Intelligence Various 2001 Slythor Manimal Galactic Attacker 2001 Sub Viper Underwater Demolitions Various 2001 Warwolf Manimal Alien Mutation Expert 2002 Cobra C.L.A.W.S. Heavy Weapons Trooper Various Combat Light Armored Weapons Specialist 2002 Cobra Moray Cobra Underwater Elite Operations Various 2002 Desert Cobra C.L.A.W.S. Heavy Weapons Trooper Various 2002 Neo-Viper Cobra Infantry Officers Various 2002 Neo-Viper Commander Neo-Viper Leader Unknown 2002 Shock Viper Cobra Fire Assault Trooper Various 2002 Skull Buster Cobra Range - Viper Commander Unknown 2003 Air - Viper Cobra Air Force Trainee Various Convention Exclusive 2003 Black Dragon Spy Organization Warlord Unknown Convention Exclusive 2003 Black Dragon Trooper Spy Organization Agents of Destruction Various Convention Exclusive 2003 Black Out Cobra Sniper Thomas G. Stall Black Out is the brother of both G.I. Joe Bombstrike and Barrel Roll . 2003 Cobra C.L.A.W.S. Commander Combat Light Armored Weapons Specialist Top Secret 2003 Cobra Coils High Speed Pursuit Vehicle Driver Various 2003 Cobra Inferno BAT Battle Android Trooper N / A Internet Exclusive ( B.A.T. Army Builder ) 2003 Heavy Water Trooper Cobra Radiological Weapons Specialists Various 2003 Pit Viper Cobra Infiltration Trooper Various 2003 Sand Viper Cobra Desert Infiltrators Various 2003 Scalpel Cobra Medic Andrew R. Walker 2003 Swamp - Viper Amphibious Assault Troopers Various Convention Exclusive Alley Viper II Cobra Urban Assault Trooper Various Black Dragon Ninja Cobra Ninja Warrior Unknown TRU Exclusive ( Ninja Cobra Strike Force ) Cobra BAT II Cobra Android Trooper N / A Cobra Infantry Trooper Cobra Infantry Various TRU Exclusive ( Cobra Infantry Forces ) Cobra Ninja Trooper Cobra Ninja Warrior Unknown Cobra Squad Leader Cobra Infantry Troop Leader Unknown TRU Exclusive ( Cobra Infantry Forces ) COIL Crusher Cobra Silent infiltrator Unknown Electric EEL Cobra V - Troop Underwater Specialist Various Ghost Bear Pulverizer Driver Jesse Kwinn Jr . The son of late Cobra mercenary Kwinn . Neurotoxin Cobra Sand Scorpion Leader Unknown Razor Trooper Cobra V - Troop Infantry Various Razorclaw Cobra Feral Berserker Unknown Sand Scorpion Cobra Elite Desert Trooper Various Snow Wolf Cobra V - Troop Polar Sentry Various Swamp Rat Cobra V - Troop Infiltrators Various Venomous Maximus Cobra V - Troop Overlord Clayton Abernathy / General Hawk Overlord of Cobra 's V - Troops ( G.I. Joe : Valor vs. Venom ) , he was once General Hawk , commander of the G.I. Joe team . 2005 Cobra Imperial Guard Elite Guards for Cobra Commander Top Secret TRU Exclusive ( Cobra Imperial Procession ) 2005 Cobra Night Trooper Cobra Night Watch Various DTC Exclusive ( Cobra Night Watch ) 2005 Cobra Slash Cobra Ninja / Mercenary Unknown 2005 Cobra Squad Leader Cobra Night Watch Unknown DTC Exclusive ( Cobra Night Watch ) 2005 Crimson Shadow Guard Cobra Elite Trooper Top Secret TRU Exclusive ( Crimson Shadow Guard ) 2005 Croc Master II Reptile Leader Unknown The second man to hold this title , he has been combined with a crocodile . Killed by Baroness . 2005 Cobra Commander Cobra Supreme Leader Fred VII Cobra Commander Impostor 2005 Jungle Viper Cobra Jungle Assault Trooper Various G.I. Joe Collector 's Club Exclusive 2005 Medi - Viper Cobra Medical Trooper Various 2005 Shadow Strike Cobra Ninja Unknown 2006 Cobra Mortal Cobra Elite Enforcer Unknown Convention Exclusive 2006 Cobra Viper Guard Cobra Infantrymen Various DTC Exclusive ( Viper Lockdown ) 2006 Coil Trooper Mercenary Soldier Various Convention Exclusive 2006 Gallows Plague Trooper Unknown DTC / TRU Exclusive ( Plague Troopers vs Steel Brigade ) 2006 Grim Skull Plague Trooper Unknown DTC / TRU Exclusive ( Plague Troopers vs Steel Brigade ) 2006 Guillotine Plague Trooper Commander Unknown DTC / TRU Exclusive ( Plague Troopers vs Steel Brigade ) 2006 Hannibal : Reborn General Hannibal DTC / TRU Exclusive 2006 Skull Squad Trooper Soldiers of Fortune Various Convention Exclusive 2007 Lt. Clay Moore Shock Viper Commander Clayton W. Moore Convention Exclusive 2007 Snow Serpent Commander Cobra Polar Assault Leader Munroe B. Egavas G.I. Joe Collector 's Club Exclusive 2008 Cobra Sky BAT Battle Android Trooper N / A Convention Exclusive 2008 Headhunter B.A.T. Headhunter Battle Android Troopers N / A Convention Exclusive 2008 Headhunter Guards Headhunter Guardians Various Convention Exclusive 2008 Headhunter Driver Headhunter Vehicle Operators Various Convention Exclusive 2008 Hotwire B.A.T. Mechanic Unknown Convention Exclusive 2009 Munitia Mercenary Unknown G.I. Joe Collectors ' Club Exclusive Black Major Red Shadows Commander John Shepherd ( alias ) Convention Exclusive Red Shadows Red Shadows Troopers Various Convention Exclusive Red Torches Red Shadows Pyro - Troopers Various Convention Exclusive 25th anniversary - style Cobra figures ( edit ) Year Code Name Function Real Name Notes 2007 Cobra Air Trooper Elite Infantry Unknown Part of the `` Cobra Legions '' box set 2008 Cobra Bazooka Trooper Anti-Armor Trooper Various 2008 Cobra Diver Underwater Trooper Various 2008 Cobra Driver Cobra Infantry Trooper Unknown Target Exclusive ; packaged with the `` Cobra H.I.S.S. '' vehicle 2008 Cobra HISS Commander Cobra Infantry Various Packaged with the `` Cobra H.I.S.S. '' vehicle 2008 Cobra Paratrooper Airborne Infantry Various Part of a `` DVD Battles Pack '' 2008 Para-Viper Cobra Paratrooper Various 2008 Cobra Pilot Air Trooper Various Packaged with the `` Cobra F.A.N.G. & Cobra C.L.A.W. '' vehicle set . 2008 Cobra Vehicle Gunner Cobra Infantry Various Target Exclusive ( Ultimate Battle Pack ) 2008 Crimson Guard Officer Cobra Elite Officer Top Secret TRU Exclusive ( Senior Ranking Officers 3 - pack ) 2008 Crimson Guard Squad Leader Cobra Elite Officer Top Secret TRU Exclusive ( Crimson Guard 5 - pack ) 2008 Mercenary Wraith Counter Intelligence Charles Halifax Disavowed Continuity : KIA - killed by Baroness in G.I. Joe : America 's Elite . 2008 Montezuma 's Skeleton Montezuma 's Skeleton Moctezuma Xocoyotzin Part of a `` DVD Battles Pack '' 2008 Snow Serpent Officer Polar Assault Officer Various Internet Exclusive ( Cobra Arctic Assault Squad pack ) 2008 The Enemy Cobra Night Watch Officer Unknown TRU Exclusive ( Cobra Night Watch 5 - pack ) 2008 The Enemy Cobra Red Ninja Leader Unknown TRU Exclusive ( Snake - Eyes vs. Red Ninja Troopers 5 - pack ) 2009 Aqua - Viper Officer Aqua - Viper Leader Various Packaged with the `` Mantis Attack Craft '' . 2009 Desert - Viper Desert Battle Various 2009 Elite - Viper Elite Regiment Officer Various 2009 Nano - Viper Cobra Commando Unknown 2009 Neo-Viper Officer Cobra Commando Various TRU Exclusive , part of the `` Attack on the G.I. Joe Pit Headquarters '' set 2009 Night Adder Cobra Security Officer Unknown 2009 Red Fang Ninja Cobra Ninja Various 2009 Terra - Viper Mole Pod Pilot Various Packaged with the `` Cobra Mole Pod '' . 2011 Shadow Tracker Cobra Jungle Tracker Unknown 2011 Cobra Crimson Horseman Cobra H.I.S.S. Tank Driver Various Packaged with the `` Cobra Crimson H.I.S.S. '' tank . 2011 Hazard - Viper Toxin Specialist Various 2011 Lightning ( Relâmpago ) Python Patrol Boat Pilot Unknown Convention Exclusive 2011 Steel Cobra ( Cobra de Aco ) Cobra Commando Unknown Convention Exclusive 2011 Trigger ( Gatilho ) Python Patrol Sniper Unknown Convention Exclusive 2011 Zombie Viper Cobra Trooper Various 2012 Cobra Stealth Paratrooper N / A N / A Convention Exclusive 2013 Crimson Asp Cobra Saboteur Sioban A. Nathair Convention Exclusive 2013 Cobra Letal Cobra Grenadier Commander Unknown Convention Exclusive 2013 Iron Klaw Dictator Unknown G.I. Joe Collector 's Club Exclusive 2013 Nano - B.A.T. Cobra Battle Android Trooper N / A G.I. Joe Collector 's Club Exclusive 2014 Arctic B.A.T. Cobra Battle Android Trooper N / A 50th Anniversary 2014 Cobra Viper Officer Cobra Infantry Various 50th Anniversary 2014 Cobra Lab - Rats Cobra Industries Technician Various Convention Exclusive 2014 Repulsor Toxo - Viper Commander Frederick M. Townsend Convention Exclusive 2015 Advanced Stealth B.A.T. Stealth Battle Android Trooper N / A Collector 's Club Exclusive 2015 Elite Horseman Tank Driver Various 50th Anniversary 2015 H.I.S.S. Gunner Tank Gunner Various 50th Anniversary 2016 Tombstone Psyops Command Unknown 50th Anniversary 2017 Steel Raven S.K.A.R. Infantry Officer Unknown G.I. Joe Collector 's Club Exclusive Dreadnoks ( edit ) Main article : Dreadnoks Year Code Name Function Real Name Notes 1984 Zartan Master of Disguise Unknown ( Aliases too numerous to list ) 1985 Buzzer Dreadnok Richard Blinken - Smythe ( Alias : Dick Blinken ) 1985 Ripper Dreadnok Harry Nod 1985 Torch Dreadnok Tom Winken 1986 Monkeywrench Dreadnok Bill Winkie Disavowed Continuity : KIA ( America 's Elite ) # 30 - executed during raid on G.I. Joe prison facility . 1986 Thrasher Dreadnok / Thunder Machine Driver Bruno LaCrosse Packaged with the Dreadnok `` Thunder Machine '' . 1986 Zandar Zartan 's brother Zachary ( real last name unknown ) 1986 Zarana Zartan 's sister Zoe ( real last name unknown ) Zanzibar Dreadnok Pirate Morgan Teach Packaged with the Dreadnok `` Air Skiff '' . 1988 Road Pig Dreadnok Donald DeLuca 1989 Gnawgahyde Dreadnok Poacher Clyde Hyde Disavowed Continuity : Listed as `` missing '' in America 's Elite # 25 . 2003 Burnout Mechanic Walter O. Jones Crusher Dreadnok Agent Roberto K. Rivera Convention Exclusive Demolishor Dreadnok Agent Sukko Torngark Convention Exclusive Dreadhead Billy - Bob Dreadnok Recruit Horatio T. Wesson Convention Exclusive Dreadhead Cletus Dreadnok Recruit Terrance W. Wesson Convention Exclusive Dreadhead Joe - Bob Dreadnok Recruit Winston P. Smith Convention Exclusive Dreadhead Otis Dreadnok Recruit Theodore I. Smith Convention Exclusive Dreadhead Roscoe Dreadnok Recruit Maximillian Q. Wesson Convention Exclusive Dreadhead Vance Dreadnok Recruit Cornelius E. Smith Convention Exclusive Storm Rider Dreadnok Unknown Packaged with the Dreadnok `` Doom Cycle '' . 2011 Zanya Zartan 's daughter Zanya ( real last name unknown ) Part of the `` Dreadnok Battle Set '' 7 - pack Iron grenadiers ( edit ) Main article : Iron Grenadiers Year Code Name Function Real Name Notes Destro Enemy Weapons Supplier James McCullen Destro XXIV 1988 Ferret Iron Grenadier DEMON Drivers Various 1988 Iron Grenadiers Destro 's Elite Troopers Various 1988 Nullifier Iron Grenadiers AGP Pilot Various 1988 Voltar Destro 's General Unknown KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 98 - Buried alive in Cobra Island Freighter by Cobra Commander . 1989 Annihilator Destro 's Elite Trooper Various 1989 Darklon Iron Grenadier Evader Driver Unknown Presumed KIA ( vol. 1 ) # 146 - Presumed killed in a missile strike by Destro . Later discovered he had taken shelter in a bunker before the explosion . 1989 T.A.R.G.A.T. Iron Grenadier Trans - Atmospheric Rapid Global Assault Trooper Various 1989 Wild Boar Iron Grenadier Razorback Driver Various 1990 Metal - Head Destro 's Anti-Tank Specialist Stuart A. Finley 1990 Undertow Destro 's Frogmen Various 2005 General Mayhem Iron Grenadiers General Vladimir P. Mayhemovski Convention Exclusive 2005 Iron Anvil Iron Grenadiers Paratrooper Various Convention Exclusive 2007 Rowdy Roddy Piper Iron Grenadier Trainer Roddy Piper Convention Exclusive . Based on wrestler Roddy Piper . 2008 Iron Grenadier Officer Elite Officer Unknown TRU Exclusive ( Iron Grenadier Command ) 2009 M.A.R.S. Industries Officer M.A.R.S. Industries Officer Various 2009 M.A.R.S. Industries Trooper M.A.R.S. Industries Trooper Various 2009 M.A.R.S. Industries Weapons Officer M.A.R.S. Industries Weapons Officer Various K - Mart Exclusive ; part of the `` G.I. Joe Versus Cobra '' box set . 2012 Sergeant Major Duncan Destro 's Sergeant Major Alistair Thomas Duncan Convention Exclusive 2015 Undertow Officer Iron Grenadiers Frogmen Commander Azinza Solarin Convention Exclusive 2015 M.A.R.S. Iron Anvil Officer Iron Grenadiers Paratrooper Various Convention Exclusive Oktober guard ( edit ) Main article : Oktober Guard Year Code Name Function Real Name Grade Service Branch Notes 1991 Red Star Oktober Guard Officer Anatoly Fydorovich Krimov O - 3 ( equivalent ) Army ( Soviet / Russian ) 1992 Big Bear Oktober Guard Anti-Armor Specialist Grigor Ivanovich Rostoff E-5 ( equivalent ) Army ( Soviet / Russian ) 1998 Colonel Brekhov Oktober Guard Commander Ivan Nikolevich Brekhov O - 6 ( equivalent ) Army ( Soviet / Russian ) KIA Special Missions # 26 - Died in Sierra Gordo while attempting to save his friends and allies . 1998 Lt. Gorky Oktober Guard Commando Mikhail P. Gorky O - 1 ( equivalent ) Navy ( Soviet / Russian ) 1998 Volga ( aka Daina ) Oktober Guard Weapons Expert Daina L. Janack O - 1 ( equivalent ) Army ( Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic ) Code - named Vorona in the Devil 's Due series 2005 Dragonsky Oktober Guard Flamethrower Andrei Freisov E-8 ( equivalent ) Army ( Soviet / Russian ) Convention Exclusive 2005 Horror Show Oktober Guard Soldier Stepan Drukersky Unknown Army ( Soviet / Russian ) KIA Special Missions # 26 - Died in Sierra Gordo while attempting to save his friends and allies . 2005 Schrage Oktober Guard Soldier ( Classified ) Unknown Army ( East German ) KIA Special Missions # 26 - Died in Sierra Gordo while attempting to save his friends and allies . 2005 Stormavik Oktober Guard Soldier ( Classified ) Unknown Army ( Soviet / Russian ) KIA Special Missions # 26 - Died in Sierra Gordo while attempting to save his friends and allies . 2006 Sgt . Misha Zubenkov Oktober Guard Soldier Misha L. Zubenkov E-5 ( equivalent ) Army ( Soviet / Russian ) 2012 Iron Bear Oktober Guard General O - 7 ( equivalent ) Army ( Soviet / Russian ) Convention / Web Exclusive See also ( edit ) Action Force AF ( action figures ) G.I. Joe : America 's movable fighting man List of G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero playsets List of G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero vehicles References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) YOJOE.com Action Figure Archive G.I. Joe Characters G.I. Joe Team General Joseph Colton Ace Airborne Airtight Alpine Barbecue Bazooka Beach Head Blowtorch Breaker Chuckles Claymore Clutch Cover Girl Crankcase Crazylegs Cross-Country Cutter Deep Six Dial - Tone Doc Duke Dusty Falcon Flash Flint Footloose Frostbite General Flagg Grand Slam Grunt Gung - Ho Hawk Heavy Duty Heavy Metal Iceberg Jinx Kamakura Billy Kessler Lady Jaye Law & Order Leatherneck Lifeline Lift - Ticket Long Range Low - Light Mainframe Mercer Mutt Outback Psyche - Out Quick Kick Recondo Rip Cord Roadblock Rock ' n Roll Scarlett Sci - Fi Sgt . Slaughter Shipwreck Shockwave Short - Fuze Slip Stream Snake Eyes Snow Job Spirit Stalker Steeler Stone Thunder Torpedo Tripwire Tunnel Rat Wet Suit Wild Bill Zap Sub-Teams Battleforce 2000 Ninja Force Star Brigade Troopers Greenshirts Cobra Command Cobra Commander Destro Serpentor Baroness Copperhead Croc Master Doctor Mindbender Doctor Venom Firefly Fred VII Major Bludd Overkill Scrap - Iron Slice Storm Shadow Tomax and Xamot Wild Weasel Troopers B.A.T.s Cobra Troopers Crimson Guard Night Creepers Python Patrol Dreadnoks Zartan Zandar Zarana Buzzer Gnawgahyde Monkeywrench Ripper Road Pig Thrasher Torch Zanzibar Iron Grenadiers Metal - Head Voltar Oktober Guard Red Star Media Toyline America 's Movable Fighting Man Adventure Team A Real American Hero Hall of Fame Sgt . Savage and his Screaming Eagles Classic Collection Masterpiece Edition Extreme Timeless Collection G.I. Joe vs. Cobra Sigma 6 25th Anniversary Vehicles A.W.E. Striker Defiant Rattler Thunder Machine USS Flagg V.A.M.P. Comics Marvel Comics series G.I. Joe and the Transformers Devil 's Due series G.I. Joe : America 's Elite `` World War III '' IDW Publishing series G.I. Joe : Cobra Infestation Infestation 2 Revolution First Strike Animated series Sunbow series episodes DiC series episodes Extreme episodes Sigma 6 Resolute Renegades characters Films Animated G.I. Joe : The Movie Spy Troops Valor vs. Venom Ninja Battles Live action The Rise of Cobra Retaliation Video games Cobra Strikes A Real American Hero Action Force G.I. Joe NES video game The Atlantis Factor G.I. Joe arcade game The Rise of Cobra Factions G.I. Joe Team Cobra - La Cobra Command Dreadnoks Iron Grenadiers Oktober Guard Red Shadows Lists Characters A -- C D -- G H -- L M -- R S -- Z Cobra Toylines Locations Playsets Real people Vehicles Related articles Action Force Arashikage Brainwave Scanner Built to Rule Cobra Island Larry Hama Synthoid Terror Drome The Pit The Ballad of G.I. Joe `` G.I. Jeff '' Book : G.I. Joe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_characters&oldid=802991769 '' Categories : 1980s toys 1990s toys 2000s toys Action figures Hasbro products Lists of G.I. Joe characters Lists of toy characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from April 2017 All articles needing copy edit Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles lacking sources from September 2017 All articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 19 : 52 . About Wikipedia | how many gi joe action figures are there | [] | [] |
5115573223905383960 | Fifty Shades Freed | Fifty Shades Freed - wikipedia Fifty Shades Freed Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) . Fifty Shades Freed Author E.L James . Cover artist Isaiah Ogasawara Country United Kingdom Language English Series Fifty Shades trilogy Genre Erotic romance Published 17 April 2012 ( Vintage Books ) , ( UK ) 26 April 2012 ( Arrow Books ) Media type Print ( Hardcover , Paperback ) Pages 592 ISBN 0345803507 Preceded by Fifty Shades Darker Followed by Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Fifty Shades Freed is the third and final installment of the erotic romance Fifty Shades Trilogy by British author E.L. James . After accepting entrepreneur CEO Christian Grey 's proposal in Fifty Shades Darker , Anastasia Steele must adjust not only to married life but to her new husband 's wealthy lifestyle and controlling nature . The paperback edition was first published in April 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Reception 4 Film adaptation 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Anastasia ' Ana ' Steele and Christian Grey return to Seattle after a long honeymoon . Christian is upset to find that Ana has kept her maiden name , Steele , at work . After some resistance , Ana relents and changes her name at work to Grey after realizing how important it is to Christian . As a belated - wedding gift , Christian gives Seattle Independent Publishing to Ana , who plans to rename it Grey Publishing . While Christian is on a business trip in New York , Anastasia goes out for a drink with longtime friend , Kate Kavanagh , doing so against Christian 's wishes . Returning home , she finds that her former boss , Jack Hyde , who was fired for attempting to sexually assault Ana , has been apprehended by the security staff . Duct tape is found in his pocket and in his van there are tranquilizers and a ransom note -- all indications that he intended to kidnap her , he is arrested . Angry with Ana for defying him , Christian cuts short his New York business trip and returns to Seattle . Furious that Ana reneged on her promise to have Kate over rather than go out , an upset Christian sulks while Ana sleeps . Eventually , the two argue and Ana berates him for being overly controlling and possessive . She demands more freedom and access to her friends . Soon after , Christian surprises her with a trip to Aspen , with Kate , Elliot , Mia , and Kate 's brother , Ethan . While there , Elliot proposes to Kate , and she accepts . Ana 's step - father , Ray , is in a medically - induced coma after a car accident . When he awakens a few days later , Ana and Christian arrange to move him to Seattle to recover . It is also Ana 's birthday weekend , and Christian surprises her with all her family and friends at a dinner . He gives her a charm bracelet with the charms representing all their `` firsts '' including an ice cream cone to represent their `` vanilla '' relationship . Christian also gifts her with an Audi R8 . Soon after , Ana learns she is pregnant . Christian angrily accuses her of getting pregnant on purpose and leaves . He returns early the next morning drunk , claiming Ana will choose the baby - whom he believes to be a boy - over him . Ana says it could be a girl , though Christian refuses to accept that due to his sexist and chauvinistic nature . Ana become furious when she discovers a text message on Christian 's phone from Elena Lincoln , the woman who seduced him when he was fifteen and introduced him to the BDSM lifestyle . The message indicates they met for a drink . The next two mornings , Anastasia and Christian barely speak to each other : Christian is angry over the unplanned pregnancy ; Anastasia is upset about his late - night encounter with Elena , though Christian insists their relationship is long - since over . When Christian is away on a business for a few days , Ana receives a call from Jack Hyde . He has kidnapped Mia Grey and demands $5 million in two hours . He warns Ana not to tell anyone or he will kill Mia . Anastasia feigns illness and returns home to escape her bodyguard , Sawyer . She takes a gun and goes to the bank . While collecting the money , the suspicious bank manager calls Christian . who believes Ana is leaving him . To protect Mia 's life , Ana lies to Christian , saying she is leaving him to raise the baby alone . Hyde instructs Ana to leave her phone but she tricks him by taking the bank manager 's phone instead and dropping it in the trash . She leaves via the back entrance to a waiting car , shocked that Hyde 's accomplice is Elizabeth Morgan , her co-worker . When handing over the money , Hyde tries to kill Ana out of vengeance for losing his job , causing Elizabeth to feel guilty for being involved . Angered by his behavior and his hurting Ana , she and Hyde argue . On the ground and bruised , Ana shoots Hyde in the leg . When Ana starts to black out she hears Christian calling her name . Ana wakes three days later in the hospital with Christian at her side . Though he is angry at Ana 's recklessness and still anxious about fatherhood , he realizes how important their baby is to her , and they reconcile . Ana returns home the next day . Christian learns from his private investigator , Welch , that he and Hyde had the same foster family . He tells Ana about how he met and was seduced by Elena . By introducing him to the world of BDSM , Elena helped Christian learn to take control of his life . If she had not intervened , he would still be plagued with horrible memories of his mother and would never have been able to control his life . Ana feels guilty for her behavior when he explains that he had been looking for his psychiatrist , Dr. Flynn , because he needed help . When he could not contact Flynn , Christian wound up at Elena 's salon and they then had a drink at the bar . Although she made a pass at him , Elena realized that Christian loved Ana . The next day , a furious Christian discovers that Elena 's ex-husband , Eric Lincoln , has bailed Jack from jail out of spite for her affair with Christian . Christian tells Ana that after learning about the affair , Eric severely beat Elena and divorced her . Despite Christian 's urging , Elena refused to press charges against Eric out of guilt . Christian retaliated by buying out Eric Lincoln 's logging company to sell it off . It is also learned Elizabeth confessed to police that she was blackmailed by Hyde to be his accomplice . ( However , her ultimate fate remains a mystery . ) Two years later , Ana and Christian have a son named Theodore Raymond Grey , nicknamed Teddy , and Ana is six months pregnant with their second child , a daughter whom they decide to name Phoebe . Elliot and Kate have married and have a two - month - old daughter named Ava . At the end , after having BDSM sex , Ana and Christian are getting ready to celebrate Teddy 's second birthday with their family and friends . Characters ( edit ) Anastasia `` Ana '' Rose Steele - Grey : Commissioning Editor at SIP ( Seattle Independent Publishing ) and wife of Christian Grey . Christian Grey : Adoptive son of Dr. Grace Trevelyan - Grey and Carrick Grey . 28 - year - old CEO of Grey Enterprise Holdings , Inc and Anastasia 's husband . Jason Taylor : Christian 's most trusted bodyguard and head of Christian 's security team . Luke Sawyer : Bodyguard in charge of Ana 's protection . Jack Hyde : Ana 's former boss and main antagonist . Mia Grey : Adoptive daughter of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan Grey and younger sister of Christian Grey and Elliot Grey . Katherine `` Kate '' Kavanagh : Ana 's best friend and Elliot Grey 's wife Elliot Grey : Elder brother to Christian Grey and Mia Grey and Katherine 's husband Elena Lincoln : Grace Trevelyan Grey 's former friend and Christian 's former Dominant . One of the main antagonists in Fifty Shades Darker Dr. Grace Trevelyan - Grey : Christian 's adoptive mother . Carrick Grey : Christian 's adoptive father . Ray Steele : Ana 's step - father , who adopted Ana and gave her his last name . Ethan Kavanagh : Kate Kavanagh 's older brother . Nishant Mishra : Christian 's corporate office 's doorman . Leila Williams : A former submissive of Christian . Elizabeth Morgan : Ana 's SIP colleague and accomplice of Jack Hyde . Mr. Eric Lincoln : Owner of Lincoln Timbers and Elena 's ex-husband . Theodore `` Teddy '' Raymond Steele - Grey : Son of Anastasia and Christian Grey . Reception ( edit ) Fifty Shades Freed entered The New York Times Best Seller list at number three . In the UK the novel sold over two million copies . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) Sam Taylor - Johnson , the director of the film adaptation of the first installment of the book series , Fifty Shades of Grey , confirmed on 6 February 2015 that both Fifty Shades Freed and the second book in the trilogy , Fifty Shades Darker , will also be adapted for film . The film was released on 9 February 2018 . In November 2015 , Universal Studios announced that both films will be shot back - to - back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed ( Fifty Shades # 3 ) '' . Goodreads . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : Paperback Trade Fiction '' . The New York Times . May 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Simon ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` The top 100 bestselling books of all time : how does Fifty Shades of Grey compare ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels Confirmed ; Fans React to ' Fifty Shades Darker ' and ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Movie Announcement '' . International Business Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Ford , Rebecca ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` CinemaCon : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequel to Hit Theaters in 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Interesting facts about Fifty Shades Freed Official author page ( hide ) Fifty Shades franchise by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` Haunted ( Michael Diamond Remix ) '' `` Beast of Burden '' `` I 'm on Fire '' `` Witchcraft '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' `` The Scientist '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_Freed&oldid=826618422 '' Categories : 2012 British novels BDSM literature British erotic novels British novels adapted into films British romance novels Fan fiction works Novels set in Seattle Women 's erotica and pornography Fifty Shades Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2014 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 03 : 25 . About Wikipedia | what happens in the last fifty shades book | [] | [] |
5167806810590036858 | 300 save club | 300 save club - wikipedia 300 save club Mariano Rivera has the most career saves in Major League Baseball history with 652 . In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , the 300 save club is the group of pitchers who have recorded 300 or more regular - season saves in their careers . Most commonly a relief pitcher ( `` reliever '' or `` closer '' ) earns a save by being the final pitcher of a game in which his team is winning by three or fewer runs and pitching at least one inning without losing the lead . The final pitcher of a game can also earn a save by getting at least one batter out to end the game with the winning run on base , at bat , or on deck , or by pitching at least three innings without relinquishing the lead , regardless of score . The statistic was created by Jerome Holtzman in 1959 to `` measure the effectiveness of relief pitchers '' and was adopted as an official statistic by MLB in 1969 . The save has been retroactively measured for past pitchers where applicable . Hoyt Wilhelm retired in 1972 and recorded just 31 saves from 1969 onwards , for example , but holds 227 total career saves . Mariano Rivera holds the MLB save record with 652 . Only Rivera and Trevor Hoffman have exceeded 500 or 600 saves , and Hoffman was the first to achieve either . Rivera , Hoffman , Lee Smith , Francisco Rodríguez , John Franco , and Billy Wagner are the only pitchers to have recorded 400 or more saves . Rollie Fingers was the first player to record 300 saves , reaching the mark on April 21 , 1982 . Craig Kimbrel is the most recent , achieving his 300th on May 5 , 2018 . In total , 29 players have recorded 300 or more saves in their career . Only six relievers -- Dennis Eckersley , Fingers , Goose Gossage , Hoffman , Bruce Sutter , and Wilhelm -- have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame ; all but Wilhelm are also members of the 300 saves club . Kimbrel , Fernando Rodney , and Rodríguez are the only members of the 300 save club who are still active players . Of them , Rodríguez is the active leader in saves with 437 . Contents 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Player Name of the player SV Total career saves Date Date of the pitcher 's 300th save Team The pitcher 's team for his 300th save Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame Player is active List ( edit ) Trevor Hoffman was the first player to reach the 500 and 600 save milestones . Stats updated as of August 20 , 2018 . Player SV Date Team Years active Ref ( s ) Mariano Rivera 652 May 28 , 2004 New York Yankees 1995 -- 2013 Trevor Hoffman 601 August 15 , 2001 San Diego Padres 1993 -- 2010 Lee Smith 478 August 25 , 1991 St. Louis Cardinals 1980 -- 1997 Francisco Rodríguez 437 June 22 , 2013 Milwaukee Brewers 2002 -- present John Franco 424 April 29 , 1996 New York Mets 1984 -- 2005 Billy Wagner 422 July 4 , 2006 New York Mets 1995 -- 2010 Dennis Eckersley 390 May 24 , 1995 Oakland Athletics 1975 -- 1998 Joe Nathan 377 April 8 , 2013 Texas Rangers 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2016 Jonathan Papelbon 368 June 10 , 2014 Philadelphia Phillies 2005 -- 2016 Jeff Reardon 367 May 20 , 1991 Boston Red Sox 1979 -- 1994 Troy Percival 358 July 28 , 2004 Anaheim Angels 1995 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 2009 Randy Myers 347 July 1 , 1997 Baltimore Orioles 1985 -- 1998 Rollie Fingers 341 August 21 , 1982 Milwaukee Brewers 1968 -- 1985 John Wetteland 330 May 12 , 2000 Texas Rangers 1989 -- 2000 Francisco Cordero 329 June 1 , 2011 Cincinnati Reds 1999 -- 2012 Craig Kimbrel 328 May 5 , 2018 Boston Red Sox 2010 -- present Roberto Hernández 326 May 25 , 2002 Kansas City Royals 1991 -- 2007 Fernando Rodney 325 September 22 , 2017 Arizona Diamondbacks 2002 -- 2003 , 2005 -- present Huston Street 324 July 22 , 2015 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 2005 -- 2017 José Mesa 321 April 27 , 2005 Pittsburgh Pirates 1987 , 1990 -- 2007 Todd Jones 319 September 16 , 2007 Detroit Tigers 1993 -- 2008 Rick Aguilera 318 June 2 , 2000 Chicago Cubs 1985 -- 2000 Robb Nen 314 August 6 , 2002 San Francisco Giants 1993 -- 2002 Tom Henke 311 August 18 , 1995 St. Louis Cardinals 1982 -- 1995 Goose Gossage 310 August 6 , 1988 Chicago Cubs 1972 -- 1989 , 1991 -- 1994 Jeff Montgomery 304 August 25 , 1999 Kansas City Royals 1987 -- 1999 Doug Jones 303 September 11 , 1999 Oakland Athletics 1982 -- 2000 Jason Isringhausen 300 August 15 , 2011 New York Mets 1995 -- 2012 Bruce Sutter 300 September 9 , 1988 Atlanta Braves 1976 -- 1986 , 1988 A ticket from the game where Goose Gossage became the second player in MLB history to earn 300 career saves on August 6 , 1988 . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders List of Major League Baseball career games finished leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or not played for a full season . References ( edit ) General `` All - Time Total Pitching Statistics '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . `` Career Leaders & Records for Saves '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Specific Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` For Mets , Collegiality Is Part of Closing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Torres , Adry ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Bartolo Colon Goes Old School , Carlos Zambrano Sounds Off , and Francisco Cordero Joins 300 Club -- Fox News Latino '' . Latino.foxnews.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harding , Thomas ( October 11 , 2002 ) . `` Giants lean on Nen to slam door MLB.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Holtzman , Jerome ( December 15 , 1991 ) . `` It 's Historic : 300 - save Club Gets Together '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Office of the Commissioner of Baseball ( 2017 ) . Official Baseball Rules ( PDF ) ( 2017 ed . ) . United States of America : MLB Advanced Media . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9961140 - 4 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce ( July 22 , 2008 ) . `` Jerome Holtzman , 82 , ' Dean ' of Sportswriters , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Legendary historian Holtzman passes '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hoyt Wilhelm Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Goose Gossage joins exclusive club of relievers in baseball 's Hall of Fame '' . New York Daily News . Associated Press . July 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Election '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Active Leaders & Records for Saves '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gagliano , Anthony ( May 29 , 2004 ) . `` Rivera earns 300th career save '' . MLB . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mariano Rivera Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Trevor Hoffman Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Smith Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Francisco Rodríguez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Francisco Rodriguez closes out Brewers ' win for 300th save '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . 2013 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` John Franco Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Wagner Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Eckersley Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Nathan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lacques , Gabe ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Ump 's blown call enables Joe Nathan to notch 300th save '' . USA Today Sports . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Papelbon Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Reardon Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Montella , Paul ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` This Date in Baseball -- MLB -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Troy Percival Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Percival gets 300th save against Texas Amarillo.com Amarillo Globe - News '' . Amarillo.com . The Associated Press . July 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Myers Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schmuck , Peter ( July 2 , 1997 ) . `` Myers , O 's hit mark , 4 -- 1 Closer gets 300th save -- Baltimore Sun '' . Articles.baltimoresun.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rollie Fingers Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Wetteland Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Francisco Cordero Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Kimbrel Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Hernandez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hernandez picks up 300th save in Royals ' win '' . Highbeam Research . Knight Ridder / Tribune News Service . May 25 , 2002 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Rodney Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Huston Street Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` José Mesa Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` José Mesa named winner of the `` DHL Presents the Major League Baseball Deliveryman of the Month Award '' for April '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball . May 4 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Jones Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AL Notes : Tigers ' Jones notches 300th save Baseball Chron.com -- Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com . September 18 , 2007 . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Aguilera Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` On This Date -- Chicago Tribune '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . June 2 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robb Nen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Henke Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Goose Gossage Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Montgomery Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Jones Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Isringhausen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Sutter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . 300 save club Mariano Rivera Trevor Hoffman Lee Smith Francisco Rodríguez John Franco Billy Wagner Dennis Eckersley Joe Nathan Jonathan Papelbon Jeff Reardon Troy Percival Randy Myers Rollie Fingers John Wetteland Francisco Cordero Craig Kimbrel Roberto Hernández Fernando Rodney Huston Street José Mesa Todd Jones Rick Aguilera Robb Nen Tom Henke Goose Gossage Jeff Montgomery Doug Jones Jason Isringhausen Bruce Sutter Italics denotes active player Book : 300 save club Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitters Perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Titles streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=300_save_club&oldid=855908733 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball statistics Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 16 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the most saves in the mlb | [
"Mariano Rivera holds the MLB save record with 652. Only Rivera and Trevor Hoffman have exceeded 500 or 600 saves, and Hoffman was the first to achieve either. Rivera, Hoffman, Lee Smith, Francisco Rodríguez, John Franco, and Billy Wagner are the only pitchers to have recorded 400 or more saves. Rollie Fingers was the first player to record 300 saves, reaching the mark on April 21, 1982. Craig Kimbrel is the most recent, achieving his 300th on May 5, 2018. In total, 29 players have recorded 300 or more saves in their career. Only six relievers – Dennis Eckersley, Fingers, Goose Gossage, Hoffman, Bruce Sutter, and Wilhelm – have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame;[9] all but Wilhelm are also members of the 300 saves club.[10] Kimbrel, Fernando Rodney, and Rodríguez are the only members of the 300 save club who are still active players. Of them, Rodríguez is the active leader in saves with 437.[11]\n"
] | [
"Mariano Rivera"
] |
8696383494443764268 | Catch Me If You Can | Catch Me If You Can - wikipedia Catch Me If You Can This article is about the 2002 film . For other uses , see Catch Me If You Can ( disambiguation ) . Catch Me If You Can Theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Steven Spielberg Walter F. Parkes Screenplay by Jeff Nathanson Based on Catch Me If You Can by Frank Abagnale and Stan Redding Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Tom Hanks Music by John Williams Cinematography Janusz Kamiński Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Amblin Entertainment Parkes / MacDonald Productions Distributed by DreamWorks Pictures Release date December 25 , 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 25 ) Running time 141 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $52 million Box office $352.1 million Catch Me If You Can is a 2002 American biographical crime film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg from a screenplay by Jeff Nathanson . The film is based on the life of Frank Abagnale , who , before his 19th birthday , successfully performed cons worth millions of dollars by posing as a Pan American World Airways pilot , a Georgia doctor and a Louisiana parish prosecutor . His primary crime was check fraud ; he became so experienced that the FBI eventually turned to him for help in catching other checking forgers . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks , with Christopher Walken , Martin Sheen , and Nathalie Baye in supporting roles . Development for the film started in 1980 but did not progress until 1997 , when the film rights to Abagnale 's book were sold to Spielberg 's DreamWorks . David Fincher , Gore Verbinski , Lasse Hallström , Miloš Forman , and Cameron Crowe had all been possible candidates for director before Spielberg decided to direct . Filming took place from February to May 2002 . The film was a financial and critical success , and was received positively by both critics and Abagnale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Music 5 Historical accuracy 6 Themes 7 Release 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Home media 8 Musical adaptation 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1963 , teenaged Frank Abagnale lives in New Rochelle , New York with his father Frank Abagnale , Sr. , and French mother Paula . When Frank Sr. is denied a business loan at Chase Manhattan Bank due to unknown difficulties with the IRS , the family is forced to move from their large home to a small apartment . Paula carries on an affair with Jack , a friend of her husband . Meanwhile , Frank poses as a substitute teacher in his French class . Frank 's parents file for divorce , and Frank runs away . When he runs out of money , he begins relying on confidence scams to get by . Soon , Frank 's cons increase and he even impersonates an airline pilot . He forges Pan Am payroll checks and succeeds in stealing over $2.8 million . Meanwhile , Carl Hanratty , an FBI bank fraud agent , begins tracking Frank . Carl and Frank meet at a hotel , where Frank convinces Carl his name is Barry Allen of the Secret Service , and that he was also after the fraud . Frank leaves , Carl angrily realizing a minute too late that he has been fooled . Later , at Christmas , Carl is still at work when Frank calls him , attempting to apologize for duping Carl . Carl rejects his apology and tells him he will soon be caught , but laughs when he realizes Frank actually called him because he has no one else to talk to . Frank hangs up , and Carl continues to investigate , suddenly realizing ( thanks to a waiter ) that the name `` Barry Allen '' is from the Flash comic books and that Frank is actually a teenager . Frank , meanwhile , has expanded his con to include the identities of a doctor and lawyer . While playing Dr. Frank Conners , he falls in love with Brenda . While asking her father 's permission to marry her , he admits the truth about himself and asks for help with the Louisiana State Bar exam . Carl tracks him to his engagement party and Frank is able to sneak out a bedroom window minutes before Carl bursts in . Before leaving , Frank makes Brenda promise to meet him in Miami two days later so they can elope . Frank sees her waiting for him two days later , but also notices plainclothes agents waiting to arrest him ; realizing he has been set up , he escapes on a flight to Europe . Seven months later , Carl shows his boss that Frank has been forging checks all over western Europe and asks permission to go to Europe to look for him . When his boss refuses , Carl brings Frank 's checks to printing professionals who claim that the checks were printed in France . From an interview with Frank 's mother , Carl remembers that she was actually born in Montrichard , France . He goes there and locates Frank , and tells him that the French police will kill him if he does not go with Carl quietly . Frank assumes he is lying at first , but Carl promises Frank he would never lie to him , and Carl takes him outside , where the French police escort him to prison . The scene then flashes forward to a plane returning Frank home from prison , where Carl informs him that his father has died . Grief - stricken , Frank escapes from the plane and goes back to his old house , where he finds his mother with the man she left his father for , as well as a girl who Frank realizes is his half - sister . Frank gives himself up and is sentenced to 12 years in prison , getting visits from time to time from Carl . When Frank points out how one of the checks Carl is carrying as evidence is fake , Carl convinces the FBI to offer Frank a deal by which he can live out the remainder of his sentence working for the bank fraud department of the FBI , which Frank accepts . While working at the FBI , Frank misses the thrill of the chase and even attempts to fly as an airline pilot again . He is cornered by Carl , who insists that Frank will return to the FBI job since no one is chasing him . On the following Monday , Carl is nervous that Frank has not yet arrived at work . However , Frank eventually arrives and they discuss their next case . The ending credits reveal that Frank has been happily married for 26 years , has three sons , lives in the Midwest , is still good friends with Carl , has caught some of the world 's most elusive money forgers , and earns millions of dollars each year because of his work creating unforgeable checks . Cast ( edit ) Leonardo DiCaprio and the real Frank Abagnale . Leonardo DiCaprio as Frank Abagnale , Jr . Before his 19th birthday , Frank successfully conned millions of dollars ' worth of checks as a Pan Am pilot , doctor , and Louisiana parish prosecutor . Tom Hanks as Carl Hanratty , an FBI agent who pursues Frank for most of the film . Hanratty is often teased by other agents who take check fraud as a joke . Hanratty is divorced , and his daughter and ex-wife live in Chicago . In the end , Carl and Frank become great friends . Christopher Walken as Frank Abagnale , Sr. , Frank 's father , and a World War II veteran . Frank , Sr. loses his wife Paula and most of his wealth after he committed tax evasion . Frank , Sr. dies after falling down a staircase in a train station . Nathalie Baye as Paula Abagnale . Frank , Sr. meets her when she is 18 years old in Montrichard , France during World War II . Five weeks later , the couple marries . They divorce when Frank Jr. is 16 , leaving Paula to marry Jack Barnes , with whom she has a daughter . Amy Adams as Brenda Strong . Before becoming a nurse , Brenda had an abortion . Her strict Lutheran parents disown her , until they meet Frank , Jr . Martin Sheen as Roger Strong , Brenda 's father , and Carol 's husband . Roger is a well - recognized district attorney in Louisiana and is not easily convinced that Frank , Jr. graduated from law school . James Brolin as Jack Barnes , an associate of Frank , Sr. at the New Rochelle , New York Rotary Club . Barnes later carries on an affair with Paula , leading to the divorce of Frank Jr. 's parents . Nancy Lenehan as Carol Strong , Brenda 's mother and Roger 's wife . When thinking that Frank , Jr. is a doctor , lawyer and Lutheran , she is highly ecstatic for her daughter 's marriage . Brian Howe , Frank John Hughes and Chris Ellis portray FBI agents . Jennifer Garner cameos as a call girl . Ellen Pompeo , Elizabeth Banks , and Kaitlin Doubleday have supporting roles . The real Frank Abagnale appears in a cameo as a French police officer arresting his character . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Frank Abagnale sold the film rights to his autobiography in 1980 . Executive Producer Michel Shane purchased the film rights in 1990 , for Paramount Pictures . By December 1997 , Barry Kemp purchased the film rights from Shane , bringing the project to DreamWorks , with Jeff Nathanson writing the script . By April 2000 , David Fincher was attached to direct over the course of a few months , but dropped out in favor of Panic Room . In July 2000 , Leonardo DiCaprio had entered discussions to star , with Gore Verbinski to direct . Steven Spielberg signed on as producer , and filming was set to begin in March 2001 . Casting ( edit ) Verbinski cast James Gandolfini as Carl Hanratty , Ed Harris as Frank Abagnale , Sr. , and Chloë Sevigny as Brenda Strong . Verbinski dropped out because of DiCaprio 's commitment on Gangs of New York . Lasse Hallström was in negotiations to direct by May 2001 , but dropped out in July 2001 . At this stage Harris and Sevigny left the film , but Gandolfini was still attached . Spielberg , co-founder of DreamWorks , offered the job of director to Miloš Forman , and considered hiring Cameron Crowe . During this negotiation period , Spielberg began to consider directing the film himself , eventually dropping projects such as Big Fish and Memoirs of a Geisha . Spielberg officially committed to directing in August 2001 . The search for Strong 's portrayer lasted months but Amy Adams was eventually cast . Spielberg `` loved '' her tape and producer Walter F. Parkes commented that she was `` as fresh and honest as anyone we 'd seen , '' which was an important element in the role . Christopher Walken was cast as Frank Abagnale , Sr. following Parkes ' suggestion . Martin Sheen played Roger Strong as he had `` intimidating presence '' . Spielberg wanted a French actress to portray Paula Abagnale to stay true to the facts . He asked for the help of Brian De Palma , who was living in Paris and he did tests with several actresses such as Nathalie Baye . Spielberg had seen Jennifer Garner on Alias and wanted her to play a small role in the film due to her busy schedule . Filming ( edit ) The original start date was January 2002 , but was pushed to February 7 in Los Angeles , California . Locations included Burbank , Downey , New York City , LA / Ontario International Airport ( which doubled for Miami International Airport ) , Quebec City and Montreal . The film was shot in 147 locations in only 52 days . DiCaprio reflected , `` Scenes that we thought would take three days took an afternoon '' . Filming ran from April 25 -- 30 in Park Avenue , just outside the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel . Production moved to Orange , New Jersey and returned to Brooklyn for bank and courthouse scenes . Shooting also took place at the TWA Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport . Quebec City was chosen for its European character and French feel . Place Royale , within Old Quebec , stands for Montrichard -- the church in the background of the arrest scene is Notre - Dame - des - Victoires . Filming ended on May 12 in Montreal . Music ( edit ) Main article : Catch Me If You Can ( soundtrack ) The film 's soundtrack was released on December 10 , 2002 by DreamWorks Records . The original score was composed and conducted by John Williams . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Despite the various changes from real - life events , Abagnale believed Spielberg was the only filmmaker who `` could do this film justice '' . However , Abagnale had little involvement with the film . In November 2001 Abagnale reported , `` I 've never met nor spoken to Steven Spielberg and I have not read the script . I prefer not to . I understand that they now portray my father in a better light , as he really was . Steven Spielberg has told the screenplay writer ( Jeff Nathanson ) that he wants complete accuracy in the relationships and actual scams that I perpetrated . I hope in the end the movie will be entertaining , exciting , funny and bring home an important message about family , childhood and divorce '' . The real Abagnale never saw his father again after he ran away from home . Spielberg `` wanted to continue to have that connection where Frank kept trying to please his father ; by making him proud of him ; by seeing him in the uniform , the Pan-American uniform '' . However , Abagnale praised the idea . `` Even though I did n't see my dad again , every night after living a brilliant day and meeting many women , and making much money , I 'd come back alone to a hotel room and I would just think of my mom and dad and fantasize about getting them back together again , and cry . It 's the justification of a fantasy . '' In the shooting script , Hanks ' character was referred to as Joseph Shea , the real name of the actual FBI agent who tracked and later worked with Abagnale , but the name was changed to Carl Hanratty for unknown reasons . Themes ( edit ) Catch Me if You Can deals with themes of broken homes and troubled childhoods . Spielberg 's parents divorced when he was a teenager , similar to Frank Abagnale 's situation . In the film , Carl Hanratty is also divorced from his wife , who lives with their daughter in Chicago . `` Some of my films have had to do with broken homes and people on the run from their sad pasts '' , Spielberg stated . `` But there are those strands that got me to say : you know , there 's something also about me that I can say through the telling of this kind of lighthearted story '' . Spielberg also wanted to create a film that sympathized with a crook . He explained , `` Frank was a 21st century genius working within the innocence of the mid ' 60s , when people were more trusting than they are now . I do n't think this is the kind of movie where somebody could say , ' I have a career plan . ' '' Release ( edit ) `` I know that Hollywood has made a number of changes to the story , but I am honored that Steven Spielberg , Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks participated in the making of the movie inspired by my life . It is important to understand that it is just a movie , not a biographical documentary . '' -- Frank Abagnale 's reaction to the film Game Show Network aired the 1977 episode of the television game show To Tell the Truth that featured Frank Abagnale . Segments were shown on December 29 , 2002 and January 1 , 2003 as promotion . The marketing department was careful to market the film as `` inspired by a true story '' in order to avoid controversy similar to that surrounding A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) and The Hurricane ( 1999 ) , both of which deviated from history . The premiere took place at Westwood , Los Angeles , California on December 18 , 2002 . Box Office ( edit ) Catch Me If You Can was released on December 25 , 2002 , earning slightly above $30 million in 3,225 theaters during its opening weekend . The film went on to gross $164.6 million in North America and $187.5 million in foreign countries , coming at a worldwide total of $352.1 million . The film was a financial success , recouping the $52 million budget six times over . Catch Me If You Can was the eleventh highest - grossing film of 2002 . Minority Report ( also directed by Spielberg ) was tenth highest . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a certified fresh rating of 96 % , based on 197 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reading , `` With help from a strong performance by Leonardo DiCaprio as real - life wunderkind con artist Frank Abagnale , Steven Spielberg crafts a film that 's stylish , breezily entertaining , and surprisingly sweet . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 38 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert heavily praised DiCaprio 's performance , and concluded `` This is not a major Spielberg film , although it is an effortlessly watchable one '' . Mick LaSalle said it was `` not Spielberg 's best movie , but one of his smoothest and maybe his friendliest . The colorful cinematography , smart performances and brisk tempo suggest a filmmaker subordinating every other impulse to the task of manufacturing pleasure . '' Stephen Hunter believed DiCaprio shows `` the range and ease and cleverness that Martin Scorsese so underutilized in Gangs of New York '' . James Berardinelli observed , `` Catch Me if You Can never takes itself or its subjects too seriously , and contains more genuinely funny material than about 90 % of the so - called ' comedies ' found in multiplexes these days '' . In addition Berardinelli praised John Williams ' film score , which he felt was `` more intimate and jazzy than his usual material , evoking ( intentionally ) Henry Mancini '' . Peter Travers was one of few who gave the film a negative review . Travers considered Catch Me if You Can to be `` bogged down over 140 minutes . A film that took off like a hare on speed ends like a winded tortoise . '' At the 75th Academy Awards , Christopher Walken and John Williams were nominated for Best Supporting Actor and Best Original Score . Walken won the same category at the 56th British Academy Film Awards , while Williams , costume designer Mary Zophres and screenwriter Jeff Nathanson received nominations . DiCaprio was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama . Williams also earned a Grammy Award nomination . Elements of the film were later parodied in The Simpsons episode `` Catch ' Em If You Can '' . Home media ( edit ) Catch Me If You Can was released on DVD on May 6 , 2003 and on Blu - ray on December 4 , 2012 . Musical adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Catch Me If You Can ( musical ) A musical adaptation of the same name premiered at the 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle , Washington in July 2009 , starring Aaron Tveit and Norbert Leo Butz . It began previews on Broadway at the Neil Simon Theatre on March 11 , 2011 and officially opened April 10 , 2011 . The musical was nominated for four Tony Awards , including Best Musical . See also ( edit ) The Great Impostor , a 1961 film based on the story of an impostor named Ferdinand Waldo Demara . The Pretender , a TV series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CATCH ME IF YOU CAN ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 13 , 2002 . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Van Luling , Todd ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` 11 Easter Eggs You Never Noticed In Your Favorite Movies '' . The Huffington Post . TheHuffingtonPost.com , Inc . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Frank Abagnale ( September 3 , 2002 ) . `` Comments '' . Abagnale & Associates . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Claude Brodesser ; Dana Harris ( August 21 , 2001 ) . `` D'Works to play ' Catch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Charles Lyons ; Dade Hayes ( January 8 , 2002 ) . `` D'Works sets play date for pricey ' Catch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dan Cox ( December 15 , 1997 ) . `` TV vet Kemp prepping pix at U , UA , D'Works '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( April 4 , 2000 ) . `` ' Noon ' strikes twice at Spyglass for 3 scribes '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Claude Brodesser ; Charles Lyons ( July 31 , 2000 ) . `` DiCaprio plays ' Catch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( August 22 , 2000 ) . `` Fox rocks with Mamas & Papas pic '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming ( July 30 , 2001 ) . `` Dish : Billionaire Reveres films '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Claude Brodesser ; Dana Harris ( November 6 , 2000 ) . `` Inside Move : DiCaprio misses ' Catch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stax ( July 6 , 2001 ) . `` Another ' Catch ' for Leo 's Next Flick '' . IGN . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( March 15 , 2001 ) . `` Beresford goes home again ; ' Project ' pulled '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Charles Lyons ; Dana Harris ( May 22 , 2001 ) . `` Hallstrom plays ' Catch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Claude Brodesser ; Cathy Dunkley ( August 5 , 2001 ) . `` IEG , DiCaprio ' Gang ' up '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Catch Me If You Can : Production Notes '' . Culture.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Army Archerd ( February 11 , 2002 ) . `` Kudos to Opening Ceremonies '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Army Archerd ( April 2 , 2002 ) . `` ' Tonight Show ' employees get anni bonus '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Catch Me If You Can '' . Extra . December 12 , 2002 . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Army Archerd ( April 30 , 2002 ) . `` Who will fill Frank Sinatra 's shoes ? '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ( May 2 , 2002 ) . `` Spielly Update : ' Report ' , ' Catch Me ' '' . IGN . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Army Archerd ( May 14 , 2002 ) . `` ' Sierra Madre ' inspires ' Spider - Man ' helmer '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stax ( November 15 , 2001 ) . `` The Man Behind ' Catch Me If You Can ' '' . IGN . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Head ( December 17 , 2002 ) . `` An Interview with Steven Spielberg '' . IGN . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Claude Brodesser ( August 28 , 2001 ) . `` D'Works tracking top cop for Catch '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Josef Adalian ( December 10 , 2002 ) . `` Inside Move : Net game for movie link '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` H'w 'd plays ' Catch ' '' . Variety . December 18 , 2002 . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Catch Me If You Can '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Catch Me If You Can '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mick LaSalle ( December 25 , 2002 ) . `` Holiday Movies '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stephen Hunter ( December 25 , 2002 ) . `` A Merry Chase '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Catch Me If You Can '' . ReelViews.net . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( January 2 , 2003 ) . `` Catch Me If You Can '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 74th Academy Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 56th BAFTA Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : 2003 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards : 2003 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Matthew Nastuk , Ian Maxtone - Graham ( 2004 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Catch ' Em if You Can '' . The Simpsons . Season 15 . Episode 331 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Catch Me If You Can -- Box Office Data , DVD Sales , Movie News , Cast Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perkis , Ed ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Catch Me If You Can ( Blu - ray ) DVD Review '' . CinemaBlend.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . Broadway - Aimed `` Catch Me If You Can Ends Seattle Premiere Run Aug. 16 '' Archived August 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill . August 16 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` CATCH ME IF YOU CAN to Open on Broadway April 10 ; Previews March 7 , 2011 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Catch Me If You Can Books Broadway 's Neil Simon Theatre '' Archived September 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Tony Nominations Announced ; Book of Mormon Earns 14 Nominations '' Archived September 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Frank Abagnale Jr. and Stan Redding . Catch Me If You Can : The Amazing True Story of the Youngest and Most Daring Con Man in the History of Fun and Profit . ( ISBN 0 - 06 - 052971 - 7 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Catch Me If You Can Catch Me If You Can on IMDb Catch Me If You Can at AllMovie Catch Me If You Can at the TCM Movie Database Catch Me If You Can at the American Film Institute Catalog Catch Me If You Can at Box Office Mojo Catch Me If You Can at Rotten Tomatoes Catch Me If You Can at Metacritic An Interview with Leonardo DiCaprio - Movies Feature at IGN Official website for Catch Me If You Can the musical hide Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education GND : 4818806 - 2 VIAF : 202976346 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catch_Me_If_You_Can&oldid=845187096 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films 2000s biographical films 2000s crime drama films Amblin Entertainment films American biographical films American chase films American crime drama films American films Biographical films about fraudsters Crime films based on actual events Drama films based on actual events DreamWorks Pictures films Films scored by John Williams Films about con artists Films about identity theft Films based on biographies Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films set in Atlanta Films set in California Films set in Florida Films set in France Films set in Louisiana Films set in Westchester County , New York Films set in New York City Films set in the 1960s Films shot in California Films shot in Montreal Films produced by Steven Spielberg True crime films Fraud in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2015 Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 01 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | leonardo dicaprio catch me if you can full movie | [] | [] |
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