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-4808328744725626319 | Identity theft | Identity theft - wikipedia Identity theft This article is about the concept of identity theft . For the 2013 film , see Identity Thief . For the 1953 film , see Stolen Identity ( film ) . The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1894 ) , with a `` theft of identity '' of the king . Identity theft is the deliberate use of someone else 's identity , usually as a method to gain a financial advantage or obtain credit and other benefits in the other person 's name , and perhaps to the other person 's disadvantage or loss . The person whose identity has been assumed may suffer adverse consequences , especially if they are held responsible for the perpetrator 's actions . Identity theft occurs when someone uses another 's personally identifying information , like their name , identifying number , or credit card number , without their permission , to commit fraud or other crimes . The term identity theft was coined in 1964 . Since that time , the definition of identity theft has been statutorily prescribed throughout both the U.K. and the United States as the theft of personally identifying information , generally including a person 's name , date of birth , social security number , driver 's license number , bank account or credit card numbers , PIN numbers , electronic signatures , fingerprints , passwords , or any other information that can be used to access a person 's financial resources . Determining the link between data breaches and identity theft is challenging , primarily because identity theft victims often do not know how their personal information was obtained , and identity theft is not always detectable by the individual victims , according to a report done for the FTC . Identity fraud is often but not necessarily the consequence of identity theft . Someone can steal or misappropriate personal information without then committing identity theft using the information about every person , such as when a major data breach occurs . A US Government Accountability Office study determined that `` most breaches have not resulted in detected incidents of identity theft '' . The report also warned that `` the full extent is unknown '' . A later unpublished study by Carnegie Mellon University noted that `` Most often , the causes of identity theft is not known '' , but reported that someone else concluded that `` the probability of becoming a victim to identity theft as a result of a data breach is ... around only 2 % '' . More recently , an association of consumer data companies noted that one of the largest data breaches ever , accounting for over four million records , resulted in only about 1,800 instances of identity theft , according to the company whose systems were breached . An October 2010 article entitled `` Cyber Crime Made Easy '' explained the level to which hackers are using malicious software . As Gunter Ollmann CTO Security with Microsoft said , `` Interested in credit card theft ? There 's an app for that . '' This statement summed up the ease with which these hackers are accessing all kinds of information online . The new program for infecting users ' computers was called Zeus ; and the program is so hacker - friendly that even an inexperienced hacker can operate it . Although the hacking program is easy to use , that fact does not diminish the devastating effects that Zeus ( or other software like Zeus ) can do to a computer and the user . For example , the article stated that programs like Zeus can steal credit card information , important documents , and even documents necessary for homeland security . If the hacker were to gain this information , it would mean identity theft or even a possible terrorist attack . The ITAC says that about 15 million Americans are having their identity stolen , in 2012 . Contents 1 Types 1.1 Identity cloning and concealment 1.2 Criminal identity theft 1.3 Synthetic identity theft 1.4 Medical identity theft 1.5 Child identity theft 1.6 Financial identity theft 2 Techniques for obtaining and exploiting personal information for identity theft 3 Indicators that you may be a victim of identity theft 4 Individual identity protection 5 Identity protection by organizations 6 Legal responses 6.1 International 6.2 Australia 6.3 Canada 6.4 France 6.5 Hong Kong 6.6 India 6.7 Philippines 6.8 Sweden 6.9 United Kingdom 6.10 United States 6.10. 1 Notification 7 Spread and impact 8 See also 8.1 Types of fraud and theft 8.2 Organizations 8.3 Laws 8.4 Notable identity thieves and cases 9 References 10 External links Types ( edit ) Sources such as the non-profit Identity Theft Resource Center sub-divide identity theft into five categories : Criminal identity theft ( posing as another person when apprehended for a crime ) Financial identity theft ( using another 's identity to obtain credit , goods and services ) Identity cloning ( using another 's information to assume his or her identity in daily life ) Medical identity theft ( using another 's identity to obtain medical care or drugs ) Child identity theft . Identity theft may be used to facilitate or fund other crimes including illegal immigration , terrorism , phishing and espionage . There are cases of identity cloning to attack payment systems , including online credit card processing and medical insurance . Identity cloning and concealment ( edit ) In this situation , the identity thief impersonates someone else in order to conceal their own true identity . Examples might be illegal immigrants , people hiding from creditors or other individuals , or those who simply want to become `` anonymous '' for personal reasons . Another example is posers , a label given to people who use somebody else 's photos and information through social networking sites . Mostly , posers create believable stories involving friends of the real person they are imitating . Unlike identity theft used to obtain credit which usually comes to light when the debts mount , concealment may continue indefinitely without being detected , particularly if the identity thief is able to obtain false credentials in order to pass various authentication tests in everyday life has . Criminal identity theft ( edit ) When a criminal fraudulently identifies himself to police as another individual at the point of arrest , it is sometimes referred to as `` Criminal Identity Theft . '' In some cases criminals have previously obtained state - issued identity documents using credentials stolen from others , or have simply presented a fake ID . Provided the subterfuge works , charges may be placed under the victim 's name , letting the criminal off the hook . Victims might only learn of such incidents by chance , for example by receiving court summons , discovering their drivers licenses are suspended when stopped for minor traffic violations , or through background checks performed for employment purposes . It can be difficult for the victim of a criminal identity theft to clear their record . The steps required to clear the victim 's incorrect criminal record depend in which jurisdiction the crime occurred and whether the true identity of the criminal can be determined . The victim might need to locate the original arresting officers and prove their own identity by some reliable means such as fingerprinting or DNA testing , and may need to go to a court hearing to be cleared of the charges . Obtaining an expungement of court records may also be required . Authorities might permanently maintain the victim 's name as an alias for the criminal 's true identity in their criminal records databases . One problem that victims of criminal identity theft may encounter is that various data aggregators might still have the incorrect criminal records in their databases even after court and police records are corrected . Thus it is possible that a future background check will return the incorrect criminal records . This is just one example of the kinds of impact that may continue to affect the victims of identity theft for some months or even years after the crime , aside from the psychological trauma that being ' cloned ' typically engenders . Synthetic identity theft ( edit ) A variation of identity theft which has recently become more common is synthetic identity theft , in which identities are completely or partially fabricated . The most common technique involves combining a real social security number with a name and birthdate other than the ones associated with the number . Synthetic identity theft is more difficult to track as it does n't show on either person 's credit report directly , but may appear as an entirely new file in the credit bureau or as a subfile on one of the victim 's credit reports . Synthetic identity theft primarily harms the creditors who unwittingly grant the fraudsters credit . Individual victims can be affected if their names become confused with the synthetic identities , or if negative information in their subfiles impacts their credit ratings . Medical identity theft ( edit ) See also : medical privacy Privacy researcher Pam Dixon , founder of the World Privacy Forum , coined the term medical identity theft and released the first major report about this issue in 2006 . In the report , she defined the crime for the first time and made the plight of victims public . The report 's definition of the crime is that medical identity theft occurs when someone seeks medical care under the identity of another person . Insurance theft is also very common , if a thief has your insurance information and or your insurance card , they can seek medical attention posing as yourself . In addition to risks of financial harm common to all forms of identity theft , the thief 's medical history may be added to the victim 's medical records . Inaccurate information in the victim 's records is difficult to correct and may affect future insurability or cause doctors relying on the misinformation to deliver inappropriate medical care . After the publication of the report , which contained a recommendation that consumers receive notifications of medical data breach incidents , California passed a law requiring this , and then finally HIPAA was expanded to also require medical breach notification when breaches affect 500 or more people . Data collected and stored by hospitals and other organisations such as medical aid schemes is up to 10 times more valuable to cybercriminals than credit card information . Child identity theft ( edit ) Child identity theft occurs when a minor 's identity is used by another person for the impostor 's personal gain . The impostor can be a family member , a friend , or even a stranger who targets children . The Social Security numbers of children are valued because they do not have any information associated with them . Thieves can establish lines of credit , obtain driver 's licenses , or even buy a house using a child 's identity . This fraud can go undetected for years , as most children do not discover the problem until years later . Child identity theft is fairly common , and studies have shown that the problem is growing . The largest study on child identity theft , as reported by Richard Power of the Carnegie Mellon Cylab with data supplied by AllClear ID , found that of 40,000 children , 10.2 % were victims of identity theft . Financial identity theft ( edit ) The most common type is financial identity theft , where someone wants to gain economical benefits in someone else 's name . This includes getting credits , loans , goods and services , claiming to be someone else . Techniques for obtaining and exploiting personal information for identity theft ( edit ) Identity thieves typically obtain and exploit personally identifiable information about individuals , or various credentials they use to authenticate themselves , in order to impersonate them . Examples include : Rummaging through rubbish for personal information ( dumpster diving ) Retrieving personal data from redundant IT equipment and storage media including PCs , servers , PDAs , mobile phones , USB memory sticks and hard drives that have been disposed of carelessly at public dump sites , given away or sold on without having been properly sanitized Using public records about individual citizens , published in official registers such as electoral rolls Stealing bank or credit cards , identification cards , passports , authentication tokens ... typically by pickpocketing , housebreaking or mail theft Common - knowledge questioning schemes that offer account verification and compromise : `` What 's your mother 's maiden name ? '' , `` what was your first car model ? '' , or `` What was your first pet 's name ? '' , etc . Skimming information from bank or credit cards using compromised or hand - held card readers , and creating clone cards Using ' contactless ' credit card readers to acquire data wirelessly from RFID - enabled passports Shoulder - Surfing , involves an individual who discreetly watches or hears others providing valuable personal information . This is particularly done in crowded places because it is relatively easy to observe someone as they fill out forms , enter PIN numbers on ATM 's or even type passwords on smartphones . Stealing personal information from computers using breaches in browser security or malware such as Trojan horse keystroke logging programs or other forms of spyware Hacking computer networks , systems and databases to obtain personal data , often in large quantities Exploiting breaches that result in the publication or more limited disclosure of personal information such as names , addresses , Social Security number or credit card numbers Advertising bogus job offers in order to accumulate resumes and applications typically disclosing applicants ' names , home and email addresses , telephone numbers and sometimes their banking details Exploiting insider access and abusing the rights of privileged IT users to access personal data on their employers ' systems Infiltrating organizations that store and process large amounts or particularly valuable personal information Impersonating trusted organizations in emails , SMS text messages , phone calls or other forms of communication in order to dupe victims into disclosing their personal information or login credentials , typically on a fake corporate website or data collection form ( phishing ) Brute - force attacking weak passwords and using inspired guesswork to compromise weak password reset questions Obtaining castings of fingers for falsifying fingerprint identification . Browsing social networking websites for personal details published by users , often using this information to appear more credible in subsequent social engineering activities Diverting victims ' email or post in order to obtain personal information and credentials such as credit cards , billing and bank / credit card statements , or to delay the discovery of new accounts and credit agreements opened by the identity thieves in the victims ' names Using false pretenses to trick individuals , customer service representatives and help desk workers into disclosing personal information and login details or changing user passwords / access rights ( pretexting ) Stealing cheques ( checks ) to acquire banking information , including account numbers and bank codes Guessing Social Security numbers by using information found on Internet social networks such as Facebook and MySpace Low security / privacy protection on photos that are easily clickable and downloaded on social networking sites . Befriending strangers on social networks and taking advantage of their trust until private information is given . Indicators that you may be a victim of identity theft ( edit ) The majority of identity theft victims do not realize that they are a victim until it has negatively impacted their lives . Many people do not find out that their identities have been stolen until they are contacted by financial institutions or discover suspicious activities on their bank accounts . According to an article by Herb Weisbaum , everyone in the US should assume that their personal information has been compromised at one point . It is therefore of great importance to watch out for warning signs that your identity has been compromised . The following are ten indicators that someone else might be using your identity . Credit or debit card charges for goods or services you are not aware of , including unauthorized withdrawals from your account Receiving calls from credit or debit card fraud control department warning of possible suspicious activity on your credit card account Receiving credit cards that you did not apply for Receiving information that a credit scoring investigation was done . They are often done when a loan or phone subscription was applied for . Checks bouncing for lack of enough money in your account to cover the amount . This might be as a result of unauthorized withdrawals from your account Identity theft criminals may commit crimes with your personal information . You may not realize this until you see the police on your door arresting you for crimes that you did not commit Sudden changes to your credit score may indicate that someone else is using your credit cards Bills for services like gas , water , electricity not arriving in time . This can be an indication that your mail was stolen or redirected Being not approved for loans because your credit report indicates that you are not credit worthy Receiving notification from your post office informing you that your mails are being forwarded to another unknown address Your yearly tax returns indicating that you have earned more than you have actually earned . This might indicate that someone is using your national identification number e.g. SSN to report their earnings to the tax authorities Individual identity Protection ( edit ) The acquisition of personal identifiers is made possible through serious breaches of privacy . For consumers , this is usually a result of them naively providing their personal information or login credentials to the identity thieves as a result of being duped but identity - related documents such as credit cards , bank statements , utility bills , checkbooks etc. may also be physically stolen from vehicles , homes , offices , and not the least letter boxes , or directly from victims by pickpockets and bag snatchers . Guardianship of personal identifiers by consumers is the most common intervention strategy recommended by the US Federal Trade Commission , Canadian Phone Busters and most sites that address identity theft . Such organizations offer recommendations on how individuals can prevent their information falling into the wrong hands . Identity theft can be partially mitigated by not identifying oneself unnecessarily ( a form of information security control known as risk avoidance ) . This implies that organizations , IT systems and procedures should not demand excessive amounts of personal information or credentials for identification and authentication . Requiring , storing and processing personal identifiers ( such as Social Security number , national identification number , driver 's license number , credit card number , etc . ) increases the risks of identity theft unless this valuable personal information is adequately secured at all times . Committing personal identifiers to memory is a sound practice that can reduce the risks of a would - be identity thief from obtaining these records . To help in remembering numbers such as social security numbers and credit card numbers , it is helpful to consider using mnemonic techniques or memory aids such as the mnemonic Major System . Identity thieves sometimes impersonate dead people , using personal information obtained from death notices , gravestones and other sources to exploit delays between the death and the closure of the person 's accounts , the inattentiveness of grieving families and weaknesses in the processes for credit - checking . Such crimes may continue for some time until the deceased 's families or the authorities notice and react to anomalies . In recent years , commercial identity theft protection / insurance services have become available in many countries . These services purport to help protect the individual from identity theft or help detect that identity theft has occurred in exchange for a monthly or annual membership fee or premium . The services typically work either by setting fraud alerts on the individual 's credit files with the three major credit bureaus or by setting up credit report monitoring with the credit bureaux . While identity theft protection / insurance services have been heavily marketed , their value has been called into question . Identity Protection by organizations ( edit ) In their May 1998 testimony before the United States Senate , the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) discussed the sale of Social Security numbers and other personal identifiers by credit - raters and data miners . The FTC agreed to the industry 's self - regulating principles restricting access to information on credit reports . According to the industry , the restrictions vary according to the category of customer . Credit reporting agencies gather and disclose personal and credit information to a wide business client base . Poor stewardship of personal data by organizations , resulting in unauthorized access to sensitive data , can expose individuals to the risk of identity theft . The Privacy Rights Clearinghouse has documented over 900 individual data breaches by US companies and government agencies since January 2005 , which together have involved over 200 million total records containing sensitive personal information , many containing social security numbers . Poor corporate diligence standards which can result in data breaches include : failure to shred confidential information before throwing it into dumpsters failure to ensure adequate network security credit card numbers stolen by call center agents and people with access to call recordings the theft of laptop computers or portable media being carried off - site containing vast amounts of personal information . The use of strong encryption on these devices can reduce the chance of data being misused should a criminal obtain them . the brokerage of personal information to other businesses without ensuring that the purchaser maintains adequate security controls Failure of governments , when registering sole proprietorships , partnerships , and corporations , to determine if the officers listed in the Articles of Incorporation are who they say they are . This potentially allows criminals access to personal information through credit rating and data mining services . The failure of corporate or government organizations to protect consumer privacy , client confidentiality and political privacy has been criticized for facilitating the acquisition of personal identifiers by criminals . Using various types of biometric information , such as fingerprints , for identification and authentication has been cited as a way to thwart identity thieves , however there are technological limitations and privacy concerns associated with these methods as well . Legal responses ( edit ) International ( edit ) In March 2014 , after it was learned two passengers with stolen passports were on board Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 which went missing on March 8 , 2014 , it came to light that Interpol maintains a database of 40 million lost and stolen travel documents from 157 countries which it makes available to governments and the public , including airlines and hotels . The Stolen and Lost Travel Documents ( SLTD ) database however is little used . Big News Network which is based in the UAE , observed that Interpol Secretary General Ronald K. Noble told a forum in Abu Dhabi the previous month this was the case . `` The bad news is that , despite being incredibly cost effective and deployable to virtually anywhere in the world , only a handful of countries are systematically using SLTD to screen travelers . The result is a major gap in our global security apparatus that is left vulnerable to exploitation by criminals and terrorists , '' Noble is quoted as saying . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , each state has enacted laws that deal with different aspects of identity or fraud issues . Some states have now amended relevant criminal laws to reflect crimes of identity theft , such as the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 ( SA ) , Crimes Amendment ( Fraud , Identity and Forgery Offences ) Act 2009 and also in Queensland under the Criminal Code 1899 ( QLD ) . Other states and territories are in states of development in respect of regulatory frameworks relating to identity theft such as Western Australia in respect of Criminal Code Amendment ( Identity Crime ) Bill 2009 . At the Commonwealth level , under the Criminal Code Amendment ( Theft , Fraud , Bribery & Related Offences ) Act 2000 which amended certain provisions within the Criminal Code Act 1995 , Between 2014 and 2015 , in Australia there were 133,921 fraud and deception offences , an increase of 6 % from previous year . The total cost reported by the Attorney General Department was : Total costs Fraud category Cost per incident Total direct cost Commonwealth fraud $2,111 $353,866,740 Personal fraud $400 $656,550,506 Police recorded fraud $4,412 per unrecorded incident $27,981 per recorded incident $3,260,141,049 There are also high indirect costs associated as a direct result of an incident . For example , the total indirect costs for police recorded fraud is $5,774,081 . 135.1 General dishonesty ( 3 ) A person is guilty of an offence if a ) the person does anything with the intention of dishonestly causing a loss to another person ; and b ) the other person is a Commonwealth entity . Penalty : Imprisonment for 5 years . Likewise , each state has enacted their own privacy laws to prevent misuse of personal information and data . The Commonwealth Privacy Act is applicable only to Commonwealth and territory agencies , and to certain private sector bodies ( where for example they deal with sensitive records , such as medical records , or they have more than $3 million turnover PA ) . Canada ( edit ) Under section 402.2 of the Criminal Code , Everyone commits an offence who knowingly obtains or possesses another person 's identity information in circumstances giving rise to a reasonable inference that the information is intended to be used to commit an indictable offence that includes fraud , deceit or falsehood as an element of the offence . is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than five years ; or is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction . Under section 403 of the Criminal Code , ( 1 ) Everyone commits an offence who fraudulently personates another person , living or dead , ( a ) with intent to gain advantage for themselves or another person ; ( b ) with intent to obtain any property or an interest in any property ; ( c ) with intent to cause disadvantage to the person being personated or another person ; or ( d ) with intent to avoid arrest or prosecution or to obstruct , pervert or defeat the course of justice . is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than 10 years ; or guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction . In Canada , Privacy Act ( federal legislation ) covers only federal government , agencies and crown corporations . Each province and territory has its own privacy law and privacy commissioners to limit the storage and use of personal data . For the private sector , the purpose of the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act ( 2000 , c. 5 ) ( known as PIPEDA ) is to establish rules to govern the collection , use and disclosure of personal information ; except for the provinces of Quebec , Ontario , Alberta and British Columbia where provincial laws have been deemed substantially similar . France ( edit ) In France , a person convicted of identity theft can be sentenced up to five years in prison and fined up to € 75,000 . Hong kong ( edit ) Under HK Laws . Chap 210 Theft Ordinance , sec . 16A Fraud ( 1 ) If any person by any deceit ( whether or not the deceit is the sole or main inducement ) and with intent to defraud induces another person to commit an act or make an omission , which results either - ( a ) in benefit to any person other than the second - mentioned person ; or ( b ) in prejudice or a substantial risk of prejudice to any person other than the first - mentioned person , the first - mentioned person commits the offense of fraud and is liable on conviction upon indictment to imprisonment for 14 years . Under the Personal Data ( Privacy ) Ordinance , it established the post of Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data and mandate how much personal information one can collect , retain and destruction . This legislation also provides citizens the right to request information held by businesses and government to the extent provided by this law . India ( edit ) Under the Information Technology Act 2000 Chapter IX Sec 66C SECTION 66C PUNISHMENT FOR IDENTITY THEFT Whoever , fraudulently or dishonestly makes use of the electronic signature , password or any other unique identification feature of any other person , shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine which may extend to rupees one lakh . Philippines ( edit ) Social networking sites are one of the most famous spreader of posers in the online community , giving the users freedom to place any information they want without any verification that the account is being used by the real person . Philippines , which ranks eighth in the numbers of users of Facebook and other social networking sites such as Twitter , Multiply and Tumblr , has been known as source of various identity theft problems . Identities of those people who carelessly put personal information on their profiles can easily be stolen just by simple browsing . There are people who meet online , get to know each other through the free Facebook chat and exchange of messages that then leads to sharing of private information . Others get romantically involved with their online friends that they tend to give too much information such as their social security number , bank account and even personal basic information such as home address and company address . This phenomenon lead to the creation of Senate Bill 52 : Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2010 . Section 2 of this bill states that it recognizes the importance of communication and multimedia for the development , exploitation and dissemination of information but violators will be punished by the law through imprisonment or a fine upwards of Php200 , 000 , but not exceeding 1 million , or depending on the damage caused , or both ( Section 7 ) . Sweden ( edit ) Sweden has had relatively few problems with identity theft . This is because only Swedish identity documents have been accepted for identity verification . Stolen documents are traceable by banks and some other institutions . The banks have the duty to check the identity of people withdrawing money or getting loans . If a bank gives money to someone using an identity document reported as stolen , the bank must take the loss . Since 2008 , any EU passport is valid in Sweden for identity check , and Swedish passports are valid all over the EU . This makes it harder to detect stolen documents , but still banks in Sweden must ensure that stolen documents are not accepted . Other types of identity theft have become more common in Sweden . One common example is ordering a credit card to someone who has an unlocked letterbox and is not home in the daytime . The thief steals the letter with the credit card and then the letter with the code which typically arrives a few days later . Usage of a stolen credit card is hard in Sweden , since an identity document or a PIN code it is normally demanded . If the shop does not demand that , it must take the loss from stolen credit cards . The method of observing someone using the credit card PIN code , stealing the card or skimming it , and then using the card , has become more common . Legally , Sweden is an open society . The Principle of Public Access says that all information kept by public authorities must be available for anyone except in certain cases . Specifically , anyone 's address , income , taxes etc. are available to anyone . This makes fraud easier ( the address is restricted only for people who needs to hide ) . There was until 2016 no legal ban specifically against using someone 's identity , only on the indirect damage caused . To impersonate someone else for financial gain is a kind of fraud , which is described in the Criminal Code ( Swedish : brottsbalken ) . To impersonate someone else to discredit someone by breaking into social media accounts and provoke , is libel , but that is hard to sentence someone for . A new law was introduced late 2016 which partially banned unpermitted identity usage . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom personal data is protected by the Data Protection Act 1998 . The Act covers all personal data which an organization may hold , including names , birthday and anniversary dates , addresses , telephone numbers , etc . Under English law ( which extends to Wales but not to Northern Ireland or Scotland ) , the deception offences under the Theft Act 1968 increasingly contend with identity theft situations . In R v Seward ( 2005 ) EWCA Crim 1941 the defendant was acting as the `` front man '' in the use of stolen credit cards and other documents to obtain goods . He obtained goods to the value of £ 10,000 for others who are unlikely ever to be identified . The Court of Appeal considered sentencing policy for deception offenses involving `` identity theft '' and concluded that a prison sentence was required . Henriques J. said at para 14 : `` Identity fraud is a particularly pernicious and prevalent form of dishonesty calling for , in our judgment , deterrent sentences . '' Statistics released by CIFAS - The UK 's Fraud Prevention Service show that there were 89,000 victims of identity theft in the UK 2010 . This compared with 2009 where there were 85,000 victims . Men in their 30s and 40s are the most common UK victims and identity fraud now accounts for nearly half of all frauds recorded . United states ( edit ) See also : Identity theft in the United States The increase in crimes of identity theft led to the drafting of the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act . In 1998 , The Federal Trade Commission appeared before the United States Senate . The FTC discussed crimes which exploit consumer credit to commit loan fraud , mortgage fraud , lines - of - credit fraud , credit card fraud , commodities and services frauds . The Identity Theft Deterrence Act ( 2003 ) ( ITADA ) amended U.S. Code Title 18 , § 1028 ( `` Fraud related to activity in connection with identification documents , authentication features , and information '' ) . The statute now makes the possession of any `` means of identification '' to `` knowingly transfer , possess , or use without lawful authority '' a federal crime , alongside unlawful possession of identification documents . However , for federal jurisdiction to prosecute , the crime must include an `` identification document '' that either : ( a ) is purportedly issued by the United States , ( b ) is used or intended to defraud the United States , ( c ) is sent through the mail , or ( d ) is used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce . See 18 U.S.C. § 1028 ( c ) . Punishment can be up to 5 , 15 , 20 , or 30 years in federal prison , plus fines , depending on the underlying crime per 18 U.S.C. § 1028 ( b ) . In addition , punishments for the unlawful use of a `` means of identification '' were strengthened in § 1028A ( `` Aggravated Identity Theft '' ) , allowing for a consecutive sentence under specific enumerated felony violations as defined in § 1028A ( c ) ( 1 ) through ( 11 ) . The Act also provides the Federal Trade Commission with authority to track the number of incidents and the dollar value of losses . Their figures relate mainly to consumer financial crimes and not the broader range of all identification - based crimes . If charges are brought by state or local law enforcement agencies , different penalties apply depending on the state . Six Federal agencies conducted a joint task force to increase the ability to detect identity theft . Their joint recommendation on `` red flag '' guidelines is a set of requirements on financial institutions and other entities which furnish credit data to credit reporting services to develop written plans for detecting identity theft . The FTC has determined that most medical practices are considered creditors and are subject to requirements to develop a plan to prevent and respond to patient identity theft . These plans must be adopted by each organization 's Board of Directors and monitored by senior executives . Identity theft complaints as a percentage of all fraud complaints decreased from 2004 - 2006 . The Federal Trade Commission reported that fraud complaints in general were growing faster than ID theft complaints . The findings were similar in two other FTC studies done in 2003 and 2005 . In 2003 , 4.6 percent of the US population said they were a victim of ID theft . In 2005 , that number had dropped to 3.7 percent of the population . The Commission 's 2003 estimate was that identity theft accounted for some $52.6 billion of losses in the preceding year alone and affected more than 9.91 million Americans ; the figure comprises $47.6 billion lost by businesses and $5 billion lost by consumers . According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics , in 2010 , 7 % of US households experienced identity theft - up from 5.5 % in 2005 when the figures were first assembled , but broadly flat since 2007 . In 2012 , approximately 16.6 million persons , or 7 % of all U.S. residents age 16 or older , reported being victims of one or more incidents of identity theft . At least two states , California and Wisconsin have created an Office of Privacy Protection to assist their citizens in avoiding and recovering from identity theft . In 2009 , Indiana created an Identity Theft Unit within their Office of Attorney General to educate and assist consumers in avoiding and recovering from identity theft as well as assist law enforcement in investigating and prosecuting identity theft crimes . In Massachusetts in 2009 - 2010 , Governor Deval Patrick made a commitment to balance consumer protection with the needs of small business owners . His Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation announced certain adjustments to Massachusetts ' identity theft regulations that maintain protections and also allows flexibility in compliance . These updated regulations went into effect on March 1 , 2010 . The regulations are clear that their approach to data security is a risk - based approach important to small businesses and might not handle a lot of personal information about customers . The IRS has created the IRS Identity Protection Specialized Unit to help taxpayers ' who are victims of federal tax - related identity theft . Generally , the identity thief will use a stolen SSN to file a forged tax return and attempt to get a fraudulent refund early in the filing season . A taxpayer will need to fill out Form 14039 , Identity Theft Affidavit . Notification ( edit ) Many states followed California 's lead and enacted mandatory data breach notification laws . As a result , companies that report a data breach typically report it to all their customers . Spread and impact ( edit ) Surveys in the USA from 2003 to 2006 showed a decrease in the total number of victims and a decrease in the total value of identity fraud from US $47.6 billion in 2003 to $15.6 billion in 2006 . The average fraud per person decreased from $4,789 in 2003 to $1,882 in 2006 . A Microsoft report shows that this drop is due to statistical problems with the methodology , that such survey - based estimates are `` hopelessly flawed '' and exaggerate the true losses by orders of magnitude . The 2003 survey from the Identity Theft Resource Center found that : Only 15 % of victims find out about the theft through proactive action taken by a business The average time spent by victims resolving the problem is about 330 hours 73 % of respondents indicated the crime involved the thief acquiring a credit card In a widely publicized account , Michelle Brown , a victim of identity fraud , testified before a U.S. Senate Committee Hearing on Identity Theft . Ms. Brown testified that : `` over a year and a half from January 1998 through July 1999 , one individual impersonated me to procure over $50,000 in goods and services . Not only did she damage my credit , but she escalated her crimes to a level that I never truly expected : she engaged in drug trafficking . The crime resulted in my erroneous arrest record , a warrant out for my arrest , and eventually , a prison record when she was booked under my name as an inmate in the Chicago Federal Prison . '' In Australia , identity theft was estimated to be worth between A $1 billion and A $4 billion per annum in 2001 . In the United Kingdom , the Home Office reported that identity fraud costs the UK economy £ 1.2 billion annually ( experts believe that the real figure could be much higher ) although privacy groups object to the validity of these numbers , arguing that they are being used by the government to push for introduction of national ID cards . Confusion over exactly what constitutes identity theft has led to claims that statistics may be exaggerated . An extensively reported study from Microsoft Research in 2011 finds that estimates of identity theft losses contain enormous exaggerations , writing that surveys `` are so compromised and biased that no faith whatever can be placed in their findings . '' See also ( edit ) Capgras delusion Hacking Criminal impersonation Identity Based Security Identity score Impostor Internet fraud prevention Internet security Lapsed lurker Pharming Robert Siciliano Spam Types of fraud and theft ( edit ) Bank fraud Carding ( fraud ) Check fraud Check washing Ghosting ( identity theft ) Identity document forgery Organizations ( edit ) Civil Identity Program of the Americas U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation Immigration and Customs Enforcement United States Postal Inspection Service United States Secret Service Laws ( edit ) 201 CMR 17.00 ( Massachusetts personal information protection law ) Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act Fair Credit Billing Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Notable identity thieves and cases ( edit ) 2017 Equifax security breach 2007 UK child benefit data misplacement Frank Abagnale Albert Gonzalez Yuri Kondratyuk , the inventor of spaceflight References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Synthetic ID Theft Cyber Space Times Archived October 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hoofnagle , Chris Jay ( 13 March 2007 ) . `` Identity Theft : Making the Known Unknowns Known '' . Social Science Research Network . Jump up ^ Drew Armstrong ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` My Three Years in Identity Theft Hell '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Oxford English Dictionary online '' . Oxford University Press . September 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , `` Wisconsin Statutes , Sec . 943.201 . Unauthorized use of an individual 's personal identifying information or documents '' . Wisconsin State Legislature . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Federal Trade Commission -- 2006 Identity Theft Survey Report , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Data Breaches Are Frequent , but Evidence of Resulting Identity Theft Is Limited ; However , the Full Extent Is Unknown '' ( PDF ) . Highlights of GAO - 07 - 737 , a report to congressional requesters . gao.gov . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Sasha Romanosky . `` Do Data Breach Disclosure Laws Reduce Identity Theft ? '' ( PDF ) . Heinz First Research Paper . heinz.cmu.edu . Jump up ^ Giles , Jim ( 2010 ) . `` Cyber crime made easy '' . New Scientist . Elsevier BV. 205 ( 2752 ) : 20 -- 21 . doi : 10.1016 / s0262 - 4079 ( 10 ) 60647 - 1 . ISSN 0262 - 4079 . Jump up ^ https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/vit12.pdf Jump up ^ `` Identity Theft Resource Center website '' . idtheftcenter.org . Jump up ^ `` Medical Identity Theft : What to Do if You are a Victim ( or are concerned about it ) '' . , World Privacy Forum Jump up ^ `` Privacy Rights Clearinghouse '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 21 . - `` Fact Sheet 17g : Criminal Identity Theft : What to Do if It Happens to You '' Jump up ^ In re Marie A. COLOKATHIS , Catherine Bauer , M.D. , Plaintiff v. Marie Colokathis , 417 B.R. 150 ( 2009 ) Archived July 19 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McFadden , Leslie ( 2007 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Detecting synthetic identity fraud '' . Bankrate.com . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ https://www.worldprivacyforum.org/ Jump up ^ `` Get to Know These Common Types of ID Theft '' . iGrad . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Medical Identity Theft Information Page '' . World Privacy Forum . Archived from the original on 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Correcting Misinformation on Medical Records '' . Identity Theft Resource Center . Jump up ^ `` What is Financial Identity Theft '' . ID Theft Center . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Loviglio , Joann ( March 2012 ) . `` If Microsoft co-founder's ID is n't safe , is yours ? '' . msnbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Identity Theft '' . , Douglas County Sheriff 's Office , Washington Jump up ^ Olmos , David ( 2009 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Social Security Numbers Can Be Guessed From Data , Study Finds '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Weisbaum , Herb ( 2014 - 01 - 18 ) . `` Seven signs you 're a victim of identity theft '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Sandra K ( 2009 ) . Identity Theft : A Reference Handbook . Santa Barbara , US : ABC - CLIO . pp. 42 -- 44 . ISBN 9781598841442 -- via Contemporary World Issues . ^ Jump up to : Arata , Michael J. ( 2010 ) . For Dummies : Identity Theft For Dummies ( 1 ) . Hoboken , US : For Dummies . pp. 43 -- 45 . ISBN 9780470622735 -- via ProQuest ebrary . ^ Jump up to : U.S. News Staff ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` 10 Signs You Might Be a Victim of Identity Theft '' . money.usnews.com . U.S. News . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ IDtheftcenter.org Archived April 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Identity Theft Resource Center Fact Sheet 117 Identity Theft and the Deceased - Prevention and Victim Tips . Jump up ^ `` Identity Theft Protection Services '' . retrieved on 2008 - 12 - 16 Jump up ^ `` Identity - Theft Protection : What Services Can You Trust ? '' . PC World.com , retrieved on 2008 - 12 - 16 Jump up ^ `` Testimony before the Subcommittee on Technology , Terrorism and Government Information '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 01 . , Committee of the Judiciary , United States Senate May 20 , 1998 pp 5 , 6 Jump up ^ A Chronology of Data Breaches Archived June 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Internet Identity Theft - A Tragedy for Victims Archived April 22 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Software and Information Industry Association . Retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Airlines and governments not checking stolen passports register '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Identity crime and misuse in Australia '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Journaldunet.com '' . Jump up ^ `` The Information Technology Act 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ List Of Facebook Users By Country Wise Top Ranking 2016 Archived March 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Full Text of Senate Bill 52 ( Proposing the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2010 ) Archived August 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ SFS 2016 : 485 Lag om ändring i brottsbalken Jump up ^ `` R v Seward ( 2005 ) EWCA Crim 1941 '' . Jump up ^ `` CIFAS : your identity '' . , CIFAS Jump up ^ `` UK Fraud Prevention Agency Say ID Theft Increase of 32 % in 2009 '' . , Identity Theft UK Blog , 3 February 2010 Jump up ^ `` The most likely victims of identity fraud : men in their late 30s and early 40s '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 08 . , Protect MY ID Blog , 21 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Fraudscape : report reveals the UK 's fraud landscape in 2010 '' . , CIFAS Jump up ^ `` FTC.gov '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 01 . , Public Law 105 - 318 , 112 Stat. 3007 ( Oct. 30 , 1998 ) Jump up ^ `` Prepared Statement of the Federal Trade Commission on `` Identity Theft '' `` . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 01 . , May 20 , 1998 Jump up ^ Doyle , Charles . ( 2013 ) . Mandatory Minimum Sentencing : Federal Aggravated Identity Theft . Archived October 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ Federal Trade Commission . Retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Archived January 31 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Michael , Sara `` Getting Red Flag Ready '' . PhysiciansPractice.com , 2009 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 72 Fed . Reg. 70944 Archived February 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Law Enforcement Contact1 January 1 December 31 , 2001 Archived September 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Federal Trade Commission : 2006 Identity Theft Survey Report : Prepared for the Commission by Synovate ( November 2007 ) Archived September 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` FTC.gov '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 31 . , releases Survey of Identity Theft in U.S. 27.3 Million Victims in past 5 Years , Billions in Losses for Businesses and Consumers Jump up ^ `` Identity Theft Reported by Households , 2005 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Justice Statistics . 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Harrell , Erika and Lynn Langton. ( 2013 ) . Victims of Identity Theft , 2012 . Archived September 7 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Washington , D.C. U.S. Department of Justice , Bureau of Justice Statistics . Jump up ^ `` California Office of Identity Protection '' . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin 's Office of Privacy Protection '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Attorney General : ID Theft Prevention '' . In.gov. 2013 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Identity Theft '' . Commonwealth of Massachusetts , 2010 Archived November 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Question Regarding 201 CMR 17.00 '' Archived August 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Commonwealth of Massachusetts , Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation , November 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Taxpayer Guide to Identity Theft '' . IRS.gov . US Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Form 14039 '' ( PDF ) . IRS website . US Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ALERT : Beware of Phishing Scam Mentioning TAS '' . Taxpayer Advocate . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` States Offer Data Breach Protection '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Sex , Lies and Cybercrime Surveys '' ( PDF ) . Microsoft . 2011 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` IDtheftcenter.org '' . Jump up ^ `` Verbal Testimony by Michelle Brown '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 21 . , July 2000 , U.S. Senate Committee Hearing on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Technology , Terrorism and Government Information -- `` Identity Theft : How to Protect and Restore Your Good Name '' Jump up ^ Identity Crime Research and Coordination Archived December 30 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , Australasian Center for Policing Research . Retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Home Office ( May 26 , 2004 ) . `` What is Identity theft ? '' . identitytheft.co.uk . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Free help , tips and advice on avoiding and dealing with Identity Theft '' . identity-theft.weebly.com . Jump up ^ Bruce Schneier . `` Identity Theft Over-Reported '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hi - tech crime and sexual partner surveys ' biased ' '' . BBC . June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Measuring the black web '' . The Economist . October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Florencio , D. ; Herley , C. `` Sex , Lies and Cybercrime Surveys '' ( PDF ) . Proc. WEIS . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Identity theft . Identity theft -- United States Federal Trade Commission Identity Theft Recovery Plan FTC steps for identity theft victims . The President 's Task Force on Identity Theft -- a government task force established by US President George W. Bush to fight identity theft . Identity theft at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Identity Theft -- Carnegie Mellon University Identity Theft : A Research Review , National Institute of Justice 2007 Identity Theft and Fraud -- United States Department of Justice Dateline NBC investigation ' To Catch an ID Thief ' `` Transcript of Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales and FTC Chairman Deborah Platt Majoras Announcing the Release of the President 's Identity Theft Task Force '' . US Department of Justice . April 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Roxana , Hegeman ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Woman Gets Prison Time in ' Total Identity Theft ' - ABC News '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Scam on the Run - Fugitive Identity Thief Led Global Criminal Enterprise FBI Types of crime Note : Crimes vary by jurisdiction . Not all types are listed here . Classes Infraction Misdemeanor Felony Summary Indictable Hybrid Against the person Assault Battery Extortion Harassment Kidnapping Identity theft Manslaughter corporate Murder Rape Robbery Sexual assault Against property Arson Blackmail Burglary Deception Embezzlement False pretenses Fraud Handling Larceny Theft Vandalism Against public order Drug possession Public order Breach of the peace Against the state Tax evasion Espionage Treason High treason Against justice Bribery Misprision of felony Obstruction Perjury Malfeasance in office Inchoate offenses Accessory Attempt Conspiracy Incitement Encouraging or assisting a crime Solicitation Common purpose WikiSource Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikinews Types of fraud Business - related Billing Cramming Disability Drug / Pharmaceutical Email Employment Fixing Impersonation Intellectual property Internet Job Long firm Odometer Phone Quackery / Health care Racketeering Return Tech support Slamming Telemarketing Family - related Marriage Paternity Financial - related Advance - fee ( Lottery scam ) Bank Bankruptcy Chargeback Cheque Credit card Forex Insurance Mortgage Securities Shill bidding Tax Government - related Benefit Electoral Medicare Visa Welfare Other types Affinity fraud Charity Confidence trick Counterfeiting Faked death Forgery Hoax Impersonation Mail and wire ( honest services ) Romance Bride scam Scientific Spyware White - collar crime Privacy Principles Expectation of privacy Right to privacy Privacy laws Australia Canada Denmark England European Union ( former directive ) Germany Ghana New Zealand Singapore Switzerland USA Data protection authorities Australia Denmark European Union ( working group ) France Germany Ireland Isle of Man Norway Philippines Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Areas Consumer Medical Workplace Information privacy Law Financial Internet Political Personally identifiable information ( Personal identifiers ) Privacy - enhancing technologies Social networking services Privacy engineering Advocacy organizations American Civil Liberties Union Center for Democracy and Technology Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility Future of Privacy Forum Electronic Privacy Information Center Electronic Frontier Foundation European Digital Rights Global Network Initiative noyb.eu Privacy International Privacy Rights Clearinghouse See also Anonymity Cellphone surveillance Cyberstalking Data security Privacy engineering Human rights Identity theft Panopticon Personality rights Search warrant Surveillance en masse state global Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Identity_theft&oldid=856294977 '' Categories : Identity theft Fraud Identity documents Organized crime activity Security breaches Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles containing Swedish - language text All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2017 Pages using div col with small parameter Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe ייִדיש 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 06 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the theft of personal information is known as | [
"Identity theft is the deliberate use of someone else's identity, usually as a method to gain a financial advantage or obtain credit and other benefits in the other person's name,[1][2] and perhaps to the other person's disadvantage or loss. The person whose identity has been assumed may suffer adverse consequences,[3] especially if they are held responsible for the perpetrator's actions. Identity theft occurs when someone uses another's personally identifying information, like their name, identifying number, or credit card number, without their permission, to commit fraud or other crimes. The term identity theft was coined in 1964.[4] Since that time, the definition of identity theft has been statutorily prescribed throughout both the U.K. and the United States as the theft of personally identifying information, generally including a person’s name, date of birth, social security number, driver’s license number, bank account or credit card numbers, PIN numbers, electronic signatures, fingerprints, passwords, or any other information that can be used to access a person’s financial resources.[5]\n"
] | [
"Identity theft"
] |
-5485989846911109558 | List of Good Behavior episodes | List of Good Behavior episodes - wikipedia List of Good Behavior episodes Good Behavior is an American drama television series based on the novella series by Blake Crouch . The series stars Michelle Dockery as Letty Raines , a con artist who becomes involved with a hitman named Javier Pereira , played by Juan Diego Botto . Good Behavior debuted on TNT on November 15 , 2016 . On January 14 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a second season , which premiered on October 15 , 2017 . As of December 17 , 2017 , 20 episodes of Good Behavior have aired , concluding the second season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 10 October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` So You 're Not an English Teacher '' Charlotte Sieling Chad Hodge & Blake Crouch November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) ( preview ) November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) ( premiere ) 0.57 ( preview ) 0.81 ( premiere ) Released from prison on good behavior , thief and con - artist Letty Raines overhears a hitman planning a hit and attempts to thwart his plan . `` Only The Best For Mrs. Diaz '' Carl Franklin Chad Hodge November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 0.75 Javier forces Letty to accompany him on his next hit , playing the role of his wife at an exclusive hotel . `` From Terrible Me '' Magnus Martens Chad Hodge November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 0.64 Letty and Javier deal with the occurrences of the last episode , blaming each other for the way the hit played out and attempting to cover their tracks . `` Your Mama Had a Hard Night '' Mark Piznarski Blake Crouch November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) ( preview ) November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) ( premiere ) 0.50 ( preview ) 0.52 ( premiere ) Letty returns to her hometown in an attempt to spend time with her son Jacob , despite the restraining order against her . 5 5 `` Beautiful Things Deserve Beautiful Things '' Mikkel Nørgaard Chad Hodge December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 0.71 Letty reunites with Javier on the road . Later , while Javier visits his sister , Letty is surprised by a visit from her parole officer Christian . 6 6 `` We Pretend We 're Stuck '' Jonas Pate Chitra Elizabeth Sampath December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) 0.68 Letty and Javier return to Letty 's hometown and spend a problem - filled day with Jacob . 7 7 `` The Ballad of Little Santino '' Phil Abraham Brett Johnson December 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 20 ) 0.92 Letty and Javier have dinner with his family . Letty learns a shocking and tragic secret from Javier 's youth . 8 8 `` It Still Fits Bitch '' Mark Piznarski Dana Baratta December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) 0.91 Letty bails her mother out of jail - on the day her mother was supposed to be getting married . Letty is shocked when Jacob 's father Sean returns . 9 9 `` For You I 'd Go with Strawberry '' Mikkel Nørgaard Lenore Zion January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) 0.83 Letty deals with the possibility of Sean getting custody of Jacob , the stress of which causes problems between her and Javier . 10 10 `` All the Things '' Magnus Martens Blake Crouch & Sarah Berry January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 0.90 Letty has to make a difficult choice - one which puts Javier at risk of prison , unless she can get to him before it 's too late . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` The Heart Attack is the Best Way '' Mikkel Nørgaard Chad Hodge October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 0.69 12 `` I Want You to Leave a Person Alive for Once '' Magnus Martens Chitra Elizabeth Sampath October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 0.56 13 `` Because I 'm Mrs. Javier '' Clare Kilner Chad Hodge October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 0.50 14 `` I Think It 's A Sign '' Mikkel Nørgaard Brett Johnson November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 0.53 15 5 `` You Could Discover Me '' Jessica Lowrey Chitra Elizabeth Sampath November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 0.62 16 6 `` It 's No Fun If It 's Easy '' Coky Giedroyc Dana Baratta November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 0.54 17 7 `` Do n't Thank God , Thank Me '' Louise Friedberg Aaron Fullerton November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 0.57 18 8 `` Stay Beautiful '' Mikkel Nørgaard Lenore Zion December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 0.54 19 9 `` And I Am A Violent Criminal '' Doc Crotzer Lenore Zion & Sarah Berry December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 0.68 20 10 `` Letty Raines , In The Mansion , With The Gun '' Magnus Martens Story by : Chad Hodge Teleplay by : Aaron Fullerton & Joshua Karns December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 0.72 Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` So You 're Not an English Teacher '' November 15 , 2016 0.2 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Only The Best For Mrs. Diaz '' November 15 , 2016 0.2 0.75 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` From Terrible Me '' November 22 , 2016 0.2 0.64 N / A 0.69 N / A 1.33 `` Your Mama Had a Hard Night '' November 29 , 2016 0.2 0.52 0.1 0.40 0.3 0.92 5 `` Beautiful Things Deserve Beautiful Things '' December 6 , 2016 0.2 0.71 N / A 0.88 N / A 1.59 6 `` We Pretend We 're Stuck '' December 13 , 2016 0.2 0.68 0.2 0.91 0.4 1.60 7 `` The Ballad of Little Santino '' December 20 , 2016 0.2 0.92 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` It Still Fits Bitch '' December 27 , 2016 0.2 0.91 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` For You I 'd Go With Strawberry '' January 3 , 2017 0.2 0.83 0.2 0.83 0.4 1.66 10 `` All the Things '' January 10 , 2017 0.2 0.90 0.2 0.85 0.4 1.74 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Heart Attack is the Best Way '' October 15 , 2017 0.2 0.69 0.2 0.73 0.4 1.42 `` I Want You to Leave a Person Alive for Once '' October 22 , 2017 0.2 0.56 N / A 0.68 N / A 1.24 `` Because I 'm Mrs. Claus '' October 29 , 2017 0.1 0.50 0.2 0.70 0.3 1.20 `` I Think It 's A Sign '' November 5 , 2017 0.1 0.53 0.2 0.72 0.3 1.24 5 `` You Could Discover Me '' November 12 , 2017 0.2 0.62 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` It 's No Fun If It 's Easy '' November 19 , 2017 0.1 0.54 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Do n't Thank God , Thank Me '' November 26 , 2017 0.2 0.57 N / A 0.73 N / A 1.30 8 `` Stay Beautiful '' December 3 , 2017 0.1 0.54 0.2 0.69 0.3 1.23 9 `` And I 'm A Violent Criminal '' December 10 , 2017 0.2 0.68 N / A 0.70 N / A 1.38 10 `` Letty Raines , In The Mansion , With The Gun '' December 17 , 2017 0.2 0.72 N / A N / A N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Good Behavior - Renewed for a 2nd Season '' . January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.20. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.3. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Down but still on top : ' Walking Dead ' leads cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' dominates cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 28 - Dec. 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Vikings , ' ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' join ' Walking Dead ' atop cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gold Rush , ' ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' and ' Vikings ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 2 - 8 : ' Real Housewives ' on top , plus ' Nashville , ' ' It 's Always Sunny ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny ' makes a big jump in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gold Rush ' still striking it rich for Discovery : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere grows a lot , still trails Season 7 debut by a lot : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' AHS : Cult ' way above everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' outpaces everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 27 - Dec. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' premiere more than doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) List of Good Behavior episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Good_Behavior_episodes&oldid=855869085 '' Categories : Lists of American crime drama television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 10 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in good behavior season 1 | [
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8928560578673282749 | John Williams | John Williams - wikipedia John Williams Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the composer . For other people named John Williams , see John Williams ( disambiguation ) . John Williams Williams at the Avery Fisher Hall in 2007 Background information Birth name John Towner Williams ( 1932 - 02 - 08 ) February 8 , 1932 ( age 86 ) Floral Park , New York , U.S. Genres Film score contemporary classical music post-romanticism jazz Instruments Piano , harpsichord Years active 1952 -- present John Williams ' signature John Towner Williams ( born February 8 , 1932 ) is an American composer , conductor , and pianist . With a career spanning over six decades , he has composed some of the most popular and recognizable film scores in cinematic history , including the Star Wars series , Jaws , Jaws 2 , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Superman , E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , the Indiana Jones series , the first two Home Alone films , the first two Jurassic Park films , Schindler 's List , and the first three Harry Potter films . Williams has been associated with director Steven Spielberg since 1974 , composing music for all but three of his feature films . Other notable works by Williams include theme music for the 1984 Summer Olympic Games , NBC Sunday Night Football , `` The Mission '' theme used by NBC News and Seven News in Australia , the television series Lost in Space and Land of the Giants , and the incidental music for the first season of Gilligan 's Island . Williams has also composed numerous classical concertos and other works for orchestral ensembles and solo instruments . From 1980 to 1993 he served as the Boston Pops 's principal conductor , and is currently the orchestra 's laureate conductor . Williams has won 24 Grammy Awards , seven British Academy Film Awards , five Academy Awards , and four Golden Globe Awards . With 51 Academy Award nominations , Williams is the second most - nominated individual , after Walt Disney . In 2005 , the American Film Institute selected Williams 's score to 1977 's Star Wars as the greatest American film score of all time . The soundtrack to Star Wars was additionally preserved by the Library of Congress into the National Recording Registry , for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Williams was inducted into the Hollywood Bowl 's Hall of Fame in 2000 , and was a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors in 2004 and the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2016 . Williams composed the score for eight of the top twenty highest - grossing films at the U.S. box office ( adjusted for inflation ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and family 2 Film and television scoring 3 Conducting and performing 4 Personal life 5 Awards 5.1 AFI 5.2 Academy Awards 5.3 BAFTA Awards 5.4 Emmy Awards 5.5 Golden Globe Awards 5.6 Grammy Awards 6 Charting hits ( U.S. , Billboard ) 7 Concert works 7.1 Concertos 7.2 Other orchestral works 7.3 Chamber works 8 Discography 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early Life and family ( edit ) John Towner Williams was born on February 8 , 1932 in Floral Park , New York , to Esther ( née Towner ) and Johnny Williams , a jazz percussionist who played with the Raymond Scott Quintet . Williams has said of his lineage , `` My father was a Maine man -- we were very close . My mother was from Boston . My father 's parents ran a department store in Bangor , Maine , and my mother 's father was a cabinetmaker . ( ... ) People with those roots are not inclined to be lazy . '' In 1948 , the Williams family moved to Los Angeles where John attended North Hollywood High School , graduating in 1950 . He later attended the University of California , Los Angeles , and studied privately with the Italian composer Mario Castelnuovo - Tedesco . Williams had originally briefly attended Los Angeles City College for one semester as the school had a Studio Jazz Band . In 1952 , Williams was drafted into the U.S. Air Force , where he played the piano , brass and conducted and arranged music for The U.S. Air Force Band as part of his assignments . In a 2016 interview with the US airforce band , he recounted having attended basic airforce training at Lackland base ( San Antonio , Texas ) following which he served as a pianist and brass player , with secondary duties of making arrangements for three years . He also attended music courses at the University of Arizona as part of his service . In 1955 , following his Air Force service , Williams moved to New York City and entered Juilliard School where he studied piano with Rosina Lhévinne . During this time Williams worked as a jazz pianist in the city 's many jazz clubs . After moving to Los Angeles , he began working as a session musician , most notably for composer Henry Mancini . He worked with Mancini on the Peter Gunn soundtrack where his fellow musicians in the rhythm section included guitarist Bob Bain , bassist Rolly Bundock , and drummer Jack Sperling , many of whom were also featured on the Mr. Lucky television series . Known as `` Johnny '' during the 1950s and early 1960s , Williams composed the music for many television programmes ( including several episodes of M Squad ) , and served as music arranger and bandleader for a series of popular music albums with the singer Frankie Laine . Williams has two brothers , Donald and Jerry , both of whom work as percussionists in Los Angeles . Film and television scoring ( edit ) Main article : List of compositions by John Williams § Film scores Williams at the Boston Symphony Hall after conducting the Boston Pops , May 2006 While skilled in a variety of 20th - century compositional idioms , Williams 's most familiar style may be described as a form of neoromanticism , inspired by the late 19th century 's large - scale orchestral music -- in the style of Tchaikovsky or Richard Wagner 's compositions and their concept of leitmotif -- that inspired his film music predecessors . After his studies at Juilliard , and the Eastman School of Music , Williams returned to Los Angeles , where he began working as an orchestrator at film studios . Among other composers , Williams worked with Franz Waxman , Bernard Herrmann , and Alfred Newman , and also with his fellow orchestrators Conrad Salinger and Bob Franklyn . Williams was also a studio pianist , performing on film scores by composers such as Jerry Goldsmith , Elmer Bernstein , and Henry Mancini . Williams recorded with Henry Mancini the film scores of 1959 's Peter Gunn , 1962 's Days of Wine and Roses , and 1963 's Charade . ( Williams actually played the well - recognized opening riff to Mancini 's Peter Gunn theme . ) Williams ( sometimes credited as `` Johnny Williams '' , because of the already established actor of the same name ) composed music for various television programs in the 1960s : the pilot episode of Gilligan 's Island , Bachelor Father ( 1959 -- 1960 ) , the Kraft Suspense Theatre , Lost in Space ( 1965 -- 68 ) , The Time Tunnel ( 1966 -- 67 ) , and Land of the Giants ( the last three created by the prolific TV producer , Irwin Allen ) . Williams 's first film composition was for the 1958 B movie Daddy - O , and his first screen credit came two years later in Because They 're Young . He soon gained notice in Hollywood for his versatility in composing jazz , piano , and symphonic music . Williams received his first Academy Award nomination for his film score for 1967 's Valley of the Dolls , and was nominated again for his score for 1969 's Goodbye , Mr. Chips . Williams broke through to win his first Academy Award for his film score in the 1971 film Fiddler on the Roof . In 1972 , he composed the score for the Robert Altman -- directed psychological thriller Images ( recorded in collaboration with noted percussionist Stomu Yamashta ) which earned him another nomination in the category Best Music , Original Dramatic Score at the 1973 Academy Awards . During the early 1970s , Williams 's prominence grew thanks to his work for now -- film producer Irwin Allen 's disaster films , composing the scores for 1972 's The Poseidon Adventure and 1974 's The Towering Inferno . In addition , he scored Universal 's 1974 film Earthquake for director Mark Robson , completing a `` trinity '' of scores for the decade 's highest - grossing `` disaster films '' . He also scored the 1972 film The Cowboys , a western starring John Wayne and directed by Mark Rydell . In 1974 , director Steven Spielberg approached Williams to compose the music for his feature directorial debut , The Sugarland Express . They teamed up again a year later for Spielberg 's second film , Jaws . Widely considered to be a classic suspense film , its film score 's ominous , two - note ostinato has become synonymous with sharks and approaching danger . The score earned Williams his second Academy Award , his first for an original composition . Shortly thereafter , Spielberg and Williams began a long collaboration for their next feature film together , Close Encounters of the Third Kind . During their two - year - long collaboration , they crafted its distinctive five - note figure that functions both in the background music and as the communications signal of the film 's extraterrestrials . Williams also used a system of musical hand signals in the film that were based on hand signs created by John Curwen and refined by Zoltán Kodály . During the same period , Spielberg recommended Williams to his friend and fellow director George Lucas , who needed a composer to score his ambitious 1977 space epic film Star Wars . Williams delivered a grand symphonic score in the fashion of Richard Strauss , Antonín Dvořák , and Golden Age Hollywood composers Max Steiner and Erich Wolfgang Korngold . Its main theme , `` Luke 's Theme '' is among the most widely recognized in film history , and the `` Force Theme '' and `` Princess Leia 's Theme '' are well - known examples of leitmotif . Both the film and its score were immensely successful -- it remains the highest grossing non-popular music recording of all - time -- and Williams won another Academy Award for Best Original Score . In 1980 , Williams returned to score The Empire Strikes Back , where he introduced `` The Imperial March '' as the theme for Darth Vader and the Galactic Empire , `` Yoda 's Theme '' , and `` Han Solo and the Princess '' . The original Star Wars trilogy concluded with the 1983 film Return of the Jedi , for which Williams 's score provided most notably the `` Emperor 's Theme '' , `` Parade of the Ewoks '' , and `` Luke and Leia '' . Both scores earned him Academy Award nominations . John Williams conducting the score to Raiders of the Lost Ark in the Avery Fisher Hall For the 1976 Alfred Hitchcock film , Family Plot , Williams was not in love with this particular film , but did not want to turn down the chance to work for Hitchcock . Hitchcock merely told him that in scoring the film to remember one thing , `` Murder can be fun . '' Hitchcock was very satisfied with the result . Williams worked with director Richard Donner to score the 1978 film Superman . The score 's heroic and romantic themes , particularly the main march , the Superman fanfare and the love theme , known as `` Can You Read My Mind , '' appeared in the four sequel films . For the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark , created by Lucas and directed by Spielberg , Williams wrote a rousing main theme known as `` The Raiders March '' to accompany the film 's hero , Indiana Jones . He composed separate themes to represent the Ark of the Covenant , the character Marion , and the story 's Nazi villains . Additional themes were featured in his scores to the subsequent films in the franchise Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , a prequel ( 1984 ) , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) , and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) . Williams composed an emotional and sensitive score to Spielberg 's 1982 fantasy film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . Williams was awarded a fourth Academy Award for this score . The Spielberg - Williams collaboration resumed with the director 's 1987 film Empire of the Sun , and has continued to the present , spanning genres from science fiction thrillers ( 1993 's Jurassic Park ) , to somber tragedies ( 1993 's Schindler 's List , 2005 's Munich ) , to Eastern - tinged melodramas ( 2005 's Memoirs of a Geisha , directed by Rob Marshall ) , to dramatic war films ( 1998 's Saving Private Ryan ) . Spielberg has said , `` I call it an honorable privilege to regard John Williams as a friend . '' In 1999 , George Lucas launched the first of a series of prequels to the original Star Wars trilogy . Williams was asked to score all three films , starting with The Phantom Menace . Along with themes from the previous films , Williams created new themes to be used as leitmotifs in 2002 's Attack of the Clones and 2005 's Revenge of the Sith . Most notable of these was `` Duel of the Fates '' , an aggressive choral movement in the style of Verdi 's Requiem , utilizing harsh Sanskrit lyrics that broadened the style of music used in the Star Wars films . Also of note was `` Anakin 's Theme '' , which begins as an innocent childlike melody and morphs insidiously into a quote of the sinister `` Imperial March . '' For Episode II , Williams composed `` Across the Stars '' , a love theme for Padmé Amidala and Anakin Skywalker ( mirroring the love theme composed for The Empire Strikes Back ) . The final installment combined many of the themes created for the series ' previous films , including `` The Emperor 's Theme , '' `` The Imperial March '' , `` Across the Stars '' , `` Duel of the Fates '' , `` The Force Theme '' , `` Rebel Fanfare '' , `` Luke 's Theme '' , and `` Princess Leia 's Theme '' , as well as new themes for General Grievous and the film 's climax , entitled `` Battle of the Heroes '' . In the new millennium , Williams was asked to score the film adaptations of J.K. Rowling 's widely successful book series , Harry Potter . He went on to score the film franchise 's first three installments . As with his Superman theme , the most important theme from Williams 's scores for the Harry Potter films , dubbed `` Hedwig 's Theme '' , has been used in the fourth through to the eighth films ( Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) , scored by Patrick Doyle ( Goblet of Fire ) , Nicholas Hooper ( Order of the Phoenix and Half - Blood Prince ) and Alexandre Desplat ( Deathly Hallows ) . Like the main themes from Jaws , Star Wars , Superman , and Indiana Jones , fans have come to identify the Harry Potter films with Williams 's original compositions . Williams was asked to return to score the film franchise 's final installment , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , but director David Yates stated that `` their schedules simply did not align '' as he would have had to provide Williams with a rough cut of the film sooner than was possible . In the 20th anniversary edition of E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial in 2002 , Williams composed a reorchestrated score for the Universal Pictures logo with the variant of the movie itself , segueing to the notes from the movie . In 2006 , Superman Returns was completed under Bryan Singer 's direction , best known for directing the first two films in the X-Men series . Although Singer did not request Williams to compose a score for the intentionally Donner-esque film , he employed the skills of X2 composer John Ottman to incorporate Williams 's original Superman theme , as well as those for Lois Lane , Krypton and Smallville . In 2011 , the `` Main Title Theme '' and elements of `` Can You Read My Mind '' were notably used in the final scene of `` Finale , '' the series finale of the WB / CW television series Smallville . Don Davis performed a similar role for Jurassic Park III , recommended by Williams himself to the producers . In 2008 , Williams returned to the Indiana Jones series to score the fourth film -- Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . He received a Grammy nomination for his work on the film . Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull was also the only film score from the Indiana Jones film series not to be nominated for an Academy Award . During 2008 , he also composed music for two documentaries , Warner at War , and A Timeless Call , the latter of which was directed by Steven Spielberg . After a three - year absence from film scoring , Williams composed the scores for Spielberg 's The Adventures of Tintin and War Horse in 2011 . Both scores received overwhelmingly positive reviews , with both scores earning Academy Award nominations , and the latter being nominated for a Golden Globe . The Oscar nominations are Williams 's 46th and 47th , making him the most nominated musician in Academy Awards history ( having previously been tied with Alfred Newman 's 45 nominations ) , and the second most nominated overall , following Walt Disney . Williams won an Annie Award for his score for The Adventures of Tintin in 2012 . In 2012 , Williams scored Spielberg 's film Lincoln and subsequently received his 48th Academy Award nomination . In February 2013 , Williams expressed his interest in working in the Star Wars sequel trilogy , stating : `` Now we 're hearing of a new set of movies coming in 2015 , 2016 ... so I need to make sure I 'm still ready to go in a few years for what I hope would be continued work with George . '' He also scored the 2013 film The Book Thief , which marked his first collaboration with a director other than Spielberg since 2005 . The score earned him an Academy Award , Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations and earned him a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition . It was his 44th nomination for Best Original Score ( and 49th overall ) , setting a new record for the most nominations in that category ( he previously tied Alfred Newman 's record of 43 nominations in 2013 ) . In 2015 , he scored Star Wars : The Force Awakens , earning him his 50th Academy Award nomination . Williams was also set to write the score for Bridge of Spies that year , which would have been his 27th collaboration with director Steven Spielberg . However , in March 2015 , it was announced that Thomas Newman would replace Williams for the film , as Williams 's schedule was interrupted by a minor health issue and he became unavailable to score the film . This is the first Spielberg film since The Color Purple ( 1985 ) not scored by Williams . In 2016 , Williams composed the score for Spielberg 's The BFG , which opened in July 2016 . In March 2017 , Williams scored the animated short film Dear Basketball directed by Glen Keane and based on a poem by Kobe Bryant . Williams wrote the music for Star Wars : The Last Jedi , the eighth episode of the saga , released on December 15 , 2017 , and is presumed to be working on Star Wars Episode IX . Also in 2017 , he composed the score for Steven Spielberg 's drama film The Post . Williams contributed `` The Adventures of Han '' for the 2018 standalone Star Wars film Solo : A Star Wars Story while John Powell wrote the film 's original score . Williams is also currently attached to score the fifth Indiana Jones film . A three - disc box set compilation of all of Williams ' musical scores for Steven Spielberg 's films , titled John Williams & Steven Spielberg : The Ultimate Collection , was released on March 17 , 2017 , which includes two previous score compilations from 1991 and 1995 . Williams 's body of work in film composing was featured in the 2017 documentary film SCORE : A Film Music Documentary . In March 2018 Williams announced that following Star Wars : Episode IX , which is due for release on December 20 , 2019 , that he will retire from composing music for the Star Wars franchise . `` We know J.J. Abrams is preparing one Star Wars movie now that I will hopefully do next year for him . I look forward to it . It will round out a series of nine , that will be quite enough for me '' Williams said . Conducting and performing ( edit ) Williams signing an autograph after a concert From 1980 -- 93 , Williams succeeded Arthur Fiedler as the Boston Pops Orchestra 's Principal Conductor . Williams never met Fiedler in person but spoke with him by telephone . His arrival as the Pops ' new leader in the spring of 1980 allowed him to devote part of the Pops ' first PBS broadcast of the season to presenting his new compositions for The Empire Strikes Back . Williams almost ended his tenure with the Pops in 1984 . Considered a customary practice of opinion , some players hissed while sight - reading a new Williams composition in rehearsal ; Williams abruptly left the session and turned in his resignation . He initially cited mounting conflicts with his film composing schedule , but later admitted a perceived lack of discipline in , and respect from , the Pops ' ranks , culminating in this latest instance . After entreaties by the management and personal apologies from the musicians , Williams withdrew his resignation and continued as principal conductor for nine more years . In 1995 , he was succeeded by Keith Lockhart , the former associate conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra and Cincinnati Pops Orchestra . Williams is now the Pops ' Laureate Conductor , thus maintaining his affiliation with its parent , the Boston Symphony Orchestra ( BSO ) . Williams leads the Pops on several occasions each year , particularly during their Holiday Pops season and typically for a week of concerts in May . He conducts an annual Film Night at both Boston Symphony Hall and Tanglewood , where he frequently enlists the Tanglewood Festival Chorus , the BSO 's official chorus . Williams has written many concert pieces , including a symphony ; a Concerto for Horn written for Dale Clevenger , the Chicago Symphony Orchestra 's Principal Hornist ; a Concerto for Clarinet written for Michele Zukovsky ( the Los Angeles Philharmonic 's Principal Clarinetist ) in 1991 ; a sinfonietta for wind ensemble ; a cello concerto premiered by Yo - Yo Ma and the Boston Symphony Orchestra at Tanglewood in 1994 ; concertos for the flute and violin recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra ; and a trumpet concerto , which was premiered by The Cleveland Orchestra and their principal trumpet Michael Sachs in September 1996 . His bassoon concerto , `` The Five Sacred Trees '' , which was premiered by the New York Philharmonic and principal bassoon player Judith LeClair in 1995 , was recorded for Sony Classical by Williams with LeClair and the London Symphony Orchestra . Williams was the subject of an hour - long documentary for the BBC in 1980 , and was featured in a report on 20 / 20 in 1983 . Stanley Donen ( left ) and John Williams at Avery Fisher Hall In 1985 , Williams was commissioned by NBC to compose a television news music package for various network news spots . The package , which Williams named `` The Mission , '' consists of four movements , two of which are still used heavily by NBC today for Today , NBC Nightly News , and Meet the Press . He composed the `` Liberty Fanfare '' for the Statue of Liberty 's rededication , `` We 're Lookin ' Good ! '' for the Special Olympics in celebration of the 1987 International Summer Games , and themes for the 1984 , 1988 , 1996 , and 2002 Olympic Games . His most recent concert work , `` Seven for Luck '' , for soprano and orchestra , is a seven - piece song cycle based on the texts of former U.S. Poet Laureate Rita Dove . `` Seven for Luck '' was given its world premiere by the Boston Symphony under Williams with soprano Cynthia Haymon . Williams conducting at Hollywood Bowl Williams makes annual appearances with the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Hollywood Bowl , and took part as conductor and composer in the orchestra 's opening gala concerts for the Walt Disney Concert Hall in 2003 . In 2004 , Williams both served as the Grand Marshal for the Rose Parade , and directed `` The Star Spangled Banner '' at the Rose Bowl 's beginning . In April 2005 , Williams and the Boston Pops performed the `` Throne Room Finale '' from Star Wars at opening day in Fenway Park as the Boston Red Sox , having won their first World Series championship since 1918 , received their championship rings . For Game 1 of the 2007 World Series , Williams conducted a brass - and - drum ensemble through a new dissonant arrangement of the `` Star Spangled Banner . '' In February 2004 , April 2006 , and September 2007 , he conducted the New York Philharmonic at Avery Fisher Hall in New York City . The initial program was intended to be a one - time special event , and featured Williams 's medley of Oscar - winning film scores first performed at the previous year 's Academy Awards . Its unprecedented popularity led to two concerts in 2006 : fundraising gala events featuring personal recollections by film directors Martin Scorsese and Steven Spielberg . Continuing demand fueled three more concerts in 2007 , which all sold out . These featured a tribute to the musicals of film director Stanley Donen , and had the distinction of serving as the New York Philharmonic season 's opening event . After a three - season absence , Williams conducted the Philharmonic once again in October 2011 . Maestro Williams also conducted the National Symphony Orchestra , the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets , the Joint Armed Forces Chorus , and the Choral Arts Society of Washington performing his new arrangement of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' for its 200th anniversary . The performance was held at A Capitol Fourth , an Independence Day celebration concert in Washington , D.C. , on July 4 , 2014 . At Star Wars Celebration Orlando , Williams performed a surprise concert along with the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra , featuring `` Princess Leia 's Theme '' ( a tribute to the recently deceased Carrie Fisher ) , `` The Imperial March '' and `` Main Title '' followed by George Lucas saying , `` The secret sauce of Star Wars , the greatest composer - conductor in the universe , John Williams . '' Personal Life ( edit ) Williams married Barbara Ruick , an American actress and singer , in 1956 . Together they had three children : Jennifer ( b . 1956 ) , Mark Towner Williams ( b . 1958 ) , and Joseph ( b . 1960 ) , who is the lead singer of Toto . The two remained married until her death in 1974 . In 1980 , Williams married Samantha Winslow , a photographer . Awards ( edit ) John Williams has been nominated for 51 Academy Awards , winning 5 ; 6 Emmy Awards , winning 3 ; 25 Golden Globe Awards , winning 4 ; 67 Grammy Awards , winning 23 ; and has received 7 British Academy Film Awards . With 51 Oscar nominations , Williams currently holds the record for the most Oscar nominations for a living person , and is the second most nominated person in Academy Awards history behind Walt Disney 's 59 . Forty - six of Williams 's Oscar nominations are for Best Original Score and five are for Best Original Song . He won four Oscars for Best Original Score and one for Best Scoring : Adaptation and Original Song Score ( Fiddler on the Roof ) . In 1980 , Williams received an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music . Williams has been inducted into the American Classical Music Hall of Fame and the Hollywood Bowl Hall of Fame . Williams was honored with the annual Richard Kirk award at the 1999 BMI Film and TV Awards , recognizing his contribution to film and television music . In 2004 , he received Kennedy Center Honors . He won a Classic Brit Award in 2005 for his soundtrack work of the previous year . Notably , Williams has won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition for his scores for Star Wars , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Superman , The Empire Strikes Back , E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , Angela 's Ashes , Munich , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , and The Book Thief . The competition includes not only composers of film scores , but also composers of instrumental music of any genre , including composers of classical fare such as symphonies and chamber music . Williams received an Honorary Doctor of Music degree from Boston College in 1993 and from Harvard University in 2017 . In 2003 , the International Olympic Committee accorded Williams its highest individual honor , the Olympic Order . In 2009 , Williams received the National Medal of Arts in the White House in Washington , D.C. for his achievements in symphonic music for films , and `` as a pre-eminent composer and conductor ( whose ) scores have defined and inspired modern movie - going for decades . '' Williams was made an honorary brother of Kappa Kappa Psi at Boston University in the late 1980s . In 2013 , Williams was presented with the Ken Burns Lifetime Achievement Award . AFI ( edit ) In 2005 , the American Film Institute selected Williams 's richly thematic and highly popular score to 1977 's Star Wars as the greatest American film score of all time . His scores for Jaws and E.T. also appeared on the list , at No. 6 and No. 14 , respectively . He is the only composer to have three scores on the list . Williams received the AFI Life Achievement Award in June 2016 , becoming the first composer to receive the award . Academy Awards ( edit ) Year Project Category Result 1967 Valley of the Dolls Best Score Adaptation Nominated 1969 Goodbye , Mr Chips Best Score Adaptation Nominated The Reivers Best Original Score Nominated 1971 Fiddler on the Roof Best Scoring Adaptation and Original Song Score Won 1972 Images Best Original Dramatic Score Nominated The Poseidon Adventure Best Original Dramatic Score Nominated 1973 Cinderella Liberty Best Original Dramatic Score Nominated `` Nice to Be Around '' ( from Cinderella Liberty ) Best Original Song Nominated Tom Sawyer Best Score Adaptation Nominated The Towering Inferno Original Score Nominated Jaws Best Original Dramatic Score Won 1977 Star Wars Original Score Won Close Encounters of the Third Kind Original Score Nominated 1978 Superman Original Score Nominated 1980 The Empire Strikes Back Original Score Nominated 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark Original Score Nominated 1982 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Original Score Won `` If We Were in Love '' ( from Yes , Giorgio ) Best Original Song Nominated Return of the Jedi Original Score Nominated 1984 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Original Score Nominated The River Original Score Nominated Empire of the Sun Original Score Nominated The Witches of Eastwick Original Score Nominated 1988 The Accidental Tourist Original Score Nominated 1989 Born on the Fourth of July Original Score Nominated Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Original Score Nominated 1990 Home Alone Original Score Nominated `` Somewhere in My Memory '' ( from Home Alone ) Best Original Song Nominated 1991 JFK Original Score Nominated `` When You 're Alone '' ( from Hook ) Best Original Song Nominated 1993 Schindler 's List Original Score Won 1995 Nixon Best Original Dramatic Score Nominated Sabrina Best Original Musical or Comedy Score Nominated `` Moonlight '' ( from Sabrina ) Best Original Song Nominated Sleepers Best Original Dramatic Score Nominated 1997 Amistad Best Original Dramatic Score Nominated 1998 Saving Private Ryan Best Original Dramatic Score Nominated 1999 Angela 's Ashes Original Score Nominated 2000 The Patriot Original Score Nominated 2001 A.I. Artificial Intelligence Original Score Nominated Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone Original Score Nominated 2002 Catch Me If You Can Original Score Nominated Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Original Score Nominated 2005 Memoirs of a Geisha Original Score Nominated Munich Original Score Nominated 2011 The Adventures of Tintin Original Score Nominated War Horse Original Score Nominated 2012 Lincoln Original Score Nominated 2013 The Book Thief Original Score Nominated 2015 Star Wars : The Force Awakens Original Score Nominated 2017 Star Wars : The Last Jedi Original Score Nominated BAFTA Awards ( edit ) Year Project Category Result Jaws Best Film Music Won 1978 Star Wars Best Film Music Won Close Encounters of the Third Kind Best Film Music Nominated 1980 The Empire Strikes Back Best Film Music Won 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark Best Film Music Nominated 1982 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Best Film Music Won 1988 Empire of the Sun Best Film Music Won 1993 Schindler 's List Best Film Music Won 1998 Saving Private Ryan Best Film Music Nominated 2002 Catch Me If You Can Best Film Music Nominated 2005 Memoirs of a Geisha Best Film Music Won 2011 War Horse Best Film Music Nominated 2012 Lincoln Best Film Music Nominated 2013 The Book Thief Best Film Music Nominated 2015 Star Wars : The Force Awakens Best Film Music Nominated Emmy Awards ( edit ) Year Project Category Result 1962 Alcoa Premiere Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composed for Television Nominated 1963 Alcoa Premiere Outstanding Achievement in Composing Original Music Nominated 1968 Heidi Outstanding Achievement in Musical Composition Won 1971 Jane Eyre Outstanding Achievement in Musical Composition Won 2002 74th Academy Awards Outstanding Music Direction Nominated 2009 Great Performances Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Won Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) Year Project Category Result Ref . 1972 The Poseidon Adventure Best Original Score Nominated 1973 Cinderella Liberty Best Original Score Nominated Tom Sawyer ( with Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ) Best Original Score Nominated Earthquake Best Original Score Nominated Jaws Best Original Score Won 1977 Star Wars Best Original Score Won Close Encounters of the Third Kind Best Original Score Nominated 1978 Superman Best Original Score Nominated 1980 The Empire Strikes Back Best Original Score Nominated 1982 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Best Original Score Won `` If We Were In Love '' ( with Alan and Marilyn Bergman ) from Yes , Giorgio Best Original Song Nominated 1984 The River Best Original Score Nominated Empire of the Sun Best Original Score Nominated 1988 The Accidental Tourist Best Original Score Nominated 1989 Born on the Fourth of July Best Original Score Nominated 1993 Schindler 's List Best Original Score Nominated 1995 `` Moonlight '' ( with Alan and Marilyn Bergman ) from Sabrina Best Original Song Nominated 1997 Seven Years in Tibet Best Original Score Nominated 1998 Saving Private Ryan Best Original Score Nominated 1999 Angela 's Ashes Best Original Score Nominated 2001 A.I. Artificial Intelligence Best Original Score Nominated 2005 Memoirs of a Geisha Best Original Score Won 2011 War Horse Best Original Score Nominated 2012 Lincoln Best Original Score Nominated 2013 The Book Thief Best Original Score Nominated 2017 The Post Best Original Score Nominated Grammy Awards ( edit ) Year Project Category Result 1962 Checkmate Best Soundtrack Album or Recording or Score from Motion Picture or Television Nominated Jaws Album of Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special Won 1978 `` Main Title '' from Star Wars Best Instrumental Composition Won Star Wars Best Pop Instrumental Recording Won Best Original Score Written For A Motion Picture Or A Television Special Won Album of the Year Nominated 1979 `` Theme from Close Encounters of the Third Kind '' Best Instrumental Composition Won Close Encounters of the Third Kind Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture Won 1980 `` Main Title Theme from Superman '' Best Instrumental Composition Won Best Pop Instrumental Performance Nominated Superman Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture Won 1981 `` Yoda 's Theme '' Best Pop Instrumental Performance Nominated Best Instrumental Composition Nominated `` The Empire Strikes Back '' Won `` Imperial March '' ( Darth Vader 's Theme ) Nominated Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture Won 1982 Raiders of the Lost Ark Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture Won `` Adventures on Earth '' Best Instrumental Composition Nominated `` Flying '' ( Theme from E.T. ) Won Best Arrangement on an Instrumental Recording Won E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Best Pop Instrument Performance Nominated Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture Won 1984 Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television Nominated 1985 Olympic Fanfare and Theme Best Instrumental Composition Won 1986 Prokofiev : Peter and the Wolf Best Recording for Children Nominated 1988 The Witches of Eastwick Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television Nominated 1989 `` Olympic Spirit '' Best Instrumental Composition Nominated Empire of the Sun Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television Nominated 1990 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television Nominated 1991 Born on the Fourth of July Best Arrangement on an Instrumental Recording Nominated The Star Wars Trilogy Best Pop Instrumental Performance Nominated `` Home Alone Main Title '' Best Arrangement on an Instrumental Nominated `` Somewhere in My Memory '' ( with Leslie Bricusse ) from Home Alone Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television Nominated 1993 Hook Best Pop Instrumental Performance Nominated Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television Nominated 1994 Jurassic Park Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television Nominated 1995 Schindler 's List Instrumental Composition for a Motion Picture or Television Won 1997 `` Moonlight '' ( with Alan and Marilyn Bergman ) from Sabrina Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television Nominated 1998 Seven Years in Tibet Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television Nominated The Lost World : Jurassic Park Nominated 1999 Saving Private Ryan Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television Won Amistad Nominated Gershwin Fantasy Best Classical Crossover Album Nominated 2000 Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Best Score Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Nominated `` Stella by Starlight '' ( from The Uninvited ) from : Cinema Serenade 2 : The Golden Age Best Instrumental Arrangement Nominated 2001 `` Theme '' from Angela 's Ashes Best Instrumental Composition Won 2002 Artificial Intelligence : A.I. Best Score Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Nominated 2003 `` Hedwig 's Theme '' Best Instrumental Composition Nominated Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone Best Score Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Nominated Catch Me If You Can Best Score Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Nominated Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Nominated 2005 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Best Score Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Nominated 2006 Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith Best Score Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Nominated 2007 Memoirs of a Geisha Best Score Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Won Munich Nominated `` A Prayer For Peace '' ( Theme from Munich ) Best Instrumental Composition Won `` Sayuri 's Theme and End Credits '' ( Theme from Memoirs of a Geisha ) Nominated 2009 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Best Score Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Nominated `` The Adventures of Mutt '' from Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Best Instrumental Composition Won 2012 The Adventures of Tintin Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media Nominated 2013 Lincoln Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Nominated 2014 `` The Book Thief '' from The Book Thief Best Instrumental Composition Won 2016 Star Wars : The Force Awakens Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Won 2017 `` Escapades for Alto Saxophone and Orchestra '' from Catch Me If You Can Best Arrangement , Instrumental or A Cappella Won Charting hits ( U.S. , Billboard ) ( edit ) 1975 -- `` Main Title ( Theme from ' Jaws ' ) , '' No. 32 1977 -- `` Star Wars Theme -- Main Title , '' No. 10 1978 -- `` Theme from `` Close Encounters of the Third Kind '' , '' No. 13 Concert works ( edit ) Concertos ( edit ) 1969 : Concerto for Flute and Orchestra 1976 : Concerto for Violin and Orchestra 1985 : Concerto for Tuba and Orchestra 1991 : Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra 1993 : Concerto for Bassoon and Orchestra , The Five Sacred Trees 1994 : Concerto for Cello and Orchestra 1996 : Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra 2000 : TreeSong for Violin and Orchestra 2002 : Heartwood : Lyric Sketches for Cello and Orchestra 2002 : Escapades for Alto Saxophone and Orchestra ( cut from the Catch Me If You Can film score ) 2003 : Concerto for Horn and Orchestra 2007 : Duo Concertante for Violin and Viola 2009 : Concerto for Viola and Orchestra 2009 : On Willows and Birches , for Harp and Orchestra 2011 : Concerto for Oboe and Orchestra Other orchestral works ( edit ) 1965 : Prelude and Fugue on Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra ( Capitol , 1965 ) 1965 : Symphony # 1 1968 : Sinfonietta for Wind Ensemble 1975 : Thomas and the King -- Musical 1980 : Jubilee 350 Fanfare 1984 : Olympic Fanfare & Theme 1986 : Liberty Fanfare 1987 : A Hymn to New England 1988 : Fanfare for Michael Dukakis 1988 : For New York 1990 : Celebrate Discovery 1993 : Sound the Bells ! 1994 : Song for World Peace 1995 : Variations on Happy Birthday 1999 : American Journey 2003 : Soundings 2007 : Star Spangled Banner 2008 : A Timeless Call 2012 : Fanfare for Fenway 2012 : Seven for Luck for soprano and orchestra 2013 : For ' The President 's Own ' 2014 : Star Spangled Banner 2014 : Scherzo for Piano and Orchestra Chamber works ( edit ) 1951 : Sonata for Piano 1997 : Elegy for Cello and Piano 2001 : Three Pieces for solo Cello 2009 : Air and Simple Gifts for violin , cello , clarinet and piano 2011 : Quartet La Jolla for violin , cello , clarinet and harp 2012 : Rounds for solo guitar 2013 : Conversations for solo Piano 2014 : Music for Brass for Brass Ensemble and Percussion Discography ( edit ) Main article : John Williams discography See also ( edit ) List of compositions by John Williams Music of Harry Potter Music of Star Wars Music of Superman References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Honoree John Williams Looks Back on Six Decades of Iconic Themes '' . Variety . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Williams wo n't score a Steven Spielberg film for the first time in 30 years '' . The Verge . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams : The Last Movie Maestro '' . The Wall Street Journal . December 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Pops -- John Williams '' Archived February 4 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , bso.org ; retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` John Williams Tapped for 44th AFI Life Achievement Award '' . Variety . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominee Facts -- Most Nominations and Awards '' Archived April 25 , 2016 , at WebCite , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ; retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Score Named To National Recording Register '' . www.filmbuffonline.com . Jump up ^ Profile , boxofficemojo.com ; accessed December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams , el compositor de la aventura '' . Revista Esfinge . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Thomas , David ( October 25 , 1997 ) . `` The King of Popcorn '' . The Sydney Morning Herald : 10s . ^ Jump up to : `` Sony Classical Williams Biography '' . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) at www.sonybmgmasterworks.com ; retrieved September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles City College website , lacitycollege.edu ; accessed December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Heather ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Star Wars composer John Williams 's first score a 1952 Newfoundland film '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with John Williams '' . BMI . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US airforce band interviews John Williams '' . www.dlwaldron.com . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' M Squad : Full cast and crew `` '' . Jump up ^ RCA Victor PL - 45929 Jump up ^ Barton , Tom . A Musical Biography of John Williams . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Casey , Dan ( 2015 - 11 - 01 ) . 100 Things Star Wars Fans Should Know & Do Before They Die . Triumph Books . ISBN 1633193454 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Don Williams profile , imdb.com ; accessed October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Romanticism '' . Archived from the original on December 2 , 1998 . Retrieved August 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars and Wagner 's Ring '' . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Films & Filming , vol. 24 , 1977 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Tribute to John Williams , ca . 1991 . Jump up ^ John Williams Biography at FilmReference.com . Jump up ^ `` Marooned '' credits ( unaired pilot , October 16 , 1962 ) Jump up ^ `` Deanna Lund Meets John Williams At Lincoln Party '' . Irwin Allen News Network . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academy Awards and Nominations '' . John Williams Web Pages . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Cowboys ( 1972 ) -- Full Cast and Crew '' , imdb.com ; retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Encounters Not Close Enough '' . Vikileaks. 2011 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars Episode 7 ' : John Williams Will Probably Score the Sequel , According to J.J. Abrams '' . Moviefone. 2013 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Spielberg , Steven ( 1993 ) . `` Back cover '' . Jurassic Park Audio CD ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack CD ) ( Media notes ) . MCA. `` ... and I consider it a privilege to call John my Friend . '' Jump up ^ http://h2g2.com/approved_entry/A563942 `` Reminiscent of the ' Dies Irae ' from Verdi 's Requiem , ' Duel of the Fates ' was written to accompany the climactic lightsabre battle in the first of the Star Wars prequels . While much of the film failed to meet the expectations generated by its hype , this scene stood out as a dazzling work of fight choreography , and the score was an important part of that . '' Jump up ^ Richards , Mark ( 2015 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Celebrating Star Wars Themes Part 4 '' . Film Music Notes . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Richards , Mark ( 2015 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Celebrating Star Wars Themes Part 5 '' . Film Music Notes . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Richards , Mark ( 2015 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Celebrating Star Wars Themes Part 6 '' . Film Music Notes . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Program Notes '' . Wheaton Symphony . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Al Septien , Turi Meyer , Brian Peterson & Kelly Souders ( writers ) ; Greg Beeman & Kevin Fair ( directors ) ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Finale '' . Smallville . Season 10 . Episode 21 . The CW . Jump up ^ `` Composer Don Davis , Welcome to Jurassic Park '' . Tracksounds. 2001 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Warner at War ( 2008 ) ( TV ) -- Full cast and crew , imdb.com ; accessed November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ A Timeless Call ( 2008 ) -- cast and crew , imdb.com ; accessed December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn ( John Williams ) '' . Filmtracks . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` War Horse ( John Williams ) '' . Filmtracks. 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn ( John Williams ) '' . Moviecues.com. 2011 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` War Horse ( John Williams ) '' . Moviecues.com. 2011 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Adventures Of Tintin : The Secret Of The Unicorn -- John Williams '' . Moviemusicuk.us. 2011 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn soundtrack review '' . movie-wave.net . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Winners for the 84th Academy Awards '' . Oscars.org . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Thursday , December 15 , 2011 ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` The 69th Annual Golden Globe Awards NOMINATIONS OFFICIAL WEBSITE of the HFPA and the GOLDEN GLOBE AWARDS '' . Goldenglobes.org . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2013 Academy Award Nominees Announced '' . mediaite.com. 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Williams Says He ' Hopes ' to Work on New Star Wars Trilogy '' . jwfan.com. 2013 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams to Score ' The Book Thief ' '' . Film Music Reporter . August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nominee Facts -- Most nominations and Awards '' Archived July 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Academy Awards Database , Retrieved November 30 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Williams confirms he will score Episode VII '' . jwfan.com. 2013 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations 2016 : Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . oscars.go.com. 2016 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` New Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks Film Titled ' Bridge of Spies , ' John Williams Confirmed to Score '' . slashfilm.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Newman Replaces Williams on `` Bridge of Spies '' `` . jwfan.com . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Inks Sports Illustrated Deal for ' Dear Basketball ' Animated Film '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Scores With Composer John Williams for ' Dear Basketball ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Rich ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` John Williams confirms he 's working on the score for Star Wars : Episode VIII '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` John Williams and Alan Silvestri to Score Steven Spielberg 's Next Films ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( 2017 - 12 - 30 ) . `` ' Solo ' Locks In Key ' Star Wars ' Veteran ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Tracklist for Solo : A Star Wars Story 's Soundtrack Album '' . Facebook ( in en US ) . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` John Williams Will Compose Indiana Jones 5 and Star Wars Episode VIII Score '' . Slashfilm. 2016 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` John Williams and Steven Spielberg 's Work Together Is Getting an ' Ultimate Collection ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Score : A Film Music Documentary ( 2016 ) '' -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ Kaye , Ben ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` John Williams to retire from Star Wars films following Episode IX '' . Consequence of Sound . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holland , Bernard ( June 14 , 1984 ) . `` Boston Pops Conductor Resigns Abruptly '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Clendinen , Dudley ( May 1 , 1985 ) . `` At 100 , the Boston Still Packs Them In '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Edwards , David Noel ( 2015 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Tanglewood Film Night Without John Williams ? '' . The Berkshire Edge . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Concerto for Clarinet '' . MyTempo.com. 1991 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Concert Works '' . John Williams Fan Network . 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Williams : Videos '' from the John Williams Fan Network , June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ecks , Johnny ( February 12 , 2004 ) . `` John Williams : the Art of the Score ( review ) '' . JWFan.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kozinn , Allan ( April 26 , 2006 ) . `` Philharmonic and Film : Sound to Bring Pictures to Life '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Chris Matthew Sciabarra , `` John Williams & the NY Philharmonic '' from Notablog , 16 May 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kozinn , Allan ( September 9 , 2007 ) . `` Classical : Just in Time for Timeless Melodies '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Anthony Tommasini , `` John Williams : NY Philharmonic ( review ) '' from New York Times , September 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Groner , Danny ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` John Williams Makes Movie Music Come Alive '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Legendary Composer John Williams to Pay Tribute to National Anthem on PBS ' A CAPITOL FOURTH '' . Broadway World . 2014 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams Net Worth '' . TheRichest . Jump up ^ `` Williams , John biography '' . Retrieved May 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams Film Music Box Biography Discography News '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved May 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ https://www.berklee.edu/news/academy-award-winning-composer-ar-rahman-receive-honorary-doctorate-berklee Jump up ^ `` BMI Film / Awards : 1999 '' . bmi.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boston College Fact Book , 1998 -- 1999 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard awards 10 honorary degrees at 366th Commencement '' . May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards the Olympic Order to John Williams '' . IOC . May 1 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by the President at Presentation of the National Humanities Medal and the National Medal of the Arts The White House '' . February 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kappa Kappa Psi Theta Beta at Boston University '' . Jump up ^ `` Ken Burns Lifetime Achievement Award '' . Jump up ^ `` AFI 100 Years of Film Scores '' . Web.archive.org. 2007 - 10 - 22 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` John Williams Tapped for 44th AFI Life Achievement Award '' . Variety . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great Performances wins Primetime Emmy ; John Williams interview '' . WNET . September 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aswad , Jem ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes : Alexandre Desplat Wins Best Original Score for ' The Shape Of Water ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Unterberg , Andrew ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Shape of Water ' Wins Best Score at the 2018 Golden Globes '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Audissino , Emilio : John Williams 's Film Music . ' Jaws , ' ' Star Wars , ' ' Raiders of the Lost Ark , ' and the Return of the Classical Hollywood Music Style ( Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press , 2014 ) , 346 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 29734 - 3 Audissino , Emilio : `` Golden Age 2.0 : John Williams and the Revival of the Symphonic Film Score '' . In : Stoppe , Sebastian ( 2014 ) . Film in Concert . Film Scores and their Relation to Classical Concert Music . Glücksstadt , Germany : VWH Verlag . pp. 109 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 86488060 - 5 . Paulus , Irena : `` Williams versus Wagner -- Or an Attempt at Linking Musical Epics '' . In : Stoppe , Sebastian ( 2014 ) . Film in Concert . Film Scores and their Relation to Classical Concert Music . Glücksstadt , Germany : VWH Verlag . pp. 63 -- 108 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 86488060 - 5 . Moormann , Peter ( 2010 ) . Spielberg - Variationen : die Filmmusik von John Williams ( in German ) . Baden - Baden : Nomos , Edition Reinhard Fischer . p. 797 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8329 - 5355 - 3 . Aschieri , Roberto ( 1999 ) . Over the Moon : La Mứsica de John Williams Para El Cine ( in Spanish ) . Santigo , Chile : Función Privada , sponsored by Universidad Diego Portales . p. 400 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 89799 - 246 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutJohn Williamsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata John Williams discography at Discogs John Williams at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) John Williams on IMDb John Williams Fan Network John Williams music listings Cultural offices Preceded by Arthur Fiedler Conductor , Boston Pops Orchestra 1980 -- 1993 Succeeded by Keith Lockhart First Laureate Conductor , Boston Pops Orchestra 1993 -- present Incumbent John Williams Discography List of compositions Soundtracks Jaws ( 1975 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) JFK ( 1991 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Angela 's Ashes ( 1999 ) The Patriot ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Compilations John Williams Greatest Hits 1969 -- 1999 Category Awards for John Williams Academy Award for Best Original Score 1930s Louis Silvers ( 1934 ) Max Steiner ( 1935 ) Leo F. Forbstein ( 1936 ) Charles Previn ( 1937 ) Erich Wolfgang Korngold / Alfred Newman ( 1938 ) Herbert Stothart / Richard Hageman , W. Franke Harling , John Leipold , Leo Shuken ( 1939 ) 1940s Leigh Harline , Paul J. Smith , Ned Washington / Alfred Newman ( 1940 ) Bernard Herrmann / Frank Churchill and Oliver Wallace ( 1941 ) Max Steiner / Ray Heindorf and Heinz Roemheld ( 1942 ) Alfred Newman / Ray Heindorf ( 1943 ) Max Steiner / Morris Stoloff and Carmen Dragon ( 1944 ) Miklós Rózsa / Georgie Stoll ( 1945 ) Hugo Friedhofer / Morris Stoloff ( 1946 ) Miklós Rózsa / Alfred Newman ( 1947 ) Brian Easdale / Johnny Green and Roger Edens ( 1948 ) Aaron Copland / Roger Edens and Lennie Hayton ( 1949 ) 1950s Franz Waxman / Adolph Deutsch and Roger Edens ( 1950 ) Franz Waxman / Johnny Green and Saul Chaplin ( 1951 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Alfred Newman ( 1952 ) Bronisław Kaper / Alfred Newman ( 1953 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Adolph Deutsch and Saul Chaplin ( 1954 ) Alfred Newman / Robert Russell Bennett , Jay Blackton and Adolph Deutsch ( 1955 ) Victor Young / Alfred Newman and Ken Darby ( 1956 ) Malcolm Arnold ( 1957 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Andre Previn ( 1958 ) Miklós Rózsa / Andre Previn and Ken Darby ( 1959 ) 1960s Ernest Gold / Morris Stoloff and Harry Sukman ( 1960 ) Henry Mancini / Saul Chaplin , Johnny Green , Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal ( 1961 ) Maurice Jarre / Ray Heindorf ( 1962 ) John Addison / Andre Previn ( 1963 ) Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman / Andre Previn ( 1964 ) Maurice Jarre / Irwin Kostal ( 1965 ) John Barry / Ken Thorne ( 1966 ) Elmer Bernstein / Alfred Newman and Ken Darby ( 1967 ) John Barry / Johnny Green ( 1968 ) Burt Bacharach / Lennie Hayton and Lionel Newman ( 1969 ) 1970s Francis Lai / The Beatles ( John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr ) ( 1970 ) Michel Legrand / John Williams ( 1971 ) Charlie Chaplin , Raymond Rasch and Larry Russell / Ralph Burns ( 1972 ) Marvin Hamlisch / Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) Nino Rota and Carmine Coppola / Nelson Riddle ( 1974 ) John Williams / Leonard Rosenman ( 1975 ) Jerry Goldsmith / Leonard Rosenman ( 1976 ) John Williams / Jonathan Tunick ( 1977 ) Giorgio Moroder / Joe Renzetti ( 1978 ) Georges Delerue / Ralph Burns ( 1979 ) 1980s Michael Gore ( 1980 ) Vangelis ( 1981 ) John Williams / Henry Mancini and Leslie Bricusse ( 1982 ) Bill Conti / Michel Legrand , Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1983 ) Maurice Jarre / Prince ( 1984 ) John Barry ( 1985 ) Herbie Hancock ( 1986 ) Ryuichi Sakamoto , David Byrne and Cong Su ( 1987 ) Dave Grusin ( 1988 ) Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s John Barry ( 1990 ) Alan Menken ( 1991 ) Alan Menken ( 1992 ) John Williams ( 1993 ) Hans Zimmer ( 1994 ) Luis Enríquez Bacalov / Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) Gabriel Yared / Rachel Portman ( 1996 ) James Horner / Anne Dudley ( 1997 ) Nicola Piovani / Stephen Warbeck ( 1998 ) John Corigliano ( 1999 ) 2000s Tan Dun ( 2000 ) Howard Shore ( 2001 ) Elliot Goldenthal ( 2002 ) Howard Shore ( 2003 ) Jan A.P. Kaczmarek ( 2004 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2006 ) Dario Marianelli ( 2007 ) A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) 2010s Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross ( 2010 ) Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Mychael Danna ( 2012 ) Steven Price ( 2013 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2014 ) Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) AFI Life Achievement Award John Ford ( 1973 ) James Cagney ( 1974 ) Orson Welles ( 1975 ) William Wyler ( 1976 ) Bette Davis ( 1977 ) Henry Fonda ( 1978 ) Alfred Hitchcock ( 1979 ) James Stewart ( 1980 ) Fred Astaire ( 1981 ) Frank Capra ( 1982 ) John Huston ( 1983 ) Lillian Gish ( 1984 ) Gene Kelly ( 1985 ) Billy Wilder ( 1986 ) Barbara Stanwyck ( 1987 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1988 ) Gregory Peck ( 1989 ) David Lean ( 1990 ) Kirk Douglas ( 1991 ) Sidney Poitier ( 1992 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1993 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1994 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1995 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1996 ) Martin Scorsese ( 1997 ) Robert Wise ( 1998 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1999 ) Harrison Ford ( 2000 ) Barbra Streisand ( 2001 ) Tom Hanks ( 2002 ) Robert De Niro ( 2003 ) Meryl Streep ( 2004 ) George Lucas ( 2005 ) Sean Connery ( 2006 ) Al Pacino ( 2007 ) Warren Beatty ( 2008 ) Michael Douglas ( 2009 ) Mike Nichols ( 2010 ) Morgan Freeman ( 2011 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 2012 ) Mel Brooks ( 2013 ) Jane Fonda ( 2014 ) Steve Martin ( 2015 ) John Williams ( 2016 ) Diane Keaton ( 2017 ) George Clooney ( 2018 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film Music John Barry ( 1968 ) Mikis Theodorakis ( 1969 ) Burt Bacharach ( 1970 ) Michel Legrand ( 1971 ) Nino Rota ( 1972 ) Alan Price ( 1973 ) Richard Rodney Bennett ( 1974 ) John Williams ( 1975 ) Bernard Herrmann ( 1976 ) John Addison ( 1977 ) John Williams ( 1978 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1979 ) John Williams ( 1980 ) Carl Davis ( 1981 ) John Williams ( 1982 ) Ryuichi Sakamoto ( 1983 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1984 ) Maurice Jarre ( 1985 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1986 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1987 ) John Williams ( 1988 ) Maurice Jarre ( 1989 ) Andrea and Ennio Morricone ( 1990 ) Jean - Claude Petit ( 1991 ) David Hirschfelder ( 1992 ) John Williams ( 1993 ) Don Was ( 1994 ) Luis Bacalov ( 1995 ) Gabriel Yared ( 1996 ) Nellee Hooper ( 1997 ) David Hirschfelder ( 1998 ) Thomas Newman ( 1999 ) Tan Dun ( 2000 ) Craig Armstrong and Marius de Vries ( 2001 ) Philip Glass ( 2002 ) T Bone Burnett and Gabriel Yared ( 2003 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2004 ) John Williams ( 2005 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2006 ) Christopher Gunning ( 2007 ) A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2010 ) Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Thomas Newman ( 2012 ) Steven Price ( 2013 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2014 ) Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Score John Williams ( 1998 ) Gabriel Yared ( 1999 ) Lisa Gerrard and Hans Zimmer ( 2000 ) Howard Shore ( 2001 ) John Williams ( 2002 ) Howard Shore ( 2003 ) Howard Shore ( 2004 ) John Williams ( 2005 ) Philip Glass ( 2006 ) Jonny Greenwood ( 2007 ) A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross ( 2010 ) Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) John Williams ( 2012 ) Steven Price ( 2013 ) Antonio Sánchez ( 2014 ) Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score 1940s Life with Father -- Max Steiner ( 1947 ) The Red Shoes -- Brian Easdale ( 1948 ) The Inspector General -- Johnny Green ( 1949 ) 1950s Sunset Boulevard -- Franz Waxman ( 1950 ) September Affair -- Victor Young ( 1951 ) High Noon -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1952 ) On the Beach -- Ernest Gold ( 1959 ) 1960s The Alamo -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) To Kill a Mockingbird -- Elmer Bernstein ( 1962 ) ( 1963 ) The Fall of the Roman Empire -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago -- Maurice Jarre ( 1965 ) Hawaii -- Elmer Bernstein ( 1966 ) Camelot -- Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) The Shoes of the Fisherman -- Alex North ( 1968 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid -- Burt Bacharach ( 1969 ) 1970s Love Story -- Francis Lai ( 1970 ) Shaft -- Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) The Godfather -- Nino Rota ( 1972 ) Jonathan Livingston Seagull -- Neil Diamond ( 1973 ) The Little Prince -- Alan Jay Lerner , Frederick Loewe ( 1974 ) Jaws -- John Williams ( 1975 ) A Star is Born -- Kenneth Ascher , Paul Williams ( 1976 ) Star Wars -- John Williams ( 1977 ) Midnight Express -- Giorgio Moroder ( 1978 ) Apocalypse Now -- Carmine Coppola , Francis Ford Coppola ( 1979 ) 1980s The Stunt Man -- Dominic Frontiere ( 1980 ) ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial -- John Williams ( 1982 ) Flashdance -- Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) A Passage to India -- Maurice Jarre ( 1984 ) Out of Africa -- John Barry ( 1985 ) The Mission -- Ennio Morricone ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor -- David Byrne , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Cong Su ( 1987 ) Gorillas in the Mist -- Maurice Jarre ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid -- Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s The Sheltering Sky -- Richard Horowitz , Ryuichi Sakamoto ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast -- Alan Menken ( 1991 ) Aladdin -- Alan Menken ( 1992 ) Heaven & Earth -- Kitarō ( 1993 ) The Lion King -- Hans Zimmer ( 1994 ) A Walk in the Clouds -- Maurice Jarre ( 1995 ) The English Patient -- Gabriel Yared ( 1996 ) Titanic -- James Horner ( 1997 ) The Truman Show -- Burkhard Dallwitz , Philip Glass ( 1998 ) 1900 -- Ennio Morricone ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator -- Lisa Gerrard , Hans Zimmer ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! -- Craig Armstrong ( 2001 ) Frida -- Elliot Goldenthal ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Howard Shore ( 2003 ) The Aviator -- Howard Shore ( 2004 ) Memoirs of a Geisha -- John Williams ( 2005 ) The Painted Veil -- Alexandre Desplat ( 2006 ) Atonement -- Dario Marianelli ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire -- A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Up -- Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) 2010s The Social Network -- Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross ( 2010 ) The Artist -- Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Life of Pi -- Mychael Danna ( 2012 ) All Is Lost -- Alex Ebert ( 2013 ) The Theory of Everything -- Jóhann Jóhannsson ( 2014 ) The Hateful Eight -- Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) La La Land -- Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water - Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) Kennedy Center Honorees ( 2000s ) 2000 Mikhail Baryshnikov Chuck Berry Plácido Domingo Clint Eastwood Angela Lansbury 2001 Julie Andrews Van Cliburn Quincy Jones Jack Nicholson Luciano Pavarotti 2002 James Earl Jones James Levine Chita Rivera Paul Simon Elizabeth Taylor 2003 James Brown Carol Burnett Loretta Lynn Mike Nichols Itzhak Perlman Warren Beatty Ossie Davis & Ruby Dee Elton John Joan Sutherland John Williams 2005 Tony Bennett Suzanne Farrell Julie Harris Robert Redford Tina Turner 2006 Zubin Mehta Dolly Parton Smokey Robinson Steven Spielberg Andrew Lloyd Webber 2007 Leon Fleisher Steve Martin Diana Ross Martin Scorsese Brian Wilson 2008 Morgan Freeman George Jones Barbra Streisand Twyla Tharp Pete Townshend & Roger Daltrey 2009 Mel Brooks Dave Brubeck Grace Bumbry Robert De Niro Bruce Springsteen Complete list 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Saturn Award for Best Music Bernard Herrmann ( 1973 ) Miklós Rózsa ( 1974 / 75 ) David Raksin ( 1976 ) John Williams / John Williams ( 1977 ) John Williams ( 1978 ) Miklós Rózsa ( 1979 ) John Barry ( 1980 ) John Williams ( 1981 ) John Williams ( 1982 ) James Horner ( 1983 ) Jerry Goldsmith ( 1984 ) Bruce Broughton ( 1985 ) Alan Menken ( 1986 ) Alan Silvestri ( 1987 ) Christopher Young ( 1988 ) Alan Silvestri ( 1989 / 90 ) Loek Dikker ( 1991 ) Angelo Badalamenti ( 1992 ) Danny Elfman ( 1993 ) Howard Shore ( 1994 ) John Ottman ( 1995 ) Danny Elfman ( 1996 ) Danny Elfman ( 1997 ) John Carpenter ( 1998 ) Danny Elfman ( 1999 ) James Horner ( 2000 ) John Williams ( 2001 ) Danny Elfman ( 2002 ) Howard Shore ( 2003 ) Alan Silvestri ( 2004 ) John Williams ( 2005 ) John Ottman ( 2006 ) Alan Menken ( 2007 ) James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer ( 2008 ) James Horner ( 2009 ) Hans Zimmer ( 2010 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2011 ) Danny Elfman ( 2012 ) Frank Ilfman ( 2013 ) Hans Zimmer ( 2014 ) John Williams ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Note : The years are listed as per convention , usually the year of film release ; the ceremonies are usually held the next year . BNE : XX1190804 BNF : cb13901190f ( data ) GND : 129198536 ISNI : 0000 0001 2347 9198 LCCN : n80145169 MusicBrainz : 53b106e7 - 0cc6 - 42cc - ac95 - ed8d30a3a98e NDL : 00840807 NKC : ola2002158074 SELIBR : 207608 SUDOC : 088522598 VIAF : 102340285 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Williams&oldid=843659802 '' Categories : John Williams 1932 births 20th - century American composers 20th - century American pianists 20th - century classical composers 20th - century classical pianists 20th - century conductors ( music ) 21st - century American composers 21st - century American pianists 21st - century classical composers 21st - century classical pianists 21st - century conductors ( music ) American classical composers American classical pianists American conductors ( music ) American film score composers American male classical composers American music arrangers American people of English descent American people of French - Canadian descent American people of Irish descent American people of Welsh descent Annie Award winners Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Brit Award winners Edison Classical Music Awards Oeuvreprijs winners Grammy Award winners Guggenheim Fellows Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music Juilliard School alumni Kennedy Center honorees Living people Male film score composers People from Floral Park , New York People from Queens , New York Primetime Emmy Award winners Recipients of the Olympic Order Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture alumni United States Air Force airmen United States National Medal of Arts recipients Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Use mdy dates from August 2011 Articles with hCards CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the theme music for star wars | [
"John Towner Williams (born February 8, 1932) is an American composer, conductor, and pianist. With a career spanning over six decades, he has composed some of the most popular and recognizable film scores in cinematic history, including the Star Wars series, Jaws, Jaws 2, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Superman, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, the Indiana Jones series, the first two Home Alone films, the first two Jurassic Park films, Schindler's List, and the first three Harry Potter films.[1] Williams has been associated with director Steven Spielberg since 1974, composing music for all but three of his feature films.[2] Other notable works by Williams include theme music for the 1984 Summer Olympic Games, NBC Sunday Night Football, \"The Mission\" theme used by NBC News and Seven News in Australia, the television series Lost in Space and Land of the Giants, and the incidental music for the first season of Gilligan's Island.[3] Williams has also composed numerous classical concertos and other works for orchestral ensembles and solo instruments. From 1980 to 1993 he served as the Boston Pops's principal conductor, and is currently the orchestra's laureate conductor.[4]"
] | [
"John Towner Williams"
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-5994785743335750227 | Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing | Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing - wikipedia Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing Jump to : navigation , search For other songs with similar titles , see Do n't Worry ' bout a Thing . `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' Single by Stevie Wonder from the album Innervisions B - side `` Blame It on the Sun '' or All In Love Is Fair Released March 5 , 1974 Genre Latin soul Length 4 : 44 ( album version ) 3 : 40 ( single edit ) Label Tamla Songwriter ( s ) Stevie Wonder Stevie Wonder singles chronology `` Living for the City '' ( 1973 ) `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' ( 1974 ) `` He 's Misstra Know - It - All '' ( 1974 ) `` Living for the City '' ( 1973 ) `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' ( 1974 ) `` He 's Misstra Know - It - All '' ( 1974 ) Innervisions track listing Side One `` Too High '' `` Visions '' `` Living for the City '' `` Golden Lady '' Side Two `` Higher Ground '' `` Jesus Children of America '' `` All in Love Is Fair '' `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' `` He 's Misstra Know - It - All '' `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' is a single by Stevie Wonder , taken from his 1973 album Innervisions . It reached number 16 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart , number 10 on the Cash Box chart , and number 2 on the R&B chart . The song 's lyrics convey a positive message , focusing on taking things in one 's stride and accentuating the positive . The tune is in E ♭ minor , starting with a Latin piano intro . The opening melody is reminiscent of Horace Silver 's `` Song For My Father . '' The song 's second chorus begins with Stevie taking the vocals up an octave with two vocal overdubs singing the same line . He also sings two other background overdub vocals , mimicking a horn line with the Spanish phrase `` Todo ' stá bien chévere '' , which , loosely translated , means `` Everything 's really great . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Covers 2 Soundtrack appearances 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 References 5 External links Covers ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1974 it was covered by Roy Ayers on his album Change Up the Groove . The Main Ingredient on their album Euphrates River ( 1974 ) . In 1975 it was covered , in Swedish , as a duet between Lill - Babs and Marie Bergman on the album Det våras för Barbro . In 1975 it was covered by American soul jazz alto saxophonist , Hank Crawford , who used it as the title track for his album Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing . In 1976 it was covered by Weldon Irvine on his album Sinbad . Covered by A Certain Ratio in 1983 as a B - side to their single `` I Need Someone Tonite '' on Factory Records In 1992 , it was covered by British acid jazz band Incognito , who took it to number 19 in the UK . In 1992 , it was covered by the group First Call on their album Human Song . In 1995 Al Jarreau covered it live at various evenings of Night of the Proms , in Belgium as well as in the Netherlands . This version was recorded twice for a CD release in both countries . In 1997 , it was covered by Hiram Bullock on his Carrasco CD . In 1997 , Jazz supergroup Fourplay covered it on their album `` The Best of Fourplay '' with Take 6 on vocals . In 2005 it was covered by John Legend , produced by will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas . In 2005 American smooth jazz saxophonist Nelson Rangell released a rendition on his album My American Songbook , Vol. 1 . In 2013 Kyoto rock band Unchain released a cover of the song on their first compilation album `` Love & Groove Delivery '' . In 2013 , multi-instrumentalist and singer Jacob Collier uploaded a vocal and instrumental arrangement of the song to YouTube , singing and playing all parts himself . In 2016 , Tori Kelly as the voice of Meena covered the song for the animated movie Sing and its soundtrack . Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) Wonder 's rendition has been featured in the films Holy Man , Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins and Silver Linings Playbook in addition to the TV show Scandal . The John Legend version was included on the soundtrack to Hitch ( 2005 ) . The Tori Kelly version was featured in the film Sing ( 2016 ) and its soundtrack . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Canada RPM 13 Netherlands 19 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Billboard R&B US Cash Box Top 100 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Canada 134 US Billboard Hot 100 88 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Hank Crawford : Do n't You Worry ' Bout A Thing '' . Allaboutjazz.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My American Songbook , Vol. 1 overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Nelson Rangell - My American Songbook ( Vol. 1 ) '' . SmoothViews.com . Jump up ^ `` UNCHAIN discography - other '' . virusoul.net/unchain/ . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Youtube Jazz Sensation Jacob Collier Creates Music '' . Freejazzlessons.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sankin , Aaron . `` British YouTube phenom Jacob Collier 's Stevie Wonder cover is perfect '' . Dailydot.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jacob Collier Band - Late Late Show Special ! - Ronnie Scott 's '' . Ronniescotts.co.uk . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzPQ61oYMtQ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1974 / Top 100 Songs of 1974 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Stevie Wonder Studio albums The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie Tribute to Uncle Ray With a Song in My Heart Stevie at the Beach Up - Tight Down to Earth I Was Made to Love Her Someday at Christmas Eivets Rednow For Once in My Life My Cherie Amour Signed , Sealed & Delivered Where I 'm Coming From Music of My Mind Talking Book Innervisions Fulfillingness ' First Finale Songs in the Key of Life Hotter than July In Square Circle Characters Conversation Peace A Time to Love Ten Billion Hearts When The World Began Gospel Inspired by Lula Live albums Recorded Live : The 12 Year Old Genius Stevie Wonder Live Live at the Talk of the Town Natural Wonder Soundtracks Stevie Wonder 's Journey Through `` The Secret Life of Plants '' The Woman in Red Jungle Fever Compilations Looking Back Stevie Wonder 's Original Musiquarium I Song Review : A Greatest Hits Collection At the Close of a Century Ballad Collection The Definitive Collection 20th Century Masters The Complete Stevie Wonder Top ten singles `` Fingertips - Part 2 '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' `` A Place in the Sun '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I 'm Wondering '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` For Once in My Life '' `` My Cherie Amour '' `` Yester - Me , Yester - You , Yesterday '' `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' `` Heaven Help Us All '' `` If You Really Love Me '' `` Superstition '' `` You Are the Sunshine of My Life '' `` Higher Ground '' `` Living for the City '' `` He 's Misstra Know - It - All '' `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' `` Boogie On Reggae Woman '' `` I Wish '' `` Sir Duke '' `` Send One Your Love '' `` Master Blaster ( Jammin ' ) '' `` I Ai n't Gonna Stand for It '' `` Happy Birthday '' `` That Girl '' `` Do I Do '' `` Ebony and Ivory '' `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' `` Love Light in Flight '' `` Part - Time Lover '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` Go Home '' Other singles `` Hey Harmonica Man '' `` Hey Love '' `` I Do n't Know Why '' `` Never Dreamed You 'd Leave in Summer '' `` Superwoman ( Where Were You When I Needed You ) '' `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' `` As '' `` Another Star '' `` Lately '' `` Ribbon in the Sky '' `` Overjoyed '' `` Faith '' Other songs `` You and I ( We Can Conquer the World ) '' `` I Believe ( When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever ) '' `` They Wo n't Go When I Go '' `` Knocks Me Off My Feet '' `` Pastime Paradise '' `` Is n't She Lovely '' `` Black Man '' Collaborations `` Ebony and Ivory '' `` We Are the World '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` California Roll '' Related articles Discography Lula Mae Hardaway Syreeta Wright KJLH Wonderin ' `` Wonder - ful '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_You_Worry_%27bout_a_Thing&oldid=804850253 '' Categories : 1974 singles Stevie Wonder songs Songs written by Stevie Wonder Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 14 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | don't you worry about a thing stevie | [] | [] |
90761318710684932 | Woody Woodpecker (2017 film) | Woody Woodpecker ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Woody Woodpecker ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Woody Woodpecker U.S. DVD cover Directed by Alex Zamm Produced by Mike Elliott Written by William Robertson Alex Zamm Story by William Robertson Alex Zamm Daniel Altiere Steven Altiere Based on Woody Woodpecker by Walter Lantz Starring Eric Bauza Timothy Omundson Thaila Ayala Graham Verchere Jordana Largy Scott McNeil Emily Holmes Music by Chris Hajian Cinematography Barry Donlevy Edited by Heath Ryan Production company Universal Animation Studios Universal 1440 Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) ( Brazil ) February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 million Box office $14.4 million Woody Woodpecker is a 2017 American live - action / computer - animated family comedy film produced by Mike Elliott and directed by Alex Zamm , based on the cartoon character of the same name created by Walter Lantz and Ben Hardaway . The film stars the voice of Eric Bauza as Woody Woodpecker , and also stars Timothy Omundson as Lance Walters , a divorced attorney with a son and a new girlfriend who wants to build a dream home in a forest in the mountains of Washington , only to find out he is cutting down a tree in which the eponymous woodpecker lives . The film was first released in theaters in Brazil on October 5 , 2017 . It was released in the United States on DVD on February 6 , 2018 . While it was filmed in the English - language , it was designed for the Brazilian film market . The film received negative reviews from critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In the Pine Grove forest in Washington state , Woody Woodpecker toys with two taxidermist poachers , brothers Nate and Ottis Grimes , and eventually cause them to tranquilize each other . In Seattle , Lance Walters , a real estate lawyer , gets fired after a video of him claiming wildlife conservation is unprofitable goes viral . He tells his girlfriend Vanessa that he intends to build an investment home on a large piece of property located near the Canadian border , left to him by his grandfather . Meanwhile , Lance 's ex-wife Linda leaves their son Tommy with him and Vanessa , since she needs to visit her hospitalized father in Philadelphia . At the Pine Grove forest , Lance , Tommy , and Vanessa meet park ranger Samantha Bartlett . As Lance and Vanessa unpack , Tommy goes into the forest for a walk . There , he discovers and befriends Woody after he gives him peanut butter crackers . Woody visits the family at lunchtime and eats almost all of the food . Lance tries to shoo Woody away , but he accidentally wrecks the table and hits Vanessa in the face with a brush . The next morning , construction on the investment home begins , prompting an agitated Woody to cause chaos at the site . Later , in a nearby town , Tommy befriends a young musician named Jill , who persuades him to join her band in the annual Firefly Festival . Tommy is then saved from two bullies by Woody . As days pass , Lance grows more agitated because of Woody 's constant interference with his project , and he goes to meet Samantha at the ranger station . She reveals that the woodpecker is an endangered species known as a red - crowned pileated woodpecker , which Native Americans saw as a god of mischief and chaos . Lance continues with his work , but Vanessa leaves him after Woody blows up their RV with her inside as a prank . Samantha eventually advises Lance to get along with Woody . Lance reluctantly attempts to surrender to Woody by giving him crackers , but Woody agrees to let him and the workers continue with their construction , as long as he is given crackers every day . Eventually , the investment home is completed despite excessive payment and extended scheduling . At the town 's Firefly Festival , Tommy and Jill 's drummer Lyle comes down with indigestion , prompting Woody to take over using a homemade drum kit . The performance is a hit , and Lance is surprised to hear that Woody gave Tommy some friendly support . Realizing that having humans around again is n't a bad idea , Woody heads back to the investment home and carves a mural above the fireplace . However , as he signs his name into the carving , he accidentally burns the house down after hitting exposed wiring . Ashamed of his mistake , he flies back to his tree . Infuriated by this , Lance hires Nate and Ottis to hunt Woody down . The brothers find him and tase him unconscious . As they leave , Tommy reprimands his father and runs away . He then forms a plan to rescue Woody and heads to Grimes ' shack with Jill and Lyle , as the brothers try to sell Woody at an online black market auction . Lance finds the mural that Woody had created . Having a change of heart , he enlists Samantha 's help and they set out to find both Tommy and Woody . However , everyone is captured by the brothers . As Nate grabs a tranquilizer , Lance tilts his cage towards Woody 's so he can free him . After beating the brothers , Woody chases them as they attempt to flee to Canada . He carves a hole in the middle of a bridge , and the brothers fall into the river below , where they are later arrested . Later , Lance apologizes to Woody for not knowing that the house fire was an accident , and therefore replaces Woody 's cut - down tree with a birdhouse . Woody accepts both the gift and the group to be called his new family , much to their generosity . That night , as Lance and Tommy fall asleep in a tent , Woody carves the words `` Home Sweet Home '' into the new birdhouse , only to accidentally make it topple onto the tent . Cast ( edit ) Eric Bauza as the voice of Woody Woodpecker , a mischievous rare pileated woodpecker . Timothy Omundson as Lance Walters , a Seattle lawyer , Tommy 's dad and Linda 's ex-husband . Thaila Ayala as Vanessa , Lance 's girlfriend . Graham Verchere as Tommy Walters , Lance 's son . He befriends Woody whenever he visits him . Jordana Largy as Samantha Bartlett , a park ranger at Pine Grove National Park . Scott McNeil as Nate Grimes , an evil poacher who plans to sell Woody on the black market . He serves as the main antagonist of the film . Adrian Glynn McMorran as Ottis Grimes , a dimwitted poacher who is Nate 's partner and younger brother . Chelsea Miller as Jill Ferguson , a musician who becomes Tommy 's friend . Emily Holmes as Linda Walters , Tommy 's mom and Lance 's ex-wife . Jakob Davies as Lyle , a drummer who becomes Tommy 's friend . Production ( edit ) In the early 2010s , Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment planned a Woody Woodpecker feature film . John Altschuler and Dave Krinsky ( King of the Hill ) were in talks to develop a story , but in July 2013 , Illumination canceled the project . In October 2013 , Bill Kopp announced that Universal Pictures had hired him to direct an animated feature film with three interwoven stories . On July 13 , 2016 , Cartoon Brew reported that Universal 1440 Entertainment was filming a live - action / CG hybrid film based on Woody Woodpecker in Canada . Filming began in June 2016 , and ended later in July of that year . In December 2016 , a teaser trailer for the film was leaked by Universal Pictures Brasil with the Brazilian Portuguese dub . A trailer for the original English version premiered in the US on December 13 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received an approval rating of 20 % on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , based on five reviews . Common Sense Media rated the film a 1 out of 5 stars , stating `` Inanely cruel villains , an unoriginal story , ham - handed performances , and reliance on farts and burps are the low lights of this awkward effort to bring back a less - than - engaging cartoon bird . '' Box office ( edit ) As of February 22 , 2018 , Woody Woodpecker has grossed $13.4 million . It debuted at $1.5 million , finishing second at the Brazilian box office behind Blade Runner 2049 . The movie increased by + 45.4 % in its second weekend , moving to first place to $2.1 million . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://m.imdb.com/title/tt2114504/ Jump up ^ `` Woody Woodpecker '' . The Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Universal is Making A Live - Action / CG Woody Woodpecker Feature -- For Brazilians '' . Cartoonbrew.com. 2016 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.uphe.com/movies/woody-woodpecker Jump up ^ News , Nerd Alert ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` Actress Jordana Largy chats guest role on ' Supernatural ' '' . Nerdalertnewsblog.wordpress.com/ . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Woody Woodpecker Movie in Development at Universal , Illumination ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Illumination Chief Chris Meledandri Lines Up Originals for Universal '' . Variety.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Bill Kopp Signed for Universal 's `` Woody Woodpecker '' `` . Indiewire.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Primeiro vídeo de Pica - Pau mostra a brasileira Thaila Ayala '' . Adorocinema.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/woody_woodpecker_2017/ Jump up ^ https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/woody-woodpecker External links ( edit ) Woody Woodpecker on IMDb Woody Woodpecker by Walter Lantz Cartoons & TV series Woody Woodpecker filmography The Woody Woodpecker Show ( 1957 -- 1958 ) The New Woody Woodpecker Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Characters Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Pooch the Pup Andy Panda Woody Woodpecker Buzz Buzzard Chilly Willy Dapper Denver Dooley Sugarfoot Wally Walrus Gabby Gator Inspector Willoughby Mrs. Meany Maggie and Sam The Beary Family Video games Férias Frustradas do Pica - Pau ( 1996 ) Woody Woodpecker Racing ( 2000 ) Woody Woodpecker : Escape from Buzz Buzzard Park ( 2001 ) Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure ( 2001 ) Woody Woodpecker in Crazy Castle 5 ( 2003 ) Other film / TV appearances Destination Moon ( 1950 ) Psycho III ( 1986 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) Son of the Mask ( 2005 ) `` Homer Simpson , This Is Your Wife '' ( 2006 ) Related personnel Walter Lantz Productions Universal Cartoon Studios Kent Rogers Ben Hardaway Mel Blanc Grace Stafford Alex Lovy Shamus Culhane Dick Lundy Don Patterson Paul Smith List of Woody Woodpecker merchandise Woody Woodpecker ( 2017 ) Universal Animation Studios Direct - to - video feature films Universal Cartoon Studios The Land Before Time II : The Great Valley Adventure ( 1994 ) The Land Before Time III : The Time of the Great Giving ( 1995 ) The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists ( 1996 ) The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island ( 1997 ) Hercules and Xena -- The Battle for Mount Olympus ( 1998 ) The Land Before Time VI : The Secret of Saurus Rock ( 1998 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( 1999 ) An American Tail : The Treasure of Manhattan Island ( 2000 ) An American Tail : The Mystery of the Night Monster ( 2000 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman ( 2000 ) The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire ( 2000 ) The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze ( 2001 ) Balto II : Wolf Quest ( 2002 ) The Land Before Time IX : Journey to Big Water ( 2002 ) Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure ( 2003 ) The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration ( 2003 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses ( 2005 ) Balto III : Wings of Change ( 2005 ) The Adventures of Brer Rabbit ( 2006 ) Universal Animation Studios The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers ( 2007 ) The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends ( 2007 ) Curious George 2 : Follow That Monkey ! ( 2010 ) The Little Engine That Could ( 2011 ) Curious George 3 : Back to the Jungle ( 2015 ) The Land Before Time : Journey of the Brave ( 2016 ) Mariah Carey 's All I Want for Christmas Is You ( 2017 ) Theatrical Films Curious George ( 2006 ) The Tale of Despereaux ( 2008 ) Woody Woodpecker ( 2017 ) Short films Fractured Fairy Tales : The Phox , the Box , & the Lox ( 1999 ) TV series Back to the Future ( 1991 -- 92 ) Fievel 's American Tails ( 1992 ) Exosquad ( 1993 -- 94 ) Problem Child ( 1993 -- 94 ) Monster Force ( 1994 ) Beethoven ( 1994 -- 95 ) Earthworm Jim ( 1995 -- 96 ) The Savage Dragon ( 1995 -- 96 ) The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper ( 1996 -- 98 ) Wing Commander Academy ( 1996 ) Vor - Tech : Undercover Conversion Squad ( 1996 ) The New Woody Woodpecker Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) The Mummy ( 2001 -- 03 ) Curious George ( 2006 -- 15 ) The Land Before Time ( 2007 -- 08 ) TV specials Opus ' n ' Bill : A Wish for Wings That Work ( 1991 ) Curious George : A Very Monkey Christmas ( 2009 ) How Murray Saved Christmas ( 2014 ) See also Illumination Entertainment Walter Lantz Productions DreamWorks Animation DreamWorks Classics Entertainment Rights Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Films UPA Amblimation Films directed by Alex Zamm Chairman of the Board ( 1998 ) My Date with the President 's Daughter ( 1998 ) Inspector Gadget 2 ( 2003 ) Snow ( 2004 ) The Haunting Hour : Do n't Think About It ( 2007 ) Dr. Dolittle : Million Dollar Mutts ( 2009 ) Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 ( 2011 ) Tooth Fairy 2 ( 2012 ) The Little Rascals Save the Day ( 2014 ) A Royal Christmas ( 2014 ) Jingle All the Way 2 ( 2014 ) A Christmas Prince ( 2017 ) Woody Woodpecker ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woody_Woodpecker_(2017_film)&oldid=836651478 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2010s American animated films 2017 3D films 2017 computer - animated films Films shot in British Columbia Films featuring anthropomorphic characters American children 's animated comedy films Films with live action and animation Live - action films based on animated series Animated films about birds Woody Woodpecker IMAX films Universal Animation Studios animated films Universal Pictures animated films Universal Pictures films Films about birds American 3D films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Español فارسی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 01 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the voice of woody woodpecker movie | [
"Woody Woodpecker is a 2017 American live-action/computer-animated family comedy film produced by Mike Elliott and directed by Alex Zamm, based on the cartoon character of the same name created by Walter Lantz and Ben Hardaway. The film stars the voice of Eric Bauza as Woody Woodpecker, and also stars Timothy Omundson as Lance Walters, a divorced attorney with a son and a new girlfriend who wants to build a dream home in a forest in the mountains of Washington, only to find out he is cutting down a tree in which the eponymous woodpecker lives. The film was first released in theaters in Brazil on October 5, 2017.[3] It was released in the United States on DVD on February 6, 2018.[4] While it was filmed in the English-language, it was designed for the Brazilian film market. The film received negative reviews from critics.[3]"
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"Eric Bauza"
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-7086904076487280585 | The Help | The Help - wikipedia The Help Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the film adaptation , see The Help ( film ) . For the unrelated TV series , see The Help ( TV series ) . The Help Author Kathryn Stockett Country United States Language English Publisher Penguin Books Publication date February 10 , 2009 Media type Print ( hardcover ) Pages 524 ISBN 0 - 399 - 15534 - 1 Dewey Decimal 813 /. 6 22 , LC Class PS3619. T636 H45 2009 The Help is a 2009 novel by American author Kathryn Stockett . The story is about African Americans working in white households in Jackson , Mississippi , during the early 1960s . A USA Today article called it one of the `` summer sleeper hits '' . An early review in The New York Times notes Stockett 's `` affection and intimacy buried beneath even the most seemingly impersonal household connections '' and says the book is a `` button - pushing , soon to be wildly popular novel '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution said of the book : `` This heartbreaking story is a stunning début from a gifted talent . '' Stockett began writing the novel - her first - after the September 11th attacks . It took her five years to complete and was rejected by 60 literary agents , over a period of three years , before agent Susan Ramer agreed to represent Stockett . The Help has since been published in 35 countries and three languages . As of August 2011 , it had sold seven million copies in print and audiobook editions , and spent more than 100 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list . The Help 's audiobook version is narrated by Jenna Lamia , Bahni Turpin , Octavia Spencer , and Cassandra Campbell . Spencer was Stockett 's original inspiration for the character of Minny , and also plays her in the film adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Film adaptation 3 Lawsuit 4 Awards and honors 5 References Plot summary ( edit ) The Help is set in the early 1960s in Jackson , Mississippi , and told primarily from the first - person perspectives of three women : Aibileen Clark , Minny Jackson , and Eugenia `` Skeeter '' Phelan . Aibileen is a maid who takes care of children and cleans . Her own 24 - year - old son , Treelore , died from an accident on his job . In the story , she is tending the Leefolt household and caring for their toddler , Mae Mobley . Minny is Aibileen 's friend who frequently tells her employers what she thinks of them , resulting in her having been fired from nineteen jobs . Minny 's most recent employer was Mrs. Walters , mother of Hilly Holbrook . Skeeter is the daughter of a white family who owns a cotton farm outside Jackson . Many of the field hands and household help are African Americans . Skeeter has just returned home after graduating from the University of Mississippi and wants to become a writer . Skeeter 's mother wants her to get married , and thinks her degree is just a pretty piece of paper . Skeeter is curious about the disappearance of Constantine , her maid who brought her up and cared for her . Constantine had written to Skeeter while she was away from home in college saying what a great surprise she had awaiting her when she came home . Skeeter 's mother tells her that Constantine quit and went to live with relatives in Chicago . Skeeter does not believe that Constantine would leave her like this ; she knows something is wrong and believes that information will eventually come out . Everyone Skeeter asks about the unexpected disappearance of Constantine pretends it never happened and avoids giving her any real answers . The life Constantine led while being the help to the Phelan family leads Skeeter to the realization that her friends ' maids are treated very differently from the way the white employees are treated . She decides ( with the assistance of a publisher ) that she wants to reveal the truth about being a colored maid in Mississippi . Skeeter struggles to communicate with the maids and gain their trust . The dangers of writing a book about African Americans speaking out in the South during the early 1960s hover constantly over the three women . Eventually Skeeter wins Aibileen 's trust through a friendship which develops while Aibileen helps Skeeter write a household tips column for the local newspaper . Skeeter accepted the job to write the column as a stepping stone to becoming a writer / editor , as was suggested by Elaine Stein , editor at Harper & Row , even though she knows nothing about cleaning or taking care of a household , since that is the exclusive domain of ' the help . ' The irony of this is not lost on Skeeter , and she eventually offers to pay Aibileen for the time and expertise she received from her . Elaine Stein had also suggested to Skeeter that she find a subject to write about which she can be dedicated to and passionate about . Skeeter realizes that she wants to expose to the world in the form of a book the deplorable conditions the maids in the South endure in order to barely survive . Unfortunately such an exposé is a dangerous proposition , not just for Skeeter , but for any maids who agree to help her . Aibileen finally agrees to tell her story . Minny , despite her distrust of whites , eventually agrees as well , but she and Aibileen are unable to convince others to tell their stories . Skeeter researches several laws governing what blacks still can and can not do in Mississippi , and her growing opposition to the racial order results in her being shunned by her social circle . Yule May , Hilly 's maid , is arrested for stealing one of Hilly 's rings to pay her twin sons ' college tuition after Hilly refused to lend the money . The other maids decide that they are willing to take a chance with their jobs , and their safety , and join the book project . Thus the thrust of the book is the collaborative project between the white Skeeter and the struggling , exploited `` colored '' help , who together are writing a book of true stories about their experiences as the ' help ' to the white women of Jackson . Not all the stories are negative , and some describe beautiful and generous , loving and kind events ; while others are cruel and even brutal . The book , entitled `` Help '' is finally published , and the final chapters of `` The Help '' describe the aftermath of the books ' appearance in Jackson . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The Help ( film ) A film adaptation of The Help was released on August 10 , 2011 . Stockett 's childhood friend Tate Taylor wrote and directed the film . Parts of The Help were shot in Jackson , MS , but the film was primarily shot in and around Greenwood , MS , representing Jackson in 1963 . At the 84th Academy Awards , Octavia Spencer won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in this film . The film also received three other Academy Award nominations : Academy Award for Best Picture , Academy Award for Best Actress for Viola Davis , and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Jessica Chastain . Lawsuit ( edit ) Ablene Cooper , a housekeeper who once worked for Stockett 's brother , criticized the author for stealing her life story without her knowledge and basing the character Aibileen on her likeness . Cooper sued Stockett for $75,000 in damages . Cooper also criticized her for making the negative comparison of her character 's skin color to that of a cockroach , which to many would be interpreted as racist . A Hinds County , Mississippi judge dismissed the case , citing the statute of limitations . Stockett denied her claim of stealing her likeness , stating that she only met her briefly . Awards and honors ( edit ) Orange Prize Longlist ( 2010 ) Indies Choice Book Award ( Adult Debut , 2010 ) Townsend Prize for Fiction ( 2010 ) Exclusive Books Boeke Prize ( 2009 ) SIBA Book Award ( Fiction , 2010 ) International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award Longlist ( 2011 ) Christian Science Monitor Best Book ( Fiction , 2009 ) 2000s portal United States portal Novels portal List of best - selling books References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Memmott , Carol ( July 31 , 2008 ) . `` Kate Stockett 's ' The Help ' is the hot book this summer '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Racial Insults and Quiet Bravery in 1950s Mississippi '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dollacker , Sarah Sacha ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` Segregation tale describes bond of women '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire . `` Kathryn Stockett , Author of The Help '' . Time . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Maggie , Galehouse . `` A Conversation with `` The Help '' author , Kathryn Stockett `` . Chron . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calkin , Jessamy ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` The maid 's tale : Kathryn Stockett examines slavery and racism in America 's Deep South '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kathryn Stockett 's ' The Help ' Turned Down 60 Times Before Becoming a Best Seller '' . More Magazine . Jump up ^ Kehe , Marjorie ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` With book sales still strong , ' The Help ' will begin filming '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andry ( 26 August 2011 ) . `` ' The Help 's ' Strong Box Office Bumps Up Book Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Wyatt . `` Kathryn Stockett : Life in the belle jar '' . Creative Loafing Atlanta . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ D'Souza , Karen . `` ' The Help ' is poised to become chick flick of the summer '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi : The Filming Locations of The Help '' . Locations Hub . September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( 15 December 2009 ) . `` Chris Columbus fast - tracks ' Help ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi : The Filming Locations of The Help '' . Locations Hub . September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Out of all the towns and cities in the state , Greenwood probably has the best representation of 1960s Mississippi . It was no surprise that it was hand - picked to be the main film location for The Help . Jump up ^ `` Nominees and Winners for the 84th Academy Awards '' . Oscars.org . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Churcher , Sharon ( 4 September 2011 ) . `` Her family hired me as a maid for 12 years but then she stole my life and made it a Disney movie '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Jerry . `` ' The Help ' lawsuit tossed out '' . The Clarion Ledger . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( 16 August 2011 ) . `` ' The Help ' lawsuit against Kathryn Stockett is dismissed '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Help&oldid=834359633 '' Categories : The Help 2009 American novels Debut novels Culture of Jackson , Mississippi American novels adapted into films Novels about racism 1962 in fiction Novels set in Mississippi African - American civil rights movement ( 1954 -- 68 ) in popular culture Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages to import images to Wikidata Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 09 : 17 . About Wikipedia | what awards did the book the help win | [] | [] |
-612515802338617602 | Hello, Dolly! (musical) | Hello , Dolly ! ( Musical ) - wikipedia Hello , Dolly ! ( Musical ) Hello , Dolly ! 1964 Broadway poster Music Jerry Herman Lyrics Jerry Herman Book Michael Stewart Basis The Matchmaker by Thornton Wilder Productions 1964 Broadway 1965 West End 1965 -- 66 Australasia tour 1969 Film 1975 All - black Broadway revival 1978 Broadway revival 1995 Broadway revival 1996 Mexico City 2001 Madrid 2009 West End revival 2017 Broadway revival 2017 Melbourne Awards Tony Award for Best Musical Tony for Composer and Lyricist Tony Award for Best Book Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical Hello , Dolly ! is a 1964 musical with lyrics and music by Jerry Herman and a book by Michael Stewart . Based on Thornton Wilder 's 1938 farce The Merchant of Yonkers ( which Wilder revised and retitled The Matchmaker in 1955 ) , the musical follows the story of Dolly Gallagher Levi ( a strong - willed matchmaker ) , as she travels to Yonkers , New York , to find a match for the miserly `` well - known unmarried half - a-millionaire '' Horace Vandergelder . In doing so she persuades his niece , his niece 's intended , and Horace 's two clerks to travel to New York City . Hello , Dolly ! was first produced on Broadway by David Merrick in 1964 , winning a record - tying ( tied with South Pacific ) 10 Tony Awards , including Best Musical , a record held for 37 years . The show album Hello , Dolly ! An Original Cast Recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2002 . The album reached number one on the Billboard album chart on June 6 , 1964 and was replaced the next week by Louis Armstrong 's album Hello , Dolly ! The show has become one of the most enduring musical theatre hits , with four Broadway revivals and international success . It was also made into the 1969 film Hello Dolly ! that was nominated for seven Academy Awards , and won three . Contents 1 History 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act I 2.2 Act II 3 Characters 4 Characters and original cast 5 Musical numbers 6 Productions 6.1 Original Broadway production 6.2 Original London production 6.3 Revivals 6.4 2017 Broadway revival 6.5 International productions 6.6 Tours 7 Critical reception 8 Awards and nominations 8.1 Original Broadway production 8.2 1978 Broadway revival 8.3 1979 West End revival 8.4 1995 Broadway revival 8.5 2009 Open Air Theatre revival 8.6 2017 Broadway revival 9 Recordings 10 Cultural influence 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) The plot of Hello , Dolly ! originated in an 1835 English play , A Day Well Spent by John Oxenford , which Johann Nestroy adapted into the farce Einen Jux will er sich machen ( He Will Go on a Spree or He 'll Have Himself a Good Time ) . Thornton Wilder adapted Nestroy 's play into his 1938 farcical play The Merchant of Yonkers , a flop which he revised and retitled The Matchmaker in 1955 , expanding the role of Dolly , played by Ruth Gordon . The Matchmaker became a hit and was much revived and made into a 1958 film of the same name starring Shirley Booth . The story of a meddlesome widow who strives to bring romance to several couples and herself in a big city restaurant also features prominently in the 1891 hit musical A Trip to Chinatown . The role of Dolly Gallagher Levi in the musical was originally written for Ethel Merman , but Merman turned it down , as did Mary Martin ( although each eventually played it ) . Merrick then auditioned Nancy Walker . Eventually , he hired Carol Channing , who then created in Dolly her signature role . Director Gower Champion was not the producer 's first choice , as Hal Prince and others ( among them Jerome Robbins and Joe Layton ) all turned down the job of directing the musical . Hello , Dolly ! had rocky out - of - town tryouts in Detroit and Washington , D.C. After receiving the reviews , the creators made major changes to the script and score , including the addition of the song `` Before the Parade Passes By '' . The show was originally entitled Dolly , A Damned Exasperating Woman and Call on Dolly but Merrick changed the title upon hearing Louis Armstrong 's version of `` Hello , Dolly . '' The show became one of the most iconic Broadway shows of its era , the latter half of the 1960s , running for 2,844 performances , and was for a time the longest - running musical in Broadway history . During that decade , ten `` blockbuster '' musicals played over 1,000 performances and three played over 2,000 , helping to redefine `` success '' for the Broadway musical genre . Synopsis ( edit ) Sources : Tams - Witmark Guide to Musical Theatre Masterworks Broadway Act I ( edit ) David Burns and Carol Channing in the original Broadway cast , 1964 As the 19th becomes the 20th century , all of New York City is excited because widowed but brassy Dolly Gallagher Levi is in town ( `` Call On Dolly '' ) . Dolly makes a living through what she calls `` meddling '' -- matchmaking and numerous sidelines , including dance instruction and mandolin lessons ( `` I Put My Hand In '' ) . She is currently seeking a wife for grumpy Horace Vandergelder , the well - known half - a-millionaire , but it becomes clear that Dolly intends to marry Horace herself . Ambrose Kemper , a young artist , wants to marry Horace 's weepy niece Ermengarde , but Horace opposes this because Ambrose 's vocation does not guarantee a steady living . Ambrose enlists Dolly 's help , and they travel to Yonkers , New York to visit Horace , who is a prominent citizen there and owns Vandergelder 's Hay and Feed . Horace explains to his two clerks , Cornelius Hackl and Barnaby Tucker , that he is going to get married because `` It Takes a Woman '' to cheerfully do all the household chores . He plans to travel with Dolly to New York City to march in the Fourteenth Street Association Parade and propose to the widow Irene Molloy , who owns a hat shop there . Dolly arrives in Yonkers and `` accidentally '' mentions that Irene 's first husband might not have died of natural causes , and also mentions that she knows an heiress , Ernestina Money , who may be interested in Horace . Horace leaves for New York and leaves Cornelius and Barnaby to run the store . Cornelius decides that he and Barnaby need to get out of Yonkers . They 'll go to New York , have a good meal , spend all their money , see the stuffed whale in Barnum 's museum , almost get arrested , and each kiss a girl ! They blow up some tomato cans to create a terrible stench and a good alibi to close the store . Dolly mentions that she knows two ladies in New York they should call on : Irene Molloy and her shop assistant , Minnie Fay . She tells Ermengarde and Ambrose that she 'll enter them in the polka competition at the upscale Harmonia Gardens Restaurant in New York City so Ambrose can demonstrate his ability to be a breadwinner to Horace . Cornelius , Barnaby , Ambrose , Ermengarde and Dolly take the train to New York ( `` Put On Your Sunday Clothes '' ) . Irene and Minnie open their hat shop for the afternoon . Irene wants a husband , but does not love Horace Vandergelder . She declares that she will wear an elaborate hat to impress a gentleman ( `` Ribbons Down My Back '' ) . Cornelius and Barnaby arrive at the shop and pretend to be rich . Horace and Dolly arrive at the shop , and Cornelius and Barnaby hide from him . Irene inadvertently mentions that she knows Cornelius Hackl , and Dolly tells her and Horace that even though Cornelius is Horace 's clerk by day , he 's a New York playboy by night ; he 's one of the Hackls . Minnie screams when she finds Cornelius hiding in the armoire . Horace is about to open the armoire himself , but Dolly , Irene and Minnie distract him with patriotic sentiments related to subjects like Betsy Ross and The Battle of the Alamo shown in the famous lyrics `` Alamo , remember the Alamo ! '' ( `` Motherhood March '' ) . Cornelius sneezes , and Horace storms out , realizing there are men hiding in the shop , but not knowing they are his clerks . Dolly arranges for Cornelius and Barnaby , who are still pretending to be rich , to take the ladies out to dinner to the Harmonia Gardens restaurant to make up for their humiliation . She teaches Cornelius and Barnaby how to dance since they always have dancing at such establishments ( `` Dancing '' ) . Soon , Cornelius , Irene , Barnaby , and Minnie are happily dancing . They go to watch the great 14th Street Association Parade together . Alone , Dolly decides to put her dear departed husband Ephram behind her and to move on with life `` Before the Parade Passes By '' . She asks Ephram 's permission to marry Horace , requesting a sign from him . Dolly catches up with the annoyed Vandergelder , who has missed the whole parade , and she convinces him to give her matchmaking one more chance . She tells him that Ernestina Money would be perfect for him and asks him to meet her at the swanky Harmonia Gardens that evening . Act ii ( edit ) Milo Boulton and Carol Channing in one of several national tours , 1966 Cornelius is determined to get a kiss before the night is over , but Barnaby is n't so sure . As the clerks have no money for a carriage , they tell the girls that walking to the restaurant shows that they 've got `` Elegance '' . At the Harmonia Gardens Restaurant , Rudolph , the head waiter , prepares his service crew for Dolly Gallagher Levi 's return : their usual lightning service , he tells them , must be `` twice as lightning '' ( `` The Waiters ' Gallop '' ) . Horace arrives with his date , but she proves neither as rich nor as elegant as Dolly had implied ; furthermore she is soon bored by Horace and leaves , as Dolly had planned she would . Cornelius , Barnaby , and their dates arrive , unaware that Horace is also dining at the restaurant . Irene and Minnie , inspired by the restaurant 's opulence , order the menu 's most expensive items . Cornelius and Barnaby grow increasingly anxious as they discover they have little more than a dollar left . Dolly makes her triumphant return to the Harmonia Gardens and is greeted in style by the staff ( `` Hello , Dolly ! '' ) She sits in the now - empty seat at Horace 's table and proceeds to eat a large , expensive dinner , telling the exasperated Horace that no matter what he says , she will not marry him . Barnaby and Horace hail waiters at the same time , and in the ensuing confusion each drops his wallet and inadvertently picks up the other 's . Barnaby is delighted that he can now pay the restaurant bill , while Horace finds only a little spare change . Barnaby and Cornelius realize that the wallet must belong to Horace . Cornelius , Irene , Barnaby and Minnie try to sneak out during `` The Polka Contest '' , but Horace recognizes them and spots Ermengarde and Ambrose as well . The ensuing free - for - all culminates in a trip to night court . Cornelius and Barnaby confess that they have no money and have never been to New York before . Cornelius declares that even if he has to dig ditches the rest of his life , he 'll never forget the day because he had met Irene . Cornelius , Barnaby , and Ambrose then each profess their love for their companion ( `` It Only Takes A Moment '' ) . Dolly convinces the judge that their only crime was being in love . The judge finds everyone innocent and cleared of all charges , but Horace is declared guilty and forced to pay damages . Dolly mentions marriage again , and Horace declares that he would n't marry her if she were the last woman in the world . Dolly angrily bids him `` So Long , Dearie '' , telling him that while he 's bored and lonely , she 'll be living the high life . The next morning , back at the hay and feed store , Cornelius and Irene , Barnaby and Minnie , and Ambrose and Ermengarde each set out on new life 's paths . A chastened Horace Vandergelder finally admits that he needs Dolly in his life , but Dolly is unsure about the marriage until her late husband sends her a sign . Vandergelder spontaneously repeats a saying of Ephram 's : `` Money is like manure . It 's not worth a thing unless it 's spread about , encouraging young things to grow . '' Horace tells Dolly life would be dull without her , and she promises in return that she 'll `` never go away again '' ( `` Hello , Dolly '' ( reprise ) ) . Characters ( edit ) Dolly Gallagher Levi : A widow in her middle years who has decided to begin her life again . She is a matchmaker , meddler , opportunist , and a life - loving woman . Horace Vandergelder : The proprietor of a Hay & Feed store and a client of Dolly Gallagher Levi 's . A well - known half - a-millionaire , he is a widower , gruff , authoritative , and set in his ways . Cornelius Hackl : Vandergelder 's chief clerk who yearns for one exciting day in NYC . Energetic , enthusiastic , and adventurous young man who has a sweet innocence about him . Barnaby Tucker : An assistant to Cornelius at Vandergelder 's Hay & Feed store . He is sweet , naïve , energetic , and a follower . Irene Molloy : A widow and a beautiful , smart , fun - loving milliner with a hat shop in New York . Dolly has introduced her to Horace Vandergelder but she yearns for romance . Minnie Fay : A young girl who works in Irene 's hat shop . Irene 's assistant , she is a naïve , strait - laced , fresh , and a follower . Ambrose Kemper : A young and explosive struggling artist seeking to marry Ermengarde . Ermengarde : The young niece of Horace Vandergelder . She cries often and wants her independence and wants to marry Ambrose . Ernestina Money : An eccentric - looking girl in need of Dolly 's matchmaker services . Rudolf Reisenweber : Maître d ' of the Harmonia Gardens restaurant . Judge : A white - whiskered night court judge . Easily moved to tears by romance . Mrs. Rose : An old friend of Dolly 's . Characters and original cast ( edit ) Character Broadway ( 1964 ) West End ( 1965 ) Movie ( 1969 ) Broadway ( 1975 ) Broadway ( 1978 ) West End ( 1979 ) West End ( 1983 ) Broadway ( 1995 ) Paper Mill Playhouse ( 2006 ) West End ( 2009 ) Broadway ( 2017 ) US National Tour ( 2018 ) Dolly Gallagher Levi Carol Channing Mary Martin Barbra Streisand Pearl Bailey Carol Channing Carol Channing Danny La Rue Carol Channing Tovah Feldshuh Samantha Spiro Bette Midler Betty Buckley Horace Vandergelder David Burns Loring Smith Walter Matthau Billy Daniels Eddie Bracken Eddie Bracken Lionel Jeffries Jay Garner Walter Charles Allan Corduner David Hyde Pierce Lewis J. Stadlen Cornelius Hackl Charles Nelson Reilly Garrett Lewis Michael Crawford Terrence Emanuel Lee Roy Reams Tudor Davies Michael Sadler Michael DeVries Jonathan Rayson Daniel Crossley Gavin Creel Nic Rouleau Barnaby Tucker Jerry Dodge Johnny Beecher Danny Lockin Grenoldo Frazier Robert Lydiard Richard Drabble Mark Haddigan Cory English Brian Sears Oliver Brenin Taylor Trensch Jess LeProtto Irene Molloy Eileen Brennan Marilynn Lovell Marianne McAndrew Mary Louise Florence Lacey Maureen Scott Lorna Dallas Florence Lacey Kate Baldwin Josefina Gabrielle Kate Baldwin Analisa Leaming Minnie Fay Sondra Lee Coco Ramirez E.J. Peaker Chip Fields Alexandra Korey Mandy More Pollyann Tanner Lori Ann Mahl Jessica - Snow Wilson Akiya Henry Beanie Feldstein Kristen Hahn Ambrose Kemper Igors Gavon Mark Alden Tommy Tune Howard Porter Michael C. Booker David Ellen James Darrah Drew Gehling Mark Anderson Will Burton Garrett Hawe Ermengarde Alice Playten Beverlee Weir Joyce Ames Karen Hubbard K.T. Baumann Sue Latimer Christine DeVito Lauren Marcus Clare Louise Connolly Melanie Moore Morgan Kirner Ernestina Mary Jo Catlett Judith Drake Judy Knaiz Bessye Ruth Scott P.J. Nelson Carol Kaye Monica M. Wemitt Anna McNeely Jennifer Simard Jessica Sheridan Rudolph David Hartman Robert Hocknell David Hurst Jonathan Wynne John Anania Jeremy Hawk Steve Pudenz William Solo Kevin Ligon Wally Dunn Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I Overture -- Orchestra `` Call On Dolly '' -- Ensemble `` I Put My Hand In '' -- Dolly `` It Takes A Woman '' -- Horace , Men `` It Takes A Woman ( Reprise ) '' -- Horace `` World , Take Me Back '' -- Dolly * `` Put On Your Sunday Clothes '' -- Cornelius , Barnaby , Dolly , Ambrose , Ermengarde , and Ensemble `` Ribbons Down My Back '' -- Irene `` Ribbons Down My Back ( Reprise ) '' -- Irene `` Motherhood '' -- Dolly , Irene , Minnie Fay , and Horace `` Dancing '' -- Dolly , Cornelius , Barnaby , Irene , Minnie Fay , and Dancers `` Love , Look In My Window '' -- Dolly * `` Before The Parade Passes By '' -- Dolly and the Company `` Finale Act I : Before The Parade Passes By '' -- Dolly Act II Entr'acte -- Orchestra `` Penny in My Pocket '' -- Vandergelder ^ `` Elegance '' -- Cornelius , Barnaby , Irene , Minnie Fay `` The Waiters ' Gallop '' -- Rudolph and the Waiters `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Dolly , Rudolph , Waiters , Cooks `` The Waiters ' Gallop ( Reprise ) '' -- Rudolph and Waiters `` The Polka Contest '' -- Ambrose , Ermengarde , Irene , Cornelius , Minnie Fay , Barnaby , and the Contestants * * `` It Only Takes a Moment '' -- Cornelius , Irene , Ensemble `` So Long Dearie '' -- Dolly `` Hello , Dolly ! '' ( Reprise ) -- Dolly and Vandergelder `` Finale Act II : Hello , Dolly ! / Dancing / It Only Takes a Moment / Put On Your Sunday Clothes / Hello , Dolly ! '' -- The Company * Song cut before Broadway Opening , reinstated when Ethel Merman joined to play Dolly . * * Song replaced `` Come and Be My Butterfly '' during Broadway Run . ^ Horace Vandergelder 's solo `` Penny in My Pocket '' , although it received rave responses out of town , was cut prior to the Broadway opening for reasons of time . For the 2017 Broadway Revival , it was added back in as the opening of Act Two in front of the curtain . It is not , however , included in the licensed version for stock and amateur productions from Tams Witmark . The song `` Elegance '' , though credited to Herman , was written by Bob Merrill for the 1957 show New Girl in Town but deleted from the original production . Productions ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) The musical , directed and choreographed by Gower Champion and produced by David Merrick , opened on January 16 , 1964 , at the St. James Theatre and closed on December 27 , 1970 , after 2,844 performances . Carol Channing starred as Dolly , with a supporting cast that included David Burns as Horace , Charles Nelson Reilly as Cornelius , Eileen Brennan as Irene , Jerry Dodge as Barnaby , Sondra Lee as Minnie Fay , Alice Playten as Ermengarde , and Igors Gavon as Ambrose . Although facing competition from Funny Girl with Barbra Streisand , Hello , Dolly ! swept the Tony Awards that year , winning awards in ten categories ( out of eleven nominations ) that tied the musical with the previous record keeper South Pacific , a record that remained unbroken for 37 years until The Producers won twelve Tonys in 2001 . Pearl Bailey as Dolly , 1968 . After Channing left the show , Merrick employed prominent actresses to play Dolly , including Ginger Rogers , who started on August 9 , 1965 ; Martha Raye , starting on February 27 , 1967 ; Betty Grable , from June 12 , 1967 to November 5 , 1967 ; Pearl Bailey ( in an all - black version ) starting on November 12 , 1967 ; Phyllis Diller , as of December 26 , 1969 ; and Ethel Merman ( after having turned down the lead at the show 's inception ) from March 28 , 1970 to December 27 , 1970 . Two songs cut prior to the opening -- typical belt style songs `` World , Take Me Back '' and `` Love , Look in My Window '' -- were restored for Merman 's run . Thelma Carpenter played Dolly at all matinees during the Pearl Bailey production and subbed more than a hundred times , at one point playing all performances for seven straight weeks . Bibi Osterwald was the standby for Dolly in the original Broadway production , subbing for all the stars , including Bailey , despite the fact that Osterwald was a blue - eyed blonde . Bailey received a Special Tony Award in 1968 . The show received rave reviews , with `` praise for Carol Channing and particularly Gower Champion . '' The original production became the longest - running musical ( and third longest - running show ) in Broadway history up to that time , surpassing My Fair Lady and then being surpassed in turn by Fiddler on the Roof . The Broadway production of Hello Dolly ! grossed $27 million . Hello , Dolly ! and Fiddler remained the longest - running Broadway record holders for nearly ten years until Grease surpassed them . Tour and regional Dollys Dorothy Lamour , Eve Arden , Ann Sothern , Michele Lee , Edie Adams , and Yvonne De Carlo played the role on tour . Betty White appeared with the Kenley Players as Dolly in the summer of 1979 . Molly Picon appeared as Dolly in a 1971 production by the North Shore Music Theatre of Beverly , Massachusetts . Lainie Kazan starred in a production at the Claridge Atlantic City . Both Tovah Feldshuh and Betsy Palmer played Dolly in productions by the Paper Mill Playhouse . Marilyn Maye also starred in several regional productions and recorded a full album of the score . Original London production ( edit ) Hello , Dolly ! premiered in the West End at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane on December 2 , 1965 and ran for 794 performances . Champion directed and choreographed , and the cast starred Mary Martin as Dolly ( after she , as well as Merman , had turned down the role for the original run of the show ) , Loring Smith as Horace Vandergelder ( Smith had created the Horace role in the original production of The Matchmaker ) , Johnny Beecher as Barnaby , Garrett Lewis as Cornelius , Mark Alden as Ambrose Kemper , and Marilynn Lovell as Irene Molloy . Dora Bryan replaced Martin during the run . Revivals ( edit ) The show has been revived four times on Broadway : November 6 , 1975 -- December 28 , 1975 , Minskoff Theatre -- Starring Pearl Bailey and Billy Daniels in an all - black production ( 42 performances ) March 5 , 1978 -- July 9 , 1978 , Lunt - Fontanne Theatre -- Starring Carol Channing and Eddie Bracken ( 147 performances ) October 19 , 1995 -- January 28 , 1996 , Lunt - Fontanne Theatre -- Starring Carol Channing and Jay Garner ( 116 performances ) March 15 , 2017 ( previews ) , opened April 20 , 2017 , Shubert Theatre -- Starring Bette Midler and David Hyde Pierce In the West End the show has been revived three times : 1979 -- Starring Carol Channing at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane and Shaftesbury Theatre January 3 , 1984 -- April 27 , 1984 -- Starring female impersonator Danny La Rue as Dolly at the Prince of Wales Theatre July 30 , 2009 -- September 12 , 2009 -- Starring Samantha Spiro ( Dolly ) and Allan Corduner ( Horace ) at the Open Air Theatre , Regent 's Park . Spiro won the Olivier Award for her performance . In 1989 , there was a UK tour of the show directed and choreographed by Paul Kerryson , starring Dora Bryan . Kerryson went on to direct the show again in 2014 at the Curve Theatre in Leicester UK , starring Janie Dee . 2017 Broadway revival ( edit ) 2017 Broadway revival at the Shubert Theatre . On January 19 , 2016 , it was announced that Bette Midler would play the title role in a Broadway revival of Hello , Dolly ! . Previews began March 15 , 2017 , officially opening on April 20 , 2017 , at the Shubert Theatre . The production was produced by Scott Rudin , directed by Jerry Zaks and choreographed by Warren Carlyle . David Hyde Pierce plays Horace Vandergelder . Other principal casting for this revival included : Kate Baldwin as Irene Molloy , Gavin Creel as Cornelius Hackl , Jennifer Simard as Ernestina Money , Taylor Trensch as Barnaby Tucker , Will Burton as Ambrose Kemper , Melanie Moore as Ermengarde , and Beanie Feldstein as Minnie Fay . Donna Murphy played the role of Dolly at Tuesday evening performances beginning in June 2017 , as well as covering Midler 's holiday dates . She played her final performance on January 7 , 2018 . Midler , Pierce , Trensch , and Feldstein left the production on January 14 , 2018 . Bernadette Peters took over the role of Dolly with previews from January 20 , 2018 , officially on February 22 , 2018 , and Victor Garber took over the role of Horace Vandergelder . Charlie Stemp assumed the role of Barnaby Tucker on January 20 , 2018 . Santino Fontana temporarily played the role of Cornelius Hackl from March 2018 to May 6 while Gavin Creel recovered from back surgery . Creel returned to the role on May 8 , 2018 . Before Fontana 's temporary engagement , understudy Christian Dante White played the role of Cornelius . The production closed on August 25 , 2018 , with Midler and Hyde Pierce returning to play Dolly and Horace ( respectively ) from July 17 , 2018 to closing . International productions ( edit ) The Australian production in 1965 -- 66 starred Carole Cook , produced by JC Williamson Theatres LTD . She was the second woman to play the role . Jack Goode as Horace and Bill Millican as Cornelius also starred . The show played at Her Majesty 's Theatre , Sydney and Melbourne , and His Majesty 's Theatre , Aukland in 1966 . The Israeli production in 1968 - 1970 starred Hanna Maron as Dolly Levi , one of the most famous actress on the Israel theater , on the `` Alhambra '' theater , produced by Giora Godik , also starring Shraga Friedman as Horace Vandergelder , Gadi Yagil as Cornelius Hackl and Tzipi Shavit as Minnie Fay . The musical was a huge successful and Dolly remains one of Maron 's lovable roles . The musical was translated to Hebrew by Haim Hefer , a well - known songwriter and poet . In 1985 , Cuban diva Rosita Fornes played Dolly in a Cuban production of Hello , Dolly by the Teatro Karl Marx in Havana , Cuba . She also played the role in Camaguey City and in a television production under director Manolo Rifat . In 1996 , Mexican cinema star Silvia Pinal starred in the Spanish language version of the musical , ¿ Qué tal Dolly ? ( `` What 's Up , Dolly ? '' ) , opposite Ignacio Lopez Tarso in Mexico City . Tours ( edit ) Mary Martin starred in a US tour , starting in April 1965 and playing in 11 cities . The production also toured in Japan , Korea and Vietnam for a special USO performance for U.S. troops . A second US tour began in September 1965 , headed by Channing , and ran for two years and nine months . Eve Arden and Dorothy Lamour were replacements . In 2008 , Anita Dobson toured in the UK . Sally Struthers appeared as Dolly in the 50th anniversary tour of the musical , starting in October 2013 A third US tour is set to begin on October 2 , 2018 starring Betty Buckley Critical reception ( edit ) Opening night reviews of the original production were generally positive , and Carol Channing 's performance as Dolly Gallagher Levi was greatly acclaimed ; however , some reviewers criticized the score and the libretto , implying that Channing 's performance was responsible for the efficacy of the show . In his review of the opening night performance , The New York Times theatre critic Howard Taubman wrote Hello , Dolly ! ... has qualities of freshness and imagination that are rare in the run of our machine - made musicals . It transmutes the broadly stylized mood of a mettlesome farce into the gusto and colors of the musical stage ... Mr. Herman 's songs are brisk and pointed and always tuneful ... a shrewdly mischievous performance by Carol Channing ... Making the necessary reservations for the unnecessary vulgar and frenzied touches , one is glad to welcome Hello , Dolly ! for its warmth , color and high spirits . John Chapman of the New York Daily News lauded Carol Channing 's performance , declaring her `` the most outgoing woman on the musical stage today -- big and warm , all eyes and smiles , in love with everybody in the theatre and possessing a unique voice ranging somewhat upward from a basso profundo . '' He also wrote , `` I would n't say that Jerry Herman 's score is memorable . '' New York Post critic Richard Watts , Jr. , wrote , The fact that ( Hello , Dolly ! ) seems to me short on charm , warmth , and the intangible quality of distinction in no way alters my conviction that it will be an enormous popular success . Herman has composed a score that is always pleasant and agreeably tuneful , although the only number that comes to mind at the moment is the lively title song . His lyrics could be called serviceable . In the New York Herald Tribune , Walter Kerr wrote , Hello , Dolly ! is a musical comedy dream , with Carol Channing the girl of it ... Channing opens wide her big - as - millstone eyes , spreads her white - gloved arms in ecstatic abandon , trots out on a circular runway that surrounds the orchestra , and proceeds to dance rings around the conductor ... With hair like orange sea foam , a contralto like a horse 's neighing , and a confidential swagger , ( she is ) a musical comedy performer with all the blowzy glamor of the girls on the sheet music of 1916 . Kerr perceived deficiencies in the libretto , though , stating that the `` lines are not always as funny as Miss Channing makes them '' . John McClain of the New York Journal American particularly praised the staging of the musical , saying that Gower Champion deserves the big gong for performance beyond the call of duty . Seldom has a corps of dancers brought so much style and excitement to a production which could easily have been pedestrian ... It is difficult to describe the emotion ( the song `` Hello , Dolly ! '' ) produces . Last night the audience nearly tore up the seats as she led the parade of waiters in a series of encores over the semi-circular runway that extends around the orchestra pit out into the audience , ... a tribute to the personal appeal of Miss Channing and the magical inventiveness of Mr. Champion 's staging . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1964 New York Drama Critics Circle Award Best Musical Won Tony Award Best Musical Won Best Book of a Musical Michael Stewart Won Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Carol Channing Won Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Charles Nelson Reilly Nominated Best Original Score Jerry Herman Won Best Producer of a Musical David Merrick Won Best Direction of a Musical Gower Champion Won Best Choreography Won Best Conductor and Musical Director Shepard Coleman Won Best Scenic Design Oliver Smith Won Best Costume Design Freddy Wittop Won 1968 Special Tony Award Special Award Pearl Bailey Won 1970 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Performance Ethel Merman Won 1978 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1978 Tony Award Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Eddie Bracken Nominated 1979 West End revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1979 Olivier Award Best Actress in a Musical Carol Channing Nominated 1995 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated 2009 Open Air Theatre revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Won Best Actress in a Musical Samantha Spiro Won Best Theatre Choreographer Stephen Mear Won 2017 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2017 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Won Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical David Hyde Pierce Nominated Best Actress in a Leading Role in Musical Bette Midler Won Best Actor in a Featured Role in a Musical Gavin Creel Won Best Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Kate Baldwin Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Jerry Zaks Nominated Best Scenic Design of a Musical Santo Loquasto Nominated Best Costume Design of a Musical Won Best Lighting Design of a Musical Natasha Katz Nominated Best Orchestrations Larry Hochman Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Won Outstanding Actress in a Musical Bette Midler Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Gavin Creel Won Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Kate Baldwin Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical Jerry Zaks Nominated Outstanding Choreographer Warren Carlyle Nominated Outstanding Set Design Natasha Katz Nominated Outstanding Costume Design Santo Loquasto Nominated Outstanding Sound Design Scott Lehrer Nominated Outstanding Wigs and Hair Campbell Young Associates Nominated Drama League Award Outstanding Revival of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Musical Won Distinguished Performance David Hyde Pierce Nominated Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Broadway Musical Won Outstanding Actor in a Musical David Hyde Pierce Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Musical Bette Midler Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Gavin Creel Won Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Kate Baldwin Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical Jerry Zaks Nominated Outstanding Choreographer Warren Carlyle Won Outstanding Costume Design Santo Loquasto Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design Natasha Katz Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations Larry Hochman Won Chita Rivera Awards Outstanding Ensemble in a Broadway Show Nominated Outstanding Choreography in a Broadway Show Warren Carlyle Nominated 2018 Grammy Awards Best Musical Theater Album Bette Midler ( principal soloist ) ; Steven Epstein ( producer ) Nominated Recordings ( edit ) The RCA Victor cast recording of the original Broadway production was released in 1964 . It was the number - one album on the Billboard pop albums chart for seven weeks and the top album of the year on the Year - End chart . In 1965 , a recording of the original London production was released . In 1967 , RCA Victor released a recording of the all - black Broadway replacement cast , featuring Pearl Bailey , who also starred in the unrecorded 1975 revival . The movie soundtrack was released in 1969 . On November 15 , 1994 , the 1994 revival cast recording was released . The 2017 Broadway Revival cast recording was released on May 12 , 2017 , featuring the songs now sung by Bette Midler , David Hyde Pierce , Kate Baldwin , and Gavin Creel . Cultural influence ( edit ) In 1964 , Armstrong 's recording of the song , `` Hello , Dolly ! '' , rose to number one on the Billboard pop chart , making Armstrong , at age 62 , the oldest person ever to accomplish that feat . In the process , Armstrong dislodged The Beatles `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' from the number - one position they had occupied for 14 consecutive weeks with three different songs . The title song was sung in the 1999 film Dick by actor Dan Hedaya , playing President Richard Nixon . The red satin , sequin - bedecked costume , designed by Freddy Wittop , that Channing wore during Hello , Dolly ! was donated to the Smithsonian by Channing and theatrical producer Manny Kladitis , following the thirtieth anniversary tour of the show . It is currently on display at the National Museum of American History . While Miss Channing 's Harmonia Gardens gown is in the Smithsonian , the remainder of the original Freddy Wittop costumes are now housed in the permanent collection of the Costume World Broadway Collection , a theatrical museum dedicated to Broadway costuming located in Pompano Beach , Florida . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Award Archived 2015 - 07 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . Top Pop Albums ( 2010 ) , Record Research , ISBN 0 - 89820 - 183 - 7 , p. 973 ^ Jump up to : `` Hello Dolly ! -- New Wimbledon Theatre '' IndieLondon , March 2008 Jump up ^ Saltzman , Simon . `` A CurtainUp Feature . Hello Dollys ... They Never Say Good - Bye '' Curtain Up , 2006 , retrieved March 16 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' article '' Musicals101.com Jump up ^ Gilvey , John Anthony . Before the Parade Passes by : Gower Champion and the Glorious American Musical ( 2005 ) , St. Martin 's Press , ISBN 0 - 312 - 33776 - 0 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Gilvey , p. 149 Jump up ^ Bloom , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Kantor , p. 302 Jump up ^ Hello , Dolly ! tamswitmark.com , accessed December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ Hello , Dolly ! guidetomusicaltheatre.com , accessed December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ Hello , Dolly ! '' masterworksbroadway.com , accessed December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Broadway , 1964 '' ibdb.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' London '' thisistheatre.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' West End 1965 '' broadwayworld.com , retrieved January 16 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Film '' tcm.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Broadway , 1975 '' ibdb.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Broadway , 1978 '' ibdb.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Broadway , 1995 '' ibdb.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Casting Complete for Paper Mill ' Hello , Dolly ! ' ; Charles and Baldwin to Join Feldshuh '' Playbill , May 8 , 2006 Jump up ^ Miller , Mark . `` Review . ' Hello , Dolly ! ' theatermania.com , June 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ Blank , Matthew . `` PHOTO CALL : ' Hello , Dolly ! ' at Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre in London '' Playbill , April 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Broadway , 2017 '' ibdb.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Hello , Dolly ! Original US Tour Cast - 2018 US Tour '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Suskin , Show Tunes , p. 263 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Listing '' tams-witmark.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ' Cast Replacements '' Playbill , retrieved December 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Sullivan , Dan . `` ' Rosencrantz ' and ' Hallelujah , Baby ! ' Garner Tonys : Zoe Caldwell and Balsam Capture Acting Honors '' , The New York Times , April 22 , 1968 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Bovson article Jump up ^ Green , Stanley . Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre , Da Capo Press , 1980 , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80113 - 2 , p. 183 Jump up ^ `` Long Runs on Broadway '' playbill.com , retrieved July 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ Bloom , Ken , and Vlastnik , Frank . Broadway Musicals : The 101 Greatest Shows of all Time , p. 302 . Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers , New York , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 57912 - 390 - 2 Jump up ^ `` 1965 London production '' BroadwayWorld.com Jump up ^ Hello , Dolly ! openairtheatre.com , retrieved January 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark . `` Bette Midler to return to Broadway in ' Hello , Dolly ! ' '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Get a First Look at Bette Midler in ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Playbill , March 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ Soloski , Alexis ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Hello , Dolly ! review -- Bette Midler is irresistible in a riotous delight '' . The Guardian . Manchester . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` David Hyde Pierce Will Join Bette Midler in Hello , Dolly ! '' . Playbill . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Kate Baldwin , Gavin Creel , Jennifer Simard Join Bette Midler ' Hello , Dolly ! ' `` , Playbill , September 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` Broadway 's ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Casts Its Minnie Fay '' , Playbill , October 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Donna Murphy Will Play Matchmaker Once a Week in Broadway 's ' Hello , Dolly ! ' '' . Playbill . ^ Jump up to : McPhee , Ryan . `` Bette Midler , David Hyde Pierce , Taylor Trensch , Beanie Feldstein Bid Farewell to ' Hello , Dolly ! ' January 14 '' Playbill , January 14 , 2018 Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Bernadette Peters Will Succeed Bette Midler in Broadway 's ' Hello , Dolly ! ' '' Playbill , September 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Charlie Stemp Will Make Broadway Debut in ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Alongside Bernadette Peters and Victor Garber '' Playbill , September 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Green , Jesse . `` Theater . Hello Dolly Review '' The New York Times , February 22 , 2018 Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Gavin Creel Returns to Broadway 's ' Hello , Dolly ! ' May 8 '' Playbill , May 8 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Santino Fontana Steps Into Hello , Dolly ! on Broadway March 13 Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Bette Midler Will Return to Broadway 's ' Hello , Dolly ! ' ; Tony - Winning Revival Sets Closing Date '' Playbill , April 20 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Call on Dolly '' callondolly.com , accessed September 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Australia '' ovrtur.com , accessed September 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Stage set for the J.C. Williamson production of ' Hello , Dolly ! ' '' nla.gov.au , accessed September 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Hello Dolly Israeli Hebrew Musical Chana Maron Godik Original Cast LP 1968 Set The Record Straight , Theatre & Movie Recordings Pinterest Hello dolly , Lp ... '' . Pinterest . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube video '' Jump up ^ The Latin American Musical Comedy Stars : Silvia Pinal Jump up ^ Information about a documentary chronicling Martin 's Asian tour in Hello , Dolly ! imdb.com Jump up ^ Green , Stanley. `` Encyclopedia Of The Musical Theatre '' ( 1980 ) , Da Capo Press , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80113 - 2 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Edmonds , Richard . `` ' Hello Dolly ! ' review '' thestage.co.uk , 8 February 2008 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` 50th Anniversary Tour of ' Hello , Dolly ! ' , Starring Sally Struthers , Parades Across U.S. Beginning Oct. 5 '' playbill.com , October 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Tony Winner Betty Buckley Will Lead Hello , Dolly ! National Tour . The tour will open in Cleveland , Ohio . Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Taubman , Howard . `` Hello Dolly ! '' . The New York Times , 1964 ^ Jump up to : Suskin , Steven . Opening Night on Broadway : A Critical Quotebook of the Golden Era of the Musical Theatre , pp. 297 -- 301 . Schirmer Books , New York , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 872625 - 1 Jump up ^ `` New York Drama Critics Past Awards , 1964 '' dramacritics.org , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello Dolly ' Listing , 1964 -- 1970 '' Internet Broadway Database , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Tony Awards , 1964 '' broadwayworld.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Tony Award Winners , 1964 '' infoplease.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Tony Awards , 1968 '' broadwayworld.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Pearl Bailey Listing , Awards and Nominations '' Internet Broadway Database , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Tony Award Winners , 1968 '' infoplease.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Drama Desk , 1969 -- 1970 '' dramadesk.org , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ Flinn , Caryl . `` Chapter 17 '' Brass Diva : The Life and Legends of Ethel Merman ( 2007 ) , University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 22942 - 8 , p. 376 Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Tony Awards Listing '' broadwayworld.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Tony Awards 1996 '' broadwayworld.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ Evans , Greg . `` 50th Tonys raise ' Rent ' with ' Class ' `` , Daily Variety , June 3 , 1996 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` Olivier Winners 2010 '' Archived 2012 - 09 - 07 at Archive.is olivierawards.com , accessed March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` 60th Annual GRAMMY Awards '' . GRAMMY.com. 2017 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Grammys 2018 : Complete list of nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . 2017 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Epstein Credits '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Huston , Caitlin ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dear Evan Hansen ' wins Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album '' . Broadway News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Release date of 1994 revival album Amazon.com , retrieved June 26 , 2010 Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to the Complete Hello , Dolly ! Cast Recording , Featuring Bette Midler and More Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hello , Dolly ! ' Louis Armstrong Listing '' allmusic.com , accessed April 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Song Review '' allmusic.com , accessed April 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Movie / Video Review . ' Dick ' '' All-Reviews.com , accessed April 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` '' Hello , Dolly '' Dress `` . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Collection '' costumeworld.com , accessed April 2 , 2012 References ( edit ) Bloom , Ken ; Frank Vlastnik ( 2004 - 10 - 01 ) . Broadway Musicals : The 101 Greatest Shows of All Time . New York , New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . pp. 152 -- 155 . ISBN 1 - 57912 - 390 - 2 . Botto , Louis ( 2002 - 09 - 01 ) . Robert Viagas , ed . At This Theatre . Applause Books . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 566 - 7 . Bovsun , Mara . From ' Hello , Dolly ! ' : Dolly Gallagher Levi . barbra-archives.com . Retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 08 . Kantor , Michael ; Laurence Maslon ( 2004 ) . Broadway : the American musical . New York , New York : Bulfinch Press . ISBN 0 - 8212 - 2905 - 2 . Hello , Dolly ! imagi-nation.com . Retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 08 . Suskin , Steven ( 1999 - 01 - 01 ) . Show Tunes . New York : Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512599 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hello , Dolly ! ( musical ) . Internet Broadway Database listing for all productions Charles Nelson Reilly 's autobiographical film , in which he discusses Hello Dolly `` Long Runs on Broadway as of February 2017 '' TUTS study guide Synopsis , Casting , Choreography , Scenes and Settings 1964 New York Times review of original production Thornton Wilder Plays The Long Christmas Dinner ( 1931 ) The Happy Journey to Trenton and Camden ( 1931 ) Our Town ( 1938 ) The Merchant of Yonkers ( 1938 ) The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1942 ) The Matchmaker ( 1954 ) Books The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 1927 ) The Woman of Andros ( 1930 ) Ides of March ( 1948 ) The Eighth Day ( 1967 ) Theophilus North ( 1973 ) Adaptations The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 1929 film ) Our Town ( 1940 film ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 1944 film ) Our Town ( 1955 TV ) The Matchmaker ( 1958 film ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 musical ) Our Town ( 2003 film ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 2004 film ) Our Town ( 2006 opera ) OT : Our Town ( documentary ) Family Amos Wilder ( brother ) Charlotte Wilder ( sister ) Janet Wilder Dakin ( sister ) Musicals by Jerry Herman Parade From A to Z Milk and Honey Madame Aphrodite Hello , Dolly ! Mame Dear World Mack and Mabel The Grand Tour La Cage aux Folles Mrs. Santa Claus Showtune Jerry 's Girls An Evening with Jerry Herman Miss Spectacular Awards for Hello , Dolly ! Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical She Loves Me ( 1994 ) The King and I ( 1996 ) Chicago ( 1997 ) Cabaret ( 1998 ) You 're a Good Man , Charlie Brown ( 1999 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 2000 ) 42nd Street ( 2001 ) Into the Woods ( 2002 ) Nine ( 2003 ) Assassins ( 2004 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2005 ) Sweeney Todd ( 2006 ) Company ( 2007 ) South Pacific ( 2008 ) Hair ( 2009 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2010 ) Anything Goes ( 2011 ) Follies ( 2012 ) Pippin ( 2013 ) Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 2014 ) The King and I ( 2015 ) She Loves Me ( 2016 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2017 ) My Fair Lady ( 2018 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival Show Boat ( 1991 ) The Boys from Syracuse ( 1992 ) Carousel ( 1993 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1994 ) She Loves Me ( 1995 ) The Who 's Tommy ( 1997 ) Chicago ( 1998 ) Oklahoma ! ( 1999 ) Candide ( 2000 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 2001 ) My Fair Lady ( 2002 ) Anything Goes ( 2003 ) Pacific Overtures ( 2004 ) Grand Hotel ( 2005 ) Guys and Dolls ( 2006 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 2007 ) The Magic Flute ( 2008 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2009 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2010 ) Into the Woods ( 2011 ) Crazy for You ( 2012 ) Sweeney Todd ( 2013 ) Merrily We Roll Along ( 2014 ) City of Angels ( 2015 ) Gypsy ( 2016 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 2017 ) Follies ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Musical 1949 - 1975 Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) The King and I ( 1952 ) Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) Kismet ( 1954 ) The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) The Music Man ( 1958 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) Cabaret ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1968 ) 1776 ( 1969 ) Applause ( 1970 ) Company ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) Raisin ( 1974 ) The Wiz ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) 42nd Street ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Cats ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) Big River ( 1985 ) Drood ( 1986 ) Les Misérables ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Lion King ( 1998 ) Fosse ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Avenue Q ( 2004 ) Monty Python 's Spamalot ( 2005 ) Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) In the Heights ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Fun Home ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen ( 2017 ) The Band 's Visit ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical Carousel ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) The King and I ( 1996 ) Chicago ( 1997 ) Cabaret ( 1998 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1999 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 2000 ) 42nd Street ( 2001 ) Into the Woods ( 2002 ) Nine ( 2003 ) Assassins ( 2004 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2005 ) The Pajama Game ( 2006 ) Company ( 2007 ) South Pacific ( 2008 ) Hair ( 2009 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 2010 ) Anything Goes ( 2011 ) Porgy and Bess ( 2012 ) Pippin ( 2013 ) Hedwig and the Angry Inch ( 2014 ) The King and I ( 2015 ) The Color Purple ( 2016 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 2017 ) Once on This Island ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical 1950 -- 1975 South Pacific by Oscar Hammerstein II and Joshua Logan ( 1950 ) Hello , Dolly ! by Michael Stewart ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Joseph Stein ( 1965 ) Company by George Furth ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona by John Guare and Mel Shapiro ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Hugh Wheeler ( 1973 ) Candide by Hugh Wheeler ( 1974 ) Shenandoah by James Lee Barrett , Peter Udell and Philip Rose ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line by James Kirkwood Jr. and Nicholas Dante ( 1976 ) Annie by Thomas Meehan ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Betty Comden and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Hugh Wheeler ( 1979 ) Evita by Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by Peter Stone ( 1981 ) Dreamgirls by Tom Eyen ( 1982 ) Cats by T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Harvey Fierstein ( 1984 ) Big River by William Hauptman ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by James Lapine ( 1988 ) No Award ( 1989 ) City of Angels by Larry Gelbart ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden by Marsha Norman ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn and James Lapine ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by Terrence McNally ( 1993 ) Passion by James Lapine ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Don Black and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Peter Stone ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Terrence McNally ( 1998 ) Parade by Alfred Uhry ( 1999 ) James Joyce 's The Dead by Richard Nelson ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Producers by Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Jeff Whitty ( 2004 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee by Rachel Sheinkin ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Bob Martin and Don McKellar ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Steven Sater ( 2007 ) Passing Strange by Stew ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical by Lee Hall ( 2009 ) Memphis by Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Once by Enda Walsh ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical by Dennis Kelly ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder by Robert L. Freedman ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Steven Levenson ( 2017 ) The Band 's Visit by Itamar Moses ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Original Score 1947 - 1975 Street Scene by Kurt Weill ( 1947 ) Kiss Me , Kate by Cole Porter ( 1949 ) South Pacific by Richard Rodgers ( 1950 ) Call Me Madam by Irving Berlin ( 1951 ) No Strings by Richard Rodgers ( 1962 ) Oliver ! by Lionel Bart ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! by Jerry Herman ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha by Mitch Leigh and Joe Darion ( 1966 ) Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby ! by Jule Styne , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1968 ) Company by Stephen Sondheim ( 1971 ) Follies by Stephen Sondheim ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim ( 1973 ) Gigi by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner ( 1974 ) The Wiz by Charlie Smalls ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban ( 1976 ) Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Stephen Sondheim ( 1979 ) Evita by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1981 ) Nine by Maury Yeston ( 1982 ) Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber and T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Jerry Herman ( 1984 ) Big River by Roger Miller ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Claude - Michel Schönberg , Herbert Kretzmer , and Alain Boublil ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim ( 1988 ) City of Angels by Cy Coleman and David Zippel ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by John Kander and Fred Ebb / The Who 's Tommy by Pete Townshend ( 1993 ) Passion by Stephen Sondheim ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Andrew Lloyd Webber , Don Black , and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Maury Yeston ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens ( 1998 ) Parade by Jason Robert Brown ( 1999 ) Aida by Elton John and Tim Rice ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers by Mel Brooks ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx ( 2004 ) The Light in the Piazza by Adam Guettel ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater ( 2007 ) In the Heights by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2008 ) Next to Normal by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey ( 2009 ) Memphis by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Newsies by Alan Menken and Jack Feldman ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots by Cyndi Lauper ( 2013 ) The Bridges of Madison County by Jason Robert Brown ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) The Band 's Visit by David Yazbek ( 2018 ) GND : 300656068 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hello,_Dolly!_(musical)&oldid=856569125 '' Categories : 1964 musicals Broadway musicals Culture of Yonkers , New York Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Musicals based on plays Plays set in New York City Plays set in the 19th century Tony Award for Best Musical West End musicals A Day Well Spent Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 04 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what songs does minnie sing in hello dolly | [] | [] |
-7817903374586914844 | Pride and Joy (Stevie Ray Vaughan song) | Pride and Joy ( Stevie Ray Vaughan song ) - wikipedia Pride and Joy ( Stevie Ray Vaughan song ) For the Marvin Gaye song , see Pride and Joy ( Marvin Gaye song ) . `` Pride and Joy '' Single by Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble from the album Texas Flood B - side `` Rude Mood '' Released June 13 , 1983 ( 1983 - 06 - 13 ) ( album ) Format 7 - inch 45 rpm record Recorded Down Town Studio , Los Angeles November 24 , 1982 Genre Electric blues , blues rock Length 3 : 41 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Stevie Ray Vaughan Producer ( s ) Stevie Ray Vaughan , Richard Mullen , and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble singles chronology `` Pride and Joy '' ( 1983 ) `` Could n't Stand the Weather '' ( 1984 ) `` Pride and Joy '' ( 1983 ) `` Could n't Stand the Weather '' ( 1984 ) `` Pride and Joy '' is a song by Texas singer / guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan and his backup band Double Trouble . It is an original composition by Vaughan and appeared on his 1983 Epic Records debut album Texas Flood . `` Pride and Joy '' was also released as Vaughan 's first single and has become one of his best - known songs . Contents 1 Lyrics 2 Composition 3 Charts and influence 4 References Lyrics ( edit ) `` Pride and Joy '' was a feature of Vaughan live repertoire before he recorded it . According to Double Trouble drummer Chris Layton , Vaughan wrote it for a new girlfriend at the time ( a later fight with her inspired his `` I 'm Cryin ' '' ) . Well , you 've heard about love givin ' sight to the blind My baby 's lovin ' cause the sun to shine She 's my sweet little thing , she 's my pride and joy She 's my sweet little baby , I 'm her little lover boy Composition ( edit ) Called `` a classic Texas shuffle '' , it has a twelve - bar blues arrangement , notated in the key of E ( although with Vaughan 's guitar tuned one - half step lower , resulting in the pitch of E ♭ ) in time with a moderately fast tempo . The main guitar figure features a bassline along with muted chord chops to produce a percussive - like effect . Vaughan also `` extracts extra sound from the guitar by choosing finger shapes that allow the maximum number of strings to ring at a time ( often the top E-string ( E ♭ ) ) '' . Charts and influence ( edit ) Vaughan 's song was released as a single and reached number 20 in Billboard magazine 's Mainstream Rock chart . Bonnie Raitt and the Charlie Daniels Band have recorded renditions of the song . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kitts , Jeff ; Tolinski , Brad ( 2002 ) . Guitar World Presents the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time ! . Hal Leonard . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 634 - 04619 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Hugh ( 2003 ) . Roadhouse Blues : Stevie Ray Vaughan and Texas R&B . Backbeat Books . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 747 - 9 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Wolf ( 2008 ) . Stuff ! Good Guitar Players Should Know : An A-Z Guide to Getting Better . Hal Leonard . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 1423430087 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Flood -- Awards '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corp . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phares , Heather . `` A Tribute to Stevie Ray Vaughan -- Album review '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corp . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Stevie Ray Vaughan Original 1983 -- 1989 releases are marked in bold . Studio albums Texas Flood Could n't Stand the Weather Soul to Soul In Step Family Style The Sky Is Crying Live albums Live Alive In the Beginning Live at Carnegie Hall In Session Live at Montreux 1982 & 1985 Compilations Greatest Hits The Real Deal : Greatest Hits Volume 2 Blues at Sunrise The Essential Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Official bootlegs Live in Tokyo Singles `` Pride and Joy '' / `` Rude Mood '' `` Love Struck Baby '' `` The Sky Is Crying '' / `` Chitlins con Carne '' `` Taxman '' Songs `` All Your Love ( I Miss Loving ) '' `` Come On ( Part III ) '' `` Crossfire '' `` Hide Away '' `` Lenny '' `` Little Wing '' `` Pipeline '' `` Say What ! '' `` Superstition '' `` Testify '' `` Texas Flood '' `` The Things That I Used to Do '' `` Voodoo Child ( Slight Return ) '' Concert tours Texas Flood World Tour ( 1983 -- 84 ) Could n't Stand the Weather Tour ( 1984 - 85 ) Soul to Soul Tour ( 1985 - 86 ) Live Alive Tour ( 1986 - 88 ) In Step Tour ( 1989 - 90 ) Performance videos Pride and Joy Live at the El Mocambo Related articles Original discography Posthumous discography Double Trouble David Bowie Doyle Bramhall Tommy Shannon Chris Layton Jimmie Vaughan Reese Wynans Lou Ann Barton W.C. Clark Death of Stevie Ray Vaughan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pride_and_Joy_(Stevie_Ray_Vaughan_song)&oldid=835172396 '' Categories : 1983 songs Stevie Ray Vaughan songs Songs written by Stevie Ray Vaughan Epic Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 00 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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-2565191876292228239 | Small Steps: The Year I Got Polio | Small Steps : the Year I Got polio - wikipedia Small Steps : the Year I Got polio Jump to : navigation , search Small Steps : The Year I Got Polio Author Peg Kehret Country United States Language English Subject Polio Genre Memoir Publisher Albert Whitman and Company Publication date Pages 184 Small Steps : The Year I Got Polio is a memoir of author Peg Kehret 's childhood experience of polio . The book won the Golden Kite Award in 1997 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Settings 4 Reception 5 References Plot ( edit ) In September 1949 , Peg collapses at her school in Austin , Minnesota . She goes home with a high fever , and around midnight , she starts to vomit . Her parents take her to the hospital where she is diagnosed with three different kinds of polio . She spends a little time at Sheltering Arms before she is transferred to University Hospital because she needs a respirator . Peg is placed under an oxygen tent to help her breathe a little easier . After a few days , she is allowed to move out of isolation but all of the things in her room are burned because they may contain the virus . Her new room has a roommate named Tommy who is put into an iron lung . Peg reads to him when she 's feeling better , and they listen to The Lone Ranger . Every day , she changes the hot pack part of the Kenny treatment to hot baths instead . After she starts to recover , the so - called Mrs. Crab does the stretching exercises . After Peg improves , she is moved back to the Sheltering Arms hospital where she rooms with four other girls who have polio , Dorothy , Shirley , Alice and Renee . Characters ( edit ) Peg : Main character and narrator of the story , diagnosed with polio . Karen : Peg 's best friend at school Tommy : Peg 's hospital roommate at University Hospital , in an iron lung . Renee : Sheltering Arms roommate , who goes home for Christmas . Shirley : Sheltering Arms roommate , who has the worst polio . Alice : Sheltering Arms roommate , who has been there for ten years . Her parents did n't want to take care of her because she was so badly crippled , and she became a ward of the state . Dorothy : Sheltering Arms roommate , who longs to be in leg braces to go home . She is able to return home , because her family builds her a ramp . Mrs. Crab : Peg 's physical therapist at University Hospital , whom Peg does n't like . She gives her Torture Time : hot packs and stretching . Peg highly disliked her . Art : Peg 's older brother whom Dorothy adores . Art is a college student . Dr. Bevis : Peg 's doctor at University Hospital . Peg promises to walk for him one day . Miss . Ballard : Peg 's physical therapist at Sheltering Arms that Peg is very fond of and she is also very good friends with Pegs parents . Settings ( edit ) The story takes place in Peg 's school , Peg 's house , at the Sheltering Arms , and at the University Hospital beginning in 1949 . Reception ( edit ) Small Steps won the Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children 's Book Award , the Golden Kite Award in 1997 and the Mark Twain Readers Award in 1997 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children 's Book Award Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_Steps:_The_Year_I_Got_Polio&oldid=814895051 '' Categories : 1996 children 's books Children 's non-fiction books American children 's books American memoirs Golden Kite Award - winning works Works about polio Books about diseases Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 15 : 25 . About Wikipedia | small steps the year i got polio chapters | [] | [] |
-4383410311455711145 | Attitude (psychology) | Attitude ( Psychology ) - wikipedia Attitude ( Psychology ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the psychological construct . For other uses of attitude , see Attitude . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In psychology , attitude is a psychological construct , a mental and emotional entity that inheres in , or characterizes a person . They are complex and an acquired state through experiences . It is an individual 's predisposed state of mind regarding a value and it is precipitated through a responsive expression toward a person , place , thing , or event ( the attitude object ) which in turn influences the individual 's thought and action . Prominent psychologist Gordon Allport described this latent psychological construct as `` the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary social psychology . '' Attitude can be formed from a person 's past and present . Key topics in the study of attitudes include attitude strength , attitude change , consumer behavior , and attitude - behavior relationships . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 1.1 Social psychology 1.2 Jung 's definition 2 Factors 2.1 Psychological 2.2 Family 2.3 Society 2.4 Economic 3 Structure 3.1 Attitude component models 3.2 MODE model 4 Function 5 Formation 6 Change 6.1 Emotion and attitude change 6.2 Components of emotion appeals 7 Attitude - behavior relationship 7.1 Theory of reasoned action 7.2 Theory of planned behavior 7.3 Motivation and Opportunity as Determinants ( MODE ) 8 Measurement 8.1 Explicit 8.2 Implicit 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading Definitions ( edit ) Social Psychology ( edit ) An attitude is an evaluation of an attitude object , ranging from extremely negative to extremely positive . Most contemporary perspectives on attitudes also permit that people can also be conflicted or ambivalent toward an object by simultaneously holding both positive and negative attitudes toward the same object . This has led to some discussion of whether individual can hold multiple attitudes toward the same object . An attitude can be as a positive or negative evaluation of people , objects , events , activities , and ideas . It could be concrete , abstract or just about anything in your environment , but there is a debate about precise definitions . Eagly and Chaiken , for example , define an attitude as `` a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor . '' Though it is sometimes common to define an attitude as affect toward an object , affect ( i.e. , discrete emotions or overall arousal ) is generally understood as an evaluative structure used to form attitude object . Attitude may influence the attention to attitude objects , the use of categories for encoding information and the interpretation , judgement and recall of attitude - relevant information . These influences tend to be more powerful for strong attitudes which are accessible and based on elaborate supportive knowledge structure . The durability and impactfulness of influence depend upon the strength formed from consistency of heuristics . Attitudes can guide encoding information , attention and behaviors , even if the individual is pursuing unrelated goals . Jung 's definition ( edit ) Attitude is one of Jung 's 57 definitions in Chapter XI of Psychological Types . Jung 's definition of attitude is a `` readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way '' . Attitudes very often come in pairs , one conscious and the other unconscious . Within this broad definition Jung defines several attitudes . The main ( but not only ) attitude dualities that Jung defines are the following . Consciousness and the unconscious . The `` presence of two attitudes is extremely frequent , one conscious and the other unconscious . This means that consciousness has a constellation of contents different from that of the unconscious , a duality particularly evident in neurosis '' . Extraversion and introversion . This pair is so elementary to Jung 's theory of types that he labeled them the `` attitude - types '' . Rational and irrational attitudes . `` I conceive reason as an attitude '' . The rational attitude subdivides into the thinking and feeling psychological functions , each with its attitude . The irrational attitude subdivides into the sensing and intuition psychological functions , each with its attitude . `` There is thus a typical thinking , feeling , sensation , and intuitive attitude '' . Individual and social attitudes . Many of the latter are `` isms '' . In addition , Jung discusses the abstract attitude . `` When I take an abstract attitude ... '' . Abstraction is contrasted with creationism `` CREATIONISM . By this I mean a peculiarity of thinking and feeling which is the antithesis of abstraction '' . Factors ( edit ) Psychological ( edit ) The attitude of a person is determined by psychological factors like ideas , values , beliefs , perception , etc . All these have a complex role in determining a person 's attitude . Values are ideals , guiding principles in one 's life , or overarching goals that people strive to obtain ( Maio & Olson , 1998 ) . Beliefs are cognitions about the world -- subjective probabilities that an object has a particular attribute or that an action will lead to a particular outcome ( Fishbein & Ajzen , 1975 ) . Beliefs can be patently and unequivocally false . For example , surveys show that a third of U.S. adults think that vaccines cause autism , despite the preponderance of scientific research to the contrary ( Dixon et al. , 2015 ) . It was found that beliefs like these are tenaciously held and highly resistant to change . Another important factor that affects attitude is symbolic interactionism , these are rife with powerful symbols and charged with affect which can lead to a selective perception . Persuasion theories says that in politics , successful persuaders convince its message recipients into a selective perception or attitude polarization for turning against the opposite candidate through a repetitive process that they are in a noncommittal state and it is unacceptable and does n't have any moral basis for it and for this they only require to chain the persuading message into a realm of plausibility ( Gopnik , 2015 & O'Keefe , 2016 ) . Family ( edit ) Family plays a significant role in the primary stage of attitudes held by individuals . Initially , a person develops certain attitudes from his parents , brothers , sister , and elders in the family . There is a high degree of relationship between parent and children in attitudes found in them . Society ( edit ) Societies play an important role in formatting the attitudes of an individual . The culture , the tradition , the language , etc. , influence a person 's attitudes . Society , tradition , and the culture teach individuals what is and what is not acceptable . Economic ( edit ) A person 's attitude also depends on issues such as his salary , status , work as such , etc . Structure ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2012 ) The classic , tripartite view offered by Rosenberg and Hovland is that an attitude contains cognitive , affective , and behavioral components . Empirical research , however , fails to support clear distinctions between thoughts , emotions , and behavioral intentions associated with a particular attitude . A criticism of the tripartite view of attitudes is that it requires cognitive , affective , and behavioral associations of an attitude to be consistent , but this may be implausible . Thus some views of attitude structure see the cognitive and behavioral components as derivative of affect or affect and behavior as derivative of underlying beliefs . Despite debate about the particular structure of attitudes , there is considerable evidence that attitudes reflect more than evaluations of a particular object that vary from positive to negative . Among numerous attitudes , one example is people 's money attitudes which may help people understand their affective love of money motive , stewardship behavior , and money cognition . These ABC components of attitudes formulate , define , and contribute to an overall construct of Monetary Intelligence which , in turn , may be related to many theoretical work - related constructs . There is also a considerable interest in intra-attitudinal and inter-attitudinal structure , which is how an attitude is made ( expectancy and value ) and how different attitudes relate to one another . Which connects different attitudes to one another and to more underlying psychological structures , such as values or ideology . Attitude component models ( edit ) Multicomponent model is the most influential model of attitude . Where attitudes are evaluations of an object that have cognitive , affective , and behavioural components . These components are also known as taxi CAB , that will get you where you want to go . Cognitive component The cognitive component of attitudes refer to the beliefs , thoughts , and attributes that we would associate with an object . Many times a person 's attitude might be based on the negative and positive attributes they associate with an object . Affective component The affective component of attitudes refer to your feelings or emotions linked to an attitude object . Affective responses influence attitudes in a number of ways . For example , many people are afraid / scared of spiders . So this negative affective response is likely to cause you to have a negative attitude towards spiders . Behavioural component The behavioural component of attitudes refer to past behaviours or experiences regarding an attitude object . The idea that people might infer their attitudes from their previous actions . This idea was best articulated by Bem . MODE model ( edit ) This is the theory of attitude evaluation ( motivation and opportunity as determinants of the attitude - behavior relation ) . When both are present , behavior will be deliberate . When one is absent , impact on behavior will be spontaneous . The MODE model was developed by Fazio . A person 's attitude can be measured in two different ways : Explicit measure Implicit measure Explicit measure are attitudes at the conscious level , that are deliberately formed and easy to self - report . Implicit measures are attitudes that are at an unconscious level , that are involuntarily formed and are typically unknown to us . Both explicit and implicit attitudes can shape an individual 's behavior . Implicit attitudes , however , are most likely to affect behavior when the demands are steep and an individual feels stressed or distracted . Function ( edit ) Another classic view of attitudes is that attitudes serve particular functions for individuals . That is , researchers have tried to understand why individuals hold particular attitudes or why they hold attitudes in general by considering how attitudes affect the individuals who hold them . Daniel Katz , for example , writes that attitudes can serve `` instrumental , adjustive or utilitarian , '' `` ego - defensive , '' `` value - expressive , '' or `` knowledge '' functions . This functional attitude theory suggests that in order for attitudes to change ( e.g. , via persuasion ) , appeals must be made to the function ( s ) that a particular attitude serves for the individual . As an example , the `` ego - defensive '' function might be used to influence the racially prejudicial attitudes of an individual who sees themselves as open - minded and tolerant . By appealing to that individual 's image of themselves as tolerant and open - minded , it may be possible to change their prejudicial attitudes to be more consistent with their self - concept . Similarly , a persuasive message that threatens self - image is much more likely to be rejected . Daniel Katz classified attitudes into four different groups based on their functions Utilitarian : provides us with general approach or avoidance tendencies Knowledge : help people organize and interpret new information Ego - defensive : attitudes can help people protect their self - esteem Value - expressive : used to express central values or beliefs Utilitarian People adopt attitudes that are rewarding and that help them avoid punishment . In other words , any attitude that is adopted in a person 's own self - interest is considered to serve a utilitarian function . Consider you have a condo , people with condos pay property taxes , and as a result you do n't want to pay more taxes . If those factors lead to your attitude that `` increases in property taxes are bad '' your attitude is serving a utilitarian function . Knowledge People need to maintain an organized , meaningful , and stable view of the world . That being said important values and general principles can provide a framework for our knowledge . Attitudes achieve this goal by making things fit together and make sense . Example : I believe that I am a good person . I believe that good things happen to good people . Something bad happens to Bob . So I believe Bob must not be a good person . Ego - Defensive This function involves psychoanalytic principles where people use defense mechanisms to protect themselves from psychological harm . Mechanisms include : Denial Repression Projection Rationalization The ego - defensive notion correlates nicely with Downward Comparison Theory which holds the view that derogating a less fortunate other increases our own subjective well - being . We are more likely to use the ego - defensive function when we suffer a frustration or misfortune . Value - Expressive Serves to express one 's central values and self - concept . Central values tend to establish our identity and gain us social approval thereby showing us who we are , and what we stand for . An example would concern attitudes toward a controversial political issue . Formation ( edit ) According to Doob ( 1947 ) , learning can account for most of the attitudes we hold . The study of attitude formation is the study of how people form evaluations of persons , places or things . Theories of classical conditioning , instrumental conditioning and social learning are mainly responsible for formation of attitude . Unlike personality , attitudes are expected to change as a function of experience . In addition , exposure to the ' attitude ' objects may have an effect on how a person forms his or her attitude . This concept was seen as the `` Mere - Exposure Effect '' . Robert Zajonc showed that people were more likely to have a positive attitude on ' attitude objects ' when they were exposed to it frequently than if they were not . Mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus is a sufficient condition for the enhancement of his attitude toward it . Tesser ( 1993 ) has argued that hereditary variables may affect attitudes - but believes that they may do so indirectly . For example , consistency theories , which imply that we must be consistent in our beliefs and values . As with any type of heritability , to determine if a particular trait has a basis in our genes , twin studies are used . The most famous example of such a theory is Dissonance - reduction theory , associated with Leon Festinger , which explains that when the components of an attitude ( including belief and behavior ) are at odds an individual may adjust one to match the other ( for example , adjusting a belief to match a behavior ) . Other theories include balance theory , originally proposed by Heider ( 1958 ) , and the self - perception theory , originally proposed by Daryl Bem . Change ( edit ) Main article : Attitude change Attitudes can be changed through persuasion and an important domain of research on attitude change focuses on responses to communication . Experimental research into the factors that can affect the persuasiveness of a message include : Target characteristics : These are characteristics that refer to the person who receives and processes a message . One such trait is intelligence - it seems that more intelligent people are less easily persuaded by one - sided messages . Another variable that has been studied in this category is self - esteem . Although it is sometimes thought that those higher in self - esteem are less easily persuaded , there is some evidence that the relationship between self - esteem and persuasibility is actually curvilinear , with people of moderate self - esteem being more easily persuaded than both those of high and low self - esteem levels ( Rhodes & Woods , 1992 ) . The mind frame and mood of the target also plays a role in this process . Source characteristics : The major source characteristics are expertise , trustworthiness and interpersonal attraction or attractiveness . The credibility of a perceived message has been found to be a key variable here ; if one reads a report about health and believes it came from a professional medical journal , one may be more easily persuaded than if one believes it is from a popular newspaper . Some psychologists have debated whether this is a long - lasting effect and Hovland and Weiss ( 1951 ) found the effect of telling people that a message came from a credible source disappeared after several weeks ( the so - called `` sleeper effect '' ) . Whether there is a sleeper effect is controversial . Perceived wisdom is that if people are informed of the source of a message before hearing it , there is less likelihood of a sleeper effect than if they are told a message and then told its source . Message Characteristics : The nature of the message plays a role in persuasion . Sometimes presenting both sides of a story is useful to help change attitudes . When people are not motivated to process the message , simply the number of arguments presented in a persuasive message will influence attitude change , such that a greater number of arguments will produce greater attitude change . Cognitive routes : A message can appeal to an individual 's cognitive evaluation to help change an attitude . In the central route to persuasion the individual is presented with the data and motivated to evaluate the data and arrive at an attitude changing conclusion . In the peripheral route to attitude change , the individual is encouraged to not look at the content but at the source . This is commonly seen in modern advertisements that feature celebrities . In some cases , physician , doctors or experts are used . In other cases film stars are used for their attractiveness . Emotion and attitude change ( edit ) Emotion is a common component in persuasion , social influence , and attitude change . Much of attitude research emphasized the importance of affective or emotion components . Emotion works hand - in - hand with the cognitive process , or the way we think , about an issue or situation . Emotional appeals are commonly found in advertising , health campaigns and political messages . Recent examples include no - smoking health campaigns and political campaign advertising emphasizing the fear of terrorism . Attitudes and attitude objects are functions of cognitive , affective and conative components . Attitudes are part of the brain 's associative networks , the spider - like structures residing in long term memory that consist of affective and cognitive nodes . By activating an affective or emotion node , attitude change may be possible , though affective and cognitive components tend to be intertwined . In primarily affective networks , it is more difficult to produce cognitive counterarguments in the resistance to persuasion and attitude change . Affective forecasting , otherwise known as intuition or the prediction of emotion , also impacts attitude change . Research suggests that predicting emotions is an important component of decision making , in addition to the cognitive processes . How we feel about an outcome may override purely cognitive rationales . In terms of research methodology , the challenge for researchers is measuring emotion and subsequent impacts on attitude . Since we can not see into the brain , various models and measurement tools have been constructed to obtain emotion and attitude information . Measures may include the use of physiological cues like facial expressions , vocal changes , and other body rate measures . For instance , fear is associated with raised eyebrows , increased heart rate and increase body tension ( Dillard , 1994 ) . Other methods include concept or network mapping , and using primes or word cues in the era . Components of emotion appeals ( edit ) Any discrete emotion can be used in a persuasive appeal ; this may include jealousy , disgust , indignation , fear , blue , disturbed , haunted , and anger . Fear is one of the most studied emotional appeals in communication and social influence research . Important consequences of fear appeals and other emotion appeals include the possibility of reactance which may lead to either message rejections or source rejection and the absence of attitude change . As the EPPM suggests , there is an optimal emotion level in motivating attitude change . If there is not enough motivation , an attitude will not change ; if the emotional appeal is overdone , the motivation can be paralyzed thereby preventing attitude change . Emotions perceived as negative or containing threat are often studied more than perceived positive emotions like humor . Though the inner - workings of humor are not agreed upon , humor appeals may work by creating incongruities in the mind . Recent research has looked at the impact of humor on the processing of political messages . While evidence is inconclusive , there appears to be potential for targeted attitude change is receivers with low political message involvement . Important factors that influence the impact of emotion appeals include self efficacy , attitude accessibility , issue involvement , and message / source features . Self efficacy is a perception of one 's own human agency ; in other words , it is the perception of our own ability to deal with a situation . It is an important variable in emotion appeal messages because it dictates a person 's ability to deal with both the emotion and the situation . For example , if a person is not self - efficacious about their ability to impact the global environment , they are not likely to change their attitude or behavior about global warming . Dillard ( 1994 ) suggests that message features such as source non-verbal communication , message content , and receiver differences can impact the emotion impact of fear appeals . The characteristics of a message are important because one message can elicit different levels of emotion for different people . Thus , in terms of emotion appeals messages , one size does not fit all . Attitude accessibility refers to the activation of an attitude from memory in other words , how readily available is an attitude about an object , issue , or situation . Issue involvement is the relevance and salience of an issue or situation to an individual . Issue involvement has been correlated with both attitude access and attitude strength . Past studies conclude accessible attitudes are more resistant to change . Attitude - behavior relationship ( edit ) The effects of attitudes on behaviors is a growing research enterprise within psychology . Icek Ajzen has led research and helped develop two prominent theoretical approaches within this field : the theory of reasoned action and , its theoretical descendant , the theory of planned behavior . Both theories help explain the link between attitude and behavior as a controlled and deliberative process . Theory of reasoned action ( edit ) The theory of reasoned action ( TRA ) is a model for the prediction of behavioral intention , spanning predictions of attitude and predictions of behavior . The subsequent separation of behavioral intention from behavior allows for explanation of limiting factors on attitudinal influence ( Ajzen , 1980 ) . The theory of reasoned action was developed by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen ( 1975 , 1980 ) , derived from previous research that started out as the theory of attitude , which led to the study of attitude and behavior . The theory was `` born largely out of frustration with traditional attitude -- behavior research , much of which found weak correlations between attitude measures and performance of volitional behaviors '' ( Hale , Householder & Greene , 2003 , p. 259 ) . Theory of planned behavior ( edit ) The theory of planned behavior was proposed by Icek Ajzen in 1985 through his article `` From intentions to actions : A theory of planned behavior . '' The theory was developed from the theory of reasoned action , which was proposed by Martin Fishbein together with Icek Ajzen in 1975 . The theory of reasoned action was in turn grounded in various theories of attitude such as learning theories , expectancy - value theories , consistency theories , and attribution theory . According to the theory of reasoned action , if people evaluate the suggested behavior as positive ( attitude ) , and if they think their significant others want them to perform the behavior ( subjective norm ) , this results in a higher intention ( motivation ) and they are more likely to do so . A high correlation of attitudes and subjective norms to behavioral intention , and subsequently to behavior , has been confirmed in many studies . The theory of planned behavior contains the same component as the theory of reasoned action , but adds the component of perceived behavioral control to account for barriers outside one 's own control . Motivation and opportunity as determinants ( MODE ) ( edit ) Russell H. Fazio proposed an alternative theory called `` Motivation and Opportunity as Determinants '' or MODE . Fazio believes that because there is deliberative process happening , individuals must be motivated to reflect on their attitudes and subsequent behaviors . Simply put , when an attitude is automatically activated , the individual must be motivated to avoid making an invalid judgement as well as have the opportunity to reflect on their attitude and behavior . A counter-argument against the high relationship between behavioral intention and actual behavior has also been proposed , as the results of some studies show that , because of circumstantial limitations , behavioral intention does not always lead to actual behavior . Namely , since behavioral intention can not be the exclusive determinant of behavior where an individual 's control over the behavior is incomplete , Ajzen introduced the theory of planned behavior by adding a new component , `` perceived behavioral control . '' By this , he extended the theory of reasoned action to cover non-volitional behaviors for predicting behavioral intention and actual behavior . Measurement ( edit ) In 1928 Louis Leon Thurstone published an article titled `` Attitudes Can Be Measured '' in it he proposed an elaborate procedure to assess people 's views on social issues . Attitudes can be difficult to measure because measurement is arbitrary , because attitudes are ultimately a hypothetical construct that can not be observed directly . But many measurements and evidence proofed scales are used to examine attitudes . A Likert scale taps agreement or disagreement with a series of belief statements . The Guttman scale focuses on items that vary in their degree of psychological difficulty . The semantic differential uses bipolar adjectives to measure the meaning associated with attitude objects . Supplementing these are several indirect techniques such as unobtrusive , standard physiological , and neuroscientific measures . Following the explicit - implicit dichotomy , attitudes can be examined through direct and indirect measures . Whether attitudes are explicit ( i.e. , deliberately formed ) versus implicit ( i.e. , subconscious ) has been a topic of considerable research . Research on implicit attitudes , which are generally unacknowledged or outside of awareness , uses sophisticated methods involving people 's response times to stimuli to show that implicit attitudes exist ( perhaps in tandem with explicit attitudes of the same object ) . Implicit and explicit attitudes seem to affect people 's behavior , though in different ways . They tend not to be strongly associated with each other , although in some cases they are . The relationship between them is poorly understood . Explicit ( edit ) Explicit measures tend to rely on self - reports or easily observed behaviors . These tend to involve bipolar scales ( e.g. , good - bad , favorable - unfavorable , support - oppose , etc . ) . Explicit measures can also be used by measuring the straightforward attribution of characteristics to nominate groups . Explicit attitudes that develop in response to recent information , automatic evaluation were thought to reflect mental associations through early socialisation experiences . Once formed , these associations are highly robust and resistant to change , as well as stable across both context and time . Hence the impact of contextual influences was assumed to be obfuscate assessment of a person 's `` true '' and enduring evaluative disposition as well as limit the capacity to predict subsequent behavior . Likert scales and other self - reports are also commonly used . Implicit ( edit ) Implicit measures are not consciously directed and are assumed to be automatic , which may make implicit measures more valid and reliable than explicit measures ( such as self - reports ) . For example , people can be motivated such that they find it socially desirable to appear to have certain attitudes . An example of this is that people can hold implicit prejudicial attitudes , but express explicit attitudes that report little prejudice . Implicit measures help account for these situations and look at attitudes that a person may not be aware of or want to show . Implicit measures therefore usually rely on an indirect measure of attitude . For example , the Implicit Association Test ( IAT ) examines the strength between the target concept and an attribute element by considering the latency in which a person can examine two response keys when each has two meanings . With little time to carefully examine what the participant is doing they respond according to internal keys . This priming can show attitudes the person has about a particular object . People are often unwilling to provide responses perceived as socially undesirable and therefore tend to report what they think their attitudes should be rather than what they know them to be . More complicated still , people may not even be consciously aware that they hold biased attitudes . Over the past few decades , scientists have developed new measures to identify these unconscious biases . See also ( edit ) Attitude polarization Cognitive dissonance Elaboration likelihood model Expectancy - value theory Propositional attitude Biased scanning Teenage rebellion Theory of reasoned action Theory of planned behaviour References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard M. Perloff , The Dynamics of Persuasion : Communication and Attitudes in the Twenty - First Century , Routledge , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allport , Gordon . ( 1935 ) . `` Attitudes , '' in A Handbook of Social Psychology , ed. C. Murchison . Worcester , MA : Clark University Press , 789 -- 844 . Jump up ^ Allport , Gordon . ( 1935 ) . `` Attitudes , '' in A Handbook of Social Psychology , ed. C. Murchison . Worcester , MA : Clark University Press , 789 -- 844 . Jump up ^ Lynn R. Kahle , Pierre Valette - Florence ( 2012 ) . 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Jump up ^ http://www3.psych.purdue.edu/~willia55/392F-'06/Wood-Influence Jump up ^ Pratkanis , Anthony R ; Breckler , Steven J ; Greenwald , Anthony G ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Exploring the Latent Structure of Strength - Related Attitude Attributes '' . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology . 38 : 1 -- 67 . ISBN 9781317766582 . Jump up ^ Tang , T.L.P. ; Liu , H. ( 2012 ) . `` Love of money and unethical behavior intention : Does an authentic supervisor 's personal integrity and character ( ASPIRE ) make a difference ? '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 107 ( 3 ) : 295 -- 312 . doi : 10.1007 / s10551 - 011 - 1040 - 5 . Jump up ^ Tang , T.L.P. ; Sutarso , T. ( 2013 ) . `` Falling or not falling into temptation ? Multiple faces of temptation , monetary intelligence , and unethical intentions across gender '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 116 ( 3 ) : 529 -- 552 . doi : 10.1007 / s10551 - 012 - 1475 - 3 . Jump up ^ Tang , T.L.P. ; Tang , T.L.N. ( 2010 ) . `` Finding the lost sheep : A panel study of business students ' intrinsic religiosity , Machiavellianism , and unethical behavior intention in a public institution '' . Ethics & Behavior . 20 ( 5 ) : 352 -- 379 . doi : 10.1080 / 10508422.2010. 491763 . Jump up ^ Chen , J.Q. ; Tang , T.L.P. ; Tang , N.Y. ( 2013 ) . `` Temptation , monetary intelligence ( love of money ) , and environmental context on unethical intentions and cheating '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 123 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 219 . doi : 10.1007 / s10551 - 013 - 1783 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://www.sagepub.com/ump-data/29581_02_Maio_&_Haddock_Ch_02.pdf Jump up ^ http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/implicit-vs-explicit-attitudes-definition-examples-pros-cons.html#lesson Jump up ^ DeDreu , 2003 Jump up ^ Eagly , Alice H. , and Shelly Chaiken. 1998 . `` Attitude Structure and Function . '' In Handbook of Social Psychology , ed . D.T. Gilbert , Susan T. Fiske , and G. Lindzey , 269 -- 322 . New York : McGraw - Hill . 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Implicit Measures in Social Cognition Research : Their Meaning and Use . Retrieved from : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Sekaquaptewa , D. , Espinoza , P. , Thompson , M. , Vargas , P. , & von Hippel , W. ( 2003 ) . Stereotypic explanatory bias : Implicit stereotyping as a predictor of discrimination . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 39 , 75 - 82 Van Bavel , J. ; Xiao , Y.J. ; Cunningham , W.A. ( 2012 ) . `` Evaluation is a dynamic process : Moving beyond dual systems models '' . Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 6 ( 6 ) : 438 -- 454 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 9004.2012. 00438. x . Cunnigham , A. ; Zelazo , P.D. ; Packer , D.J. ; Van Bavel , J.J ( 2007 ) . `` The iterative reprocessing model : A multilevel framework for attitudes and behavior '' . Social Cognition . 25 ( 5 ) : 736 -- 760 . doi : 10.1521 / soco. 2007.25. 5.736 . Further reading ( edit ) Find more aboutAttitudeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Breckler , S.J. , & Wiggins , E.C. ( 1992 ) . On defining attitude and attitude theory : Once more with feeling . In A.R. Pratkanis , S.J. Breckler , & A.C. Greenwald ( Eds . ) , Attitude structure and function . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum . pp. 407 -- 427 Eagly , A. , & Chaiken , S. ( 1995 ) . Attitude strength , attitude structure and resistance to change . In R. Petty and J. Kosnik ( Eds . ) , Attitude Strength . ( pp. 413 -- 432 ) . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum . Fazio , R.H. ( 1986 ) . How do attitudes guide behavior ? In R.M. Sorrentino & E.T. Higgins ( Eds . ) , The handbook of motivation and cognition : Foundations of social behavior ( pp 204 -- 243 ) . New York : Guilford Press . Fazio , R. ; Williams , C. ( 1986 ) . `` Attitude accessibility as a moderator of attitude - perception and attitude - behavior relation : An investigation of the 1984 presidential election '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 51 ( 3 ) : 505 -- 514 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.51. 3.505 . Tesser , A ( 1993 ) . `` On the importance of heritability in psychological research : The case of attitudes '' . Psychological Review . 100 : 129 -- 142 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295x. 100.1. 129 . Joseph P. Forgas , Joel Cooper , William D. Crano. 2010 . The Psychology of Attitudes and Attitude Change . Publisher Routledge . ISBN 1848729081 , 9781848729087 Garifullin R.R. 154 encoding attitudes Effective influence on The Subconscious Curing of depression , neurosis and alcohol dependence . Book encoding & Curing Of depression , neurosis and alcohol dependence -- Moscow : 2004 , 176 р . ISBN 5 - 98132 - 028 - 1 Gerd Bohner. 2002 . Attitudes and Attitude Change : Social Psychology . Publisher - Psychology Press . ISBN 0863777791 , 9780863777790 Greg Maio , Geoffrey Haddock. 2010 . The Psychology of Attitudes and Attitude Change : Sage Social Psychology Program . Publisher SAGE . ISBN 141292975X , 9781412929752 Dolores Albarraci , Blair T. Johnson , Mark P. Zanna. 2005 . The Handbook of Attitudes . Publisher Routledge . ISBN 0805844937 , 9780805844931 Frank M. Andrews . 1991 . Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes . Publisher - Gulf Professional Publishing . ISBN 0125902441 , 9780125902441 John P. Robinson , Phillip R. Shaver. 1980 . Measures of Social Psychological Attitudes . Publisher Survey Research Center , Institute for Social Research . ISBN 0879441305 , 9780879441302 Eagly , Alice H. ; Chaiken , Shelly1993 . The Psychology of Attitudes . Publishers - Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College . Icek Ajzen. 2005 . Attitudes , Personality , and Behavior . Publisher McGraw - Hill International . ISBN 0335224008 , 9780335224005 G. Haddock. 2004 . Contemporary Perspectives on the Psychology of Attitudes . Publisher Taylor & Francis . ISBN 184169326X , 9781841693262 LCCN : sh85009407 GND : 4013943 - 8 SUDOC : 027489515 BNF : cb119518021 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attitude_(psychology)&oldid=812893223 '' Categories : Psychological attitude Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from September 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Українська ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 14 : 22 . 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2597351080708023263 | Space Jam | Space Jam - Wikipedia Space Jam Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the motion picture . For other uses , see Space Jam ( disambiguation ) . Space Jam Theatrical release poster Directed by Joe Pytka Produced by Ivan Reitman Joe Medjuck Daniel Goldberg Written by Leo Benvenuti Steve Rudnick Timothy Harris Herschel Weingrod Starring Michael Jordan Billy West Wayne Knight Theresa Randle Danny DeVito Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Michael Chapman Edited by Sheldon Kahn Production company Warner Bros. Feature Animation Northern Lights Entertainment Courtside Seats Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Release date November 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 15 ) Running time 88 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $230.4 million Space Jam is a 1996 American live - action / animated sports comedy film starring basketball player Michael Jordan and featuring the Looney Tunes cartoon characters . The film was produced by Ivan Reitman , and directed by Joe Pytka , with Bruce W. Smith , Korey Coleman , Spike Brandt and Tony Cervone directing the animation . Nigel Miguel was a basketball technical advisor . Released theatrically by Warner Bros. under the Family Entertainment label on November 15 , 1996 , the film presents a fictional alternate history of what happened between Jordan 's initial retirement from the NBA in 1993 and his comeback in 1995 , in which he becomes embroiled in events involving Bugs Bunny and his friends . Space Jam opened at No. 1 in the US and grossed over $230 million worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing basketball film of all - time . The film marks the first appearance of new Looney Tunes character Lola Bunny . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Music 4 Merchandise 4.1 Video games 4.2 Home media 4.3 Toys 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 In other media 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) On a summer night in 1973 , a young Michael Jordan is practicing basketball . His father steps out and tells him it 's bedtime , but lets him make a few more shots . Jordan shoots while making several wishes like going to the University of North Carolina , playing on a championship team , joining the NBA , going on to play baseball , and successfully scores every shot . Impressed , Jordan 's father jokingly asks if next he is going to wish he could fly , and Jordan turns to make one final shot . In 1996 , Jordan announces his retirement from professional basketball to follow his now deceased father 's career as a baseball player . However , it becomes evident that he is not as skilled in baseball as he was in basketball . Jordan is assigned a publicist and assistant , the bumbling Stan Podolak , to make his new career less bumpy . Elsewhere , in outer space , an intergalactic amusement park called Moron Mountain faces dwindling popularity , so its owner , Mr. Swackhammer , sends his diminutive minions , the Nerdlucks , to capture the Looney Tunes as new entertainment . The Looney Tunes live in an animated world called `` Looney Tunes Land '' hidden in the center of the Earth , but ignore the Nerdlucks ' threats and challenge them to a game of basketball . The Nerdlucks steal the talents of professional basketball players Charles Barkley , Shawn Bradley , Patrick Ewing , Larry Johnson and Muggsy Bogues , leaving them incapable of playing . The Nerdlucks absorb the talent , transforming into the gigantic `` Monstars '' who easily intimidate the Looney Tunes . While playing golf with Bill Murray , Larry Bird and Stan , Jordan is sucked down a hole and is recruited by Bugs Bunny to help the Tunes win against the Monstars . Jordan at first refuses , saying he does not play basketball anymore , but changes his decision after he is insulted and humiliated by the Monstars when they squash him into the shape of a basketball and bounce him around like one . He then sends Bugs and Daffy Duck to his house to retrieve his basketball gear . Meanwhile , Stan has been digging out the golf hole to find Jordan , but spots Bugs and Daffy leaping down another one and pursues them , reuniting with Jordan in the Tunes ' world and joins their team , the Tune Squad . Another new recruit is Lola Bunny , a skilled basketball player whom Bugs falls in love with . On the day of the match , the Monstars dominate the first half , leaving the Looney Tunes unconfident . Stan overhears a conversation between the Monstars and Swackhammer , learning of how they gained their talent and informs Jordan and the Tune Squad . Bugs and Jordan convince the rest of the Tune Squad to fight back and the first quarter of the second half allows the Tunes to catch up using old school gags and Acme weaponry . During a timeout , Jordan raises the stakes of the game with Swackhammer : a win by the Tune Squad would require the Monstars to give their stolen talents back to the NBA players , while a Monstars win would get Jordan as a new attraction . To ensure his victory , Swackhammer has the Monstars play rough and injure all of the Tune Squad until only Jordan , Bugs , Daffy , Lola and Stan are left . Stan becomes the fifth player and manages to score , but is literally flattened by the Monstars and is removed from the court to be inflated . The referee , Marvin the Martian , informs Jordan that unless the team gets a fifth player , they will have to forfeit the game , at which point Murray appears and volunteers to be the team 's fifth member . In the final seconds of the game , Jordan gains the ball and manages to use cartoon physics to extend his arm and score the winning points . Murray retires from the sport and the Monstars blast Swackhammer to the Moon in a rocket when Jordan makes them realize that they do not have to take his abuse anymore . Jordan convinces them to give up the stolen talents , and the Looney Tunes agree to recruit the reformed Nerdlucks in their ensemble . Jordan and a recovered Stan return to the surface , the Nerdlucks dropping them off at Jordan 's next baseball game . Later on , the two visit the incapacitated basketball players and return their talent . The players invite Jordan to a three - on - three match , but when he declines , they question his loss of talent . In 1995 , Jordan returns to the Chicago Bulls to resume his basketball career . Cast ( edit ) Michael Jordan as himself , an NBA shooting guard for the Chicago Bulls who retires to pursue a career in baseball . Brandon Hammond portrays a younger Jordan . Wayne Knight as Stanley `` Stan '' Podolak , a publicist and assistant who helps Michael Jordan . Theresa Randle as Juanita Jordan , Michael 's supportive wife . Bill Murray as himself , an actor and Jordan 's friend . Larry Bird as himself , the Boston Celtics forward and Jordan 's friend . Charles Barkley as himself , the Phoenix Suns power forward who gets his talent stolen by Pound . Patrick Ewing as himself , the New York Knicks center who gets his talent stolen by Bang . Shawn Bradley as himself , the Philadelphia 76ers center who gets his talent stolen by Blanko . Larry Johnson as himself , the Charlotte Hornets power forward who gets his talent stolen by Bupkus . Muggsy Bogues as himself , the Hornets point guard who gets his talent stolen by Nawt . Thom Barry as James R. Jordan , Sr. , Michael 's father . Penny Bae Bridges as Jasmine Jordan , Michael 's daughter . Dan Castellaneta and Patricia Heaton as basketball fans . Voices ( edit ) Billy West as Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd Dee Bradley Baker as Daffy Duck , Tasmanian Devil and Toro Bob Bergen as Marvin the Martian , Porky Pig , Tweety Bird , Hubie and Bertie Bill Farmer as Foghorn Leghorn , Yosemite Sam and Sylvester the Cat Maurice LaMarche as Pepé Le Pew June Foray as Granny Kath Soucie as Lola Bunny , a female rabbit who plays for the Tune Squad . Lola is a new character introduced in this film . Frank W. Welker as Charles , Michael 's pet bulldog who menaces both Bugs and Daffy when they are in Michael 's house . Danny DeVito as Mr. Swackhammer , the proprietor of the intergalactic theme park `` Moron Mountain '' who seeks new attractions to save his failing business . Colleen Wainwright as Sniffles , a tiny mouse . Pound , the orange leader of the Nerdlucks , is voiced by Jocelyn Blue as a Nerdluck and Darnell Suttles as a Monstar . Bang , the belligerent green Nerdluck , is voiced by June Melby as a Nerdluck and Joey Camen as a Monstar . Bupkus , the giggly and crazy purple Nerdluck , is voiced by Catherine Reitman as a Nerdluck and Dorian Harewood as a Monstar . Blanko , the dim - witted and gangly blue Nerdluck , is voiced by Charity James as a Nerdluck and Steve Kehela as a Monstar . Nawt , the diminutive and clever red Nerdluck , is voiced by Colleen Wainwright as a Nerdluck and T.K. Carter as a Monstar . Music ( edit ) Main article : Space Jam ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack sold enough albums to be certified as 6x Platinum . It also served as a high point for musical artist R. Kelly , whose song `` I Believe I Can Fly '' not only was a hit , but earned him two Grammy Awards . Other tracks included a cover of Steve Miller Band 's `` Fly Like an Eagle '' ( by Seal ) , `` Hit ' Em High ( The Monstars ' Anthem ) '' ( by B - Real , Busta Rhymes , Coolio , LL Cool J , and Method Man ) , `` Basketball Jones '' ( by Barry White & Chris Rock ) , `` Pump up the Jam '' ( by Technotronic ) , `` I Turn to You '' ( by All - 4 - One ) and `` For You I Will '' ( by Monica ) . The movie 's title song was performed by the Quad City DJ 's . Merchandise ( edit ) Video games ( edit ) There was a licensed pinball game by Sega based on the film , a video game for the PlayStation , Sega Saturn and MS - DOS by Acclaim , and a handheld LCD game by Tiger Electronics . Home media ( edit ) Warner Home Video released the film on VHS , Laserdisc and DVD on March 11 , 1997 . The VHS tape was re-printed and re-released through Warner Home Video 's catalog promotions : the Warner Bros. 75th Anniversary Celebration ( 1998 ) , Century Collection ( 1999 ) , Century 2000 ( 2000 ) and Warner Spotlight ( 2001 ) . The film was re-released on DVD on July 25 , 2000 . On October 28 , 2003 , the film was released as a 2 - disc special edition DVD including newly made extras such as a commentary track and a featurette . On November 6 , 2007 , the movie was featured as one of four films in Warner Home Video 's 4 - Film Favorites : Family Comedies collection DVD ( the other three being Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( released seven years after Space Jam ) , Osmosis Jones and Funky Monkey ) . On February 8 , 2011 , the first disc of the previous 2 - disc edition was released by itself in a movie only edition DVD and on October 4 , the film was released for the first time in widescreen HD on Blu - ray which , save for an hour of classic Looney Tunes shorts , ported over all the extras from the 2003 2 - disc edition DVD . A double DVD and Blu - ray release , paired with Looney Tunes : Back in Action , was released on June 7 , 2016 . On November 15 , 2016 , Warner Bros. released another Blu - ray for Space Jam , to commemorate the movie 's 20th Anniversary . Toys ( edit ) Toys were released coinciding with the film , including various action figures released by Playmates under the short lived banner `` WB Toy '' . The toys had limited articulation and paired Michael Jordan or another characters of the movie ( Charles Barkley and the Monstars with a Looney Tunes character and accessories ) . Some figures depicted Michael Jordan as a basketball player , a baseball player and a golf player . The line included stuffed toys , decorated basketballs , as well as a McDonald 's Happy Meal promotion . Reception ( edit ) Looney Tunes director Chuck Jones heavily criticized Space Jam . Critical response ( edit ) On the critical response aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 37 % , based on 52 reviews , with an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` A harmless mishmash of basketball and animation that 'll entertain kids but leave adults less than thrilled . '' On Metacritic , it has a score of 59 out of 100 , based on reviews from 22 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave Space Jam a thumbs up , as did Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune , although his zeal was more subdued . In his print review , Ebert gave the film 3 1 / 2 stars , noting , `` Space Jam is a happy marriage of good ideas -- three films for the price of one , giving us a comic treatment of the career adventures of Michael Jordan , crossed with a Looney Tunes cartoon and some showbiz warfare ... the result is delightful , a family movie in the best sense ( which means the adults will enjoy it , too ) . '' Siskel focused much of his praise on Jordan 's performance , saying , `` He wisely accepted as a first movie a script that builds nicely on his genial personality in an assortment of TV ads . The sound bites are just a little longer . '' Leonard Maltin also gave the film a positive review ( three stars ) , stating , `` Jordan is very engaging , the vintage characters perform admirably ... and the computer - generated special effects are a collective knockout . '' Todd McCarthy of Variety praised the film for its humor . He also praised the Looney Tunes ' antics and Jordan 's acting . Although Janet Maslin of The New York Times criticized the film 's animation , she later went on to say that the film is a `` fond tribute to ( the Looney Tunes characters ' ) past . '' Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune complained about some aspects of the movie , stating , `` ... we do n't get the co-stars ' best stuff . Michael does n't soar enough . The Looney Tunes do n't pulverize us the way they did when Chuck Jones , Friz Freleng or Bob Clampett were in charge . '' Yet overall , he also liked the film , giving it 3 stars and saying : `` Is it cute ? Yes . Is it a crowd - pleaser ? Yup . Is it classic ? Nope . ( Though it could have been . ) '' TV Guide gave the movie only two stars , calling it a `` cynical attempt to cash in on the popularity of Warner Bros. cartoon characters and basketball player Michael Jordan , inspired by a Nike commercial . '' Margaret A. McGurk of The Cincinnati Enquirer gave the film 2 1 / 2 stars , saying , `` Technical spectacle amounts do nothing without a good story . '' Veteran Looney Tunes / Merrie Melodies director Chuck Jones was highly critical of the film . In a 1998 interview , he expressed his views that the film was `` terrible '' and said , as a man who worked with the characters for almost thirty years , the story was deeply flawed . `` I can tell you , with the utmost confidence , '' he said , `` Porky Pig would never say ' I think I wet myself . ' '' Jones also added that , had the film been more true to the source material , Bugs Bunny would not have enlisted the help of Jordan or the other Looney Tunes characters to defeat the Monstars `` and moreover , it would n't have taken him an hour and a half . Those aliens , whether they were tiny or colossal , would 've been dealt with in short order come the seven minute mark . '' Box Office ( edit ) Space Jam was a box office success . At the end of its run , it grossed approximately $90.4 million in the United States and an estimated $230 -- $250 million internationally . As of July 2017 , Box Office Mojo ranks it as the highest grossing basketball film of all time . The film made its television premiere on ABC 's The Wonderful World of Disney on November 14 , 1999 . Accolades ( edit ) 1997 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Won : Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures ( Diane Warren for the song `` For You I Will '' ) Won : Top Box Office Films ( James Newton Howard ) 1997 Annie Awards Won : Best Individual Achievement : Technical Achievement Nomination : Best Animated Feature Nomination : Best Individual Achievement : Directing in a Feature Production ( Bruce W. Smith and Tony Cervone ) Nomination : Best Individual Achievement : Producing in a Feature Production ( Ron Tippe ) 1997 Grammy Awards Won : Best Song Written Specifically for Motion Picture or for Television ( R. Kelly for the song `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ) 1997 MTV Movie Awards Nomination : Best Movie Song ( R. Kelly for the song `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ) 1997 Satellite Awards Nomination : Best Motion Picture - Animated or Mixed Media ( Daniel Goldberg , Joe Medjuck , Ivan Reitman ) 1997 World Animation Celebration Won : Best Use of Animation in a Motion Picture Trailer 1997 Young Artist Awards Nomination : Best Family Feature - Animation or Special Effects In other media ( edit ) The Monstars make a cameo in the Animaniacs and Pinky and the Brain episode `` Star Warners '' ( a parody of Star Wars ) . Jordan himself , who was a spokesman for MCI Communications before the film was made , would appear with the Looney Tunes characters ( as his `` Space Jam buddies '' ) in several MCI commercials for several years after the film was released before MCI merged with WorldCom and subsequently Verizon Communications . Bugs had previously appeared with Jordan as `` Hare Jordan '' in Nike ads for the Air Jordan VII and Air Jordan VIII . In 2013 , Yahoo ! Screen released a parody of ESPN 's 30 for 30 about the game shown in the film . The short dates the game as taking place on November 17 , 1995 , although Jordan 's real - life return to basketball occurred on March 18 . Sequel ( edit ) In February 2014 , Warner Bros. announced a potential sequel set to star LeBron James . Charlie Ebersol was set to produce , with a script by his brother , Willie . Representatives of James denied the claim that he would be involved . In May 2014 , James was quoted as saying , `` I 've always loved Space Jam . It was one of my favorite movies growing up . If I have the opportunity , it will be great . '' In July 2015 , James and his production company , SpringHill Entertainment , signed a deal with Warner Bros. for television , movies and digital content after receiving positive reviews for his acting role in Trainwreck . On May 2 , 2016 , Justin Lin was said to be in talks to direct the sequel ; co-writing the screenplay with Andrew Dodge and Alfredo Botello . In August 2016 , the Sneaker Bar Detroit company said that the movie is still in the works . On November 15 , 2016 , the film 's anniversary , a teaser trailer , in the form of a Nike advertisement , was released on Twitter under # MonstarsBack . On December 1 , 2016 , Bugs Bunny and the Monstars returned in a Foot Locker commercial starring Blake Griffin and Jimmy Butler . In a November 2016 interview with Mr. Wavvy , Space Jam director Joe Pytka revealed that following the first film 's success , he had been pitched a `` really weird '' idea for a sequel that would have starred pro golfer Tiger Woods , with Jordan in a smaller role . Pytka explained how the idea came from an out of studio script conference , with people who worked on the original film allegedly involved . Ultimately , nothing materialised from the idea . Producer Ivan Reitman participated in similar interview with Mr. Wavvy , also in November 2016 , in which he also revealed an idea he had for a sequel , though his sequel would have starred Jordan . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Detail view of Movies Page '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam ( 1996 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Jump up ^ `` Belize has new Films Commissioner '' . channel5belize.com . February 11 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet ( November 15 , 1996 ) . `` Icons Meet : Bugs , Daffy And Jordan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum Searchable Database '' . Retrieved January 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy - Past Winners Search '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pump Up the Jam '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Technotronic '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Sightings '' . GamePro . No. 92 . IDG . May 1996 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam / Looney Tunes : Back in Action '' product information Amazon.com Retrieved 17 December 2016 Jump up ^ Thompson , Trevor . `` My Conversation with Chuck Jones '' . The Booo Tooons Blooog . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( November 15 , 1996 ) . `` Space Jam Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1996 ) '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siskel , Gene ( November 15 , 1996 ) . `` Mj Delivers On The Screen In ` Space Jam ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( August 4 , 2009 ) . Leonard Maltin 's 2010 Movie Guide . Penguin Group . ISBN 9781101108765 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( November 17 , 1996 ) . `` Space Jam '' . Variety . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( November 15 , 1996 ) . `` Hare , Jordan '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam Review '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGurk , Margaret A. `` Dazzle of ' Space Jam ' ca n't hide its lame story '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Trevor . `` My Conversation with Chuck Jones '' . The Booo Tooons Blooog . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam ( 1996 ) - Financial Information '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sports -- Basketball Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Company , Johnson Publishing ( November 15 , 1999 ) . `` Jet '' . Johnson Publishing Company . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Porter , David L. Michael Jordan : A Biography , Greenwood Publishing Group 2007 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33767 - 5 Jump up ^ Hare Jordan & Air Jordan - Air Jordan VII YouTube ( created by Nike and Warner Bros . ) Jump up ^ Hare Jordan & Air Jordan - Air Jordan VIII YouTube ( created by Nike and Warner Bros . ) Jump up ^ ESPN 30 for 30 Short - Tune Squad vs. Monstars ( the Space Jam Game ) YouTube ( created by Yahoo ! Screen and Warner Bros . ) Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Ebersols Aboard To Produce And Script Warner Bros ' ' Space Jam 2 ′ As A Starring Vehicle For LeBron James '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matt ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Report : No ' Space Jam 2 ' planned for LeBron James '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam 2 Rumors : NBA MVPs Rumored To Clash As LeBron James And Kevin Durant To Star In Sequel ! KD To Tune Squad And LBJ To Monstars ? '' . KDrama Stars . May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James signs with Warner Bros. , stokes rumors of ' Space Jam ' sequel '' . Los Angeles Times . July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James : I 'll help pay for hundreds of kids to go to college '' . TODAY.com . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` LeBron James Hopeful for ' Great Things ' in ' Space Jam 2 ′ '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Lin Circling ' Space Jam ' Sequel Starring LeBron James ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Air Jordan 7 `` Hare '' Promo Space Jam Movie Prop Up for Grabs `` . SneakerBarDetroit . August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` And you thought this was over ... # MonstarsBack - The Monstars '' . Twitter . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Space Jam Commercial '' . ComingSoon.Net . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foot Locker ad brings back Bugs Bunny '' . Cartoon Brew . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Space Jam '' Director Reveals Spike Lee Almost Wrote the Film , Scrapped Tiger Woods Sequel `` . Mr. Wavvy . November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Space Jam 2 You Never Saw Almost Featured Tiger Woods '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . 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Blowout Beach Bash ( 2017 ) Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Brain Drain ( 2017 ) Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) Batman vs. Two - Face ( 2017 ) Short films The Duxorcist ( 1987 ) The Night of the Living Duck ( 1988 ) Box - Office Bunny ( 1990 ) I 'm Mad ( 1994 ) Chariots of Fur ( 1994 ) Carrotblanca ( 1995 ) Another Froggy Evening ( 1995 ) From Hare to Eternity ( 1996 ) Superior Duck ( 1996 ) Father of the Bird ( 1997 ) Pullet Surprise ( 1997 ) Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension ( 1997 ) Little Go Beep ( 2000 ) Chase Me ( 2003 ; direct - to - video ) The Karate Guard ( 2005 ) DC Showcase : The Spectre ( 2010 ; direct - to - video ) DC Showcase : Jonah Hex ( 2010 ; direct to video ) Coyote Falls ( 2010 ) Fur of Flying ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Green Arrow ( 2010 ; direct - to - video ) Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam ( 2010 ; direct - to - video ) Rabid Rider ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Catwoman ( 2011 ; direct - to - video ) I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat ( 2011 ) Daffy 's Rhapsody ( 2012 ) The Master ( 2016 ) See Also Warner Bros. 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-5907685069830380266 | Haryana | Haryana - Wikipedia Haryana Jump to : navigation , search Haryana State Seal Location of Haryana in India Coordinates ( Chandigarh ) : 30 ° 44 ′ N 76 ° 47 ′ E / 30.73 ° N 76.78 ° E / 30.73 ; 76.78 Coordinates : 30 ° 44 ′ N 76 ° 47 ′ E / 30.73 ° N 76.78 ° E / 30.73 ; 76.78 Country India Statehood 1 November 1966 Capital Chandigarh Largest city Faridabad Districts 22 Government Governor Kaptan Singh Solanki Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar ( BJP ) Legislature Unicameral ( 90 seats ) Parliamentary constituency Rajya Sabha 5 Lok Sabha 10 High Court Punjab and Haryana High Court Area Total 44,212 km ( 17,070 sq mi ) Area rank 21st Population ( 2011 ) Total 25,353,081 Rank 18th Density 573 / km ( 1,480 / sq mi ) Density rank 11 Demonym ( s ) Haryanvi Languages Official Hindi Additional official Punjabi Spoken Haryanvi , Hindi and Punjabi Time zone IST ( UTC + 05 : 30 ) ISO 3166 code IN - HR Vehicle registration HR - xx HDI 0.644 ( medium ) HDI rank 17th ( 2011 ) Sex ratio 877 ♂ / ♀ Website haryana.gov.in ^ † Joint Capital with Punjab Common for Punjab , Haryana and Chandigarh . Symbols of Haryana Animal Black buck Bird Black francolin Flower Lotus Tree Peepal Haryana ( IPA : ( ɦərɪˈjaːɳaː ) ) , is one of the 29 states in India , situated in North India . It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on a linguistic basis . It stands 21st in terms of its area , which is spread about 44,212 km ( 17,070 sq mi ) . The city of Chandigarh is its capital while the National Capital Region city of Faridabad is the most populous city of the state and the city of Gurugram is financial hub of NCR with major Fortune 500 companies located in it . Haryana is one of the wealthiest states of India and has the third highest per capita income in the country at ₹ 119,158 ( US $1,900 ) in the year 2012 -- 13 and ₹ 132,089 ( US $2,100 ) in the year 2013 -- 14 , The state is one of the most economically developed regions in South Asia , and its agricultural and manufacturing industries have experienced sustained growth since the 1970s . Since 2000 , the state has emerged as the largest recipient of investment per capita in India . It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north , and by Rajasthan to the west and south . The river Yamuna defines its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh . Haryana surrounds the country 's capital Delhi on three sides , forming the northern , western and southern borders of Delhi . Consequently , a large area of south Haryana is included in the National Capital Region for purposes of planning and development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-history 2.2 Medieval 2.3 Formation 3 Geography 3.1 Rivers 3.2 Climate 3.3 Flora and fauna 4 Administrative divisions 4.1 Districts 5 Governance 5.1 Law and order 6 Economy 6.1 Manufacturing 7 Transport 7.1 Metro 7.2 Roads and Highways 7.3 Sky Way 8 Demographics 9 Education 10 Healthcare 11 Communication and media 12 Utilities 13 Sports 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name Haryana is found in the works of the 12th - century AD Apabhramsha writer Vibudh Shridhar ( VS 1189 -- 1230 ) . The name Haryana has been derived from the Sanskrit words Hari ( the Hindu god Vishnu ) and ayana ( home ) , meaning `` the Abode of God '' . However , scholars such as Muni Lal , Murli Chand Sharma , HA Phadke and Sukhdev Singh Chib believe that the name comes from a compound of the words Hari ( Sanskrit Harit , `` green '' ) and Aranya ( forest ) . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Haryana Pre-history ( edit ) Main articles : Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic Civilization Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra The Vedic state of Brahmavarta is claimed to be located in south Haryana , where the initial Vedic scriptures were composed after the great floods some 10,000 years ago . Manusmriti , a flood time document composed by Manu and Bhrigu is now dated at 10,000 years old . Rakhigarhi village in Hisar district is home to the largest and one of the oldest ancient Indus Valley Civilization sites , dated at over 5,000 years old . Evidence of paved roads , a drainage system , a large - scale rainwater collection storage system , terracotta brick and statue production , and skilled metal working ( in both bronze and precious metals ) have been uncovered . According to archaeologists , Rakhigarhi may be the origin of Harappan civilisation , which arose in the Ghaggar basin in Haryana and gradually and slowly moved to the Indus valley . Medieval ( edit ) Ancient bronze and stone idols of Jain Tirthankara were found in archaeological expeditions in Badli , Bhiwani ( Ranila , Charkhi Dadri , Badhara village ) , Dadri , Gurgaon ( Ferozpur Jhirka ) , Hansi , Hisar ( Agroha ) , Kasan , Nahad , Narnaul , Pehowa , Rewari , Rohad , Rohtak ( Asthal - Abohar ) and Sonepat in Haryana . After the sack of Bhatner fort during the Timurid conquests of India in 1398 , Timur attacked and sacked the cities of Sirsa , Fatehabad , Sunam , Kaithal and Panipat . When he reached the town of Sarsuti , the residents , who were mostly non-Muslims , fled and were chased by a detachment of Timur 's troops , with thousands of them being killed and looted by the troops . From there he travelled to Fatehabad , whose residents fled and a large number of those remaining in the town were massacred . The Ahirs resisted him at Ahruni but were defeated , with thousands being killed and many being taken prisoners while the town was burnt to ashes . From there he travelled to Tohana , whose Jat inhabitants were stated to be robbers according to Sharaf ad - Din Ali Yazdi . They tried to resist but were defeated and fled . Timur 's army pursued and killed 200 Jats , while taking many more as prisoners . He then sent a detachment to chase the fleeing Jats and killed 2,000 of them while their wives and children were enslaved and their property plundered . From there he proceeded to Kaithal whose residents were massacred and plundered , destroying all villages along the way . On the next day , he came to Assandh whose residents were `` fire - worshippers '' according to Yazdi , and had fled to Delhi . Next he travelled to and subdued Tughlaqpur fort and Salwan before reaching Panipat whose residents had already fled . He then marched on to Loni fort . Portrait of Hem Chandra Vikramaditya The area that is now Haryana has been ruled by some of the major empires of India . Panipat is known for three seminal battles in the history of India . In the First Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) , Babur defeated the Lodis . In the Second Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) , Akbar defeated the local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi , who belonged to Rewari . Hem Chandra Vikramaditya had earlier won 22 battles across India from Punjab to Bengal , defeating Mughals and Afghans . Hemu had defeated Akbar 's forces twice at Agra and the Battle of Delhi in 1556 to become the last Hindu Emperor of India with a formal coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7th October 1556 . In the Third Battle of Panipat ( 1761 ) , the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas . Formation ( edit ) Haryana state was formed on 1 November 1966 . The Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April 1966 to divide the existing state of Punjab and determine the boundaries of the new state of Haryana after consideration of the languages spoken by the people . The commission delivered its report on 31 May 1966 whereby the then - districts of Hisar , Mahendragarh , Gurgaon , Rohtak and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana . Further , the tehsils of Jind and Narwana in the Sangrur district -- along with Naraingarh , Ambala and Jagadhri -- were to be included . The commission recommended that the tehsil of Kharad , which includes Chandigarh , the state capital of Punjab , should be a part of Haryana . However , only a small portion of Kharad was given to Haryana . The city of Chandigarh was made a union territory , serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana . Bhagwat Dayal Sharma became the first Chief Minister of Haryana . Geography ( edit ) Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India . It is between 27 ° 39 ' to 30 ° 35 ' N latitude and between 74 ° 28 ' and 77 ° 36 ' E longitude . The total geographical area of the state is 4.42 m ha , which is 1.4 % of the geographical area of the country . The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 and 3600 ft ( 200 metres to 1200 metres ) above sea level . As per India State of Forest Report , FSI , 2013 , the Forest Cover in the state is 1586 km which is 3.59 % of the state 's geographical area and the Tree Cover in the state is 1282 km which is 2.90 % of the geographical area . Thus the Forest and Tree Cover of the Haryana state is 6.49 % of its geographical area . Haryana has four main geographical features . The Yamuna - Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state The Shivalik Hills to the northeast Semi-desert sandy plain to the southwest The Aravali Range in the south Rivers ( edit ) Yamuna River near the Haryana Border The Yamuna flows along the state 's eastern boundary while the ancient Sarasvati River is said to have flowed from Yamuna Nagar , but has now disappeared . Haryana 's main seasonal river , the Ghaggar rises in the outer Himalayas , between the Yamuna and the Satluj and enters the state near Pinjore in the Panchkula district . Passing through Ambala and Sirsa , it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and runs for 460 km ( 290 mi ) before disappearing into the deserts of Rajasthan . Important tributaries include the Chautang and Tangri . The seasonal Markanda River is a stream , which in ancient times was known as the Aruna . It originates from the lower Shivalik Hills and enters Haryana west of Ambala . During monsoons , this stream swells into a raging torrent notorious for its devastating power . The surplus water is carried on to the Sanisa Lake where the Markanda joins the Saraswati and later the Ghaggar . Three other rivulets in and around the Mewat hills , the Indori , Dohan and Kasavati all flow from East to West and once were tributaries of the Drishadwati / Saraswati rivers . Climate ( edit ) Haryana is extremely hot in summer at around 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) and mild in winter . The hottest months are May and June and the coldest December and January . The climate is arid to semi-arid with average rainfall of 354.5 mm . Around 29 % of rainfall is received during the months from July to September , and the remaining rainfall is received during the period from December to February . Flora and fauna ( edit ) State symbols of Haryana Formation day 1 November ( Day of separation from Punjab ) State mammal Black buck State bird Black francolin State tree Peepal State flower Lotus Thorny , dry , deciduous forest and thorny shrubs can be found all over the state . During the monsoon , a carpet of grass covers the hills . Mulberry , eucalyptus , pine , kikar , shisham and babul are some of the trees found here . The species of fauna found in the state of Haryana include black buck , nilgai , panther , fox , mongoose , jackal and wild dog . More than 450 species of birds are found here . Protected wildlife areas See also : List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana , India Haryana has two national parks , eight wildlife sanctuaries , two wildlife conservation areas , four animal and bird breeding centers , one deer park and three zoos , all of which are managed by the Haryana Forest Department of the Government of Haryana . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Ten Lok Sabha constituencies in Haryana See also : List of cities in Haryana by population The state is divided into six divisions for administrative purposes : Ambala , Rohtak , Gurugram , Hisar , Karnal , Faridabad Within these there are 22 districts , 72 sub-divisions , 93 tehsils , 50 sub-tehsils and 140 blocks . Haryana has a total of 154 cities and towns and 6,841 villages , villages panchayats 6212 . Districts ( edit ) Main article : List of districts of Haryana Divisions Districts Ambala Ambala , Kurukshetra , Panchkula , Yamuna Nagar Faridabad Faridabad , Palwal , Nuh Gurugram Gurugram , Mahendragarh , Rewari , Hisar Fatehabad , Jind , Hisar , Sirsa , Rohtak Jhajjar , Charkhi Dadri , Rohtak , Sonipat , bhiwani Karnal Karnal , Panipat , Kaithal Governance ( edit ) On 28 December 2015 , the Panchkula district of Haryana was awarded for being the top - performing district in the state under the Digital India campaign . The Common Service Centres ( CSCs ) have been upgraded in all districts and the number of e-services has now reached 105 , which includes application of new water connection , sewer connection , electricity bill collection , ration card member registration , result of HBSE , admit cards for board examinations , online admission form for government colleges , long route booking of buses , admission forms for Kurukshetra University and HUDA plots status inquiry . Haryana has become the first state to implement Aadhaar - enabled birth registration in all the districts . Law and order ( edit ) Haryana Police force is the law enforcement agency of Haryana . It has a cybercrime investigation cell , in Gurgaon 's Sector 51 . High level of initiative is being taken by the government to ensure absolute safety . The judicial authority is the Punjab and Haryana High Court . It has an e-filing facility . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Haryana The economy of Haryana relies on manufacturing , business process outsourcing , agriculture and retail . Manufacturing ( edit ) The headquarters of DLF Limited , India 's largest real estate company , in Gurgaon , Haryana . Faridabad is one of the biggest industrial city of Haryana as well as North India . Panipat has heavy industry , including a refinery operated by the Indian Oil Corporation , a urea manufacturing plant operated by National Fertilizers Limited and a National Thermal Power Corporation power plant . It is known for its woven modhas or round stools . Hissar is another developing city and the hometown of Navin Jindal and Subhash Chandra of Zee TV fame . Savitri Jindal , Navin Jindal 's mother , has been listed by Forbes as the third richest woman in world . Transport ( edit ) Admin map of Haryana with RTO codes Metro ( edit ) Delhi Metro connects the national capital Delhi with parts of Haryana state within NCR , including Bahadurgarh , Faridabad and with Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon . Faridabad has the longest metro network in the NCR Region consisting of 9 stations and track length being 14 km . Roads and highways ( edit ) Haryana has a total road length of 23,684 kilometres ( 14,717 mi ) . There are 29 national highways with a total length of 1,461 kilometres ( 908 mi ) and many state highways , which have a total length of 2,494 kilometres ( 1,550 mi ) . The most remote parts of the state are linked with metaled roads . Its modern bus fleet of 3,864 buses covers a distance of 1.15 million km per day , and it was the first state in the country to introduce luxury video coaches . The Grand Trunk Road , commonly abbreviated to GT Road , is one of South Asia 's oldest and longest major roads . It passes through the districts of Sonipat , Panipat , Karnal , Kurukshetra and Ambala in north Haryana where it enters Delhi and subsequently the industrial town of Faridabad on its way . The state government proposes to construct Express highways and freeways for speedier vehicular traffic . The 135.6 kilometres ( 84.3 mi ) Kundli - Manesar - Palwal Expressway ( KMP ) will provide a high - speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonepat , Gurgaon , Jhajjar and Faridabad . The work on the project has already started and was scheduled to be completed by July 2013 . The Delhi - Agra Expressway ( NH - 2 ) that passes through Faridabad is being widened to six lanes from current four lanes . It will further boost Faridabad 's connectivity with Delhi . Sky way ( edit ) The Haryana and Delhi governments have constructed the 4.5 - kilometre ( 2.8 mi ) international standard Delhi Faridabad Skyway , the first of its kind in North India , to connect Delhi and Faridabad . Demographics ( edit ) See also : List of people from Haryana Religion in Haryana ( 2011 ) Hinduism ( 87.46 % ) Islam ( 7.03 % ) Sikhism ( 4.91 % ) Jainism ( 0.21 % ) Christianity ( 0.20 % ) Buddhism ( 0.03 % ) Others ( 0.18 % ) Languages of Haryana ( 2001 ) Hindi ( 87.31 % ) Punjabi ( 10.57 % ) Urdu ( 1.23 % ) Others ( 0.89 % ) According to the 2011 census , Hindus ( 87.46 % ) constitute the majority of the state 's population with Sikhs ( 4.91 % ) , Muslims ( 7.03 % ) ( mainly Meos ) being the largest minorities . Muslims are mainly found in the Mewat and Yamuna Nagar districts , while Sikhs live mostly in the districts adjoining Punjab - Hisar , Sirsa , Jind , Fatehabad , Kaithal , Kurukshetra , Ambala , Narnaul and Panchkula karnal . Haryana has the second largest Sikh population in India after the state of Punjab . In May 2014 , the Haryana Government published the Haryana Anand Marriages Registration Rules , 2014 , allowing Sikhs to register their marriages under these rules . Agriculture and related industries have been the backbone of the local economy . Since 2001 , the state has witnessed a massive influx of immigrants from across the nation , primarily from Bihar , Bengal , Uttrakhand , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and from the country , Nepal . Scheduled Castes form 19.3 % of the population . Hindi is the sole official language of Haryana and is spoken by the majority of the population ( 87.31 % ) . Punjabi is given the status of additional official language . Haryana comprises second largest Punjabi speaking population in India . Education ( edit ) See also : List of institutions of higher education in Haryana Pt . B.D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak Literacy rate in Haryana has seen an upward trend and is 76.64 percent as per 2011 population census . Male literacy stands at 85.38 percent , while female literacy is at 66.67 percent . In 2001 , the literacy rate in Haryana stood at 67.91 percent of which male and female were 78.49 percent and 55.73 percent literate respectively . As of 2013 , Gurgaon city had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 86.30 % followed by Panchkula at 81.9 per cent and Ambala at 81.7 percent . In terms of districts , as of 2012 Rewari had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 74 % , higher than the national average of 59.5 % : male literacy was 79 % , and female 67 % . Hisar has three universities : Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University - Asia 's largest agricultural university , Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology , Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences ) ; several national agricultural and veterinary research centres ( National Research Centre on Equines ) , Central Sheep Breeding Farm , National Institute on Pig Breeding and Research , Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute and Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes ( CIRB ) ; and more than 20 colleges including Maharaja Agrasen Medical College , Agroha . In 2001 -- 02 , there were 11,013 primary schools , 1,918 middle schools , 3,023 high schools and 1,301 senior secondary schools in the state . Haryana Board of School Education , established in September 1969 and shifted to Bhiwani in 1981 , conducts public examinations at middle , matriculation , and senior secondary levels twice a year . Over seven lac candidates attend annual examinations in February and March ; 150,000 attend supplementary examinations each November . The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior and senior secondary levels twice a year . The Haryana government provides free education to women up to the bachelor 's degree level . Union Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad announced on 27 February 2016 that National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology ( NIELIT ) would be set up in Kurukshetra to provide computer training to youth and a Software Technology Park of India ( STPI ) would be set up in Panchkula 's existing HSIIDC IT Park in Sector 23 . Hindi and English are compulsory languages in schools whereas Punjabi , Sanskrit and Urdu are chosen as optional languages . Healthcare ( edit ) The Total Fertility Rate of Haryana is 2.3 . The Infant Mortality Rate is 41 ( SRS 2013 ) and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 146 ( SRS 2010 -- 2012 ) . Haryana Civil Medical Services ( HCMS ) National Rural Health Mission ( NRHM ) Communication and media ( edit ) Haryana has a statewide network of telecommunication facilities . Haryana Government has its own statewide area network by which all government offices of 22 districts and 126 blocks across the state are connected with each other thus making it the first SWAN of the country . Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and most of the leading private sector players ( such as Reliance Infocom , Tata Teleservices , Bharti Telecom , Idea Vodafone Essar , Aircel , Uninor and Videocon ) have operations in the state . Important areas around Delhi are an integral part of the local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System . This network system would easily cover major towns like Faridabad and Gurgaon . Electronic media channels include , MTV , 9XM , Star Group , SET Max , News Time , NDTV 24x7 and Zee Group . The radio stations include All India Radio and other FM stations . The major newspapers of Haryana include Dainik Bhaskar , Punjab Kesari , Jag Bani , Dainik Jagran , The Tribune , Amar Ujala , Hindustan Times , Dainik Tribune , The Times of India and Hari - Bhumi . Utilities ( edit ) Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure , as it is one of the most important inputs for the development of the state . Haryana was the first state in the country to achieve 100 % rural electrification in 1970 as well as the first in the country to link all villages with all - weather roads and provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state . Power in the state are : Coal - fired power stations Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station at Yamuna Nagar Faridabad Thermal Power Station Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project in Jhajjar district Jhajjar Power Station Panipat Thermal Power Station I Panipat Thermal Power Station II Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station at Hisar Nuclear - powered power stations Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant in Fatehabad district Solar - powered power Stations Faridabad Solar Power Station : The Haryana Power Generation Corporation Ltd ( HPGCL ) is setting up a solar power plant at the site of a defunct thermal power plant in Faridabad . The power generator plans to set up the plant over 151.78 acres near Bata Chowk in the district that generated coal - based energy in the past . Sports ( edit ) Vijender Singh Beniwal , middleweight boxer from Bhiwani , Haryana Former volleyball player Balwant Sagwal In the 2010 Commonwealth Games at Delhi , 22 out of 38 gold medals that India won came from Haryana . During the 33rd National Games held in Assam in 2007 , Haryana stood first in the nation with a medal tally of 80 , including 30 gold , 22 silver and 28 bronze medals . The 1983 World - Cup - winning captain Kapil Dev is from Haryana . Nahar Singh Stadium was built in Faridabad in the year 1981 for international cricket . This ground has the capacity to hold around 25,000 people as spectators . Tejli Sports Complex is an Ultra-Modern sports complex in Yamuna Nagar . Tau Devi Lal Stadium in Gurgaon is a multi-sport complex . Chief Minister of Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar announced the `` Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy '' , a policy to support 26 Olympic sports , on 12 January 2015 with the words `` We will develop Haryana as the sports hub of the country . '' Haryana is home to Haryana Gold , one of India 's eight professional basketball teams which compete in the country 's UBA Pro Basketball League . See also ( edit ) Book : India List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana Outline of Haryana Politics of Haryana Tourism in Haryana Haryana portal Geography portal Asia portal South Asia portal India portal Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Haryana at a Glance '' . Government of Haryana . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities : 50th report ( July 2012 to June 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities , Ministry of Minority Affairs , Government of India . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi '' . Hindustan Times . 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` languages spoken in Haryana '' . indianscriptures.com . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Haryana Population Sex Ratio in Haryana Literacy rate data '' . Census Commission of India . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This is NCR 's new foodie magnet ; have you been yet ? '' . India Today . 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2014/aug/d2014070801.pdf Jump up ^ Anand Giridharadas ( 19 October 2005 ) . `` Poor rural India ? It 's a richer place '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 19 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Byres , T.J. Rural labour relations in India . Taylor & Francis , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 8046 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Haryana Hurricane '' . indianexpress.com . Jump up ^ An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī , by Richard J. Cohen , Journal of the American Oriental Society , 1989 , pp. 513 -- 519 हरियाणए देसे असंखगाम , गामियण जणि अणवरथ काम परचक्क विहट्टणु सिरिसंघट्टणु , जो सुरव इणा परिगणियं रिउ रुहिरावट्टणु बिउलु पवट्टणु , ढिल्ली नामेण जि भणियं Translation : there are countless villages in Haryana country . The villagers there work hard . They do n't accept domination of others , and are experts in making the blood of their enemies flow . Indra himself praises this country . The capital of this country is Dhilli . Jump up ^ Haryana Britannica Online Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Bijender K Punia ( 1993 ) . Tourism management : problems and prospects . APH . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7024 - 643 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Tribune , Chandigarh , India - Haryana Plus '' . www.tribuneindia.com . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Underworld Review - Graham Hancock Official Website '' . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rakhigarhi , the biggest Harappan site , The Hindu , 27 March 2014 Jump up ^ Atul Kumar Sinha & Abhay Kumar Singh 2007 , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Sir Henry Miers ; Dowson , John ( 1871 ) . The History of India , as Told by Its Own Historians . The Muhammadan Period : Ed. from the Posthumous Papers of the Late Sir H.M. Elliot ... Trübner and Company . pp. en . Jump up ^ Phadke , H.A. ( 1990 ) . Haryana , Ancient and Medieval . Harman Publishing House . p. 123 . Jump up ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky ; Roger D. Long ( 2011 ) . India Today : An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic . ABC - CLIO . p. 300 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37462 - 3 . Jump up ^ the punjab reorganisation act , 1966 - Chief Secretary , Haryana ( PDF ) Jump up ^ History of Haryana - Haryana Day : A new state is born ! , archived from the original on 2 October 2013 Jump up ^ Haryana will get Chandigarh , Punjab can claim Lahore or Shimla , says a peeved Hooda , 25 July 2013 Jump up ^ List of Haryana Chief Ministers from November 1 , 1966 till date , The Indian Express , 21 October 2014 Jump up ^ NIDM , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Home , Department of Agriculture ( Haryana ) Jump up ^ Organizations Jump up ^ Welcome To Our Website , Haryana Forest Department ^ Jump up to : NIDM , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` River Saraswati is for real , found in Haryana '' , Zee Nees , 8 May 2015 ^ Jump up to : Geography - others , District Administration , Kurukshetra ^ Jump up to : `` Geography of Haryana - Map , Shivaliks , Ghaggar , Yamuna , Saraswati , Morni - India '' . haryana-online.com . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Siwach , Sukhbir ( 7 December 2014 ) , `` Haryana to meet Rajasthan over stopping of river waters '' , Times of India Jump up ^ Sudhir Bhargava , `` Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati River is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati River '' , International Conference , 20 -- 22 Nov. 2009 , `` Saraswati - a perspective '' pages 114 -- 117 , Kurukshetra University , Kurukshetra , Organised by : Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan , Haryana . ^ Jump up to : `` State animals , birds , trees and flowers '' ( PDF ) . Wildlife Institute of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 June 2007 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Flora and Fauna Jump up ^ Conservation of Wildlife Jump up ^ Fauna of Haryana , archived from the original on 2 December 2015 Jump up ^ Parks , Reserves and Other Protected Areas in Haryana Jump up ^ `` Protected Area '' . haryanaforest.gov.in . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ NIDM , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Digital India campaign : Panchkula comes out on top among all districts of Haryana '' . The Indian Express . 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Haryana Police '' , Haryana Police Jump up ^ `` HC starts e-filing , gets Wi - Fi complex '' , The Tribune , Chandigarh , Tribune News Service , 1 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` The Tribune , Chandigarh , India - Delhi and neighbourhood '' . tribuneindia.com . Jump up ^ `` Haryana culture '' . Indian mirror . Jump up ^ `` Savitri Jindal and family '' . Forbes . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NCR 's longest Metro line in Faridabad delhi '' . Hindustan Times . 2012 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Why Haryana ? - Economic Infrastructure Jump up ^ `` KMP Expressways to be completed by 2009 '' . indianexpress.com . Jump up ^ `` NH - 2 widening to claim 25,000 trees in Faridabad dist india '' . Hindustan Times . 2012 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Projects - Delhi - Faridabad Elevated Expressway Project ( dfskyway TM ) ( NH - 2 ) '' . HCC Infrastructure. 2010 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population by religion community - 2011 '' . Census of India , 2011 . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Archived from the original on 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Haryana government announced the formation of rules to register Anand Karaj , the Sikh marriage ceremony '' . Jump up ^ Govt. of India , Census ( 2001 ) . `` Census India 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Punjabi gets second language status in Haryana '' . Zee news . 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Census 2011 , Chapter 6 ( State of Literacy ) ( PDF ) , pp. 114 -- 117 Jump up ^ In Haryana , Gurgaon tops literacy rate but has worst sex ratio , Indian Express , 2013 - 05 - 23 , retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About HAU '' . Haryana Agricultural University . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vision 2030 '' ( PDF ) . National Research Centre on Equines . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Central sheep breeding farm '' . Department of Animal Husbandry , Dairying & Fisheries , GoI . Archived from the original on 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of Hisar '' . PPU . Archived from the original on 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About CIRB '' . Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official website '' . Maharaja Agrasen Medical College . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Education in Haryana - Universities - Colleges - Schools - Institutions - Engineering - Medical '' . haryana-online.com . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ History , Haryana Board of School Education Jump up ^ `` Under the Digital India initiative : Software Technology Park of India '' , The Indian Express , 28 February 2016 Jump up ^ ( nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf National Committee for Linguistic Minorities ) Jump up ^ State Wise Information , National Rural Health Mission Jump up ^ Health Department of Haryana Jump up ^ Egovonline.net Archived 30 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Punjabnewsline.com Archived 1 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Tribune India '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ General Information Jump up ^ `` Haryana aims to install solar plants to replace old thermal plants '' , The Economic Times , 15 March 2016 Jump up ^ Mizoramexpress.com Archived 26 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Official site for the 33rd National Games 2007 , Guwahati Jump up ^ `` Nahar Singh Stadium - India - Cricket Grounds - ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Tau Devi Lal Cricket Stadium - India - Cricket Grounds - ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ News Details , Office of Chief Minister of Haryana Jump up ^ GoH 2015 , p. 27 . References ( edit ) GoH ( 12 January 2015 ) , Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy ( PDF ) , Government of Haryana Atul Kumar Sinha ; Abhay Kumar Singh , eds. ( 2007 ) , Udayana New Horizons in History , Classics and Inter-Cultural studies , Anamika Publishers , ISBN 81 - 7975 - 168 - 6 NIDM , National Disaster Risk Reduction Portal - Haryana ( PDF ) , National Institute of Disaster Management ( MHA , GOI ) Sharma , Suresh K ( 2006 ) . Haryana : Past and Present . New Delhi : Mittal Publications . p. 763 . ISBN 81 - 8324 - 046 - 1 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Khanna , C.L. ( 2008 ) . Haryana General Knowledge . Agra : Upkar Prakashan . p. 75 . ISBN 81 - 7482 - 383 - 2 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Yadav , Ram B. ( 2008 ) . Folk Tales & Legends of Haryana . Gurgaon : Pinnacle Technology . p. 305 . ISBN 81 - 7871 - 162 - 1 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Mittal , Satish Chandra ( 1986 ) . Haryana , a Historical Perspective . New Delhi : Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . p. 183 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Singh , Mandeep ; Kaur , Harvinder ( 2004 ) . Economic Development Of Haryana . New Delhi : Deep and Deep Publications . p. 234 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 558 - 2 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Gandhi , Mahatma ( 1977 ) . Gandhiji and Haryana : A collection of his speeches and writings pertaining to Haryana . Usha Publications . p. 158 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Phadke , H.A. ( 1990 ) . Haryana , ancient and medieval . Harman Publishing House . p. 256 . ISBN 81 - 85151 - 34 - 2 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Singh , Chattar ( 2004 ) . Social and economic change in Haryana . National Book Organisation . p. 252 . ISBN 81 - 87521 - 10 - 4 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Yadav , Kripal Chandra ( 2002 ) . Modern Haryana : History and culture , 1803 -- 1966 . Manohar Publishers & Distributors . p. 320 . ISBN 81 - 7304 - 371 - X . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Rai , Gulshan ( 1987 ) . Formation of Haryana . B.R. Publishing Corporation . p. 223 . ISBN 81 - 7018 - 412 - 6 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Handa , Devendra ( 2004 ) . Buddhist remains from Haryana . Sundeep Prakashan . p. 97 . ISBN 81 - 7574 - 153 - 8 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Haryana at a glance : Statistical overview & development indicators . Jagran Research Centre . 2007 . p. 157 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Singh , Chander Pal ( 2003 ) . Early medieval art of Haryana . Koshal Book Depot . p. 168 . ISBN 81 - 86049 - 07 - X . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Handa , Devendra ( 2006 ) . Sculptures from Haryana : Iconography and style . Indian Institute of Advanced Study . p. 286 . ISBN 81 - 7305 - 307 - 3 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Journal of Haryana Studies . Kurukshetra : Kurukshetra University . 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Harvey , Bill ; Harvey , William ; Devasar , Nikhil ; Grewal , Bikram ; Oriental Bird Club ( 2006 ) . Atlas of the birds of Delhi and Haryana . Rupa & Co. p. 352 . ISBN 81 - 291 - 0954 - 9 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHaryanaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Government The Official Site of the Government of Haryana Official Tourism Site of Haryana , India General information Haryana Encyclopædia Britannica entry Haryana at DMOZ Geographic data related to Haryana at OpenStreetMap ( hide ) Articles related to Haryana State of Haryana Capital : Chandigarh Topics Outline History Geography Politics Government Economy Sports Divisions Ambala division Gurugram division Hisar division Rohtak division Districts Ambala Bhiwani Faridabad Fatehabad Gurgaon Hisar Jhajjar Jind Kaithal Karnal Kurukshetra Mahendragarh Nuh Panchkula Palwal Panipat Rewari Rohtak Sirsa Sonipat Yamuna Nagar Major cities Faridabad Gurugram Panipat Yamunanagar Rohtak Hisar Karnal Sonipat Panchkula Bhiwani Sirsa Bahadurgarh Jind Kurukshetra Kaithal Rewari Palwal Culture Dance Music Swang Haryanvi Films Haryanvi language Loarki language Mewati language Economy Power stations and power organisations Places of interest Indus Valley Civilization Balu , Haryana Banawali Bhirrana Farmana Jognakhera Kunal Lohari Ragho Mitathal Rakhigarhi Siswal Sothi Archaeological Agroha Mound Chaneti Stupa Forts Asigarh Fort ( Hansi ) Badhshapur Fort Buria Fort Chhachhrauli Fort Dhosi Hill Fort Fatehabad Fort Farrukhnagar Fort Hisar - e-Firoza Fort Kotla Indor Fort Jind Fort Kaithal Fort Gajpat Singh Fort at Karnal Loharu Fort Madhogarh Fort Mahendragarh Fort Meham Fort Nahar Singh Fort at Ballabhgargh Pinjore Fort Raipur Rani Fort Fort of King Saras of Sirsa Tosham Hill Fort Hills Dhosi Hill near Narnaul Kotla Hill in Mewat Indor Hill in Mewat Madhogarh Hill near Mahendragarh Mahendragarh Hill Morni Hills in Yamuna Nagar Tosham Hill in Bhiwani Caves Chyvan Rishi Cave at Dhosi Hill Tosham Hill Caverns Nar Narayan Cave in Yamuna Nagar Historical Bhima Devi Temple Complex at Pinjore Dhosi Hill Farrukhnagar Mughal Bridge at Kernal Harsh ka Tilla at Kurukshetra Nahar Singh Mahal Narnaul Pataudi Palace Pinjore Gardens Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple Surajkund Tomb of Saikh Taiyab at Kaithal Tosham rock inscription State Protected Monuments Monuments of National Importance Wildlife Sanctuary Abubshahar Wildlife Sanctuary Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary Chhilchhila Wildlife Sanctuary Kalesar National Park Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary Khol Hi - Raitan Wildlife Sanctuary Morni Nahar Wildlife Sanctuary Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary Sohna Sultanpur Lake Bird Sanctuary Endangered Wildlife Breeding Chinkara Breeding Centre Kairu , Bhiwani Crocodile Breeding Centre , Kurukshetra Vulture Conservation and Breeding Centre , Pinjore Pheasant Breeding Centre Morni Pheasant Breeding Centre , Berwala Peacock & Chinkara Breading Centre , Jhabua in Rewari district Deer Park , Hisar Zoos in Haryana Bhiwani Zoo Hisar Deer Park Rohtak Zoo Pipli Zoo Herbal Parks Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park , Hisar Ch . Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park , Tosham Ch . Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park , Kairu Ch . Devi Lal Herbal Nature Park Lakes Badkhal Lake Blue Bird Lake at Hisar Damdama Lake Karna Lake Tilyar Lake at Rohtak Dams Anagpur Dam Hathnikund Barrage Ottu barrage Tajewala Barrage Rivers Chautang Ghaggar - Hakra Markanda River Najafgarh Sahibi River Sarasvati River Yamuna Religious Adi Badri ( Haryana ) Sarsvati udgam sthal Agroha Dham Baba Thakur Banbhori Devi Brahma Sarovar Bhuteshwar Temple Jayanti Devi Temple Jyotisar Kartikeya Temple Markandeshwar Mata Mansa Devi Mandir Nada Sahib Naugaja Peer Pindara Temple Sannihit Sarovar Sita Mai Temple Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple Sheetla Mata Mandir Gurgaon St. Thomas ' Church at Hisar Offices High Court Legislative Assembly Raj Bhavan Public places Courtyard by Marriott Kingdom of Dreams Mall of India The Oberoi Extreme Corners of Haryana Eastern-most point : Kalesar village Yamuna riverbank in Yamuna Nagar District Western-most point : Chautala - Sangari border road crossing in Sirsa district Southern-most point : Kol Gaon hill in Ferozepur Jhirka tehsil of Gurgaon district Northern-most point : Khokhra village riverbank north of Chandigarh - Baddi river bridge in Panchkula district Highest - lowest of Haryana Highest point : Karoh Peak in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district Lowest natural Surface elevation point : Deepest Underground Cave : Coldest avg temp : Karoh Peak in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district Hottest avg temp : Hisar Wettest avg rainfall : Morni hills in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district Driest avg rainfall : Bhiwani Oldest of Haryana Oldest archaeological site : Rakhigarhi 4700 BC or 6700 years old Indus Valley Civilization in Hisar district Oldest archaeological mine site : Kaliyana hill Indus Valley Civilization stone mine ( 3000 BC or 5000 years old ) west of Charkhi Dadri Government and Politics Elections 1991 1998 1999 2009 2014 Chief Ministers Banarsi Das Gupta Rao Birender Singh Bansi Lal Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Bhajan Lal Devi Lal Om Prakash Chautala Hukam Singh Bhupinder Singh Hooda Manohar Lal Khattar Governors Dharma Vira Birendra Narayan Chakraborty Ranjit Singh Narula Jaisukh Lal Hathi Harcharan Singh Brar Surjit Singh Sandhawalia Ganpatrao Devji Tapase Saiyid Muzaffar Husain Burney Hari Anand Barari Dhanik Lal Mandal Mahaveer Prasad Babu Parmanand Om Prakash Verma Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Jagannath Pahadia Kaptan Singh Solanki State agencies Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Debt Conciliation Board Doordarshan Haryana Foreign Investment and NRI Cell Forests Department , Haryana Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis , Haryana Department of Environment , Haryana Department of Excise & Taxation , Haryana Department of Finance , Haryana Department of Industries & Commerce , Haryana Department of Industrial Training & Vocational Education , Haryana Department of Institutional Finance & Credit Control , Haryana Department of Labour & Employment , Haryana Department of Land records & Consolidation , Haryana Department of Revenue and Disaster Management , Haryana Department of Rehabilitation , Haryana Department of Higher Education , Haryana Department of School Education , Haryana Department of Elementary Education , Haryana Haryana Board of School Education Haryana Civil Medical Services Haryana Environment Protection Council Haryana Land Record Information System Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited Haryana Police Haryana Roadways Haryana Seeds Development Corporation Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums Haryana State Legal Services Authority , Haryana Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited Haryana Urban Development Authority Haryana Waqf Board State Counselling Board , Haryana Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Sports Venues Chaudhary Bansi Lal Cricket Stadium Nahar Singh Stadium Tau Devi Lal Stadium Sector 16 Stadium Mahabir Stadium Associations Haryana Archery Association Haryana Cricket Association Teams Haryana cricket team Haryana football team Bhiwani Boxing Club Portal : Haryana Category : Haryana Wikiproject : Haryana States and union territories of India States Arunachal Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli National Capital Territory of Delhi Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Capitals in India Proposed states and territories Historical Regions British Provinces Hydrography of Haryana North Haryana Rivers Ghaggar - Hakra ( vedic Sarasvati river ) Chautang ( vedic Drishadvati river ) Yamuna ( tributary of Ganges ) Markanda River Sarsuti Dangri Tangri river Kaushalya river Somb river South Haryana Rivers Yamuna ( tributary of Ganges ) Sahibi River ( called Najafgarh drain in Delhi ) Krishnavati river Dohan river Indori river Canals Western Yamuna Canal Sutlej Yamuna link canal ( from Sutlej river tributary of Indus ) Indira Gandhi Canal Seasonal Waterfalls Tikkar Taal twin lakes at Morni hiills ( Sivalik Hills in Yamunanagar district ) Dhosi Hill seasonal waterfall ( Aravalli Range in Mahendragarh district ) Pali village seasonal waterfall ( Aravalli Range on outskirts of Faridabad ) Hot Water Springs Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring ( Sohna in Gurgaon district ) Lakes Badkhal Lake ( Faridabad ) Brahma Sarovar ( Kurukshetra ) Blue Bird Lake ( Hissar ) Damdama Lake ( Sohna , Gurgaon district ) Hathni Kund ( Yamunanagar district ) Karna Lake ( Karnal ) Sannihit Sarovar ( Kurukshetra ) Surajkund ( Faridabad ) Tilyar Lake ( Rohtak ) Dams , Barrages Kaushalya Dam ( Panchkula district ) Hathnikund Barrage ( Yamunanagar district ) Tajewala Barrage ( Yamunanagar district ) Pathrala barrage ( Yamunanagar district ) Anagpur Dam ( Surajkund , Faridabad district ) Ottu barrage ( Sirsa district ) Bridges Karnal Mughal Bridge Hydrography of surrounding areas Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Punjab Power stations and organizations of Haryana Power stations Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station Faridabad Thermal Power Plant Faridabad Thermal Power Station Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project Mahatma Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project Panipat Thermal Power Station I Panipat Thermal Power Station II Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station Organizations Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited National Thermal Power Corporation Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam PowerGrid Corporation of India Power System Operation Corporation Limited Related topics Electricity sector in India States of India by installed power capacity Indian states ranking by households having electricity VIAF : 246175085 GND : 4239291 - 3 BNF : cb11960267x ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haryana&oldid=804888266 '' Categories : Haryana North India States and territories of India States and territories established in 1966 1966 establishments in India Punjabi - speaking countries and territories Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2015 Use Indian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Coordinates on Wikidata All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did haryana receive the full state status | [
"Haryana state was formed on 1 November 1966. The Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April 1966 to divide the existing state of Punjab and determine the boundaries of the new state of Haryana after consideration of the languages spoken by the people. The commission delivered its report on 31 May 1966 whereby the then-districts of Hisar, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, the tehsils of Jind and Narwana in the Sangrur district — along with Naraingarh, Ambala and Jagadhri — were to be included.[21]"
] | [
"1 November 1966"
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8135257792037901037 | Let Me Love You (DJ Snake song) | Let Me Love You ( DJ Snake song ) - wikipedia Let Me Love You ( DJ Snake song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Let Me Love You '' Single by DJ Snake featuring Justin Bieber from the album Encore Released 5 August 2016 Format CD digital download Recorded 2016 Genre EDM Length 3 : 25 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) William Grigahcine Justin Bieber Andrew Watt Ali Tamposi Brian Lee Louis Bell Producer ( s ) DJ Snake ( also exec . ) DJ Snake singles chronology `` Talk '' ( 2016 ) `` Let Me Love You '' ( 2016 ) `` The Half '' ( 2017 ) `` Talk '' ( 2016 ) `` Let Me Love You '' ( 2016 ) `` The Half '' ( 2017 ) Justin Bieber singles chronology `` Cold Water '' ( 2016 ) Cold Water 2016 `` Let Me Love You '' ( 2016 ) Let Me Love You2016 `` Deja Vu '' ( 2016 ) Deja Vu 2016 `` Let Me Love You '' is a song recorded by French electronic music producer DJ Snake , taken as the third single from his debut studio album , Encore ( 2016 ) . It featured vocals from Canadian singer Justin Bieber . The artists co-wrote the song with Andrew Watt , Ali Tamposi , Brian Lee , and Louis Bell , while the song 's production was handled by DJ Snake . The song was released on 5 August 2016 , through Interscope Records . Its music video was released on November 29 , 2016 , on YouTube . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.1. 1 Original version 4.1. 2 Remix featuring R. Kelly 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Certifications 6 References 7 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Let Me Love You '' is written in the key of C minor with a tempo of 100 beats per minute in common time . The song follows a chord progression of Cm7 -- E ♭ -- E ♭ / G -- A ♭ -- E ♭ / G -- A ♭ , and Bieber 's vocals span from C to C . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was released on 29 November 2016 . Rolling Stone magazine referred to the video as `` Bonnie and Clyde with a twist '' as it shows a few takes with a couple engaging in a high speed chase , a run in with a head boss and a makeout session in the getaway car . In the end , it is revealed that the action sequences are part of a video simulation and the players on the other side are in fact a kid and an unkempt adult male with virtual reality devices on . This video was directed by James Lees . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , `` Let Me Love You '' debuted at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated 27 August 2016 . The single opened at number - one on Digital Songs with 113,000 downloads , becoming DJ Snake 's first and Bieber 's sixth number - one on the chart . On the issue dated 1 October 2016 , `` Let Me Love You '' advanced six places to reach number six , becoming DJ Snake 's third top 10 and Bieber 's twelfth top 10 single . It reached number four the following week . The remix of the song with the collaboration of American R&B singer R. Kelly debuted at number 24 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 on the issue dated 14 January 2017 . The remix opened at number 11 on Hot Dance / Electronic Songs with 25,000 downloads . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original version ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) Argentina Digital Songs ( CAPIF ) 5 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 30 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 15 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 92 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Malaysia ( RIM ) 16 Mexico ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 72 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 6 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 19 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Remix featuring R. Kelly ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 24 US Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 28 Australia ( ARIA ) 19 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 24 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 35 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 27 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 68 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 31 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 28 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 16 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 14 Italy ( FIMI ) 20 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 19 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Poland ( ZPAV ) 46 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 25 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 47 US Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 31 Chart ( 2017 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 51 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 52 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 41 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 74 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 28 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 81 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 68 Italy ( FIMI ) 51 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 78 Poland ( ZPAV ) 87 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 91 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 54 US Billboard Hot 100 46 US Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 5 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Diamond 250,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 × Platinum 300,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 5 × Platinum 200,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bruner , Raisa ( 5 August 2016 ) . `` Ease Into the Weekend with Justin Bieber 's ' Let Me Love You ' '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to Justin Bieber & DJ Snake 's ' Let Me Love You ' Collab '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Bieber , Justin . `` DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber `` Let Me Love You '' Sheet Music in Eb Major ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake - Let Me Love You ft . Justin Bieber '' . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake & Justin Bieber Debut at No. 1 on Digital Songs & No. 12 on Hot 100 With ' Let Me Love You ' '' . Billboard. 19 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers ' ' Closer ' Leads Hot 100 for Sixth Week & D.R.A.M. 's ' Broccoli ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard. 26 September 2016 . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake 's ' Let Me Love You ' Remix With R. Kelly Hits Dance Charts '' . Billboard. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Argentina -- Del 14 al 20 de Noviembre , 2016 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings '' ( in Spanish ) . CAPIF . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . To view the peak position , select digital mensual , 2016 and Septiembre . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RANKINGS - Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard Brasil . Internet Group . Archived from the original on 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Música Nacional Radio '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . Archived from the original on 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201650 into search . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake : Let Me Love You ( Feat . Justin Bieber ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 33 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Dj Snake Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 6 ( 3 / 2 / 2017 -- 9 / 2 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dj Snake ft . Justin Bieber , Banda MS y Ricky Martin ft . Maluma los # 1 de México '' . Monitor Latino . 17 October 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 42 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201647 into search . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201635 into search . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Snake -- Chart History : Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2016 '' . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 - Single - Charts 2016 '' . oe3.orf.at . Archived from the original on 28 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Összesített singles - és válogatáslemez - lista -- eladási darabszám alapján - 2016 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2016 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Podsumowanie roku -- Airplay 2016 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2016 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 30 December 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance / Electronic Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual Argentina '' . Monitor Latino . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rádiós Top 100 - hallgatottsági adatok alapján - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 - eladási darabszám alapján - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej trójce Sheeran , Tiësto i Hyży '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance / Electronic Songs : Year End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA CHART WATCH # 409 '' . auspOp. 25 February 2017 . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien. 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian single certifications '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Dj Snake ft . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber ; ' Let Me Love You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2017 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Justin Bieber in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Love Yourself and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Let Me Love You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Enter Let Me Love You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber -- Cold Water '' . Recording Industry Association of America . 16 October 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyric Video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics DJ Snake Discography Studio albums Encore Singles `` Turn Down for What '' `` Get Low '' `` You Know You Like It '' `` Lean On '' `` Middle '' `` Talk '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` A Different Way '' Justin Bieber songs Discography My World `` One Time '' `` One Less Lonely Girl '' My World 2.0 `` Baby '' `` Eenie Meenie '' `` Somebody to Love '' `` U Smile '' My Worlds : The Collection `` Pray '' Never Say Never : The Remixes `` Never Say Never '' Under the Mistletoe `` Mistletoe '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' Believe `` Boyfriend '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Right Here '' `` All Around the World '' Journals `` Heartbreaker '' `` All That Matters '' `` Hold Tight '' `` Recovery '' `` Bad Day '' `` All Bad '' `` PYD '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` Change Me '' `` Confident '' Purpose `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Company '' Other singles `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' `` Home to Mama '' `` Friends '' Featured singles `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Next to You '' `` Live My Life '' `` # thatPOWER '' `` Lolly '' `` Wait for a Minute '' `` Gas Pedal '' `` Cold Water '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` Deja Vu '' `` Despacito '' ( remix ) `` I 'm the One '' `` 2U '' Promotional singles `` Love Me '' `` Favorite Girl '' `` Never Let You Go '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' `` Die in Your Arms '' `` I 'll Show You '' Other songs `` Down to Earth '' `` Bigger '' `` First Dance '' `` That Should Be Me '' `` Why You Mad ? ( Infinity Remix ) '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_Me_Love_You_(DJ_Snake_song)&oldid=826188280 '' Categories : 2016 singles 2016 songs Justin Bieber songs DJ Snake songs Songs written by Justin Bieber Songs written by Ali Tamposi Songs written by Brian Lee ( songwriter ) Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Finland SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Switzerland Torch songs Songs written by Andrew Watt ( musician ) Tropical house songs Songs written by Louis Bell Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from August 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 18 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | dj snake ft justin bieber let me love you song | [] | [] |
-634416071878481840 | Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace | Star Wars : Episode I -- the Phantom Menace - Wikipedia Star Wars : Episode I -- the Phantom Menace Jump to : navigation , search `` Star Wars I '' redirects here . For the first film released , see Star Wars ( film ) . For the video game , see Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( video game ) . Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by George Lucas Produced by Rick McCallum Written by George Lucas Starring Liam Neeson Ewan McGregor Natalie Portman Jake Lloyd Ian McDiarmid Anthony Daniels Kenny Baker Pernilla August Frank Oz Music by John Williams Cinematography David Tattersall Edited by Ben Burtt Paul Martin Smith Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 16 ) ( Los Angeles ) May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $115 million Box office $1.027 billion Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace is a 1999 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas , produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by 20th Century Fox . It is the first installment in the Star Wars prequel trilogy and stars Liam Neeson , Ewan McGregor , Natalie Portman , Jake Lloyd , Ian McDiarmid , Anthony Daniels , Kenny Baker , Ahmed Best , Pernilla August , Brian Blessed , Ray Park , and Frank Oz . The film is set 32 years before the original film , and follows Jedi Knight Qui - Gon Jinn and his apprentice Obi - Wan Kenobi as they protect Queen Amidala , in hopes of securing a peaceful end to a large - scale interplanetary trade dispute . Joined by Anakin Skywalker -- a young slave with unusually strong natural powers of the Force -- they simultaneously contend with the mysterious return of the Sith . Lucas began production of this film after he determined that film special effects had advanced to the level he wanted for the fourth film in the saga . Filming started on June 26 , 1997 , at locations including Leavesden Film Studios and the Tunisian desert . Its visual effects included extensive use of computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) ; many of its characters and settings were completely computerized . The film was Lucas 's first directorial effort after a 22 - year hiatus following Star Wars in 1977 . The Phantom Menace was released to theaters on May 19 , 1999 , almost 16 years after the premiere of the previous Star Wars film , Return of the Jedi . The film 's premiere was extensively covered by media and was greatly anticipated because of the large cultural following the Star Wars saga had cultivated . It received polarizing reviews ; critics praised the visuals , action sequences , score and many of the performances , but criticized the writing , characterization , and Ahmed Best 's ( as Jar Jar Binks ) and Jake Lloyd 's ( as Anakin Skywalker ) performances . It grossed more than $924.3 million worldwide during its initial theatrical run , making it the second - highest - grossing film worldwide at the time , behind Titanic . It became the highest - grossing film of 1999 and the highest - grossing Star Wars film ( until the release of Star Wars : The Force Awakens in 2015 ) , and is the tenth - highest - grossing film in North America as of August 2017 unadjusted for inflation . A 3D reissue , which has earned an additional $102.7 million at the box office and brought the film 's overall worldwide takings to over $1 billion , was released in February 2012 . The film was followed by two sequels , Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones in 2002 and Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith in 2005 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production and design 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Effects 3.6 Music 4 Themes 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 5.3 3D re-release 5.4 Novelization 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Box office performance 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) The Trade Federation upsets order in the Galactic Republic by blockading the planet Naboo in preparation for a full - scale invasion . The Republic 's leader , Supreme Chancellor Valorum , dispatches Jedi Knight Qui - Gon Jinn and his apprentice , Obi - Wan Kenobi , to negotiate with Federation Viceroy Nute Gunray . Darth Sidious , a Sith Lord , and the Trade Federation 's secret adviser , orders the Viceroy to kill the Jedi , and invade Naboo with an army of battle droids . The Jedi escape and flee to Naboo . During the invasion , Qui - Gon saves a Gungan outcast , Jar Jar Binks , from being run over and killed by a droid transport . Indebted to Qui - Gon , Jar Jar leads the Jedi to an underwater Gungan city . The Jedi unsuccessfully try to persuade the Gungan leader , Boss Nass , into helping the people of Naboo , though they are able to obtain transportation to Theed , the capital city on the surface . They rescue Queen Amidala , the ruler of the Naboo people , and escape the planet on her royal starship en route to the Republic capital planet of Coruscant . Amidala 's ship is damaged as they pass the Federation blockade and becomes unable to use its hyperdrive , landing for repairs on the desert planet Tatooine . Qui - Gon , Jar Jar , astromech droid R2 - D2 , and Amidala ( in disguise as one of her handmaidens ) visit the settlement of Mos Espa to purchase new parts at a junk shop . They meet the shop 's owner , Watto , and his nine - year - old slave , Anakin Skywalker , who is a gifted pilot and engineer , and has created a protocol droid called C - 3PO . Qui - Gon senses a strong presence of the Force within Anakin , and is convinced that he is the `` chosen one '' of Jedi prophecy who will bring balance to the Force . Qui - Gon wagers Anakin 's freedom with Watto in a Podrace , which Anakin wins . Anakin joins the group to be trained as a Jedi , leaving his mother Shmi behind . En route to their starship , Qui - Gon encounters Darth Maul , Darth Sidious 's apprentice , who was sent to capture Amidala . A duel ensues , but Qui - Gon quickly disengages and escapes on board the starship . Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan escort Amidala to Coruscant , so that she can plead her people 's case to Chancellor Valorum and the Galactic Senate . Qui - Gon asks the Jedi Council for permission to train Anakin as a Jedi , but the Council refuses after he is interviewed by Yoda and becomes concerned that Anakin is vulnerable to the dark side . Undaunted , Qui - Gon vows to train Anakin himself . Meanwhile , Naboo 's Senator Palpatine persuades Amidala to make a vote of no confidence in Valorum to elect a more capable chancellor to resolve the crisis on Naboo . Though she is successful in pushing for the vote , Amidala grows frustrated with the corruption in the Senate , and decides to return to Naboo . Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan are ordered by the Jedi Council to accompany the queen to Naboo , as well as to confirm the return of the Sith , whom they believe to be extinct . On Naboo , Padmé reveals herself to the Gungans as Queen Amidala , and persuades them into an alliance against the Trade Federation . Jar Jar leads his people in a battle against the droid army while Padmé leads the hunt for Viceroy Gunray in Theed . During a battle in a starship hangar to free Naboo pilots , Anakin takes shelter in a vacant starfighter , and inadvertently triggers its autopilot , joining the battle against the Federation droid control ship in space . Anakin blunders into the hangar of the droid control ship and destroys the ship from within before escaping , deactivating the droid army . Meanwhile , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan battle Darth Maul , who mortally wounds Qui - Gon before being bisected by Obi - Wan . As he dies , Qui - Gon requests Obi - Wan to train Anakin . Subsequently , Palpatine is elected as the new Supreme Chancellor , and Gunray is arrested . The Jedi Council promotes Obi - Wan to the rank of Jedi Knight and reluctantly accepts Anakin as Obi - Wan 's apprentice . At a festive ceremony , Padmé presents a gift of appreciation and friendship to the Gungans . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members Liam Neeson as Qui - Gon Jinn , a Jedi Master who discovers Anakin and insists that the boy be trained as a Jedi despite the Jedi Council 's protests . Lucas originally wanted to cast an American actor in the role , but cast Irishman Neeson because he considered that Neeson had great skills and presence . Lucas said Neeson was a `` master actor , who the other actors will look up to , who has got the qualities of strength that the character demands '' . Ewan McGregor as Obi - Wan Kenobi , Qui - Gon 's Jedi Padawan , who holds his master in high regard but questions his motives at times . McGregor was cast from a shortlist of fifty actors , all of whom had to be compared to pictures of young Alec Guinness , who portrayed the elderly Obi - Wan , to make a believable younger version . McGregor had a vocal coach to help his voice sound closer to Guinness ' . He also studied several of Guinness ' performances , from his early work and the Star Wars movies . Natalie Portman as Queen Padmé Amidala , the 14 - year - old Queen of Naboo , who hopes to protect her planet from a blockade invasion made by the Trade Federation . Over 200 actresses auditioned for the role . The Production notes stated ; `` The role required a young woman who could be believable as the ruler of that planet , but at the same time be vulnerable and open '' . Portman was chosen especially for her performances in Léon : The Professional ( 1994 ) and Beautiful Girls ( 1996 ) , which impressed Lucas . He stated , `` I was looking for someone who was young , strong , along the lines of Leia ( and ) Natalie embodied all those traits and more '' . Portman was unfamiliar with Star Wars before being cast , but was enthusiastic about being cast as a character she expected to become a role model . Portman said , `` It was wonderful playing a young queen with so much power . I think it will be good for young women to see a strong woman of action who is also smart and a leader . '' Jake Lloyd as Anakin Skywalker , a 9 - year - old slave boy and a skilled pilot who dreams of becoming a Jedi . Hundreds of actors were tested before the producers settled on Lloyd who Lucas considered met his requirements of `` a good actor , enthusiastic and very energetic '' . Producer Rick McCallum said that Lloyd was `` smart , mischievous and loves anything mechanical -- just like Anakin . '' Ian McDiarmid as Senator Palpatine / Darth Sidious , a Senator of Naboo who is eventually elected Chancellor of the Republic . McDiarmid was surprised when Lucas approached him 16 years after Return of the Jedi to reprise the role of Palpatine because he had assumed that a younger actor would play the part in the prequel films . Pernilla August as Shmi Skywalker , Anakin 's mother , who is concerned for her son 's future and allows him to leave with the Jedi . August , a veteran of Swedish cinema , was chosen after auditioning with Liam Neeson . She was afraid of being rejected because of her accent . Frank Oz voices Yoda , the centuries - old leader of the Jedi Council who is apprehensive about allowing Anakin to be trained . Yoda was mostly portrayed as a puppet designed by Nick Dudman based on Stuart Freeborn 's original design . Oz controlled the puppet 's mouth and other parts were controlled by puppeteers using remote controls . Lucas fitted Yoda 's filming around Oz 's schedule as he finished and promoted In & Out . A computer - generated Yoda is featured in two distant shots . Warwick Davis portrays him in the scene in which Obi - Wan becomes a Jedi Knight . Lucas said he originally wanted to use a full - time digital Yoda , but the attempts did not work well enough . On the Blu - ray release of The Phantom Menace , which was also used for the 3D reissue , a CG Yoda similar to the one from the other prequels is used instead . Oliver Ford Davies as Sio Bibble , the governor of Naboo . Hugh Quarshie as Captain Panaka , Queen Amidala 's chief of security at Theed Palace . Ahmed Best as Jar Jar Binks , a clumsy Gungan exiled from his home and taken in by Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan . Best was hired after casting director Robin Gurland saw him on a Stomp performance in San Francisco . Best was originally intended to provide motion capture data but his offer to voice the character was accepted . On the set , to provide references for the actors , Best was clothed in a suit made of foam and latex and a headpiece . Best 's filmed performance was later replaced with the computer - generated character . Best frequently improvised movements to make Jar Jar look as clumsy and comedic as possible . Anthony Daniels voices C - 3PO , a protocol droid built by Anakin . He lacks a metal covering in this film ; R2 - D2 refers to it as being `` naked '' . A puppeteer dressed in a color closely matching the background -- in a manner similar to the Japanese puppet theater Bunraku -- manipulated a skeletal C - 3PO figure attached to his front while Daniels read his lines off - camera . The puppeteer was erased from the film during post-production . Kenny Baker as R2 - D2 , an astromech droid that saves Queen Amidala 's ship when other droids fail . Before the film 's production started , fans campaigned on the Internet to retain Baker as R2 - D2 ; Lucas replied that the actor would remain . Baker is used for scenes where R2 - D2 bends forwards and backwards and wobbles from side to side . Robots and a digital model were used in other shots . Terence Stamp as Supreme Chancellor Valorum , the Chancellor of the Republic who commissions Obi - Wan and Qui - Gon to negotiate with the Trade Federation Viceroy . Lucas described the character as a `` good man but he 's beleaguered -- a bit like ( Bill ) Clinton '' . Samuel L. Jackson appears as Mace Windu , a high - ranking member of the Jedi Council who also opposes the training of Anakin . Ray Park portrays Darth Maul , Darth Sidious ' Sith apprentice who uses a double - bladed lightsaber , while Peter Serafinowicz provides Maul 's voice . Keira Knightley plays Sabé , one of Queen Amidala 's handmaidens who serves as her decoy throughout the majority of the film . Silas Carson portrays Nute Gunray , the Viceroy of the Trade Federation who leads Naboo 's invasion and tries to force Queen Amidala to sign a treaty to legitimize the occupation . Carson also portrays three minor characters : Jedi Master Ki - Adi - Mundi , Trade Federation Senator Lott Dod , and an ill - fated pilot ( the role for which Carson originally auditioned ) . Additionally , Brian Blessed , Andy Secombe , and Lewis MacLeod voice , respectively , Boss Nass , the leader of the Gungan tribe who allies with the Naboo , Watto , a junk dealer on Tatooine who owns Anakin and his mother as slaves , and Sebulba , an aggressive , scheming podracer who is Anakin 's rival . Greg Proops and Scott Capurro voice Fode and Beed , the two - headed announcer of the Boonta Eve Race . Dominic West plays a Naboo guard . Sofia Coppola appears as Saché , one of Amidala 's handmaidens , and Ralph Brown appears as Ric Olié , the Queen 's starship pilot . Christian Simpson appears as Lieutenant Gavyn Sykes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) While writing the original Star Wars , Lucas realized the story was too vast in scope to be covered in one film . The original film was written to introduce a wider story arc that could be told in sequels on the chance that it became successful , so Star Wars evolved from the first film in the series to the first episode of the saga 's second trilogy . Lucas eventually negotiated a contract that allowed him to make two sequels , and over time had created an elaborate backstory to aid his writing process . While writing The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas considered directions in which to take the story . In the original trilogy , Darth Vader was revealed to have been Anakin Skywalker , a once - powerful Jedi Knight , and a traitor to the Jedi Order . With this backstory in place , Lucas decided the movies would work best as a trilogy . In the final act of the trilogy 's final episode , Return of the Jedi , Vader is ultimately redeemed through an act of sacrifice for Luke . This was in 1983 , more than six years since the release of Star Wars . Lucas admitted to being `` burned out '' and announced he would take a break from working on the saga . Throughout the 1980s , George Lucas remarked he had no desire to return to Star Wars and had unofficially canceled his sequel trilogy by the time of Return of the Jedi . Because Lucas had developed most of the backstory , the idea of prequels continued to fascinate him . In the early 1990s , Star Wars saw a resurgence in popularity in the wake of Dark Horse 's comic line and Timothy Zahn 's trilogy of novels . Lucas saw there was still a large audience for his idea of a prequel trilogy and with the development of special effects generated with computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) , Lucas considered returning to his saga and directing the film . In 1993 , it was announced in Variety and other sources that he would be making the prequels . Lucas began outlining the story ; Anakin Skywalker rather than Obi - Wan Kenobi would be the main protagonist and the series would be a tragedy examining Darth Vader 's origins . Lucas also began to change the prequels ' timeline relative to the original series , `` filling - in '' the history , backstory , existing parallel or tangential to the originals and beginning a long story that started with Anakin 's childhood and ended with his death . This was the final step toward turning the franchise into a saga . George Lucas began writing the new Star Wars trilogy on November 1 , 1994 . The screenplay of Star Wars was adapted from Lucas ' 15 - page outline that was written in 1976 , which he designed to help him keep track of the characters ' backstories and events that occurred before the original trilogy . Anakin was first written as a twelve - year - old , but Lucas reduced his age to nine because he felt the lower age would better fit the plot point of Anakin being affected by his mother 's separation from him . Eventually , Anakin 's younger age led Lucas to rewrite his participation in the movie 's major scenes . The film 's working title was The Beginning ; Lucas later revealed that its true title was The Phantom Menace ; a reference to Palpatine hiding his true identity as an evil Sith Lord behind the facade of a well - intentioned public servant . The larger budget and possibilities opened up by the use of digital effects made Lucas `` think about a much grander , more epic scale -- '' which is what I wanted Star Wars to be `` . The story ended with five simultaneous , ongoing plots , one leading to another . The central plot is Palpatine 's intent to become Chancellor , which leads to the Trade Federation 's attack on Naboo , the Jedi being sent there , Anakin being met along the way , and the rise of the Sith Lords . As with the original trilogy , Lucas intended The Phantom Menace to illustrate several themes throughout the narrative . Duality is a frequent theme ; Amidala is a queen who passes as a handmaiden , Palpatine plays on both sides of the war , among others . `` Balance '' is frequently suggested ; Anakin is supposedly `` the one '' chosen to bring balance to the Force -- Lucas said , `` Anakin needed to have a mother , Obi - Wan needed a Master , Darth Sidious needed an apprentice '' as without interaction and dialogue `` you would n't have drama '' . In November 2015 , Ron Howard confirmed that he , Robert Zemeckis and Steven Spielberg were approached by Lucas to direct The Phantom Menace . All three approached directors told Lucas that he should direct the film , as they each found the project `` too daunting . '' Pre-production and design ( edit ) Before Lucas had started writing , his producing partner Rick McCallum was preparing for the film . McCallum stated that his experience with The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles led to many of his decisions on The Phantom Menace , such as long - term deals with actors and soundstages , the employment of recent graduates with no film experience , and the creation of sets and landscapes with digital technology . In April 1994 , McCallum started searching for artists in art , architecture and design schools , and in mid-year he began location scouting with production designer Gavin Bocquet . Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) art director Doug Chiang impressed McCallum the most and was hired as the design director . Within three to four months of Lucas beginning the writing process , Chiang and his design team started a two - year process of reviewing thousands of designs for the film . Chiang stated that Lucas intended Episode I to be stylistically different from the other Star Wars films ; it would be `` richer and more like a period piece , since it was the history leading up to A New Hope '' . The three planets on which the story takes place -- some with varied environments such as the human and Gungan cities of Naboo and three buildings in Coruscant . With the exception of the Gungan city , which had an art nouveau - inspired visual , these locations would be given distinctive looks with some basis in the real world . The concept drawings of Ralph McQuarrie for the original trilogy served as the basis for Mos Espa -- which was also inspired by old Tunisian hotels and buildings and had touches such as a market place to differentiate it from A New Hope 's Mos Eisley -- and Coruscant , in particular a metropolis design which became the basis for the Senate . Bocquet would later develop the work of Chiang 's team and design the interiors , translating the concepts into construction blueprints with environments and architectural styles that had some basis in reality `` to give the audience something to key into '' . Some elements were directly inspired by the original trilogy ; Lucas described the battle droids as predecessors to the Stormtroopers . Chiang uses that orientation to base the droids on the Imperial soldiers , only in the same style of stylized and elongated features seen in tribal African art . Terryl Whitlatch , who had a background on zoology and anatomy , was in charge of creature design . Many of the aliens are hybrids , combining features of real animals . At times entire food chains were developed even though only a small percentage of them would appear in the film . Whitlatch also designed detailed skeletons for the major characters and facial muscles on Jar Jar Binks as a reference for ILM 's animators . Each creature would reflect its environment ; those on Naboo were more beautiful because the planet is `` lush and more animal - friendly '' , Tatooine has rough - looking creatures `` with weather - beaten leathery skin to protect them from the harsh desert elements '' , and Coruscant has bipedal , human - looking aliens . Qui - Gon Jinn and Obi - Wan Kenobi dueling Darth Maul . Lucas wanted the lightsaber battles to be fast and more intense , depicting the Jedi in their prime . Stunt coordinator Nick Gillard was recruited to create a new Jedi fighting style for the prequel trilogy . Gillard likened the lightsaber battles to a chess game `` with every move being a check '' . Because of their short - range weapons , Gillard thought the Jedi would have had to develop a fighting style that merged every swordfighting style , such as kendo and other kenjutsu styles , with other swinging techniques , such as tennis swings and tree - chopping . While training Liam Neeson and Ewan McGregor , Gillard wrote a sequence which lasted around 60 seconds and intended to be around five or six sequences per fight . Lucas later referred to the Jedi as `` negotiators '' rather than high - casualty soldiers . The preference of hand - to - hand combat was intended to give a spiritual and intellectual role to the Jedi . Because Gillard thought the stunt jumps with the actors and stuntmen dangling from wires did not look realistic , air rams were used to propel them into the air instead . Lucas decided to make elaborate costumes because the film 's society was more sophisticated than the one depicted in the original trilogy . Designer Trisha Biggar and her team created over 1,000 costumes that were inspired by various cultures . Biggar worked closely with concept designer Iain McCaig to create a color palette for the inhabitants of each world : Tatooine followed A New Hope with sun - bleached sand colors , Coruscant had grays , browns and blacks , and Naboo had green and gold for humans while Gungans wore `` a leathery look , like their skin '' . The Jedi costumes followed the tradition from the original film ; Obi - Wan 's costume was inspired by the costume that was worn by Guinness . Lucas said he and Biggar would look at the conceptual art to `` translat ( e ) all of these designs into cloth and fabric and materials that would actually work and not look silly '' . Biggar also consulted Gillard to ensure the costumes would accommodate action scenes , and consulted the creature department to find which fabrics `` would n't wear too heavily '' on the alien skins . A huge wardrobe department was set up at Leavesden Film Studios to create over 250 costumes for the main actors and 5,000 for the background ones . Nute Gunray 's Thai accent was chosen after Lucas and McCallum listened to various languages to decide how the Neimodians would speak . The character design of Watto was an amalgam of rejected ideas ; his expressions were based on video footage of Secombe 's voice acting , photographs of animation supervisor Rob Coleman imitating the character , and modeler Steve Alpin saying Watto 's lines to a mirror . Lucas described Sebulba 's design as `` a spider crossed with an orangutan crossed with a sloth '' , with a camel - like face , and clothing inspired by medieval armor . Casting ( edit ) After Samuel L. Jackson expressed interest in appearing in a Star Wars film , he was approached by casting director Robin Gurland to play Windu . Ray Park , a martial arts champion with experience in gymnastics and sword fighting , was originally a member of the stunt crew . Stunt coordinator Nick Gillard filmed Park to demonstrate his conception of the lightsaber battles . Lucas and McCallum were so impressed with the test tape that they gave Park the role of Maul . His voice was considered `` too squeaky '' and was dubbed over in post-production by Peter Serafinowicz . Keira Knightley 's parents tried to convince her not to audition , but the teenage actress still sought a role since she was a Star Wars fan . The casting was influenced by Knightley 's remarkable similarity to Natalie Portman , with the actress admitting their mothers could not tell each other apart . Knightley was reported to have `` cried every single day '' due to finding the wardrobe uncomfortable . Silas Carson was cast as Nute Gunray because another actor was uncomfortable with the costumes used by the Trade Federation characters , which were hot , exerted a lot of pressure on the bearer , and took about 15 minutes to apply . Hugh Quarshie considered the part of Panaka as `` a good career move '' and a production that would be fun to make . Brian Blessed originally auditioned for the role of Sio Bibble , the Governor of Naboo , for which he was considered `` too loud '' . Casting director Robin Gurland approached him to play Nass because it was a `` bigger than life '' character with `` a kind of bravado '' . Blessed described Nass as a `` reluctant hero '' , and a fun role to play . Sofia Coppola , daughter of Lucas ' long - time friend and creative partner Francis Ford Coppola , considers Lucas as `` like an uncle to me '' . As she prepared the script for her directorial debut The Virgin Suicides , Sofia heard Lucas would make a new Star Wars film and asked him if she could accompany him during filming . Lucas offered Coppola a role in the royal entourage , which she accepted because it `` seemed like a good vantage point to watch without getting in the way '' . Filming ( edit ) See also : List of Star Wars filming locations Remains of Mos Espa in the Tunisian desert , near Nafta . Filming began on June 26 , 1997 , and ended on September 30 of that year , primarily taking place at Leavesden Film Studios in England . Leavesden was leased for a two and a half years so the production company could leave the sets intact and return after principal photography had been completed . The forest scenes on Naboo were filmed at Cassiobury Park in Watford , Hertfordshire . Pick - ups were shot between August 1998 and February 1999 after Lucas screened a rough cut of the film for friends and colleagues in May 1998 . Most of the action and stunts were filmed by Roger Christian 's second unit , which worked alongside the main unit instead of afterwards because of the high number of shots to be completed daily . The Tunisian desert was again used for the Tatooine scenes ; Mos Espa was built outside the city of Tozeur . On the night following the third day of shooting in Tozeur , an unexpected sandstorm destroyed many of the sets and props . The production was quickly rescheduled to allow for repairs and was able to leave Tunisia on the date originally planned . The Italian Caserta Palace was used as the interior of the Theed City Naboo Palace ; it was used as a location for four days after it had been closed to visitors . Scenes with explosions were filmed on replica sets in Leavesden . The Palace of Caserta , in Italy , was the location for the Naboo Royal Palace . A binder with the film 's storyboards served as a reference for live - action filming , shots that would be filmed in front of a chroma key blue screen , and shots that would be composed using CGI . The sets were often built with the parts that would be required on screen ; often they were built only up to the heights of the actors . Chroma key was extensively used for digital set extensions , backgrounds or scenes that required cinematographer David Tattersall to seek powerful lamps to light the sets and visual effects supervisor John Knoll to develop software that would remove the blue reflection from shiny floors . Knoll , who remained on set through most of the production , worked closely with Tatterstall to ensure that the shots were suitable to add effects later . The cameras were fitted with data capture models to provide technical data for the CGI artists . The Phantom Menace was the final Star Wars film to be shot on 35mm film until Episode VII ( Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . Some scenes , mostly of elements filmed by the special effects team , were shot on high definition , digital video tapes to test the performance of digital recordings , which Lucas and McCallum considered the next logical step because of the amount of digitizing -- an expensive process compared to recording directly on digital media -- for the compositing of computer - generated effects . All future films would be shot using Sony CineAlta high - definition video cameras . Greg Proops and Scott Capurro were filmed wearing makeup and blue bodysuits so their heads could be joined in a computer - generated body . The visual effects crew did not like the original results and crafted Fode and Beed as an entirely computer generated alien . Editing took two years ; Paul Martin Smith started the process in England and focused on dialogue - heavy scenes . Ben Burtt -- who was also the film 's sound editor -- was responsible for action sequences under Lucas ' supervision . Non-linear editing systems played a large part in translating Lucas ' vision ; he constantly tweaked , revised and reworked shots and scenes . The final sound mix was added in March 1999 and the following month the film was completed after the delivery of the remaining visual effects shots . Effects ( edit ) `` Writing the script was much more enjoyable this time around because I was n't constrained by anything . You ca n't write one of these movies without knowing how you 're going to accomplish it . With CG at my disposal , I knew I could do whatever I wanted '' . -- George Lucas The film saw breakthrough in computer generated effects . About 1,950 of the shots in The Phantom Menace have visual effects . The scene in which toxic gas is released on the Jedi is the only sequence with no digital alteration . The work was so extensive that three visual effects supervisors divided the workload among themselves -- John Knoll supervised the on - set production and the podrace and space battle sequences , Dennis Muren supervised the underwater sequence and the ground battle , and Scott Squires , alongside teams assigned for miniature effects and character animation , worked on the lightsaber effects . Until the film 's production , many special effects in the film industry were achieved using miniature models , matte paintings , and on - set visual effects -- although other films had made extensive use of CGI . Knoll previewed 3,500 storyboards for the film ; Lucas accompanied him to explain factors of the shots that would be practical and those which would be created through visual effects . Knoll later said that on hearing the explanations of the storyboards , he did not know how to accomplish what he had seen . The result was a mixture of original techniques and the newest digital techniques to make it difficult for the viewer to guess which technique was being used . Knoll and his visual effects team wrote new computer software , including cloth simulators to allow a realistic depiction of the digital characters ' clothing , to create certain shots . Another goal was to create computer - generated characters that could act seamlessly with live - action actors . While filming scenes with CGI characters , Lucas would block the characters using their corresponding voice actors on - set . The voice actors were then removed and the live - action actors would perform the same scene alone . A CGI character would later be added into the shot to complete the conversation . Lucas also used CGI to correct the physical presence of actors in certain scenes . Practical models were used when their visuals helped with miniature sceneries for backgrounds , set extensions , and model vehicles that would be scanned to create the digital models or filmed to represent spaceships and podraces . Lucas , who had previously confronted problems with the props used to depict R2 - D2 , allowed ILM and the production 's British special effects department to create their own versions of the robot . Nine R2 - D2 models were created ; one was for actor Kenny Baker to be dropped into , seven were built by ILM and featured two wheelchair motors capable of moving 440 pounds ( 200 kg ) , enabling it to run and be mostly used in stage sets , and the British studio produced a pneumatic R2 - D2 that could shift from two to three legs and was mostly used in Tunisia because its motor drive system allowed it to drive over sand . Lucas originally planned to create many of the aliens with computer graphics , but those that would be more cost - effectively realized with masks and animatronics were created by Nick Dudman 's creature effects team . These included the Neimodians , background characters in Mos Espa , the Jedi Council , and the Galactic Senate . Dudman 's team was told where the creatures would be required six months before principal photography begun , and they rushed the production . The Neimodian suits , which were originally intended as digital characters , were delivered one day before they would be required on set . Dudman traveled to Skywalker Ranch to see the original creatures that could be reused , and read the script for a breakdown of scenes with practical creatures , leaving only the more outlandish designs to be created using CGI . To research for the podrace vehicles , the visual effects crew visited a jet aircraft junkyard outside Phoenix , Arizona and scavenged four Boeing 747 engines . Life - sized replicas of the engines were built and sent to Tunisia to provide reference in the film . Except for Jake Lloyd inside a hydraulically controlled cockpit and a few practical podracer models , the entire podracing scene -- which the effects crew designed to be as `` out of this world '' as possible -- is computer - generated . Music ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( soundtrack ) As with previous Star Wars films , Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace 's score was composed and conducted by John Williams . He started composing the score in October 1998 and began recording the music with the London Voices and London Symphony Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios on February 10 , 1999 . Williams decided to use electronic instruments such as synthesizers to enhance the sound and choral pieces to `` capture the magical , mystical force that a regular orchestra might not have been able to provide '' , and create an atmosphere that was `` more mysterious and mystical and less military '' than those of the original trilogy . One of the most notable tracks is `` Duel of the Fates '' , which uses the chorus to give a religious , temple - like feel to the epic lightsaber duel . The track was made into a music video . While composing Anakin 's theme , Williams tried to reflect the innocence of his childhood and to foreshadow his transformation into Darth Vader by using slight suggestions of `` The Imperial March '' in the melody . The film 's soundtrack was released by Sony Classical Records on May 4 , 1999 . This album featured the score , which Williams restructured as a listening experience ; it is not presented in film order and omits many notable cues from the film because of the space restriction of the compact disc . A two - disc `` Ultimate Edition '' was released on November 14 , 2000 . The set features almost the entire score as it is heard in the film , including all of the edits and loops that were made for the sound mix . Themes ( edit ) See also : Star Wars sources and analogues The face of Darth Maul drew upon depictions of the devil . Like previous Star Wars films , The Phantom Menace makes several references to historical events and films that George Lucas watched in his youth . The Star Wars films typically mix several concepts from different mythologies together . The Jedi practice Zen - like meditation and martial arts , as did the ancient Japanese Samurai warriors . The name `` Qui - Gon '' adapts the term qigong , which refers to a Chinese discipline involving meditation and cultivation of the flow of the vital energy called `` Chi '' or `` Qi '' for healing , health and combat . The words Ch'i ( Chinese ) , gi ( Korean ) , ki ( Japanese ) and the Indian term `` Prana '' all refer to the energy that is thought to flow through all living things , from the source of all chi ( or power ) which is `` The Way '' or `` The Tao '' in Chinese philosophy . In Taoist philosophy , from The Way , yin and yang -- the opposing but complementary aspects of reality or nature -- are born . Unlike Chinese philosophy , in which yin and yang are not moral qualities , the ancient Persian philosophy of Zurvanism taught that the dualism of dark and light forces are locked in an eternal battle while being two sides ( or evolutes ) of the same `` Force '' , the force of time itself ( Zurvan ) -- the prime mover . These elements derive primarily from Eastern and Iranian religions and myths . There are many references to Christian beliefs in the film , such as the appearance of Darth Maul , whose design draws heavily from traditional depictions of the Christian devil , complete with red skin and horns . Maul 's facial tattoos were inspired by the indigenous peoples of Brazil . The Star Wars film cycle features a similar Christian narrative involving Anakin Skywalker ; he is the `` chosen one '' -- the individual prophesied to bring balance to the Force -- who was conceived of a virgin birth and is tempted to join the Sith . Anakin 's fall from grace seemingly prevents him from fulfilling his destiny as the `` chosen one '' ( until Return of the Jedi reveals the prophecy was ultimately true ) . The inspiration behind the story of the virgin birth parallels a concept developed by Joseph Campbell and his work on The Hero with a Thousand Faces , which heavily influenced Lucas ' writing of the original Star Wars trilogy 's outline . Japanese films such as Akira Kurosawa 's The Hidden Fortress influenced the original Star Wars film ; scholars say that The Phantom Menace was likewise influenced by Korean and Japanese culture . Film historians Geoff King and Tanya Krzywinska write , `` The costume and make - up designs ... favour a mixture of the gothic and the oriental ( sic ) over anything very futuristic . The gothic is most strongly apparent in Darth Maul 's demonic horns and the red and black make - up mask that borrows from the facial designs found in depictions of Japanese demons '' . King and Krzywinska say that `` Qui - Gon 's pony tail and Obi - Wan 's position of apprentice further encourage a reading in terms of the Samurai tradition '' . They also say `` Amidala , in keeping with her status and character , has a number of highly formal outfits ... to go with hair sculpted into a curve that frames make - up of a Japanese cast '' . Release ( edit ) The release on May 19 , 1999 , of the first new Star Wars film in 16 years was accompanied by a considerable amount of attention . Few film studios released films during the same week : DreamWorks and Universal Studios released The Love Letter on May 21 and Notting Hill on May 28 , respectively . The Love Letter was a commercial failure but Notting Hill fared better and followed The Phantom Menace closely in second place . Employment consultant firm Challenger , Gray & Christmas estimated that 2.2 million full - time employees missed work to attend the film , resulting in a US $293 million loss of productivity . According to The Wall Street Journal , so many workers announced plans to view the premiere that many companies closed on the opening day . Queue areas formed outside cinema theaters over a month before ticket sales began . More theater lines appeared when it was announced that cinemas were not allowed to sell tickets in advance until two weeks into the release . This was because of a fear that family theater - goers would be either unable to receive tickets or would be forced to pay higher prices for them . Instead , tickets were to be sold on a first - come - first - served basis . However , after meetings with the National Association of Theatre Owners , Lucasfilm agreed to allow advance ticket sales on May 12 , 1999 , provided there was a limit of 12 tickets per customer . As a result , some advance tickets were sold by scalpers at prices as high as US $100 apiece , which a distribution chief called `` horrible '' and said it was exactly what they wanted to avoid . Daily Variety reported that theater owners received strict instructions from Lucasfilm that the film could only play in the cinema 's largest auditorium for the first 8 -- 12 weeks , no honor passes were allowed for the first eight weeks , and they were obliged to send their payments to distributor 20th Century Fox within seven days . Despite worries about the film being finished on time , two weeks before its theatrical release Lucasfilm preponed the release date from May 21 to 19 , 1999 . At the ShoWest Convention , Lucas said the change was intended to give the fans a `` head start '' by allowing them to view it during the week and allowing families to view it during weekends . Foreshadowing his future conversion to digital cinematography , Lucas said the film would be released on four digital projectors on June 18 , 1999 . Eleven charity premieres were staged across the United States on May 16 , 1999 ; receipts from the Los Angeles event , where corporate packages were available for between US $5,000 and US $25,000 ; proceeds were donated to the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation . Other charity premieres included the Dallas premiere for the Children 's Medical Center , the Aubrey Fund for Pediatric Cancer Research at the Sloan - Kettering Hospital in New York , the Big Brother / Sister Association of the Philadelphia premiere , and the Children 's National Medical Center in Washington , D.C. A statement said that tickets were sold at US $500 apiece and that certain sections of the theaters were set aside for disadvantaged children . Marketing ( edit ) Lucasfilm spent US $20 million on the film 's advertising campaign and made promotional licensing deals with Hasbro , Lego , Tricon Global Restaurants , and PepsiCo . Lucasfilm also helped the Star Wars fan club to organize an event called Star Wars Celebration , which was held in Denver , Colorado between April 30 and May 2 , 1999 . The teaser trailer was released on selected screens accompanying Meet Joe Black on November 13 , 1998 , and media reported that people were paying full admission at theaters to see the trailer . To keep fans from leaving before the movie was over , some theaters played the teaser an additional time after the film finished . A second trailer was released on March 12 , 1999 , with the film Wing Commander . Again , many fans paid full theater admission to watch the new trailer . A bootlegged version of the preview was leaked to the Internet the same day . The next morning , the trailer was released on the film 's official website and shortly afterwards the servers became overloaded . The theatrical trailer caused even more media attention because it was premiered in theaters and screened at the ShoWest Convention in Las Vegas , and was aired on Entertainment Tonight and Access Hollywood . The teaser poster , featuring Anakin with his shadow forming Darth Vader 's silhouette , was released on November 10 , 1998 . After Lucas opted for a drawn theatrical poster , Drew Struzan , the artist responsible for the Special Edition posters , was commissioned to illustrate , and the poster was unveiled on March 11 , 1999 . Lucasfilm dictated that , contractually , Struzan 's illustration was the only art the foreign distributors could use , and other than the text , it could not be modified in any way . Many tie - in adaptations , such as a LucasArts video game for the PlayStation and PC , a pinball machine by Williams , a four - part comic book adaptation by Dark Horse Comics , and a junior novelization by Scholastic were released . The film 's official novelization was written by Terry Brooks , who met with Lucas before writing the book and receiving his approval and guidance . It included information about pending developments in the following two installments of the series . General Mills and Brisk were promotional partners in North America for the 2012 3D re-release but promotion was limited . The film was extensively promoted in Japan ; promotional products were sold by 7 - Eleven , Domino 's Pizza , Pepsi and Gari - Gari Kun . Kellogg 's promoted the film internationally , and French restaurant Quick launched three Star Wars - themed burgers . Lucasfilm also partnered with Variety , the Children 's Charity to raise funds for children through the sale of a special edition badge . Home media ( edit ) Comparison between the puppet of Yoda , present in the theatrical and DVD releases , and the computer - generated model , present in the Blu - ray Disc and 3D releases . The film was released worldwide on VHS between April 3 and 8 , 2000 . Two versions were released in North America on April 4 -- a standard pan and scan version and a widescreen Collector 's Edition version . In its first two days of availability , the regular version sold 4.5 million copies and the limited edition sold 500,000 . It was the first Star Wars film to be officially released on DVD , on October 16 , 2001 . The special features included seven deleted scenes completed specifically for the DVD , a commentary track featuring Lucas and producer Rick McCallum , and several documentaries -- including a full - length documentary entitled `` The Beginning : Making Episode I '' . The Phantom Menace became the fastest selling DVD ever in the U.S. ; 2.2 million copies were sold in its first week after release . The DVD version was re-released in a prequel trilogy box set on November 4 , 2008 . A Laserdisc version of The Phantom Menace was released in Japan several months before it was available on DVD in the U.S. The Star Wars films were released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu - ray Disc on September 16 , 2011 ; The Phantom Menace was restored to improve the picture quality and remove the magnification present on the previous DVD release , restoring approximately 8 percent of the picture to the frame . In the Blu - ray release of The Phantom Menace , the Yoda puppet was replaced with a CGI model , making it consistent with the other films of the prequel trilogy . On April 7 , 2015 , Walt Disney Studios , 20th Century Fox , and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released The Phantom Menace through the iTunes Store , Amazon Video , Vudu , Google Play , and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 10 , 2015 . 3D re-release ( edit ) Poster for the 3D re-release of The Phantom Menace . On September 28 , 2010 , it was announced that all six films in the series would be stereo - converted to 3D . These would be re-released in episode order , beginning with The Phantom Menace , which was released to cinemas in February 10 , 2012 . Prime Focus Limited did the conversion under close supervision by ILM . However , the 3D re-releases of Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones and Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith were postponed after Lucasfilm was bought by The Walt Disney Company , which decided to focus on the development of Star Wars : The Force Awakens . Lucas stated the 3D re-release was `` just a conversion '' of the film 's 2011 Blu - ray release and no additional changes were made . Only a change to Anakin 's magnetic wand during the podrace scene -- its tip was sharpened to more accurately fit the original 2D photography to the new 3D image -- was confirmed . Novelization ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( novel ) Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 55 % based on 212 reviews , with an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Burdened by exposition and populated with stock characters , The Phantom Menace gets the Star Wars prequels off to a bumpy -- albeit visually dazzling -- start . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 51 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . On both sites , it is the lowest - rated film in the Star Wars film series , excluding the animated feature The Clone Wars . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Many aspects of the scripting were criticized , especially that of the character Jar Jar Binks , who was regarded by many members of the older fan community as toyetic -- a merchandising opportunity rather than a serious character . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described Binks as `` a major miscue , a comic - relief character who 's frankly not funny . '' Drew Grant of Salon.com wrote `` Perhaps the absolute creative freedom director George Lucas enjoyed while dreaming up the flick 's ' comic ' relief -- with no studio execs and not many an independently minded actor involved -- is a path to the dark side . '' Red Letter Media produced a highly critical 70 minute video review narrated by a fictional `` Harry S. Plinkett '' , which went into great detail on their criticisms of the film and went viral , receiving over 7 million views . Among the many criticisms was the assertion that the film lacked basic structure , such as having a protagonist . Conversely , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave it three - and - a-half stars out of four and called it `` an astonishing achievement in imaginative filmmaking '' and said `` Lucas tells a good story . '' Ebert also wrote that `` If some of the characters are less than compelling , perhaps that 's inevitable '' because it is the opening film in the new trilogy . He concluded his review by saying that rather than Star Trek films , filmmakers could `` ( g ) ive me transparent underwater cities and vast hollow senatorial spheres any day . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a `` B '' grade and complimented Liam Neeson 's performance and the action scenes . In an Entertainment Weekly review for the DVD release , Marc Bernardin gave the film a `` C - '' , calling it `` haplessly plotted , horribly written , and juvenile '' . ReelViews ' James Berardinelli wrote : Looking at the big picture , in spite of all its flaws , The Phantom Menace is still among the best `` bang for a buck '' fun that can be had in a movie theater . It is n't as fresh as the original Star Wars nor does it have the thematic richness and narrative complexity of The Empire Strikes Back , but it is a distinct improvement over Return of the Jedi . In fact , after Return of the Jedi , I did n't have a burning desire to return to this galaxy ' far , far away ' , but , with The Phantom Menace , Lucas has revived my interest . Now , it 's with genuine regret that I realize the next segment of the series is three long years away . Andrew Johnston of Time Out New York wrote `` Let 's face it : no film could ever match the expectations some have for Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . Which is n't to say it 's a disappointment : on the contrary , it 's awesomely entertaining , provided you accept it on its own terms ... Like the original film , it 's a Boy 's Own adventure yarn with a corny but irresistible spiritual subtext . The effects and production design are stunning , but they always serve the story , not the other way around . '' Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today said the film did `` plenty right '' and praised the characters Darth Maul and Watto . David Cornelius of efilmcritic.com said the film 's better moments `` do n't merely balance out the weaker ones -- they topple them . '' Colin Kennedy of Empire magazine said that despite problems with pacing and writing , `` there is still much pleasure to be had watching our full - blown Jedi guides in action . '' He praised the visuals and Liam Neeson 's performance , and said the duel between Darth Maul and the Jedi was `` the saga 's very best lightsaber battle '' . Empire magazine ranked The Phantom Menace on its list of `` 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' , while Entertainment Weekly and Comcast included the film on their lists of the worst movie sequels . James Berardinelli wrote `` The Phantom Menace was probably the most overhyped motion picture of the last decade ( if not longer ) , and its reputation suffered as a result of its inability to satisfy unreasonable expectations . '' William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer agreed that the film 's massive hype caused many of the negative reactions , saying `` it built expectations that ca n't possibly be matched and scuttled ( the ) element of storytelling surprise . '' He also said the film was `` well made and entertaining '' and was much better than similar box office fare released around that year , such as The Mummy and The Matrix . The introduction of midi - chlorians -- microscopic organisms that mediate use of the Force -- in the film has been controversial among fans . Some viewed it as a concept that negates the Force 's spiritual quality , although the film still portrays the Force as a mysterious entity using the midi - chlorians to communicate with living beings . Film historian Daniel Dinello says `` Anathema to Star Wars fanatics who thought they reduced the Force to a kind of viral infection , midi - chlorians provide a biological interface , the link between physical bodies and spiritual energy . '' Religion expert John D. Caputo writes `` In the ' Gospel according to Lucas ' , a world is conjured up in which the intractable oppositions that have tormented religious thinkers for centuries are reconciled ... The gifts that the Jedi masters enjoy have a perfectly plausible scientific basis , even if its ways are mysterious : their bodily cells have a heavier than usual concentration of ' midi - chlorians ' . '' After the film 's release , there was controversy over whether several alien characters reflect racial stereotypes . For example , the oafish , slow - witted Jar Jar Binks had long droopy ears reminiscent of dreadlocks and spoke with what many perceived as a Caribbean patois reminiscent of Jamaican Creole . The greedy and corrupt Neimoidians of the Trade Federation spoke with East Asian accents and the unprincipled trader Watto has been interpreted as a Jewish stereotype reminiscent of Charles Dickens ' character Fagin . Lucas has denied all of these implications , instead criticizing the American media for using opinions from the Internet as a reliable source for news stories . Lucas added that it reflected more the racism of the commenters than it does the movie ; however , animator Rob Coleman said he viewed footage of Alec Guinness as Fagin in Oliver Twist to inspire his animators in the creation of Watto . Drew Grant described Jar Jar Binks as `` ( s ) ervile and cowardly ... a black minstrel - ish stereotype on par with Stepin Fetchit . '' Michael Eric Dyson , professor of African - American studies at Georgetown University , said the entire Gungan people seem oddly suggestive of a primitive African tribe . Dyson said `` The leader of Jar Jar 's tribe is a fat , bumbling buffoon with a rumbling voice , and he seems to be a caricature of a stereotypical African tribal chieftain . '' Box Office performance ( edit ) Despite its mixed critical reception , The Phantom Menace was a financial success , breaking many box office records in its debut . It broke The Lost World : Jurassic Park 's records for the largest single - day gross for taking more than $28 million in the opening day and fastest to gross $100 million in five days . It grossed $64.8 million in its opening weekend , the second - ever highest at the time . It also became the quickest film to reach the $200 million and $300 million marks , surpassing Independence Day ( 1996 ) and Titanic ( 1997 ) respectively . The Phantom Menace was 1999 's most successful film , earning $431.1 million in North America and $493.2 million in other territories , taking $924.3 million worldwide . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 84.8 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . At that time , the film was the third highest - grossing film in North America behind Titanic and Star Wars ( 1977 ) , and the second highest - grossing film worldwide behind Titanic without adjusting for inflation of ticket prices . When adjusted for ticket price inflation , it ranked as the 19th - highest - grossing film domestically , making it the fourth Star Wars film to be in the Inflation - Adjusted Top 20 . Outside North America , the film grossed over $10 million in Australia ( $25.9 million ) , Brazil ( $10.4 million ) , France and Algeria ( $43 million ) , Germany ( $53.9 million ) , Italy ( $12.9 million ) , Japan ( $109.9 million ) , Mexico ( $12 million ) , Spain ( $25 million ) , and the United Kingdom and Ireland ( $81.9 million ) . After its 3D re-release in 2012 , the worldwide box office gross exceeded $1 billion . Although in the intervening years , the film had lost some of its rankings in the lists of highest - grossing films , the 3D re-release returned it to the worldwide all - time Top 10 for several months . In North America , its revenues overtook those of the original Star Wars as the saga 's highest - grossing film when not adjusting for inflation of ticket prices , and is the tenth highest - grossing film in North America as of August 2017 . In North America , its ranking on the Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation list climbed to 16th place -- one place behind Return of the Jedi . The 3D re-release , which premiered in February 2012 , earned $43 million -- $22.5 million of which was in North America -- worldwide . The 3D re-release earned US $102,727,119 worldwide -- including $43.5 million in North America -- and has increased the film 's overall box office takings to $474.5 million domestically , and $552.5 million in other territories . The film 's earnings exceeded $1 billion worldwide on February 22 , 2012 , making it the first Star Wars film and the 11th film in history -- excluding inflation -- to do so . Accolades ( edit ) The Phantom Menace was nominated for three Academy Awards : Best Sound Editing , Best Visual Effects , and Best Sound Mixing ( Gary Rydstrom , Tom Johnson , Shawn Murphy , and John Midgley ) ; all of which went to The Matrix . The film won Saturn Awards for Best Costumes and Best Special Effects , the MTV Movie Award for Best Action Scene , and a Young Artist Award for Jake Lloyd 's performance . It was also nominated for -- among others -- the BAFTAs for Visual Effects and Sound , and the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media . The film did however receive seven Golden Raspberry Award ( Razzie ) nominations for Worst Picture , Worst Director , Worst Screenplay , Worst Supporting Actor ( Jake Lloyd as Anakin ) , Worst Supporting Actress ( Sofia Coppola as Saché ) , Worst Screen Couple ( Jake Lloyd and Natalie Portman ) , and Jar Jar Binks actor Ahmed Best won the Worst Supporting Actor category . Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones and Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith A sequel , Attack of the Clones , was released in 2002 . A second sequel , Revenge of the Sith , was released in 2005 . The story continues a decade later with Anakin Skywalker now grown to adulthood with the character now played by Hayden Christensen . See also ( edit ) Star Wars portal Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Science fiction portal List of films featuring space stations List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of Star Wars films and television series Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Theatrical and home media distribution rights will be transferred from 20th Century Fox to the Walt Disney Studios in May 2020 . The digital distribution rights belong to Disney , as Lucasfilm retained the film 's digital distribution rights prior to its acquisition by Disney . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Tangled Rights Could Tie Up Ultimate ' Star Wars ' Box Set ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Walt Disney Company FY 2013 SEC Form 10 - K Filing '' ( PDF ) . The Walt Disney Company . November 20 , 2013 . p. 13 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Prior to the Company 's acquisition , Lucasfilm produced six Star Wars films ( Episodes 1 through 6 ) . Lucasfilm retained the rights to consumer products related to all of the films and the rights related to television and electronic distribution formats for all of the films , with the exception of the rights for Episode 4 , which are owned by a third - party studio . All of the films are distributed by a third - party studio in the theatrical and home video markets . The theatrical and home video distribution rights for these films revert to Lucasfilm in May 2020 with the exception of Episode 4 , for which these distribution rights are retained in perpetuity by the third - party studio . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace '' . British Board of Film Classification . 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The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film ( Star Wars ) . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49476 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace '' dated March 16 , 2007 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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1803074376007404082 | Arizona Cardinals | Arizona Cardinals - wikipedia Arizona Cardinals Arizona Cardinals Current season Established 1898 ; 120 years ago ( 1898 ) First season : 1920 Play in State Farm Stadium Glendale , Arizona Headquartered in Tempe , Arizona Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1920 -- present ) Western Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Century Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- 2001 ) NFC West ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Cardinal red , black , white Mascot Big Red Personnel Owner ( s ) Bill Bidwill Chairman Bill Bidwill President Michael Bidwill General manager Steve Keim Head coach Steve Wilks Team history Morgan Athletic Club ( 1898 ) Racine Normals ( 1898 - 1901 ) Racine Cardinals ( 1901 - 1906 : 1913 - 1920 ) Since 1920 : Chicago Cardinals ( 1920 -- 1943 , 1945 -- 1959 ) Card - Pitt ( 1944 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1960 -- 1987 ) Phoenix Cardinals ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 1994 -- present ) Team nicknames The Cards Big Red Red Sea Championships League championships ( 2 ) NFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 2 ) 1925 * , 1947 Conference championships ( 1 ) NFC : 2008 Division championships ( 7 ) NFL West : 1947 , 1948 NFC East : 1974 , 1975 NFC West : 2008 , 2009 , 2015 Playoff appearances ( 10 ) NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1974 , 1975 , 1982 , 1998 , 2008 , 2009 , 2014 , 2015 Home fields Normal Field ( 1898 -- 1919 ) Since 1920 : Normal Park ( 1920 -- 1921 , 1926 -- 1928 ) Comiskey Park ( 1922 -- 1925 , 1929 -- 1930 , 1939 -- 1958 ) Wrigley Field ( 1931 -- 1938 ) Soldier Field ( 1959 , 4 games ) Metropolitan Stadium ( 1959 , 2 games ) Sportsman 's Park ( 1960 -- 1965 ) Busch Memorial Stadium ( 1966 -- 1987 ) Sun Devil Stadium ( 1988 -- 2005 ) State Farm Stadium ( 2006 -- present ) The Arizona Cardinals are a professional American football franchise based in the Phoenix metropolitan area . The Cardinals compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The Cardinals were founded as the Morgan Athletic Club in 1898 , and are the oldest continuously run professional football team in the United States . The Cardinals play their home games at State Farm Stadium , which opened in 2006 and is located in the northwestern suburb of Glendale . The team was established in Chicago in 1898 as an amateur football team and joined the NFL as a charter member on September 17 , 1920 . Along with the Chicago Bears , the club is one of two NFL charter member franchises still in operation since the league 's founding . ( The Green Bay Packers were an independent team until they joined the NFL a year after its creation in 1921 . ) The club then moved to St. Louis in 1960 and played in that city through 1987 ( sometimes referred to as the `` Football Cardinals '' or the `` Big Red '' to avoid confusion with the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball ) . Before the 1988 season , the team moved west to Tempe , Arizona , a college suburb east of Phoenix , and played their home games for the next 18 seasons at Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University . In 2006 , the club moved to their current home field in Glendale , although the team 's executive offices and training facility remain in Tempe . The franchise has won two NFL championships , both while it was based in Chicago . The first occurred in 1925 , but is the subject of controversy , with supporters of the Pottsville Maroons believing that Pottsville should have won the title . Their second title , and the first to be won in a championship game , came in 1947 , nearly two decades before the first Super Bowl . They returned to the title game to defend in 1948 , but lost the rematch 7 -- 0 in a snowstorm in Philadelphia . Since winning the championship in 1947 , the team suffered many losing seasons , and currently holds the longest active championship drought of North American sports at 70 consecutive seasons after Major League Baseball 's Chicago Cubs ended their 108 year drought in 2016 . In 2012 the Cardinals became the first NFL franchise to lose 700 games since its inception . The franchise 's all - time win - loss record ( including regular season and playoff games ) at the conclusion of the 2017 season is 557 -- 749 -- 40 ( 550 -- 740 -- 40 in the regular season , 7 -- 9 in the playoffs ) . They have been to the playoffs ten times and have won seven playoff games , three of which were victories during their run in the 2008 -- 09 NFL playoffs . During that season , they won their only NFC Championship Game since the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger , and reached Super Bowl XLIII ( losing 27 -- 23 to the Pittsburgh Steelers ) . The team has also won five division titles ( 1974 , 1975 , 2008 , 2009 and 2015 ) since their 1947 -- 48 NFL championship game appearances . The Cardinals are the only NFL team who have never lost a playoff game at home , with a 5 -- 0 record : the 1947 NFL Championship Game , two postseason victories during the aforementioned 2008 -- 09 NFL playoffs , one during the 2009 -- 10 playoffs , and one during the 2015 -- 16 playoffs . From 1988 through 2012 ( except 2005 , when they trained in Prescott ) , the Cardinals conducted their annual summer training camp at Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff . The Cardinals moved their training camp to University of Phoenix Stadium in 2013 . The stadium was the site of the 2015 Pro Bowl , unlike in past years , where it was held at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaii . The stadium also played host to Super Bowls XLII and XLIX , and will host Super Bowl LVII in 2023 . Contents 1 Franchise history 1.1 Chicago 1.2 St. Louis 1.3 Arizona 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Seasons and overall records 3.1 Single - season records 3.2 Career records 4 Players of note 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Retired numbers 4.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 4.4 Ring of Honor 5 Current staff 6 Radio and television 6.1 English radio affiliates 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Arizona Cardinals Chicago ( edit ) Main article : History of the Chicago Cardinals The franchise 's inception dates back to 1898 , when a neighborhood group gathered to play in the Chicago South Side , calling themselves Morgan Athletic Club . Chicago painting and building contractor Chris O'Brien acquired the team , which he relocated to Normal Field on Racine Avenue . The team was known as Racine Normals until 1901 , when O'Brien bought used jerseys from the University of Chicago . He described the faded maroon clothing as `` Cardinal red '' and the team became the Racine Street Cardinals . The team eventually became in 1920 a charter member of the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) , which two years later was rechristened to National Football League ( NFL ) . The team entered the league as the Racine Cardinals , however the name was changed in 1922 to Chicago Cardinals to avoid confusion with the Horlick - Racine Legion , who entered the league the same year . Except for 1925 , when they were awarded the championship after the Pottsville Maroons were suspended , the Cardinals experienced only minimal success on the playing field during their first 26 seasons in the league . During the post-World War II years , the team reached two straight NFL finals against the Philadelphia Eagles , winning in 1947 -- eight months after Charles Bidwill 's death -- and losing the following year . After years of bad seasons and losing fans to the cross-town rivals Chicago Bears , by the late 1950s the Cardinals were almost bankrupt , and owner Violet Bidwill Wolfner became interested in a relocation . St. Louis ( edit ) Main article : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( NFL ) Due to the formation of the rival American Football League , the NFL allowed Bidwill to relocate the team to St. Louis , Missouri , where they became the St. Louis Cardinals ( locally , they were called the `` Big Red '' or the `` Football Cardinals '' in order to avoid confusion with the baseball team ) . During the Cardinals ' 28 - year stay in St. Louis , they advanced to the playoffs just three times ( 1974 , 1975 & 1982 ) , never hosting or winning in any appearance . The overall mediocrity of the Cardinals , combined with a then - 21 - year - old stadium , caused game attendance to dwindle , and owner Bill Bidwill decided to move the team to Arizona . Arizona ( edit ) Not long after the 1987 NFL season , Bidwill agreed to move to Arizona on a handshake deal with state and local officials , and the team became the Phoenix Cardinals . The franchise changed its geographic name from Phoenix to Arizona on March 17 , 1994 . ( The franchise has never played in the city of Phoenix proper . ) The 1998 NFL season saw the Cardinals break two long droughts , qualifying for the playoffs for the first time in 16 years . The team got their first postseason win since 1947 by winning the Wild Card Playoffs . In 2008 , the Cardinals won the NFC Championship Game to advance to the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history . They lost Super Bowl XLIII 27 -- 23 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the final seconds . After their historic 2008 season , the Cardinals posted a 10 -- 6 record in 2009 , their first season with 10 wins in Arizona . The Cardinals clinched their second consecutive NFC West title , and were defeated by eventual Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints 45 -- 14 in the divisional playoffs . The next time they would make the playoffs would be in 2014 , when they ended up as a wild card . They set the best regular - season record in the team 's history in Arizona at 11 -- 5 , but were defeated by the 7 -- 8 -- 1 NFC South champions Carolina Panthers . The next year , the Cardinals set a franchise - best 13 -- 3 record , and clinched their first - ever first - round playoff bye as the NFC 's second seed . They defeated the Green Bay Packers 26 -- 20 in overtime , giving quarterback Carson Palmer his first playoff victory . The Cardinals then advanced to their second NFC Championship Game in their history , but were blown out by the top - seeded 15 -- 1 Panthers 49 -- 15 , committing seven turnovers . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Phoenix Cardinals uniform : 1989 -- 1995 Arizona Cardinals uniform : 1996 -- 2004 Chicago Cardinals logo . Starting in 1947 , the team had a logo of a cardinal bird perched on the stitches of a football . The Cardinals moved to Arizona in 1988 , and the flag of Arizona was added to the sleeves the following year . In 1990 , the team began wearing red pants with their white jerseys , as new coach Joe Bugel wanted to emulate his former employer , the Washington Redskins , who at the time wore burgundy pants with their white jerseys ( the Redskins later returned to their 1970s gold pants with all their jerseys ) . In 1994 , the Cardinals participated in the NFL 's 75th anniversary throwback uniform program . The jerseys were similar to those of the 1920s Chicago Cardinals , with an interlocking `` CC '' logo and three stripes on each sleeve . The uniform numbers were relocated to the right chest . The pants were khaki to simulate the color and material used in that era . The Cardinals also stripped the logos from their helmets for two games : at Cleveland and home vs. Pittsburgh . The Cardinal head on the helmet was repeated on the white jersey from 1982 to 1995 . In 1996 , the state flag of Arizona was moved higher on the sleeve after the Cardinal head was eliminated , and black was removed as an accent color , instead replaced with a blue to match the predominant color of the state flag . In 2002 , the Cardinals began to wear all - red and all - white combinations , and continued to do so through 2004 , prior to the team 's makeover . In 2005 , the team unveiled its first major changes in a century . The cardinal - head logo was updated to look sleeker and meaner than its predecessor . Numerous fans had derisively called the previous version a `` parakeet '' . Black again became an accent color after an eight - year absence , while trim lines were added to the outside shoulders , sleeves , and sides of the jerseys and pants . Both the red and white jerseys have the option of red or white pants . Hoping to break a six - game losing streak , the Cardinals wore the red pants for the first time on October 29 , 2006 , in a game at Lambeau Field against the Green Bay Packers . The Packers won 31 -- 14 , and the Cards headed into their bye week with a 1 -- 7 mark . Following the bye week , the Cardinals came out in an all - red combination at home against the Dallas Cowboys and lost , 27 -- 10 . Arizona did not wear the red pants for the remainder of the season and won four of their last seven games . However , the following season , in 2007 , the Cardinals again wore their red pants for their final 3 home games . They wore red pants with white jerseys in games on the road at the Cincinnati Bengals and Seattle Seahawks . They paired red pants with red jerseys , the all - red combination , for home games against the Detroit Lions , San Francisco 49ers , Cleveland Browns , and St. Louis Rams . The red pants were not worn at all in 2008 , but they were used in home games vs. Seattle , Minnesota , and St. Louis in 2009 . The red pants were paired with the white road jersey for the first time in three years during a 2010 game at Carolina , but the white jersey / red pants combination has not been used since . The Cardinals ' first home game in Arizona , in 1988 , saw them play in red jerseys . Thereafter , for the next 18 years in Arizona , the Cardinals , like a few other NFL teams in warm climates , wore their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season -- forcing opponents to suffer in their darker jerseys during Arizona autumns that frequently see temperatures over 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . However , this tradition did not continue when the Cardinals moved from Sun Devil Stadium to University of Phoenix Stadium in 2006 , as early - season games ( and some home games late in the season ) were played with the roof closed . With the temperature inside at a comfortable 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , the team opted to wear red jerseys at home full - time . The Cardinals wore white jerseys at home for the first time in University of Phoenix Stadium on August 29 , 2008 , in a preseason game against the Denver Broncos . The Cardinals wore white at home for the first time in a regular season game at University of Phoenix Stadium against the Houston Texans on October 11 , 2009 . In October 2009 , the NFL recognized Breast Cancer Awareness Month , and players wore pink - accented items , including gloves , wristbands , and shoes . The team thought the pink accents looked better with white uniforms than with red . From 1970 through 1983 , and again in many seasons between 1989 and 2002 , the Cardinals would wear white when hosting the Dallas Cowboys in order to force the Cowboys to don their `` jinxed '' blue jerseys . They have not done this since moving into University of Phoenix Stadium , however . The 2010 season saw the Cardinals debut a new , alternate black jersey . Prior to its introduction , the Cardinals were the only NFL team without an alternate jersey or throwback kit , save for the NFL 's 75th anniversary program in 1994 . Seasons and overall records ( edit ) Main article : List of Arizona Cardinals seasons Single - season records ( edit ) Points Scored : 489 ( 2015 ) Passing Passing yards : 4,671 -- Carson Palmer ( 2015 ) Passing touchdowns : 35 -- Carson Palmer ( 2015 ) Passes completed : 401 -- Kurt Warner ( 2008 ) Passes attempted : 598 -- Kurt Warner ( 2008 ) Longest completed pass : 98 yards -- Doug Russell ( 1932 ) ; Ogden Compton ( 1957 ) ; Jim Hart ( 1972 ) Rushing Rushing yards : 1,605 -- Ottis Anderson ( 1979 ) Rushing attempts : 337 -- Edgerrin James ( 2006 ) Rushing touchdowns : 16 -- David Johnson ( 2016 ) Rushing touchdowns ( Rookie ) : 10 -- Tim Hightower ( 2008 ) Longest rushing attempt : 83 yards -- John David Crow ( 1958 ) Rushing yards per game : 100.3 yards -- Ottis Anderson ( 1979 ) Receiving Receptions : 109 -- Larry Fitzgerald ( 2015 ) Receiving yards : 1,598 -- David Boston ( 2001 ) Receiving touchdowns : 15 -- Sonny Randle ( 1960 ) Returns Punt returns in a season : 44 -- Vai Sikahema ( 1987 ) Longest punt return : 99 yards -- Patrick Peterson ( 2011 ) Longest kickoff return : 108 yards -- David Johnson ( 2015 ) Kicking Field goals : 40 -- Neil Rackers ( 2005 ) Points after touchdown ( PAT ) s converted : 53 -- Pat Harder ( 1948 ) Punts : 112 -- Dave Zastudil ( 2012 ) Punting yards : 5,209 -- Dave Zastudil ( 2012 ) Career records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Passing yards : 34,639 , Jim Hart ( 1966 -- 1983 ) Passing touchdowns : 209 , Jim Hart ( 1966 -- 1983 ) Rushing yards : 7,999 , Ottis Anderson ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Rushing touchdowns : 46 , Ottis Anderson ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Receptions : 1,234 , Larry Fitzgerald ( 2004 -- present ) Receiving yards : 15,545 , Larry Fitzgerald ( 2004 -- present ) Passes intercepted : 52 , Larry Wilson ( 1960 -- 1972 ) Field goals made : 282 , Jim Bakken ( 1962 -- 1978 ) Points : 1,380 , Jim Bakken ( 1962 -- 1978 ) Total touchdowns : 110 , Larry Fitzgerald ( 2004 -- present ) Punt return average : 13.7 , Charley Trippi ( 1947 -- 1955 ) Kickoff return average : 28.5 , Ollie Matson ( 1952 , 1954 -- 1958 ) Yards per punt average : 44.9 , Jerry Norton ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Sacks : 66.5 , Freddie Joe Nunn ( 1985 -- 1993 ) Tackles : 785 , Eric Hill ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Wins ( coach ) : 50 , Bruce Arians ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Players of note ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Arizona Cardinals roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Sam Bradford 7 Mike Glennon 3 Josh Rosen Running backs 32 Derrick Coleman FB 29 Chase Edmonds 31 David Johnson 22 T.J. Logan Wide receivers 11 Larry Fitzgerald 13 Christian Kirk 14 J.J. Nelson 16 Trent Sherfield 10 Chad Williams Tight ends 84 Jermaine Gresham 85 Gabe Holmes 86 Ricky Seals - Jones Offensive linemen 70 Oday Aboushi G 75 Blaine Clausell T 64 Mason Cole C 79 Korey Cunningham T 74 D.J. Humphries T 76 Mike Iupati G 62 Daniel Munyer C 67 Justin Pugh G 71 Andre Smith T 68 Jeremy Vujnovich G 73 John Wetzel T Defensive linemen 44 Markus Golden DE 95 Rodney Gunter DT 55 Chandler Jones DE 91 Benson Mayowa DE 56 Zach Moore DE 90 Robert Nkemdiche DT 98 Corey Peters DT 72 Olsen Pierre DT Linebackers 57 Josh Bynes MLB 20 Deone Bucannon OLB 92 Dennis Gardeck OLB 51 Gerald Hodges MLB 43 Haason Reddick OLB 47 Zeke Turner OLB 59 Joe Walker MLB Defensive backs 36 Budda Baker SS 23 Bené Benwikere CB 41 Antoine Bethea FS 33 Tre Boston FS 30 Rudy Ford SS 21 Patrick Peterson CB 35 Eddie Pleasant SS 28 Jamar Taylor CB 26 Brandon Williams CB Special teams 46 Aaron Brewer LS 4 Phil Dawson K 2 Andy Lee P Reserve lists 52 Jeremy Cash OLB ( IR ) 37 D.J. Foster RB ( IR ) 50 Gabe Martin OLB ( IR ) 42 Jonathan Owens S ( IR ) 53 A.Q. Shipley C ( IR ) Practice squad 25 Chris Jones CB 96 Ufomba Kamalu DE 6 Chad Kanoff QB 1 Matt McCrane K 39 Deatrick Nichols CB 61 Coleman Shelton C 65 Pasoni Tasini DT 17 Jalen Tolliver WR 89 Andrew Vollert TE 34 Brandon Wilds RB Rookies in italics Roster updated October 27 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 5 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chicago / St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals retired numbers N ° Player Position Tenure 8 Larry Wilson 1960 -- 1972 40 Pat Tillman 1998 -- 2001 77 Stan Mauldin OT 1946 -- 1948 88 J.V. Cain TE 1974 -- 1978 99 Marshall Goldberg HB 1939 -- 1943 1946 -- 1948 Notes : Posthumously retired . Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) Chicago / St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals Hall of Famers Players No . Player Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted John `` Paddy '' Driscoll QB Coach 1920 -- 1925 1920 -- 1922 1965 Walt Kiesling G / DT Coach 1929 -- 1933 1944 1966 Ernie Nevers FB Coach 1929 -- 1931 1930 -- 1931 , 1939 1963 13 Guy Chamberlin End & Coach 1927 -- 1928 1965 33 Ollie Matson RB 1952 , 1954 -- 1958 1972 62 , 2 Charley Trippi RB 1947 -- 1955 1968 81 Dick `` Night Train '' Lane CB 1954 -- 1959 -- Jim Thorpe RB 1928 1963 8 Larry Wilson 1960 -- 1972 1978 13 Don Maynard WR 1973 22 Roger Wehrli CB 1969 -- 1982 2007 72 Dan Dierdorf 1971 -- 1983 81 Jackie Smith TE 1963 -- 1977 1994 22 Emmitt Smith RB 2003 -- 2004 35 Aeneas Williams CB 1991 -- 2000 2014 13 Kurt Warner QB 2005 -- 2009 2017 Coaches and Contributors Name Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted Charles Bidwill Team Owner 1933 -- 1947 1967 Jimmy Conzelman Coach 1940 -- 1942 1946 -- 1948 1964 Earl `` Curly '' Lambeau Coach 1950 -- 1951 1963 Joe Stydahar Coach 1953 -- 1954 1967 italics = played a portion of career with the Cardinals and enshrined representing another team Dierdorf , Smith , Wehrli and Wilson were members of the St. Louis Football Ring of Fame in The Dome at America 's Center when the Rams played there from 1995 to 2015 . Ring of Honor ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : St. Louis Football Ring of Fame and Ring of Honor ( disambiguation ) Pat Tillman 's portrait -- Faces of the Fallen gallery -- Arlington National Cemetery . The Cardinals ' Ring of Honor was started in 2006 to mark the opening of University of Phoenix Stadium . It honors former Cardinal greats from all eras of the franchise 's history . Following is a list of inductees and the dates that they were inducted . Charles Bidwill , Owner ( August 12 , 2006 ) Jimmy Conzelman , Coach ( August 12 , 2006 ) Dan Dierdorf , T ( October 16 , 2006 ) John `` Paddy '' Driscoll , QB ( August 12 , 2006 ) Marshall Goldberg , HB ( August 12 , 2006 ) Roy Green , DB / WR , ( October 2 , 2016 ) Jim Hart , QB ( December 3 , 2017 ) Dick `` Night Train '' Lane , DB ( August 12 , 2006 ) Ollie Matson , HB ( August 12 , 2006 ) Ernie Nevers , FB ( August 12 , 2006 ) Pat Tillman , S ( November 12 , 2006 ) Charley Trippi , HB / QB ( August 12 , 2006 ) Kurt Warner , QB ( June 18 , 2014 ) Roger Wehrli , CB ( October 14 , 2007 ) Aeneas Williams , CB ( November 10 , 2008 ) Adrian Wilson , S ( September 27 , 2015 ) Larry Wilson , S ( September 10 , 2006 ) Current staff ( edit ) Arizona Cardinals staff Front office Owner / chairman -- Bill Bidwill President -- Michael Bidwill General manager -- Steve Keim Vice president of player personnel -- Terry McDonough Director of college scouting -- Dru Grigson Director of pro scouting -- Quentin Harris Director of football administration -- Mike Disner Director of football operations -- Matt Caracciolo Head coaches Head coach -- Steve Wilks Assistant to the head coach -- Ben Burress Offensive coaches Offensive coordinator / quarterbacks -- Byron Leftwich Running backs -- Kirby Wilson Wide receivers -- Kevin Garver Tight ends -- Jason Michael Offensive line -- Ray Brown Assistant offensive line -- Steve Heiden Offensive assistant -- Cameron Turner Offensive quality control -- Troy Rothenbuhler Bill Bidwell Fellowship / assistant running backs -- Terry Allen Defensive coaches Defensive coordinator -- Al Holcomb Senior assistant / defensive line Assistant defensive line -- Chris Achuff Linebackers -- Larry Foote Defensive backs -- Dave Merritt Assistant defensive backs -- Charlie Harbison Defensive quality control -- Alonso Escalante Special teams coaches Special teams coordinator -- Jeff Rodgers Assistant special teams -- Randall McCray Strength and conditioning Strength and conditioning -- Buddy Morris Assistant strength and conditioning -- Vernon Stephens Sports science coordinator -- Evan Lodder → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Cardinals ' flagship radio station is KMVP - FM ; Dave Pasch , Ron Wolfley , and Paul Calvisi handle the radio broadcast . Spanish - language radio broadcasts are heard on the combo of KQMR / KHOV - FM `` Latino Mix '' under a contract with Univisión , signed in 2015 . Prior to 2015 , they were heard on KDVA / KVVA - FM `` José FM '' , as well as co-owned KBMB AM 710 . The Cardinals were the first NFL team to offer all 20 preseason and regular season games on Spanish - language radio , doing so in 2000 . Gabriel Trujillo and Rolando Cantú are the Spanish broadcast team . The Cardinals have the most extensive Mexican affiliate network in the NFL , with contracts with Grupo Larsa ( in the state of Sonora ) and Grupo Radiorama ( outside Sonora ) and stations in 20 cities , including Hermosillo , Guadalajara and Mexico City . As of the 2017 season , NBC affiliate KPNX broadcasts the team 's preseason games on television ( which , that year , included the Hall of Fame Game broadcast by NBC ) , called by Pasch and Wolfley , with station anchor Paul Gerke as sideline reporter . The broadcasts are syndicated regionally to KTTU and KMSB - TV in Tucson , and KVVU - TV in Las Vegas . English radio affiliates ( edit ) KTAR ( AM ) KMVP - FM KATO ( AM ) KAZM KNTR KQNA KDDL KVNA ( AM ) KZUA KBLU ( AM ) KNKI KIKO ( AM ) KEVT KGMN Map of radio affiliates City ( all in Arizona ) Call sign Frequency Phoenix KTAR AM 620 AM KMVP - FM 98.7 FM Safford KATO AM 1230 AM Sedona KAZM AM 780 AM Lake Havasu City KNTR AM 980 AM Prescott KQNA AM 1130 AM KDDL FM 94.3 FM Flagstaff KVNA AM 600 AM Holbrook KZUA - FM 92.1 FM Yuma KBLU 560 AM Pinetop KNKI FM 106.7 FM Miami KIKO AM 1340 AM Tucson KEVT AM 1210 AM Kingman KGMN - FM 100.1 FM References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2018 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . NFL Enterprises , LLC . August 9 , 2018 . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Urban , Darren ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Cardinals Ready For Color Rush '' . Arizona Cardinals . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arizona Cardinals Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise History '' . Arizona Cardinals . March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Records of Current NFL Franchises '' ( PDF ) . Pro Football Hall of Fame . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Griffith , R.D. ( 2012 ) . To the NFL : You Sure Started Somethin ' : A Historical Guide of All 32 NFL Teams and the Cities They 've Played In . Dorrance Publishing . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1434916815 . Jump up ^ Wyche , Steve ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Before coming to desert , Cards were substandard in St. Louis '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Having grown up in St. Louis , I was always resigned to the fact that the football Cardinals , regardless of where they were located , would never play in a Super Bowl . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Gerald ( March 16 , 1988 ) . `` N.F.L. Approves Team Shift '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise History '' ( PDF ) . 2015 Arizona Cardinals Media Guide . Arizona Cardinals . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Arizona Cardinals ' biggest stars fall flat in Carolina '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cards Brush Up Bird '' . Arizona Cardinals . January 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cards Unveiled New Uniforms '' . Arizona Cardinals. April 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2005 . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Somers , Kent ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Is white out for the Big Red ? '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Urban , Darren ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Cards Unveil Third Jerseys '' . Arizona Cardinals . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` There 's No Service Like Wire Service , Vol. 6 '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago / St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals Single - Season Passing Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago / St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals Single - Season Rushing Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago / St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals Single - Season Receiving Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago / St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals Single - Season Kick & Punt Returns Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago / St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals Single - Season Kicking & Punting Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by Franchise '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Media Moves , `` Univision Arizona radio signs deal with Arizona Cardinals '' , Media Moves 28 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` Cardinals Preseason Games Will Air On NBC '' . Arizona Cardinals . July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cox , Seth ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Arizona Cardinals preseason games to be available on NBC locally '' . Revenge of the Birds . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Ziemba , Joe ( 2010 ) . When Football Was Football : The Chicago Cardinals and the Birth of the NFL . Chicago : Triumph Books ISBN 1 - 57243 - 317 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arizona Cardinals . Official website Arizona Cardinals at NFL.com Arizona Cardinals Founded in 1898 Played in Chicago ( 1920 -- 1959 ) , St. Louis ( 1960 -- 1987 ) , and formerly the Phoenix Cardinals ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Based in Glendale , Arizona Headquartered in Tempe , Arizona Franchise History in Chicago in St. Louis Seasons Head coaches Players Quarterbacks First - round draft picks Stadiums Normal Park Comiskey Park Forbes Field Soldier Field Busch Stadium Busch Memorial Stadium Sun Devil Stadium State Farm Stadium Culture Charles Bidwill Bill Bidwill Cheerleaders Big Red ( mascot ) Jerry Maguire Lore 1925 Chicago Cardinals -- Milwaukee Badgers scandal 1925 NFL Championship controversy Card - Pitt Million Dollar Backfield Chicago Cardinals -- Toronto Argonauts exhibition game Fútbol Americano 2006 game vs. Chicago Bears Rivalries Kansas City Chiefs Division championships ( 7 ) 1947 1948 2008 2009 2015 Conference championships ( 1 ) 2008 League championships ( 2 ) 1925 1947 Retired numbers 8 40 77 88 99 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : West Division Seasons ( 99 ) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Portal Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired National Football League charter members Akron Pros Buffalo All - Americans Canton Bulldogs Chicago ( Racine ) Cardinals Chicago Tigers Cleveland Tigers Columbus Panhandles Dayton Triangles Decatur Staleys Detroit Heralds Hammond Pros Massillon Tigers † Muncie Flyers Rochester Jeffersons Rock Island Independents † = Never played in the league Sports teams based in Arizona Baseball MLB Arizona Diamondbacks AzL Angels Athletics Brewers Cubs Diamondbacks Dodgers Giants Indians Mariners Padres Padres 2 Rangers Reds Royals White Sox AFL Glendale Desert Dogs Peoria Javelinas Scottsdale Scorpions Mesa Solar Sox Surprise Saguaros Salt River Rafters PL Tucson Saguaros AWL Edmonton Capitals Laredo Apaches Team Canada Yuma Tejanos Basketball NBA Phoenix Suns NBA G League Northern Arizona Suns WNBA Phoenix Mercury Football NFL Arizona Cardinals AAF Arizona Hotshots ( 2019 ) IFL Arizona Rattlers Tucson Sugar Skulls ( 2019 ) IWFL Phoenix Phantomz Hockey NHL Arizona Coyotes AHL Tucson Roadrunners Soccer USL Phoenix Rising FC USL L1 FC Tucson NPSL FC Arizona UPSL Arizona Scorpions FC Sporting Arizona FC WPSL FC Tucson Women Phoenix Del Sol Roller derby WFDTA Arizona Roller Derby Tucson Roller Derby RDCL Arizona Derby Dames Rugby ARU Camelback Rugby Club Northern Arizona Rugby Football Club Old Pueblo Lions Rugby Football Club Tempe Rugby Club Tucson Magpies Rugby Football Club Yuma Rugby Football Club College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Arizona Wildcats Arizona State Sun Devils Grand Canyon Antelopes Northern Arizona Lumberjacks College athletics ( NAIA ) Arizona Christian University Benedictine University at Mesa Embry -- Riddle Aeronautical University College athletics ( NJCAA ) Arizona Western College Central Arizona College Chandler - Gilbert Community College Cochise College Eastern Arizona College Estrella Mountain Community College GateWay Community College Glendale Community College Mesa Community College Paradise Valley Community College Phoenix College Pima Community College Scottsdale Community College South Mountain Community College Tohono O'odham Community College Yavapai College City of Phoenix , Arizona Nickname ( s ) : Valley of the Sun Topics Corporations in Phoenix Education Famous Phoenicans History ( Timeline ) Mayors of Phoenix Points of Pride Skyscrapers Police Department Regions Downtown West Phoenix North / Northwest Phoenix Southwest Phoenix South Phoenix Ahwatukee East Side ( East Valley ) Sports Arizona Cardinals Arizona Coyotes Arizona Diamondbacks Phoenix Rising FC Arizona Rattlers Phoenix Mercury Phoenix Suns Transportation Bus service Light rail Public Transportation Roads & freeways Urban Villages Ahwatukee Foothills Alhambra Camelback East Central City Deer Valley Desert View Encanto Estrella Laveen Maryvale North Gateway North Mountain Paradise Valley South Mountain New Village Maricopa County Phoenix Metro Arizona United States American football portal National Football League portal Arizona portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona_Cardinals&oldid=866214116 '' Categories : Arizona Cardinals Sports in Phoenix , Arizona National Football League teams Sports in Glendale , Arizona American football teams in Arizona Sports clubs established in 1898 Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 00 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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-747596850645385826 | Penny (Canadian coin) | Penny ( Canadian coin ) - wikipedia Penny ( Canadian coin ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Penny Canada Value 0.01 CAD Mass 2.35 g Diameter 19.05 mm Thickness 1.45 mm Edge smooth Composition 94 % steel , 1.5 % Ni , 4.5 % Cu plating Years of minting 1858 -- 2012 Catalog number CC 20 Obverse Design Elizabeth II , Queen of Canada Designer Susanna Blunt Design date 2003 Reverse Design Maple leaf branch Designer G.E. Kruger Gray Design date 1937 In Canada , a penny is a coin worth one cent , or ⁄ of a dollar . According to the Royal Canadian Mint , the official national term of the coin is the `` one - cent piece '' , but in practice the terms penny and cent predominate . Originally , `` penny '' referred to a two - cent coin . When the two - cent coin was discontinued , penny took over as the new one - cent coin 's name . Penny was likely readily adopted because the previous coinage in Canada ( up to 1858 ) was the British monetary system , where Canada used British pounds , shillings , and pence as coinage alongside U.S. decimal coins and Spanish milled dollars . In Canadian French , the penny is called a cent , which is spelled the same way as the French word for `` hundred '' but pronounced like the English word ( homophone of `` sent '' ) . Slang terms include cenne , cenne noire , or sou noir ( black penny ) , although common Quebec French usage is sou . Production of the penny ceased in May 2012 , and the Royal Canadian Mint ceased the distribution of them as of February 4 , 2013 . However , like all discontinued currency in the Canadian monetary system , the coin remains legal tender . Once distribution of the coin ceased , though , vendors were no longer expected to return pennies as change for cash purchases , and were encouraged to round purchases to the nearest five cents . Non-cash transactions are still denominated to the cent . Contents 1 Description 2 History 2.1 1936 dot cent 2.2 1947 Maple Leaf issue 2.3 Composition throughout history 2.4 Abolition 3 Commemorative editions 4 First strikes 5 Mintage 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) Like all Canadian coins , the obverse depicts the reigning Canadian monarch at the time of issue . The final obverse depicts Queen Elizabeth II ; her likeness has seen three design updates , the first occurring in 1965 , a 1990 update to the design of Dora de Pedery - Hunt , and the 2003 update designed by Susanna Blunt . A special reverse side , depicting a rock dove , was issued in 1967 as part of a Centennial commemoration . It was designed by the Canadian artist Alex Colville and its use in 1967 marked the only time the 1937 maple leaf design was not used for the penny before it was discontinued in 2012 . The maple twig depicted on the coin is botanically incorrect . The phyllotaxis of the twig on the coin is clearly alternate while maples in fact always have opposite leaves . The 2012 coin had a round , smooth edge , as was the case for most of the penny 's history ; however , from 1982 to 1996 , the coin was twelve - sided . This was done to help the visually impaired identify the coin . However , the new copper - plated zinc coin proved difficult to plate in the twelve - sided shape , so the Mint switched back to a round shape . History ( edit ) An 1876 penny featuring Queen Victoria A 1902 penny featuring King Edward VII A 1911 penny featuring King George V A 1920 penny featuring King George V , the first year of the small penny A 1937 penny featuring King George VI The first Canadian cent was minted in 1858 and had a diameter of 1 inch ( 25.4 mm ) and a weight of ⁄ pound ( 4.54 g ) . These cents were originally issued to bring some kind of order to the Canadian monetary system , which , until 1858 , relied on British coinage , bank and commercial tokens ( francophones calling them sous , an historical term from the French currency ) , U.S. currency and Spanish milled dollars . The coin 's specifications were chosen with the intention of the coins also being useful as measuring tools . However , their light weight compared to the bank and merchant halfpenny tokens readily available at the time was a serious hindrance to their acceptance by the public . Some of the coins were even sold at a 20 % discount , and were inherited by the Dominion government in 1867 . Fresh production of new cents ( with the weight increased to ⁄ ounce or 5.67 grams ) was not required until 1876 . The large cents of 1858 -- 1920 were significantly larger than modern one - cent coins and even slightly larger than the modern 25 ¢ piece ( its diameter being 23.88 millimetres or 0.940 inches ) . After Confederation , these large cent coins were struck on the planchet of the British halfpenny and were roughly the same value . Pennies were issued sporadically in the third quarter of the 19th century . They were used in the Province of Canada , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia upon Confederation in 1867 . New Brunswick and Nova Scotia had issued their own coinage prior to that date , with British Columbia , Prince Edward Island , and Newfoundland continuing to issue `` pennies '' until they joined Confederation . The coin was reduced in size to its current size to match the size of the American penny . 1936 dot cent ( edit ) The rare 1936 dot cent is as notable in Canadian numismatics as the 50 ¢ piece of 1921 . There were four minted specimens of this coin , produced with the dot to show they were made in 1937 while the mint was waiting for new dies due to a delay caused by the abdication of King Edward VIII and the need to create new dies for his successor , George VI . The last one sold at Heritage Auctions in January 2010 for over US $400,000 ( this does not include taxes ) . It was graded specimen 66 by the Professional Coin Grading Service . Three known examples are in private collections , making it one of the few coins lacking in the Ottawa Currency Museum . 1947 maple leaf issue ( edit ) In contrast to the 1936 issues , the 1948 cents dated 1947 and specially marked are very common . These 1947 Maple Leaf coins were made while the dies were being changed to show George VI was no longer Emperor of India , as the title of `` Emperor of India '' was dropped from the titles of the Crown per article 7.2 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom 's Indian Independence Act 1947 . Composition throughout history ( edit ) Years Mass Diameter / Shape Composition 2000 -- 2012 * 2.35 g 19.05 mm ( ⁄ inch ) , round 94 % steel , 1.5 % nickel , 4.5 % copper plating 1997 -- 1999 * 2.25 g 19.05 mm ( ⁄ inch ) , round 98.4 % zinc , 1.6 % copper plating 1982 -- 1996 2.5 g 19.05 mm ( ⁄ inch ) , 12 - sided 98 % copper , 1.75 % tin , 0.25 % zinc 1980 -- 1981 2.8 g 19.05 mm ( ⁄ inch ) , round 98 % copper , 1.75 % tin , 0.25 % zinc 1978 -- 1979 3.24 g 19.05 mm ( ⁄ inch ) , round 98 % copper , 1.75 % tin , 0.25 % zinc 1942 -- 1977 3.24 g 19.05 mm ( ⁄ inch ) , round 98 % copper , 0.5 % tin , 1.5 % zinc 1920 -- 1941 3.24 g 19.05 mm ( ⁄ inch ) , round 95.5 % copper , 3 % tin , 1.5 % zinc 1876 -- 1920 5.67 g 25.4 mm ( 1 inch ) , round 95.5 % copper , 3 % tin , 1.5 % zinc 1858 -- 1859 4.54 g 25.4 mm ( 1 inch ) , round 95 % copper , 4 % tin , 1 % zinc ( bronze ) Although the RCM states 2000 as the year of transition from zinc to steel , zinc - core cents were issued in every year of the 2000s , except 2008 . Steel cents dated before 2002 are test pieces for calibrating coin - operated machines , and are very rare in circulation . From May 2006 to October 2008 , all circulation Canadian pennies from 1942 to 1996 had a melt value of over $0.02 CAD based on the increasing spot price of copper in the commodity markets . The break - even price for a 2.8 g solid copper penny is $1.61 USD / lb , with prices during this period reaching as high as $4 USD / lb . Abolition ( edit ) See also : Withdrawal of low - denomination coins There had been repeated debate about ceasing production of the penny because of the cost of producing it and a perceived lack of usefulness . In mid-2010 the Standing Senate Committee on National Finance began a study on the future of the one - cent coin . On December 14 , 2010 , the Senate finance committee recommended the penny be removed from circulation , arguing that a century of inflation had eroded the value and usefulness of the one - cent piece . A 2007 survey indicated that 37 percent of Canadians used pennies , but the government continued to produce about 816 million pennies per year , equal to 24 pennies per Canadian . The Royal Canadian Mint had been forced to produce large numbers of pennies because they disappeared from circulation , as people hoarded these coins or simply avoided using them . In 2011 the Royal Canadian Mint had minted 1.1 billion pennies , more than doubling the 2010 production number of 486.2 million pennies . In late 2010 , finance committee members of the Canadian Senate estimated that the average Canadian had as many as 600 pennies hoarded away , taken out of circulation . On March 29 , 2012 , the federal government announced in its budget that it would withdraw the penny from circulation in the fall of 2012 . The budget announcement eliminating the penny cited the cost of producing it at 1.6 cents . The final penny was minted at the RCM 's Winnipeg , Manitoba plant on the morning of May 4 , 2012 . Existing pennies will remain legal tender indefinitely ; however , pennies were withdrawn from circulation on February 4 , 2013 . Only pennies produced in 1982 or later are still legally `` Circulation Coins '' . The Currency Act says that `` A payment in coins ( ... ) is a legal tender for no more than ( ... ) twenty - five cents if the denomination is one cent . '' On February 4 , 2013 , Google celebrated the beginning of the end for the Canadian penny with a Google Doodle . On the same day the Canadian Mint began melting down the estimated 35 billion pennies that are in circulation . Cash transactions are now rounded to the nearest 5 ¢ . Commemorative editions ( edit ) Year Theme Artist Mintage Special notes 1967 Canadian Centennial Alex Colville 345,140,645 Features a rock dove in flight . 1992 Canada 125 G.E. Kruger Gray 673,512,000 Dated as ' 1867 -- 1992 ' . 2002 Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II G.E. Kruger Gray 716,367,000 Dated as ' 1952 -- 2002 ' . First strikes ( edit ) Year Theme Mintage Issue price 2005 First day cover 1,799 $14.95 2006 With new mint mark 5,000 $29.95 Mintage ( edit ) List of the mintage of every year Victoria Year Mintage 1858 421,000 1859 9,579,000 1876 H 4,000,000 1881 H 2,000,000 1882 H 4,000,000 1884 2,500,000 1886 1,500,000 1887 1,500,000 1888 4,000,000 1890 H 1,000,000 1891 1,452,500 1892 1,200,000 1893 2,000,000 1894 1,000,000 1895 1,200,000 1896 2,000,000 1897 1,500,000 1898 H 1,000,000 1899 2,400,000 1900 1900 H 2,600,000 1901 4,100,000 Edward VII Year Mintage 1902 3,000,000 1903 4,000,000 1904 2,500,000 1905 2,000,000 1906 4,100,000 1907 2,400,000 1907 H 800,000 1908 2,401,506 1909 3,973,339 1910 5,146,487 George V ( large ) Year Mintage 1911 4,663,486 1912 5,107,642 1913 5,735,405 1914 3,405,958 1915 4,932,134 1916 11,022,367 1917 11,899,254 1918 12,970,798 1919 11,279,634 1920 6,762,247 George V ( small ) Year Mintage 1920 15,483,923 1921 7,601,726 1922 1,243,635 1923 1,019,002 1924 1,593,195 1925 1,000,622 1926 2,143,372 1927 3,553,928 1928 9,144,860 1929 12,159,840 1930 2,538,613 1931 3,842,776 1932 21,316,190 1933 12,079,310 1934 7,042,358 1935 7,526,400 1936 1936 Dot 8,768,769 George VI Year Mintage 1937 10,040,231 1938 18,365,608 1939 21,600,319 1940 85,740,532 1941 56,336,011 1942 76,113,708 1943 89,111,969 1944 44,131,216 1945 77,268,591 1946 56,662,071 1947 31,093,901 1947 ML 43,855,448 1948 ATD 1948 ABD 1949 ATD 25,767,779 1949 ABD 33,128,933 1950 60,444,992 1951 80,430,379 1952 67,631,736 Elizabeth II Year Mintage 1953 67,806,016 1954 22,181,760 1955 56,403,193 1956 78,685,535 1957 100,601,792 1958 59,385,679 1959 83,615,343 1960 75,772,775 1961 139,598,404 1962 227,244,069 1963 279,076,334 1964 484,655,322 1965 304,441,082 1966 183,644,388 1967 345,140,645 1968 329,695,772 1969 335,240,929 1970 344,145,010 1971 298,228,936 1972 451,304,591 1973 457,058,489 692,058,489 642,618,000 1976 701,122,890 1977 453,050,666 1978 911,170,647 1979 753,942,953 Elizabeth II ( cont . ) Year Mintage 1980 911,800,000 1981 1,209,468,500 1982 876,036,898 975,510,000 1984 838,225,000 1985 771,772,500 1986 788,285,000 774,549,000 482,676,752 1,066,628,200 218,035,000 1991 831,001,000 1992 673,512,000 808,585,000 639,516,000 1995 624,983,000 445,746,000 549,868,000 1998 999,578,000 1999 1,089,625,000 2000 902,506,000 928,434,000 2002 830,040,000 2003 748,123,000 842,486,000 2005 767,425,000 2006 1,261,883,000 2007 846,420,000 2008 787,625,000 2009 455,680,000 486,200,000 2011 662,750,000 2012 199,347,000 See also ( edit ) Dei Gratia Regina , which appears abbreviated on the face of the coin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Canada 's last penny minted '' . CBC News . Jump up ^ `` Eliminating the Penny '' . Government of Canada . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phasing out the Penny '' . Department of Finance , Government of Canada . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.mint.ca/store/mint/learn/faces-of-the-monarch-1100026?cat=Faces+of+the+Monarch&nId=1100026&nodeGroup=Learn Jump up ^ The Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins , W.K. Cross , p. 72 , The Charlton Press , Toronto , Ontario , ISBN 0 - 88968 - 297 - 6 Jump up ^ http://www.mint.ca/store/mint/learn/history-timeline-4000020#.UYPys9deu8Y Jump up ^ Mahoney , Jill . `` $20 bill 's maple leaf is n't Canadian , botanists say '' . The Globe and Mail . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Coins of Canada , J.A. Haxby & R.C. Willey , Unitrade Press ( 2002 ) , ISBN 1 - 894763 - 09 - 2 Jump up ^ Royal Canadian Mint Currency Timeline , p. 9 . Jump up ^ The Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins , W. K. Cross , p. 57 , The Charlton Press , Toronto , Ontario , ISBN 0 - 88968 - 297 - 6 Jump up ^ http://www.mint.ca/store/mint/learn/history-timeline-4000020#.UYPys9deu8Y Jump up ^ `` A national symbol -- the 1 - cent coin '' . Royal Canadian Mint . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kitco -- Spot Copper Historical Charts and Graphs -- Copper charts -- Industrial metals Jump up ^ http://parl.gc.ca/common/Committee_SenProceed.asp?Language=E&Parl=40&Ses=3&comm_id=13 ^ Jump up to : `` Penny should be scrapped : Senate panel '' . CBC News . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 100th anniversary of the Canadian penny '' ( PDF ) . Desjardins Group . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's penny withdrawal : All you need to know '' . CBC News . April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Budget 2012 : Chapter 5 : Responsible Management to Return to Balanced Budgets '' . Government of Canada . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canada 's Last Penny : Final Cent Struck In Winnipeg Friday As Currency Killed '' . Canadian Press / Huffington Post Canada . 2012 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The penny 's days are numbered '' . CBC. 2012 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Pedwell , Terry ( 30 July 2012 ) . `` A penny saved : Canadian coin to stick around until 2013 '' . The Vancouver Sun . The Canadian Press . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Royal Canadian Mint Act R.S.C. , 1985 , c . R - 9 : Section 6 - `` Non-circulation Coins '' and `` Circulation Coins '' ; Part 1 - `` Non-circulation Coins '' ; Part 2 - `` Circulation Coins '' Jump up ^ `` Canada Currency Act '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian penny honoured with Google Doodle '' . The Toronto Star . 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A penniless Canada : Mint begins years - long process of collecting and melting down 82 - million kg in coins '' . The National Post . 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phasing out the penny - Rounding '' . Royal Canadian Mint . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.jandm.com/script/getitem.asp?CID=3&PID=76 Jump up ^ http://www.mint.ca/store/mint/learn/1-cent-5300004#.V2MnY_krL4Y External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penny ( Canadian coin ) . Value of Canadian Pennies Coinage Designs of 1967 All you need to know about Canada 's penny withdrawal CBC News , March 30 , 2012 . Canadian banknotes and coins Canadian coinage 1 ¢ ( penny ) 5 ¢ ( nickel ) 10 ¢ ( dime ) 25 ¢ ( quarter ) 50 ¢ ( 50 - cent piece ) $1 ( Voyageur dollar ) $1 ( loonie ) $2 ( toonie ) Commemorative coins Royal Canadian Mint numismatic coins ( 20th century ) Royal Canadian Mint numismatic coins ( 2000s ) Royal Canadian Mint numismatic coins ( 2010s ) Royal Canadian Mint ice hockey coins Royal Canadian Mint Olympic coins Royal Canadian Mint RCMP coins Silver dollar Gold Maple Leaf Silver Maple Leaf Platinum Maple Leaf Big Maple Leaf Ottawa Mint sovereign Canadian banknotes $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 Commemorative banknotes Withdrawn banknotes Canadian banknotes by series 1935 Series 1937 Series 1954 Series Scenes of Canada Birds of Canada Canadian Journey Series Frontier Series 2018 Series Historical currencies of Canada New France livre Canadian pound New Brunswick pound Newfoundland pound Nova Scotian pound Prince Edward Island pound British Columbia dollar New Brunswick dollar Nova Scotian dollar Prince Edward Island dollar Newfoundland dollar Early Canadian banking system Pre-confederation Tokens and Coinage Blacksmith token Hudson 's Bay tokens Montreal and Lachine Railroad Tokens Trader 's Currency Token of the Magdalen Islands Newfoundland dollar 1 ¢ 5 ¢ 10 ¢ 20 ¢ 25 ¢ 50 ¢ $2 Coins of the Newfoundland dollar Organizations and institutions Bank of Canada Canadian Bank Note Company Royal Canadian Numismatic Association Canadian Numismatic Association medals and awards Canadian Paper Money Society Currency Museum Royal Canadian Mint Community currencies Calgary dollar Toronto dollar Canadian Tire money Salt Spring dollar Pioneer Bonus Bucks Mac 's Dollars ( Whitehorse , YT ) Other Canadian dollar History of Canadian currency List of people on coins of Canada List of foreign countries with coinage struck at the Royal Canadian Mint Royal Canadian Mint tokens and medallions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penny_(Canadian_coin)&oldid=853677910 '' Categories : Coins of Canada One - cent coins 1858 establishments in Canada 2012 disestablishments in Canada Pennies Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 08 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how much is a canadian penny worth in copper | [] | [] |
-6327233622622617305 | Fair Housing Act | Fair Housing Act - wikipedia Fair Housing Act Jump to : navigation , search For the 1963 California law , see Rumford Fair Housing Act . The Fair Housing Act is a federal act in the United States intended to protect the buyer or renter of a dwelling from seller or landlord discrimination . Its primary prohibition makes it unlawful to refuse to sell , rent to , or negotiate with any person because of that person 's inclusion in a protected class . The goal is a unitary housing market in which a person 's background ( as opposed to financial resources ) does not arbitrarily restrict access . Calls for open housing were issued early in the twentieth century , but it was not until after World War II that concerted efforts to achieve it were undertaken . The legislation was the culmination of a civil rights campaign against housing discrimination in the United States and was approved , at the urging of President Lyndon B. Johnson , only one week after the assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr . The Fair Housing Act was enacted as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 , and codified at 42 U.S.C. 3601 - 3619 , with penalties for violation at 42 U.S.C. 3631 . It is enforced by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Enforcement 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Summary ( edit ) The Fair Housing Act ( Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 ) introduced meaningful federal enforcement mechanisms . It outlaws : Refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of race , color , religion , sex , familial status , or national origin . Discrimination based on race , color , religion , sex , familial status , or national origin in the terms , conditions or privileges of sale or rental of a dwelling . Advertising the sale or rental of a dwelling indicating preference , limitation , or discrimination based on race , color , religion , sex , handicap , familial status , or national origin . Coercing , threatening , intimidating , or interfering with a person 's enjoyment or exercise of housing rights based on discriminatory reasons or retaliating against a person or organization that aids or encourages the exercise or enjoyment of fair housing rights . When the Fair Housing Act was first enacted , it prohibited discrimination only on the basis of race , color , religion , and national origin . Sex was added as a protected characteristic in 1974 . In 1988 , disability and familial status ( the presence or anticipated presence of children under 18 in a household ) were added ( further codified in the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ) . In certain circumstances , the law allows limited exceptions for discrimination based on sex , religion , or familial status . The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development is the federal executive department with the statutory authority to administer and enforce the Fair Housing Act . The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development has delegated fair housing enforcement and compliance activities to HUD 's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity ( FHEO ) and HUD 's Office of General Counsel . FHEO is one of the United States ' largest federal civil rights agencies . It has a staff of more than 600 people located in 54 offices around the United States . As of August 2017 , the head of FHEO is Assistant Secretary for Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Anna Maria Farias , whose appointment was confirmed on August 3 , 2017 . Individuals who believe they have experienced housing discrimination can file a complaint with FHEO at no charge . FHEO funds and has working agreements with many state and local governmental agencies where `` substantially equivalent '' fair housing laws are in place . Under these agreements , FHEO refers complaints to the state or locality where the alleged incident occurred , and those agencies investigate and process the case instead of FHEO . This is known as FHEO 's Fair Housing Assistance Program ( or `` FHAP '' ) . There is also a network of private , non-profit fair housing advocacy organizations throughout the country . Some are funded by FHEO 's Fair Housing Initiatives Program ( or `` FHIP '' ) , and some operate with private donations or grants from other sources . Victims of housing discrimination need not go through HUD or any other governmental agency to pursue their rights , however . The Fair Housing Act confers jurisdiction to hear cases on federal district courts . The United States Department of Justice also has jurisdiction to file cases on behalf of the United States where there is a pattern and practice of discrimination or where HUD has found discrimination in a case and either party elects to go to federal court instead of continuing in the HUD administrative process . The Fair Housing Act applies to landlords renting or leasing space in their primary residence only if the residence contains living quarters occupied or intended to be occupied by three or more other families living independently of each other , such as an owner - occupied rooming house . Enforcement ( edit ) The Fair Housing Act has been strengthened since its adoption in 1968 , but enforcement continues to be a concern among housing advocates . According to a 2010 evaluation of Analysis of Impediments ( AI ) reports done by the Government Accountability Office , enforcement is particularly inconsistent across local jurisdictions . See also ( edit ) Housing discrimination ( United States ) Stuyvesant Town -- Peter Cooper Village # Controversy - Post-war project that was involved in controversy for refusing to admit African - Americans . Buchanan v. Warley Department of Fair Employment and Housing Civil rights campaign in Seattle ( Fair housing campaign in the 1960s ) Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity ( 1 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Definition of Fair Housing Act of 1968 , Legal Dictionary at TheFreeDictionary.com , Farlex Company . Accessed 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fair Housing - It 's Your Right - HUD '' . Portal.hud.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Title VIII : Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity - HUD '' . Portal.hud.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://nlihc.org/article/40-years-ago-fair-housing-act-amended-prohibit-discrimination-basis-sex Jump up ^ `` Fair Housing is Everyone 's Right ! '' . Craigslist . Retrieved October 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PN1349 -- Anna Maria Farias '' . washingtonexaminer.com . Jump up ^ US Government Accountability Office ( 2010 ) . `` Housing and community grants : HUD needs to enhance its requirements and oversight of jurisdictions ' fair housing plans '' . External links ( edit ) File a housing discrimination complaint The National Fair Housing Advocate Online The National Fair Housing Alliance HUD 's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Southern California Housing Rights Center The Fair Housing Center of Southeastern Michigan Fair Housing Blog Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fair_Housing_Act&oldid=800023684 '' Categories : United States federal civil rights legislation Housing in the United States Housing legislation in the United States Anti-discrimination law in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 05 : 11 . About Wikipedia | the fair housing amendments act of 1988 prohibits housing discrimination against all except | [] | [] |
2310127855447113212 | Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down) | Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) - wikipedia Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' Single by Cher from the album The Sonny Side of Chér B - side `` Needles and Pins '' `` Our Day Will Come '' Released 1966 Format 7 '' Recorded 1966 Genre Folk rock Length 2 : 44 Label Imperial Songwriter ( s ) Sonny Bono Producer ( s ) Sonny Bono Cher singles chronology `` Where Do You Go '' ( 1965 ) `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' ( 1966 ) `` Alfie '' ( 1966 ) `` Where Do You Go '' ( 1965 ) `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' ( 1966 ) `` Alfie '' ( 1966 ) `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' is the second single by American singer - actress Cher from her second album , The Sonny Side of Chér . Written by her then - husband Sonny Bono and released in 1966 , the song reached No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart and No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a single week ( behind `` ( You 're My ) Soul and Inspiration '' by The Righteous Brothers ) , eventually becoming one of Cher 's biggest - selling singles of the 1960s . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Cover versions 3.1 Nancy Sinatra 3.2 Others 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The single proved successful , charting high in several countries worldwide . It became Cher 's first million - selling single and her first top 3 hit in the UK ( and her last until `` The Shoop - Shoop Song '' reached No. 1 in 1991 ) . Critic Tim Sendra , in his album review of The Sonny Side of Cher , gave the song a mixed review : `` The only track that has any real zest is the Bono - written novelty ' Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) , ' the kind of dramatic song Cher could knock out in her sleep but also a song with no real heart . '' In 1987 , Cher recorded a rock version of the song for her 1987 Platinum - certified comeback album Cher . Produced by Jon Bon Jovi , Richie Sambora , and Desmond Child , the song featured backing vocals by Jon Bon Jovi and Michael Bolton , among others , and was released as a promotional single in 1988 . Cher performed this version on her Heart of Stone Tour and on Living Proof : The Farewell Tour , and it was played instrumentally on the Dressed to Kill Tour in 2014 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1966 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 11 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 16 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1966 ) Position German Singles Chart 114 Italian Singles Chart 35 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 53 US Billboard Hot 100 60 Cover versions ( edit ) Nancy Sinatra ( edit ) Nancy Sinatra recorded one of the best - known covers of the song , for her 1966 album How Does That Grab You ? Her version features tremolo guitar , played by her arranger , Billy Strange ; and had a resurgence in popularity when it was used in the opening credits of the 2003 Quentin Tarantino film Kill Bill Volume 1 . In the sequence preceding the credits , Tarantino creates a literal , bloody interpretation of the song 's chorus and the third verse , about a wedding day . Her version also was the theme for BBC coverage of the 2005 Wimbledon tennis championships , and has been sampled on several hip - hop recordings , including the Audio Bullys ( featuring Nancy Sinatra ) top 3 UK hit `` Shot You Down '' in 2005 . Besides Sinatra , artists who covered the song in 1966 include Stevie Wonder on his album Down to Earth , The Beau Brummels on Beau Brummels ' 66 ; Petula Clark on her album I Could n't Live Without Your Love ; and Gábor Szabó on his album Spellbinder . Sheila 's version ( with French lyrics ) became a big hit in France in the summer of 1966 ; Claire Lepage 's French - language cover was released in Canada ( as `` Bang ! Bang ! '' ) The song was also very popular in Italy in the ' 60s and was covered in Italian by Dalida , Mina , and the psychedelic bands Equipe 84 and I Corvi . Others ( edit ) Other notable cover versions include the following : Vanilla Fudge in 1967 ; the version from the album Vanilla Fudge was used in David Fincher 's 2007 film Zodiac and season 2 episode 8 of Lilyhammer . Jamaican group Tomorrow 's Children , as `` Bang Bang Rock Steady '' in 1967 . Dalida on her 1967 album `` Piccolo Ragazzo '' . Terry Reid on his 1968 album Bang , Bang You 're Terry Reid . Cliff Richard 's version , recorded in October 1968 , appears on his 1970 album Tracks ' n Grooves . Hong Kong actress Betty Chung , a funk / soul version with Mandarin vocals on her 1968 Mini Mini EP . The Bonzo Dog Band , recorded sometime in 1968 ; it appeared as a bonus track on the 2007 reissue of The Doughnut in Granny 's Greenhouse . Frank Sinatra , Nancy 's father , for his 1981 album She Shot Me Down . Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet , an instrumental version on their 1991 album Dim The Lights , Chill The Ham . Paul Weller , on his 2003 compilation Fly on the Wall : B Sides & Rarities . Isobel Campbell , on her 2004 EP Time Is Just the Same . Carla Bruni , in a Lancia Musa TV advertisement broadcast in Europe in January 2008 . Welsh classical crossover singer Charlotte Church , on her 2010 album Back to Scratch . Alternative rock group Nico Vega for their album Lead To Light . Used for the TV advertisements for the 2013 cable TV miniseries Bonnie & Clyde . 8 - year - old Angelina Jordan Astar ( b . Jan. 10 , 2006 ) , on the semi-finals of Norske Talenter ( Norway 's Got Talent ) on April 12 , 2014 . The talent show 's judges voted her into the finals , which she won the following month . Lady Gaga in July 2014 at Jazz at Lincoln Center , for the TV special `` Cheek to Cheek : LIVE '' . The song appeared as an iTunes bonus track with her jazz album with Tony Bennett , Cheek to Cheek , and debuted at No. 1 on Billboard 's Jazz Digital Songs Chart . Beyoncé , singing to her husband Jay Z in an August 2014 commercial for an HBO tour special . The Monophonics , a funk band from San Francisco on the album In Your Brain The famous Cambodian singer and songwriter Pan Ron , as `` Snaeha '' . The Raconteurs , a rock group consisting of Jack White , Brendan Benson , Jack Lawrence , and Patrick Keeler covered the song during many of their live shows . A French disk jockey Arnold Toutain , a.k.a. Arnold T ( acoustic version ) Pharmakon_ ( noise_project ) , bonus track on 2014 release `` Bestial Burden , '' and on Sacred Bones Record Store Day release 2Cellos on their album In2ition with Sky Ferreira providing vocals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cher -- Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 -- Week of April 23 , 1966 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Sonny Side of Cher - Cher Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards AllMusic Jump up ^ David Kent Australian Chart Book 1940 - 1969 Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Cher -- Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Cher -- Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Cher -- Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5727 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Cher -- Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Annuali Single : 1966 '' ( in Italian ) . www.hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Cher -- Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts : 1966 -- 2006 . Wellington : Dean Scapolo and Maurienne House . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Cher : Artist Chart History '' Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cher -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Cher . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ German Singles Chart ( 1966 ) . `` German Singles Chart ; End of year charts '' . Archived from the original on 18 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 1966 - Year End '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1966 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Guitarist Billy Strange Talks About Nancy Sinatra 's ' Bang Bang ' `` Lost & Sound '' . Lostandsound.wordpress.com. 2008 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bang Bang : Pop ! Goes the Murder Ballad '' . Murder Ballad Monday . Sing Out ! . March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Corvi - Bang bang ( 1966 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz Digital Songs : Oct 11 , 2014 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Watch Beyoncé Sing `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' To Jay Z `` . BuzzFeed . Jump up ^ `` Pan Ron - Snaeha '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ uncnick157 ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) , Raconteurs Bang Bang , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 External links ( edit ) Official Cher site Cher on IMDb ( hide ) Cher singles 1960s `` All I Really Want to Do '' `` Where Do You Go '' `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' `` Alfie '' `` I Feel Something in the Air '' `` Sunny '' `` Hey Joe '' `` You Better Sit Down Kids '' `` For What It 's Worth '' 1970s `` Gypsys , Tramps & Thieves '' `` The Way of Love '' `` Living in a House Divided '' `` Do n't Hide Your Love '' `` Am I Blue '' `` Half - Breed '' `` Dark Lady '' `` Train of Thought '' `` Take Me Home '' `` Was n't It Good '' `` Hell on Wheels '' 1980s `` Rudy '' `` I Paralyze '' `` I Found Someone '' `` We All Sleep Alone '' `` Skin Deep '' `` Bang Bang '' `` Main Man '' `` After All '' `` If I Could Turn Back Time '' `` Just Like Jesse James '' 1990s `` Heart of Stone '' `` You Would n't Know Love '' `` Baby I 'm Yours '' `` The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) '' `` Love and Understanding '' `` Save Up All Your Tears '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Could 've Been You '' `` When Lovers Become Strangers '' `` Oh No Not My Baby '' `` Whenever You 're Near '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` Walking in Memphis '' `` One by One '' `` Not Enough Love in the World '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine Anymore '' `` Paradise Is Here '' `` Believe '' `` Strong Enough '' `` All or Nothing '' `` Dov'è l'amore '' 2000s `` The Music 's No Good Without You '' `` Song for the Lonely '' `` Alive Again '' `` A Different Kind of Love Song '' `` When the Money 's Gone '' `` Love One Another '' 2010s `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' `` Woman 's World '' `` I Hope You Find It '' `` Take It Like a Man '' `` I Walk Alone '' Guest singles `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' `` Più che puoi '' `` Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bang_Bang_(My_Baby_Shot_Me_Down)&oldid=800210933 '' Categories : 1966 singles 1966 songs 1988 singles Cher songs Imperial Records singles Nancy Sinatra songs Petula Clark songs Songs written by Sonny Bono Anita Lindblom songs Lady Gaga songs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių Mirandés 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 03 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the song bang bang in kill bill | [
"Nancy Sinatra recorded one of the best-known covers of the song, for her 1966 album How Does That Grab You? Her version features tremolo guitar, played by her arranger, Billy Strange;[19] and had a resurgence in popularity when it was used in the opening credits of the 2003 Quentin Tarantino film Kill Bill Volume 1. In the sequence preceding the credits, Tarantino creates a literal, bloody interpretation of the song's chorus and the third verse, about a wedding day.[20] Her version also was the theme for BBC coverage of the 2005 Wimbledon tennis championships, and has been sampled on several hip-hop recordings, including the Audio Bullys (featuring Nancy Sinatra) top 3 UK hit \"Shot You Down\" in 2005."
] | [
"Nancy Sinatra"
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-4978383278991705289 | Don't Pass Me By | Do n't Pass me by - wikipedia Do n't Pass me by This article is about the 1968 Beatles song . For the 2013 American film , see Do n't Pass Me By ( film ) . `` Do n't Pass Me By '' Song by the Beatles from the album The Beatles Published Startling Music Released 22 November 1968 Recorded 5 June 1968 Genre Country rock Length 3 : 46 ( mono version ) 3 : 51 ( stereo version ) Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Richard Starkey Producer ( s ) George Martin `` Do n't Pass Me By '' is a song by the Beatles from the double album The Beatles ( also known as the `` White Album '' ) . It was the first solo composition by Ringo Starr . The song debuted at No. 1 in Denmark in April 1969 . It stayed in the Top 10 for a month . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Recording 3 Personnel 4 Cover versions 5 Notes 6 External links Origin ( edit ) Starr first played his song for the other Beatles soon after he joined the group in August 1962 . Its earliest public mention seems to have been in a BBC chatter session introducing `` And I Love Her '' on the radio show Top Gear in 1964 . In the conversation , Starr was asked if he had written a song and Paul McCartney mocked him soon afterwards , singing the first line of the refrain , `` Do n't pass me by , do n't make me cry , do n't make me blue , baby . '' Recording ( edit ) The song was recorded in four separate sessions in 1968 : 5 and 6 June , and 5 and 12 July . Despite references to it in 1964 as `` Do n't Pass Me By '' , it was called `` Ringo 's Tune ( Untitled ) '' on 5 June session tape label and `` This Is Some Friendly '' on 6 June label . By 12 July , the title was restored . During a lead vocal track recorded on 6 June , Starr audibly counted out eight beats , and it can be heard in the released song starting at 2 : 30 of the 1987 CD version . The monaural mix is faster than the stereo mix , and features a different arrangement of violin in the fade - out . George Martin arranged an orchestral interlude as an introduction , but this was rejected . It would eventually be used as an incidental cue for the Beatles ' animated film Yellow Submarine . In 1996 , the introduction was released as the track `` A Beginning '' on The Beatles Anthology 3 CD . The line , `` I 'm sorry that I doubted you , I was so unfair , You were in a car crash and you lost your hair '' , is cited by proponents of the `` Paul is Dead '' urban legend as a clue to McCartney 's fate ; the line `` you lost your hair '' is claimed to refer to Paul being badly burned in a fiery car crash , or to the song `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' ( which was written by McCartney ) . However , the expression `` to lose one 's hair '' was a fairly common English idiom , and simply means `` to become anxious or upset '' ( see , for instance , Elizabeth Bowen 's novel The Death of the Heart , 1938 ) . Personnel ( edit ) Ringo Starr -- vocals , drums , tack piano , sleigh bells , cowbell , maracas , congas Paul McCartney -- grand piano , bass guitar Jack Fallon -- violin The pianos were both recorded into a Leslie 147 speaker . Personnel per Ian MacDonald and supported by Mark Lewisohn Cover versions ( edit ) The song has been covered by alt - country band the Gourds , by the Southern rock band the Georgia Satellites on their 1988 album , Open All Night , and by the Punkles on their 2004 album , Pistol . The Swedish pop group ABBA made an unofficial parody of this song , but it was not released until their medley `` Undeleted '' in 1994 . Phish covered the song live , with most other songs on The Beatles on the album Live Phish Volume 13 . Ringo Starr released a re-recording of the song as a bonus track on his 2017 album Give More Love . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . pp. 137 , 142 , 144 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 / Tipparaden / 1969 / Uge 14 ( week 14 ) '' . danskehitlister.dk ( in Danish ) . 3 April 1969 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark ( 2013 ) . The Beatles : All These Years , Volume One -- Tune In . New York : Crown Archetype . p. 691 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 8305 - 3 . Jump up ^ Complete BBC Sessions , Vol. 8 , track 5 , at the 1 : 10 mark ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . p. 286 . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark ( 1996 ) . Anthology 3 ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . p. 4 . 34451 . Jump up ^ `` Open All Night - The Georgia Satelittes '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistol - The Punkles '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live Phish , Vol. 13 : 10 / 31 / 94 , Glens Falls Civic Center , Glens Falls , NY - Phish '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` Do n't Pass Me By '' Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Beatles ( White Album ) Songs Side one `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' `` Dear Prudence '' `` Glass Onion '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' `` Wild Honey Pie '' `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' Side two `` Martha My Dear '' `` I 'm So Tired '' `` Blackbird '' `` Piggies '' `` Rocky Raccoon '' `` Do n't Pass Me By '' `` Why Do n't We Do It in the Road ? '' `` I Will '' `` Julia '' Side three `` Birthday '' `` Yer Blues '' `` Mother Nature 's Son '' `` Everybody 's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey '' `` Sexy Sadie '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Long , Long , Long '' Side four `` Revolution 1 '' `` Honey Pie '' `` Savoy Truffle '' `` Cry Baby Cry '' `` Revolution 9 '' `` Good Night '' Non-album single `` Hey Jude Revolution '' Outtakes `` A Beginning '' `` Child of Nature '' `` Circles '' `` Etcetera '' `` Junk '' `` Not Guilty '' `` Sour Milk Sea '' `` What 's the New Mary Jane '' Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles in India Mother Nature 's Son The Grey Album Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) The Georgia Satellites Rick Richards Bruce Smith Fred McNeal Todd Johnston Dan Baird Joey Huffman Studio albums Georgia Satellites ( 1986 ) In the Land of Salvation and Sin ( 1989 ) Songs `` Keep Your Hands to Yourself '' `` Battleship Chains '' `` Hippy Hippy Shake '' `` Do n't Pass Me By '' Related articles Love Songs for the Hearing Impaired Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Pass_Me_By&oldid=825726254 '' Categories : 1968 songs The Beatles songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Ringo Starr The Georgia Satellites songs Music published by Startling Music Torch songs Number - one singles in Denmark 1968 singles Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית ქართული 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 01 : 39 . About Wikipedia | who played the violin on don't pass me by | [
"\nRingo Starr – vocals, drums, tack piano, sleigh bells, cowbell, maracas, congas\nPaul McCartney – grand piano, bass guitar\nJack Fallon – violin\n"
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"Jack Fallon"
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6835347665321876443 | Maa Tujhhe Salaam (film) | Maa Tujhhe Salaam ( film ) - wikipedia Maa Tujhhe Salaam ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Maa Tujhhe Samlaam Directed by Tinu Verma Produced by Mahendra Dhariwal Written by K.K. Singh ( dialogues ) , Santosh Mishra ( ass . writer ) Screenplay by Shyam Goel Story by Tinu Verma Starring Sunny Deol Tabu Arbaaz Khan Narrated by Om Puri Music by Sajid - Wajid Cinematography Raju Kaygee Edited by Sanjay Sankla Production company Indian Movies Release date 25 January 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 25 ) Running time 139 minutes Country India Language Hindi Maa Tujhhe Salaam ( Hindi : माँ तुझे सलाम ; English : Salute to you , mother ) is an Indian action / patriotic film directed by Tinu Verma . This film was released on January 25 , 2002 . This movie stars Sunny Deol , Tabu and Arbaaz Khan . This film was released when tensions were high between India and Pakistan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 References 4.1 Trivia 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Maa Tujhhe Salaam is the story of an Indian military officer , Major Pratap Singh ( Sunny Deol ) , who aborted a terrorist infiltration attempt of the enemy country single - handedly with the help of a few local civilians , at an area that 's located near the border of India . Zhonabad is the name of the area that is located at the high - altitude mountain ravines . In this area lives a man called Lala ( Tinu Verma ) . Since his ancestors were landlords before independence , Lala is a much respected and influential man there . But behind the curtain , he is a Pakistani agent who helps infiltration of terrorists and ammunition through the passes in mountains known to him and his men only . In the winter season , the weather conditions become unfit for inhabitants of the area , who are forced to shift to other places from there . Lala takes advantage of this situation and carries out his activities . Albaksh ( Arbaaz Khan ) is an illiterate person . He works like a slave for Lala , without knowing that Lala is indulging in anti-national activities . He is Lala 's main henchman . Captain Sonia ( Tabu ) , a military intelligence officer , gets to know of Lala and Albaksh 's anti-national activities and she informs the military of it . The military authorities order Major Pratap to go to Zhonabad to keep an eye on Lala and Albaksh . In the meanwhile , Albaksh comes to know of Lala 's activities . He opposes Lala , but invites his wrath in turn . Lala frames and portrays Alabksh as a traitor and terrorist in the eyes of law . The police arrest Albaksh . Subsequently , Major Pratap meets Albaksh , who reveals Lala 's activities and also how he is all set to help the infiltrators into the country through Zhonabad . Since there is n't much time for the Indian military force to reach Zhonabad , Major Pratap decides to fight the battle alone with the help of Albaksh and the local people . In the Final Scene Major Pratap arming himself with an Arsenal of Firearms attacks a Large Terrorist Force of Gul Mastan and Lala and with the Help of Albaksh and some Indian Soldiers manages to wipe out the Entire Force . Major Pratap Decapacitates Gul while Albaksh thrusts a Knife through Lala ending the Terrorist threat . Major Pratap Despite mortally wounded manages to survive thanks to the Prayers and Well wishes of the Indian Army who belong to Various Faiths and Religions . Cast ( edit ) Sunny Deol as Major Pratap Singh Tabu as Captain Sonia Khanna Arbaaz Khan as Albaksh Monal as Nargis Tinu Verma as Lala Mohan Joshi as Col Khanna Sudesh Berry as Gul Mastan Sharat Saxena as Capt Diler Singh Vivek Shauq as Capt . Purushottam Deep Dhillon as Bhaktawar Brij Gopal as Terrorist Ali Khan as Imran Rana Jung Bahadur as Police Officer Jeetu Verma as Sajid Prithvi as Satya Anang Desai as Shiva Avtar Gill Inder Kumar as Capt . Irshad Khan Sheila Sharma Rajat Bedi in a Special Appearance Malaika Arora in a Special Appearance Vikranta Sandhu as Khan Soundtrack ( edit ) # Title Singer ( s ) `` Maa Tujhhe Salaam '' Shankar Mahadevan `` Chham Chham Bole Payal Piya '' Udit Narayan , Kavita Krishnamurthy `` Dekhne Ko Tujhko '' Sonu Nigam , Sunidhi Chauhan `` Sone Ke Jaisi Hai Meri Jawaani '' Asha Bhosle 5 `` Oye Ranjhana '' Sunidhi Chauhan 6 `` Chhodh Ke Na Jaa Ooh Piya '' Alka Yagnik References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Movie review from Bollywood Hungama Trivia ( edit ) Sunil Shetty was signed for Arbaaz Khan ' s role but opted out after a fight with director Tinnu Verma . Rajat Bedi was having a full fledged role in the film but his role was reduced into a cameo appearance because of the length of the film . Puru Raajkumar was considered for the role which was did by Rajat Bedi in the film . External links ( edit ) Maa Tujhhe Salaam on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maa_Tujhhe_Salaam_(film)&oldid=803925742 '' Categories : 2002 films Hindi - language films Indian films 2000s Hindi - language films Indian action films India -- Pakistan relations in popular culture Films about terrorism Film scores by Sajid - Wajid Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2015 Articles containing Hindi - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी नेपाल भाषा Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 15 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | maa tujhe salaam film ka mp3 gana downloading | [] | [] |
-8772084807742844468 | Climate of Texas | Climate of Texas - wikipedia Climate of Texas Jump to : navigation , search Köppen climate classification types of Texas . This image of Texas , obtained by astronauts aboard NASA 's Gemini 4 spacecraft shows a large dark swath attributed to rainfall . Texas ' weather varies widely , from arid in the west to humid in the east . The huge expanse of Texas encompasses several regions with distinctly different climates : Northern Plains , Trans - Pecos Region , Texas Hill Country , Piney Woods , and South Texas . Generally speaking , the part of Texas that lies to the east of Interstate 35 is subtropical , while the portion that lies to the west of Interstate 35 is arid desert . Texas ranks first in tornado occurrence with an average of 139 per year . Tropical cyclones can affect the state , either from the Gulf of Mexico or from an overland trajectory originating in the eastern Pacific Ocean . Those originating from the Gulf of Mexico are more likely to strike the upper Texas coast than elsewhere . Significant floods have occurred across the state throughout history , both from tropical cyclones and from stalled weather fronts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics by region 1.1 Northern area 1.2 Trans Pecos Region 1.3 Hill Country 1.4 Piney Woods 1.5 South 2 Cold and snow 3 Severe weather 3.1 Hurricanes 3.2 Flooding 3.3 Extreme temperatures 4 El Niño -- Southern Oscillation 5 Climate change 6 Notes 7 References Characteristics by region ( edit ) Northern area ( edit ) Monthly normal high and low temperatures ( ° F ) for various Northern Plains cities City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Abilene 55 / 32 61 / 37 69 / 44 77 / 52 85 / 61 100 / 69 110 / 72 98 / 71 87 / 64 78 / 54 65 / 42 57 / 34 Amarillo 49 / 23 54 / 27 62 / 34 71 / 42 79 / 52 87 / 61 91 / 65 89 / 64 82 / 56 72 / 45 58 / 32 50 / 24 Lubbock 52 / 24 58 / 29 66 / 36 75 / 45 83 / 56 90 / 64 92 / 68 90 / 66 83 / 58 74 / 47 62 / 35 53 / 26 Midland 60 / 29 66 / 34 74 / 41 82 / 48 89 / 58 94 / 65 96 / 68 94 / 67 88 / 61 80 / 51 68 / 39 61 / 31 San Angelo 58 / 29 63 / 34 71 / 42 79 / 50 86 / 59 91 / 66 95 / 70 94 / 68 88 / 63 79 / 51 67 / 39 59 / 31 Wichita Falls 52 / 29 58 / 34 67 / 41 76 / 49 84 / 59 92 / 68 97 / 72 96 / 71 88 / 64 77 / 52 64 / 40 54 / 31 The Northern Plains ' climate is semi-arid and is prone to drought , annually receiving between 16 and 32 inches ( 810 mm ) of precipitation , and average annual snowfall ranging between 15 and 30 inches , with the greatest snowfall amounts occurring in the Texas panhandle and areas near the border with New Mexico . During the summer , this area of state sees the most clear days . Winter nights commonly see temperatures fall below the freezing mark , or 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) . The wettest months of the year are April and May . Tornadoes , caused by the convergence of westerly and southerly prevailing winds during the late spring , are common , making the region part of Tornado Alley . Poor land management , drought , and high wind speeds can cause large dust storms , minimized in modern times by improved land - management practices , but most troublesome in the 1930s during the Dust Bowl period . The panhandle region , farthest from the Gulf of Mexico , experiences colder winters than the other regions of Texas , where occasional wintertime Arctic blasts can cause temperatures to plunge to well below freezing and bring snowy conditions . Trans Pecos region ( edit ) The Trans - Pecos region , also known as Big Bend Country , is in the west - central and western parts of the state , consisting of the Chihuahuan Desert and isolated mountain ranges . During fall , winter , and spring , it experiences the most clear days statewide . It is also the driest receiving an average annual rainfall of only 16 inches ( 410 mm ) or less . Snowfall is rare at lower elevations , although the highest mountain peaks are prone to heavy snowfalls during winter . The arid climate is the main reason for desertification of the land , but overgrazing is slowly widening the land area of that desert . In the mountain areas one can see coniferous forests in a wetter and more temperate environment . The wettest months in this region occur during the summer . Winds are strengthened as they are forced to push through canyons and valleys . In the flatter areas these winds are harvested into usable electricity . ( show ) Climate data for El Paso Int'l , Texas ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1879 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 80 ( 27 ) 86 ( 30 ) 93 ( 34 ) 98 ( 37 ) 105 ( 41 ) 114 ( 46 ) 112 ( 44 ) 108 ( 42 ) 104 ( 40 ) 96 ( 36 ) 87 ( 31 ) 80 ( 27 ) 114 ( 46 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 57.7 ( 14.3 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 70.3 ( 21.3 ) 78.6 ( 25.9 ) 87.8 ( 31 ) 95.5 ( 35.3 ) 94.7 ( 34.8 ) 92.4 ( 33.6 ) 87.6 ( 30.9 ) 78.2 ( 25.7 ) 66.2 ( 19 ) 57.1 ( 13.9 ) 77.4 ( 25.2 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 45.1 ( 7.3 ) 50.1 ( 10.1 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 64.7 ( 18.2 ) 73.9 ( 23.3 ) 82.0 ( 27.8 ) 82.8 ( 28.2 ) 81.0 ( 27.2 ) 75.5 ( 24.2 ) 65.1 ( 18.4 ) 53.2 ( 11.8 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 37.1 ( 2.8 ) 42.9 ( 6.1 ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) 60.0 ( 15.6 ) 68.0 ( 20 ) 70.9 ( 21.6 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 63.3 ( 17.4 ) 52.0 ( 11.1 ) 40.1 ( 4.5 ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 51.6 ( 10.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 8 ( − 22 ) ( − 17 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 46 ( 8 ) 56 ( 13 ) 52 ( 11 ) 41 ( 5 ) 25 ( − 4 ) ( − 17 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) − 8 ( − 22 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.40 ( 10.2 ) 0.46 ( 11.7 ) 0.26 ( 6.6 ) 0.23 ( 5.8 ) 0.47 ( 11.9 ) 0.94 ( 23.9 ) 1.55 ( 39.4 ) 2.01 ( 51.1 ) 1.51 ( 38.4 ) 0.61 ( 15.5 ) 0.49 ( 12.4 ) 0.78 ( 19.8 ) 9.71 ( 246.6 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0.8 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) trace 0.8 ( 2 ) 3.1 ( 7.9 ) 6.9 ( 17.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 3.8 3.4 2.4 1.9 2.7 3.9 8.3 8.7 6.3 4.7 3.1 3.9 53.1 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.3 1.1 3.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 50.5 41.6 32.4 26.9 27.1 29.9 43.9 48.4 50.5 47.1 46.1 51.5 41.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 254.5 263.0 326.0 348.0 384.7 384.1 360.2 335.4 304.1 298.6 257.6 246.3 3,762.5 Percent possible sunshine 80 85 88 89 90 90 83 81 82 85 82 79 85 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity 1962 -- 1990 , sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Hill Country ( edit ) Monthly normal high and low temperatures ( ° F ) for Hill Country cities City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Austin 60 / 40 65 / 44 73 / 51 79 / 58 85 / 65 91 / 71 95 / 73 96 / 73 90 / 69 81 / 60 70 / 49 62 / 42 San Antonio 62 / 39 67 / 43 74 / 50 80 / 57 86 / 66 91 / 72 95 / 74 95 / 74 90 / 69 82 / 59 71 / 49 64 / 41 Waco 57 / 33 62 / 38 70 / 46 78 / 53 84 / 63 91 / 70 96 / 74 96 / 73 90 / 66 79 / 57 68 / 45 59 / 36 The Texas Hill Country , or central Texas is shaped by its many rivers and hills . The climate is semi-arid , with cool winters and hot summers . The vegetation is both deciduous in the river valleys , and coniferous where there is greater elevation . In a single year the region can receive up to 48 inches ( 1,200 mm ) of rain , and flooding is common near rivers and in low - lying areas . The wettest months of the year are April and May . Piney Woods ( edit ) See also : Climate of Beaumont , Texas ; Climate of Dallas , Texas ; and Climate of Houston Monthly normal high and low temperatures ( ° F ) for various Piney Woods locations City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Dallas 55 / 36 61 / 41 69 / 49 77 / 56 84 / 65 92 / 73 96 / 77 96 / 76 89 / 69 79 / 58 66 / 47 57 / 39 Fort Worth 55 / 31 61 / 36 68 / 44 76 / 52 83 / 61 91 / 69 97 / 72 96 / 72 89 / 65 79 / 55 67 / 44 58 / 35 Galveston 62 / 50 64 / 52 70 / 58 75 / 65 81 / 72 87 / 78 89 / 80 89 / 79 87 / 76 80 / 68 71 / 59 64 / 52 Houston 63 / 45 67 / 48 74 / 55 79 / 61 86 / 68 91 / 74 94 / 75 93 / 75 89 / 72 82 / 62 73 / 53 65 / 47 Port Arthur 61 / 43 65 / 46 72 / 52 78 / 59 84 / 66 89 / 72 92 / 74 92 / 73 88 / 69 80 / 60 71 / 51 64 / 45 The Piney Woods is the eastern region of Texas and is within the humid subtropical climate zone . It receives the most rainfall ; more than 60 inches ( 1,500 mm ) annually in the far east. ( 1 ) This is due to the gulf currents that carry humid air to the region , where it condenses and precipitates out in the vicinity of sea breeze fronts as well as when extratropical cyclones move by . While coastal sections see the most cloudy days statewide and year - round , northern sections see the most clear days during the summer . The wettest months of the year are April and May . The area is prone to severe thunderstorms and tornadoes when the proper conditions exist , generally in the springtime . Hurricanes also strike the region , the most disastrous of which was the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 . More recently Hurricane Rita pummeled the Golden Triangle of southeast Texas . The higher humidity of the region amplifies the feeling of heat during the summer . During winter and spring along the immediate coast , temperatures are kept cool by relatively cool gulf waters . Dense advection fog can form when warm air moves over the cool shelf waters during February and March , stopping ship traffic for days . South ( edit ) Monthly normal high and low temperatures ( ° F ) for southern Texas cities City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Brownsville 69 / 50 72 / 53 78 / 59 82 / 65 87 / 72 91 / 75 92 / 75 93 / 75 89 / 73 84 / 66 77 / 59 70 / 52 Corpus Christi 66 / 46 70 / 49 76 / 56 81 / 62 86 / 69 90 / 74 93 / 74 93 / 75 90 / 72 84 / 64 75 / 55 68 / 48 Del Rio 63 / 40 68 / 44 76 / 52 83 / 59 89 / 67 94 / 72 96 / 74 96 / 74 91 / 69 82 / 61 71 / 49 63 / 41 Laredo 68 / 44 73 / 48 82 / 56 89 / 63 95 / 70 100 / 74 102 / 75 99 / 75 93 / 71 86 / 63 76 / 53 68 / 45 Victoria 63 / 44 67 / 47 73 / 54 79 / 60 85 / 68 90 / 73 93 / 75 94 / 75 90 / 70 83 / 62 73 / 52 65 / 45 The region of South Texas includes the semiarid ranch country and the wetter Rio Grande Valley . Considered to be the southernmost tip of the American Great Plains region , the inland region has rainfall that is similar to that of the Northern Plains . The coastal areas are nearly warm most of the year due to currents of the Gulf of Mexico , but can get cold in winter if a strong front comes in , and sometimes even causing snow at sea level . Summers are hot and humid . Rain in the coastal region is more abundant than in the inland region , and subtropical forests line the Rio Grande . The wettest months of the year are April and May in western areas , but approaching the Gulf Coast , September becomes the year 's wettest month on average . This owes to the threat from tropical weather systems , including hurricanes , which can bring torrential rains of 5 - 10 + inches in one or two days . The resulting September monthly rainfall maximum prevails , for example , at Corpus Christi , South Padre Island and Brownsville . Inland , where it is drier , ranches dominate the landscape , characterized by thick spiny brush and grasslands . The winters in the inland region are variable , but usually mild , but are subject to Arctic air outbreaks from Canada , Snow is a rare occurrence due to the lack of humidity in winter , and the summers are for the most part hot and dry , but at times can be humid when winds come off the Gulf of Mexico . Tornadoes can occur in this region , but are less frequent than in other parts of the state . The southernmost part of the state falls just within the tropical climate classification . Occasional years of above average temperatures result in an abundance of tropical flora in the lower Rio Grande Valley , typical of a Tropical savanna climat . Cold and snow ( edit ) 2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm in South Texas Northern and western sections of the state average snowfall annually due to their colder average readings each winter . For one week in February 1956 , a snow storm of historic proportions struck northern Texas . The maximum amount measured was 61 inches ( 150 cm ) at Vega with Plainview receiving 24 inches ( 61 cm ) in one day . El Paso , in Far West Texas , received 22.4 in ( 57 cm ) of snow during a 24 - hour period December 13 -- 14 , 1987 . For central and southern sections , snowfall is considerably more unusual . In February 1895 , a large area of southeastern Texas received over 12 inches ( 30 cm ) of snow , with peak amounts near 30 inches ( 76 cm ) at Port Arthur . More recently around Christmas of 2004 , up to 13 inches ( 33 cm ) of snow fell along the middle coast , with the maximum occurring at Victoria . The worst cold snap to occur statewide occurred during the last half of December in 1983 . Four stations recorded their longest continuous readings at or below 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) on record . At Austin , the temperature remained at or below freezing for 139 hours . At Abilene , the period at or below freezing totaled 202 hours . Lubbock saw temperatures at or below freezing for 207 hours . The Dallas - Fort Worth airport measured temperatures at or below freezing for a total of 296 consecutive hours . Snow which fell on December 14 and 15 across northern Texas stayed on the ground until New Year 's Day of 1984 . Severe Weather ( edit ) Thunderstorms are very common in Texas , especially the eastern and northern portion . Texas is part of the Tornado Alley section of the country . The state experiences the most tornadoes in the Union , an average of 139 a year . These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle . Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in April , May , and June . Hurricanes ( edit ) Further information : List of Texas hurricanes ( 1980 -- present ) Damage from the 1900 Galveston hurricane , the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history , was extensive . Texas 's position at the northwestern end of the Gulf of Mexico makes it vulnerable to hurricanes . Some of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S. history have impacted Texas . A hurricane in 1875 killed approximately 400 people in Indianola , followed by another hurricane in 1886 that destroyed the town , which was at the time the most important port city in the state . This allowed Galveston to take over as the chief port city , but it was subsequently devastated by a hurricane in 1900 that killed approximately 8,000 people ( possibly as many as 12,000 ) , making it the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history . Other devastating Texan hurricanes include the 1915 Galveston Hurricane , Hurricane Carla in 1961 , Hurricane Beulah in 1967 , Hurricane Alicia in 1983 , Hurricane Rita in 2005 , and Hurricane Ike in 2008 . The climatology of where tropical cyclone strikes are most likely within the state appears to be changing . In the early 1980s , the most favored region during the previous century was the middle coast . However , that region of the coastline has been rarely impacted since the 1960s , and a recent study indicates that the most vulnerable location to a tropical cyclone strike since 1851 is the upper coast , which has received 56 percent of all tropical cyclone landfalls , of which 66 percent originate from the Gulf of Mexico . This is in contrast with Louisiana and the lower Texan coast , where only 39 percent of the landfalls are from tropical cyclones of Gulf of Mexico origin . Flooding ( edit ) Annual average precipitation across Texas See also : List of wettest tropical cyclones in the United States § Texas The most serious threat from tropical cyclones for Texans is from flooding . The worst aspect about tropical cyclones is that the weaker they are , the more efficient they can be at producing heavy rains and catastrophic flooding . Systems with sprawling circulations , such as Hurricane Beulah , also tend to make good rainmakers . Slow moving systems , such as Tropical Storm Amelia ( 1978 ) and Hurricane Harvey ( 2017 ) can produce significant rainfall . Tropical cyclones from the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Basins can impact the Lone Star State . In general , flooding across Texas is more common during the spring and early autumn months , and it can also be due to nearby stationary fronts interacting with strong upper level cyclones . The most likely location for floods statewide is the Balcones Escarpment , an area of steep elevation gradient in central Texas at the boundary between the Edwards Plateau and the coastal plain . Extreme temperatures ( edit ) The highest temperature ever measured in Texas was 120 ° F ( 48.9 ° C ) , recorded on August 12 , 1936 in Seymour , during the 1936 North American Heatwave , and again on June 28 , 1994 in Monahans . The lowest temperature ever measured in Texas was − 23 ° F ( − 30.6 ° C ) , recorded on February 8 , 1933 in Seminole . ( hide ) Climate data for Texas Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 98 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 108 ( 42 ) 113 ( 45 ) 116 ( 47 ) 120 ( 49 ) 119 ( 48 ) 120 ( 49 ) 116 ( 47 ) 109 ( 43 ) 102 ( 39 ) 98 ( 37 ) 120 ( 49 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 22 ( − 30 ) − 23 ( − 31 ) − 12 ( − 24 ) 5 ( − 15 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 32 ( 0 ) 40 ( 4 ) 39 ( 4 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 8 ( − 13 ) − 10 ( − 23 ) − 16 ( − 27 ) − 23 ( − 31 ) Source : El Niño -- Southern Oscillation ( edit ) The El Niño -- Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) cycle is a huge impact on the weather in Texas . During the El Niño phase , the jet stream is located west - to - east across the southern portion of the United States . Therefore , winters in Texas are colder and receive more snowfall than normal . Texas is also less likely to get impacted by hurricanes due to the increased wind shear across the Atlantic . Spring to early summer yields increased rainfall especially where a low pressure system is located over the Four Corners region or northern Mexico which yields monsoon - like climate ( which was exacerbated during the 2015 and 2016 spring season where the City of Houston was the hardest hit as if the climate was similar to Mumbai or Kolkata , India with heavy rainfall usually from moisture from the Gulf of Mexico ) . During the opposite phase , La Niña , the jet stream is much further north , therefore winter is milder and drier than normal . Hurricanes are more likely to impact Texas during La Niña due to decreased wind shear in the Atlantic . Droughts in Texas are much more likely during La Niña . The 2010 - 11 La Niña is mostly to blame for one of the worst droughts in Texas history . Climate Change ( edit ) Main article : Climate change in Texas Texas emits the most greenhouse gases in the US . The state 's annual carbon dioxide emissions are nearly 1.5 trillion pounds ( 680 billion kg ) . Texas would be the world 's seventh - largest producer of greenhouse gases if it were an independent nation . The primary factors in Texas ' greenhouse gas emissions are the state 's large number of coal power plants and the state 's refining and manufacturing industries which provides the bulk of the United States ' petroleum products . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official records for El Paso kept January 1879 to June 1947 at downtown and at El Paso Int'l since July 1947 . For more information , see Threadex References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Texas Renewable Energy Resource Assessment . `` Chapter 2 : Texas Climate '' . pp. 2 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : George W. Bomar ( 1983 ) . Texas Weather . pp. 54 -- 58 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 78053 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : National Climatic Data Center ( 2005 ) . `` Average Number of Tornadoes , 1953 - 2004 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved October 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The American Experience : Surviving The Dust Bowl : People & Events : The Drought '' . PBS . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Texas Renewable Energy Resource Assessment . `` Chapter 2 : Texas Climate '' . pp. 2 -- 6 . Jump up ^ `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : TX EL PASO INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for EL PASO / INT'L ARPT TX 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eric S. Blake ; Edward N. Rappaport ; Christopher W. Landsea ( 2007 ) . `` The Deadliest , Costliest , and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2006 '' ( PDF ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved June 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Richard D. Knabb ; Daniel P. Brown ; Jamie R. Rhome . `` Hurricane Rita '' ( PDF ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved June 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ George W. Bomar ( 1983 ) . Texas Weather . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 78053 - 2 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office , ( ( El Paso , Texas ) ) . `` All time heavy snowfall events for El Paso '' . National Weather Service . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office , Lake Charles , Louisiana ( 2010 ) . `` Snow Climatology for Southeast Texas & Southwest Louisiana : All Measurable Snowfalls ( 1895 - 2010 ) '' . National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office , Houston / Galveston , Texas ( December 25 , 2004 ) . `` Public Information Statement '' . National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2006 . Retrieved December 1 , 2006 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ George W. Bomar ( 1983 ) . Texas Weather . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 78053 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weather from the Handbook of Texas Online Accessed July 22 , 2008 Jump up ^ Eric S. Blake , Edward N. Rappaport , Christopher W. Landsea ( April 15 , 2007 ) . `` The Deadliest , Costliest , and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2006 '' ( PDF ) . National Weather Service : National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tanveerul Islam ; William Merrell ; William Seitz ; Robert Harriss ( November 2009 ) . `` Origin , Distribution , and Timing of Texas Hurricanes : 1851 -- 2006 '' . Natural Hazards Review . 10 : 137 -- 138 . doi : 10.1061 / ( ASCE ) 1527 - 6988 ( 2009 ) 10 : 4 ( 136 ) . Jump up ^ David M. Roth ( January 17 , 2010 ) . `` Texas Hurricane History '' ( PDF ) . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . p. 5 . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David M. Roth ( June 20 , 2007 ) . `` Tropical Storm Amelia ( 1978 ) Rainfall Page '' . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved March 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David M. Roth ( 2010 ) . `` Tropical cyclones affecting the Gulf Coast '' . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved March 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Earth Observatory ( April 9 , 2004 ) . `` Intense Rains Flood Mexico and Texas '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ George W. Bomar ( 1983 ) . Texas Weather . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 78053 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` United States Extreme Record Temperatures & Differences '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Texas : Temperature Extremes '' . Sandbox Networks , Inc . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Borenstein , Seth ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` Blame Coal : Texas Leads in Overall Emissions '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( June 3 , 2007 ) . `` Texas No. 1 producer of greenhouse gases '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ MSN City Guides . `` Five Cities that Need help Getting Green '' . Jump up ^ Heinrich Boll Foundation North America ( December 2003 ) . `` Approaches , Challenges , Potentials : Renewable Energy and Climate Change Policies in U.S. States '' ( PDF ) . Clean Energy States Alliance . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . 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5636582858889402215 | Adaptations of Agatha Christie | Adaptations of Agatha Christie - wikipedia Adaptations of Agatha Christie Adaptations of the works of Agatha Christie : Contents 1 Film 2 Television 2.1 Miss Marple television series 2.2 Agatha Christie 's Marple television series 2.3 Agatha Christie 's Poirot television series 3 BBC Radio 3.1 Poirot 3.2 Miss Marple 3.3 Notable others 4 Graphic novels 5 Video games 6 Animation 7 References Film ( edit ) Year Title Story based on Notes 1928 The Passing of Mr. Quinn The Coming of Mr Quin First Christie film adaptation 1929 Die Abenteurer G.m.b.H. The Secret Adversary German First Christie foreign film adaptation ; a German adaptation of The Secret Adversary 1931 Alibi The stage play Alibi and the novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd First Christie film adaptation to feature Hercule Poirot 1931 Black Coffee Black Coffee 1932 Le Coffret de Laque Black Coffee French adaptation of Black Coffee 1934 Lord Edgware Dies Thirteen at Dinner 1937 Love from a Stranger The stage play Love from a Stranger and the short story Philomel Cottage Released in the US as A Night of Terror 1945 And Then There Were None The stage play And Then There Were None and the novel And Then There Were None First Christie film adaptation of And Then There Were None 1947 Love from a Stranger The stage play Love from a Stranger and the short story Philomel Cottage Released in the UK as A Stranger Walked In 1957 Witness for the Prosecution The stage play Witness for the Prosecution and the short story The Witness for the Prosecution 1960 The Spider 's Web Spider 's Web 1960 Chupi Chupi Aashey The Mousetrap and Three Blind Mice ( radio play and short story ) Uncredited adaptation in Bengali ; possibly the only notable film version of the celebrated play . 1961 Murder , She Said 4.50 from Paddington First Christie film adaptation to feature Miss Marple 1963 Murder at the Gallop After the Funeral In the film , Miss Marple replaces Hercule Poirot 1964 Murder Most Foul Mrs McGinty 's Dead The film is loosely based on the book and as a major change Miss Marple replaces Hercule Poirot 1964 Murder Ahoy ! None An original film , not based on any book , although it borrows some elements of They Do It with Mirrors 1965 Gumnaam And Then There Were None Hindi movie Uncredited adaptation of And Then There Were None 1965 Ten Little Indians The stage play And Then There Were None and the novel And Then There Were None 1965 The Alphabet Murders The A.B.C. Murders 1972 Endless Night Endless Night 1973 Dhund The Unexpected Guest Dhund ( translation : Fog ) is a 1973 Hindi movie produced and directed by B.R. Chopra Murder on the Orient Express Murder on the Orient Express And Then There Were None The stage play And Then There Were None and the novel And Then There Were None Released in the US as Ten Little Indians 1978 Death on the Nile The stage play Murder on the Nile and the novel Death on the Nile 1980 The Mirror Crack 'd The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side 1982 Evil Under the Sun Evil Under the Sun Taina `` Chernykh Drozdov '' ( Secret of the Blackbirds ) The novel A Pocket Full of Rye Soviet film adaptation of A Pocket Full of Rye 1985 Ordeal by Innocence Ordeal by Innocence Desyat Negrityat The stage play And Then There Were None and the novel And Then There Were None Russian film adaptation of And Then There Were None 1988 Appointment with Death The stage play Appointment with Death and the novel Appointment with Death 1989 Ten Little Indians The stage play And Then There Were None and the novel And Then There Were None 1995 Innocent Lies Towards Zero 2003 Shubho Mahurat The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side Indian ( Bengali ) adaptation of The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side 2005 Mon petit doigt m'a dit ... By the Pricking of My Thumbs French adaptation of By the Pricking of My Thumbs 2007 L'Heure zéro Towards Zero French adaptation of Towards Zero 2008 Le crime est notre affaire 4.50 from Paddington French adaptation of 4.50 from Paddington 2008 Le Grand Alibi The Hollow French adaptation of The Hollow 2012 Grandmaster The A.B.C. Murders Indian ( Malayalam ) adaptation of The A.B.C Murders 2016 Chorabali Cards on the Table Indian ( Bengali ) adaptation of Cards on The Table 2017 Murder on the Orient Express Murder on the Orient Express 2017 Crooked House Crooked House Miss Marple Murder films Films Murder , She Said Murder at the Gallop Murder Most Foul Murder Ahoy ! Television ( edit ) 1937 Spider 's Web ( Based on the stage play of the same name ) 1938 Love from a Stranger ( Based on the stage play of the same name from the short story Philomel Cottage ) 1947 Love from a Stranger 1949 Ten Little Indians 1959 Ten Little Indians 1970 The Murder at the Vicarage 1980 Why Did n't They Ask Evans ? 1982 Spider 's Web 1982 The Seven Dials Mystery 1982 The Agatha Christie Hour 1982 Murder is Easy 1982 The Witness for the Prosecution 1983 The Secret Adversary 1983 Partners in Crime 1983 A Caribbean Mystery 1983 Sparkling Cyanide 1985 Murder with Mirrors 1985 Thirteen at Dinner 1986 Dead Man 's Folly 1986 Murder in Three Acts 1989 The Man in the Brown Suit 1997 The Pale Horse 2001 Murder on the Orient Express 2003 Sparkling Cyanide 2007 Hercule Poirot 's Christmas ( A French film adaptation ) 2015 Partners in Crime 2015 And Then There Were None 2016 The Witness For The Prosecution 2018 Ordeal by Innocence Miss Marple television series ( edit ) Episodes of the television series Miss Marple include : 1984 The Body in the Library 1985 The Moving Finger 1985 A Murder is Announced 1985 A Pocket Full of Rye 1986 The Murder at the Vicarage 1987 Sleeping Murder 1987 At Bertram 's Hotel 1987 Nemesis 1987 4.50 from Paddington 1989 A Caribbean Mystery 1991 They Do It with Mirrors 1992 The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side Agatha Christie 's Marple television series ( edit ) Episodes of the television series Agatha Christie 's Marple include : 2004 The Body in the Library 2004 The Murder at the Vicarage 2004 4.50 from Paddington 2005 A Murder is Announced 2005 Sleeping Murder 2006 The Moving Finger 2006 By the Pricking of My Thumbs 2006 The Sittaford Mystery 2007 Towards Zero 2007 Nemesis 2007 At Bertram 's Hotel 2007 Ordeal by Innocence 2009 A Pocket Full of Rye 2009 Murder is Easy 2009 They Do It with Mirrors 2009 Why Did n't They Ask Evans ? 2010 The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side 2010 The Secret of Chimneys 2010 The Blue Geranium 2010 The Pale Horse 2013 A Caribbean Mystery 2013 Greenshaw 's Folly 2013 Endless Night Agatha Christie 's Poirot television series ( edit ) Episodes of the television series Agatha Christie 's Poirot include : 1990 Peril at End House 1990 The Mysterious Affair at Styles 1992 The ABC Murders 1992 Death in the Clouds 1992 One , Two , Buckle My Shoe 1994 Hercule Poirot 's Christmas 1995 Murder on the Links 1995 Hickory Dickory Dock 1996 Dumb Witness 2000 The Murder of Roger Ackroyd 2000 Lord Edgware Dies 2001 Evil Under the Sun 2001 Murder in Mesopotamia 2004 Five Little Pigs 2004 Death on the Nile 2004 Sad Cypress 2004 The Hollow 2005 The Mystery of the Blue Train 2005 Cards on the Table 2005 After the Funeral 2006 Taken at the Flood 2008 Mrs. McGinty 's Dead 2008 Cat Among the Pigeons 2008 Third Girl 2008 Appointment with Death 2009 The Clocks 2009 Three Act Tragedy 2010 Hallowe'en Party 2010 Murder on the Orient Express 2013 Elephants Can Remember 2013 The Big Four 2013 Dead Man 's Folly 2013 The Labours of Hercules 2013 Curtain BBC Radio ( edit ) Many of Christie 's novels have been adapted for BBC Radio over the course of several years . However the most prominent productions were the dramatisations of the Poirot and Miss Marple stories : Poirot ( edit ) ( Starring John Moffatt as Poirot , unless otherwise stated ) The Mysterious Affair at Styles Murder on the Links The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding The Murder of Roger Ackroyd The Mystery of the Blue Train ( * Maurice Denham as Poirot ) Peril at End House Lord Edgware Dies ( aka Thirteen at Dinner ) Murder in Mesopotamia Murder on the Orient Express Three Act Tragedy Death in the Clouds The A.B.C. Murders Dumb Witness Cards on the Table Death on the Nile Appointment with Death Hercule Poirot 's Christmas ( * Peter Sallis as Poirot ) One , Two , Buckle My Shoe Sad Cypress Evil Under the Sun Five Little Pigs Taken at the Flood Mrs McGinty 's Dead After the Funeral Dead Man 's Folly Hallowe'en Party Elephants Can Remember Miss Marple ( edit ) ( Starring June Whitfield as Miss Marple ) Murder at the Vicarage A Pocket Full of Rye At Bertram 's Hotel 4.50 from Paddington A Caribbean Mystery The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side Nemesis The Body in the Library A Murder Is Announced The Moving Finger They Do It With Mirrors Sleeping Murder Notable others ( edit ) Endless Night Starring Jonathan Forbes as Mike and Lizzy Watts as Ellie Towards Zero Starring Hugh Bonneville as Nevile and Marcia Warren as Lady Tresselian The Sittaford Mystery Starring Melinda Walker as Emily Trefusis , Stephen Tompkinson as Charles Enderby , John Moffatt as Mr. Rycroft and Geoffrey Whitehead as Inspector Narracott And Then There Were None Geoffrey Whitehead as Justice Wargrave , Lyndsey Marshal as Vera Claythorne , Alex Wyndham as Philip Lombard , John Rowe as Dr. Armstrong , and Joanna Monro as Emily Brent Sparkling Cyanide Starring Naomi Frederick as Iris and Amanda Drew as Ruth Ordeal by Innocence Starring Mark Umbers as Arthur Calgary and Jacqueline Defferary as Gwenda Graphic novels ( edit ) Euro Comics India began issuing a series of graphic novel adaptations of Christie 's work in 2007 . 2007 The Murder on the Links . Adapted by François Rivière , illustrated by Marc Piskic 2007 Murder on the Orient Express . Adapted by François Rivière , illustrated by Solidor ( Jean - François Miniac ) . 2007 Death on the Nile . Adapted by Francois Riviere , illustrated by Solidor ( Jean - François Miniac ) 2007 The Secret of Chimneys . Adapted by François Rivière , illustrated by Laurence Suhner 2007 The Murder of Roger Ackroyd . Adapted and illustrated by Bruno Lachard 2007 The Mystery of the Blue Train . Adapted and illustrated by Marc Piskic 2007 The Man in the Brown Suit . Adapted and illustrated by Alain Paillou 2007 The Big Four . Adapted by Hichot and illustrated by Bairi 2007 The Secret Adversary . Adapted by François Rivière and illustrated by Frank Leclercq 2007 The Murder at the Vicarage . Adapted and illustrated by `` Norma '' 2007 Murder in Mesopotamia . Adapted by François Rivière and illustrated by Chandre 2007 And Then There Were None . Adapted by François Rivière and illustrated by Frank Leclercq 2007 Endless Night . Adapted by Francois Rivière and illustrated by Frank Leclercq 2008 Ordeal by Innocence . Adapted and illustrated by Chandre 2008 Hallowe'en Party . Adapted and illustrated by Chandre 2008 Peril at End House Adapted by Thierry Jollet and illustrated by Didier Quella - Guyot 2009 Dumb Witness Adapted and illustrated by `` Marek '' 2010 Cards on the Table Adapted and illustrated by Frank Leclercq 2010 Five Little Pigs Adapted by Miceal O'Griafa , David Charrier 2012 Dead Man 's Folly Adapted and illustrated by Marek 2013 Evil Under the Sun Adapted by Thierry Jollet and illustrated by Didier Quella - Guyot Video games ( edit ) 1988 The Scoop ( published by Spinnaker Software and Telarium ) ( PC ) 2005 Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None ( PC and Wii ) . 2006 Agatha Christie : Murder on the Orient Express ( PC ) 2007 Agatha Christie : Death on the Nile ( I - Spy hidden - object game ) ( PC ) 2007 Agatha Christie : Evil Under the Sun ( PC and Wii ) 2008 Agatha Christie : Peril at End House ( I - Spy hidden - object game ) 2009 Agatha Christie : The ABC Murders ( DS ) 2009 Agatha Christie : Dead Man 's Folly ( I - Spy hidden - object game ) ( PC ) 2010 Agatha Christie 4 : 50 from Paddington ( I - Spy hidden - object game ) ( PC ) 2016 Agatha Christie : The ABC Murders ( PC , Playstation 4 and Xbox One ) Animation ( edit ) In 2004 the Japanese broadcasting company Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai turned Poirot and Marple into animated characters in the anime series Agatha Christie 's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple , introducing Mabel West ( daughter of Miss Marple 's mystery - writer nephew Raymond West , a canonical Christie character ) and her duck Oliver as new characters . References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adaptations_of_Agatha_Christie&oldid=850584569 '' Categories : Agatha Christie Adaptations of works by Agatha Christie Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 19 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what agatha christie books have been made into movies | [] | [] |
-6104515224339901702 | List of The Karate Kid characters | List of the Karate Kid characters - wikipedia List of the Karate Kid characters hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This media article uses IMDb for verification . IMDb may not be a reliable source for film and television information and is generally only cited as an external link . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Please help by replacing IMDb with third - party reliable sources . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This list of The Karate Kid characters consists of fictional characters from the films The Karate Kid , The Karate Kid Part II , The Karate Kid Part III , The Next Karate Kid , the 2010 remake , and the Cobra Kai TV series . Contents 1 Daniel LaRusso 2 Mr. Miyagi 3 Johnny Lawrence 4 John Kreese 5 The Referee 6 The Karate Kid 6.1 Ali Mills 6.2 Darryl Vidal 6.3 Dutch 6.4 Bobby Brown 6.5 Tommy 6.6 Jimmy 6.7 Freddy Fernandez 6.8 Mr. Mills 6.9 Lucille LaRusso 6.10 Jerry Robertson 6.11 Susan 6.12 Barbara 7 The Karate Kid Part II 7.1 Chozen Toguchi 7.2 Sato Toguchi 7.3 Kumiko 7.4 Yukie 7.5 Toshio 7.6 Taro 7.7 Miyagi 's Father 7.8 The Announcer 8 The Karate Kid Part III 8.1 Terry Silver 8.2 Mike Barnes 8.3 Jessica Andrews 8.4 Snake 8.5 Dennis 8.6 Mrs. Milo 8.7 Louie LaRusso Sr . 8.8 Milos 8.9 Margaret 8.10 The Announcer 9 The Next Karate Kid 9.1 Julie Pierce 9.2 Colonel Dugan 9.3 Louisa Pierce 9.4 Eric McGowen 9.5 Abbot 9.6 Ned 9.7 Charlie 9.8 Tall Monk 9.9 Monk 9.10 Buddhist Monk 9.11 Mr. Harold Wilkes 9.12 School Clerk 9.13 Gabe 9.14 Morgan 10 The Karate Kid ( 2010 remake ) 10.1 Dre Parker 10.2 Wu Ping 10.3 Mr. Han 10.4 Cheng 10.5 Meiying 10.6 Liang 10.7 Master Li 11 Cobra Kai 11.1 Miguel Diaz 11.2 Amanda LaRusso 11.3 Samantha LaRusso 11.4 Anthony LaRusso 11.5 Robby Keene 11.6 Kyler 11.7 Demetri 11.8 Eli Moskowitz / Hawk 11.9 Aisha Robinson 11.10 Bert 11.11 Yasmine 11.12 Moon 11.13 Brucks 11.14 Carmen Diaz 11.15 Rosa 11.16 Louie LaRusso Jr . 11.17 Anoush 11.18 Shannon Keene 11.19 Counselor Blatt 11.20 Nestor 11.21 Lynn 11.22 Tom Cole 11.23 Sid Weinberg 11.24 Rhonda 11.25 Armand Zakarian 11.26 Rolan Zakarian 11.27 Daryl 11.28 Ron 11.29 Sue 11.30 George 11.31 Xander Stone 11.32 Patricia Stone 11.33 Mrs. Jenkins 11.34 Laura 12 References 13 External links Daniel LaRusso ( edit ) Main article : Daniel LaRusso Mr. Miyagi ( edit ) Main article : Mr. Miyagi Johnny Lawrence ( edit ) Main article : Johnny Lawrence ( character ) John Kreese ( edit ) Sensei John Kreese ( Martin Kove ) is an ex-Special Forces Vietnam Veteran and the sensei of the Cobra Kai dojo . He also has an unethical and vicious way of teaching karate because he instructs his students to be merciless towards their opponents . In the first film , Kreese 's best student , Johnny Lawrence , bullies and harasses Daniel LaRusso with his gang until they are stopped by Mr. Miyagi , who teaches Daniel karate . When Daniel and Miyagi resolve the conflict at the Cobra Kai dojo , Miyagi proposes that Daniel enter the All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships tournament where he will face the Cobra Kai students and demands that the bullying cease while Daniel trains . Kreese agrees , but warns that if they do n't show up at the tournament , the Cobra Kai will continue to harass Daniel and also Miyagi . At the tournament , Daniel reaches the semi-finals while Johnny advances to the finals after defeating a highly skilled opponent . Kreese instructs Bobby Brown , one of his more compassionate students and the least vicious of Daniel 's tormentors , to disable Daniel with an illegal attack on the knee . Bobby reluctantly does so , getting disqualified in the process . However , Daniel recovers and ultimately defeats Johnny , becoming the new champion . Furious , Kreese attacks Johnny in the parking lot , but is stopped by Miyagi , who easily defeats Kreese and humiliates him in front of his students . Kreese 's abusive behavior results with him losing his students and going broke . In the third film , Kreese visits his Vietnam war comrade Terry Silver , the wealthy owner of a toxic waste disposal business who offers to help Kreese gain revenge on Daniel and Miyagi and re-establish Cobra Kai . Silver sends Kreese to Tahiti to rest while he hires Mike Barnes to harass Daniel and beat him in the tournament . However , at the tournament , Barnes lost to Daniel and Cobra Kai was shut down , ostensibly for good . Kreese returns in the first season finale of Cobra Kai and faces his former pupil Johnny Lawrence . He is proud of Johnny and seeks his help to get his revenge on Daniel for shutting down his dojo . The Referee ( edit ) The Referee of the ring is played by Pat E. Johnson in the first three Karate Kid films . He was seen outside his tournament duties in each of the three films , the first when he stops an impending assault on Daniel from Dutch in the locker room , by ordering him out or he is disqualified , the second where he is commending Daniel for gaining the championship after the tournament 's conclusion , and the third where his voice is heard on an answering machine asking Kreese if he will be enrolling anyone in the forthcoming tournament . The Karate Kid ( edit ) Ali Mills ( edit ) Ali Mills ( Elisabeth Shue ) The main love interest of Daniel LaRusso in the first film . During the events of the first film , she seems to take an instant liking to Daniel and the two begin to date and eventually fall in love , much to her ex-boyfriend Johnny 's dismay . It is revealed later in The Karate Kid Part II that Ali left Daniel for a football player from UCLA . In Cobra Kai , Daniel reveals to Johnny that Ali is a pediatric surgeon who has since moved to Denver with her husband , an oncologist . He also shows Johnny her Facebook account , which displays her name as Ali Mills Schwarber . Darryl Vidal ( edit ) Darryl Vidal ( Darryl Vidal ) is the highly skilled opponent beaten by Johnny with 3 unanswered points in the semifinals during the All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships tournament . He is known to be a highly skilled master and is implied to have reached at least the semifinals in all the previous tournaments that he enrolled in . Darryl is the only opponent who Johnny shakes hands with in respect after their match . Vidal is among those who celebrates with Daniel after he defeats Johnny . Dutch ( edit ) Dutch ( Chad McQueen ) Johnny 's friend and a fellow student at the Cobra Kai dojo . Dutch is also the most brutal of the gang . His mannerisms and cadence suggest he may have a possible personality disorder . Dutch enjoys picking on Daniel . He can be seen hopping up and down whenever the Cobras confront Daniel as they are about to beat him , even confronting him in the locker room before the start of the All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships tournament and telling Daniel he is `` dead meat . '' He is the fourth Cobra Kai member to be defeated by Daniel during the tournament before facing Bobby in the semi-final round . It is rumored that a deleted scene exists of Dutch becoming angered by Daniel scoring a point on him , resulting in him tackling Daniel to the mat in a scuffle and being pulled away by tournament officials , leading to his disqualification . This would explain why it appeared that Daniel won their match after only scoring a single point . In contrast to his friends , Dutch cracks a smile after Kreese orders Bobby to put Daniel `` out of commission . '' Dutch also appears with the other Cobra Kais when Kreese assaults Johnny for coming in second place . Despite pleas from the others for Kreese to stop , Dutch is notably silent , his face is partly hidden under a baseball cap and he turns away once Kreese places Johnny in the chokehold . Bobby Brown ( edit ) Bobby Brown ( Ron Thomas ) A friend of Johnny 's and a fellow student at the Cobra Kai dojo . Bobby is Kreese 's second - best student and was runner - up to Johnny in the All - Valley Tournament the previous year , though Johnny 's most prominent right - hand man appeared to be Dutch . Although one of Johnny 's gang ( he slide tackles Daniel at the first day of school soccer tryouts , prompting Daniel to tackle him and land a punch to his face , thus getting Daniel kicked out of the tryouts ) , Bobby is seen as a more compassionate character than his friends . He tries to stop Johnny from ruining the beach party , stop him from harassing Daniel , and from doing further damage to Daniel during the fight alongside the South Sea apartments during the Halloween party . During the Semi-finals of the tournament , Kreese orders Bobby to put Daniel `` out of commission , '' which Bobby reluctantly attempts to do by landing a kick to Daniel 's knee , severely injuring him . After the kick , Bobby drops down and sincerely and profusely apologizes to a pain - writhen Daniel . Then , Bobby is pulled off Daniel and is disqualified . Because Daniel was unable to continue at that time and Bobby being disqualified , he is the only Cobra Kai member that Daniel does n't defeat . In the film 's novelization , Bobby - remorseful for injuring Daniel and disgusted at not being able to fight him fairly - walks over to Kreese and throws his black belt onto the floor . He then quits the Cobra Kai and leaves the arena . In the parking lot confrontation following the tournament , Bobby defends Johnny from an angry Kreese , stating that Johnny has apologized for his performance . When Kreese attacks Johnny , Bobby attempts to intervene but is assaulted by Kreese . Tommy ( edit ) Tommy ( Rob Garrison ) Another friend of Johnny 's and a fellow student at the Cobra Kai dojo . He is known for being the most vocal and sarcastic of the Cobra Kai gang . He is the third Cobra Kai member to be defeated by Daniel in the All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships tournament and afterwards he is heard cheering Johnny on from the sidelines during the final match with Daniel . His most memorable line in the movie is `` Get him a body bag . Yeah ! '' after Johnny re-aggravates Daniel 's leg injury . He also had another memorable quote when Ali is seen walking with Daniel at school ; he yells out in anger towards them `` It must be take a worm for a walk week '' . Though Tommy delights in the endless hazing of Daniel by the Cobra Kai , he is clearly shocked when Bobby injures Daniel 's leg on Kreese 's command . In the parking lot confrontation following the tournament where Kreese scolds Johnny for losing , Tommy pleads with Kreese to release Johnny from the chokehold that he has him in , agreeing with Mr. Miyagi 's demands to let him go . Kreese refuses and even strikes Tommy in the face knocking him to the ground . Jimmy ( edit ) Jimmy ( Tony O'Dell ) Another friend of Johnny 's and a fellow student at the Cobra Kai dojo . Jimmy is known for being the most quiet member ( having only a couple of lines in the film ) and the only brown belt in Johnny 's quintet group . He is the second Cobra Kai member to be defeated by Daniel in the All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships tournament . Jimmy expresses shock when Bobby is ordered by Kreese to injure Daniel and is present when Kreese attacks Johnny following his loss and second place showing . Although he does not physically nor verbally intervene , he shows disgust at Kreese . Freddy Fernandez ( edit ) Freddy Fernandez ( Israel Juarbe ) A high school student that lives in the same apartment building that Daniel and his mother move into . He befriends Daniel and invites him to a beach party . However , when Daniel is defeated by Johnny on the beach for `` getting in Johnny 's way '' , he hesitates to talk to Daniel and makes fun of Daniel at school and does not try to stop his friends from ridiculing Daniel . He is next seen in the crowd at the All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships tournament cheering for Daniel . At the end of the film , he is seen cheering for Daniel and along with some of his friends , picks Daniel up and cheers , possibly reestablishing their friendship . Mr. Mills ( edit ) Mr. Mills ( William Bassett ) Ali 's father . He is shown to be somewhat friendly but strict at the same time . He does seem to look down upon Daniel 's family somewhat , seeming disappointed at the country club dance that his daughter wants to go out with `` that boy from Reseda '' again . Lucille LaRusso ( edit ) Lucille LaRusso ( Randee Heller ) Daniel 's mother . She is portrayed as being a loving and hardworking mother . She is considering becoming a manager through a `` two nights a week '' training program , with her dialogue implying she is going away from a job in computers to pursue said management career . Lucille is very easygoing , upbeat and positive , allowing Ali to call her by her first name rather than Mrs. LaRusso upon meeting her and taking in stride the stalling of her station wagon requiring her and a visibly embarrassed Daniel to push it manually in front of Ali 's wealthy parents . She is very protective and nurturing to Daniel . In the third film , she is shown to be taking care of her sick brother - in - law , Louie . In the sequel series Cobra Kai , she is shown to have a troubled relationship with Daniel 's wife Amanda , but has fond memories of Mr. Miyagi and his support of her family . Jerry robertson ( edit ) Jerry ( Larry B. Scott ) Another student at the Cobra Kai dojo ; however , he is not a part of Johnny 's gang . He is the brown belt student who is defeated by Bobby in a sparring match at the dojo . He was also the first Cobra Kai member defeated by Daniel in the All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships tournament . Susan ( edit ) Susan ( Juli Fields ) One of Ali 's best friends . She seems to have a disliking for Daniel . She refers to Daniel as `` fungus '' during the Halloween dance . She is later seen at the All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships tournament in the crowd cheering . At the end of the film , she is seen walking onto the ring , along with Freddy and several others cheering for Daniel . Barbara ( edit ) Barbara ( Dana Andersen ) Another one of Ali 's friends . Like Susan , she does not care much for Daniel at the beginning , but is seen cheering for him in the end . The Karate Kid Part II ( edit ) Chozen Toguchi ( edit ) Chozen Toguchi ( Yuji Okumoto ) , a bully to Daniel . Unlike Johnny , however , Chozen is more highly skilled in karate and a more vicious fighter . He is also Sato Toguchi 's nephew . In the second film , Chozen appears to Daniel and Mr. Miyagi in Okinawa and reveals that he is the nephew of Sato Toguchi , Miyagi 's nemesis . He also seems to have a disliking to Daniel and bullies him . Later , Daniel accidentally exposes corruption on Chozen 's grocery business during an encounter in the village , having cheated on farmers using rigged weights . Chozen accuses Daniel of insulting his honor and he and his friends begin to harass Daniel . Chozen and his friends also attack Daniel and vandalize Miyagi 's family property , but Chozen and his friends leave quickly when Miyagi arrives . During this fight , Chozen manages to hit Miyagi on the back with the handle of a spear . With this , Chozen stands out among all the enemies in being the only person that Miyagi fights in the original series that manages a successful strike on him . During a typhoon , Sato orders Chozen to help Daniel carry a child to the shelter . Chozen refuses and gets disowned by Sato . Chozen runs off into the storm out of anger , vowing to seek revenge and fight back to save his honor . During the O - Bon festival , Chozen takes Kumiko hostage and demands to fight Daniel alone . Chozen later gets the upper hand during the fight and nearly kills Daniel , who uses the drum technique to defeat Chozen . Daniel grabs the vanquished Chozen and tells him , `` Live or die , man '' . Chozen chooses to die , but Daniel spares his life and instead humiliates him by tweaking his nose ( mirroring Miyagi 's humiliation of Kreese earlier in the film ) before dropping him into the ground . It is unknown what happened to Chozen after his defeat . Sato Toguchi ( edit ) Sato Toguchi ( Danny Kamekona ) is Miyagi 's former best friend , as during their childhood , they had a strong brotherly friendship . Their friendship was so strong that Miyagi even asked his father to teach karate to him and Sato both ( even though traditionally it had only been taught from father to son ) . However , when the two grew older , Sato had been arranged to marry a girl named Yukie . Although Yukie was arranged to marry Sato , she had instead fallen in love with Miyagi . Their love was so strong to one another , that Miyagi had announced that he would break the tradition of arranged marriage and marry Yukie anyway . Sato however , felt disgraced and challenged Miyagi to a fight to save his honor . But Miyagi left Okinawa the next day . When Miyagi returned to Tome village with Daniel , Sato had become a rich industrialist and had been eager to face his old friend in a death match . However , the two became friends again when Miyagi saved his life during a typhoon , but his relationship with Chozen is destroyed when Sato disowns his nephew for refusing to help Daniel rescue a young girl from the typhoon . He later returned the titles to all the villagers ' homes and helped rebuild and repaired his friendship with Miyagi . Sato is a highly skilled and respected karate master who appears to be more rigid and firm in his technique than Miyagi . He runs a dojo in Naha City that instructs American military police in karate . Kumiko ( edit ) Kumiko ( Tamlyn Tomita ) is Yukie 's niece . When Daniel and Miyagi arrive at Tome village , Daniel and Kumiko begin to spend time together . Kumiko expresses her desire to become a dancer , although there are no schools for dancing where she lives . After hearing this , Daniel tries to convince her to come to America with him . After Miyagi accepts Sato 's challenge to fight to the death , she and Daniel express their true feelings to one another by performing the tea ceremony which ends with a kiss , showing that the two are falling in love with each other . It seems that Chozen has a lust for Kumiko , which is further shown in one scene when Kumiko pelts Chozen 's shirt with a tomato after Chozen threatens Daniel . Instead of returning the favor , Chozen smiles at Kumiko and takes his shirt off , saying `` You keep , for your collection . I know you like it '' . Kumiko is last seen performing an O bon dance at the old castle outside Tome village . It is there she is taken hostage by Chozen in order to get Daniel to fight him . Daniel accepts , and Kumiko makes an effort to intervene by choking Chozen with a piece of cloth before being knocked out by him . Daniel wins the fight , and the two romantically embrace as the crowd cheers . It is revealed later in The Karate Kid Part III that Kumiko was offered a dancing career in Tokyo that she could not refuse , much to Daniel and his Mother 's disappointment . Yukie ( edit ) Yukie ( Nobu McCarthy ) Yukie is Mr. Miyagi 's loving childhood girlfriend . Although she was arranged to marry Sato , she had already been in love with Mr. Miyagi , which is what caused Sato to challenge Mr. Miyagi to a death match to save his honor . Mr. Miyagi never fought him , however . The next day , he left for America . When Mr. Miyagi returned to Tome village , it was revealed that Yukie had never married Sato . During the events of The Karate Kid Part II it was shown that the two still had feelings for one another and they began to rekindle their romance . Toshio ( edit ) Toshio ( Joey Miyashima ) One of Chozen 's cronies who helps torment Daniel . Taro ( edit ) Taro ( Marc Hayashi ) Another one of Chozen 's cronies who helps torment Daniel . Miyagi 's father ( edit ) Miyagi 's Father ( Charlie Tanimoto ) An elderly karate master who trained him to use the art in the right way . At the beginning of the movie the audience finds out that he is still alive , however has become ill and later dies , but not before seeing his son one last time . As sensei to Miyagi and Sato , both men came to his side at his hour of death . His final act was to bring the two former close friends together , seemingly encouraging them to make peace . The announcer ( edit ) The Announcer ( Bruce Malmuth ) for the All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships tournament has appeared in the first three Karate Kid films . He seems to have a deep respect for Daniel . The Karate Kid Part III ( edit ) Terry Silver ( edit ) Terry Silver ( Thomas Ian Griffith ) is an ex-Vietnam veteran who is a friend of John Kreese during his military service . Silver was saved by Kreese several times during war in Vietnam . In return , Silver established the Cobra Kai dojo and gave it to Kreese as a gift of gratitude and friendship . Silver is also the head of a toxic waste disposal company called Dynatox industries , which illegally dumps waste in the environment and has made Silver very wealthy to these activities . Besides being a wealthy businessman , he is also a ruthless karate expert . In the third film , Silver offers to help Kreese , who is now broke because of the loss of his students , gain revenge on Daniel and Mr. Miyagi and re-establish Cobra Kai . Silver sends Kreese to Tahiti to rest while he hires `` Karate 's Bad Boy '' Mike Barnes to defeat Daniel at the next All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships tournament . When Silver finds out that Daniel will not fight at the tournament this year , he orders Barnes and his henchmen to harass Daniel in attempt to make him enter the tournament . After Daniel signs up for the tournament , he turns to Silver for guidance after Miyagi refuses to train him . Silver , as part of his plan , forces Daniel to destroy a wooden dummy . After Daniel finally destroys the dummy and injures himself at the same time , Silver tells him that he is ready for the tournament . When Daniel and his friend , Jessica , are at a nightclub , Silver bribes a man into provoking a fight with Daniel . Daniel punches the man and breaks his nose . Realizing that he has become a different man and has alienated himself from his friends , Daniel informs Silver that he will not fight at the tournament . Silver reveals his true agenda and Barnes assaults Daniel . But Miyagi arrives , saves Daniel , and agrees to train him for the tournament . At the tournament , Silver and Kreese instruct Barnes to inflict pain on Daniel and then beat him in the sudden death round . However , Barnes loses to Daniel , and Silver walks away in disgust . Mike Barnes ( edit ) Mike Barnes ( Sean Kanan ) is a rising martial arts star who has won numerous tournaments . He is a skilled and vicious karate fighter who got the nickname of `` Karate 's Bad Boy '' . Unlike Johnny and Chozen , Barnes seems tougher and more skilled and experienced in karate because Daniel could not overpower him until the end of the film . In the third movie , Barnes was hired by Terry Silver to beat Daniel at the next All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships tournament and will get 25 % ( later 50 % ) ownership of the new Cobra Kai dojos if he achieves the goal . Later in the film , Barnes and his friends , Snake and Dennis , begin to bother and harass Daniel in an attempt to make him sign up for the tournament . They later succeed by threatening to leave Daniel and his friend , Jessica , to drown at the bottom of a cliff . Barnes also breaks Mr. Miyagi 's valuable bonsai tree . When Daniel decides not to compete at the tournament , Silver reveals that he was the one who is behind Barnes and that his agenda was avenging John Kreese , who was his best friend all along . Barnes viciously assaults Daniel until Miyagi arrives and defeats the three men . Daniel and Miyagi decide to show up for the tournament . At the tournament , Barnes reaches the final round to face Daniel . Silver and Kreese instruct Barnes to inflict pain on Daniel and then beat him in the sudden death round . Barnes wins and loses points on Daniel ( nearly getting disqualified in the process ) , but gets defeated in sudden death . This causes him to rage and cause Silver and Kreese to storm off , humiliated . Jessica Andrews ( edit ) Jessica Andrews ( Robyn Lively ) She becomes Daniel 's best friend . It was shown that Daniel has a brief crush on her , but when she claimed that she had a boyfriend , they broke up and was going back to her home in Columbus , Ohio soon and try to get back together , Daniel had come to see them as just friends and the two began forming a close friendship . Later while the two are dancing at a club the last night Jessica is in town , the two are confronted by a guy who hits on Jessica , prompting Daniel into a fight ( It turns out that the guy was paid by Silver to provoke Daniel into a fight ) . Daniel ends up breaking the guy 's nose ; Jessica becomes mad at him and runs off . Later that night , however , as she is packing to leave the next day , Daniel shows up and apologizes for what happened , and she accepts , implying that the two will remain friends . Snake ( edit ) Snake ( Jonathan Avildsen ) is one of Silver 's henchmen and one of Mike 's cronies who helps torment Daniel . He is known to be the `` bad boy '' of L.A ( implied by Silver ) . It is unknown if Snake has any martial arts skills , though he seems to have some skills when he tried to land a punch on Mr. Miyagi , which Miyagi later countered during a second confrontation on Miyagi 's bonsai shop . Snake was last seen at the tournament . He was disappointed when Mike lost to Daniel . Dennis ( edit ) Dennis ( Christopher Paul Ford ) is one of Silver 's henchmen and Mike 's cronies who helps torment Daniel . He is a karate practitioner who is assigned to help Mike with his training . But Dennis is not as skilled as Mike nor Daniel , due to the fact that Daniel easily defeated him during a second confrontation on Miyagi 's bonsai shop and a sparring match against Mike on the Cobra Kai dojo , in which he lost . Dennis rarely speaks . He only has two lines throughout the entire movie . Mrs. Milo ( edit ) Mrs. Milo ( Frances Bay ) is the negative old lady that lives in the same apartment building as Daniel . Louie LaRusso Sr. ( edit ) Uncle Louie ( Joseph V. Perry ) is Daniel 's uncle and Lucille 's brother . During the events of The Karate Kid part 3 , he becomes ill and Lucille returns to New Jersey to care for him . Louie has his namesake son , Louie LaRusso Jr. , appearing in Cobra Kai . Milos ( edit ) Milos ( Jan Triska ) is Terry Silver 's butler . Margaret ( edit ) Margaret ( Diana Webster ) Terry Silver 's secretary . The announcer ( edit ) The Announcer ( Rick Hurst ) is the announcer of the All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships tournament in The Karate Kid Part III . The next Karate Kid ( edit ) Julie Pierce ( edit ) Julie Pierce ( Hilary Swank ) A troubled teenage girl who lost her parents in a car accident . This time , she is the main character . Like Daniel , she is also bullied by a gang , The Alpha Elite and their leader , Ned who hits on her at her school . Mr. Miyagi takes her in as his student when he sends her grandmother ( her only known living family member ) away for a vacation and proceeds to train her in karate . At first , she wanted nothing to do with him , but learns to accept him as a teacher after being taught a few familiar techniques that Mr. Miyagi once taught Daniel . With the skills and self - confidence that Mr. Miyagi instills in Julie , she is able to stand up to Ned when a fight at the docks takes place ( while the rest of Ned 's gang and Col. Dugan watch on ) and comes out victorious . When Ned loses , Col. Dugan tries to get the other members of the Alpha Elite to fight her , but they all refuse , thus showing that they finally gained respect for her . Colonel Dugan ( edit ) Col. Dugan ( Michael Ironside ) Leads an JROTC - style program , the Alpha Elite , at Julie 's school , and his style of instruction and morals he instills upon his students are very similar to those of John Kreese from the earlier films . In the last scene at the docks after Miyagi and Julie rescue Eric from being beaten up anymore , Col. Dugan and Mr. Miyagi engage in a fight . Mr. Miyagi easily defeats him , and as it seems that Mr. Miyagi will land one last fatal blow to Col. Dugan , he humorously blows on his nose and lets him drop to the ground ( in the same style that Mr. Miyagi defeated Kreese at the start of the second movie ) where his students look down at him with disappointing looks . Louisa Pierce ( edit ) Louisa Pierce ( Constance Towers ) Julie 's grandmother and only known living family member . She and Mr. Miyagi knew each other for many years since her late husband was a good friend of Miyagi during and after World War II . She was later sent to stay at Miyagi 's home in Los Angeles , so that he could look after and teach her granddaughter the techniques of virtue and discipline through karate and she also makes tacos for Julie 's birthday . Eric McGowen ( edit ) Eric McGowen ( Chris Conrad ) A new student who joins Col. Dugan 's group to someday become accepted into the Air Force Academy . He shows infatuation when in Julie 's presence , even up to occasionally teasing her at times just for her to warm up to him . Although Julie initially disliked him ( on account of him being part of Col. Dugan 's ruthless group ) , she begins to bond more with him after he watches over her hawk , Angel as a favor when she was away for training . While he and Julie are at a school dance , he is confronted by Ned after a stunt gone wrong . Ned then challenges him in front of the school , and while Eric wants to fight , Julie stops it . Later that night while Eric is dropping Julie off at home , Ned breaks the windows of Eric 's car . While Julie runs inside to get Mr. Miyagi , Eric drives to the docks to confront Ned , however is ambushed by Col. Dugen and the rest of Ned 's gang . They all then have a hand in beating Eric , he is then saved by Miyagi and Julie as they arrive . Abbot ( edit ) Abbot ( Arsenio `` Sonny '' Trinidad ) Ned ( edit ) Ned ( Michael Cavalieri ) is a skilled academy student and gang leader of the Alpha Elite with bullying tendencies . He constantly tries to flirt with Julie , only to be rejected by her multiple times . As a response to the rejections , he does whatever he can to make Julie 's life miserable like getting her almost suspended from school by lying to Col. Dugan that Julie was smoking . Later , after he sees Eric with Julie at the dance and when he sees them kiss in Eric 's car , he smashes the car windows and challenges him to a fight . After he and the other members of his gang beat up Eric , Julie and Mr. Miyagi find them and leave with Eric , only to be stopped by Ned who tries to grab Julie . They both fight and Julie manages to defeat him . When Col. Dugan tries to force the others to fight Julie , they all refuse , as they have gained respect for her . After Col. Dugan was defeated by Miyagi , Ned expresses his disappointment in him , saying `` You said , you had all the answers , Colonel . You were wrong . '' Charlie ( edit ) Charlie ( Walton Goggins ) One of Ned 's friends and a fellow student of the Alpha Elite . After witnessing Col. Dugan putting so much pressure onto Ned of severely beating Eric McGowan at the docks , he sympathizes to Ned that he does n't have to keep going at it . Col. Dugan then tries to force him to fight Julie ( along with the other members ) but he also refuses to fight after Ned is defeated by her . He is much like Cobra Kai student Bobby Brown from the original film . Tall Monk ( edit ) Tall Monk ( Jim Ishida ) Monk ( edit ) Monk ( Rodney Kageyama ) Buddhist Monk ( edit ) Buddhist Monk ( Seth Sakai ) Mr. Harold Wilkes ( edit ) Mr. Harold Wilkes ( Eugene Boles ) School Clerk ( edit ) School Clerk ( Kenna Keel ) Gabe ( edit ) Gabe ( Tom O'Brien ) Morgan ( edit ) Morgan ( Thomas Downey ) The Karate Kid ( 2010 remake ) ( edit ) Dre Parker ( edit ) Dre Parker ( 德 瑞 帕克 Déruì Pàkè , Jaden Smith ) , like Daniel LaRusso , goes into training for self - defense after being bullied . Dre was originally from Detroit , Michigan . However , Dre and his mother move to Beijing , China , to start a new life after his mom gets a job transfer . Dre 's mother was thrilled about Beijing , although Dre was n't particularly thrilled about the move . Shortly after moving to Beijing , Dre immediately fell in love with a pretty young violinist named Mei Ying . Soon after in the movie he kissed her as well . It was obvious that she had mutual feelings for Dre ; however , a local bully and kung fu prodigy named Cheng attempted to keep them apart . Afterwards , Cheng continually tormented Dre until he was stopped by Mr. Han . After Mr. Han 's interference , Dre began to learn kung fu from Han when Cheng 's shifu , Master Li , challenged them to a fight , which forced Dre to compete in the upcoming ' Open Kung Fu Tournament . ' At the tournament Dre managed to defeat Master Li 's students and ultimately Cheng himself . After his victory , Dre had earned the respect of Cheng and his friends . Like Johnny in the original movie , Cheng personally presented the trophy to Dre . Wú Píng ( edit ) Wu Ping ( 吴 平 Wú Píng ) - One of the young competitors competing in the Kung Fu competition Dre Parker competes in . He is easily distinguished by his mohawk , which he slicks upwards before a match . He managed to make it all the way to the semi-finals only to lose to Cheng , who defeated him with an elbow to the chest . Mr. Han ( edit ) Jackie Chan as Mr. Han Mr. Han ( Jackie Chan ) - A Chinese maintenance man who becomes Dre 's shifu . He is based on Mr. Miyagi from the original films . The film follows the same story line as the original , and several lines and actions are repeated from the original . Unlike Miyagi , he lacks his sense of humor and lightheartedness and appears more conflicted and depressed . He is also shown to have a car in his living room and is fixing it . However , Han is a practitioner of kung fu , and elements of his backstory differ from Miyagi 's , such as the circumstances surrounding his wife 's and son 's death . In this version , Han tells Dre that he was distracted by an argument with his wife while they were driving in his car , and they crashed , killing them , relentlessly driven by guilt for it . Every year , he smashes the car after fixing it on the date of their deaths , and fixes it again after that to repeat the cycle , hoping to relieve his guilt somehow . He continues to train Dre for the Kung Fu tournament . Cheng ( edit ) Cheng ( 陆伟程 Lù Wěichéng , Zhenwei Wang ) - Dre 's arch opponent and the main antagonist . He is a bigger student attending the same school as Dre , and continually harasses him throughout the film for Dre 's interactions with his possible love interest , Mei Ying . He is the top student at the Fighting Dragon studio run by Master Li , who teaches his students to treat their enemies and opponents without mercy . He also goes as far as drastically beating him in the secluded back entrance of Dre 's apartment before being stopped and defeated by Mr. Han . Cheng is much like Johnny Lawrence : being the bully of the school , rich , well - known , the leader of his own gang of friends ( though Cheng 's gang numbers 6 , contrary to Johnny 's gang of 5 ) , and distressing and thrashing the protagonist . Similarly as in the first ' The Karate Kid ' film , Dre earns Cheng 's respect when he beats him at the finals of the ' Open Kung Fu Tournament ' and Cheng personally awards Dre the trophy and he and his friends showed Mr. Han respect . In the alternative ending , Cheng is about to get beaten up by Master Li for failing the tournament and showing respect towards Dre and Mr. Han , but luckily , Han comes to the rescue by defeating Master Li in a match . This is similar to the opening scene in Karate Kid , Part II ( Miyagi rescues Johnny from John Kreese ) and is implied that this is how the remake of the sequel will begin , on the account that there will be a Karate Kid 2 with Jackie Chan and Jaden Smith reprising their roles , respectively . Meiying ( edit ) Meiying ( Wenwen Han ) Dre 's ( and possibly Cheng 's ) love interest . Like Ali Mills , Meiying has an interest in music ( notably playing the violin exceedingly well ) and gets admittance into the fictional Beijing Academy of Music ( which Dre refers to as ' BAM ! ' ) . She and Dre officially become a couple at a festival . One day at school , Dre encourages her to skip both school and violin practice for a day of fun . However , her performance got rescheduled to that day , nearly causing her to be late . Although he arrived to see her perform , her father instructs them to part , deeming him a bad influence on her life for his reckless actions . However , Dre rehearses a written apology to Meiying 's father which Mr. Han had translated for him , asking for a second chance . He accepts , and promises him that Meiying will be at his tournament . At the end of the film , she is seen cheering loudly , keeping her ' pinky promise ' to Dre , which was for her to be the loudest fan to cheer for him when he would win the Kung Fu tournament . Liang ( edit ) Liang ( 梁子 浩 Liáng Zǐhào , played by Shijia Lü 吕世佳 Lǚ Shìjiā ) - One of Cheng 's friends and the second best student at the Fighting Dragons studio who antagonizes Dre Parker in The Karate Kid Remake . Like Bobby Brown in the original film , he is more civil than the rest of Cheng 's gang and the least vicious of Dre 's tormenters . He is also the one who tries to beg Cheng to spare Dre after he throws dirty water at them . He is also the one who gets slapped by Master Li for showing mercy to his opponent when they were sparring in the studio . He is also the one who injures Dre 's leg during the semifinals of the tournament on Master Li 's orders and deeply regrets his actions afterwards . As a result of severely injuring Dre 's leg , Liang gets disqualified . In the end , Liang , along with Cheng and their friends , develops a newfound respect for Dre and Mr. Han after Dre fairly defeats Cheng in the tournament . Sometimes , he also has pity for Dre and shows mercy . Master Li ( edit ) Master Li ( Yu Rongguang ) Cheng 's Kung Fu instructor . Like John Kreese , Master Li teaches his students to be ruthless and merciless towards their enemy , as well as using cheap shots to injure their competitors at the Kung Fu tournament . When Cheng told him that Mr. Han and Dre bullied him while the two protagonists arrived at the Fighting Dragon studio to make peace , Li forces either Mr. Han or Dre to fight Cheng . Mr. Han promises Li that Dre will compete at the opening Kung Fu tournament . During the tournament , Master Li instructs Liang , one of the most daring fighters of the group , to deliver an illegal strike to Dre 's leg , preventing him from continuing the tournament and allowing Cheng to win the tournament by default . Ultimately , Dre returns to the ring and ultimately defeats Cheng , much to Li 's anger . In the alternate ending , Master Li was about to punish Cheng by beating him up for failing the tournament and developing a new respect towards Dre and Mr. Han . Luckily , Mr. Han stops Li from doing so and defeats him in a match . Dre 's mother would then later punch Li in the jaw as retribution for ordering Liang to deliver the illegal strike on Dre 's leg ( This entire scene is similar to the beginning of Karate Kid , Part II ) . According to Mr. Han , Master Li does not teach his students real Kung Fu ; he instead is a `` bad man teaching them very bad things '' . Also , unlike Cheng , who is known to accept loss fairly and gives a new - found respect towards his opponents , Master Li is ruthless and merciless towards his opponents . As a result , all of Li 's students became Mr. Han 's students and Dre 's friends , while Master Li loses them . Cobra Kai ( edit ) Miguel Diaz ( edit ) Miguel Diaz ( Xolo Maridueña ) is a teenage asthmatic with low self - esteem and is Johnny 's neighbor . While shopping for Pepto - Bismol for his grandmother at a strip mall in Reseda , he is attacked by a group of rich bullies led by Kyler after accidentally foiling their plans to buy beer . The bullies nickname him `` Rhea '' after noticing the bottle of Pepto - Bismol and dumping it all over him . When the bullies shove Miguel on Johnny 's car , Johnny attacks them before he is arrested . Miguel becomes Johnny 's first student in the new Cobra Kai dojo . Aside from learning karate , he is the dojo 's housekeeper and website administrator . Though initially reluctant and mocking towards him , Johnny quickly comes to care for Miguel , becoming a father figure to him , despite objections from his mother . When Daniel 's daughter Samantha confronts Kyler over rumors he spread about her , Miguel beats up Kyler and his clique , gaining popularity in the school and earning Johnny 's gi . Unfortunately , Cobra Kai 's thuggish philosophy begins to affect Miguel 's values as a series of misunderstandings with Samantha and Robby encourages him to become much more violent and ruthless to Johnny 's eventual disapproval . Amanda LaRusso ( edit ) Amanda LaRusso ( Courtney Henggeler ) is Daniel 's wife and co-owner of LaRusso Auto Group . While she is fully supportive of her husband 's return to karate , Amanda is instrumental in moderating her husband 's animosity to Johnny and encouraging at least the beginning of a reconciliation . Furthermore , she is instrumental in encouraging Daniel to not only forgive his protege , Robby Keene , for hiding that he is Johnny 's son , but also become Robby 's coach again during the karate tournament . Samantha LaRusso ( edit ) Samantha LaRusso ( Mary Mouser ; Reese TinLee ( young ) ) is Daniel and Amanda 's 16 - year - old daughter , who was taught karate by her father at a young age . She hangs out with the other rich , popular girls at her high school . Her relationship with her father is strained by his meddling in her potential romance with a fellow student named Kyler , but they reconcile after Samantha sees Kyler bully Miguel 's friend group and subsequently ends their relationship . When Kyler begins spreading lies about her , Samantha is briefly friendless . Miguel eventually defends her and defeats Kyler 's clique in a lunch room fight , after which he and Samantha begin dating . Samantha really likes Miguel but hides their relationship from her parents because of her father 's history with Cobra Kai . A series of assumptions and misunderstandings lead Miguel to believe that Samantha is ashamed of him and is involved with Daniel 's new student Robby Keene . Between that and Robby 's resentment over his father 's karate mentorship of Miguel , antagonism sparks between the two boys when they meet at a Cobra Kai party at the park . Samantha is upset with Miguel 's behavior and breaks up with him . After a second confrontation with Miguel at the All - Valley Tournament , Samantha returns home and resumes her own karate training . Anthony LaRusso ( edit ) Anthony LaRusso ( Griffin Santopietro ) is Daniel and Amanda 's nine - year - old son . He is a rather spoiled , demanding , and unpleasant child who spends the majority of his time playing video games . Anthony refuses to learn karate from his father , saying it is boring . Robby Keene ( edit ) Robby Keene ( Tanner Buchanan ) is Johnny 's estranged 16 - year - old son . He drops out of school when he gets in trouble for drugs , after which he and two other delinquents spend their days engaged in petty theft . To spite his father , Robby begins working at LaRusso Auto Group . Despite his original ulterior motive , Robby grows to appreciate the LaRussos ' faith in him and breaks away from his miscreant friends . Robby becomes Daniel 's Miyagi - do karate student and flourishes under this tutelage . When Daniel finds out that Johnny and Robby are father and son , he banishes Robby from his home and business . Robby enters the All - Valley Under 18 Karate Championships tournament with no affiliation and advances towards the finals , impressing Daniel . This , combined with his wife 's encouragement to forgive the boy for his previous mistakes , convinces Daniel decides to officially become Robby 's sensei again and allow the boy to fight under the Miyagi - do name during the final match . Robby sustains a shoulder injury from Hawk 's illegal attack during the semifinals and ultimately finishes second to Miguel . Impressed with Robby 's performance and disgusted with his students ' increasingly thuggish behavior , Johnny apologizes to Robby , who politely accepts it . Regardless of this loss , Daniel praises Robby 's performance and takes him to Mr. Miyagi 's old rest house to explain his plans to restart the Miyagi - do dojo with Robby as his senior protege . Kyler ( edit ) Kyler ( Joe Seo ) is a high school boy from a wealthy Asian family originally from Irvine . One night , he and his friends bully Miguel at a strip mall , but are attacked by Johnny . When Daniel learns that Samantha is developing a friendship with Kyler , he invites Kyler over for a family dinner , where he notices that Kyler has bruises on his head and hands . Upon learning of where he got the bruises , Daniel confronts Johnny over the attack and the reformation of the Cobra Kai dojo . Kyler tries to make advances on Samantha , but she dumps him after seeing him and his gang bully Miguel and his friends . In retaliation , he spreads nasty rumors about her to the whole high school . Kyler eventually fears Miguel after he and his clique are defeated in a brawl during lunch break . Demetri ( edit ) Demetri ( Gianni Decenzo ) is a member of Miguel 's high school friend group . He is very sarcastic and not inclined towards physical activities . Demitri quits on his first day of Cobra Kai training after being humiliated by Johnny , but he continues to support Miguel . Eli Moskowitz / Hawk ( edit ) Eli Moskowitz ( Jacob Bertrand ) is Demetri 's friend in school . He is a victim of cyberbullying due to his cleft lip surgery scar . Eli is initially quiet , shy , and sensitive , and he is told by doctors that he may be in the autism spectrum . He joins Cobra Kai , where Johnny nicknames him `` Lip '' due to his scar , but he takes Johnny 's advice of `` flipping the script '' and undergoes an attitude change . Eli dons a mohawk , gets a hawk tattoo on his back , develops a much more aggressive and rather antagonistic personality , and is dubbed `` Hawk '' by Johnny . In the All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships tournament , Hawk is disqualified for dishonorably attacking Robby from behind before the round begins in a very similar fashion to Dutch from the first film . Aisha Robinson ( edit ) Aisha Robinson ( Nichole Brown ) is a heavy - set high school girl who is Samantha 's best frend . She is the daughter of Isaiah Robinson ( Chris Mason ) , a hall of fame linebacker for the Chargers . Even though Aisha comes from a wealthy family , she is left out by Yasmine 's clique due to her stature and nerdy personality . Her friendship with Samantha becomes strained when the latter joins Yasmine 's clique . Aisha becomes an object of ridicule in school after Yasmine posts an embarrassing video of her during the Halloween dance . She enrolls in the Cobra Kai dojo , but Johnny initially rejects her , as the dojo does not allow women . However , Miguel talks him into letting her in , as the dojo needs more students and he needs the money . Johnny quickly warms to Aisha after seeing her attack Miguel , calling her a `` natural Cobra . '' Upon learning online that Yasmine is hosting a birthday party at the canyon park , Aisha gets everyone she knows in school to attend before Yasmine and her clique arrive . During the party , Aisha exacts her revenge on Yasmine by giving her a front wedgie . She is eliminated by Xander Stone in the quarterfinals of the All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships tournament , but she reconciles with Samantha in the process . Bert ( edit ) Bert ( Owen Morgan ) is a diminutive junior student of Cobra Kai . On the day of the All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships tournament , he tells his teammates that he saw a drunk Johnny urinating on his own car and yelling , `` We are all gon na die ! '' , but he never thought of telling them earlier because he thought it was normal for Johnny to act that way . Bert is eliminated in the first round . Yasmine ( edit ) Yasmine ( Annalisa Cochrane ) is Samantha 's classmate and the leader of the rich girl clique in high school . She takes pleasure in cyberbullying Aisha and looking down at less privileged students . One night , while driving with Moon and Samantha , she gets herself distracted by texting and accidentally hits Johnny 's parked car outside the All Valley Sports Arena . They flee the scene after a drunk Johnny scares them off . Yasmine unceremoniously kicks Samantha out of her clique after hearing rumors spread by Kyler and believing that Samantha thinks she is better than her and Moon . She plans a birthday party at the canyon park , but Aisha ruins her plans by hosting a party there first . Yasmine is further humiliated with a front wedgie by Aisha . Moon ( edit ) Moon ( Hannah Kepple ) is a member of Yasmine 's rich - girl clique who has a new - age fashion sense and an air - headed demeanor . She is also attracted to Hawk . When the Cobra Kai students hold a party at the canyon park to prevent Yasmine from hosting her planned birthday party there , Moon apologizes to Aisha for her previous behavior and is then banished from Yasmine 's clique . At the All - Valley tournament , Moon sits with Demetri and cheers for Hawk . Brucks ( edit ) Brucks ( Bo Mitchell ) is Kyler 's obese and rather dimwitted best friend . He is often heard saying , `` That 's brute , Ky ! '' while Kyler harasses and assaults Miguel . Carmen Diaz ( edit ) Carmen Diaz ( Vanessa Rubio ) is Miguel 's mother and works at a hospital . She married at age 18 but left her husband after learning the truth about his job , which showed her that he was a very bad man . Carmen ( then pregnant with Miguel ) and her mother Rosa fled Ecuador to seek safety in America . The trio have moved frequently and were living in Riverside before moving to Reseda . Carmen opposes violence , and it takes some convincing by Johnny for her to allow Miguel to continue with his training . Carmen is nervous and worried about Miguel being hurt or losing during the All - Valley karate championship , but she and Rosa attend the tournament to cheer for him . Rosa ( edit ) Rosa ( Rose Bianco ) is Miguel 's grandmother . Though she understands some English , she only speaks in Spanish throughout the series . Unlike Carmen , Rosa is supportive of Miguel 's karate training . This extends to protecting Miguel from his mother finding out that he was involved in a fight at school . Louie LaRusso Jr. ( edit ) Louie LaRusso Jr . ( Bret Ernst ) is Daniel 's cousin and a LaRusso Auto Group sales agent . He is portrayed as a childish , unprofessional , and manipulative bully who seems to enjoy living off of his cousin 's success and setting people up . Louie 's antics range from allegedly running a casino in the break room at Daniel 's dealership to dishonestly assigning tasks to the newly employed Robby that could get him fired , such as tricking him into starting a car in the dealership 's showroom during a sales event . In retaliation to the vandalism of one of the LaRusso Auto Group 's billboards by Johnny , Louie hires a group of bikers to destroy Johnny 's car in Daniel 's name , but they are beaten up by Johnny , who takes one of the motorcycles to confront Daniel over the incident . Louie is subsequently fired for his actions against Johnny . Anoush ( edit ) Anoush ( Dan Ahdoot ) is a LaRusso Auto Group sales agent and Louie 's sidekick . Shannon Keene ( edit ) Shannon Keene ( Diora Baird ) is Johnny 's ex-girlfriend and Robby 's mother . She is shown to be rather neglectful of her son , barely noticing him effectively quitting school or his criminal behavior . Shannon resents both Johnny 's absence and his attempts to be present . She is also an alcoholic and spends most of her time at bars , hoping to find a rich man to marry her . Counselor Blatt ( edit ) Counselor Blatt ( Erin Bradley Dangar ) is the high school guidance counselor . She has known Daniel and Ali from the time they attended the school . Nestor ( edit ) Nestor ( Vas Sanchez ) runs Reseda Flats Mini Mart at the strip mall . He displays no regard for hygiene by handing Johnny a slice of pizza with his bare hand and without a paper plate . Lynn ( edit ) Lynn ( Susan Gallagher ) is a homeless woman who hangs around the strip mall . Johnny hires her to hold a sign to let passers - by know about the Cobra Kai dojo . She is also seen harassing Moon and Yasmine for money at the parking lot . Tom Cole ( edit ) Tom Cole ( David Shatraw ) is the owner of Cole 's on Van Nuys , a rival automotive dealership . Daniel confronts him over his latest commercial that copies LaRusso Auto Group 's concept . When Tom insults Daniel over a vandalized billboard , Daniel responds by kicking the boba tea out of his hand . Sid Weinberg ( edit ) Sid Weinberg ( Ed Asner ( eps. 1 and 8 ) ; Michael H. Cole ( ep. 6 ) ) is Johnny 's stepfather and a retired film producer . Following Johnny 's recent string of troubles with the law , Sid offers him a check to disown him , but he tears it up , saying he would rather die homeless than accept money from his stepfather . Johnny later puts the check back together and uses the money to rent the vacant space in the Reseda strip mall for his dojo . After Johnny builds up his dojo , he pays Sid a visit and returns the money , vowing never to come back to Sid 's home . Rhonda ( edit ) Rhonda ( Carole Kaboya ) is Sid 's caregiver . Armand Zakarian ( edit ) Armand Zakarian ( Ken Davitian ) is a real estate tycoon . Facing stiff competition from Tom Cole , Daniel asks Armand to find him property in Reseda for a new dealership location ; in exchange , he will have the Encino Oaks Country Club reinstate Armand 's membership . Armand initially offers the strip mall , but backs out when he suspects Daniel has an ulterior motive for the location . Instead , he doubles the rent of the strip mall 's tenants , which is actually part of Daniel 's elaborate scheme to shut down Cobra Kai . Rolan Zakarian ( edit ) Rolan Zakarian ( Alex Huff ) is Armand 's son . He and Anthony bicker over who has the more powerful father . Daryl ( edit ) Daryl ( Keith Arthur Bolden ) is a member of the All Valley Committee and the announcer for the 2018 All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships . He suggests to change the tournament 's colors from red and white to blue and gold to improve the tournament 's declining attendance numbers . Daryl also admires Cobra Kai for being `` a badass name for a karate dojo '' . Ron ( edit ) Ron ( Matt Lewis ) is a senior member of the All Valley Committee . Sue ( edit ) Sue ( Cara AnnMarie ) is a female member of the All Valley Committee . George ( edit ) George ( Kurt Yue ) is a member of the All Valley Committee . He is a close friend of Daniel and supports his vote on keeping Cobra Kai banned from competing in the All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships , but they are outvoted by Daryl , Ron , and Sue . Xander Stone ( edit ) Xander Stone ( Talin Chat ) represents the Topanga karate school and is the defending All Valley Under - 18 Karate Champion . He is eliminated in the semifinals by Miguel . Patricia Stone ( edit ) Patricia Stone ( Suehyla El - Attar ) is Xander 's mother . She sits next to Amanda during the All Valley Under - 18 Karate Championships . Mrs. Jenkins ( edit ) Mrs. Jenkins ( Linda Boston ) is the Vice-Principal of North Hills High School . She contacts Johnny about Robby skipping school for months , but is always told to call Shannon instead . Laura ( edit ) Laura ( Candace Moon ) is Johnny 's mother in 1979 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Karate Kid '' . 22 June 1984 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 -- via www.imdb.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The Karate Kid Part II '' . 20 June 1986 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 -- via www.imdb.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The Karate Kid Part III '' . 30 June 1989 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` Movie Legends Revealed - Did Chuck Norris Turn Down ' The Karate Kid ' ? '' . 14 January 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( 13 October 2014 ) . `` 5 Things You Never Knew About ' Karate Kid ' 30 Years Later '' . ABC News . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ https://eu.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2018/05/03/surprise-martin-koves-villainous-karate-kid-sensei-returns-cobra-kai-dojo/571904002/ External links ( edit ) United States portal Film portal The Karate Kid ( 1984 ) The Karate Kid , Part II ( 1986 ) The Karate Kid , Part III ( 1989 ) The Next Karate Kid ( 1994 ) The Karate Kid ( 2010 ) hide The Karate Kid Films The Karate Kid ( 1984 ) The Karate Kid Part II ( 1986 ) The Karate Kid Part III ( 1989 ) The Next Karate Kid ( 1994 ) The Karate Kid ( 2010 ) Television series The Karate Kid ( 1989 ) Cobra Kai ( 2018 ) Characters Daniel LaRusso Mr. Miyagi Johnny Lawrence Original songs `` You 're the Best '' `` Glory of Love '' `` Never Say Never '' Other Video game Crane kick `` Sweep the Leg '' `` The Bro Mitzvah '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Karate_Kid_characters&oldid=853173216 '' Categories : The Karate Kid Lists of American television series characters Lists of film characters Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles sourced only by IMDb from August 2017 Articles that may contain original research from July 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 22 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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-1093983585842443299 | Whose Line Is It Anyway? (U.S. TV series) | Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Genre Comedy Created by Dan Patterson Mark Leveson Presented by Drew Carey ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Aisha Tyler ( 2013 -- present ) Starring Ryan Stiles Colin Mochrie Wayne Brady Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 310 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Hat Trick Productions Warner Bros. Television Angst Productions Warner Horizon Television Release Original network ABC ABC Family The CW Picture format 4 : 3 ( ABC ) HDTV 1080i ( The CW ) Original release August 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 05 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( UK TV series ) External links Website www.cwtv.com/shows/whose-line-is-it-anyway Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( often known as simply Whose Line ? ) is an American improvisational comedy show , which was originally hosted by Drew Carey on ABC and ABC Family and ran from August 5 , 1998 to December 15 , 2007 . A revival of the show , hosted by Aisha Tyler , began airing on The CW on July 16 , 2013 . The series is an official adaptation of the British show of the same name and features Ryan Stiles , Colin Mochrie , and Wayne Brady as its regular performers with the fourth seat occupied by a guest panelist . All three regulars appeared on the British series ; Stiles and Mochrie were both regulars ( first appearing in the second and third series ' respectively , and both appearing in every episode from series 8 onwards ) , with Brady a frequent guest in the final series which moved production from London to Hollywood . Ryan Stiles is the most prolific performer in the history of Whose Line ? , having made 76 appearances in the British version , and only having missed two episodes since the start of the run in the U.S. Colin Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared in every episode of the U.S. version of the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Performers / players 1.2 Games 2 History 2.1 Hiatus 2.2 CW revival 3 Performers 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 3.3 Musicians 3.4 Guest stars 4 Episodes 5 Awards and nominations 6 International broadcast 7 DVD releases 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Format ( edit ) The show consists of a panel of four performers who create characters , scenes , and songs on the spot , in the style of short - form improvisation games . Topics for the games are based on either audience suggestions or predetermined prompts from the host , who would set up a game and situation that the performers would improvise . The original host Drew Carey awarded arbitrary point values after each game , often citing a humorous reason for his decision . The points were purely decorative and served no practical purpose . He would reiterate this at the beginning of , and multiple times throughout , each episode by describing Whose Line as `` the show where everything 's made up and the points do n't matter '' . The style of the games were varied ( see Games , below ) . Some featured all four performers , while others featured fewer . Between games , the performers sat in four chairs facing the audience . The performers who were not involved in a game remained in their seats . Additionally , the show was marked by humorous banter among the performers and host . At the conclusion of each episode , a winner or several winners were chosen arbitrarily by Carey . The `` prize '' was either to play a game with the host , or to sit out while the other performers did so . After this game during the first season of the series , credits simply rolled under the show 's theme . In the second season , the reading of the credits was performed by one or more cast members in a comedic fashion , based on a theme announced by Carey that often derived from a successful joke earlier in the show . The show 's `` short - form '' approach to improv received criticism from some improv actors . However , performer Colin Mochrie has stated the show was never intended to be the `` be-all and end - all '' of improv , but that it was meant to introduce improv to the masses . Performers / players ( edit ) Colin Mochrie , who joined the U.S. version after originally appearing on the UK version Like the UK original , the U.S. version of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? features four performers , two of whom , Colin Mochrie and Ryan Stiles , were regular , permanent performers throughout the original format , having featured prominently in the UK original ; Stiles since his first appearance in its second season in 1989 , while Mochrie since his first appearance in the following season in 1991 , with both making regular appearances in the UK version from 1995 until its end in 1999 . Another performer who made frequent , recurring appearances was Wayne Brady , who appeared in the majority of episodes of the original format . During his tenure as host , Drew Carey also took part , though only in one game , after one of the performers was declared the `` winner '' and allowed to take his place at his desk in the studio ; host Aisha Tyler did not take part in games when the show was revived , but has occasionally joined in for a quick scene during the Scenes from a Hat game . As of 2017 , Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared on every single episode of the American version . Alongside Mochrie and Stiles , other veterans of the UK series appeared on the U.S. version included Greg Proops , Brad Sherwood , and Chip Esten , with the show introducing several newcomers that took part , including Denny Siegel , Kathy Greenwood , Jeff Davis , Patrick Bristow , Stephen Colbert , Kathy Kinney , and Ian Gomez , though mainly in the early seasons of the show . Unlike the UK original , the US version occasionally featured a celebrity guest performer , such as Robin Williams , Kathy Griffin , and Whoopi Goldberg , while on other occasions , a celebrity made a guest appearance for individual games ; such appearance have included Sid Caesar , David Hasselhoff , Florence Henderson , Jerry Springer , Joanie `` Chyna '' Laurer , Richard Simmons , Katie Harman , Jayne Trcka , the Loyola Marymount University cheerleaders , Hugh Hefner , and Lassie . Celebrity guests became a regular feature of the show beginning with season 9 . Improvisational musician Laura Hall , who appeared in the final season of the UK original , joined the original U.S. format for its entire run and performed piano and keyboards in games featuring improvisational singing by the cast members . From the second season onward , other musicians joined Hall -- Linda Taylor made frequent appearances playing guitar and occasionally keyboards , while Cece Worrall - Rubin , Anne King , Candy Girard , and Anna Wanselius appeared alongside Hall ( and sometimes also Taylor ) on occasion . Games ( edit ) The number and type of games played varied from episode to episode , yet while some games became more common over time , others faded from use . Some games are based on traditional improv games , with a considerable number brought over from the UK original , including Scenes from a Hat , Greatest Hits , Props , Hoedown , Helping Hands , Questions Only and Party Quirks . Others were new and uniquely created for both the U.S. original format , and the revived show , with several only receiving 1 or 2 playings , due to either the games not having been well received by audiences , or Stiles ' reluctance to perform certain rounds . There are 8 games that have been performed at least once in every season , these are Scenes from a Hat , Greatest Hits , Props , Let 's Make a Date , Weird Newscasters , Duet , Helping Hands and Questions Only . Game Performers Episodes Overall Seasons 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 5 2002 -- 03 6 7 2005 8 2005 -- 07 9 2013 10 2014 11 2015 12 2016 13 2017 Scenes from a Hat All / Aisha 152 15 10 16 23 11 6 18 16 18 13 Greatest Hits Colin , Ryan , Wayne / 4th Seat 97 9 13 16 9 7 5 10 5 6 8 Props All / Drew 93 9 13 12 7 6 9 8 9 5 6 Hoedown All / Drew 86 9 21 14 10 7 7 Let 's Make a Date All 82 9 14 9 7 5 8 7 6 5 Weird Newscasters All 81 13 16 8 9 5 6 6 Duet Wayne & 4th Seat 80 8 10 6 5 7 7 15 8 Song Styles Wayne 67 8 12 10 6 9 5 5 Helping Hands Colin , Ryan / 4th Seat / Drew 61 6 7 6 8 7 9 6 Questions Only All 52 10 5 5 6 Hollywood Director All 49 5 6 7 7 7 Party Quirks All 49 9 8 7 8 Newsflash Colin , Ryan & 4th Seat 47 11 8 Living Scenery All 47 7 6 9 7 7 Sound Effects Colin & Ryan 43 5 6 7 9 Dubbing All 35 5 5 7 5 6 World 's Worst All / Drew / Aisha 33 5 Film TV and Theater Styles Colin , Ryan & Wayne 32 11 9 6 Superheroes All 32 8 8 Three - Headed Broadway Star Colin / Ryan / Wayne / 4th Seat / Drew 29 9 11 Irish Drinking Song All / Drew 28 6 7 Film Dub All 27 Doo - Wop Wayne / Colin / Ryan / 4th Seat 22 5 Foreign Film Dub All / Drew 21 Scene to Rap All 21 6 5 6 Whose Line Colin & Ryan 21 6 Narrate Colin & Ryan 16 Two - Line Vocabulary Colin , Ryan & Wayne / 4th Seat 15 Infomercial Colin & Ryan 15 Themed Restaurant All / Drew 14 Hats All 12 90 Second Alphabet All / Drew 12 6 Moving People Colin & Ryan 12 5 Motown Group Wayne , 4th Seat / Colin / Ryan 12 5 Secret Colin & Ryan 12 5 If You Know What I Mean Colin , Ryan & Brad 10 Title Sequence All 10 Day Time Talk Show All 9 5 Song Titles All 9 Number of Words All 9 Stand , Sit , Lie / Bend Colin , Ryan / 4th Seat / Drew 8 Improbable Mission Colin & Ryan 8 Dead Bodies Colin , Ryan / 4th Seat / Drew 7 Fashion Models Colin , Ryan , 4th Seat / Wayne 7 Sportcasters All 7 The Millionaire Show All 7 Show - Stopping Number Colin , Ryan & Wayne 7 Press Conference All 7 What 's in the Bag Colin , Ryan & Wayne 7 5 Multiple Personalities Colin , Ryan & Greg 6 Action Replay All 6 Award Show All 6 Bartender All 6 Sideways Scene Colin , Wayne & 4th Seat 6 6 African Chant Wayne 5 Hey , You Down There ! Colin , Ryan & 4th Seat Quick Change All / Drew Scene With An Audience Member Colin & Ryan Change Letter All Telethon All Old Job - New Job All Scenes Cut From a Movie All Scene To Music Colin , Ryan & Wayne Forward Rewind All Remote Control All Funeral Colin , Ryan & Greg Backwards Scene Colin , Ryan & Brad Make a Monster All All In One Voice All Boogie Woogie Sisters Ryan , Wayne & Brad Game Show All Mixed Messages Colin & Wayne / Ryan / 4th Seat Animals Colin , Ryan & Brad Change of Cast All Change Emotion All Ballad of Wayne What Are You Trying to Say ? Colin & Ryan Survival Show All Good Cop / Bad Cop Colin , Ryan & Wayne Reunion Colin , Ryan & Greg Wedding All Meet the Family All Really Bad Hangover All Ice Skaters All Shopping From Home Colin & Ryan Dating Profile All ^ Note 1 : Played with Greg instead of Ryan for 1 episode in season 10 . Played with Brad instead of Wayne for 2 episodes in season 1 and season 12 . ^ Note 2 : Played with Chip Esten instead of Colin for 1 episode in season 13 . ^ Note 3 : Played with Brad instead of Wayne for 2 episodes in season 12 . ^ Note 4 : Played with Brad instead of Wayne for 3 episodes in seasons 1 and 8 . ^ Note 5 : Played with Cedric The Entertainer instead of Gary for 1 episode in season 11 . ^ Note 6 : Played with Drew instead of Colin for 1 episode in season 1 . ^ Note 7 : Played with Greg instead of Ryan for 1 episode in season 10 . ^ Note 8 : Played with Brad instead of Ryan in season 12 . All games were designed with the same principle of those from the UK original -- to test the performers ' improvisational comedy skills , with some games requiring the host to ask the studio audience for suggestions for specific topics or situations , while at other times these suggestions were written by the production staff , or submitted by the audience in advance , and chosen from among these . In addition , the host would control a buzzer which would signify the end of most games , or the end of individual sections of rapid - fire games such as `` Scenes from a Hat '' . In addition to being tested on their comedy skills in improv games , the performers are also tested on other skills , such as singing , dancing , or impressions , as Whose Line features a number of musical games , with one or more of the show 's resident musicians playing live backing music for them , except on a few occasions when pre-recorded music was also used . Although they had no bad feelings about these sort of games , many of the performers disliked them ; while Wayne Brady turned out to be well suited to them , having Chip Esten , Jeff Davis , Brad Sherwood and Gary Anthony Williams making frequent appearances as his duet partner , Stiles frequently expressed open disdain towards the `` Hoedown '' game , which became a bit of a running gag , while Mochrie rarely sings any lyrics , mainly preferring to deliver his lines in a spoken word fashion , much like in the UK original . History ( edit ) The title card of seasons 1 -- 8 of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Whose Line Is It Anyway ? was created by Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson in 1988 as a radio show on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom . This early incarnation of the show is notable as being the origin of its tradition of having the performers read the credits in an amusing style ; as it was a radio show , it was necessary for somebody to read the credits , and it was decided that it might as well be done as part of the program , rather than being done by a traditional BBC Radio announcer . This approach to reading credits was pioneered by the earlier BBC radio show I 'm Sorry , I 'll Read That Again . Indeed , the title of the show itself is a comedic riposte to another radio show , What 's My Line , merged with the title of a 1972 teleplay ( and eventual theatrical play ) Whose Life Is It Anyway ? . The radio series lasted for six episodes , after which Channel 4 developed the franchise for television . The British television version lasted for a total of 10 seasons , with 136 episodes , all of which were hosted by Clive Anderson . Colin Mochrie and Ryan Stiles , who would later star in the U.S. version , became regular cast members in the seventh and eighth seasons . The UK series was brought to the attention of Drew Carey , who worked with regular Whose Line ? performer Ryan Stiles , a co-star on The Drew Carey Show . Carey convinced ABC to air test episodes in the United States . The show turned into an inexpensive hit ( though less so than the British version ) , and ABC kept Carey on as host . In its first season , the show aired on Wednesday nights at 9 : 30 , right after The Drew Carey Show . It ranked 29th for the season , and averaged 13.1 million viewers per episode . The show ran on ABC for six seasons , benefiting from the low expectations of its Thursday night time slot , as ABC was not expected to mount a serious threat to what was then NBC 's longtime Thursday dominance in the Nielsen ratings . While the network would regularly premiere two new episodes in one night , there were several occurrences in which some episodes were skipped or postponed until a later date because of the airing of other new shows or specials . The format of the American version was very similar to the British program . A major difference was Carey 's use of the game - show facade , explicitly stating at the start of each episode that `` the points do n't matter , '' and sometimes emphasizing this throughout the episodes . The difference in standards in the UK compared to U.S. prime time meant stricter censoring of both language and content on the U.S. series . Production of the American version was canceled by ABC in 2003 because of low ratings , with already - produced episodes airing first - run into 2004 . The ABC Family cable channel , which had been airing repeats of the show since 2002 , also showed `` new '' episodes from 2005 to 2006 , formed from previously filmed but unaired performances . Hiatus ( edit ) Following the cancellation , Drew Carey went on to create the short - lived Drew Carey 's Green Screen Show , which premiered in 2004 on the WB . The series was very similar to Whose Line ? , and featured many of the same cast . The major gimmick on that series was that the acting was done in front of a green screen , and animators later added cartoon imagery to the scenes . Carey and several cast members also started touring North America with a live - action show called ( Drew Carey 's ) Improv All - Stars . The show was a live stage show similar to Whose Line ? , and featuring many of the same games , though also with some new ones . The live shows started in 2003 , and since 2006 , are only seen on occasion , mostly due to Carey 's current television obligations . Colin Mochrie , Brad Sherwood and Drew Carey performed at the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal as `` Improv All - Stars '' in 2003 and 2004 . Since 2005 , Mochrie and Sherwood have toured semi-regularly as An Evening With Colin and Brad . The show was recorded on Stage 29 at Paramount Studios . Greg Proops and Ryan Stiles presented Stiles & Proops Unplanned which was a live improv comedy show based on the successful Baddiel and Skinner Unplanned format that took place at Centaur Theatre in Montreal , Canada in July 2008 . They also tour with former co-star Jeff Davis under the name Whose Live Anyway ? doing live improv . Proops appeared as Max Madigan on Nickelodeon 's True Jackson , VP , and is currently hosting Head Games on The Science Channel and was the host of `` Odd News '' segments for Yahoo ! ( now called Broken News Daily ) while Esten has made multiple appearances in various TV series including The Office , ER ( also produced by Warner Bros . ) and Big Love and guest - starred in Enlightened . In 2007 , Mochrie was host of a five - episode run of Are You Smarter Than a Canadian 5th Grader ? on Global TV in Canada . Carey , Stiles , Brady , and Esten were all later employed by American television network CBS ; Carey succeeded Bob Barker as the host of the long - running game show The Price Is Right ( after a short stint as host of another game show , Power of 10 ) . In addition , Sherwood and Davis served as guest announcers for the 2010 - 11 season of The Price Is Right , after the departure of Rich Fields , who was eventually replaced by George Gray . Stiles appeared as a supporting character on the sitcom Two and a Half Men . Esten had a recurring role on The New Adventures of Old Christine and made a guest appearance in NCIS : Los Angeles , before moving to star in the ABC drama Nashville . Brady had a summer variety show on ABC in 2001 , The Wayne Brady Show and then hosted a daytime talk show of the same name for two seasons , starting in September 2002 . He also was the host of Fox 's Do n't Forget the Lyrics . In 2007 , he made a guest appearance in one episode of 30 Rock , and has made several appearances on How I Met Your Mother as Barney Stinson 's homosexual brother . He also had a couple of guest appearances on Chappelle 's Show . Since October 5 , 2009 , Brady has been the host of CBS ' revival of the classic game show Let 's Make a Deal . Featuring Jonathan Mangum as announcer and Co-Host , this new iteration utilized some classic elements of improv from Whose Line , most notably Brady 's singing and comedic abilities , occasionally breaking out into spontaneous musical improv in front of or involving contestants , and not being a stipulated aspect of the particular game to be played . As of 2009 , every main Whose Line participant has hosted at least one game show except Ryan Stiles . On November 18 , 2010 , Variety announced that Drew Carey would start a primetime improv show on GSN . The series , entitled Drew Carey 's Improv - A-Ganza , debuted on April 11 , 2011 and featured most of the Whose Line regular cast before ending in June 2011 ; Rich Fields was the announcer for the series . A second season was not ordered and the show was terminated . On July 10 , 2012 , ABC premiered a new improv comedy series featuring several of the Whose Line alumni called Trust Us With Your Life . Some of the players included Colin Mochrie , Wayne Brady , Greg Proops , Jonathan Mangum , and Nicole Parker . However , on July 30 , after only six episodes had aired , ABC pulled the remaining episodes after its host Fred Willard was arrested on a lewd - conduct charge at the Tiki Theater , an adult movie theater in Hollywood , California . In February 2013 , Ryan Stiles revealed in an interview that he would be returning to Los Angeles in April for a new season of Whose Line , hosted by Aisha Tyler and featuring the original cast of the U.S. version . Colin Mochrie would later confirm the revival . CW revival ( edit ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? returned to television , this time on The CW , with Colin Mochrie , Ryan Stiles , and Wayne Brady , and Aisha Tyler taking the role of the host . In addition to the traditional rotating fourth improv player ( often drawn from same pool of regulars that appeared on the original show ) , a new feature was that of a `` special guest '' . This fifth player would not necessarily have an improv background , but would still participate in some of the improv games . The initial summer run was made up of twelve half - hour episodes with the three veteran players joined by a featured player , along with a different special guest for each episode who would play in some of the games . On July 29 , 2013 , The CW announced that it had renewed the show for a 24 - episode season , airing Fridays at 8 ET / PT starting March 21 , 2014 , due to solid ratings . Illness prevented Stiles from appearing in two season 10 episodes , the first Whose Line shows he had missed in nearly 20 years , dating back to the original British series . Frequent guest Greg Proops filled in for Stiles on these occasions . On July 18 , 2014 , The CW announced that the show will be returning for a 24 - episode eleventh season ( and third season on The CW ) which started airing on April 17 , 2015 . On August 11 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a twelfth season ( fourth on The CW ) to start airing May 23 , 2016 . On October 24 , 2016 , The CW renewed the show for a thirteenth season ( fifth season on The CW ) to start airing May 29 , 2017 . On October 26 , 2017 , The CW renewed the show for a fourteenth season ( sixth season on the CW ) Performers ( edit ) Several of the performers , including the three regulars Brady , Mochrie and Stiles , had previously appeared in the original run of Whose Line in the UK ; other performers who had made appearances in the British version are Greg Proops , Brad Sherwood , Chip Esten , Karen Maruyama and Josie Lawrence , as well as musician Laura Hall . Mochrie and Stiles have been regulars since the show started , whilst Brady became a regular from season 2 - 7 , appearing as a recurring performer in seasons 1 and 8 . Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared in every episode of the US series of Whose Line ? , with Stiles having missed two recordings due to illness . Of the recurring performers to occupy the fourth seat , Proops and Sherwood are the most prolific , with 66 total appearances each . The original host of the U.S. show was Drew Carey , who appeared in every episode of series 1 - 8 . Carey notably took more of an active role in the show than his predecessor Clive Anderson , as following the announcement of the `` winner '' of each show , Carey would perform a game with the other performers . After the CW revival in 2013 , Aisha Tyler took over as host , as Carey was the host of The Price is Right , which ran at the same time as Whose Line , however Carey is mentioned numerous times by Tyler and the other performers . Unlike Carey , Tyler does not perform full games with the other performers , however does occasionally interject in quick fire games such as Scenes from a Hat with her own suggestions . Main ( edit ) Colin Mochrie -- 310 episodes Ryan Stiles -- 308 episodes Wayne Brady -- 300 episodes ( starring seasons 2 -- 7 , 9 -- ; recurring seasons 1 & 8 ) Drew Carey ( host ) -- 219 episodes ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Aisha Tyler ( host ) -- 91 episodes ( season 9 -- ) Recurring ( edit ) Brad Sherwood -- 67 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 8 , 10 -- ) Greg Proops -- 65 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 8 , 10 -- ) Charles `` Chip '' Esten -- 40 episodes ( Seasons 2 -- 8 , 13 ) Jeff Davis -- 33 episodes ( Seasons 3 -- 5 , 7 -- ) Kathy Greenwood -- 33 episodes ( Seasons 2 -- 5 , 7 -- 8 ) Gary Anthony Williams -- 17 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- ) Denny Siegel -- 14 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 2 , 6 , 8 ) Jonathan Mangum -- 14 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- ) Heather Anne Campbell -- 9 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- 11 , 13 -- ) Keegan - Michael Key -- 8 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- 12 ) Nyima Funk -- 4 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- 10 ) Karen Maruyama -- 3 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Musicians ( edit ) Laura Hall -- 267 episodes Linda Taylor -- 159 episodes Cece Worrall -- 37 episodes Anne King -- 10 episodes Anna Wanselius -- 6 episodes Guest stars ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Seasons 1 -- 8 Kathy Griffin -- 4 episodes Patrick Bristow -- 2 episodes Stephen Colbert -- 2 episodes Whoopi Goldberg -- 2 episodes Ian Gomez -- 2 episodes Josie Lawrence -- 2 episodes Jerry Springer -- 2 episodes Kathy Kinney ( season 1 , episode 6 ) Robin Williams ( season 3 , episode 9 ) Lassie and Sid Caesar ( season 4 , episode 15 ) Hugh Hefner , Ava Fabian , and Victoria Fuller ( season 4 , episode 24 ) Katie Harman , Miss America 2002 ( Season 5 , episode 2 ) Florence Henderson ( season 5 , episode 4 ) Joanie `` Chyna '' Laurer ( season 5 , episode 8 ) Richard Simmons ( season 5 , episode 17 ) David Hasselhoff ( Season 5 , episode 19 ) Jayne Trcka ( Season 5 , episode 21 ) Veena and Neena Bidasha ( Season 5 , episode 25 ) Undarma Darihu ( Season 5 , episode 28 ) Loyola Marymount University Cheerleaders ( Season 6 , episode 6 ) Santa Claus and Donner ( Season 8 , episode 6 ) Season 9 Lauren Cohan ( episode 1 ) Kevin McHale ( episode 2 ) Candice Accola ( episode 3 ) Kyle Richards ( episode 4 ) Mary Killman and Mariya Koroleva ( episode 5 ) Wilson Bethel ( episode 6 ) Lisa Leslie ( episode 7 ) Laila Ali ( episode 9 ) Maggie Q ( episode 10 ) Chloe Butler ( episode 11 ) Shawn Johnson ( episode 12 ) Season 10 Kat Graham ( episode 1 ) Tara Lipinski ( episode 2 ) Verne Troyer ( episode 3 ) Darren Criss ( episode 4 ) Michael Weatherly ( episode 5 ) Byambajav Ulambayar ( episode 6 ) Nolan Gould ( episode 7 ) Mircea Monroe ( episode 8 ) Jack Osbourne ( episode 10 ) Rob Gronkowski ( episode 11 ) Robbie Amell ( episode 12 ) Misha Collins ( episode 13 ) Sheryl Underwood ( episode 14 ) Mel B. ( episode 15 ) Kunal Nayyar ( episode 16 ) Padma Lakshmi ( episode 18 ) Matt Barnes ( episode 20 ) Brian Shaw ( episode 22 ) Wendi McLendon - Covey ( episode 23 ) Season 11 Cedric the Entertainer ( episode 1 ) Adelaide Kane ( episode 2 ) Jaime Camil ( episode 4 ) Scott Porter ( episode 5 ) Willie Robertson ( episode 6 ) Heather Morris ( episode 7 ) Vernon Davis ( episode 8 ) Penn & Teller ( episode 10 ) Kathie Lee Gifford ( episode 11 ) Randy Couture ( episode 12 ) Gina Rodriguez ( episode 13 ) Nina Agdal ( episode 15 ) Bill Nye ( episode 17 ) Carson Kressley ( episode 19 ) Season 12 Alfonso Ribeiro ( episode 1 ) Karla Souza ( episode 3 ) Yvette Nicole Brown ( episode 4 ) Kaitlin Doubleday ( episode 5 ) Lolo Jones ( episode 6 ) Joey Fatone ( episode 8 ) Tamera Mowry ( episode 9 ) Misty May - Treanor ( episode 11 ) Lyndie Greenwood ( episode 12 ) Chris Jericho ( episode 13 ) Rachel Bloom ( episode 14 ) Lea Thompson ( episode 15 ) Katie Cassidy ( episode 16 ) Brett Dier ( episode 17 ) Emily Bett Rickards ( episode 18 ) Cheryl Hines ( episode 20 ) Season 13 Tony Hawk ( episode 1 ) The Bella Twins ( episode 2 ) Candice Patton ( episode 3 ) Malcolm Goodwin ( episode 4 ) Wil Wheaton ( episode 5 ) Kearran Giovanni ( episode 6 ) Ralph Macchio ( episode 8 ) Tony Cavalero ( episode 9 ) Jillian Michaels ( episode 10 ) Charles `` Chip '' Esten ( episode 11 ) Wanya Morris ( episode 12 ) Danielle Panabaker ( episode 13 ) Marisol Nichols ( episode 14 ) Grace Byers ( episode 15 ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( U.S. TV series ) episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 20 August 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 05 ) March 24 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 24 ) ABC 39 September 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 16 ) May 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 18 ) 39 October 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 12 ) June 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 21 ) 31 September 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 06 ) April 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 11 ) 5 34 September 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 09 ) September 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 05 ) 6 10 June 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 24 ) September 4 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 04 ) 7 25 January 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 17 ) May 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 23 ) ABC Family 8 21 October 3 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 03 ) December 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 15 ) 9 12 July 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) The CW 10 24 March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) November 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) 11 20 April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) 12 20 May 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 13 15 May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Won : 2003 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program for Wayne Brady Nominated : 2001 : Emmy Award for ' Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ' for Wayne Brady 2002 : Emmy Award for ' Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ' for Wayne Brady 2002 : Emmy Award for ' Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ' for Ryan Stiles International broadcast ( edit ) The U.S. version of Whose Line ? has been broadcast in the UK , originally on Channel 4 . Challenge was the first non-terrestrial channel to broadcast the show for a brief period in 2005 . From 2007 to 2012 , 5USA aired the show . In Canada , the show also ran on the CTV network from 1998 to 2003 , and then on The Comedy Network from 2003 onwards . The show 's original run in Australia was on the Nine Network in an early morning time slot ; One repeated the program from 2011 . It also airs on The Comedy Channel . In New Zealand , the show was broadcast on the Box . From 2014 , South African youth channel Vuzu started airing the CW revival . In India , the earlier seasons were aired on FX while the revived series has been aired on Comedy Central . DVD releases ( edit ) The first DVD , Season 1 , Volume 1 , of the U.S. version of Whose Line ? was released on September 26 , 2006 . It comes in `` censored '' or `` uncensored '' versions . Both releases include the first ten episodes of the first season , with the episodes being the same on either version . The first seven episodes have had their original theme music ( including all credits and ad bumpers ) replaced with the version used for the rest of the episodes . Warner Home Video released Season 1 , Volume 2 on October 9 , 2007 , but only in an `` uncensored '' version . Warner Home Video released a two - disc `` best of '' compilation with ten episodes on June 9 , 2009 . Featured in this release were celebrity guest episodes including appearances by David Hasselhoff , Florence Henderson , Jerry Springer , Richard Simmons and bodybuilder Jayne Trcka , along with the hour - long `` Best of Whose Line '' compilation episode aired at the beginning of season three . DVD title No. of episodes Run time ( minutes ) Release Notes Whose Line Is It Anyway ? : Season One , Vol. 1 10 110 September 26 , 2006 Uncensored Whose Line Is It Anyway ? : Season One , Vol. 1 10 220 October 9 , 2007 Censored Whose Line Is It Anyway ? : Season One , Vol. 2 10 260 October 9 , 2007 Uncensored The Best of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? 11 300 June 9 , 2009 Uncensored ; includes the special `` Best of Whose Line '' episode See also ( edit ) List of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? episodes Drew Carey 's Green Screen Show Drew Carey 's Improv - A-Ganza Trust Us With Your Life Wild ' n Out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( 9 ed . ) . New York : Ballantine . p. 1517 . ISBN 1419835599 . Jump up ^ `` About The Show '' . ABC Family . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Conversations with Ross : Featuring Colin Mochrie http://www.rosscarey.com/2011/07/28/episode-40-featuring-colin-mochrie/ ^ Jump up to : `` Sid Caesar , Lassie guest on ` Whose Line ' '' . Chicago Tribune . 2001 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special `` Salute to American Television '' episode . Featured special guests Lassie and Sid Caesar `` . TV.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Jayne Tricka IMDb profile '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Conversations with Ross : Featuring Brad Sherwood http://www.rosscarey.com/2011/08/17/episode-42-featuring-brad-sherwood/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091029011819/http://geocities.com/Hollywood/4616/ew0604.html Jump up ^ `` Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Episode 8021 Guide '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Improv All - Stars website '' . Improvallstars.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ An Evening With Colin Mochrie and Brad Sherwood Jump up ^ Proops , Greg . `` Smartest Man In The World Podcast # 241 , Vans '' . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( 2010 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Carey to produce , host GSN primetime series '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Debuts `` Trust Us With Your Life '' on Tuesday , July 10th , at 9 : 00PM ET `` . BuzzerBlog. 2012 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ABC pulls Fred Willard improv show after arrest '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rachel HansenWorld staff writer . `` His line : Improv master Ryan Stiles returns to the PAC '' . The Wenatchee World . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/colinmochrie/status/307490163267862528 Jump up ^ `` - returns - to - television - as - part - of - the - cw 's - summer - 2013 - schedule / `` '' Whose Line is it Anyway ? '' Returns to Television as Part of The CW 's Summer 2013 Schedule `` . 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) . `` CW Announces Premiere Date for Whose Line is It Anyway ? '' . IGN . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana . `` '' Whose Line is it Anyway ? '' Being Revived By The CW `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` CW adds two dramas to its midseason schedule '' . USA Today . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TCA : The CW Renews Revived ' Whose Line ' For Second Season '' . Variety . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' renewed for third season on The CW '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/08/11/whose-line-is-it-anyway-penn-teller-fool-us-renewed-for-new-cycles-by-the-cw/446932/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/more-tv-news/whose-line-is-it-anyway-penn-teller-fool-us-masters-of-illusion-will-be-back-in-summer-2017/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TVRatingsNOW/status/923544488978583552/ Jump up ^ `` Whose Line Is It Anyway ? DVD news : Drew Carey To Get Some Helping Hands With September Release Date ! TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com < ! . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Whose Line Is It Anyway ? DVD news : Announcement for Whose Line Is It Anyway ? -- Season 1 , Volume 2 ( Uncensored ) TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com < ! . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Whose Line Is It Anyway ? DVD news : Announcement for Whose Line Is It Anyway ? -- Best Of ( Uncensored ) TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com < ! . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Whose-Line-Anyway-Season-Uncensored/dp/B000GRUQJC/ref=sr_1_3?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1366307276&sr=1-3&keywords=Whose+Line+is+it+Anyway Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Whose-Line-Anyway-Censored-Version/dp/B000GRUQJM/ref=sr_1_7?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1366307276&sr=1-7&keywords=Whose+Line+is+it+Anyway Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Whose-Line-Anyway-Season-Vol/dp/B000T28PXI/ref=sr_1_4?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1366307276&sr=1-4&keywords=Whose+Line+is+it+Anyway Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/The-Best-Whose-Line-Anyway/dp/B001U3ZYX4 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Whose Line Is It Anyway ? on IMDb Whose Line Is It Anyway ? , The CW website , includes all past U.S. episodes Whose Line Is It Anyway ? , Hat Trick Productions website Whose Line Is It Anyway ? U.S. and U.K. episodes Whose Line Is It Anyway ? 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3047923278725180229 | Star Wars (film) | Star Wars ( film ) - Wikipedia Star Wars ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search `` A New Hope '' redirects here . For other uses , see A New Hope ( disambiguation ) . Star Wars Theatrical release poster by Tom Jung Directed by George Lucas Produced by Gary Kurtz Written by George Lucas Starring Mark Hamill Harrison Ford Carrie Fisher Peter Cushing Alec Guinness Music by John Williams Cinematography Gilbert Taylor Edited by Paul Hirsch Marcia Lucas Richard Chew Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 25 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 121 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $11 million Box office $775.4 million Star Wars ( later retitled Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope ) is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas . It is the first film in the original Star Wars trilogy and the beginning of the Star Wars franchise . Starring Mark Hamill , Harrison Ford , Carrie Fisher , Peter Cushing , Alec Guinness , David Prowse , James Earl Jones , Anthony Daniels , Kenny Baker , and Peter Mayhew , the film 's plot focuses on the Rebel Alliance , led by Princess Leia ( Fisher ) , and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empire 's space station , the Death Star . This conflict disrupts the isolated life of farmhand Luke Skywalker ( Hamill ) , who inadvertently acquires two droids that possess stolen architectural plans for the Death Star . When the Empire begins a destructive search for the missing droids , Skywalker accompanies Jedi Master Obi - Wan Kenobi ( Guinness ) on a mission to return the plans to the Rebel Alliance and rescue Leia from her imprisonment by the Empire . Star Wars was released in theatres in the United States on May 25 , 1977 . It earned $461 million in the U.S. and $314 million overseas , totaling $775 million . It surpassed Jaws ( 1975 ) to become the highest - grossing film of all time until the release of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . When adjusted for inflation , Star Wars is the second - highest - grossing film in North America , and the third - highest - grossing film in the world . It received ten Academy Award nominations ( including Best Picture ) , winning seven . It was among the first films to be selected as part of the U.S. Library of Congress ' National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . At the time , it was the most recent film on the registry and the only one chosen from the 1970s . In 2005 , the British Film Institute included it in their list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . Its soundtrack was added to the U.S. National Recording Registry in 2004 . Today , it is regarded as one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures . It launched an industry of tie - in products , including TV series spinoffs , novels , comic books , and video games , and merchandise including toys , games and clothing . The film 's success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels , The Empire Strikes Back in 1980 and Return of the Jedi in 1983 . Star Wars was reissued multiple times at Lucas ' behest , incorporating many changes including modified computer - generated effects , altered dialogue , re-edited shots , remixed soundtracks , and added scenes . A prequel trilogy was released beginning with The Phantom Menace in 1999 , continuing with Attack of the Clones in 2002 , and concluding with Revenge of the Sith in 2005 . The film was followed by a sequel trilogy beginning with The Force Awakens in 2015 , and continued with The Last Jedi released in December 2017 . A prequel set directly before Star Wars , Rogue One , was released in 2016 . A spin - off prequel titled Solo , centered on the backstory of the character Han Solo , is set for release in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 4 Soundtrack 5 Cinematic and literary allusions 6 Title 7 Marketing 8 Release 8.1 Premiere and initial release 8.2 Later releases 8.3 Home media 8.4 3D re-release 9 Reception 9.1 Box office 9.2 Critical response 9.3 Accolades 10 Legacy 10.1 In popular culture 10.2 Cinematic influence 10.3 Recognition 11 Merchandising 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Plot ( edit ) The galaxy is in the midst of a civil war . Spies for the Rebel Alliance have stolen plans to the Galactic Empire 's Death Star , a heavily armed space station capable of destroying an entire planet . Rebel leader Princess Leia has the plans , but her ship is captured by Imperial forces under the command of Darth Vader . Before she is captured , Leia hides the plans in the memory of an astromech droid , R2 - D2 , along with a holographic recording . R2 - D2 flees to the surface of the desert planet Tatooine with C - 3PO , a protocol droid . The droids are captured by Jawa traders , who sell them to moisture farmers Owen and Beru Lars and their nephew Luke Skywalker . While cleaning R2 - D2 , Luke accidentally triggers part of Leia 's message , in which she requests help from Obi - Wan Kenobi . The next morning , Luke finds R2 - D2 searching for Obi - Wan , and meets Ben Kenobi , an old hermit who lives in the hills and reveals himself to be Obi - Wan . Obi - Wan tells Luke of his days as one of the Jedi Knights , former Galactic Republic peacekeepers with supernatural powers derived from an energy called the Force , who were all but wiped out by the Empire . Contrary to his uncle 's statements , Luke learns that his father fought alongside Obi - Wan as a Jedi Knight . Obi - Wan tells Luke that Vader was his former pupil who turned to the dark side of the Force and killed Luke 's father . Obi - Wan then presents to Luke his father 's weapon -- a lightsaber . Obi - Wan views Leia 's complete message , in which she begs him to take the Death Star plans to her home planet of Alderaan and give them to her father for analysis . Obi - Wan invites Luke to accompany him to Alderaan and learn the ways of the Force . Luke declines , but changes his mind after discovering that Imperial stormtroopers searching for C - 3PO and R2 - D2 have destroyed his home and killed his aunt and uncle . Obi - Wan and Luke hire smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee first mate Chewbacca to transport them to Alderaan on Han 's ship , the Millennium Falcon . Upon the Falcon 's arrival at the location of Alderaan , the group discovers that the planet has been destroyed by order of the Death Star 's commanding officer , Grand Moff Tarkin , as a show of power . The Falcon is captured by the Death Star 's tractor beam and brought into its hangar bay . While Obi - Wan goes to disable the tractor beam , Luke discovers that Leia is imprisoned aboard , and with the help of Han and Chewbacca , rescues her . After several escapes , the group makes its way back to the Falcon . On the way back to the Falcon , Obi - Wan engages in a lightsaber duel with Vader . To ensure the rest of the team escapes the Death Star alive , Obi - Wan sacrifices himself at the hands of Darth Vader . The Falcon escapes from the Death Star , unknowingly carrying a tracking beacon , which the Empire follows to the Rebels ' hidden base on Yavin IV . The Rebels analyze the Death Star 's plans and identify a vulnerable exhaust port that connects to the station 's main reactor and that the Death Star can be destroyed through a chain reaction . Luke joins the Rebel assault squadron , while Han collects his payment for the transport and intends to leave , despite Luke 's request that he stay and help . In the ensuing battle , the Rebels suffer heavy losses after several unsuccessful attack runs , leaving Luke as one of the few surviving pilots . Vader leads a squadron of TIE fighters and prepares to attack Luke 's X-wing fighter , but Han returns and fires at the Imperials , sending Vader spiraling away . Helped by guidance from Obi - Wan 's spirit , Luke uses the Force to destroy the Death Star seconds before it can fire on the Rebel base . Back on Yavin IV , Leia awards Luke and Han with medals for their heroism . Cast ( edit ) From left to right : Luke Skywalker ( Mark Hamill ) , Princess Leia ( Carrie Fisher ) , and Han Solo ( Harrison Ford ) See also : List of Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope characters and List of Star Wars cast members Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker : a young man raised by his aunt and uncle on Tatooine , who dreams of something more than his current life and learns the way of a Jedi . Lucas favored casting young actors who lacked long experience . To play Luke ( then known as Luke Starkiller ) , Lucas sought actors who could project intelligence and integrity . While reading for the character , Hamill found the dialogue to be extremely odd because of its universe - embedded concepts . He chose to simply read it sincerely , and he was selected instead of William Katt , who was subsequently cast in the Brian De Palma - directed Carrie ( Lucas shared a joint casting session with De Palma , a longtime friend ) . Harrison Ford as Han Solo : a cynical smuggler hired by Obi - Wan and Luke to take them to Alderaan in his ship , the Millennium Falcon , co-piloted with Chewbacca . Lucas initially rejected casting Ford for the role , as he `` wanted new faces '' ; Ford had previously worked with the director on American Graffiti . Instead , Lucas asked the actor to assist in the auditions by reading lines with the other actors and explaining the concepts and history behind the scenes that they were reading . Lucas was eventually won over by Ford 's portrayal and cast him instead of Kurt Russell , Nick Nolte , Sylvester Stallone , Bill Murray , Christopher Walken , Burt Reynolds , Jack Nicholson , Al Pacino , Steve Martin , Chevy Chase , Billy Dee Williams ( who later played Lando Calrissian in the sequels ) , or Perry King ( who later played Han Solo in the radio plays ) . Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia : a member of the Imperial Senate and leader of the Rebel Alliance . Many young actresses in Hollywood auditioned for the role of Princess Leia , including Amy Irving , Terri Nunn ( also a singer ) , Cindy Williams , Karen Allen , and Jodie Foster . Foster , for one , turned down the role because she was already under contract with Disney and working on two films at the time . Carrie Fisher was cast under the condition that she lose 10 pounds for the role . Peter Cushing as Grand Moff Tarkin : Governor of the Imperial Outland Regions and commander of the Death Star . Lucas originally had Cushing in mind for the role of Obi - Wan Kenobi , but Lucas believed that `` his lean features '' would be better employed in the role of Grand Moff Tarkin instead . Lucas commended Cushing 's performance , saying `` ( He ) is a very good actor . Adored and idolized by young people and by people who go to see a certain kind of movie . I feel he will be fondly remembered for the next 350 years at least . '' Cushing , commenting on his role , joked : `` I 've often wondered what a ' Grand Moff ' was . It sounds like something that flew out of a cupboard . '' Alec Guinness as Obi - Wan `` Ben '' Kenobi : an aging Jedi Master and former mentor of Darth Vader who introduces Luke to the Force . Lucas 's decision to cast `` unknowns '' was not taken favorably by his friend Francis Ford Coppola and the studio . Lucas needed an established actor to play the important Obi - Wan Kenobi character . Producer Gary Kurtz said , `` The Alec Guinness role required a certain stability and gravitas as a character ... which meant we needed a very , very strong character actor to play that part . '' Before Guinness was cast , Japanese actor Toshiro Mifune ( who starred in Akira Kurosawa 's The Hidden Fortress ) was considered for the role . According to Mifune 's daughter , Mika Kitagawa , her father turned down Lucas ' offers for Kenobi and Darth Vader because `` he was concerned about how the film would look and that it would cheapen the image of samurai ... At the time , sci - fi movies still looked quite cheap as the effects were not advanced and he had a lot of samurai pride . '' Guinness was one of the few cast members who believed that the film would be successful ; he negotiated a deal for 2 % of the one - fifth gross royalties paid to George Lucas , which made him quite wealthy in later life . He agreed to take the part of Kenobi on the condition that he would not have to do any publicity to promote the film . Lucas credited him with inspiring the cast and crew to work harder , saying that Guinness contributed significantly to the completion of the filming . Harrison Ford said , `` It was , for me , fascinating to watch Alec Guinness . He was always prepared , always professional , always very kind to the other actors . He had a very clear head about how to serve the story . '' Anthony Daniels ( pictured here in 2005 ) was convinced to take the role of the droid C - 3PO after seeing a design drawing of the character 's face . Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO : a protocol droid who speaks over six million languages . Daniels auditioned for and was cast as C - 3PO ; he has said that he wanted the role after he saw a Ralph McQuarrie drawing of the character and was struck by the vulnerability in the robot 's face . Initially , Lucas did not intend to use Daniels ' voice for C - 3PO . Thirty well - established voice actors read for the voice of the droid . According to Daniels , one of the major voice actors , believed by some sources to be Stan Freberg , recommended Daniels 's voice for the role . Kenny Baker as R2 - D2 : an astromech droid who is carrying the Death Star plans and a secret message for Obi - Wan from Princess Leia . While Lucas was filming in London , where additional casting took place , Baker , performing a musical comedy act with his acting partner Jack Purvis , learned that the film crew was looking for a small person to fit inside a robot suit and maneuver it ; Baker , who was 3 feet 8 inches ( 1.12 m ) tall , was cast immediately after meeting George Lucas . He said , `` He saw me come in and said ' He 'll do ' because I was the smallest guy they 'd seen up until then . '' He initially turned down the role three times , hesitant to appear in a film where his face would not be shown and hoping to continue the success of his comedy act , which had recently started to be televised . R2 - D2 's recognizable beeps and squeaks were made by sound designer Ben Burtt and Lucas imitating `` baby noises '' , recording these voices as they were heard on an intercom , and creating the final mix using a synthesizer . Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca : a 200 - year - old Wookiee , Han Solo 's sidekick , and first mate of the Millennium Falcon . Mayhew learned of a casting call for Star Wars , which was filming in London , and decided to audition . The 7 feet 3 inches ( 2.21 m ) tall actor was immediately cast as Chewbacca after he stood up to greet Lucas . He said , `` I sat down on one of the sofas , waiting for George . Door opened , and George walked in with Gary behind him . So , naturally , what did I do ? I 'm raised in England . Soon as someone comes in through the door , I stand up . George goes ' Hmm ( looked up ) . ' Virtually turned to Gary , and said ' I think we 've found him . ' '' He was actually eligible for either of the two roles : Chewbacca or Darth Vader . He chose the former because he wanted to play a hero ; British actor David Prowse took the other . Mayhew modeled his performance of Chewbacca after the mannerisms of animals he saw at public zoos . David Prowse as Darth Vader ( voiced by James Earl Jones ) : A Sith lord , second in command of the Galactic Empire , who hopes to destroy the Rebel Alliance . Lucas originally intended for Orson Welles to voice Vader ( after dismissing using Prowse 's own voice due to his English West Country accent , leading to the rest of the cast nicknaming him `` Darth Farmer '' ) . After deciding that Welles ' voice would be too recognizable , he cast the lesser - known James Earl Jones instead . Other actors include Phil Brown and Shelagh Fraser , respectively , as Owen and Beru , Luke 's uncle and aunt ; Jack Purvis , Kenny Baker 's partner in his London comedy act , as the Chief Jawa in the film ; Eddie Byrne as Vanden Willard , a Rebel general ; Denis Lawson and Garrick Hagon as rebel pilots Wedge Antilles and Biggs Darklighter ( Luke 's childhood friend ) , respectively ; and Don Henderson and Leslie Schofield as Imperial Generals Cassio Tagge and Moradmin Bast , respectively . Richard LeParmentier plays an admiral , named Conan Antonio Motti , who dares mock Darth Vader 's faith in the force and his failure to locate the rebel base and the stolen Death Star plans , and is nearly force choked to death by Vader , only saved by Tarkin intervening and ordering Vader to release him . Michael Leader plays a minor role as a Stormtrooper known for accidentally hitting his helmet against a door . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) George Lucas , the director and writer of Star Wars , shown here in 2007 . He was unsuccessful in pitching his idea to several major Hollywood studios because it was `` a little strange '' . Eventually , Lucas presented the treatment to 20th Century Fox , and the film was approved . Elements of the history of Star Wars are commonly disputed , as George Lucas ' statements about it have changed over time . One of the claims is that he intended to make the film a space western . Lucas has said that it was early as 1971 -- after he completed directing his first full - length feature , THX 1138 -- that he first had an idea for a space fantasy film , though he has also claimed to have had the idea long before then . In the 2010 coffee table book Star Wars : Year by Year : A Visual Chronicle produced by DK Publishing and Lucasfilm , Lucas is said to have made Star Wars as a direct contrast to THX 1138 . He felt that the bleak tone of the film led to it being poorly received , and therefore chose to make Star Wars more optimistic . This is what led to the fun and adventurous tone of the space opera . Originally , Lucas wanted to adapt the Flash Gordon space adventure comics and serials into his own films , having been fascinated by them since he was young . In 1979 , he said , `` I especially loved the Flash Gordon serials ... Of course I realize now how crude and badly done they were ... loving them that much when they were so awful , I began to wonder what would happen if they were done really well . '' At the Cannes Film Festival following the completion of THX 1138 , Lucas was granted a two - film development deal with United Artists ; the two films were American Graffiti , and an untitled Flash Gordon-esque space fantasy film . He pushed towards buying the Flash Gordon rights . He said : I wanted to make a Flash Gordon movie , with all the trimmings , but I could n't obtain the rights to the characters . So I began researching and went right back and found where Alex Raymond ( who had done the original Flash Gordon comic strips in newspapers ) had got his idea from . I discovered that he 'd got his inspiration from the works of Edgar Rice Burroughs ( author of Tarzan ) and especially from his John Carter of Mars series books . I read through that series , then found that what had sparked Burroughs off was a science - fantasy called Gulliver on Mars , written by Edwin Arnold and published in 1905 . That was the first story in this genre that I have been able to trace . Jules Verne had got pretty close , I suppose , but he never had a hero battling against space creatures or having adventures on another planet . A whole new genre developed from that idea . Director Francis Ford Coppola , who accompanied Lucas in trying to buy the Flash Gordon rights , recounted in 1999 : `` ( George ) was very depressed because he had just come back and they would n't sell him Flash Gordon . And he says , ' Well , I 'll just invent my own . ' '' Lucas envisioned his own space opera and called it The Star Wars . After his failed attempt to gain the Flash Gordon rights , Lucas went to United Artists and showed the script for American Graffiti , but they passed on the film , which was then picked up by Universal Pictures . United Artists also passed on Lucas 's The Star Wars concept , which he shelved for the time being . After spending the next two years completing American Graffiti , Lucas turned his attention to The Star Wars . Lucas began writing in January 1973 , `` eight hours a day , five days a week '' , by taking small notes , inventing odd names and assigning them possible characterizations . Lucas would discard many of these by the time the final script was written , but he included several names and places in the final script or its sequels . He revived others decades later when he wrote his prequel trilogy . He used these initial names and ideas to compile a two - page synopsis titled Journal of the Whills , which told the tale of the training of apprentice CJ Thorpe as a `` Jedi - Bendu '' space commando by the legendary Mace Windu . Frustrated that his story was too difficult to understand , Lucas then began writing a 13 - page treatment called The Star Wars on April 17 , 1973 , which had thematic parallels with Akira Kurosawa 's 1958 film The Hidden Fortress . After United Artists declined to budget the film , Lucas and producer Gary Kurtz presented the film treatment to Universal Pictures , the studio that financed American Graffiti ; however , it rejected its options for the film because the concept was `` a little strange '' , and it said that Lucas should follow American Graffiti with more consequential themes . Lucas said , `` I 've always been an outsider to Hollywood types . They think I do weirdo films . '' According to Kurtz , Lew Wasserman , the studio 's head , `` just did n't think much of science fiction at that time , did n't think it had much of a future then , with that particular audience . '' He said that `` science fiction was n't popular in the mid - ' 70s ... what seems to be the case generally is that the studio executives are looking for what was popular last year , rather than trying to look forward to what might be popular next year . '' Lucas explained in 1977 that the film is not `` about the future '' and that it `` is a fantasy much closer to the Brothers Grimm than it is to 2001 '' . He added : `` My main reason for making it was to give young people an honest , wholesome fantasy life , the kind my generation had . We had westerns , pirate movies , all kinds of great things . Now they have The Six Million Dollar Man and Kojak . Where are the romance , the adventure , and the fun that used to be in practically every movie made ? '' Kurtz said , `` Although Star Wars was n't like ( then - current science fiction ) at all , it was just sort of lumped into that same kind of category . '' There were also concerns regarding the project 's potentially high budget . Lucas and Kurtz , in pitching the film , said that it would be `` low - budget , Roger Corman style , and the budget was never going to be more than -- well , originally we had proposed about 8 million , it ended up being about 10 . Both of those figures are very low budget by Hollywood standards at the time . '' After Walt Disney Productions rejected the project , Lucas and Kurtz persisted in securing a studio to support the film because `` other people had read it and said , ' Yeah , it could be a good idea ... ' '' Lucas pursued Alan Ladd Jr. , the head of 20th Century Fox , and in June 1973 completed a deal to write and direct the film . Although Ladd did not grasp the technical side of the project , he believed that Lucas was talented . Lucas later stated that Ladd `` invested in me , he did not invest in the movie . '' The deal gave Lucas $150,000 to write and direct the film . Writing ( edit ) `` It 's the flotsam and jetsam from the period when I was twelve years old . All the books and films and comics that I liked when I was a child . The plot is simple -- good against evil -- and the film is designed to be all the fun things and fantasy things I remember . The word for this movie is fun . '' -- George Lucas , 1977 Since commencing his writing process in January 1973 , Lucas had done `` various rewrites in the evenings after the day 's work . '' He would write four different screenplays for Star Wars , `` searching for just the right ingredients , characters and storyline . It 's always been what you might call a good idea in search of a story . '' By May 1974 , he had expanded the film treatment into a rough draft screenplay , adding elements such as the Sith , the Death Star , and a general by the name of Annikin Starkiller . He changed Starkiller to an adolescent boy , and he shifted the general into a supporting role as a member of a family of dwarfs . Lucas envisioned the Corellian smuggler , Han Solo , as a large , green - skinned monster with gills . He based Chewbacca on his Alaskan Malamute dog , Indiana ( whom he would later use as namesake for his character Indiana Jones ) , who often acted as the director 's `` co-pilot '' by sitting in the passenger seat of his car . Lucas began researching the science fiction genre by watching films and reading books and comics . His first script incorporated ideas from many new sources . The script would also introduce the concept of a Jedi Master father and his son , who trains to be a Jedi under his father 's friend ; this would ultimately form the basis for the film and , later , the trilogy . However , in this draft , the father is a hero who is still alive at the start of the film . Lucas completed a second draft of The Star Wars in January 1975 , making heavy simplifications and introducing the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller . Annikin became Luke 's father , a wise Jedi knight . `` The Force '' was also introduced as a mystical energy field . This second draft still had some differences from the final version in the characters and relationships . For example , Luke had several brothers , as well as his father , who appears in a minor role at the end of the film . The script became more of a fairy tale quest as opposed to the action - adventure of the previous versions . This version ended with another text crawl , previewing the next story in the series . This draft was also the first to introduce the concept of a Jedi turning to the dark side : the draft included a historical Jedi who became the first to ever fall to the dark side , and then trained the Sith to use it . Impressed with his works , Lucas hired conceptual artist Ralph McQuarrie to create paintings of certain scenes around this time . When Lucas delivered his screenplay to the studio , he included several of McQuarrie 's paintings . A third draft , dated August 1 , 1975 , was titled The Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Starkiller . This third draft had most of the elements of the final plot , with only some differences in the characters and settings . The draft characterized Luke as an only child , with his father already dead , replacing him with a substitute named Ben Kenobi . This script would be re-written for the fourth and final draft , dated January 1 , 1976 , as The Adventures of Luke Starkiller as taken from the Journal of the Whills , Saga I : The Star Wars . Lucas worked with his friends Gloria Katz and Willard Huyck to revise the fourth draft into the final pre-production script . 20th Century Fox approved a budget of $8.25 million ; American Graffiti 's positive reception afforded Lucas the leverage necessary to renegotiate his deal with Alan Ladd Jr. and request the sequel rights to the film . For Lucas , this deal protected Star Wars 's unwritten segments and most of the merchandising profits . Lucas finished writing his script in March 1976 , when the crew started filming . He said , `` What finally emerged through the many drafts of the script has obviously been influenced by science - fiction and action - adventure I 've read and seen . And I 've seen a lot of it . I 'm trying to make a classic sort of genre picture , a classic space fantasy in which all the influences are working together . There are certain traditional aspects of the genre I wanted to keep and help perpetuate in Star Wars . '' During production , he changed Luke 's name from Starkiller to Skywalker and altered the title to The Star Wars and later Star Wars . He would also continue to tweak the script during filming , including adding the death of Obi - Wan after realizing he served no purpose in the ending of the film . For the film 's opening crawl , Lucas originally wrote a composition consisting of six paragraphs with four sentences each . He said , `` The crawl is such a hard thing because you have to be careful that you 're not using too many words that people do n't understand . It 's like a poem . '' Lucas showed his draft to his friends . Director Brian De Palma , who was there , described it : `` The crawl at the beginning looks like it was written on a driveway . It goes on forever . It 's gibberish . '' Lucas recounted what De Palma said the first time he saw it : `` George , you 're out of your mind ! Let me sit down and write this for you . '' De Palma helped to edit the text into the form used in the film . Design ( edit ) George Lucas recruited many conceptual designers , including Colin Cantwell , who worked on 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) , to conceptualize the initial spacecraft models ; Alex Tavoularis to create the preliminary conceptual storyboard sketches of early scripts ; and Ralph McQuarrie to visualize the characters , costumes , props and scenery . McQuarrie 's pre-production paintings of certain scenes from Lucas 's early screenplay drafts helped 20th Century Fox visualize the film , which positively influenced their decision to fund the project . After McQuarrie 's drawings for Lucas 's colleagues Hal Barwood and Matthew Robbins ( who were collaborating for a film ) caught his interest , Lucas met with McQuarrie to discuss his plans for the then - untitled space fantasy film he wanted to make . Two years later , after completing American Graffiti , Lucas approached McQuarrie and asked him if he would be interested `` in doing something for Star Wars . '' McQuarrie produced a series of artworks from simple sketches ; these set a visual tone for the film , and for the rest of the original trilogy . `` Star Wars has no points of reference to Earth time or space , with which we are familiar , and it is not about the future but some galactic past or some extra-temporal present , it is a decidedly inhabited and used place where the hardware is taken for granted . '' -- Lucas on his `` used future '' backdrop The film was ambitious as Lucas wanted to create fresh prop prototypes and sets ( based on McQuarrie 's paintings ) that had never been realized before in science fiction films . He commissioned production designers John Barry and Roger Christian , who were working on the sets of the film Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) when Lucas first approached them , to work on the production sets . Christian recounted in 2014 : `` George came to the set I was doing , it was an old salt factory design and he helped me shovel salt , just like two students in plaid shirts and sneakers . And we spoke and he looked at the set and could n't believe it was n't real . '' They had a conversation with Lucas on what he would like the film to appear like , with them creating the desired sets . Christian said that Lucas `` did n't want anything ( in Star Wars ) to stand out , he wanted it ( to look ) all real and used . And I said , ' Finally somebody 's doing it the right way . ' '' Lucas described a `` used future '' concept to the production designers in which all devices , ships , and buildings looked aged and dirty . Instead of following the traditional sleekness and futuristic architecture of science fiction films that came before , the Star Wars sets were designed to look inhabited and used . Barry said that the director `` wants to make it look like it 's shot on location on your average everyday Death Star or Mos Eisley Spaceport or local cantina . '' Lucas believed that `` what is required for true credibility is a used future '' , opposing the interpretation of `` future in most futurist movies '' that `` always looks new and clean and shiny . '' Christian supported Lucas 's vision , saying `` All science fiction before was very plastic and stupid uniforms and Flash Gordon stuff . Nothing was new . George was going right against that . '' The designers started working with the director before Star Wars was approved by 20th Century Fox . For four to five months , in a studio in Kensal Rise , England , they attempted to plan the creation of the props and sets with `` no money '' . Although Lucas initially provided funds using his earnings from American Graffiti , it was inadequate . As they could not afford to dress the sets , Christian was forced to use unconventional methods and materials to achieve the desired look . He suggested that Lucas use scrap in making the dressings , and the director agreed . Christian said , `` I 've always had this idea . I used to do it with models when I was a kid . I 'd stick things on them and we 'd make things look old . '' Barry , Christian , and their team began designing the props and sets at Elstree Studios . According to Christian , the Millennium Falcon set was the most difficult to build . Christian wanted the interior of the Falcon to look like that of a submarine . He found scrap airplane metal `` that no one wanted in those days and bought them '' . He began his creation process by breaking down jet engines into scrap pieces , giving him the chance to `` stick it in the sets in specific ways '' . It took him several weeks to finish the chess set ( which he described as `` the most encrusted set '' ) in the hold of the Falcon . The garbage compactor set `` was also pretty hard , because I knew I had actors in there and the walls had to come in , and they had to be in dirty water and I had to get stuff that would be light enough so it would n't hurt them but also not bobbing around '' . A total of 30 sets consisting of planets , starships , caves , control rooms , cantinas , and the Death Star corridors were created ; all of the nine sound stages at Elstree were used to accommodate them . The massive rebel hangar set was housed at a second sound stage at Shepperton Studios ; the stage was the largest in Europe at the time . Filming ( edit ) In 1975 , Lucas formed his own visual effects company Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) after discovering that 20th Century Fox 's visual effects department had been disbanded . ILM began its work on Star Wars in a warehouse in Van Nuys , California . Most of the visual effects used pioneering digital motion control photography developed by John Dykstra and his team , which created the illusion of size by employing small models and slowly moving cameras . George Lucas tried `` to get a cohesive reality '' for his feature . However , since the film is a fairy tale , as he had described , `` I still wanted it to have an ethereal quality , yet be well composed and , also , have an alien look . '' He designed the film to have an `` extremely bizarre , Gregg Toland - like surreal look with strange over-exposed colors , a lot of shadows , a lot of hot areas . '' Lucas wanted Star Wars to embrace the combination of `` strange graphics of fantasy '' and `` the feel of a documentary '' to impress a distinct look . To achieve this , he hired the British cinematographer Gilbert Taylor . Originally , Lucas 's first choice for the position was Geoffrey Unsworth , who also provided the cinematography for Stanley Kubrick 's 2001 : A Space Odyssey . Unsworth was interested in working with the director , and initially accepted the job when it was offered to him by Lucas and Kurtz . However , he eventually withdrew to work on the Vincente Minnelli - directed A Matter of Time ( 1976 ) instead , which `` really annoy ( ed ) '' Kurtz . Lucas called up for other cinematographers , and eventually chose Taylor , basing his choice on Taylor 's cinematography for Dr. Strangelove and A Hard Day 's Night ( both 1964 ) . On his decision , Lucas said : `` I thought they were good , eccentrically photographed pictures with a strong documentary flavor '' . Taylor said that Lucas , who was consumed by the details of the complicated production , `` avoided all meetings and contact with me from day one , so I read the extra-long script many times and made my own decisions as to how I would shoot the picture . '' He also `` took it upon myself to experiment with photographing the lightsabers and other things onstage before we moved on to our two weeks of location work in Tunisia '' . Taylor was aware of the `` enormous amount of process work '' to follow principal photography and believed `` a crisp result would help '' . During production , Lucas and Taylor -- whom Kurtz called `` old - school '' and `` crotchety '' -- had disputes over filming . With a background in independent filmmaking , Lucas was accustomed to creating most of the elements of the film himself . His lighting suggestions were rejected by Taylor , who felt that Lucas was overstepping his boundaries by giving specific instructions , sometimes even moving lights and cameras himself . Taylor refused to use the soft - focus lenses and gauze Lucas wanted after Fox executives complained about the look . Kurtz stated that `` In a couple of scenes ( ... ) rather than saying , ' It looks a bit over lit , can you fix that ? ' , ( Lucas would ) say , ' turn off this light , and turn off that light . ' And Gil would say , ' No , I wo n't do that , I 've lit it the way I think it should be -- tell me what 's the effect that you want , and I 'll make a judgment about what to do with my lights . ' '' Hotel Sidi Driss , the underground building in Matmata , Tunisia used to film Luke 's home Originally , Lucas envisioned the planet of Tatooine , where much of the film would take place , as a jungle planet . Gary Kurtz traveled to the Philippines to scout locations ; however , because of the idea of spending months filming in the jungle would make Lucas `` itchy '' , the director refined his vision and made Tatooine a desert planet instead . Kurtz then researched all American , North African , and Middle Eastern deserts , and found Tunisia , near the Sahara desert , as the ideal location . In the director 's commentary of the 2004 DVD edition of A New Hope , Lucas said he wanted to also make it look more `` spacy '' or outer space - like in style . When principal photography began on March 22 , 1976 in the Tunisian desert for the scenes on Tatooine , the project faced several problems . Lucas fell behind schedule in the first week of shooting due to malfunctioning props and electronic breakdowns . Moreover , a rare Tunisian rainstorm struck the country , which further disrupted filming . Taylor said , `` you could n't really see where the land ended and the sky began . It was all a gray mess , and the robots were just a blur . '' Given this situation , Lucas requested for heavy filtration , which Taylor rejected , who said : `` I thought the look of the film should be absolutely clean ... But George saw it differently , so we tried using nets and other diffusion . He asked to set up one shot on the robots with a 300mm , and the sand and sky just mushed together . I told him it would n't work , but he said that was the way he wanted to do the entire film , all diffused . '' This difference was later settled by 20th Century Fox executives , who backed Taylor 's suggestion . Filming began in Chott el Djerid , while a construction crew in Tozeur took eight weeks to transform the desert into the desired setting . Other locations included the sand dunes of the Tunisian desert near Nafta , where a scene featuring a giant skeleton of a creature lying in the background as R2 - D2 and C - 3PO make their way across the sands was filmed . When actor Anthony Daniels wore the C - 3PO outfit for the first time in Tunisia , the left leg piece shattered down through the plastic covering his left foot , stabbing him . He also could not see through his costume 's eyes , which was covered with gold to prevent corrosion . Abnormal radio signals caused by the Tunisian sands made the radio - controlled R2 - D2 models run out of control . Kenny Baker , who portrayed R2 - D2 , said : `` I was incredibly grateful each time an ( R2 ) would actually work right . '' After several scenes were filmed against the volcanic canyons outside Tozeur , production moved to Matmata to film Luke 's home on Tatooine . Lucas chose Hotel Sidi Driss , which is larger than the typical underground dwellings , to shoot the interior of Luke 's homestead . Additional scenes for Tatooine were filmed at Death Valley in North America . After completing two and a half weeks of filming in Tunisia , the cast and crew moved into the more controlled environment of Elstree Studios , near London . Difficulties encountered in Tunisia were assumed to cease ; however , due to strict British working conditions adhered to on set , a new problem arose : filming had to finish by 5 : 30 pm , unless Lucas was in the middle of a scene . The interiors were shot in London due to its proximity to North Africa and because of the availability of top technical crews at Elstree Studios . The film studio was the only one of its kind in Britain or America that could cater nine large stages at the same time and allow the company complete freedom to use its own personnel . Despite Lucas ' efforts , his crew had little interest in the film and did not take the project seriously . Most of the crew considered the project a `` children 's film '' , rarely took their work seriously , and often found it unintentionally humorous . Actor Baker later confessed that he thought the film would be a failure . Harrison Ford found it strange that `` there 's a princess with weird buns in her hair '' , and he called Chewbacca a `` giant in a monkey suit '' . The Elstree sets designed by John Barry , according to Gilbert Taylor , `` were like a coal mine '' . He said that `` they were all black and gray , with really no opportunities for lighting at all '' . To resolve the problem , he worked the lighting into the sets by chopping in its walls , ceiling and floors . This would result in `` a ' cut - out ' system of panel lighting '' , with quartz lamps that could be placed in the holes in the walls , ceiling and floors . His idea was supported by the Fox studio , which agreed that `` we could n't have this ' black hole of Calcutta ' '' . The lighting approach Taylor devised `` allowed George to shoot in almost any direction without extensive relighting , which gave him more freedom . '' In total , filming the scenes in Britain took 14 and a half weeks . Tikal , Guatemala , which served as the setting of the rebel base . The moon Yavin 4 , which acted as the rebel base in the film , was filmed in the Mayan temples at Tikal , Guatemala . Lucas selected the location as a potential filming site after seeing a poster of it hanging at a travel agency while he was filming in Britain . This inspired him to send a film crew to Guatemala in March 1977 to shoot scenes . While filming in Tikal , the crew paid locals with a six pack of beer to watch over the camera equipment for several days . Lucas rarely spoke to the actors , who felt that he expected too much of them while providing little direction . His directions to the actors usually consisted of the words `` faster '' and `` more intense '' . Kurtz stated that `` it happened a lot where he would just say , ' Let 's try it again a little bit faster . ' That was about the only instruction he 'd give anybody . A lot of actors do n't mind -- they do n't care , they just get on with it . But some actors really need a lot of pampering and a lot of feedback , and if they do n't get it , they get paranoid that they might not be doing a good job . '' Kurtz has said that Lucas `` was n't gregarious , he 's very much a loner and very shy , so he did n't like large groups of people , he did n't like working with a large crew , he did n't like working with a lot of actors . '' Ladd offered Lucas some of the only support from the studio ; he dealt with scrutiny from board members over the rising budget and complex screenplay drafts . Initially , Fox approved $8 million for the project ; Gary Kurtz said : `` we proceeded to pick a production plan and do a more final budget with a British art department and look for locations in North Africa , and kind of pulled together some things . Then , it was obvious that 8 million was n't going to do it -- they had approved 8 million . '' After requests from the team that `` it had to be more '' , the executives `` got a bit scared '' . For two weeks , Lucas and his crew `` did n't really do anything except kind of pull together new budget figures '' . At the same time , after production fell behind schedule , Ladd told Lucas he had to finish production within a week or he would be forced to shut down production . Kurtz said that `` it came out to be like 9.8 or . 9 or something like that , and in the end they just said , ' Yes , that 's okay , we 'll go ahead . ' '' The crew split into three units , with those units led by Lucas , Kurtz , and production supervisor Robert Watts . Under the new system , the project met the studio 's deadline . During production , the cast attempted to make Lucas laugh or smile , as he often appeared depressed . At one point , the project became so demanding that Lucas was diagnosed with hypertension and exhaustion and was warned to reduce his stress level . Post-production was equally stressful due to increasing pressure from 20th Century Fox . Moreover , Mark Hamill 's car accident left his face visibly scarred , which restricted re-shoots . Post-production ( edit ) Steven Spielberg claimed to have been the only person in the audience to have enjoyed the film in its early cut screening Star Wars was originally slated for release on Christmas 1976 ; however , its production delays pushed the film 's release to summer 1977 . Already anxious about meeting his deadline , Lucas was shocked when editor John Jympson 's first cut of the film was a `` complete disaster '' . According to an article in Star Wars Insider No. 41 by David West Reynolds , this first edit of Star Wars contained about 30 -- 40 % different footage from the final version . After attempting to persuade Jympson to cut the film his way , Lucas replaced him with Paul Hirsch and Richard Chew . He also allowed his then - wife , Marcia Lucas , to aid the editing process while she was cutting the film New York , New York ( 1977 ) with Lucas 's friend Martin Scorsese . Richard Chew found the film to have a lethargic pace and to have been cut in a by - the - book manner : scenes were played out in master shots that flowed into close - up coverage . He found that the pace was dictated by the actors instead of the cuts . Hirsch and Chew worked on two reels simultaneously . Jympson 's original assembly contained a large amount of footage which differed from the final cut of the film , including several alternate takes and a number of scenes which were subsequently deleted to improve the narrative pace . The most significant material cut was a series of scenes from the first part of the film which served to introduce the character of Luke Skywalker . These early scenes , set in Anchorhead on the planet Tatooine , presented the audience with Luke 's everyday life among his friends as it is affected by the space battle above the planet ; they also introduced the character of Biggs Darklighter , Luke 's closest friend who departs to join the Rebellion . Chew explained the rationale behind removing these scenes as a narrative decision : `` In the first five minutes , we were hitting everybody with more information than they could handle . There were too many story lines to keep straight : the robots and the Princess , Vader , Luke . So we simplified it by taking out Luke and Biggs '' . After viewing a rough cut , Alan Ladd likened these Anchorhead scenes to `` American Graffiti in outer space '' . Lucas was looking for a way of accelerating the storytelling , and removing Luke 's early scenes would distinguish Star Wars from his earlier teenage drama and `` get that American Graffiti feel out of it '' . Lucas also stated that he wanted to move the narrative focus to C - 3PO and R2 - D2 : `` At the time , to have the first half - hour of the film be mainly about robots was a bold idea . '' Meanwhile , Industrial Light & Magic was struggling to achieve unprecedented special effects . The company had spent half of its budget on four shots that Lucas deemed unacceptable . Moreover , theories surfaced that the workers at ILM lacked discipline , forcing Lucas to intervene frequently to ensure that they were on schedule . With hundreds of uncompleted shots remaining , ILM was forced to finish a year 's work in six months . Lucas inspired ILM by editing together aerial dogfights from old war films , which enhanced the pacing of the scenes . During the chaos of production and post-production , the team made decisions about character voicing and sound effects . Sound designer Ben Burtt had created a library of sounds that Lucas referred to as an `` organic soundtrack '' . Blaster sounds were a modified recording of a steel cable , under tension , being struck . The lightsaber sound effect was developed by Burtt as a combination of the hum of idling interlock motors in aged movie projectors and interference caused by a television set on a shieldless microphone . Burtt discovered the latter accidentally as he was looking for a buzzing , sparking sound to add to the projector - motor hum . For Chewbacca 's growls , Burtt recorded and combined sounds made by dogs , bears , lions , tigers , and walruses to create phrases and sentences . Lucas and Burtt created the robotic voice of R2 - D2 by filtering their voices through an electronic synthesizer . Darth Vader 's breathing was achieved by Burtt breathing through the mask of a scuba regulator implanted with a microphone . In February 1977 , Lucas screened an early cut of the film for Fox executives , several director friends , along with Roy Thomas and Howard Chaykin of Marvel Comics who were preparing a Star Wars comic book . The cut had a different crawl from the finished version and used Prowse 's voice for Darth Vader . It also lacked most special effects ; hand - drawn arrows took the place of blaster beams , and when the Millennium Falcon fought TIE fighters , the film cut to footage of World War II dogfights . The reactions of the directors present , such as Brian De Palma , John Milius , and Steven Spielberg , disappointed Lucas . Spielberg , who claimed to have been the only person in the audience to have enjoyed the film , believed that the lack of enthusiasm was due to the absence of finished special effects . Lucas later said that the group was honest and seemed bemused by the film . In contrast , Ladd and the other studio executives loved the film ; Gareth Wigan told Lucas : `` This is the greatest film I 've ever seen '' and cried during the screening . Lucas found the experience shocking and rewarding , having never gained any approval from studio executives before . The delays increased the budget from $8 million to $11 million . With the project $2 million over budget , Lucas was forced to make numerous artistic compromises to complete Star Wars . Ladd reluctantly agreed to release an extra $20,000 funding and in early 1977 second unit filming completed a number of sequences including exterior desert shots for Tatooine in Death Valley and China Lake Acres in California , and exterior Yavin jungle shots in Guatemala , along with additional studio footage to complete the Mos Eisley Cantina sequence . Lucas had planned to rework a confrontation scene between Han Solo and Jabba the Hutt in Mos Eisley Spaceport by compositing a stop - motion animated model of Jabba to replace the actor Declan Mulholland , but with time and money running out , Lucas reluctantly decided to cut the scene entirely . The sequence was later re-instated in the 1997 Special Edition with a computer - generated version of Jabba . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars ( soundtrack ) Original vinyl release On the recommendation of his friend Steven Spielberg , Lucas hired composer John Williams . Williams had worked with Spielberg on the film Jaws , for which he won an Academy Award . Lucas felt that the film would portray visually foreign worlds , but that the musical score would give the audience an emotional familiarity ; he wanted a grand musical sound for Star Wars , with leitmotifs to provide distinction . Therefore , he assembled his favorite orchestral pieces for the soundtrack , until Williams convinced him that an original score would be unique and more unified . However , a few of Williams ' pieces were influenced by the tracks given to him by Lucas : the `` Main Title Theme '' was inspired by the theme from the 1942 film Kings Row , scored by Erich Wolfgang Korngold ; and the track `` Dune Sea of Tatooine '' drew from the soundtrack of Bicycle Thieves , scored by Alessandro Cicognini . In March 1977 , Williams conducted the London Symphony Orchestra to record the Star Wars soundtrack in 12 days . The original soundtrack was released as a double LP in 1977 by 20th Century Records . 20th Century Records also released The Story of Star Wars that same year , a narrated audio drama adaptation of the film utilizing some of its original music , dialogue , and sound effects . The American Film Institute 's list of best film scores ranks the Star Wars soundtrack at number one . Cinematic and literary allusions ( edit ) See also : Star Wars sources and analogues War films such as The Dam Busters and 633 Squadron , which used aircraft like the Avro Lancaster ( top ) and the Mosquito ( bottom ) , respectively , were inspirations for the battle sequences According to Lucas , different concepts of the film were inspired by numerous sources , such as Beowulf and King Arthur for the origins of myth and religion . Lucas had originally intended to remake the 1930s Flash Gordon film serials , but was unable to obtain the rights ; thus , he resorted to drawing from Akira Kurosawa 's 1958 film The Hidden Fortress , and Joseph Campbell 's The Hero with a Thousand Faces . Star Wars features many elements derived from Flash Gordon , such as the conflict between Rebels and Imperial Forces , the wipes between scenes , the fusion of futuristic technology and traditional mythology , and the famous opening crawl that begins each film . The film has also been compared to The Wizard of Oz . The influence of The Hidden Fortress can be seen in the relationship between C - 3PO and R2 - D2 , which evolved from the two bickering peasants , Tahei and Matashichi , and a Japanese family crest seen in the earlier film is similar to the Imperial Crest . Star Wars also borrows heavily from another Kurosawa film , Yojimbo . In both films , several men threaten the hero , bragging about how wanted they are by the authorities , and have an arm being cut off by a blade ; Kuwabatake Sanjuro ( portrayed by Toshiro Mifune ) is offered `` ... twenty - five ryo now , twenty - five when you complete the mission ... '' , whereas Han Solo is offered `` Two thousand now , plus fifteen when we reach Alderaan . '' Tatooine is similar to Arrakis from Frank Herbert 's Dune series . Arrakis is the only known source of a longevity spice called Melange . References to `` spice '' , various illegal stimulant drugs , occur throughout the last three films of the Star Wars saga . In the original film , Han Solo is a smuggler who has been through the spice mines of Kessel . In the conversation at Obi - Wan Kenobi 's home , between Obi - Wan and Luke , Luke expresses a belief that his father was a navigator on a spice freighter . Other similarities include those between Princess Leia and Princess Alia , and between Jedi mind tricks and `` The Voice '' , a controlling ability used by the Bene Gesserit . In passing , Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru are `` moisture farmers '' ; in Dune , dew collectors are used by Fremen to `` provide a small but reliable source of water . '' Frank Herbert reported that `` David Lynch , ( director of the 1984 film Dune ) had trouble with the fact that Star Wars used up so much of Dune . '' The pair found `` sixteen points of identity '' and they calculated that `` the odds against coincidence produced a number larger than the number of stars in the universe . '' The Death Star assault scene was modeled after the World War II film The Dam Busters ( 1955 ) , in which Royal Air Force Lancaster bombers fly along heavily defended reservoirs and aim bouncing bombs at dams , in order to cripple the heavy industry of Germany 's Ruhr region . Some of the dialogue in The Dam Busters is repeated in the Star Wars climax ; Gilbert Taylor also filmed the special effects sequences in The Dam Busters . In addition , the sequence was partially inspired by the climax of the film 633 Squadron ( 1964 ) , directed by Walter Grauman , in which RAF de Havilland Mosquitos attack a German heavy water plant by flying down a narrow fjord to drop special bombs at a precise point , while avoiding anti-aircraft guns and German fighters . Clips from both films were included in Lucas 's temporary dogfight footage version of the sequence . The opening shot of Star Wars , in which a detailed spaceship fills the screen overhead , is a reference to the scene introducing the interplanetary spacecraft Discovery One in Stanley Kubrick 's seminal 1968 film 2001 : A Space Odyssey . The earlier big - budget science fiction film influenced the look of Star Wars in many other ways , including the use of EVA pods and hexagonal corridors . The Death Star has a docking bay reminiscent of the one on the orbiting space station in 2001 . Although golden and male , C - 3PO was inspired by the silver female robot Maria , the Maschinenmensch from Fritz Lang 's 1927 film Metropolis . Title ( edit ) The opening crawl of Star Wars , after the addition of the subtitles Episode IV and A New Hope , with Suzy Rice 's logotype The film was originally released in 1977 with the title `` Star Wars '' . The subtitles Episode IV and A New Hope were only added to the opening crawl in subsequent re-releases . Accounts differ as to when this designation was first added ; some date the change at the theatrical re-release of April 10 , 1981 , while others place it much earlier at the re-release in July 1978 . The retroactive addition of these subtitles was intended to bring the film into line with the introduction to its sequel , The Empire Strikes Back , which was released in 1980 bearing the designation `` Episode V '' . It is uncertain if the introduction of an episodic naming convention was an indicator of Lucas 's original intent , or if this was simply a later redraft of the narrative . According to some accounts , Lucas has claimed that he was discouraged by Twentieth Century Fox from using an episode number on a new film because it would confuse audiences . Gary Kurtz has stated that he and Lucas had originally considered using an episode number for Star Wars to emulate the chapter numbering used in the 1936 Flash Gordon installments , but they were uncertain whether they should designate it Episode III , IV or V. However , some of Lucas 's early script drafts bear titles such as `` The Adventures of the Starkiller ( Episode One ) : The Star Wars '' ( 1975 ) or `` The Adventures of Luke Starkiller as Taken from the Journal of the Whills : Saga One : Star Wars '' ( 1976 ) . The Revised Fourth Draft of the script dated January 1975 acquired the subtitle `` Episode IV -- A New Hope -- from the Journal of the Whills '' when published in the 1979 book The Art of Star Wars . Marketing ( edit ) Dan Perri 's original Star Wars logotype While the film was in production , a logo was commissioned from Dan Perri , a title sequence designer who had worked on the titles for films such as The Exorcist ( 1973 ) , Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) . Perri devised a foreshortened STAR WARS logotype consisting of block - capital letters filled with stars and skewed towards a vanishing point . This logo design was originally conceived to follow the same perspective as the film 's opening crawl . In the end , Perri 's logo was not used for the film 's opening title sequence , although it was used widely on pre-release print advertising and on cinema marquees . The logotype eventually selected for on - screen use originated in a promotional brochure that was distributed by Fox to cinema owners in 1976 . This brochure was designed by Suzy Rice , a young art director at the Los Angeles advertising agency Seiniger Advertising . On a visit to ILM in Van Nuys , Rice was instructed by Lucas to produce a logo that would intimidate the viewer , and he reportedly asked for the logo to appear `` very fascist '' in style . Rice 's response to her brief was to use an outlined , modified Helvetica Black . After some feedback from Lucas , Rice decided to join the S and T of STAR and the R and S of WARS . Lucas signed off on the brochure in between takes while filming inserts for the Mos Eisley Cantina scene . Gary Kurtz was impressed with Rice 's logo and selected it over Perri 's design for the film 's opening titles , after modifying the letter W to flatten the pointed tips originally designed by Rice . This finalised the design of one of the most recognisable logos in cinema design , although Rice 's contribution was not credited in the film . For the US release in 1977 , 20th Century Fox commissioned a promotional film poster from the advertising agency Smolen , Smith and Connolly . They used the freelance artist Tom Jung who was given the brief of `` good over evil '' . His poster , known as Style ' A ' , depicted Luke Skywalker standing in a heroic pose , brandishing a shining lightsaber above his head , with Princess Leia below him , and a large , ghostly image of Darth Vader 's helmet looming behind them . Some Fox executives considered this poster `` too dark '' and commissioned the Brothers Hildebrandt , a pair of well - known fantasy artists , to rework the poster for the UK release . When the film opened in British theaters , the Hildebrandts ' Style ' B ' poster was used in cinema billboards . Fox and Lucasfilm subsequently decided that they wanted to promote the new film with a less stylised and more realistic depiction of the lead characters . Producer Gary Kurtz turned to the film poster artist Tom Chantrell , who was already well known for his prolific work for Hammer horror films , and commissioned a new version . Two months after Star Wars opened , the Hildebrandts ' poster was replaced by Chantrell 's Style ' C ' poster in UK cinemas . Release ( edit ) Premiere and initial release ( edit ) Lucasfilm hired Charles Lippincott as marketing director for Star Wars . As 20th Century Fox gave little support for marketing beyond licensing T - shirts and posters , Lippincott was forced to look elsewhere . He secured deals with Marvel Comics for a comic book adaptation , and with Del Rey Books for a novelization . A fan of science fiction , he used his contacts to promote the film at the San Diego Comic - Con and elsewhere within science fiction fandom . Worried that Star Wars would be beaten out by other summer films , such as Smokey and the Bandit , 20th Century Fox moved the release date to May 25 , the Wednesday before Memorial Day . However , fewer than 40 theaters ordered the film to be shown . In response , the studio demanded that theaters order Star Wars if they wanted the eagerly anticipated The Other Side of Midnight based on the novel by the same name . `` On opening day I ... did a radio call - in show ... this caller , was really enthusiastic and talking about the movie in really deep detail . I said , ' You know a lot about the film . ' He said , ' Yeah , yeah , I 've seen it four times already . ' '' -- Producer Gary Kurtz , on when he realized Star Wars had become a cultural phenomenon Star Wars debuted on Wednesday , May 25 , 1977 , in fewer than 32 theaters , and eight more on Thursday and Friday . Kurtz said in 2002 , `` That would be laughable today . '' It immediately broke box office records , effectively becoming one of the first blockbuster films , and Fox accelerated plans to broaden its release . Lucas himself was not able to predict how successful Star Wars would be . After visiting the set of the Steven Spielberg film Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Lucas was sure Close Encounters would outperform the yet - to - be-released Star Wars at the box office . Spielberg disagreed , and felt Star Wars would be the bigger hit . Lucas proposed they trade 2.5 % of the profit on each other 's films ; Spielberg took the trade , and still receives 2.5 % of the profits from Star Wars . Fox initially had doubts if Star Wars would emerge successful . The Other Side of Midnight was supposed to be the studio 's big summer hit , while Lucas ' movie was considered the `` B track '' for theater owners nationwide . While Fox requested Mann 's Chinese Theatre , the studio promised that the film only needed two weeks . Fearing that the film would fail , Lucas had made plans to be in Hawaii with his wife Marcia . Having forgotten that the film would open that day , he spent most of Wednesday in a sound studio in Los Angeles . When Lucas went out for lunch with Marcia , they encountered a long line of people along the sidewalks leading to Mann 's Chinese Theatre , waiting to see Star Wars . He was still skeptical of the film 's success despite Ladd and the studio 's enthusiastic reports . While in Hawaii , it was not until he watched Walter Cronkite discuss the gigantic crowds for Star Wars on the CBS Evening News that Lucas realized he had become very wealthy ( Francis Ford Coppola , who needed money to finish Apocalypse Now , sent a telegram to Lucas 's hotel asking for funding ) . Even technical crew members , such as model makers , were asked for autographs , and cast members became instant household names ; when Ford visited a record store to buy an album , enthusiastic fans tore half his shirt off . The film was a huge success for 20th Century Fox , and was credited for reinvigorating the company . Within three weeks of the film 's release , the studio 's stock price had doubled to a record high . Prior to 1977 , 20th Century Fox 's greatest annual profits were $37 million , while in 1977 , the company broke that record by posting a profit of $79 million . Although the film 's cultural neutrality helped it to gain international success , Ladd became anxious during the premiere in Japan . After the screening , the audience was silent , leading him to fear that the film would be unsuccessful . Ladd was later told by his local contacts that , in Japan , silence was the greatest honor to a film , and the subsequent strong box office returns confirmed its popularity . After two weeks William Friedkin 's Sorcerer replaced Star Wars at Mann 's Chinese Theatre because of contractual obligations ; Mann Theatres moved the film to a less - prestigious location after quickly renovating it . When Star Wars made an unprecedented second opening at Mann 's Chinese Theatre on August 3 , 1977 , after Sorcerer failed , thousands of people attended a ceremony in which C - 3PO , R2 - D2 and Darth Vader placed their footprints in the theater 's forecourt . At that time Star Wars was playing in 1,096 theaters in the United States . Approximately 60 theaters played the film continuously for over a year ; in 1978 , Lucasfilm distributed `` Birthday Cake '' posters to those theaters for special events on May 25 , the one - year anniversary of the film 's release . Star Wars premiered in the UK on December 27 , 1977 . Later releases ( edit ) The 1997 theatrical release poster of the new Special Edition version of the film ( art by Drew Struzan ) Star Wars was re-released theatrically in 1978 , 1979 , 1981 and 1982 . After ILM used computer - generated effects for Steven Spielberg 's 1993 film Jurassic Park , Lucas claimed that digital technology had caught up to his `` original vision '' for Star Wars . For the film 's 20th anniversary in 1997 , Star Wars was digitally remastered and re-released to movie theaters , along with The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , under the campaign title Star Wars Trilogy : Special Edition . This version of the film runs 124 minutes . The Special Edition contains visual shots and scenes that were unachievable in the original release due to financial , technological , and time constraints ; one such scene involves a meeting between Han Solo and Jabba the Hutt . The process of creating the new visual effects for Star Wars was featured in the documentary film , Special Effects : Anything Can Happen , directed by Star Wars sound designer , Ben Burtt . Although most changes are minor or cosmetic in nature , many fans and critics believe that Lucas degraded the film with the additions . A particularly controversial change in which a bounty hunter named Greedo shoots first when confronting Han Solo has inspired T - shirts brandishing the phrase `` Han Shot First '' . Star Wars required extensive recovery of misplaced footage and restoration of the whole , before Lucas 's Special Edition modifications could be attempted . It was discovered that in addition to the negative motion picture stocks commonly used on feature films , Lucas had also used internegative film , a reversal stock which deteriorated faster than negative stocks did . This meant that the entire printing negative had to be disassembled , and the CRI ( color reversal internegative ) portions cleaned separately from the negative portions . Once the cleaning was complete , the film was scanned into the computer for restoration . In many cases , entire scenes had to be reconstructed from their individual elements . Digital compositing technology allowed them to correct for problems such as alignment of mattes , `` blue - spill '' , and so forth . The 1977 theatrical version of Star Wars was selected by the National Film Registry of the United States Library of Congress in 1989 . While it was initially unclear which version of the film had been archived by the Library , it was subsequently revealed that the Library possessed a copyright deposit print of the original theatrical release , sans A New Hope titling and other later changes . Although the agency has a mandate to register films for preservation , it has no authority to secure its selections from modification by authors or copyright holders . Home Media ( edit ) In the United States , France , Germany , Italy and Japan , parts of or the whole film were released on Super 8 tapes . The whole film was released for all this countries ( including silent editions and an American Spanish - language edition ) , except for Italy , where it was released as seven brief scenes : Battaglia spaziale ( `` Space battle '' , the Battle of Yavin ) , Duello col laser ( `` Duel with the laser '' , Obi - Wan and Darth Vader 's duel ) , La liberazione di Leia ( `` Leia 's liberation '' , the adventure on the Death Star ) , Messaggio dallo spazio ( `` Message from space '' , Leia giving R2 - D2 the plans ) , SOS nella galassia ( `` SOS in the galaxy '' ) and Trappola mortale ( `` Deadly trap '' ) . Star Wars debuted on Betamax , CED , LaserDisc , Video 2000 , and VHS between the 1980s and 1990s by CBS / Fox Video . The final issue of the original theatrical release ( pre-Special Edition ) to VHS format occurred in 1995 , as part of `` Last Chance to Own the Original '' campaign , available as part of a trilogy set and as a standalone purchase . The film was released for the first time on DVD on September 21 , 2004 , in a box set with The Empire Strikes Back , Return of the Jedi , and a bonus disc of supplementary material . The films were digitally restored and remastered , and more changes were made by George Lucas . The DVD features a commentary track from Lucas , Ben Burtt , Dennis Muren , and Carrie Fisher . The bonus disc contains the documentary Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy , three featurettes , teasers , theatrical trailers , TV spots , still galleries , an exclusive preview of Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , a playable Xbox demo of the LucasArts game Star Wars : Battlefront , and a `` Making Of '' documentary on the Episode III video game . The set was reissued in December 2005 as part of a three - disc limited edition boxed set without the bonus disc . The trilogy was re-released on separate two - disc limited edition DVD sets from September 12 to December 31 , 2006 , and again in a limited edition tin box set on November 4 , 2008 ; the original versions of the films were added as bonus material . The release was met with criticism as the unaltered versions were from the 1993 non-anamorphic LaserDisc masters and were not re-transferred using modern video standards . The transfer led to problems with colors and digital image jarring . All six Star Wars films were released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu - ray Disc on September 16 , 2011 in three different editions , with A New Hope available in both a box set of the original trilogy and with the other five films on Star Wars : The Complete Saga , which includes nine discs and over 40 hours of special features . The original theatrical versions of the films were not included in the box set ; however , the new 2011 revisions of the trilogy were leaked a month prior to release , inciting controversy the new changes made to these movies and causing an online uproar against Lucas . On April 7 , 2015 , Walt Disney Studios , 20th Century Fox , and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films . Fox released A New Hope for digital download on April 10 , 2015 and Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the other five films . In December 2016 , an interview done by Rogue One : A Star Wars Story director Gareth Edwards revealed that Lucasfilm had recently completed a 4K restoration of the film , but did not elaborate on whether the restored version was based on the 1977 original or a subsequent re-release . 3D re-release ( edit ) In 2010 , George Lucas announced that all six previously released Star Wars films would be scanned and transferred to 3D , with a corresponding theatrical release . The Phantom Menace was the first of these films and saw its theatrical release in 2012 . However , due to The Force Awakens , Lucas delayed the releases of the rest of the saga . While both Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith 3D versions were screened at the 2013 and 2015 Star Wars Celebration , Lucas never released the original trilogy in 3D before Disney bought the franchise in December 2012 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Star Wars remains one of the most financially successful films of all time . The film earned $1,554,475 through its opening weekend ( $6.28 million in 2017 dollars ) , building up to $7 million weekends as it entered wide release ( $28.3 million in 2017 dollars ) . It replaced Jaws as the highest - earning film in North America just six months into release , eventually earning over $220 million during its initial theatrical run ( $888 million in 2017 dollars ) . Star Wars entered international release towards the end of the year , and in 1978 added the worldwide record to its domestic one , earning $410 million in total . Reissues in 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , and 1982 brought its cumulative gross in Canada and the U.S. to $323 million , and extended its global earnings to $530 million . The film remained the highest - grossing film of all time until E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial broke that record in 1983 . Following the release of the Special Edition in 1997 , Star Wars briefly reclaimed the North American record before losing it again the following year to Titanic . In total , the film has earned $775,398,007 worldwide ( including $460,998,007 in North America alone ) . Adjusted for inflation , it has earned over $2.5 billion worldwide at 2011 prices , making it the most successful franchise film of all time . According to Guinness World Records , the film ranks as the third - highest - grossing film when adjusting for inflation ; at the North American box office , it ranks second behind Gone with the Wind on the inflation - adjusted list . Critical response ( edit ) `` What makes the Star Wars experience unique , though , is that it happens on such an innocent and often funny level . It 's usually violence that draws me so deeply into a movie -- violence ranging from the psychological torment of a Bergman character to the mindless crunch of a shark 's jaws . Maybe movies that scare us find the most direct route to our imaginations . But there 's hardly any violence at all in Star Wars ( and even then it 's presented as essentially bloodless swashbuckling ) . Instead , there 's entertainment so direct and simple that all of the complications of the modern movie seem to vaporize . '' -- Roger Ebert , in his review for the Chicago Sun - Times The film was met with critical acclaim upon its release . In his 1977 review , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times called the film `` an out - of - body experience '' , compared its special effects to those of 2001 : A Space Odyssey , and opined that the true strength of the film was its `` pure narrative '' . Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the film `` the movie that 's going to entertain a lot of contemporary folk who have a soft spot for the virtually ritualized manners of comic - book adventure '' and `` the most elaborate , most expensive , most beautiful movie serial ever made . '' A.D. Murphy of Variety described the film as `` magnificent '' and claimed George Lucas had succeeded in his attempt to create the `` biggest possible adventure fantasy '' based on the serials and older action epics from his childhood . Writing for The Washington Post , Gary Arnold gave the film a positive review , writing that the film `` is a new classic in a rousing movie tradition : a space swashbuckler . '' However , the film was not without its detractors : Pauline Kael of The New Yorker criticized Star Wars , stating that `` there 's no breather in the picture , no lyricism '' , and that it had no `` emotional grip '' . John Simon of New York magazine also panned the film and wrote , `` Strip Star Wars of its often striking images and its highfalutin scientific jargon , and you get a story , characters , and dialogue of overwhelming banality . '' Stanley Kauffmann , reviewing the film in The New Republic , opined that it `` was made for those ( particularly males ) who carry a portable shrine within them of their adolescence , a chalice of a Self that was Better Then , before the world 's affairs or -- in any complex way -- sex intruded . '' When Star Wars opened in the UK , stating that Lucas 's earlier films were better , Derek Malcolm of The Guardian concluded that it `` plays enough games to satisfy the most sophisticated . '' The Daily Telegraph 's science correspondent Adrian Berry said that Star Wars `` is the best such film since 2001 and in certain respects it is one of the most exciting ever made . '' He described the plot as `` unpretentious and pleasantly devoid of any ' message . ' '' The film continues to receive critical acclaim from modern critics . The film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes rates it 93 % positive based on 104 reviews with an overall rating of 8.6 / 10 . Its consensus states in summary , `` A legendary expansive and ambitious start to the sci - fi saga , George Lucas opens our eyes to the possibilities of blockbuster film - making and things have never been the same . '' Metacritic reports an aggregate score of 92 out of 100 ( based on 14 reviews ) , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . In his 1997 review of the film 's 20th anniversary release , Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune gave the film four out of four stars , saying , `` A grandiose and violent epic with a simple and whimsical heart . '' A San Francisco Chronicle staff member described the film as `` a thrilling experience . '' In 2001 Matt Ford of the BBC awarded the film five out of five stars and wrote , `` Star Wars is n't the best film ever made , but it is universally loved . '' CinemaScore reported that audiences for Star Wars 's 1999 rerelease gave the film a `` A + '' grade . Gene Siskel , writing for the Chicago Tribune in 1999 , said , `` What places it a sizable cut above the routine is its spectacular visual effects , the best since Stanley Kubrick 's 2001 . '' Andrew Collins of Empire magazine awarded the film five out of five and said , `` Star Wars ' timeless appeal lies in its easily identified , universal archetypes -- goodies to root for , baddies to boo , a princess to be rescued and so on -- and if it is most obviously dated to the 70s by the special effects , so be it . '' In his 2009 review , Robert Hatch of The Nation called the film `` an outrageously successful , what will be called a ' classic , ' compilation of nonsense , largely derived but thoroughly reconditioned . I doubt that anyone will ever match it , though the imitations must already be on the drawing boards . '' In a more critical review , Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader stated , `` None of these characters has any depth , and they 're all treated like the fanciful props and settings . '' Peter Keough of the Boston Phoenix said , `` Star Wars is a junkyard of cinematic gimcracks not unlike the Jawas ' heap of purloined , discarded , barely functioning droids . '' Accolades ( edit ) Alec Guinness , shown here in 1973 , received multiple award nominations , including one from the Academy , for his performance as Jedi Master Obi - Wan Kenobi . The film garnered numerous accolades after its release . Star Wars won six competitive Academy Awards at the 50th Academy Awards : Best Art Direction , Best Costume Design , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score , Best Sound and Best Visual Effects . A Special Achievement for Sound Effects Editing went to sound designer Ben Burtt and a Scientific and Engineering Award went to John Dykstra for the development of the Dykstraflex Camera ( shared with Alvah J. Miller and Jerry Jeffress , who were both granted for the engineering of the Electronic Motion Control System ) . Additional nominations included Alec Guinness for Best Actor in a Supporting Role , which went to Jason Robards for Julia and George Lucas for Best Original Screenplay , Best Director , and Best Picture , which were instead awarded to Woody Allen 's Annie Hall . At the 35th Golden Globe Awards , the film was nominated for Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Director , Best Supporting Actor ( Alec Guinness ) , and it won the award for Best Score . It received six British Academy Film Awards nominations : Best Film , Best Editing , Best Costume Design , Best Production / Art Design , Best Sound , and Best Score ; the film won in the latter two categories . John Williams ' soundtrack album won the Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score for a Motion Picture or Television Program , and the film attained the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . The film also received twelve nominations at the Saturn Awards , winning nine : Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction and Best Writing for George Lucas , Best Supporting Actor for Alec Guinness , Best Music for John Williams , Best Costume for John Mollo , Best Make - up for Rick Baker and Stuart Freeborn , Best Special Effects for John Dykstra and John Stears , and Outstanding Editing for Paul Hirsch , Marcia Lucas and Richard Chew . Legacy ( edit ) The original Star Wars trilogy is considered one of the best film trilogies in history . Lucas has often stated that the entire trilogy was intended to be considered one film . However , he said that his story material for Star Wars was too long for a single film , prompting Lucas to split the story into multiple films . Lucas also stated that the story evolved over time and that `` There was never a script completed that had the entire story as it exists now ( in 1983 ) ... As the stories unfolded , I would take certain ideas and save them ... I kept taking out all the good parts , and I just kept telling myself I would make other movies someday . '' In early interviews , it was suggested the series might comprise nine or twelve films . Star Wars launched the careers of Mark Hamill , Harrison Ford , and Carrie Fisher . Ford , who subsequently starred in the Indiana Jones series ( 1981 -- 2008 ) , Blade Runner ( 1982 ) , and Witness ( 1985 ) after working on the film , told the Daily Mirror that Star Wars `` boosted my career '' , and said , `` I think the great luck of my career is that I 've made these family movies which are introduced to succeeding generations of kids by their families at the time it seems appropriate . '' The film has spawned a series of films consisting of three trilogies ( including the original film ) , anthology films and an extensive media franchise called the Star Wars expanded universe including books , television series , computer and video games , and comic books . All of the main films have been box office successes , with the overall box office revenue generated by the Star Wars films ( including the theatrical The Clone Wars ) totaling over $6.5 billion , making it the third highest - grossing film series . The film also spawned the Star Wars Holiday Special , which debuted on CBS on November 17 , 1978 and is often considered a failure ; Lucas himself disowned it . The special has never been aired after its original broadcast , and it has never been officially released on home video . However , many bootleg copies exist , and the special has consequently become something of an underground legend . A radio drama adaptation of the film was broadcast on the American National Public Radio network in 1981 . The adaptation was written by Brian Daley and directed by John Madden , and was produced with cooperation from George Lucas , who donated the rights to NPR . John Williams ' music and Ben Burtt 's sound design were retained for the show , and Mark Hamill ( Luke Skywalker ) and Anthony Daniels ( C - 3PO ) reprised their roles . The radio drama narrative began with a version of the backstory to the film which relates Princess Leia 's acquisition of the secret Death Star plans . It also featured scenes not seen in the final cut of the film , such as Luke Skywalker 's observation of the space battle above Tatooine through binoculars , a skyhopper race , and Darth Vader 's interrogation of Princess Leia . The radio version was originally considered to be part of the official Star Wars canon , but has since been supplanted by revised canonical narratives . In popular culture ( edit ) See also : Cultural impact of Star Wars Star Wars and its ensuing film installments have been explicitly referenced and satirized across a wide range of media . Hardware Wars , released in 1978 , was one of the first fan films to parody Star Wars . It received positive critical reaction , went to earn over $1 million , and is one of Lucas 's favorite Star Wars spoofs . Writing for The New York Times , Frank DeCaro said , `` Star Wars littered pop culture of the late 1970s with a galaxy of space junk . '' He cited Quark ( a short - lived 1977 sitcom that parodied the science fiction genre ) and Donny & Marie ( a 1970s variety show that produced a 10 - minute musical adaptation of Star Wars guest starring Daniels and Mayhew ) as `` television 's two most infamous examples '' . Mel Brooks 's Spaceballs , a satirical comic science fiction parody , was released in 1987 to mixed reviews . Lucas permitted Brooks to make a spoof of the film under `` one incredibly big restriction : no action figures . '' Contemporary animated comedy TV series Family Guy , Robot Chicken , and The Simpsons have produced episodes satirizing the film series . Star Wars , together with Lucas , was also the subject of the 2010 documentary film The People vs. George Lucas that details the issues of filmmaking and fanaticism pertaining to the film franchise and its creator . Many elements of the film have also endured presence in popular culture . The iconic weapon of choice of the Jedi , the lightsaber , was voted as the most popular weapon in film history in a survey of approximately 2,000 film fans . Characters such as Darth Vader , Han Solo and Yoda have become iconic , and all three were named in the top twenty of the British Film Institute 's `` Best Sci - Fi Characters of All - Time '' list . The expressions `` Evil empire '' and `` May the Force be with you '' have become part of the popular lexicon . A pun on the latter phrase has led to May 4 being regarded by many fans of the franchise as an unofficial Star Wars Day . To commemorate the film 's 30th anniversary in May 2007 , the United States Postal Service issued a set of 15 stamps depicting the characters of the franchise . Approximately 400 mailboxes across the country were also designed to look like R2 - D2 . Cinematic influence ( edit ) Film critic Roger Ebert wrote in his book The Great Movies , `` Like The Birth of a Nation and Citizen Kane , Star Wars was a technical watershed that influenced many of the movies that came after . '' It began a new generation of special effects and high - energy motion pictures . The film was one of the first films to link genres together to invent a new , high - concept genre for filmmakers to build upon . Finally , along with Steven Spielberg 's Jaws , it shifted the film industry 's focus away from personal filmmaking of the 1970s and towards fast - paced , big - budget blockbusters for younger audiences . Filmmakers who have said to have been influenced by Star Wars include James Cameron , J.J. Abrams , Damon Lindelof , Dean Devlin , Gareth Edwards , Roland Emmerich , John Lasseter , David Fincher , Peter Jackson , Joss Whedon , Christopher Nolan , Ridley Scott , John Singleton , and Kevin Smith . Scott , Cameron , and Jackson were influenced by Lucas 's concept of the `` used future '' ( where vehicles and culture are obviously dated ) and extended the concept for their films , such as Scott 's science fiction films Alien ( 1979 ) and Blade Runner ( 1982 ) , Cameron 's acclaimed sequel Aliens ( 1986 ) and his earlier breakthrough film The Terminator ( 1984 ) . Jackson used the concept for his production of The Lord of the Rings trilogy to add a sense of realism and believability . Christopher Nolan cited Star Wars as an influence when making the 2010 blockbuster film , Inception . Some critics have blamed Star Wars , as well as Jaws , for ruining Hollywood by shifting its focus from `` sophisticated '' films such as The Godfather , Taxi Driver , and Annie Hall to films about spectacle and juvenile fantasy . One such critic , Peter Biskind , complained , `` When all was said and done , Lucas and Spielberg returned the 1970s audience , grown sophisticated on a diet of European and New Hollywood films , to the simplicities of the pre-1960s Golden Age of movies ... They marched backward through the looking - glass . '' In an opposing view , Tom Shone wrote that through Star Wars and Jaws , Lucas and Spielberg `` did n't betray cinema at all : they plugged it back into the grid , returning the medium to its roots as a carnival sideshow , a magic act , one big special effect '' , which was `` a kind of rebirth '' . Recognition ( edit ) In its May 30 , 1977 issue , the film 's year of release , Time magazine named Star Wars the `` Movie of the Year '' . The publication claimed it was a `` big early supporter '' of the vision which would become Star Wars . In an article intended for the cover of the issue , Time 's Gerald Clarke wrote that Star Wars is `` a grand and glorious film that may well be the smash hit of 1977 , and certainly is the best movie of the year so far . The result is a remarkable confection : a subliminal history of the movies , wrapped in a riveting tale of suspense and adventure , ornamented with some of the most ingenious special effects ever contrived for film . '' Each of the subsequent films of the Star Wars saga has appeared on the magazine 's cover . AFI 100 Years ... series * AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 1998 ) -- # 15 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills ( 2001 ) -- # 27 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains ( 2003 ) : Han Solo -- # 14 Hero Obi - Wan Kenobi -- # 37 Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes ( 2004 ) : `` May the Force be with you . '' -- # 8 AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores ( 2005 ) -- # 1 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers ( 2006 ) -- # 39 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) ( 2007 ) -- # 13 AFI 's 10 Top 10 ( 2008 ) -- # 2 Sci - Fi Film American Film Institute Star Wars was voted the second most popular film by Americans in a 2008 nationwide poll conducted by the market research firm , Harris Interactive . Star Wars has also been featured in several high - profile audience polls : in 1997 , it ranked as the 10th Greatest American Film on the Los Angeles Daily News Readers ' Poll ; in 2002 , the film and its sequel The Empire Strikes Back were voted as the greatest films ever made in Channel 4 's 100 Greatest Films poll ; in 2011 , it ranked as Best Sci - Fi Film on Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time , a primetime special aired by ABC that counted down the best films as chosen by fans , based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People magazine ; in 2014 the film placed 11th in a poll undertaken by The Hollywood Reporter , which balloted every studio , agency , publicity firm , and production house in the Hollywood region . Reputable publications also have included Star Wars in their best films lists : in 2008 , Empire magazine ranked Star Wars at No. 22 on its list of the `` 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' ; in 2010 , the film ranked among the `` All - Time 100 '' list of the greatest films as chosen by Time magazine film critic Richard Schickel ; the film was also placed on a similar list created by The New York Times , `` The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made '' ; in 2012 , the film was included in Sight & Sound 's prestigious decennial critics poll `` Critics ' Top 250 Films '' , ranking at 171st on the list , and in their directors poll at 224th . Lucas 's original screenplay was selected by the Writers Guild of America as the 68th greatest of all time . In 1989 , the United States Library of Congress named Star Wars among its first selections to the National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' ; at the time , it was the most recent film to be selected and it was the only film from the 1970s to be chosen . Although Lucas declined to provide the Library with a workable copy of the original film upon request ( instead offering the Special Edition ) , a viewable scan was made of the original copyright deposit print . The soundtrack was added to the United States National Recording Registry 15 years later ( in 2004 ) . The lack of a commercially available version of the 1977 original theatrical edit of the film since early ' 80s VHS releases has spawned numerous restorations by disgruntled fans over the years , such as Harmy 's Despecialized Edition . In addition to the film 's multiple awards and nominations , Star Wars has also been recognized by the American Film Institute on several of its lists . The film ranks first on 100 Years of Film Scores , second on Top 10 Sci - Fi Films , 15th on 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( ranked 13th on the updated 10th anniversary edition ) , 27th on 100 Years ... 100 Thrills , and 39th on 100 Years ... 100 Cheers . In addition , the quote `` May the Force be with you '' is ranked eighth on 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes , and Han Solo and Obi - Wan Kenobi are ranked as the 14th and 37th greatest heroes respectively on 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains . Merchandising ( edit ) Main articles : Kenner Star Wars action figures , Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker , and Star Wars comics Little Star Wars merchandise was available for several months after the film 's debut , as only Kenner Products had accepted marketing director Charles Lippincott 's licensing offers . Kenner responded to the sudden demand for toys by selling boxed vouchers in its `` empty box '' Christmas campaign . Television commercials told children and parents that vouchers within a `` Star Wars Early Bird Certificate Package '' could be redeemed for four action figures between February and June 1978 . Jay West of the Los Angeles Times said that the boxes in the campaign `` became the most coveted empty box ( es ) in the history of retail . '' In 2012 , the Star Wars action figures were inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame . The novelization of the film was published in December 1976 , six months before the film was released . The credited author was George Lucas , but the book was revealed to have been ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster , who later wrote the first Star Wars expanded universe novel , Splinter of the Mind 's Eye ( 1978 ) . The book was first published as Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker ; later editions were titled simply Star Wars ( 1995 ) and , later , Star Wars : A New Hope ( 1997 ) , to reflect the retitling of the film . Marketing director Charles Lippincott secured the deal with Del Rey Books to publish the novelization in November 1976 . By February 1977 , a half - million copies had been sold . Marvel Comics also adapted the film as the first six issues of its licensed Star Wars comic book , with the first issue sold in April 1977 . Roy Thomas was the writer and Howard Chaykin was the artist of the adaptation . Like the novelization , it contained certain elements , such as the scene with Luke and Biggs , that appeared in the screenplay but not in the finished film . The series was so successful that , according to Jim Shooter , it `` single - handedly saved Marvel '' . In 2013 , Dark Horse Comics published a comic adaption of the original screenplay 's plot . Lucasfilm adapted the story for a children 's book - and - record set . Released in 1979 , the 24 - page Star Wars read - along book was accompanied by a 331⁄3 rpm 7 - inch phonograph record . Each page of the book contained a cropped frame from the movie with an abridged and condensed version of the story . The record was produced by Buena Vista Records , and its content was copyrighted by Black Falcon , Ltd. , a subsidiary of Lucasfilm `` formed to handle the merchandising for Star Wars '' . The Story of Star Wars was a 1977 record album presenting an abridged version of the events depicted in Star Wars , using dialogue and sound effects from the original film . The recording was produced by George Lucas and Alan Livingston , and was narrated by Roscoe Lee Browne . The script was adapted by E. Jack Kaplan and Cheryl Gard . An audio CD boxed set of the Star Wars radio series was released in 1993 , containing the original 1981 radio drama along with the radio adaptations of the sequels , The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi . See also ( edit ) List of films considered the best List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of films featuring space stations Star Wars portal Film in the United States portal 1970s portal Science Fiction portal Film portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although the theatrical and home video distribution rights to all other Star Wars films were to be transferred to Walt Disney Studios by May 2020 , 20th Century Fox was to continue to own theatrical , home video , digital , and broadcast distribution rights to A New Hope for the foreseeable future . On December 14 , 2017 , The Walt Disney Company announced it is acquiring most of Fox 's parent company , 21st Century Fox , including the film studio and all distribution rights to A New Hope . 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Jump up ^ Los Angeles ( AP ) ( December 1 , 1972 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' the new box office champ '' . The Modesto Bee . The McClatchy Company . p. C - 12 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hollywood ( AP ) ( September 7 , 1978 ) . `` Grease lead summer films as top box - office draw '' . The StarPhoenix . Postmedia Network Inc. p. 10 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ New York ( AP ) ( May 26 , 1978 ) . `` Scariness of Jaws 2 unknown quantity '' . The StarPhoenix . Postmedia Network Inc. p. 21 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( May 18 , 1980 ) . `` The Saga Beyond ' Star Wars ' '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles ( AP ) ( February 15 , 1997 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' takes box office lead over ' E.T. ' '' . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . Morris Communications . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wuntch , Philip ( July 19 , 1985 ) . `` Return of E.T '' . The Dallas Morning News . A.H. Belo Corporation . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` Top Films of All - Time : Part 1 -- Box - Office Blockbusters '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` Greatest Movie Series Franchises of All Time : The Star Wars Trilogy -- Part IV '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lasalle , Mick ( March 16 , 1998 ) . `` Titanic Makes Movie History -- It 's now the biggest moneymaker ever '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Pottering on , and on -- Highest - grossing film in franchise '' . The Economist . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig , ed. ( 2011 ) . Гиннесс . Мировые рекорды 2012 ( Guinness World Records 2012 ) ( in Russian ) . Translated by Andrianov , P.I. ; Palova , I.V. Moscow : Astrel . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 271 - 36423 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Box Office : Domestic Grosses -- Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( 1977 ) . `` Star Wars '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved September 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( May 26 , 1977 ) . `` Star Wars -- A Trip to a Far Galaxy That 's Fun and Funny ... '' The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved October 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Murphy , A.D. ( May 24 , 1977 ) . `` Star Wars '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Gary ( May 25 , 1977 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : A Spectacular Intergalactic Joyride '' . The Washington Post . Nash Holdings LLC . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kael , Pauline ( September 26 , 1977 ) . `` Contrasts '' . The New Yorker . Advance Publications . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2006 . Retrieved September 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Simon , John ( June 20 , 1977 ) . `` Looking Back at New York 's Critical 1977 Review of Star Wars '' . New York . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kauffmann , Stanley ( June 18 , 1977 ) . `` Innocences '' . The New Republic . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Malcolm , Derek ( December 27 , 1977 ) . `` Lucas in the sky with diamonds '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berry , Adrian ( December 16 , 1977 ) . `` Star Wars : the Telegraph 's original 1977 review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope ( 1977 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( January 31 , 1997 ) . `` Back In Force '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 31 , 1997 ) . `` Star Wars returns '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Matt . `` Star Wars ( 1977 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( October 15 , 1999 ) . `` The Movie Reviews '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collins , Andrew . `` Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( 1977 ) '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hatch , Robert ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` Star Wars '' . The Nation . The Nation Company . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Jonathan ( 1997 ) . `` Excessive Use of the Force '' . Chicago Reader . Wrapports . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2006 . Retrieved October 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Keough , Peter ( 1997 ) . `` Star Wars remerchandises its own myth '' . Boston Phoenix . Phoenix Media / Communications Group . Retrieved October 1 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 50th Academy Awards ( 1978 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy Awards . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Dykstra '' . Jump up ^ `` 35th Golden Globes Awards ( 1978 ) -- Movies from 1977 '' . FilmAffinity . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Film in 1979 '' . British Academy Film Awards . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winner Search '' . Grammy Award . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Hugo Awards '' . World Science Fiction Society . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Awards '' . Saturn Award . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ For a sampling of the reviews , read the following : `` The 33 Greatest Movie Trilogies 2 . The Original Star Wars Trilogy '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Gibron , Bill ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` The 10 Greatest Motion Picture Trilogies of All Time '' . PopMatters . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Griffin , Michael ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` Good Things Come In Threes : Great Movie Trilogies '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Ellwood , Gregory ; Eggersten , Chris ; Fienberg , Dan ; McWeeny , Drew ; Lewis , Dave ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` 10 of the best movie trilogies of all - time 1 . Star Wars Episodes IV -- VI '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas : Mapping the mythology '' . CNN . May 8 , 2002 . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thank the Maker : George Lucas '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm. April 19 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2006 . Retrieved October 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Worrell , Denise . Icons : Intimate Portraits . p. 185 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas ' Galactic Empire -- Get ready for Star Wars II , III , IV , V ... '' Time . Time Inc . March 6 , 1978 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ford : Star Wars boosted my career '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- Box Office History '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars on TV '' . TV Party . Retrieved September 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ DiGiacomo , Frank . `` The Han Solo Comedy Hour ! '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John , Derek . `` That Time NPR Turned ' Star Wars ' Into A Radio Drama -- And It Actually Worked '' . NPR.org . All Things Considered , National Public Radio . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Canon '' . Canon Wars . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Eberl , Jason T. ; Decker , Kevin S. ( 2015 ) . The Ultimate Star Wars and Philosophy : You Must Unlearn What You Have Learned . John Wiley & Sons . p. 298 . ISBN 9781119038061 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( 7 April 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' and the Death Star Plans : Revisiting the 1981 Origin Story '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars , Episode IV : A New Hope ( 1977 ) '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wineke , Andrew ( May 20 , 2005 ) . `` Beloved sci - fi fairy tale has spawned a slew of Star Wars parodies , spinoffs '' . The Gazette . Clarity Media Group . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Brinn , David ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` The right place at the right time '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Vaughan , John ; Lucas , George ( July 16 , 1999 ) . `` July 16 , 1999 Episode '' . The Big Breakfast . Channel 4 . ^ Jump up to : DeCaro , Frank ( December 24 , 2008 ) . `` A Space Garbage Man and His Eclectic Crew '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hall , Phil ( August 26 , 2005 ) . `` The Bootleg Files : The Donny & Marie Show -- The Star Wars Episode '' . Film Threat . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spaceballs '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carone , Patrick ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Interview : Icon Mel Brooks '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( December 27 , 2009 ) . `` Q & A with Seth MacFarlane '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( June 13 , 2007 ) . `` Robot Chicken digs its satirical talons into Star Wars '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chernoff , Scott ( July 24 , 2007 ) . `` I Bent My Wookiee ! Celebrating the Star Wars / Simpsons Connection '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- When the fans hit the Sith '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Borland , Sophie ( January 21 , 2008 ) . `` Lightsabre wins the battle of movie weapons '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Sci - Fi Characters of All Time : the verdict '' . British Film Institute . Jump up ^ Caro , Mark ( May 8 , 2005 ) . `` The power of the dark side '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` May the 4th '' . Starwars.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two Legendary Forces Unite to Honor 30th Anniversary of Star Wars '' . United States Postal Service . March 2007 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 28 , 1999 ) . `` Great Movies : Star Wars '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved October 1 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Shone , Tom ( 2004 ) . Blockbuster : How Hollywood Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Summer . London , England : Simon & Schuster . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6838 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Jessica ( February 27 , 2011 ) . `` The film that changed my life : Gareth Edwards '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Why Disney Fired John Lasseter -- And How He Came Back to Heal the Studio '' . TheWrap . The Wrap News Inc . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Nolan 's Star Wars Inspiration '' . ContactMusic.com . July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Greydanus , Steven D. `` An American Mythology : Why Star Wars Still Matters '' . Decent Films Guide . Retrieved October 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Star Wars Turns 35 : How TIME Covered the Film Phenomenon '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . American Film Institute . 1998 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' . American Film Institute . 2001 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains '' . American Film Institute . 2003 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' . American Film Institute . 2004 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' . American Film Institute . 2007 . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Top 10 Sci - Fi '' . American Film Institute . 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... The Complete Lists '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Frankly My Dear , The Force is With Them as Gone With the Wind and Star Wars are the Top Two All Time Favorite Movies '' ( PDF ) . Rochester , NY : Harris Interactive . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest American Films -- Daily News '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Films '' . Channel 4 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2006 . Retrieved September 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Hollywood 's 100 Favorite Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of all Time 100 -- 1 '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . 2008 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard . `` ALL - TIME 100 Movies : Star Wars '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Film critics of The New York Times . `` The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Film Poll : Star Wars '' . British Film Institute . 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Greatest Screenplays : The List '' . Writers Guild of America . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved September 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Mallory ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` A ' New ' New Hope : Film Preservation and the Problem with ' Star Wars ' '' . soundonsight.org . Sound on Sight . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . the NFR does not possess workable copies of the original versions ... Government - mandated agencies such as the National Film Registry are unable to preserve ( or even possess ) working copies of the films on their list without the consent of the author and / or copyright holder . Jump up ^ `` The National Recording Registry 2004 '' . Library of Congress . 2004 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hosie , Ewen ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Despecialized Edition ' Restores the Original , Unedited Trilogy '' . Vice . New York City . ISSN 1077 - 6788 . OCLC 30856250 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ West , Jay ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Star Wars flashback : Christmas ' 77 left fans with empty feeling '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Star Wars action figures , dominoes enter Toy Hall of Fame '' . CBS . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Michael ( October 6 , 2000 ) . `` Jim Shooter Interview : Part 1 '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Star Wars # 1 ( Nick Runge Cover ) '' . Dark Horse Comics . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vilmur , Pete ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` The Flight and Fall of Black Falcon '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wells , Stuart W. A Universe of Star Wars Collectibles : Identification and Price Guide . Krause Publications . p. 239 . ISBN 0873494156 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Bibliography Baxter , John ( 1999 ) . Mythmaker : The Life and Work of George Lucas ( 1st ed . ) . New York : William Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 380 - 97833 - 5 . Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . Star Wars : The Annotated Screenplays . New York : Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . Brooker , Will ( 2009 ) . BFI Film Classics : Star Wars . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1844575543 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Guinness , Alec ( 1986 ) . Blessings in Disguise . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0394552377 . Hearn , Marcus ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York : ABRAMS Books . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . Kaminski , Michael ( 2008 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars : The Art of Storytelling and the Making of a Modern Epic . Kingston , Ont. : Legacy Books Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9784652 - 3 - 0 . Pollock , Dale ( 1999 ) . Skywalking : The Life and Films of George Lucas . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80904 - 4 . Rinzler , J.W. ( 2007 ) . The Making of Star Wars . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49476 - 4 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Taylor , Chris ( 2014 ) . How Star Wars Conquered the Universe : The Past , Present , and Future of a Multibillion Dollar Franchise . Head of Zeus . ISBN 9781784970451 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Westfahl , Gary ( January 30 , 2000 ) . Space and Beyond : The Frontier Theme in Science Fiction . California : Greenwood Press . ISBN 9780313308468 . Further reading ( edit ) Bailey , T.J. ( 2005 ) . Devising a Dream : A Book of Star Wars Facts and Production Timeline . Louisville , KY : Wasteland Press . ISBN 1 - 933265 - 55 - 8 . Blackman , W. Haden ( 2004 ) . The New Essential Guide to Weapons and Technology , Revised Edition ( Star Wars ) . New York : Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 44903 - 7 . Sansweet , Stephen ( 1992 ) . Star Wars : From Concept to Screen to Collectible . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 0101 - 2 . 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18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Television Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 1986 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 1986 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 1996 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 2005 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 2014 ) Star Wars Detours ( TBA ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Awards for Star Wars Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... 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Night Shyamalan ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest -- David Howard and Robert Gordon ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon James Schamus , Kuo Jung Tsai , and Hui - Ling Wang ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Stephen Sinclair , and Peter Jackson ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2004 ) Serenity -- Joss Whedon ( 2005 ) Howl 's Moving Castle -- Hayao Miyazaki , Cindy Davis Hewitt , and Donald H. Hewitt ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth -- Guillermo del Toro ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton , Jim Reardon , and Pete Docter ( 2008 ) Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation Terminator 2 : Judgment Day -- James Cameron ( 1992 ) Babylon 5 -- J. 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5368179291269267014 | Star Wars: The Last Jedi | Star Wars : the Last Jedi - wikipedia Star Wars : the Last Jedi Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the 2005 young adult book series Star Wars : The Last of the Jedi and the 2013 Star Wars Legends novel Star Wars : Coruscant Nights -- The Last Jedi . `` Episode VIII '' redirects here . For other episodes , see Episode 8 . Star Wars : The Last Jedi Theatrical release poster Directed by Rian Johnson Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Ram Bergman Written by Rian Johnson Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Mark Hamill Carrie Fisher Adam Driver Daisy Ridley John Boyega Oscar Isaac Andy Serkis Lupita Nyong'o Domhnall Gleeson Anthony Daniels Gwendoline Christie Kelly Marie Tran Laura Dern Benicio del Toro Music by John Williams Cinematography Steve Yedlin Edited by Bob Ducsay Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date December 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 09 ) ( Shrine Auditorium ) December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) ( United States ) Running time 152 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 million Box office $1.333 billion Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( also known as Star Wars : Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi ) is a 2017 American epic space opera film written and directed by Rian Johnson . It is the second installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the eighth main installment of the Star Wars franchise , following Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The ensemble cast includes Mark Hamill , Carrie Fisher , Adam Driver , Daisy Ridley , John Boyega , Oscar Isaac , Andy Serkis , Lupita Nyong'o , Domhnall Gleeson , Anthony Daniels and Gwendoline Christie in returning roles , with Kelly Marie Tran , Laura Dern and Benicio del Toro joining the cast . The film features the final film performance by Fisher , who died in December 2016 , and it is dedicated to her memory . The plot follows Rey as she receives Jedi training from Luke Skywalker , in hopes of turning the tide for the Resistance in the fight against Kylo Ren and the First Order . The Last Jedi was part of a new trilogy of films announced after Disney 's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012 . It was produced by Lucasfilm President Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman , with Force Awakens director J.J. Abrams as an executive producer . John Williams , composer for the previous films , returned to compose the score . Scenes that required shooting at Skellig Michael in Ireland were filmed during pre-production in September 2015 , with principal photography beginning at Pinewood Studios in the United Kingdom in February 2016 and ending in July 2016 . Post-production wrapped in September 2017 . The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on December 15 , 2017 . It has grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide , making it the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the 7th - highest - ever grossing film in North America and the 9th - highest - grossing film of all time . It is also the second - highest - grossing film of the Star Wars franchise , and turned a net profit of over $417 million . It received positive reviews from critics , who praised its ensemble cast , visual effects , musical score , action sequences and emotional weight ; some considered it the best Star Wars film since The Empire Strikes Back . The film received four nominations at the 90th Academy Awards , including Best Original Score and Best Visual Effects , as well two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . A sequel , provisionally titled Star Wars : Episode IX , is scheduled for release on December 20 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.1. 1 Video games 4.1. 2 Home media 4.2 Tie - in literature and merchandise 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 United States and Canada 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Audience response 5.4 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot Resistance forces , led by General Leia Organa , flee D'Qar when a First Order fleet arrives . Poe Dameron leads a costly counterattack that destroys a First Order dreadnought , but after the Resistance escapes to hyperspace , the First Order tracks them and attacks the Resistance convoy . Kylo Ren , Leia 's son , hesitates to fire on the lead Resistance ship after sensing his mother 's presence , but his TIE fighter wingmen destroy the bridge , incapacitating Leia . Disapproving of new leader Vice Admiral Holdo 's passive strategy , Poe helps Finn , BB - 8 , and mechanic Rose Tico embark on a secret mission to disable the tracking device on the lead ship . Meanwhile , Rey arrives on Ahch - To with Chewbacca and R2 - D2 aboard the Millennium Falcon to recruit Luke Skywalker to the Resistance . Disillusioned by his failure to train Kylo as a Jedi , and under self - imposed exile from the Force , Luke refuses to help -- even after he learns of Han Solo 's death at Kylo 's hands -- and believes that the Jedi should become extinct . Unbeknownst to Luke , Rey and Kylo can communicate through the Force , puzzling the two enemies . As the rival Force users learn about each other , each has future visions of themselves as partners . R2 - D2 persuades Luke to train Rey . After Kylo tells Rey what happened between him and Luke that caused him to choose the dark side of the Force , Luke confesses that he momentarily contemplated killing Kylo upon sensing that Supreme Leader Snoke was corrupting him , causing Kylo to destroy Luke 's new Jedi Order in retaliation . Convinced that Kylo can be redeemed , Rey leaves Ahch - To to confront Kylo without Luke . Luke prepares to burn the Ahch - To Jedi temple and library , but hesitates . Yoda 's ghost appears and destroys the temple by summoning a thunderstorm , claiming Rey has all she needs to learn , and encourages Luke to learn from his failure . Holdo reveals her plan to discreetly evacuate the remaining Resistance members using small transports . Believing her actions cowardly and risky , Poe leads a mutiny . Finn , Rose , and BB - 8 travel to the Canto Bight casino and acquire the help of the hacker DJ , who says he can help them disable the tracking device . They infiltrate Snoke 's ship , but all but BB - 8 are captured by Captain Phasma . Meanwhile , Rey lands on the ship , and Kylo brings her to Snoke , who claims that he facilitated the mental connection between her and Kylo as part of a plan to destroy Luke . Ordered to kill Rey , Kylo instead kills Snoke and , with Rey , defeats Snoke 's guards . Rey believes that Kylo has returned to the light side of the Force , but he instead invites her to rule the galaxy with him , which she refuses . They use the Force to fight for possession of Anakin Skywalker 's lightsaber , which splits in two . Leia recovers and stuns Poe , allowing the evacuation to begin . Holdo remains on the ship to mislead Snoke 's fleet as the others flee to an abandoned Rebel Alliance base on Crait . DJ reveals the Resistance 's plan to the First Order , and the evacuation transports are slowly destroyed . Holdo sacrifices herself by ramming Snoke 's fleet at lightspeed ; Rey escapes in the chaos , while Kylo declares himself Supreme Leader . BB - 8 frees Finn and Rose , who escape after defeating Phasma , and they join survivors on Crait . When the First Order arrives , Poe , Finn , and Rose attack with old speeders . Rey and Chewbacca draw the TIE fighters away with the Falcon , while Rose stops Finn from completing a suicide run against the enemy siege cannon , which penetrates the Resistance fortress . Luke appears and confronts the First Order to enable surviving Resistance members to escape . Kylo orders the First Order 's forces to fire on Luke to no effect . He then engages Luke in a lightsaber duel ; upon striking Luke , Kylo realizes he has been fighting a Force projection of him . Rey uses the Force to help the Resistance escape on the Falcon . Luke , exhausted , dies peacefully on Ahch - To . His death is sensed by Rey and Leia , but Leia tells surviving rebels that the Resistance has all it needs to rise again . At Canto Bight , one of the children who helped Finn and Rose escape grabs a broom with the Force and gazes into space . Cast Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( from top ) features Mark Hamill and Carrie Fisher , and introduces Kelly Marie Tran , Laura Dern , and Benicio del Toro . See also : List of Star Wars cast members Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker , a powerful Jedi Master who has been in self - imposed exile on the planet Ahch - To . Hamill voices Dobbu Scay , named after the film 's editor , Bob Ducsay . During the Canto Bight scene , the character mistakes BB - 8 as a slot machine . Carrie Fisher as General Leia Organa , twin sister to Luke , former princess of Alderaan , and a leading general in the Resistance . This was Fisher 's final film role before her death on December 27 , 2016 . Adam Driver as Kylo Ren , Supreme Leader Snoke 's disciple , who is strong with the dark side of the Force and leader to the Knights of Ren . He is the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa , nephew of Luke Skywalker , and the grandson of Anakin Skywalker . Daisy Ridley as Rey , a highly Force - sensitive scavenger from the desert planet Jakku , who joined the Resistance and goes to find Luke Skywalker . John Boyega as Finn , a former stormtrooper of the First Order who defected to the Resistance . Oscar Isaac as Poe Dameron , a high - ranking X-wing fighter pilot in the Resistance . Andy Serkis as Supreme Leader Snoke , the leader of the First Order and Kylo Ren 's master . Lupita Nyong'o as Maz Kanata , a pirate and ally of the Resistance . Domhnall Gleeson as General Hux , the former head of the First Order 's Starkiller Base . Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO , a humanoid protocol droid in the service of Leia Organa . Gwendoline Christie as Captain Phasma , the commander of the First Order 's stormtroopers . Kelly Marie Tran as Rose Tico , a member of the Resistance who works in maintenance . Laura Dern as Vice Admiral Amilyn Holdo , an officer in the Resistance . Frank Oz as Yoda , the deceased former Grand Master of the Jedi , and Luke 's wise former mentor , who appears as a Force - ghost . Benicio del Toro as DJ , an underworld codebreaker . Joonas Suotamo appears as Chewbacca , taking over the role from Peter Mayhew after previously serving as his body double for The Force Awakens . Mayhew , who was 73 years old and suffering from chronic knee and back pain , is credited as `` Chewbacca consultant . '' Billie Lourd , Mike Quinn , and Timothy D. Rose reprise their roles as Lieutenant Connix , Nien Nunb , and Admiral Ackbar respectively from previous films . Due to the death of Erik Bauersfeld , Admiral Ackbar is now voiced by Tom Kane . Amanda Lawrence appears as Commander D'Acy , and Mark Lewis Jones and Adrian Edmondson play Captains Canady and Peavey respectively . BB - 8 is controlled by puppeteers Dave Chapman and Brian Herring , with initial voice work by Ben Schwartz and final sound effects voiced by Bill Hader modulated through a synthesizer . Jimmy Vee portrays R2 - D2 , taking over the role from Kenny Baker who died on August 13 , 2016 . Veronica Ngo portrays Rose 's sister Paige Tico , a Resistance gunner who sacrifices her life to destroy a First Order dreadnought . Justin Theroux plays the master codebreaker , while Lily Cole plays his companion . Joseph Gordon - Levitt has a voice cameo as Slowen Lo . Warwick Davis plays Wodibin . Gareth Edwards , director of the Star Wars Anthology film Rogue One , has a cameo appearance as a Resistance Soldier , as does Gary Barlow . Directors Edgar Wright and Joe Cornish also cameo in the film . Hermione Corfield appears as Tallissan `` Tallie '' Lintra , a Resistance A-Wing pilot and squadron leader . Noah Segan and Jamie Christopher appear as Resistance pilots Starck and Tubbs . Hamill 's children , Griffin , Nathan , and Chelsea , cameo as Resistance soldiers . Prince William , Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry filmed cameo appearances as stormtroopers . Tom Hardy also filmed an appearance as a stormtrooper , but his cameo was ultimately dropped from the final cut . Hugh Skinner cameos as a Resistance Officer . Production Writer and director Rian Johnson Development See also : Star Wars sequel trilogy In October 2012 , Star Wars creator George Lucas sold his production company Lucasfilm , and with it the Star Wars franchise , to The Walt Disney Company . Disney announced a new trilogy of Star Wars films . J.J. Abrams was named director of the first episode in the trilogy , The Force Awakens , in January 2013 . In June 2014 , director Rian Johnson was reported to be in talks to write and direct its sequel , dubbed Episode VIII , and to write a treatment for the third film , Episode IX , with Ram Bergman producing both films . Johnson confirmed in August 2014 that he would direct Episode VIII . In September , filmmaker Terry Gilliam asked Johnson about what it felt like to take over something that was made famous by another filmmaker , to which Johnson responded : I 'm just starting into it , but so far , honestly , it 's the most fun I 've ever had writing . It 's just joyous . But also for me personally , I grew up not just watching those movies but playing with those toys , so as a little kid , the first movies I was making in my head were set in this world . A big part of it is that direct connection , almost like an automatic jacking back into childhood in a weird way . But I do n't know , ask me again in a few years and we 'll be able to talk about that . The story begins immediately after the last scene of The Force Awakens . He had his story group watch films such as Twelve O'Clock High , The Bridge on the River Kwai , Gunga Din , Three Outlaw Samurai , Sahara , and Letter Never Sent for inspiration while developing ideas . He felt it was difficult to work on the film while The Force Awakens was being finished . In December 2015 , Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy stated that `` we have n't mapped out every single detail ( of the sequel trilogy ) yet '' . She said that Abrams was collaborating with Johnson and that Johnson would in turn work with ( then ) Episode IX director Colin Trevorrow to ensure a smooth transition . Abrams is an executive producer along with Jason McGatlin and Tom Karnowski . Lucasfilm announced the film 's title , Star Wars : The Last Jedi , on January 23 , 2017 . Casting In September 2015 , Disney shortlisted the female cast members to Gina Rodriguez , Tatiana Maslany , and Olivia Cooke . Later that month , Benicio del Toro confirmed that he would play a villain in the film , and Mark Hamill was also confirmed . In October 2015 , Gugu Mbatha - Raw was rumored to have been cast in the film . In November , Jimmy Vee was cast as R2 - D2 . In November , Kennedy announced at the London premiere for The Force Awakens that the entire cast would return for Episode VIII , along with `` a handful '' of new cast members . In February 2016 , at the start of filming , it was confirmed that Laura Dern and Kelly Marie Tran had been cast in unspecified roles . In April 2017 , at Star Wars Celebration Orlando , Lucasfilm announced that Tran plays Resistance maintenance worker Rose Tico , which Johnson described as the film 's largest new role . To keep Frank Oz 's return as Yoda a secret , producers excluded Oz 's name in the billing for the film 's pre-release marketing and ensured that Oz stayed on set during filming . Filming Skellig Michael ( top ) , Salar de Uyuni ( middle ) , and Dubrovnik ( bottom ) served as filming locations . Second unit photography began during pre-production at Skellig Michael in Ireland on September 14 , 2015 , due to the difficulties of filming at that location during other seasons . It would have lasted four days , but filming was canceled for the first day due to poor weather and rough conditions . In November 2014 , Ivan Dunleavy , chief executive of Pinewood Studios , confirmed that the film would be shot at Pinewood , with additional filming in Mexico . In September 2015 , del Toro revealed that principal photography would begin in March 2016 ; Kennedy later stated that filming would begin in January 2016 . The production began work on the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios on November 15 , 2015 . Rick Heinrichs served as production designer . In January 2016 , production of Episode VIII was delayed until February 2016 , due to script rewrites . Additionally , filming was potentially in danger of being delayed further due to an upcoming strike between the Producers Alliance for Cinema and Television and the Broadcasting , Entertainment , Cinematograph and Theatre Union . On February 10 , 2016 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed that principal photography had begun , under the working title Space Bear . Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik , Croatia from March 9 to 16 , 2016 , as well as in Ireland in May . Malin Head in County Donegal and a mountain headland , Ceann Sibeal in County Kerry , served as additional filming locations . To increase the scenes ' intimacy Driver and Ridley were both present when filming Kylo and Rey 's Force visions . Location filming for the battle scenes on the planet Crait took place in July 2016 at the Salar de Uyuni salt flats in Bolivia . Principal photography wrapped on July 22 , 2016 , though as of early September 2016 , Nyong'o had not filmed her scenes . In February 2017 , it was announced that sequences from the film were shot in IMAX . Production designer Rick Heinrichs said the original screenplay called for 160 sets , double what might be expected , but that Johnson did some `` trimming and cutting '' . Ultimately 125 sets were created on 14 sound stages at Pinewood Studios . According to creature designer Neal Scanlan , The Last Jedi uses more practical effects than any Star Wars film , with 180 to 200 creatures created with practical effects , some cut from the final edit . For Yoda 's appearance in the film as a Force ghost , the character was created using puppetry , as was done in the original Star Wars trilogy ( as opposed to computer - generated imagery , which was used to create Yoda in most of the prequel trilogy ) . The film 's Canto Bight sequence contains a reference to the 1985 Terry Gilliam film Brazil , in which Finn and Rose are arrested for committing parking violation 27B / 6 . Music Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( soundtrack ) In July 2013 , Kennedy announced at Star Wars Celebration Europe that John Williams would return to score the Star Wars sequel trilogy . Williams confirmed his assignment for The Last Jedi at a Tanglewood concert in August 2016 , stating he would begin recording the score `` off and on '' in December 2016 until March or April 2017 . On February 21 , 2017 , it was confirmed that recording was underway , with both Williams and William Ross conducting the sessions . In lieu of a traditional spotting session with Johnson , Williams was provided a temp track of music from his previous film scores as a reference for scoring The Last Jedi . The score briefly quotes `` Aquarela do Brasil '' by Ary Barroso in its `` Canto Bight '' track as another reference to the film Brazil . It also contains a brief quote of Williams ' own theme for The Long Goodbye ( co-composed by Johnny Mercer ) during Finn and Rose 's escape , although this quote is not heard in the official soundtrack release . The official soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on December 15 , 2017 in digipak CD , digital formats , and streaming services . Release In January 2015 , Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that Episode VIII would be released in 2017 , and in March , Lucasfilm announced a release date of May 26 , 2017 . In January 2016 , The Last Jedi was rescheduled for December 15 , 2017 in 3D and IMAX 3D . On January 23 , 2017 , the film 's title was announced as Star Wars : The Last Jedi . Similarly to The Empire Strikes Back , Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens , `` Episode VIII '' was included in the film 's opening crawl , although not in its official title . The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9 , 2017 . The European premiere was held at London 's Royal Albert Hall on December 12 , 2017 , with a red carpet event . It was reported that Disney had placed notable conditions on U.S. cinemas screening The Last Jedi , which some operators described as being `` onerous '' . Disney required that the film be screened in a cinema 's largest auditorium for a four - week period ( other Disney releases have had similar clauses , but only for two weeks ) , and was given a 65 % cut of ticket sales ( a percentage higher than the 55 -- 60 % average of other major films , and cited as the highest split ever demanded by a Hollywood film behind the 64 % split of The Force Awakens ) . The agreement , which was required to be kept confidential , also contained regulations on promotions and restrictions on removing any scheduled screening . Violations were to be penalized with an additional 5 % cut of ticket sales . Some cinemas declined to screen the film due to these conditions , particularly smaller or one - screen cinemas that would otherwise be barred from screening any other film during the commitment period . Industry representatives considered this policy to be reasonable , citing the performance of Disney releases and the Star Wars franchise , and that the guaranteed business attracted by the film , and concession sales , would make up for the larger cut of ticket sales . Marketing This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) A set of eight promotional postage stamps were released on October 12 , 2017 in the UK by the Royal Mail with artwork by Malcolm Tween . On September 19 , 2017 , Australia Post released a set of stamp packs . Tie - in promotional campaigns were done with Nissan Motors and Bell Media , among others . Two main trailers were released , followed by numerous television spots . Figurines of many of the characters were released in October , and advance tickets for Last Jedi went on sale in October . Several tie - in books were released on the same day of the North American release of the movie , including The Last Jedi : Visual Dictionary , and various children 's reading and activity books . Related novelizations included the prequel book Cobalt Squadron , and the Canto Bight , a collection of novellas about the Canto Bight Casino . Video games As with The Force Awakens , there is no official tie - in game for The Last Jedi , in favor of integrating content from the film into other Star Wars video games , including Star Wars Battlefront II , which introduced various content from the film , during the second week of the game 's first `` season '' . An update to the MOBA mobile game Star Wars : Force Arena added new content from the sequel era , including some characters as they appeared in The Last Jedi . Characters from the film also appeared in the mobile RPG Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes . Home Media Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Star Wars : The Last Jedi digitally in HD and 4K via digital download and Movies Anywhere on March 13 , 2018 , with an Ultra HD Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD physical release on March 27 . It was the first Star Wars film to be released on the Ultra HD Blu - ray format . Tie - in literature and merchandise The official novelization is by Jason Fry , with an audiobook version narrated by Marc Thompson . There is a `` junior novel '' by Michael Kogge ( 2018 Lucasfilm Press ) , and an audiobook version narrated by Jessica Almasy . Reception Box Office As of April 8 , 2018 , Star Wars : The Last Jedi has grossed $620.2 million in the United States and Canada , and $712.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $1.333 billion . It had a worldwide opening of $450.8 million , the fifth - biggest of all time , including $40.6 million that was attributed to IMAX screenings , the second biggest for IMAX . It was estimated that the film would need to gross $800 million worldwide to break even ; Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $417.5 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues , making it the most profitable release of 2017 . On December 31 , 2017 , its 17th day of release , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the fourth film of 2017 , the fifteenth Disney film , the fourth Star Wars film and the thirty - second film overall to pass the mark . The film was the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the second highest - grossing film in the franchise ( behind The Force Awakens ) , the fourth highest - grossing film released by Walt Disney Studios , the sixth highest - grossing film in North America and the ninth - highest - grossing film of all time . United States and Canada Pre-sale tickets went on sale in the United States on October 9 , 2017 , and as with The Force Awakens and Rogue One , ticket service sites such as Fandango had their servers crash due to heavy traffic and demand . In the United States and Canada , industry tracking had The Last Jedi grossing around $200 million from 4,232 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $45 million from Thursday night previews , the second - highest amount ever ( behind The Force Awakens ' $57 million ) . It went on to make $104.8 million on its first day ( including previews ) and $220 million over the weekend , both the second - highest amounts of all time . The opening weekend figure included an IMAX opening - weekend of $25 million , the biggest IMAX opening of the year and the second biggest ever behind The Force Awakens . After dropping by 76 % on its second Friday , the worst Friday - to - Friday drop in the series , the film fell by a total of 67.5 % in its second weekend , grossing $71.6 million . It was the largest second - weekend drop of the franchise , although it remained atop the box office . The three day total was the 14th biggest second weekend of all time . It grossed an additional $27.5 million on Christmas Day , the second biggest Christmas Day gross of all time behind The Force Awakens ( $49.3 million ) , for a four - day weekend total of $99 million . It made $52.4 million in its third weekend , again topping the box office . It also brought its domestic total to $517.1 million , overtaking fellow Disney vehicle Beauty and the Beast as the highest of 2017 . It was the 6th biggest third weekend of all time . It had the 7th biggest New Year 's Day gross of all time with $14.3 million , bringing the four day total to $66.8 million . It grossed $23.7 million and was surpassed the following weekend by Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( which was in its third week ) and Insidious : The Last Key . Outside North America In its first two days of release the film made $60.8 million from 48 markets . The top countries were the United Kingdom ( $10.2 million ) , Germany ( $6.1 million ) , France ( $6 million ) , Australia ( $5.6 million ) and Brazil ( $2.5 million ) . By the end of the weekend , the film made $230.8 million outside North America , the ninth - highest of all time . This included $36.7 million in the UK ( third - highest ) , $23.6 million in Germany ( second - highest ) , $18.1 million in France , $15.9 million in Australia ( second - highest ) , $14.4 million in Japan , $8.5 million in Russia , $8.3 million in Spain , $7.2 million in Brazil , $7 million in Italy and Mexico , $6.0 million in Sweden and $5.1 million in South Korea . On its second weekend , it grossed $76.1 million overseas and became the fourth - highest - grossing film of the year in Europe . As of January 21 , the largest markets outside of the United States and Canada are the United Kingdom ( $109.3 million ) , Germany ( $79.8 million ) , France ( $63.5 million ) , Japan ( $60.8 million ) and Australia ( $43.5 million ) . The film had a $28.7 million opening weekend in China , the lowest for a Star Wars film in that country since 2005 . Star Wars : The Force Awakens opened to $52 million two years prior and Rogue One , which featured Chinese stars Donnie Yen and Jiang Wen , opened to $30 million in 2016 . The Last Jedi added only $7 million during the week , to reach a total of $34.2 million in its first seven days . A week after its debut , China 's movie exhibitors dropped the film 's showtimes by 92 percent , from its 34.5 % percent share of the territory 's total screenings . The film grossed $910,000 in its third weekend , dropping to ninth place at the Chinese box office , overshadowed by new releases including Bollywood film Secret Superstar , Hollywood films Ferdinand and Wonder , and Chinese film A Better Tomorrow 2018 . The Last Jedi grossed $41 million in China , as of January 21 , 2018 . Critical response On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , Star Wars : The Last Jedi has an approval rating of 91 % based on 372 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi honors the saga 's rich legacy while adding some surprising twists -- and delivering all the emotion - rich action fans could hope for . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 85 out of 100 , based on 56 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film four out of four stars , praising the surprises and risks that it took , writing that `` The movie works equally well as an earnest adventure full of passionate heroes and villains and a meditation on sequels and franchise properties ... ( The film ) is preoccupied with questions of legacy , legitimacy and succession , and includes multiple debates over whether one should replicate or reject the stories and symbols of the past . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , praising the cast and the direction : `` You 're in hyper - skilled hands with Johnson who makes sure you leave the multiplex feeling euphoric . The middle part of the current trilogy , The Last Jedi ranks with the very best Star Wars epics ( even the pinnacle that is The Empire Strikes Back ) by pointing the way ahead to a next generation of skywalkers -- and , thrillingly , to a new hope . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3.5 / 4 stars , saying , `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi ... does n't pack quite the same emotional punch ( as The Force Awakens ) and it lags a bit in the second half , ( but ) this is still a worthy chapter in the Star Wars franchise , popping with exciting action sequences , sprinkled with good humor and containing more than a few nifty ' callbacks ' to previous characters and iconic moments . '' For The Hollywood Reporter , Todd McCarthy said , `` Loaded with action and satisfying in the ways its loyal audience wants it to be , writer - director Rian Johnson 's plunge into George Lucas ' universe is generally pleasing even as it sometimes strains to find useful and / or interesting things for some of its characters to do . '' Will Gompertz , arts editor of BBC News , gave the film 4 / 5 stars , writing `` Rian Johnson ... has not ruined your Christmas with a turkey . His gift to you is a cracker , a blockbuster movie packed with invention , wit , and action galore . '' Mark Kermode , British film critic , gave the film 4 / 5 stars saying Johnson `` proves himself the master of the balancing act , keeping the warring forces of this intergalactic franchise in near - perfect harmony . '' The unpredictability of the plot was appreciated by reviewers such as Alex Leadbeater of Screen Rant , who commented specifically that the death of Snoke was `` the best movie twist in years '' . Conversely , Richard Brody of The New Yorker wrote , `` Despite a few stunning decorative touches ( most of which involve the color red ) and that brief central sequence of multiple Reys , the movie comes off as a work that 's ironed out , flattened down , appallingly purified . Above all , it delivers a terrifyingly calculated consensus storytelling , an artificial universality that is achieved , in part , through express religious references . '' Kate Taylor of The Globe and Mail gave the film 2 / 4 stars , saying the film suffered from too many new additions and writing , `` Nifty new animals , a maturing villain , a flagging heroine , muffled humour -- as it seeks to uphold a giant cultural legacy , this unfolding trilogy struggles to maintain a balance that often seems just out of reach . '' Audience response Audience reception measured by scientific polling methods was highly positive . Audiences randomly polled by CinemaScore on opening day gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Surveys from SurveyMonkey and comScore 's PostTrak found that 89 % of audience members graded the film positively . The user - generated review sections of Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic contained scores that were significantly more negative , achieving ratings of 47 % and 4.6 / 10 , respectively . Several reviewers speculated that the low user scores are the result of manipulation , either by coordinated vote brigading from internet groups or from bots . Quartz noted that some new accounts gave negative ratings to both The Last Jedi and Thor : Ragnarok , while Bleeding Cool stated that reviews for Thor had tapered off up to that point but skyrocketed afterwards . In response to tampering claims , Rotten Tomatoes released a statement that they did not detect any unusual activity aside from a noticeable `` uptick in the number of written user reviews '' on The Last Jedi . Reviewers characterized The Last Jedi as divisive among audiences . Todd VanDerWerff of Vox found that disgruntled fans saw the film as too progressive , disliked its humor , plot , or character arcs , or felt betrayed that it ignored fan theories . Other reviewers made similar observations . Particularly divisive was the reveal that Rey 's parents are insignificant ; many fans had expected her to be Luke 's daughter or to share a lineage with another character from the original trilogy . There was also sentiment that Snoke 's character was underdeveloped and that Luke 's actions contrasted his previous heroic portrayal . Reviewers stated that fan theories were held so strongly among some viewers that it was difficult for them to accept different stories . However , other viewers appreciated the film 's action , tone and deviation from Star Wars tradition . Accolades Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Original Score John Williams Nominated Best Sound Editing Matthew Wood and Ren Klyce Nominated Best Sound Mixing David Parker , Michael Semanick , Ren Klyce and Stuart Wilson Nominated Best Visual Effects Ben Morris , Mike Mulholland , Neal Scanlan and Chris Corbould Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Rick Heinrichs Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Sound Ren Klyce , David Parker , Michael Semanick , Stuart Wilson , Matthew Wood Nominated Best Special Visual Effects Stephen Alpin , Chris Courbould , Ben Morris , Neal Scanlan Nominated Costume Designers Guild February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Fantasy Film Michael Kaplan Nominated Empire Awards March 18 , 2018 Best Film Star Wars : The Last Jedi Won Best Director Rian Johnson Won Best Actor John Boyega Nominated Best Actress Daisy Ridley Won Best Female Newcomer Kelly Marie Tran Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Film Star Wars : The Last Jedi Nominated Best Production Design Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Best Costume Design Michael Kaplan Won Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Science Fiction Film Star Wars : The Last Jedi Pending Best Actor Mark Hamill Pending Best Actress Daisy Ridley Pending Best Supporting Acress Carrie Fisher Pending Best Supporting Actress Kelly Marie Tran Pending Best Director Rian Johnson Pending Best Screenplay Pending Best Production Design Rick Heinrichs Pending Best Editing Bob Ducsay Pending Best Music John Williams Pending Best Costume Design Michael Kaplan Pending Best Makeup Peter Swords King , Neal Scanlan Pending Best Film Special / Visual Effects Ben Morris , Mike Mulholland , Chris Corbould , Neal Scanlan Pending Visual Effects Society Awards February 13 , 2018 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Ben Morris , Tim Keene , Eddie Pasquarello , Daniel Seddon , Chris Corbould Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Cameron Nielsen , Albert Cheng , John Levin , Johanes Kurnia for `` Crait Surface Battle '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature Peter Kyme , Miguel Perez Senet , Ahmed Gharraph , Billy Copley for `` Bombing Run '' Nominated Mihai Cioroba , Ryoji Fujita , Jiyong Shin , Dan Finnegan for `` Mega Destroyer Destruction '' Nominated Sequel Episode IX , the final installment of the sequel trilogy , is scheduled for release on December 20 , 2019 . Principal photography is set to begin in June 2018 . Although Colin Trevorrow had been attached to direct the film , on September 5 , 2017 , Lucasfilm announced that Trevorrow had stepped down . A week later , Lucasfilm announced that J.J. Abrams would return to direct Episode IX and co-write it with Chris Terrio . Abrams and Terrio stated that Episode IX will bring together all three trilogies , with elements from the previous two trilogies . References ^ Jump up to : Hewitt , Chris ( July 27 , 2013 ) . `` John Williams To Score Star Wars Episodes VII - IX '' . Empire . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : Episode VIII Now Filming '' . StarWars.com . February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OK , We Need to Talk About This Controversy with Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . Wired . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Marine Notice No. 44 of 2015 -- Filming Activity at Sceilig Mhichíl , Co . Kerry '' ( PDF ) . Department of Transport , Tourism and Sport . September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lucey , Anne ; Pollak , Sorcha ; Ruxton , Dean ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Skellig Michael ' Star Wars ' filming cancelled amid high winds '' . Irish Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alirjaafar ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Returning To Pinewood For ' Episode VIII ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Assassin 's Creed ' : 35 Things to Know about the Ambitious Video Game Adaptation '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Below the Line Bookings '' . Variety . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars 8 ' Rewrites to Include More ' Force Awakens ' Characters ? '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Nick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII among films facing delays as lighting technicians threaten revolt '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII has started filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode VIII Starts Shooting in Dubrovnik This Week '' . Croatia Week . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , David ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII Filming Update : Luke in a Casino , Poe takes Charge '' . Dork Side of the Force . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrett , David ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Episode VIII returns to new locations in Ireland '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Malin Head locals feel the force of legendary film '' . BBC News . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( January 6 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi : How Adam Driver Went the Distance for Daisy Ridley During Filming '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Breathtaking Bolivian Salt Flats Play an Important Role in ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' '' . Remezcla . December 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII director Rian Johnson announces end of production '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Lupita Nyong'o Has n't Shot Her ' Star Wars : Episode 8 ' Role Despite Rian Johnson Wrapping Production '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Mark ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Scene Shot in IMAX , Plus MORE Disney IMAX Releases '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Original ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Script Called for a ' Ridiculous Amount of Sets ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Has More Practical Creatures Than Any ' Star Wars ' Film '' . / Film . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCluskey , Megan ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` An All - Time Favorite Star Wars Character Makes an Epic Cameo in The Last Jedi '' . Time . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham . `` Did You Catch the Brazil Reference in The Last Jedi ? '' . Vulture . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Karissa ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode 8 ' news : John Williams to score upcoming installment '' . Vine Report . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Rich ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` John Williams confirms he 's working on the score for Star Wars : Episode VIII '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' and ' The BFG ' Tap into Magical Musical Worlds '' . Variety . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClelland , Keenan ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` John Williams Already Hard at Work Composing ' The Last Jedi ' '' . Geek.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , William ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` I found a # Jedi ! Incredible opportunity to meet the 1andonly @ HamillHimself . Such a talented and kind person ! # StarWars # lukeskywalkerpic.twitter.com/CI38UogTXG '' . @ williamross_mx . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 69 : Rian Johnson on the Music of Star Wars & Other Movies '' . audioBoom . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , retrieved December 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Records , Walt Disney . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Original Motion Picture Soundtrack From Oscar ® - Winning Composer John Williams Available Today , December 15 '' . www.prnewswire.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Disney CEO Confirms Release Years for ' Star Wars Episode VIII ' and ' IX ' , Teases More Trilogies '' . / Film . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII coming in May 2017 '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Also , writer / director Rian Johnson 's Star Wars : Episode VIII -- to follow J.J. Abrams ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens , out December 18 -- is now scheduled to arrive on the big screen May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` First Star Wars Stand - Alone , Rogue One , Will Have Female Lead in Felicity Jones '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Star Wars : Episode VIII will indeed be directed by Rian Johnson ( Looper ) and will be released on May 26 , 2017 , or around the 40th anniversary of the original Star Wars . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII Gets New Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Director Shares Look from Editing Bay '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott . `` How ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Is Preventing An ' Age Of Ultron ' - Style Box Office Backlash '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Albert Hall to roll out the red carpet for the European premiere of Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . royalalberthall.com . November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartzel , Erich ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Lays Down the Law for Theaters on ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disney makes a bigger ask of theaters than ever before with The Last Jedi '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Some Movie Theaters Refuse to Play Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . Slashfilm . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Lofty Exhibition Terms For ' The Last Jedi ' : It 's Worth It , For The Popcorn Alone '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moran , Lee ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Star Wars ' Postage Stamps Are ' Bleep Bloop ' Beautiful '' . HuffPost . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sensational licensed stamp packs for September '' . Australia Post . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cacho , Gleson . `` Here are the new video game updates for ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront II : The Last Jedi Season Schedule '' . Star Wars Battlefront II official website . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Comes Home '' . StarWars.com . February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Skyrockets To $231 M Overseas , $451 M Global Bow ; ' Coco ' Tops $450 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Hits $230 Million at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Star Wars The Last Jedi ' Is A Gloomier , Flawed , But Ultimately Successful Sequel '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` No. 1 ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Box Office Profits -- 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Tops $1 Billion Worldwide '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Jedi Passes the $1 Billion Mark , Jumanji in a Close Second '' . ComingSoon.net . December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Ticket Sales Crash Fandango '' . ComicBook.com . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Hits Tracking & A $200 M Opening Would Come As No Surprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Thursday Night Previews Hit $45 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Opening To $219 M : How Disney Continues To Win With The ' Star Wars ' Franchise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Opens To $220 M & Will Send 2017 To $11 B : How Disney Still Wins With ' Star Wars ' Franchise -- Monday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money in the World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 2nd Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Single Day Records : High Grossing Movies on Christmas Day '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' , ' Jumanji ' Propelling 2017 Box Office To $11 B+ Year -- AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 3rd Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Single Day Records : High Grossing Movies on New Year 's Day '' . Box Office Mojo . March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 29 -- January 1 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Goes Wild With $36 M ; ' Insidious ' Rises To $29 M+ -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Awakens To Early $61 M Overseas ; $106 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Delivers Second Largest Opening Ever '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Rises To $750 M Global ; ' Jumanji ' Swings in With $50 M Overseas Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' At $768 M WW Intensity & 4th # 1 in a Row Overseas ; ' Maze Runner : Death Cure ' Debuts -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Stumbles in China , Hits $1.2 Billion Worldwide '' . Variety.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Rebecca ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Underperforms In China '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Gaochao ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' falls short in China '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` 7 Days into Its Release , Chinese Theaters Abandon ' The Last Jedi , ' Dumping 92 % Of Its Screenings '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` China Box Office : Aamir Khan 's ' Superstar ' Wins Crowded Weekend '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Movie Review ( 2017 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Review : This Is the Epic You 've Been Looking For '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' stays true to joys of the franchise '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will Gompertz reviews Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . BBC News . December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi review -- may the eighth be with you '' . The Observer . ISSN 0029 - 7712 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Alex ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Last Jedi 's Snoke Reveal Is The Best Movie Twist in Years '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' Reviewed '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Review : The Last Jedi is weighed down by too many new additions '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Hits Tracking & A $200 M Opening Would Come As No Surprise '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Chris ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' gets thumbs up from 89 % of viewers , says new poll '' . Mashable . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Read User Reviews and Submit your own for Star Wars : Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : VanDerWerff , Todd ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` The ' backlash ' against Star Wars : The Last Jedi , explained '' . Vox . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Alt - Right Claims Credit for ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Backlash '' . IndieWire . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ; Jacobs , Matthew . `` Surprise , Surprise : The ' Alt - Right ' Claims Credit For ' Last Jedi ' Backlash '' . Huffingtonpost.ca . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Ashley ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` A rabid Star Wars fan may have rigged the Rotten Tomatoes score for ' The Last Jedi ' '' . Quartz . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Booth , Kaitlyn ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Facebook User Claims to Have Manipulated the Rotten Tomatoes Audience Score for Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . BleedingCool.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Rotten Tomatoes Says Last Jedi User Score is Accurate '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Many reviewers have called `` The Last Jedi '' divisive or polarizing . See , for example : VanDerWerff , Todd ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` The ' backlash ' against Star Wars : The Last Jedi , explained '' . Vox . Youngs , Ian ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi -- the most divisive film ever ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Cavna , Michael ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Last Jedi ' became the most divisive Star Wars movie yet '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Matyszczyk , Chris . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' positive vibes slipping online '' . CNET . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . `` Star Wars fan behind anti-Last Jedi petition denies he was ' bought off ' by Disney to back down '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Schmidt , Joseph . `` Rian Johnson addresses The Last Jedi backlash , says necessary for Star Wars to ' grow ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Youngs , Ian ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi -- the most divisive film ever ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Last Jedi ' became the most divisive Star Wars movie yet '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goodmand , Stephanie ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' and You : What Fans Think of the Newest Chapter '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi 's Biggest Disappointments '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Agar , Chris ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` What Does The Last Jedi Reveal About Rey 's Parents ? '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yee , Yip Wai Yee ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Last Jedi divides '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Collura , Scott ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why Do Some Star Wars Fans Hate The Last Jedi ? '' . IGN . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 90th Academy Awards '' . www.oscars.org . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations List for the EE British Academy Film Awards in 2018 ( Plain Text ) '' . www.bafta.org . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' I , Tonya ' , ' The Shape of Water ' Top Costume Designers Guild Awards -- Complete Winners List '' . www.deadline.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Wins Big at Rakuten TV Empire Awards 2018 '' . Empire . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Award Nominations '' . www.saturnawards.org . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release date Moves to December 2019 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Statement Regarding Star Wars : Episode IX '' . Starwars.com . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode IX May Tie Into The Prequel Trilogy '' . Cinemablend . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as Director of ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Wars : The Last Jedi . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the release date of the movie star wars episode viii the last jedi ' | [
"The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9, 2017, and was released in the United States on December 15, 2017. It has grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film of 2017, the 7th-highest-ever grossing film in North America and the 9th-highest-grossing film of all time. It is also the second-highest-grossing film of the Star Wars franchise, and turned a net profit of over $417 million. It received positive reviews from critics, who praised its ensemble cast, visual effects, musical score, action sequences and emotional weight; some considered it the best Star Wars film since The Empire Strikes Back.[7][8][9][10] The film received four nominations at the 90th Academy Awards, including Best Original Score and Best Visual Effects, as well two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards. A sequel, provisionally titled Star Wars: Episode IX, is scheduled for release on December 20, 2019.[11]"
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"December 15, 2017"
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2550441441989485128 | Roybal | Roybal - wikipedia Roybal Roybal , also spelled Roibal and Ruibal , is a Galician surname , later introduced into the Americas . It has its origin in the hamlet of Ruibal , in the municipality of Moraña -- Galicia ( Spain ) -- where a 3 % of the local inhabitant are surnamed Ruibal . In Galicia this surname is in use at least since the 14th century . Contents 1 History 2 Notable people with the last name Roybal 3 Sources 3.1 Notes and References History ( edit ) In the Americas , the name first appears in documents dating to around 1675 . One of the first recorded instances is that of Ignacio Roybal , a soldier who traveled with Don Diego de Vargas to reconquer the city of Santa Fe , New Mexico from the Indians after the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 . Fray Angélico Chávez , a New Mexico historian , is also a descendent of the New Mexico Roybal lineage and was one of the first to trace it . Many Roybals trace their ancestry to the New Mexico cities of Santa Fe , Pojoaque , El Rancho , Jacona , to the San Ildefonso Pueblo , where it is shared by Native Americans , and to the historical area of Cuyumungue . The name also has history in California , Colorado , Pecos , New Mexico and Las Vegas , New Mexico . Notable People with the last name Roybal ( edit ) Joseph Roybal , Casino Technology Executive Simon Roybal , US Army , Iraq and Afghanistan Veteran . Philanthropist and Youth Advocate . Philip M. Roybal , Early Apple marketing manager and entrepreneur David J. Roybal , Finance J. Roybal , Painter Alfonso Roybal ( also known as Awa Tsireh ) , San Ildefonso Pueblo artist and painter Antonio Roybal , painter and sculptor Edward Roybal , politician Ignacio Roibal ( Roybal ) , Spanish soldier with Diego de Vargas from Spain and the owner of the Historic Sena Plaza in Santa Fe Louis Roybal , Professional Billiard ( Pool ) Player and Teacher J.D. Roybal , Native American painter from San Ildefonso Pueblo James Roybal , sculptor Josefa Roybal , Native American painter Lucille Roybal - Allard , politician Max Roybal , New Mexico santero and painter Ronald Roybal , Native American flautist Don Santiago Roybal , appointed in 1730 by the archbishops of Guadalajara , Mexico to oversee the missions of New Mexico . Lawrence Roybal Jr. , King County Human Rights Commissioner Ken Roybal , renowned financier Los Angeles Sara Roybal . Film and Television Makeup Artist Henry P. Roybal , Santa Fe County Commissioner , Politician Michael Roybal , Fiber Optic Engineer Chad Roybal , lead Engineer GMC Sources ( edit ) Motto , Sytha ( 1973 ) . Old Houses of New Mexico and The People Who Built Them . Albuquerque : Calvin Horn Publisher , Inc . ISBN 0 - 910750 - 24 - 6 . Chávez , Angélico ( 1974 ) . My Penitente Land , Reflections on Spanish New Mexico . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . p. 208 . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 0334 - X . `` Roybal , Josefa '' . National Museum of American Art , Smithsonian . The Museum . 1995 . p. 183 . ISBN 0 - 8212 - 2216 - 3 . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cf . Cartografía dos apelidos de Galicia Jump up ^ `` Corpus Xelmírez -- Resultados da consulta '' . uvigo.es . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Awa Tsireh , American Art '' . Smithsonian American Art Museum . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roybal&oldid=847103693 '' Categories : Surnames Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 22 June 2018 , at 23 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the last name roybal come from | [
"Roybal, also spelled Roibal and Ruibal, is a Galician surname, later introduced into the Americas[citation needed] . It has its origin in the hamlet of Ruibal, in the municipality of Moraña —Galicia (Spain)— where a 3% of the local inhabitant are surnamed Ruibal.[1]\n"
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"the municipality of Moraña —Galicia (Spain)"
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3617773037358226631 | United States Bill of Rights | United States Bill of Rights - wikipedia United States Bill of Rights United States Bill of Rights United States Bill of Rights Created September 25 , 1789 Ratified December 15 , 1791 Location National Archives Author ( s ) James Madison This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution . Proposed following the often bitter 1787 -- 88 battle over ratification of the U.S. Constitution , and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists , the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights , clear limitations on the government 's power in judicial and other proceedings , and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people . The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents , including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights , along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta ( 1215 ) . In practice , the amendments had little impact on judgments by the courts for the first 150 years after ratification . On June 8 , 1789 , Representative James Madison introduced nine amendments to the Constitution in the House of Representatives . Madison proposed inserting specific rights limiting the power of Congress in Article One , Section 9 . Seven of these limitations would become part of the ten ratified Bill of Rights amendments . Ultimately , on September 25 , 1789 , Congress approved twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution , each consisting of one one - sentence paragraph , and submitted them to the states for ratification . Contrary to Madison 's original proposal that the articles be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution , they were proposed as supplemental additions ( codicils ) to it . Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15 , 1791 , and became Amendments One through Ten of the Constitution . Article Two became part of the Constitution on May 5 , 1992 , as the Twenty - seventh Amendment . Article One is still pending before the states . Although Madison 's proposed amendments included a provision to extend the protection of some of the Bill of Rights to the states , the amendments that were finally submitted for ratification applied only to the federal government . The door for their application upon state governments was opened in the 1860s , following ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment . Since the early 20th century both federal and state courts have used the Fourteenth Amendment to apply portions of the Bill of Rights to state and local governments . The process is known as incorporation . There are several original engrossed copies of the Bill of Rights still in existence . One of these is on permanent public display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. Contents 1 Background 1.1 The Philadelphia Convention 1.2 The Anti-Federalists 1.3 The Federalists 1.4 Massachusetts compromise 2 Proposal and ratification 2.1 Anticipating amendments 2.2 Madison 's proposed amendments 2.3 Crafting amendments 2.4 Ratification process 3 Application and text 3.1 First Amendment 3.2 Second Amendment 3.3 Third Amendment 3.4 Fourth Amendment 3.5 Fifth Amendment 3.6 Sixth Amendment 3.7 Seventh Amendment 3.8 Eighth Amendment 3.9 Ninth Amendment 3.10 Tenth Amendment 4 Display and honoring of the Bill of Rights 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background The Philadelphia convention Main article : Constitutional Convention ( United States ) Prior to the ratification and implementation of the United States Constitution , the thirteen sovereign states followed the Articles of Confederation , created by the Second Continental Congress and ratified in 1781 . However , the national government that operated under the Articles of Confederation was too weak to adequately regulate the various conflicts that arose between the states . The Philadelphia Convention set out to correct weaknesses of the Articles that had been apparent even before the American Revolutionary War had been successfully concluded . The convention took place from May 14 to September 17 , 1787 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Although the Convention was purportedly intended only to revise the Articles , the intention of many of its proponents , chief among them James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one . The convention convened in the Pennsylvania State House , and George Washington of Virginia was unanimously elected as president of the convention . The 55 delegates who drafted the Constitution are among the men known as the Founding Fathers of the new nation . Thomas Jefferson , who was Minister to France during the convention , characterized the delegates as an assembly of `` demi - gods . '' Rhode Island refused to send delegates to the convention . On September 12 , George Mason of Virginia suggested the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution modeled on previous state declarations , and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts made it a formal motion . However , the motion was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations after only a brief discussion . Madison , then an opponent of a Bill of Rights , later explained the vote by calling the state bills of rights `` parchment barriers '' that offered only an illusion of protection against tyranny . Another delegate , James Wilson of Pennsylvania , later argued that the act of enumerating the rights of the people would have been dangerous , because it would imply that rights not explicitly mentioned did not exist ; Hamilton echoed this point in Federalist No. 84 . Because Mason and Gerry had emerged as opponents of the proposed new Constitution , their motion -- introduced five days before the end of the convention -- may also have been seen by other delegates as a delaying tactic . The quick rejection of this motion , however , later endangered the entire ratification process . Author David O. Stewart characterizes the omission of a Bill of Rights in the original Constitution as `` a political blunder of the first magnitude '' while historian Jack N. Rakove calls it `` the one serious miscalculation the framers made as they looked ahead to the struggle over ratification '' . Thirty - nine delegates signed the finalized Constitution . Thirteen delegates left before it was completed , and three who remained at the convention until the end refused to sign it : Mason , Gerry , and Edmund Randolph of Virginia . Afterward , the Constitution was presented to the Articles of Confederation Congress with the request that it afterwards be submitted to a convention of delegates , chosen in each State by the people , for their assent and ratification . The Anti-Federalists On June 5 , 1788 , Patrick Henry spoke before Virginia 's ratification convention in opposition to the Constitution . Following the Philadelphia Convention , some leading revolutionary figures such as Patrick Henry , Samuel Adams , and Richard Henry Lee publicly opposed the new frame of government , a position known as `` Anti-Federalism '' . Elbridge Gerry wrote the most popular Anti-Federalist tract , `` Hon . Mr. Gerry 's Objections '' , which went through 46 printings ; the essay particularly focused on the lack of a bill of rights in the proposed constitution . Many were concerned that a strong national government was a threat to individual rights and that the president would become a king . Jefferson wrote to Madison advocating a Bill of Rights : `` Half a loaf is better than no bread . If we can not secure all our rights , let us secure what we can . '' The pseudonymous Anti-Federalist `` Brutus '' wrote , We find they have , in the ninth section of the first article declared , that the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended , unless in cases of rebellion -- that no bill of attainder , or ex post facto law , shall be passed -- that no title of nobility shall be granted by the United States , etc . If every thing which is not given is reserved , what propriety is there in these exceptions ? Does this Constitution any where grant the power of suspending the habeas corpus , to make ex post facto laws , pass bills of attainder , or grant titles of nobility ? It certainly does not in express terms . The only answer that can be given is , that these are implied in the general powers granted . With equal truth it may be said , that all the powers which the bills of rights guard against the abuse of , are contained or implied in the general ones granted by this Constitution . He continued with this observation : Ought not a government , vested with such extensive and indefinite authority , to have been restricted by a declaration of rights ? It certainly ought . So clear a point is this , that I can not help suspecting that persons who attempt to persuade people that such reservations were less necessary under this Constitution than under those of the States , are wilfully endeavoring to deceive , and to lead you into an absolute state of vassalage . The Federalists Supporters of the Constitution , known as Federalists , opposed a bill of rights for much of the ratification period , in part due to the procedural uncertainties it would create . Madison argued against such an inclusion , suggesting that state governments were sufficient guarantors of personal liberty , in No. 46 of The Federalist Papers , a series of essays promoting the Federalist position . Hamilton opposed a bill of rights in The Federalist No. 84 , stating that `` the constitution is itself in every rational sense , and to every useful purpose , a bill of rights . '' He stated that ratification did not mean the American people were surrendering their rights , making protections unnecessary : `` Here , in strictness , the people surrender nothing , and as they retain everything , they have no need of particular reservations . '' Patrick Henry criticized the Federalist point of view , writing that the legislature must be firmly informed `` of the extent of the rights retained by the people ... being in a state of uncertainty , they will assume rather than give up powers by implication . '' Other anti-Federalists pointed out that earlier political documents , in particular the Magna Carta , had protected specific rights . In response , Hamilton argued that the Constitution was inherently different : Bills of rights are in their origin , stipulations between kings and their subjects , abridgments of prerogative in favor of privilege , reservations of rights not surrendered to the prince . Such was the Magna Charta , obtained by the Barons , swords in hand , from King John . Massachusetts compromise Main article : Massachusetts Compromise George Washington 's 1788 letter to the Marquis de Lafayette observed , `` the Convention of Massachusetts adopted the Constitution in toto ; but recommended a number of specific alterations and quieting explanations . '' Source : Library of Congress In December 1787 and January 1788 , five states -- Delaware , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Georgia , and Connecticut -- ratified the Constitution with relative ease , though the bitter minority report of the Pennsylvania opposition was widely circulated . In contrast to its predecessors , the Massachusetts convention was angry and contentious , at one point erupting into a fistfight between Federalist delegate Francis Dana and Anti-Federalist Elbridge Gerry when the latter was not allowed to speak . The impasse was resolved only when revolutionary heroes and leading Anti-Federalists Samuel Adams and John Hancock agreed to ratification on the condition that the convention also propose amendments . The convention 's proposed amendments included a requirement for grand jury indictment in capital cases , which would form part of the Fifth Amendment , and an amendment reserving powers to the states not expressly given to the federal government , which would later form the basis for the Tenth Amendment . Following Massachusetts ' lead , the Federalist minorities in both Virginia and New York were able to obtain ratification in convention by linking ratification to recommended amendments . A committee of the Virginia convention headed by law professor George Wythe forwarded forty recommended amendments to Congress , twenty of which enumerated individual rights and another twenty of which enumerated states ' rights . The latter amendments included limitations on federal powers to levy taxes and regulate trade . A minority of the Constitution 's critics , such as Maryland 's Luther Martin , continued to oppose ratification . However , Martin 's allies , such as New York 's John Lansing , Jr. , dropped moves to obstruct the Convention 's process . They began to take exception to the Constitution `` as it was , '' seeking amendments . Several conventions saw supporters for `` amendments before '' shift to a position of `` amendments after '' for the sake of staying in the Union . The New York Anti-Federalist `` circular letter '' was sent to each state legislature proposing a second constitutional convention for `` amendments before '' , but it failed in the state legislatures . Ultimately , only North Carolina and Rhode Island waited for amendments from Congress before ratifying . Article Seven of the proposed Constitution set the terms by which the new frame of government would be established . The new Constitution would become operational when ratified by at least nine states . Only then would it replace the existing government under the Articles of Confederation and would apply only to those states that ratified it . Following contentious battles in several states , the proposed Constitution reached that nine - state ratification plateau in June 1788 . On September 13 , 1788 , the Articles of Confederation Congress certified that the new Constitution had been ratified by more than enough states for the new system to be implemented and directed the new government to meet in New York City on the first Wednesday in March the following year . On March 4 , 1789 , the new frame of government came into force with eleven of the thirteen states participating . Proposal and ratification Anticipating amendments James Madison , primary author and chief advocate for the Bill of Rights in the First Congress The 1st United States Congress , which met in New York City 's Federal Hall , was a triumph for the Federalists . The Senate of eleven states contained 20 Federalists with only two Anti-Federalists , both from Virginia . The House included 48 Federalists to 11 Anti-Federalists , the latter of whom were from only four states : Massachusetts , New York , Virginia and South Carolina . Among the Virginia delegation to the House was James Madison , Patrick Henry 's chief opponent in the Virginia ratification battle . In retaliation for Madison 's victory in that battle at Virginia 's ratification convention , Henry and other Anti-Federalists , who controlled the Virginia House of Delegates , had gerrymandered a hostile district for Madison 's planned congressional run and recruited Madison 's future presidential successor , James Monroe , to oppose him . Madison defeated Monroe after offering a campaign pledge that he would introduce constitutional amendments forming a bill of rights at the First Congress . Originally opposed to the inclusion of a bill of rights in the Constitution , Madison had gradually come to understand the importance of doing so during the often contentious ratification debates . By taking the initiative to propose amendments himself through the Congress , he hoped to preempt a second constitutional convention that might , it was feared , undo the difficult compromises of 1787 , and open the entire Constitution to reconsideration , thus risking the dissolution of the new federal government . Writing to Jefferson , he stated , `` The friends of the Constitution , some from an approbation of particular amendments , others from a spirit of conciliation , are generally agreed that the System should be revised . But they wish the revisal to be carried no farther than to supply additional guards for liberty . '' He also felt that amendments guaranteeing personal liberties would `` give to the Government its due popularity and stability '' . Finally , he hoped that the amendments `` would acquire by degrees the character of fundamental maxims of free government , and as they become incorporated with the national sentiment , counteract the impulses of interest and passion '' . Historians continue to debate the degree to which Madison considered the amendments of the Bill of Rights necessary , and to what degree he considered them politically expedient ; in the outline of his address , he wrote , `` Bill of Rights -- useful -- not essential -- '' . On the occasion of his April 30 , 1789 inauguration as the nation 's first president , George Washington addressed the subject of amending the Constitution . He urged the legislators , whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government , or which ought to await the future lessons of experience ; a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen , and a regard for public harmony , will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question , how far the former can be impregnably fortified or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted . Madison 's proposed amendments James Madison introduced a series of Constitutional amendments in the House of Representatives for consideration . Among his proposals was one that would have added introductory language stressing natural rights to the preamble . Another would apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government . Several sought to protect individual personal rights by limiting various Constitutional powers of Congress . Like Washington , Madison urged Congress to keep the revision to the Constitution `` a moderate one '' , limited to protecting individual rights . Madison was deeply read in the history of government and used a range of sources in composing the amendments . The English Magna Carta of 1215 inspired the right to petition and to trial by jury , for example , while the English Bill of Rights of 1689 provided an early precedent for the right to keep and bear arms ( although this applied only to Protestants ) and prohibited cruel and unusual punishment . The greatest influence on Madison 's text , however , was existing state constitutions . Many of his amendments , including his proposed new preamble , were based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights drafted by Anti-Federalist George Mason in 1776 . To reduce future opposition to ratification , Madison also looked for recommendations shared by many states . He did provide one , however , that no state had requested : `` No state shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases . '' He did not include an amendment that every state had asked for , one that would have made tax assessments voluntary instead of contributions . Madison 's proposed the following constitutional amendments : First . That there be prefixed to the Constitution a declaration , that all power is originally vested in , and consequently derived from , the people . That Government is instituted and ought to be exercised for the benefit of the people ; which consists in the enjoyment of life and liberty , with the right of acquiring and using property , and generally of pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety . That the people have an indubitable , unalienable , and indefeasible right to reform or change their Government , whenever it be found adverse or inadequate to the purposes of its institution . Secondly . That in article 1st , section 2 , clause 3 , these words be struck out , to wit : `` The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand , but each State shall have at least one Representative , and until such enumeration shall be made ; '' and in place thereof be inserted these words , to wit : `` After the first actual enumeration , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number amounts to -- , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that the number shall never be less than -- , nor more than -- , but each State shall , after the first enumeration , have at least two Representatives ; and prior thereto . '' Thirdly . That in article 1st , section 6 , clause 1 , there be added to the end of the first sentence , these words , to wit : `` But no law varying the compensation last ascertained shall operate before the next ensuing election of Representatives . '' Fourthly . That in article 1st , section 9 , between clauses 3 and 4 , be inserted these clauses , to wit : The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship , nor shall any national religion be established , nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience be in any manner , or on any pretext , infringed . The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak , to write , or to publish their sentiments ; and the freedom of the press , as one of the great bulwarks of liberty , shall be inviolable . The people shall not be restrained from peaceably assembling and consulting for their common good ; nor from applying to the legislature by petitions , or remonstrances for redress of their grievances . The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; a well armed and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country : but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner ; nor at any time , but in a manner warranted by law . No person shall be subject , except in cases of impeachment , to more than one punishment , or one trial for the same offence ; nor shall be compelled to be a witness against himself ; nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor be obliged to relinquish his property , where it may be necessary for public use , without a just compensation . Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . The rights of the people to be secured in their persons , their houses , their papers , and their other property , from all unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated by warrants issued without probable cause , supported by oath or affirmation , or not particularly describing the places to be searched , or the persons or things to be seized . In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the cause and nature of the accusation , to be confronted with his accusers , and the witnesses against him ; to have a compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . The exceptions here or elsewhere in the Constitution , made in favor of particular rights , shall not be so construed as to diminish the just importance of other rights retained by the people , or as to enlarge the powers delegated by the Constitution ; but either as actual limitations of such powers , or as inserted merely for greater caution . Fifthly . That in article 1st , section 10 , between clauses 1 and 2 , be inserted this clause , to wit : No State shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases . Sixthly . That , in article 3d , section 2 , be annexed to the end of clause 2d , these words , to wit : But no appeal to such court shall be allowed where the value in controversy shall not amount to -- dollars : nor shall any fact triable by jury , according to the course of common law , be otherwise re-examinable than may consist with the principles of common law . Seventhly . That in article 3d , section 2 , the third clause be struck out , and in its place be inserted the clauses following , to wit : The trial of all crimes ( except in cases of impeachments , and cases arising in the land or naval forces , or the militia when on actual service , in time of war or public danger ) shall be by an impartial jury of freeholders of the vicinage , with the requisite of unanimity for conviction , of the right with the requisite of unanimity for conviction , of the right of challenge , and other accustomed requisites ; and in all crimes punishable with loss of life or member , presentment or indictment by a grand jury shall be an essential preliminary , provided that in cases of crimes committed within any county which may be in possession of an enemy , or in which a general insurrection may prevail , the trial may by law be authorized in some other county of the same State , as near as may be to the seat of the offence . In cases of crimes committed not within any county , the trial may by law be in such county as the laws shall have prescribed . In suits at common law , between man and man , the trial by jury , as one of the best securities to the rights of the people , ought to remain inviolate . Eighthly . That immediately after article 6th , be inserted , as article 7th , the clauses following , to wit : The powers delegated by this Constitution are appropriated to the departments to which they are respectively distributed : so that the Legislative Department shall never exercise the powers vested in the Executive or Judicial , nor the Executive exercise the powers vested in the Legislative or Judicial , nor the Judicial exercise the powers vested in the Legislative or Executive Departments . The powers not delegated by this Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the states , are reserved to the States respectively . Ninthly . That article 7th , be numbered as article 8th . Crafting amendments Federalist representatives were quick to attack Madison 's proposal , fearing that any move to amend the new Constitution so soon after its implementation would create an appearance of instability in the government . The House , unlike the Senate , was open to the public , and members such as Fisher Ames warned that a prolonged `` dissection of the constitution '' before the galleries could shake public confidence . A procedural battle followed , and after initially forwarding the amendments to a select committee for revision , the House agreed to take Madison 's proposal up as a full body beginning on July 21 , 1789 . The eleven - member committee made some significant changes to Madison 's nine proposed amendments , including eliminating most of his preamble and adding the phrase `` freedom of speech , and of the press '' . The House debated the amendments for eleven days . Roger Sherman of Connecticut persuaded the House to place the amendments at the Constitution 's end so that the document would `` remain inviolate '' , rather than adding them throughout , as Madison had proposed . The amendments , revised and condensed from twenty to seventeen , were approved and forwarded to the Senate on August 24 , 1789 . The Senate edited these amendments still further , making 26 changes of its own . Madison 's proposal to apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government was eliminated , and the seventeen amendments were condensed to twelve , which were approved on September 9 , 1789 . The Senate also eliminated the last of Madison 's proposed changes to the preamble . On September 21 , 1789 , a House -- Senate Conference Committee convened to resolve the numerous differences between the two Bill of Rights proposals . On September 24 , 1789 , the committee issued this report , which finalized 12 Constitutional Amendments for House and Senate to consider . This final version was approved by joint resolution of Congress on September 25 , 1789 , to be forwarded to the states on September 28 . By the time the debates and legislative maneuvering that went into crafting the Bill of Rights amendments was done , many personal opinions had shifted . A number of Federalists came out in support , thus silencing the Anti-Federalists ' most effective critique . Many Anti-Federalists , in contrast , were now opposed , realizing that Congressional approval of these amendments would greatly lessen the chances of a second constitutional convention . Anti-Federalists such as Richard Henry Lee also argued that the Bill left the most objectionable portions of the Constitution , such as the federal judiciary and direct taxation , intact . Madison remained active in the progress of the amendments throughout the legislative process . Historian Gordon S. Wood writes that `` there is no question that it was Madison 's personal prestige and his dogged persistence that saw the amendments through the Congress . There might have been a federal Constitution without Madison but certainly no Bill of Rights . '' hide Approval of the Bill of Rights in Congress and the States Seventeen Articles Approved by the House August 24 , 1789 Twelve Articles Approved by the Senate September 9 , 1789 Twelve Articles Approved by Congress September 25 , 1789 Ratification Status First Article : After the first enumeration , required by the first Article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons , until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons . First Article : After the first enumeration , required by the first article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred ; to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of forty thousand , until the Representatives shall amount to two hundred , to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of sixty thousand persons . First Article : After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons , until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred ; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives , nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons . Pending : Congressional Apportionment Amendment Second Article : No law varying the compensation to the members of Congress , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Second Article : No law , varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Second Article : No law , varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Ratified : May 5 , 1992 Twenty - seventh Amendment Third Article : Congress shall make no law establishing religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , nor shall the rights of Conscience be infringed . Third Article : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . Third Article : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 First Amendment Fourth Article : The Freedom of Speech , and of the Press , and the right of the People peaceably to assemble , and consult for their common good , and to apply to the Government for a redress of grievances , shall not be infringed . ( see Third Article above ) Fifth Article : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the People , being the best security of a free State , the right of the People to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed , but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms , shall be compelled to render military service in person . Fourth Article : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . Fourth Article : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Second Amendment Sixth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Fifth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Fifth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Third Amendment Seventh Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Sixth Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Sixth Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Fourth Amendment Eighth Article : No person shall be subject , except in case of impeachment , to more than one trial , or one punishment for the same offense , nor shall be compelled in any criminal case , to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation . Seventh Article : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the militia , when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case , to be a witnesses against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation . Seventh Article : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Fifth Amendment Ninth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation , to be confronted with the witnesses against him , to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . Eighth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation , to be confronted with the witnesses against him , to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour , and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . Eighth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Sixth Amendment Tenth Article : The trial of all crimes ( except in cases of impeachment , and in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the militia when in actual service in time of War or public danger ) shall be by an Impartial Jury of the Vicinage , with the requisite of unanimity for conviction , the right of challenge , and other accostomed ( sic ) requisites ; and no person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherways ( sic ) infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment by a Grand Jury ; but if a crime be committed in a place in the possession of an enemy , or in which an insurrection may prevail , the indictment and trial may by law be authorised in some other place within the same State . ( see Seventh Article above ) Eleventh Article : No appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States , shall be allowed , where the value in controversy shall not amount to one thousand dollars , nor shall any fact , triable by a Jury according to the course of the common law , be otherwise re-examinable , than according to the rules of common law . Ninth Article : In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved , and no fact , tried by a Jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . Ninth Article : In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved , and no fact , tried by a Jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Seventh Amendment Twelfth Article : In suits at common law , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved . ( see Ninth Article above ) Thirteenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Tenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Tenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Eighth Amendment Fourteenth Article : No State shall infringe the right of trial by Jury in criminal cases , nor the rights of conscience , nor the freedom of speech , or of the press . Fifteenth Article : The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Eleventh Article : The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Eleventh Article : The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Ninth Amendment Sixteenth Article : The powers delegated by the Constitution to the government of the United States , shall be exercised as therein appropriated , so that the Legislative shall never exercise the powers vested in the Executive or Judicial ; nor the Executive the powers vested in the Legislative or Judicial ; nor the Judicial the powers vested in the Legislative or Executive . Seventeenth Article : The powers not delegated by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it , to the States , are reserved to the States respectively . Twelfth Article : The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . Twelfth Article : The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Tenth Amendment Ratification process The twelve articles of amendment approved by congress were officially submitted to the Legislatures of the several States for consideration on September 28 , 1789 . The following states ratified some or all of the amendments : New Jersey : Articles One and Three through Twelve on November 20 , 1789 , and Article Two on May 7 , 1992 Maryland : Articles One through Twelve on December 19 , 1789 North Carolina : Articles One through Twelve on December 22 , 1789 South Carolina : Articles One through Twelve on January 19 , 1790 New Hampshire : Articles One and Three through Twelve on January 25 , 1790 , and Article Two on March 7 , 1985 Delaware : Articles Two through Twelve on January 28 , 1790 New York : Articles One and Three through Twelve on February 24 , 1790 Pennsylvania : Articles Three through Twelve on March 10 , 1790 , and Article One on September 21 , 1791 Rhode Island : Articles One and Three through Twelve on June 7 , 1790 , and Article Two on June 10 , 1993 Vermont : Articles One through Twelve on November 3 , 1791 Virginia : Article One on November 3 , 1791 , and Articles Two through Twelve on December 15 , 1791 ( After failing to ratify the 12 amendments during the 1789 legislative session . ) Having been approved by the requisite three - fourths of the several states , there being 14 States in the Union at the time ( as Vermont had been admitted into the Union on March 4 , 1791 ) , the ratification of Articles Three through Twelve was completed and they became Amendments 1 through 10 of the Constitution . President Washington informed Congress of this on January 18 , 1792 . As they had not yet been approved by 11 of the 14 states , the ratification of Article One ( ratified by 10 ) and Article Two ( ratified by 6 ) remained incomplete . The ratification plateau they needed to reach soon rose to 12 of 15 states when Kentucky joined the Union ( June 1 , 1792 ) . On June 27 , 1792 , the Kentucky General Assembly ratified all 12 amendments , however this action did not come to light until 1996 . Article One came within one state of the number needed to become adopted into the Constitution on two occasions between 1789 and 1803 . Despite coming close to ratification early on , it has never received the approval of enough states to become part of the Constitution . As Congress did not attach a ratification time limit to the article , it is still technically pending before the states . Since no state has approved it since 1792 , ratification by an additional 27 states would now be necessary for the article to be adopted . Article Two , initially ratified by seven states through 1792 ( including Kentucky ) , was not ratified by another state for eighty years . The Ohio General Assembly ratified it on May 6 , 1873 in protest of an unpopular Congressional pay raise . A century later , on March 6 , 1978 , the Wyoming Legislature also ratified the article . Gregory Watson , a University of Texas at Austin undergraduate student , started a new push for the article 's ratification with a letter - writing campaign to state legislatures . As a result , by May 1992 , enough states had approved Article Two ( 38 of the 50 states in the Union ) for it to become the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution . The amendment 's adoption was certified by Archivist of the United States Don W. Wilson and subsequently affirmed by a vote of Congress on May 20 , 1992 . Three states did not complete action on the twelve articles of amendment when they were initially put before the states . Georgia found a Bill of Rights unnecessary and so refused to ratify . Both chambers of the Massachusetts General Court ratified a number of the amendments ( the Senate adopted 10 of 12 and the House 9 of 12 ) , but failed to reconcile their two lists or to send official notice to the Secretary of State of the ones they did agree upon . Both houses of the Connecticut General Assembly voted to ratify Articles Three through Twelve but failed to reconcile their bills after disagreeing over whether to ratify Articles One and Two . All three later ratified the Constitutional amendments originally known as Articles Three through Twelve as part of the 1939 commemoration of the Bill of Rights ' sesquicentennial : Massachusetts on March 2 , Georgia on March 18 , and Connecticut on April 19 . Connecticut and Georgia would also later ratify Article Two , on May 13 , 1987 and February 2 , 1988 respectively . Application and text The Bill of Rights had little judicial impact for the first 150 years of its existence ; in the words of Gordon S. Wood , `` After ratification , most Americans promptly forgot about the first ten amendments to the Constitution . '' The Court made no important decisions protecting free speech rights , for example , until 1931 . Historian Richard Labunski attributes the Bill 's long legal dormancy to three factors : first , it took time for a `` culture of tolerance '' to develop that would support the Bill 's provisions with judicial and popular will ; second , the Supreme Court spent much of the 19th century focused on issues relating to intergovernmental balances of power ; and third , the Bill initially only applied to the federal government , a restriction affirmed by Barron v. Baltimore ( 1833 ) . In the twentieth century , however , most of the Bill 's provisions were applied to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment -- a process known as incorporation -- beginning with the freedom of speech clause , in Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) . In Talton v. Mayes ( 1896 ) , the Court ruled that Constitutional protections , including the provisions of the Bill of Rights , do not apply to the actions of American Indian tribal governments . Through the incorporation process the United States Supreme Court succeeded in extending to the States almost all of the protections in the Bill of Rights , as well as other , unenumerated rights . The Bill of Rights thus imposes legal limits on the powers of governments and acts as an anti-majoritarian / minoritarian safeguard by providing deeply entrenched legal protection for various civil liberties and fundamental rights . The Supreme Court for example concluded in the West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) case that the founders intended the Bill of Rights to put some rights out of reach from majorities , ensuring that some liberties would endure beyond political majorities . As the Court noted , the idea of the Bill of Rights `` was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . '' This is why `` fundamental rights may not be submitted to a vote ; they depend on the outcome of no elections . '' First Amendment Main article : First Amendment to the United States Constitution Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . The First Amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion , impeding the free exercise of religion , abridging the freedom of speech , infringing on the freedom of the press , interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for `` a wall of separation between church and State '' , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th - and 21st - century court decisions that protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation . The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint -- pre-publication censorship -- in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action . In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause , the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association . Second Amendment Main article : Second Amendment to the United States Constitution A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . The Second Amendment protects the individual right to keep and bear arms . The concept of such a right existed within English common law long before the enactment of the Bill of Rights . First codified in the English Bill of Rights of 1689 ( but there only applying to Protestants ) , this right was enshrined in fundamental laws of several American states during the Revolutionary era , including the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 . Long a controversial issue in American political , legal , and social discourse , the Second Amendment has been at the heart of several Supreme Court decisions . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the Court ruled that `` ( t ) he right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution ; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second Amendment means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress , and has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the National Government . '' In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment `` ( protects arms that had a ) reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia '' . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Court ruled that the Second Amendment `` codified a pre-existing right '' and that it `` protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home '' but also stated that `` the right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose '' . In McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) , the Court ruled that the Second Amendment limits state and local governments to the same extent that it limits the federal government . Third Amendment Main article : Third Amendment to the United States Constitution No Soldier shall , in time of peace be quartered in any house , without the consent of the Owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . The Third Amendment restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes , in response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the Revolutionary War . The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution , and , as of 2018 , has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision . Fourth Amendment Main article : Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The right of the people to be secure in their persons , houses , papers , and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no Warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause , supported by Oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . The Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable searches and seizures , along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause . It was adopted as a response to the abuse of the writ of assistance , which is a type of general search warrant , in the American Revolution . Search and seizure ( including arrest ) must be limited in scope according to specific information supplied to the issuing court , usually by a law enforcement officer who has sworn by it . The amendment is the basis for the exclusionary rule , which mandates that evidence obtained illegally can not be introduced into a criminal trial . The amendment 's interpretation has varied over time ; its protections expanded under left - leaning courts such as that headed by Earl Warren and contracted under right - leaning courts such as that of William Rehnquist . Fifth Amendment Main article : Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation . The Fifth Amendment protects against double jeopardy and self - incrimination and guarantees the rights to due process , grand jury screening of criminal indictments , and compensation for the seizure of private property under eminent domain . The amendment was the basis for the court 's decision in Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) , which established that defendants must be informed of their rights to an attorney and against self - incrimination prior to interrogation by police . Sixth Amendment Main article : Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . The Sixth Amendment establishes a number of rights of the defendant in a criminal trial : to a speedy and public trial to trial by an impartial jury to be informed of criminal charges to confront witnesses to compel witnesses to appear in court to assistance of counsel In Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment guaranteed the right to legal representation in all felony prosecutions in both state and federal courts . Seventh Amendment Main article : Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by jury shall be preserved , and no fact tried by a jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . The Seventh Amendment guarantees jury trials in federal civil cases that deal with claims of more than twenty dollars . It also prohibits judges from overruling findings of fact by juries in federal civil trials . In Colgrove v. Battin ( 1973 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment 's requirements could be fulfilled by a jury with a minimum of six members . The Seventh is one of the few parts of the Bill of Rights not to be incorporated ( applied to the states ) . Eighth Amendment Main article : Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . The Eighth Amendment forbids the imposition of excessive bails or fines , though it leaves the term `` excessive '' open to interpretation . The most frequently litigated clause of the amendment is the last , which forbids cruel and unusual punishment . This clause was only occasionally applied by the Supreme Court prior to the 1970s , generally in cases dealing with means of execution . In Furman v. Georgia ( 1972 ) , some members of the Court found capital punishment itself in violation of the amendment , arguing that the clause could reflect `` evolving standards of decency '' as public opinion changed ; others found certain practices in capital trials to be unacceptably arbitrary , resulting in a majority decision that effectively halted executions in the United States for several years . Executions resumed following Gregg v. Georgia ( 1976 ) , which found capital punishment to be constitutional if the jury was directed by concrete sentencing guidelines . The Court has also found that some poor prison conditions constitute cruel and unusual punishment , as in Estelle v. Gamble ( 1976 ) and Brown v. Plata ( 2011 ) . Ninth Amendment Main article : Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . The Ninth Amendment declares that there are additional fundamental rights that exist outside the Constitution . The rights enumerated in the Constitution are not an explicit and exhaustive list of individual rights . It was rarely mentioned in Supreme Court decisions before the second half of the 20th century , when it was cited by several of the justices in Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) . The Court in that case voided a statute prohibiting use of contraceptives as an infringement of the right of marital privacy . This right was , in turn , the foundation upon which the Supreme Court built decisions in several landmark cases , including , Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , which overturned a Texas law making it a crime to assist a woman to get an abortion , and Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) , which invalidated a Pennsylvania law that required spousal awareness prior to obtaining an abortion . Tenth Amendment Main article : Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . The Tenth Amendment reinforces the principles of separation of powers and federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution , nor prohibited to the states , are reserved to the states or the people . The amendment provides no new powers or rights to the states , but rather preserves their authority in all matters not specifically granted to the federal government . Congress has sometimes gotten around the Tenth Amendment by invoking the Commerce Clause in Article One or by threatening to withhold funding for a federal program from noncooperative States , as in South Dakota v. Dole ( 1987 ) . Display and honoring of the Bill of Rights George Washington had fourteen handwritten copies of the Bill of Rights made , one for Congress and one for each of the original thirteen states . The copies for Georgia , Maryland , New York , and Pennsylvania went missing . The New York copy is thought to have been destroyed in a fire . Two unidentified copies of the missing four ( thought to be the Georgia and Maryland copies ) survive ; one is in the National Archives , and the other is in the New York Public Library . North Carolina 's copy was stolen from the State Capitol by a Union soldier following the Civil War . In an FBI sting operation , it was recovered in 2003 . The copy retained by the First Congress has been on display ( along with the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence ) in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom room at the National Archives Building in Washington , D.C. since December 13 , 1952 . After fifty years on display , signs of deterioration in the casing were noted , while the documents themselves appeared to be well preserved . Accordingly , the casing was updated and the Rotunda rededicated on September 17 , 2003 . In his dedicatory remarks , President George W. Bush stated , `` The true ( American ) revolution was not to defy one earthly power , but to declare principles that stand above every earthly power -- the equality of each person before God , and the responsibility of government to secure the rights of all . '' In 1941 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared December 15 to be Bill of Rights Day , commemorating the 150th anniversary of the ratification of the Bill of Rights . In 1991 , the Virginia copy of the Bill of Rights toured the country in honor of its bicentennial , visiting the capitals of all fifty states . See also United States portal Law portal Human rights portal Anti-Federalism Constitutionalism in the United States Four Freedoms Institute of Bill of Rights Law Patients ' ( bill of ) rights Second Bill of Rights Substantive due process Taxpayer Bill of Rights Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom We Hold These Truths References Notes Jump up ^ Probably Robert Yates Citations ^ Jump up to : `` The Charters of Freedom : The Bill of Rights '' . Washington D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Madison 's Proposed Amendments to the Constitution . Annals of Congress . June 8 , 1789 . https://www.archives.gov/legislative/resources/education/bill-of-rights/images/handout-2.pdf ^ Jump up to : The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law . Britannica Educational Publishing . 2012 . pp. 105 -- 08 . ISBN 9781615307555 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights -- Facts & Summary '' . History.com . 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Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , Majority Opinion , item 3 ( US 1943 ) ( `` '' The very purpose of a Bill of Rights was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . One 's right to life , liberty , and property , to free speech , a free press , freedom of worship and assembly , and other fundamental rights may not be submitted to vote ; they depend on the outcome of no elections. `` '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Obergefell v. Hodges , No. 14 - 556 , slip op . at 24 ( U.S. June 26 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill of Rights Transcript '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Archibald ( 1986 ) . `` First Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. 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Retrieved July 11 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Bibliography Amar , Akhil Reed ( 1998 ) . The Bill of Rights . Yale University Press . Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . Random House . Berkin , Carol ( 2015 ) . The Bill of Rights : The Fight to Secure America 's Liberties . Simon & Schuster . Bessler , John D. ( 2012 ) . Cruel and Unusual : The American Death Penalty and the Founders ' Eighth Amendment . University Press of New England . Brookhiser , Richard ( 2011 ) . James Madison . Basic Books . Brutus ( 1787 ) `` To the Citizens of the State of New York '' . In The Complete Anti-Federalist , Volume 1 ( 2008 ) . Ed . Herbert J. Storing . University of Chicago Press . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2015 ) . The Quartet : Orchestrating the Second American Revolution . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 9780385353410 -- via Google Books . Hamilton , Alexander , Madison , James , and Jay , John ( 2003 ) The Federalist : With Letters of Brutus . Ed . Terence Ball . Cambridge University Press . Kyvig , David E. ( 1996 ) . Explicit and Authentic Acts : Amending the U.S. Constitution , 1776 -- 1995 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0931 - 8 -- via Google Books . Labunski , Richard E. ( 2006 ) . James Madison and the struggle for the Bill of Rights . Oxford University Press . Levy , Leonard W. ( 1999 ) . Origins of the Bill of Rights . Yale University Press . Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon & Schuster . Rakove , Jack N. ( 1996 ) . Original Meanings . Alfred A. Knopf . Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . Simon & Schuster . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2009 ) . Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 . Oxford University Press . Further reading Barnett , Randy ( 2008 ) . `` The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 32 -- 33 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 -- via Google Books . Bodenhamer , David J. ; James W. Ely ( 2008 ) . The Bill of Rights in modern America . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21991 - 6 -- via Google Books . Bordewich , Fergus M. The First Congress : How James Madison , George Washington , and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government ( 2016 ) on 1789 -- 1791 . Cogan , Neil H. ( 2015 ) . The Complete Bill of Rights : The Drafts , Debates , Sources , and Origins . Second edition . New York : Oxford University Press . Schwartz , Bernard ( 1992 ) . The great rights of mankind : a history of the American Bill of Rights . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 28 - 5 -- via Google Books . Smith , Rich ( 2007 ) . The Bill of Rights : Defining Our Freedoms . ABDO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59928 - 913 - 7 -- via Google Books . Stair , Nancy L. ( 2003 ) . The Bill of Rights : a primary source investigation into the first ten amendments of the Constitution . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3800 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Bill of Rights . 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7932130668908497707 | Privilege day | Privilege day - wikipedia Privilege day Jump to : navigation , search A Privilege day in the United Kingdom is a day of annual leave granted to employees of the Civil Service . These are in addition to bank holidays . Prior to 2013 , there were 2.5 privilege days each year : The Queen 's Official Birthday . This is a full day usually attached to the Spring Bank Holiday , the last Monday in May , on either the Friday before the Bank Holiday or the Tuesday after ( in order to create a long weekend ) , originally allocated in respect of the Queen 's Official Birthday . Maundy Thursday . This was a half day on the afternoon of the Thursday of Holy Week . Christmas . This was an extra full day of leave at Christmas , in addition to the bank holidays of Christmas and Boxing Day . It is often arranged so as to connect the Christmas bank holidays to an adjacent weekend . Since reforms by the Cabinet Office in 2013 , the Maundy Thursday ( Easter ) and Christmas privilege days are no longer available for new civil servants . For civil servants who were in their positions when the changes came into force , these 1.5 days have been converted into additional annual leave . Because the Queen 's Birthday privilege day was granted by the Queen , it would have been difficult for the Cabinet Office to abolish it by an administrative measure , so the Cabinet Office decided to retain this day as a privilege day . FOI practice ( edit ) Privilege days still count as `` working days '' for the purpose of freedom of information requests . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FOI release : How many staff have a contracted day off for Christmas shopping ? '' . Department for International Development . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Public and privilege holidays '' ( PDF ) . Office of Fair Trading . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Verkeik ( 8 June 2013 ) . `` Civil servants ' holiday which ministers wanted to abolish is saved by the Queen '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Steven Swinford and Christopher Hope ( 26 October 2013 ) . `` Civil servants keep extra holidays despite mandarin 's pledge '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Time - limit for responding '' . Ministry of Justice . 24 February 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Privilege_day&oldid=834169948 '' Categories : Civil Service of the United Kingdom Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 08 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | civil servants day off for queen's birthday | [] | [] |
3595409155477349724 | Main Street Electrical Parade | Main Street Electrical Parade - wikipedia Main Street Electrical Parade Jump to : navigation , search `` MSEP '' redirects here . For the United States Air Force astronaut corps , see Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program . For the series of sports stadiums and venues located in Melbourne , Australia , see Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . 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( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main Street Electrical Parade The Minnie ( left ) and Mickey ( right ) drum float , with the parade 's old logo in the middle Disneyland Status Closed Soft opening date January 19 , 2017 ( second run ) Opening date June 17 , 1972 January 20 , 2017 Closing date November 25 , 1996 August 20 , 2017 Replaced Paint the Night ( 2015 - 2016 ) Replaced by Light Magic ( 1997 ) Paint the Night ( 2015 - 2017 ) Magic Kingdom Status Closed Opening date June 11 , 1977 May 21 , 1999 June 5 , 2010 Closing date September 14 , 1991 April 1 , 2001 October 9 , 2016 Replaced SpectroMagic Replaced by SpectroMagic ( 1st & 2nd Tenures ) Tokyo Disneyland Name Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade : DreamLights Status Operating Opening date March 9 , 1985 ( original ) June 17 , 2001 ( DreamLights ) Closing date June 21 , 1995 ( original ) Replaced Disney 's Fantillusion Replaced by Disney 's Fantillusion Disneyland Park ( Paris ) Status Closed Opening date April 12 , 1992 Closing date March 23 , 2003 Replaced by Disney 's Fantillusion Disney California Adventure Name Disney 's Electrical Parade Status Closed Soft opening date July 2 , 2001 Opening date July 3 , 2001 Closing date April 18 , 2010 Replaced by Paint the Night ( 2018 ) General statistics Attraction type Parade The Main Street Electrical Parade is a nighttime parade , created by Bob Jani and project director Ron Miziker , famous for its long run at Disneyland at the Disneyland Resort in California and Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida . It features floats and live performers covered in thousands of electronically controlled lights and a synchronized soundtrack triggered by radio control along key areas of the parade route . The parade has also spun off several other versions that ran or continue to run at Disney parks around the world . Currently , an updated version runs at Tokyo Disneyland as the Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade : DreamLights . In 2014 , Hong Kong Disneyland premiered a spiritual successor to the Main Street Electrical Parade , the Paint the Night Parade , which , like its predecessor , features `` Baroque Hoedown '' as its theme song . An extended version of Paint the Night premiered at Disneyland on May 22 , 2015 as part of the park 's 60th anniversary celebration . The original Disneyland copy of the parade ran at Walt Disney World 's Magic Kingdom as `` Disney 's Main Street Electrical Parade '' from June 5 , 2010 to October 9 , 2016 , when it closed in preparation for a limited - time run at Disneyland which started January 20 , 2017 and was planned to run through June 18 , 2017 , marking the 45th anniversary of the parade . However , due to popular demand , Disney extended the parade 's run to August 20 , 2017 . The parade ended its most recent run at Disneyland on August 20 , 2017 . Disney has made no announcements regarding the parade 's future . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Units 2 Versions of this Parade 3 Music 3.1 Remixes , samples and parodies 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The predecessor to the 1972 Disneyland Main Street Electrical Parade is the Electrical Water Pageant , a show made up of fourteen 25 - foot - tall ( 7.6 m ) screens with electrical lights placed on them . The screens are placed on a string of seven barges that travel around the Seven Seas Lagoon in front of the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort . The Electrical Water Pageant has been showing since October 26 , 1971 , just weeks after the Walt Disney World Resort opened . Not long after the Electrical Water Pageant debuted , Card Walker commissioned the development of what became the Main Street Electrical Parade to provide Disneyland with a similar nighttime visual spectacle . The parade 's design used nickel -- cadmium batteries , which the Disney movie studio had recently started using , and Italian - made miniature bulbs that Disneyland staff had seen in light displays along Michigan Avenue in Chicago , Illinois . Disney arranged for the Parade 's original floats to be constructed by the Chicago - based company responsible for those holiday displays . Two months to deadline , Disney discovered the float contractor was far behind schedule and decided to finish the floats itself in a backstage area at Disneyland . Disney brought on welders , electricians and other temporary workers to assemble the floats and hand - tint and install 500,000 bulbs . The first rehearsal was a disaster ; a float crashed into a building on Main Street , U.S.A. , and some performers ' costumes emitted sparks . Despite these obstacles , the parade successfully debuted on schedule on June 17 , 1972 . The engineers who helped create the parade also created the first automated parade show - control program . This allowed the 2,000 - foot ( 610 m ) long parade route to contain multiple radio - activated `` trigger zones '' . Using radio - activated triggers as each float entered a zone , the audience would hear float - specific music through the park 's audio system . Each zone was between 70 to 100 feet ( 21 to 30 m ) long , and the zoned system meant that every person watching the parade would experience the same show , no matter where they stood along the parade route . The original parade floats featured the Blue Fairy , a large drum pulled by the Casey Jr . Engine , Cinderella , a Chinese dragon , and a circus calliope . Until 1977 , some of the floats , such as the elephant train and the American flag finale , were flat screens on manually - pushed rolling platforms similar to the Electrical Water Pageant . The Main Street Electrical Parade had counterparts of the same name and layout at Magic Kingdom in the Walt Disney World Resort , which ran from 1977 to 1991 . It was replaced by a similar parade called SpectroMagic , which ran from 1991 to 1999 , reopened in 2001 , and ended on June 4 , 2010 . In 1992 , the version from Magic Kingdom went to Disneyland Park at Disneyland Paris and ran there until 2003 . It was then replaced by Fantillusion , a nighttime parade from Tokyo Disneyland that had earlier replaced the Tokyo version of the Main Street Electrical Parade , which ran from 1985 to 1995 . Tokyo Disneyland 's current night parade , Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade : DreamLights , began in 2001 and it was a return to the style of the original with updated new music and floats . On June 14 , 1997 , a presentation of the Electrical Parade called the `` Hercules Electrical Parade '' , ran on Broadway , Manhattan , New York City for the opening of Disney 's New Amsterdam Theater and the film Hercules . Disney arranged for the lights to be all turned off on about eight blocks of Broadway up to the theater . All businesses complied , with the exception of Disney rival Warner Brothers . It was led by a custom Hercules title unit made for this one time only use . It was shown on national television on a one - hour promotional program featuring the music and making of Hercules . On January 2 , 1978 , the other outside presentation of the Electrical Parade was presented during the halftime show of the 1978 Orange Bowl college football game . The Main Street Electrical Parade closed at Disneyland in 1996 after a 24 - year run . Light bulbs certified as having been part of the show were sold to collectors . The replacement show , Light Magic , opened in 1997 and was an immediate failure . Disney quickly cancelled Light Magic but held off in bringing back the popular Main Street Electrical Parade . However , the parade was refurbished and appeared at Magic Kingdom in May 1999 for a limited engagement , just in time for Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration . The parade ended its run at Magic Kingdom on April 1 , 2001 and SpectroMagic was brought back the following day . The Main Street Electrical Parade floats were then sent back to California for the parade 's return to Disneyland . These plans changed after Anaheim management saw the poor attendance figures for the spring break season at Disney California Adventure and feared that the park would fail to attract large crowds during the crucial summer season , unless they had a big draw . So , on April 25 , 2001 , Disney announced that the popular Main Street Electrical Parade would be coming to Disney California Adventure Park on July 2 , 2001 , in honor of the first summer of the park . The name of the show was changed from the Main Street Electrical Parade to Disney 's Electrical Parade . Most of the 1996 parade floats returned , except for the Pinocchio Pleasure Island section and Snow White diamond mine float , which were sent to Disneyland Park at Disneyland Paris in 1997 . The parade had been offered during summer periods and selected weekends . It finished a nine - month hiatus during the 2005 off - season at the Disneyland Resort , which allowed replacement of lights on all of the floats and alteration of wording on the drum to `` Disney 's Electrical Parade , Presented by Sylvania '' . On the 2008 Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade special , Disney announced that a Tinker Bell float would be added to Disney 's Electrical Parade , which would make it the first new float to be added to the classic parade in 20 years , since the temporary Mickey Mouse 's 60th Birthday float in 1988 . It was announced at a press conference on April 24 , 2009 , that the Snow White and Pinocchio units would be returning as well . Disney started testing updated and new units in late May 2009 . Most of the major floats have had new LED pixie dust effects added to them . This parade , with the new Tinker Bell float replacing the Blue Fairy , made its formal premiere on June 12 , 2009 . California 's caterpillar received a new digital face in December 2009 . One of the original turtle floats from the Main Street Electrical Parade was on display at the `` technology section '' of the D23 Expo . Disney 's Electrical Parade at Disney California Adventure ended its run on April 18 , 2010 , and was sent to Magic Kingdom as part of the Walt Disney World 2010 promotional package `` Summer Nightastic ! '' The parade was not modified from its Disney California Adventure run , with the drum still saying `` Disney 's Electrical Parade '' . While it was initially announced that the parade would stay just through the summer , Disney later announced that the parade was on a `` open - ended '' run . The parade ended its run at Magic Kingdom on October 9 , 2016 , in preparation for its limited - time return to Disneyland park in California , which was scheduled to run from January 20 to June 18 , 2017 , before being extended to August 20 , 2017 . A special ticketed premiere event , costing US $95 , occurred on January 19 , 2017 . The drum float was altered back to its original state with `` Disneyland Presents '' and `` Main Street Electrical Parade '' replacing `` Disney 's Electrical Parade '' . The Tinker Bell float no longer leads the parade and was moved to the Peter Pan unit , making Casey Jr. the lead float instead . Units ( edit ) Over the years and numerous iterations of the parade , the roster of floats has changed . The version of the parade that has appeared in Disneyland , the Magic Kingdom , and Disneyland Paris has maintained a continuous set of units . These include The Casey Jr. train from Dumbo carrying Mickey Mouse , Minnie Mouse , and Goofy , and subsequent floats based on Alice in Wonderland , Cinderella , Peter Pan , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , Pinocchio , Pete 's Dragon , and a patriotic American float titled `` To Honor America '' . Previous units included the Blue Fairy from Pinocchio , a circus float connected to Dumbo , an It 's A Small World unit , and a promotional float for Return to Oz in 1985 , but it was destroyed by a fire . Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade : DreamLights features a number of floats featured in the western incarnation , though they are upgraded or alternate models . As of the 2017 renewal , the floats are Blue Fairy , Knights of Light , Mickey 's Dreamlights Train , Alice in Wonderland , Disney Fairies , Pete 's Dragon , Peter Pan , Toy Story 3 , Aladdin , Tangled , Cinderella , Beauty and the Beast , Frozen and It 's A Small World , Versions of this Parade ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There were 3 versions of the parade . Version A ( Disneyland version ) was built in 1972 . This version ran at Disneyland Park ( in Anaheim ) from 1972 until 1996 . It then moved to Magic Kingdom ( in Orlando ) , where it lasted from 1999 until 2001 . After that , it moved to the struggling Disney 's California Adventure Park ( in Anaheim ) , where it ran from 2001 until 2010 . When it ended there , it moved back to the Magic Kingdom ( in Orlando ) , where it lasted from 2010 until 2016 . It then left Magic Kingdom ( in Orlando ) to move back to its home park , Disneyland ( in Anaheim ) , where it ran from January 19 , 2017 to August 20 of the same year . Version B ( Walt Disney World version ) was built in 1977 and premiered in Magic Kingdom ( in Orlando ) . It was a clone of the one that was running in Anaheim . It lasted there until 1991 , where it moved across the Atlantic to Disneyland Park ( Paris ) . It lasted from 1992 up until 2003 , where it was sent to Hong Kong Disneyland , but never appeared there . Version C ( Tokyo Disneyland version ) was built in 1985 and has not left Tokyo Disneyland Park . It premiered in 1985 , and closed in 1995 . When it closed , it was refurbished into `` Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade : DreamLights '' . Music ( edit ) The Main Street Electrical Parade 's underlying theme song is entitled `` Baroque Hoedown . '' The original version was created in 1967 by early synthesizer pioneers Jean - Jacques Perrey and Gershon Kingsley and appeared first on the album Kaleidoscopic Vibrations : Electronic Pop Music from Way Out . Originally , the parade 's soundtrack had the same themes as the current recording , but was a different arrangement by Jim Christensen and Paul Beaver . In 1977 , it was updated and arranged by electronic music artist Don Dorsey and Jack Wagner at Jack Wagner Studio , which was used until January 2009 in Disney 's Electrical Parade . When the parade returned to Disney California Adventure in June 2009 , it began using the updated , orchestrated DreamLights soundtrack from Tokyo , but with changes made as certain floats in the California parade are not included in the Tokyo parade . The soundtrack for the current version , the 2009 version of Disney 's Electrical Parade , The Main Street Electrical Parade ( the last run ending 2016 at Magic Kingdom ) , and the recently - concluded 2017 run of the Main Street Electrical Parade at Disneyland , as well as Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade DreamLights version were arranged , programmed and performed by Gregory Smith . Smith also arranged the music for Disneyland 's Remember ... Dreams Come True show ( which also contains a snippet of the original Don Dorsey arrangement , which then concludes in a grand orchestral finale arranged by Smith ) as well as Magical : Disney 's New Nighttime Spectacular of Magical Celebrations fireworks shows . The soundtrack to the parade has been released numerous times : Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1973 soundtrack ) ( Disneyland Park , Disneyland Resort ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1977 soundtrack ) ( Disneyland and Magic Kingdom ) The Music of Disney : A Legacy in Song ( 1992 ) ( Disneyland Park , Disneyland Resort ) Fantasmic ! : Good Clashes with Evil in a Nighttime Spectacular ( 1992 ) ( Disneyland Park , Disneyland Resort ) Classic Disney Volume II : 60 Years of Musical Magic ( 1995 ) ( Disneyland Park , Disneyland Resort ) The Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1999 CD ) ( Magic Kingdom , Walt Disney World ) Les Parades En Musique ( 2000 CD ) ( Disneyland Park , Disneyland Resort Paris ) Disney 's Electrical Parade ( 2001 CD ) Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade Dreamlights ( 2001 CD ) Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade Dreamlights - Show Mix Edition ( 2001 ) Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade Dreamlights ~ Christmas ~ Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade Dreamlights ( 2011 Renewal Version ) A Musical History of Disneyland ( Disneyland Park , Disneyland Resort ) Walt Disney Records The Legacy Collection : Disneyland ( 2015 ) Dorsey used 11 synthesizers to create the soundtrack : Moog Model III , Mini-Moog , Steiner - Parker Synthacon , Oberheim 8 - voice , Sequential Circuits Prophet - 5 , Fender Rhodes Piano , New England Digital Synclavier II , Bode 7702 Vocoder , Roland MKS - 80 Super Jupiter , Yamaha DX7 and Yamaha TX7 . Wagner provides the synthesized vocoder voice for the intro and outro to the parade . Bill Rogers provided the synthesized vocoder announcement when the Disneyland version of the parade made its first visit to Magic Kingdom in 1999 . When the parade went to Disney California Adventure Park in 2001 , the original Jack Wagner announcements for the Disneyland version of the parade were used as the basis for the announcements at the new park . Since the park does not have a Main Street U.S.A. , the announcements had to be updated with minor changes . These included the insertion of the words `` Disney '' and `` Disney 's '' to reflect that the show 's name had changed to Disney 's Electrical Parade . These same announcrments were used when the soundtrack was updated , albeit with a pitch change to reflect the change in the key the soundtrack was in . Minor harmonic changes were also implemented via the vocoder for the updated soundtrack 's version of the announcements , but these did not effect their sound quality or the ability to understand them . While the original soundtrack is played solely on synthesizers , the Tokyo Disneyland version uses an orchestra with adult and youth choirs in addition to harmonies and synthesizers . This version also includes Character voices in both English and Japanese . This version was also orchestrated , programmed , conducted and performed by Gregory Smith . During the Christmas season at Tokyo Disneyland , the Electrical Parade gets a new soundtrack ; it is mostly the same soundtrack with added Christmas songs , mixed in with the theme music . For Tokyo Disneyland 's 30th anniversary , a show stop was added to the parade , it includes a 2 - minute Christmas medley ; fireworks from Cinderella Castle are synced during the show stop as well . The showstop is only performed once a year as part of a private event for Disney / JCB Card holders . The 2009 version of Disney 's Electrical Parade at Disney 's California Adventure , 2010 version at Magic Kingdom and current Main Street Electrical Parade at Disneyland utilize much of the soundtrack created for DreamLights , with new loops created for the Cinderella , Pinocchio , and To Honor America units . However , the new soundtrack retains a more electronic sound than that of Tokyo 's in that many of the orchestral parts of the DreamLights soundtrack have been replaced by synthesizers in this version . Whereas the Magic Kingdom used a newly recorded vocoder introduction for its 2010 version of the parade , the original 1977 Jack Wagner introduction was pitch - corrected to match the updated soundtrack and integrated into Disneyland 's 2017 version of the parade . Remixes , samples and parodies ( edit ) A remix of the Electrical Parade ( called the Retro Future Remix ) was released on Dance Dance Revolution Disney Mix , and contains audio resamplings from the Apollo 8 reading of Genesis . In Japan , Walt Disney Records released a CD called DJ Digs Main Street Electrical Parade which featured the theme music remixed by Japanese DJs . The Japan only House ☆ Disney album , also released by Walt Disney Records , contains a remix of the song by famous Japanese DJ Shinichi Osawa . The remix subsequently appeared on the 2014 Disney remix album , Dconstructed . The album Eurobeat Disney 3 , also only released in Japan , was done by the group A-Beat Power and features a remix of the song in Eurobeat style . In 1998 , a Disney Tribute Album entitled We Love Mickey ~ Happy 70th Anniversary ( Walt Disney Records ) , featuring covers of Disney songs by Japanese artists , included a remake by The Eccentric Opera . The track uses samples from Dorsey 's arrangement and Snow White . Lyrics appear to be in German and are from an unknown source . A `` Celtic '' - inspired version was heard in the Main Street Electrical Parade 's replacement Light Magic . Light Magic ran for one summer , never to return again . In The Simpsons episode `` Selma 's Choice '' Lisa could be seen dancing in a dazed state in front of the Duff Gardens Light Parade with a musical take off of Main Street Electrical Parade Theme & Background music . A cover version by They Might Be Giants was released on the Disneymania 2 album . The same version was also featured on the soundtrack of the film Moog . A parody of the parade can be found during the ending credits of Super Mario RPG and Paper Mario . A cover version of Baroque Hoedown by ska band Reel Big Fish was included on the Japanese album Dive into Disney . The vocaloid producer DaniwellP created a remix of the Electrical Parade using Hatsune Miku . The parade is parodied in the 2002 film Scooby Doo as a spooky themed parade called The Electrical Torture Parade . See also ( edit ) Magic Kingdom attraction and entertainment history References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Glover , Erin . `` Main Street Electrical Parade Returns to Disneyland Park January 20 '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Glover , Erin . `` Main Street Electrical Parade Extended by Popular Demand at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Thomas . `` Main Street Electrical Parade Ends Run at Walt Disney World On October 9 , Heads to Disneyland Resort for a Limited Time '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ DisneylandToday ( 2 August 2016 ) . `` Hello ! Paint the Night parade also will conclude on September 5 , 2016 . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Brady ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` How the returning Disneyland Electrical Parade went from ' absolute disaster ' to beloved attraction '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : Tronc , Inc . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Article describing the creation of MSEP audio technology '' . Archived from the original on 23 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Gest , Emily ( 1997 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Disney 's ready to roll with Herculean labor '' . Daily News . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Stayton , Wynton. `` 1978 Orange Bowl Halftime Show - Main Street Electrical Parade '' . youtube.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lighting Up The Night With New Shows And A New Glow ! Disneyland Resort Celebrates Summer Nightastic ! '' . disneylandnews.com . Disneyland . Archived from the original on 29 April 2009 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Main Street Electrical Parade Moving Westward '' . U.S. News & World Report . Associated Press . August 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pimentel , Joseph . `` Disneyland 's Main Street Electrical Parade returns Thursday with iconic tune '' . The Orange County Register . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Return to Oz Electrical Parade '' . Walt Disney 's Return to Oz.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Summer Nightastic ! at the Disneyland Resort '' . Laughing Place . April 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Main Street Electrical Parade at Wikimedia Commons Tokyo Disneyland Attractions World Bazaar Omnibus The Penny Arcade Fantasyland Alice 's Tea Party Castle Carrousel Cinderella Castle Cinderella 's Fairy Tale Hall Dumbo the Flying Elephant Haunted Mansion It 's a Small World Mickey 's PhilharMagic Peter Pan 's Flight Pinocchio 's Daring Journey Pooh 's Hunny Hunt Snow White Grotto Snow White 's Adventures Sword in the Stone Adventureland The Enchanted Tiki Room : Stitch Presents Aloha e Komo Mai ! Jungle Cruise Lilo 's Luau & Fun Mickey 's Rainbow Luau Minnie Oh ! Minnie Pirates of the Caribbean Super-Duper Jumpin ' Time Swiss Family Treehouse Western River Railroad Tomorrowland Buzz Lightyear 's Astro Blasters Monsters , Inc . 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Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1975 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Disney nighttime shows Disneyland Resort Current Fantasmic ! Remember ... Dreams Come True World of Color Seasonal Believe ... In Holiday Magic Disney 's Celebrate America Halloween Screams Former Believe ... There 's Magic in the Stars Disney 's LuminAria Disneyland Forever Fantasy in the Sky Paint the Night Light Magic Main Street Electrical Parade Disney 's Electrical Parade Magical : Disney 's New Nighttime Spectacular of Magical Celebrations Imagine ... A Fantasy in the Sky The Magic , the Memories and You Disneyland Paris Resort Current Disney Illuminations Former Disney Dreams ! Disney 's Fantillusion Main Street Electrical Parade Wishes : A Magical Gathering of Disney Dreams Hong Kong Disneyland Current Disney in the Stars Paint the Night Shanghai Disneyland Park Current Ignite the Dream , A Nighttime Spectacular of Magic and Light Tokyo Disney Resort Current Fantasmic ! Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade : DreamLights Nightfall Glow Once Upon A Time Happiness On High Seasonal Colors of Christmas : Nighttime Wishes Former BraviSEAmo ! Disney Magic in the Sky Dreams Fantasy in the Sky Magic in the Sky Millennium Symphony in the Sky New Century in the Sky Sky High Wishes Starlight Fantasy Starlight Magic Starlight Magic 2000 Walt Disney World Resort Current Electrical Water Pageant Fantasmic ! Happily Ever After IllumiNations : Reflections of Earth Once Upon a Time Rivers of Light Star Wars : A Galactic Spectacular Seasonal Disney 's Celebrate America Fantasy in the Sky : New Years Eve Countdown HalloWishes Mickey 's Boo To You Halloween Parade Holiday Wishes Jingle Bell , Jingle BAM ! Mickey 's Once Upon A Christmastime Parade Starbright Holidays Former Celebrate the Magic Carnival de Lumiere Fantasy in the Sky IllumiNations 25 IllumiNations 98 Laserphonic Fantasy The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Magic , Music and Mayhem Main Street Electrical Parade A New World Fantasy SpectroMagic Sorcery in the Sky Symphony in the Stars : A Galactic Spectacular The Magic , the Memories and You Wishes : A Magical Gathering of Disney Dreams Seasonal Frozen Fireworks Spectacular The Osborne Family Spectacle of Dancing Lights Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Street_Electrical_Parade&oldid=801607588 '' Categories : Closed amusement attractions Operating amusement attractions Amusement rides introduced in 1992 Amusement rides that closed in 2003 Amusement rides introduced in 2001 Amusement rides that closed in 2010 Amusement rides by name Walt Disney Parks and Resorts parades Magic Kingdom Tokyo Disneyland Main Street , U.S.A. Amusement rides that closed in 2016 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from October 2013 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from October 2013 Use mdy dates from January 2017 Amusement ride article using undocumented parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 18 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the electric light parade end at disneyland | [
"The original Disneyland copy of the parade ran at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom as \"Disney's Main Street Electrical Parade\" from June 5, 2010 to October 9, 2016, when it closed in preparation for a limited-time run at Disneyland which started January 20, 2017 and was planned to run through June 18, 2017, marking the 45th anniversary of the parade.[1] However, due to popular demand, Disney extended the parade's run to August 20, 2017.[2] The parade ended its most recent run at Disneyland on August 20, 2017. Disney has made no announcements regarding the parade's future."
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"August 20, 2017"
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49016373342272605 | Korean War | Korean War - Wikipedia Korean War For other conflicts and wars involving Korea , see List of Korean battles . For the conflict spanning after the WWII , see Korean conflict . 1950 -- 1953 war between North Korea and South Korea Korean War In South Korea : ( 한국 전쟁 , 6 25 전쟁 ) In North Korea : ( 조국 해방 전쟁 ) Part of the Cold War and the inter-Korean conflict Clockwise from top : A column of the U.S. 1st Marine Division 's infantry and armor moves through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir ; UN landing at Incheon harbor , starting point of the Battle of Incheon ; Korean refugees in front of a U.S. M26 Pershing tank ; U.S. Marines , led by First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez , landing at Incheon ; F - 86 Sabre fighter aircraft Date 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 ( 3 years , 1 month and 2 days ) Location Korean Peninsula , Yellow Sea , Sea of Japan , Korea Strait , China -- North Korea border Result Military stalemate North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled Subsequent U.S. - led United Nations invasion of North Korea repelled Subsequent Chinese invasion of South Korea repelled Korean Armistice Agreement signed in 1953 Korean conflict ongoing Territorial changes Korean Demilitarized Zone established North Korea gains city of Kaesong but loses a net total of 3,900 km ( 1,500 sq mi ) to South Korea Belligerents South Korea United Nations : United States United Kingdom Canada Turkey Australia Philippines New Zealand Thailand Ethiopia Greece France Colombia Belgium South Africa Netherlands Luxembourg Medical support ( show ) Denmark Italy West Germany India Israel Norway Sweden Other support ( show ) Taiwan Japan Cuba El Salvador Spain North Korea China Soviet Union Medical support ( show ) Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Other support ( show ) India Mongolia Commanders and leaders Syngman Rhee Chung Il - kwon Paik Sun - yup Shin Sung - mo Harry S. Truman Douglas MacArthur Matthew Ridgway Mark Wayne Clark Clement Attlee Winston Churchill Kim Il - sung Pak Hon - yong Choi Yong - kun Kim Chaek † Mao Zedong Peng Dehuai Chen Geng Deng Hua Joseph Stalin † Georgy Malenkov Lavrentiy Beria Vyacheslav Molotov Strength 602,902 326,863 14,198 8,123 5,453 2,282 1,496 1,385 1,290 1,271 1,263 1,185 1,068 900 826 819 170 120 105 100 72 70 44 Total : 972,334 Note : The figures vary by source ; peak unit strength varied during war . 1,350,000 266,600 26,000 Total : 1,642,600 Note : The figures vary by source ; peak unit strength varied during war . Casualties and losses Total : 178,405 dead and 32,925 missing Total wounded : 566,434 Details ( show ) South Korea : 137,899 dead 450,742 wounded 24,495 MIA 8,343 POW United States : 36,574 dead 103,284 wounded 7,926 MIA 4,714 POW United Kingdom : 1,109 dead 2,674 wounded 179 MIA 977 POW Turkey : 741 dead 2,068 wounded 163 MIA 244 POW Canada : 516 dead 1,042 wounded 1 MIA 33 POW Australia : 339 dead 1,216 wounded 43 MIA 26 POW France : 262 dead 1,008 wounded 7 MIA 12 POW Kingdom of Greece 192 dead 543 wounded 3 POW Colombia : 163 dead 448 wounded 28 POW Thailand : 129 dead 1,139 wounded 5 MIA Ethiopian Empire 121 dead 536 wounded Netherlands : 122 dead 645 wounded 3 MIA Belgium : 101 dead 478 Wounded 5 MIA 1 POW Philippines : 92 dead 299 wounded 97 MIA / POW South Africa 34 dead 9 POW New Zealand : 34 dead 299 wounded 1 MIA / POW Norway : 3 dead Luxembourg : 2 dead 13 wounded India : 1 dead Total : 398,000 -- 750,000 + dead and 145,000 + missing Total wounded : 686,500 -- 789,000 Details ( show ) North Korea : 215,000 -- 350,000 dead 303,000 wounded 120,000 MIA or POW China : ( Chinese sources ) : 183,108 dead 383,500 wounded 450,000 hospitalized 25,621 missing ( Those who defected or were captured were included in missing ) 7,110 captured 14,190 defected ( U.S. estimates ) : 400,000 + dead 486,000 wounded Soviet Union : 299 dead 335 planes lost Total civilians killed / wounded : 2.5 million ( est . ) South Korea : 990,968 killed / wounded 373,599 killed 229,625 wounded 387,744 abducted / missing North Korea : 1,550,000 killed / wounded ( est . ) Korean War North Korean Offensive Pokpoong Chuncheon 1st Seoul Gorangpo Kaesong - Munsan Korea Strait Ongjin Uijeongbu Suwon Airfield Air Campaign Andong Chumonchin Chan Osan Pyongtaek Chonan Chochiwon Taejon Sangju Yongdong Hwanggan Hadong Notch Pusan Perimeter Masan P'ohang - Dong Taegu 1st Naktong Bulge Bowling Alley Battle Mountain Kyongju Haman Nam River Ka - San Tabu - Dong Yongsan 2nd Naktong Bulge UN Command Counteroffensive Haeju Inchon 2nd Seoul Hill 282 12 October 1950 Sariwon Pyongyang Yongju Kujin Chongju Chinese Intervention Onjong Unsan Pakchon Ch'ongch'on River Wawon Chosin Reservoir Task Force Faith 3rd Seoul Uijeongbu Chaegunghyon 1st and 2nd Wonju Thunderbolt Twin Tunnels Hoengsong Chipyong - Ni 3rd Wonju Chuam - Ni Wonsan Killer Ripper ( 4th Battle of Seoul ) Maehwa - San Courageous Tomahawk Rugged Dauntless Spring Offensive Imjin River Yultong Kapyong Soyang River Air operations MiG Alley Sunchon Strangle Sui - ho Dam Stalemate Bloody Ridge Minden Punchbowl Heartbreak Ridge Han River Commando 1st Maryang San Haktang - ni Polecharge 2nd Maryang San Sunchon Hill Eerie Sui - Ho Dam Old Baldy Blaze White Horse Triangle Hill 1st Hook 2nd Hook Chatkol Outpost Vegas Pork Chop Hill 3rd Hook Outpost Harry Kumsong Samichon River Korean Armistice Agreement Panmunjom Declaration The Korean War ( in South Korean Hangul : 한국 전쟁 ; Hanja : 韓國 戰爭 ; RR : Hanguk Jeonjaeng , `` Korean War '' ; in North Korean Chosŏn'gŭl : 조국 해방 전쟁 ; Hancha : 祖國 解放 戰爭 ; MR : Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng , `` Fatherland : Liberation War '' ; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 ) was a war between North Korea ( with the support of China and the Soviet Union ) and South Korea ( with the principal support of the United States ) . The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border . The United Nations , with the United States as the principal force , came to the aid of South Korea . China came to the aid of North Korea , and the Soviet Union also gave some assistance to the North . As a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , Korea was split into two regions with separate governments . Both claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea , and neither accepted the border as permanent . The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces -- supported by the Soviet Union and China -- moved into the south on 25 June 1950 . The United Nations Security Council authorized the formation and dispatch of UN forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion . Twenty - one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force , with the United States providing around 90 % of the military personnel . After the first two months of war , South Korean and U.S. forces rapidly dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat , forced back to a small area in the south known as the Pusan Perimeter . In September 1950 , an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Incheon , and cut off many North Korean troops . Those who escaped envelopment and capture were forced back north . UN forces rapidly approached the Yalu River -- the border with China -- but in October 1950 , mass Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war . The surprise Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951 . After these reversals of fortune , which saw Seoul change hands four times , the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition , with the front line close to the 38th parallel . The war in the air , however , was never a stalemate . North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign . Jet fighters confronted each other in air - to - air combat for the first time in history , and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their communist allies . The fighting ended on 27 July 1953 , when an armistice was signed . The agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea , and allowed the return of prisoners . However , no peace treaty has been signed , and according to some sources the two Koreas are technically still at war , engaged in a frozen conflict . In April 2018 , the leaders of North and South Korea met at the demilitarized zone and agreed to sign a treaty by the end of the year to formally end the Korean War . As a war undeclared by all participants , the conflict helped bring the term `` police action '' into common use . It also led to the permanent alteration of the balance of power within the United Nations , where Resolution 377 -- passed in 1950 to allow a bypassing of the Security Council if that body could not reach an agreement -- led to the General Assembly displacing the Security Council as the primary organ of the UN . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Background 2.1 Imperial Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) 2.2 Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) 2.3 Korea divided ( 1945 -- 1949 ) 2.4 Chinese Civil War ( 1945 -- 1949 ) 2.5 Prelude to war ( 1950 ) 2.6 Comparison of forces 3 Course of the war 3.1 Factors in U.S. intervention 3.2 United Nations Security Council Resolutions 3.3 United Nations ' response ( July -- August 1950 ) 3.4 The drive south and Pusan ( July -- September 1950 ) 3.5 Battle of Inchon ( September 1950 ) 3.6 UN forces cross partition line ( September -- October 1950 ) 3.7 China intervenes ( October -- December 1950 ) 3.8 Fighting around the 38th parallel ( January -- June 1951 ) 3.9 Stalemate ( July 1951 -- July 1953 ) 3.10 Armistice ( July 1953 -- November 1954 ) 3.11 Division of Korea ( 1954 -- present ) 4 Characteristics 4.1 Casualties 4.2 U.S. unpreparedness for war 4.3 Armored warfare 4.4 Naval warfare 4.5 Aerial warfare 4.6 Bombing of North Korea 4.7 U.S. threat of atomic warfare 4.8 War crimes 4.8. 1 Civilian deaths and massacres 4.8. 2 Prisoners of war 4.8. 2.1 Chinese POWs 4.8. 2.2 UN Command POWs 4.8. 3 Starvation 4.9 Recreation 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Citations 9 References 10 External links 10.1 Historical 10.2 Media 10.3 Organizations 10.4 Memorials Names Korean War South Korean name Hangul 한국 전쟁 show Transcriptions Revised Romanization Hanguk Jeonjaeng McCune -- Reischauer Han'guk Chŏnjaeng North Korean name Chosŏn'gŭl 조선 전쟁 show Transcriptions Revised Romanization Joseon Jeonjaeng McCune -- Reischauer Chosŏn Chŏnjaeng In South Korea , the war is usually referred to as `` 625 '' or the `` 6 -- 2 -- 5 Upheaval '' ( 6.25 동란 ( 動亂 ) , yook - i-o dongnan ) , reflecting the date of its commencement on 25 June . In North Korea , the war is officially referred to as the `` Fatherland Liberation War '' ( Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng ) or alternatively the `` Chosǒn ( Korean ) War '' ( 조선 전쟁 , Chosǒn chǒnjaeng ) . In China , the war is officially called the `` War to Resist America and Aid Korea '' ( simplified Chinese : 抗美援朝 战争 ; traditional Chinese : 抗美援朝 戰爭 ; pinyin : Kàngměi Yuáncháo Zhànzhēng ) , although the term `` Chaoxian ( Korean ) War '' ( simplified Chinese : 朝鲜 战争 ; traditional Chinese : 朝鮮 戰爭 ; pinyin : Cháoxiǎn Zhànzhēng ) is also used in unofficial contexts , along with the term `` Han ( Korean ) War '' ( simplified Chinese : 韩 战 ; traditional Chinese : 韓 戰 ; pinyin : Hán Zhàn ) more commonly used in regions such as Hong Kong and Macau . In the U.S. , the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a `` police action '' as the United States never formally declared war on its opponents and the operation was conducted under the auspices of the United Nations . It has been referred to in the English - speaking world as `` The Forgotten War '' or `` The Unknown War '' because of the lack of public attention it received both during and after the war , and in relation to the global scale of World War II , which preceded it , and the subsequent angst of the Vietnam War , which succeeded it . Background Imperial Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) Main article : Korea under Japanese rule Imperial Japan destroyed the influence of China over Korea in the First Sino - Japanese War ( 1894 -- 95 ) , ushering in the short - lived Korean Empire . A decade later , after defeating Imperial Russia in the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 05 ) , Japan made Korea its protectorate with the Eulsa Treaty in 1905 , then annexed it with the Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty in 1910 . Many Korean nationalists fled the country . A Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919 in Nationalist China . It failed to achieve international recognition , failed to unite nationalist groups , and had a fractious relationship with its U.S. - based founding president , Syngman Rhee . From 1919 to 1925 and beyond , Korean communists led internal and external warfare against the Japanese . In China , the Nationalist National Revolutionary Army and the communist People 's Liberation Army helped organize Korean refugees against the Japanese military , which had also occupied parts of China . The Nationalist - backed Koreans , led by Yi Pom - Sok , fought in the Burma Campaign ( December 1941 -- August 1945 ) . The communists , led by Kim Il - sung among others , fought the Japanese in Korea and Manchuria . At the Cairo Conference in November 1943 , China , the United Kingdom , and the United States all decided that `` in due course Korea shall become free and independent '' . Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) Main article : Soviet -- Japanese War At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945 , the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War within three months of the victory in Europe . Accordingly , it declared war on Japan on 9 August 1945 , three days after the USA dropped the bomb on Hiroshima . By 10 August , the Red Army had begun to occupy the northern part of the Korean peninsula . On the night of 10 August in Washington , U.S. colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel . This was incorporated into the U.S. General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August . Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel , Rusk observed , `` even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces , in the event of Soviet disagreement ... we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops '' . He noted that he was `` faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available , and time and space factors , which would make it difficult to reach very far north , before Soviet troops could enter the area '' . As Rusk 's comments indicate , the U.S. doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this . Stalin , however , maintained his wartime policy of co-operation , and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south . Korea divided ( 1945 -- 1949 ) See also : Division of Korea On 8 September 1945 , U.S. Lieutenant General John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel . Appointed as military governor , Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea ( USAMGIK 1945 -- 48 ) . He attempted to establish control by restoring Japanese colonial administrators to power , but in the face of Korean protests quickly reversed this decision . The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short - lived People 's Republic of Korea ( PRK ) due to its suspected Communist sympathies . In December 1945 , Korea was administered by a U.S. - Soviet Union Joint Commission , as agreed at the Moscow Conference , with the aim of granting independence after a five - year trusteeship . The idea was not popular among Koreans and riots broke out . To contain them , the USAMGIK banned strikes on 8 December 1945 and outlawed the PRK Revolutionary Government and the PRK People 's Committees on 12 December 1945 . Following further large - scale civilian unrest , the USAMGIK declared martial law . Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress , the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea . The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair , and many South Korean politicians boycotted it . A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948 . North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August . The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July 1948 , and elected Syngman Rhee as president on 20 July 1948 . The Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) was established on 15 August 1948 . In the Soviet Korean Zone of Occupation , the Soviet Union established a communist government led by Kim Il - sung . The Soviet Union withdrew as agreed from Korea in 1948 , and U.S. troops withdrew in 1949 . Chinese Civil War ( 1945 -- 1949 ) Main article : Chinese Civil War With the end of the war with Japan , the Chinese Civil War resumed in earnest between the Communists and Nationalists . While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria , they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower . According to Chinese sources , the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of supplies while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) during the war . North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China . The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 . As a token of gratitude , between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons , and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea . China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea . After the formation of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , the Chinese government named the Western nations , led by the United States , as the biggest threat to its national security . Basing this judgment on China 's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century , U.S. support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War , and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries , the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States ' crusade against Communism . As a countermeasure and to elevate China 's standing among the worldwide Communist movements , the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China 's periphery . Prelude to War ( 1950 ) By 1949 , South Korean forces had reduced the active number of communist guerrillas in the South from 5,000 to 1,000 . However , Kim Il - sung believed that the guerrillas weakened the South Korean military and that a North Korean invasion would be welcomed by much of the South Korean population . Kim began seeking Stalin 's support for an invasion in March 1949 , traveling to Moscow to attempt to persuade him . Serious border clashes between South and North occurred on 4 August 1949 , when thousands of North Korean troops attacked South Korean troops occupying territory north of the 38th parallel . The 2nd and 18th infantry regiments of ROKA repulsed initial attacks in Kuksa - bong ( above the 38th parallel ) and Ch'ungmu , and at the end of the clashes ROKA troops were `` completely routed '' . Stalin initially did not think the time was right for a war in Korea . Chinese Communist forces were still embroiled in the Chinese Civil War , while U.S. forces remained stationed in South Korea . By spring 1950 , he believed that the strategic situation had changed : Mao 's Communist forces had secured final victory in China , U.S. forces had withdrawn from Korea , and the Soviets detonated their first nuclear bomb , breaking the U.S. atomic monopoly . As the U.S. had not directly intervened to stop the communist victory in China , Stalin calculated that they would be even less willing to fight in Korea , which had much less strategic significance . The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the U.S. to communicate with their embassy in Moscow , and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation . Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments , including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Alliance , and Mutual Assistance . In April 1950 , Stalin gave Kim permission to invade the South under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if needed . Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat , to avoid a direct war with the United States . Kim met with Mao in May 1950 . Mao was concerned the U.S. would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion . China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets . However , Mao sent more ethnic Korean PLA veterans to Korea and promised to move an army closer to the Korean border . Once Mao 's commitment was secured , preparations for war accelerated . Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from the Second World War were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group . These generals completed the plans for the attack by May . The original plans called for a skirmish to be initiated in the Ongjin Peninsula on the west coast of Korea . The North Koreans would then launch a counterattack that would capture Seoul and encircle and destroy the South Korean army . The final stage would involve destroying South Korean government remnants , capturing the rest of South Korea , including the ports . On 7 June 1950 , Kim Il - sung called for a Korea - wide election on 5 -- 8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15 -- 17 June 1950 . On 11 June , the North sent three diplomats to the South as a peace overture that Rhee rejected outright . On 21 June , Kim Il - Sung revised his war plan to involve a general attack across the 38th parallel , rather than a limited operation in the Ongjin peninsula . Kim was concerned that South Korean agents learned about the plans and South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses . Stalin agreed to this change of plan . While these preparations were underway in the North , there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel , especially at Kaesong and Ongjin , many initiated by the South . The Republic of Korea Army ( ROK Army ) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group ( KMAG ) . On the eve of war , KMAG 's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide `` target practice '' . For his part , Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North , including when U.S. diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June . Although some South Korean and U.S. intelligence officers predicted an attack from the North , similar predictions were made before and nothing happened . The Central Intelligence Agency noted the southward movement by the Korean People 's Army ( KPA ) , but assessed this as a `` defensive measure '' and concluded an invasion was `` unlikely '' . On 23 June , UN observers inspected the border and did not detect that war was imminent . Comparison of forces Throughout 1949 and 1950 , the Soviets continued arming North Korea . After the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War , ethnic Korean units in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) were released to North Korea . The combat veterans from China , the tanks , artillery and aircraft supplied by the Soviets , and rigorous training increased North Korea 's military superiority over the South , armed by the US military with mostly small arms and given no heavy weaponry such as tanks . According to the first official census in 1949 the population of North Korea numbered 9,620,000 , and by mid-1950 North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops , organized into 10 infantry divisions , one tank division , and one air force division , with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks , who captured scheduled objectives and territory , among them Kaesong , Chuncheon , Uijeongbu , and Ongjin . Their forces included 274 T - 34 - 85 tanks , 200 artillery pieces , 110 attack bombers , and some 150 Yak fighter planes , and 35 reconnaissance aircraft . In addition to the invasion force , the North KPA had 114 fighters , 78 bombers , 105 T - 34 - 85 tanks , and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea . Although each navy consisted of only several small warships , the North and South Korean navies fought in the war as sea - borne artillery for their armies . In contrast , the Republic of Korea population totaled 20,188,641 , and its army was unprepared and ill - equipped . As of 25 June 1950 the ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers ( 65,000 combat , 33,000 support ) , no tanks ( they had been requested from the U.S. military , but requests were denied ) , and a 22 - piece air force comprising 12 liaison - type and 10 AT6 advanced - trainer airplanes . Large U.S. garrisons and air forces were in Japan , but only 200 -- 300 American troops were in Korea . Course of the War Territory often changed hands early in the war , until the front stabilized . North Korean , Chinese , and Soviet forces South Korean , U.S. , Commonwealth , and United Nations forces Hundreds of thousands of South Koreans fled south in mid-1950 after the North Korean army invaded . At dawn on Sunday , 25 June 1950 , the Korean People 's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire . The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops attacked first and that the KPA were aiming to arrest and execute the `` bandit traitor Syngman Rhee '' . Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin peninsula in the west . There were initial South Korean claims that they captured the city of Haeju , and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue that the South Koreans fired first . Whoever fired the first shots in Ongjin , within an hour , North Korean forces attacked all along the 38th parallel . The North Koreans had a combined arms force including tanks supported by heavy artillery . The South Koreans had no tanks , anti-tank weapons or heavy artillery to stop such an attack . In addition , South Koreans committed their forces in a piecemeal fashion and these were routed in a few days . On 27 June , Rhee evacuated from Seoul with some of the government . On 28 June , at 2 am , the South Korean Army blew up the Hangang Bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the North Korean army . The bridge was detonated while 4,000 refugees were crossing it and hundreds were killed . Destroying the bridge also trapped many South Korean military units north of the Han River . In spite of such desperate measures , Seoul fell that same day . A number of South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell , and forty - eight subsequently pledged allegiance to the North . On 28 June , Rhee ordered the massacre of suspected political opponents in his own country . In five days , the South Korean forces , which had 95,000 men on 25 June , was down to less than 22,000 men . In early July , when U.S. forces arrived , what was left of the South Korean forces were placed under U.S. operational command of the United Nations Command . Factors in U.S. intervention The Truman administration was unprepared for the invasion . Korea was not included in the strategic Asian Defense Perimeter outlined by Secretary of State Dean Acheson . Truman himself was at his home in Independence , Missouri . Military strategists were more concerned with the security of Europe against the Soviet Union than East Asia . At the same time , the administration was worried that a war in Korea could quickly widen into another world war should the Chinese or Soviets decide to get involved . One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan . Especially after the fall of China to the Communists , U.S. experts on East Asia saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region . While there was no United States policy dealing with South Korea directly as a national interest , its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea . Said Kim : `` The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman 's decision to intervene ... The essential point ... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of U.S. policy toward Japan . '' Another major consideration was the possible Soviet reaction in the event that the U.S. intervened . The Truman administration was fearful that a war in Korea was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the United States committed in Korea . At the same time , `` ( t ) here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from ( the conflict ) '' . Yugoslavia -- a possible Soviet target because of the Tito - Stalin Split -- was vital to the defense of Italy and Greece , and the country was first on the list of the National Security Council 's post-North Korea invasion list of `` chief danger spots '' . Truman believed if aggression went unchecked , a chain reaction would be initiated that would marginalize the United Nations and encourage Communist aggression elsewhere . The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans and the U.S. immediately began using what air and naval forces that were in the area to that end . The Truman administration still refrained from committing on the ground because some advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone . The Truman administration was still uncertain if the attack was a ploy by the Soviet Union or just a test of U.S. resolve . The decision to commit ground troops became viable when a communiqué was received on 27 June indicating the Soviet Union would not move against U.S. forces in Korea . The Truman administration now believed it could intervene in Korea without undermining its commitments elsewhere . United Nations Security Council resolutions Further information : List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea On 25 June 1950 , the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea , with UN Security Council Resolution 82 . The Soviet Union , a veto - wielding power , had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950 , protesting that the Taiwanese `` Republic of China '' and not the mainland `` People 's Republic of China '' held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council . After debating the matter , the Security Council , on 27 June 1950 , published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea . On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime . On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea . The Soviet Union challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons . The ROK Army intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from U.S. Intelligence ; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN , which violated UN Charter Article 32 ; and the fighting was beyond the UN Charter 's scope , because the initial north - south border fighting was classed as a civil war . Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council at the time , legal scholars posited that deciding upon an action of this type required the unanimous vote of all the five permanent members including the Soviet Union . Within days of the invasion , masses of ROK Army soldiers -- of dubious loyalty to the Syngman Rhee regime -- were retreating southwards or defecting en masse to the northern side , the KPA . United Nations ' response ( July -- August 1950 ) A U.S. howitzer position near the Kum River , 15 July As soon as word of the attack was received , U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea . Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act , paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler 's aggressions in the 1930s , with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated . Several U.S. industries were mobilized to supply materials , labor , capital , production facilities , and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War . However , President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the U.S. goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 ( NSC 68 ) ( declassified in 1975 ) : Communism was acting in Korea , just as Hitler , Mussolini and the Japanese had ten , fifteen , and twenty years earlier . I felt certain that if South Korea was allowed to fall , Communist leaders would be emboldened to override nations closer to our own shores . If the Communists were permitted to force their way into the Republic of Korea without opposition from the free world , no small nation would have the courage to resist threat and aggression by stronger Communist neighbors . In August 1950 , the President and the Secretary of State obtained the consent of Congress to appropriate $12 billion for military action in Korea . Because of the extensive defense cuts and the emphasis placed on building a nuclear bomber force , none of the services were in a position to make a robust response with conventional military strength . General Omar Bradley , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , was faced with re-organizing and deploying a U.S. military force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart . Acting on Secretary of State Acheson 's recommendation , President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer matériel to the South Korean military while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals . The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces , and ordered the U.S. Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , whose government asked to fight in Korea . The United States denied ROC 's request for combat , lest it provoke a communist Chinese retaliation . Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to `` neutralize '' the Taiwan Strait , Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as `` armed aggression on Chinese territory '' . The drive South and Pusan ( July -- September 1950 ) G.I. comforting a grieving infantryman Crew of an M - 24 tank along the Nakdong River front , August 1950 The Battle of Osan , the first significant U.S. engagement of the Korean War , involved the 540 - soldier Task Force Smith , which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division which had been flown in from Japan . On 5 July 1950 , Task Force Smith attacked the North Koreans at Osan but without weapons capable of destroying the North Koreans ' tanks . They were unsuccessful ; the result was 180 dead , wounded , or taken prisoner . The KPA progressed southwards , pushing back the U.S. force at Pyongtaek , Chonan , and Chochiwon , forcing the 24th Division 's retreat to Taejeon , which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon ; the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured , including its commander , Major General William F. Dean . By August , the KPA steadily pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army southwards . The impact of the Truman administration 's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt , as U.S. troops fought a series of costly rearguard actions . Lacking sufficient anti-tank weapons , artillery or armor , they were driven down the Korean peninsula . During their advance , the KPA purged the Republic of Korea 's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals . On 20 August , General MacArthur warned North Korean leader Kim Il - sung he was responsible for the KPA 's atrocities . By September , UN forces were hemmed into a small corner of southeast Korea , near Pusan . This 140 - mile perimeter enclosed about 10 % of Korea , in a line partially defined by the Nakdong River . Although Kim 's early successes led him to predict he would end the war by the end of August , Chinese leaders were more pessimistic . To counter a possible U.S. deployment , Zhou Enlai secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover , and deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border , under the command of Gao Gang . Zhou commanded Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea , and directed Lei Yingfu , Zhou 's military advisor in Korea , to analyze the military situation in Korea . Lei concluded that MacArthur would most likely attempt a landing at Incheon . After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur 's most likely strategy , Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei 's findings , and issued orders to Chinese army commanders deployed on the Korean border to prepare for U.S. naval activity in the Korea Strait . In the resulting Battle of Pusan Perimeter ( August -- September 1950 ) , the U.S. Army withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at the Naktong Bulge , P'ohang - dong , and Taegu . The United States Air Force ( USAF ) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support sorties that destroyed 32 bridges , halting most daytime road and rail traffic . KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night . To deny matériel to the KPA , the USAF destroyed logistics depots , petroleum refineries , and harbors , while the U.S. Navy air forces attacked transport hubs . Consequently , the over-extended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south . On 27 August , 67th Fighter Squadron aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory and the Soviet Union called the UN Security Council 's attention to China 's complaint about the incident . The U.S. proposed that a commission of India and Sweden determine what the U.S. should pay in compensation but the Soviets vetoed the U.S. proposal . Meanwhile , U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and matériel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter . Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan , the largest Korean port . By late August , the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle - ready . In early September 1950 , ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers . Battle of Inchon ( September 1950 ) Main article : Battle of Inchon General Douglas MacArthur , UN Command CiC ( seated ) , observes the naval shelling of Incheon from USS Mount McKinley , 15 September 1950 Combat in the streets of Seoul Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements , the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied ; unlike the UN Command , they lacked naval and air support . To relieve the Pusan Perimeter , General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Incheon , near Seoul and well over 160 km ( 100 mi ) behind the KPA lines . On 6 July , he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay , commander of the 1st Cavalry Division , to plan the division 's amphibious landing at Incheon ; on 12 -- 14 July , the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama , Japan , to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter . Soon after the war began , General MacArthur began planning a landing at Incheon , but the Pentagon opposed him . When authorized , he activated a combined U.S. Army and Marine Corps , and ROK Army force . The X Corps , led by Major General Edward Almond , consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division , the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers . By 15 September , the amphibious assault force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon : military intelligence , psychological warfare , guerrilla reconnaissance , and protracted bombardment facilitated a relatively light battle . However , the bombardment destroyed most of the city of Incheon . After the Incheon landing , the 1st Cavalry Division began its northward advance from the Pusan Perimeter . `` Task Force Lynch '' ( after Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch ) , 3rd Battalion , 7th Cavalry Regiment , and two 70th Tank Battalion units ( Charlie Company and the Intelligence -- Reconnaissance Platoon ) effected the `` Pusan Perimeter Breakout '' through 171.2 km ( 106.4 mi ) of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan . The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul , thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea . On 18 September , Stalin dispatched General H.M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il - sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul . Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans . As the overall commander of Chinese forces , Zhou Enlai suggested that the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the enemy forces at Incheon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men ; otherwise , he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north . On 25 September , Seoul was recaptured by South Korean forces . U.S. air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA , destroying most of its tanks and much of its artillery . North Korean troops in the south , instead of effectively withdrawing north , rapidly disintegrated , leaving Pyongyang vulnerable . During the general retreat only 25,000 to 30,000 North Korean soldiers managed to reach the KPA lines . On 27 September , Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo , in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat . UN forces cross partition line ( September -- October 1950 ) Main article : UN Offensive , 1950 On 27 September , MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81 / 1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if `` at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces , no announcements of intended entry , nor a threat to counter our operations militarily '' . On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee . On 30 September , Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes - only message to MacArthur : `` We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel . '' During October , the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea , and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951 . U.S. Air Force attacking railroads south of Wonsan on the eastern coast of North Korea On 30 September , Zhou Enlai warned the United States that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the United States crossed the 38th parallel . Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai - shek 's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s , but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not use these tactics effectively . Historian Bruce Cumings argues , however , the KPA 's rapid withdrawal was strategic , with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts . By 1 October 1950 , the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel ; the ROK Army crossed after them , into North Korea . MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA 's unconditional surrender . Six days later , on 7 October , with UN authorization , the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards . The X Corps landed at Wonsan ( in southeastern North Korea ) and Riwon ( in northeastern North Korea ) , already captured by ROK forces . The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city , the North Korean capital , on 19 October 1950 . The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon . The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China , preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang ; and to rescue U.S. prisoners of war . At month 's end , UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war . As they neared the Sino - Korean border , the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 50 -- 100 miles of mountainous terrain . Taking advantage of the UN Command 's strategic momentum against the communists , General MacArthur believed it necessary to extend the Korean War into China to destroy depots supplying the North Korean war effort . President Truman disagreed , and ordered caution at the Sino - Korean border . China intervenes ( October -- December 1950 ) Chinese forces cross the Yalu River . On 20 August 1950 , Premier Zhou Enlai informed the UN that `` Korea is China 's neighbor ... The Chinese people can not but be concerned about a solution of the Korean question '' . Thus , through neutral - country diplomats , China warned that in safeguarding Chinese national security , they would intervene against the UN Command in Korea . President Truman interpreted the communication as `` a bald attempt to blackmail the UN '' , and dismissed it . On 1 October 1950 , the day that UN troops crossed the 38th parallel , the Soviet ambassador forwarded a telegram from Stalin to Mao and Zhou requesting that China send five to six divisions into Korea , and Kim Il - sung sent frantic appeals to Mao for Chinese military intervention . At the same time , Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces themselves would not directly intervene . Three commanders of PVA during the Korean War . From left to right : Chen Geng ( 1952 ) , Peng Dehuai ( 1950 -- 1952 ) and Deng Hua ( 1952 -- 1953 ) In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2 to 5 October , Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea . There was considerable resistance among many leaders , including senior military leaders , to confronting the U.S. in Korea . Mao strongly supported intervention , and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him . After Lin Biao politely refused Mao 's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea ( citing his upcoming medical treatment ) , Mao decided that Peng Dehuai would be the commander of the Chinese forces in Korea after Peng agreed to support Mao 's position . Mao then asked Peng to speak in favor of intervention to the rest of the Chinese leaders . After Peng made the case that if U.S. troops conquered Korea and reached the Yalu they might cross it and invade China the Politburo agreed to intervene in Korea . On 4 August 1950 , with a planned invasion of Taiwan aborted due to the heavy U.S. naval presence , Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People 's Liberation Army 's ( PLA ) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force . On 8 October 1950 , Mao Zedong redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese People 's Volunteer Army ( PVA ) . To enlist Stalin 's support , Zhou and a Chinese delegation arrived in Moscow on 10 October , at which point they flew to Stalin 's home at the Black Sea . There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov , Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov . Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition , but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union 's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations . In a subsequent meeting , Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis , and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace , and only after an undisclosed period of time . Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951 . Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful , as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu . Soviet shipments of matériel , when they did arrive , were limited to small quantities of trucks , grenades , machine guns , and the like . Immediately on his return to Beijing on 18 October 1950 , Zhou met with Mao Zedong , Peng Dehuai , and Gao Gang , and the group ordered two hundred thousand Chinese troops to enter North Korea , which they did on 25 October . UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime , because their march and bivouac discipline minimized aerial detection . The PVA marched `` dark - to - dark '' ( 19 : 00 -- 03 : 00 ) , and aerial camouflage ( concealing soldiers , pack animals , and equipment ) was deployed by 05 : 30 . Meanwhile , daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site . During daylight activity or marching , soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared , until it flew away ; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators . Such battlefield discipline allowed a three - division army to march the 460 km ( 286 mi ) from An - tung , Manchuria , to the combat zone in some 19 days . Another division night - marched a circuitous mountain route , averaging 29 km ( 18 mi ) daily for 18 days . Meanwhile , on 15 October 1950 , President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean . This meeting was much publicized because of the General 's discourteous refusal to meet the President on the continental United States . To President Truman , MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea , and that the PRC 's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed . He believed the PRC had some 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria , and some 100,000 -- 125,000 soldiers at the Yalu River . He further concluded that , although half of those forces might cross south , `` if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang , there would be the greatest slaughter '' without air force protection . Soldiers from the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division in action near the Ch'ongch'on River , 20 November 1950 After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October , the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October , attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino - Korean border . This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union . Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war , Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover , and supported more aid to China . After inflicting heavy losses on the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong , the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950 ; deep in North Korea , thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three - prong assaults -- from the north , northwest , and west -- and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan . The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River , while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory . It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow up their victory . The UN Command , however , were unconvinced that the Chinese had openly intervened because of the sudden Chinese withdrawal . On 24 November , the Home - by - Christmas Offensive was launched with the U.S. Eighth Army advancing in northwest Korea , while the US X Corps attacked along the Korean east coast . But the PVA were waiting in ambush with their Second Phase Offensive which they executed at two sectors : the Eastern one at the Chosin Reservoir and the Western sector at Ch'ongch'on River . After consulting with Stalin , on 13 November , Mao appointed Zhou Enlai the overall commander and coordinator of the war effort , with Peng as field commander . On 25 November at the Korean western front , the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and overran the ROK II Corps at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River , and then inflicted heavy losses on the US 2nd Infantry Division on the UN forces ' right flank . The UN Command retreated ; the U.S. Eighth Army 's retreat ( the longest in US Army history ) was made possible because of the Turkish Brigade 's successful , but very costly , rear - guard delaying action near Kunuri that slowed the PVA attack for two days ( 27 -- 29 November ) . By 30 November , the PVA 13th Army Group managed to expel the U.S. Eighth Army from northwest Korea . Retreating from the north faster than they had counter-invaded , the Eighth Army crossed the 38th parallel border in mid December . UN morale hit rock bottom when Lieutenant General Walton Walker , commander of the U.S. Eighth Army , was killed on 23 December 1950 in an automobile accident . A column of the US 1st Marine Division move through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir . Map of the UN retreat in the wake of Chinese intervention Concurrent to the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River was the Battle of Chosin Reservoir which the PVA 9th Army Group initiated on 27 November . Here the UNC forces fared comparatively better : like the Eighth Army the surprise attack forced X Corps to also retreat from northeast Korea but were in the process able to breakout from the attempted encirclement by the PVA and execute a successful tactical withdrawal . X Corps managed to establish a defensive perimeter at the port city of Hungnam on 11 December and were able to evacuate by 24 December in order to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army to the south . During the Hungnam evacuation , about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and matériel ( approximately 105,000 soldiers , 98,000 civilians , 17,500 vehicles , and 350,000 tons of supplies ) were evacuated to Pusan . The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees , the largest rescue operation by a single ship , even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers . Before escaping , the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city , especially the port facilities ; and on 16 December 1950 , President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914 , 3 C.F.R. 99 ( 1953 ) , which remained in force until 14 September 1978 . The next day ( 17 December 1950 ) Kim Il - sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China . China justified its entry into the war as a response to `` American aggression in the guise of the UN '' . Later , the Chinese claimed that U.S. bombers had violated PRC national airspace on three separate occasions and attacked Chinese targets before China intervened . Fighting around the 38th parallel ( January -- June 1951 ) With Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December , the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive ( also known as the `` Chinese New Year 's Offensive '' ) on New Year 's Eve of 1950 . Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise , the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs , which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy . UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic , and as a result some soldiers panicked , abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south . The Chinese New Year 's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces , allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951 . B - 26 Invaders bomb logistics depots in Wonsan , North Korea , 1951 These setbacks prompted General MacArthur to consider using nuclear weapons against the Chinese or North Korean interiors , with the intention that radioactive fallout zones would interrupt the Chinese supply chains . However , upon the arrival of the charismatic General Ridgway , the esprit de corps of the bloodied Eighth Army immediately began to revive . UN forces retreated to Suwon in the west , Wonju in the center , and the territory north of Samcheok in the east , where the battlefront stabilized and held . The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food , ammunition , and matériel were carried nightly , on foot and bicycle , from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines . In late January , upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines , General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance - in - force , which became Operation Roundup ( 5 February 1951 ) . A full - scale X Corps advance proceeded , which fully exploited the UN Command 's air superiority , concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju . Following the failure of ceasefire negotiations in January , the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 498 on 1 February , condemning PRC as an aggressor , and called upon its forces to withdraw from Korea . In early February , the South Korean 11th Division ran the operation to destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea . During the operation , the division and police conducted the Geochang massacre and Sancheong - Hamyang massacre . In mid-February , the PVA counterattacked with the Fourth Phase Offensive and achieved initial victory at Hoengseong . But the offensive was soon blunted by the IX Corps positions at Chipyong - ni in the center . The U.S. 2nd Infantry `` Warrior '' Division 's 23rd Regimental Combat Team and the French Battalion fought a short but desperate battle that broke the attack 's momentum . The battle is sometimes known as the `` Gettysburg of the Korean War '' . 5,600 South Korean , U.S. , and French troops were surrounded on all sides by 25,000 Chinese . United Nations forces had previously retreated in the face of large Communist forces instead of getting cut off , but this time they stood and fought , and won . U.S. Marines move out over rugged mountain terrain while closing with North Korean forces . In the last two weeks of February 1951 , Operation Roundup was followed by Operation Killer , carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army . It was a full - scale , battlefront - length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible . Operation Killer concluded with I Corps re-occupying the territory south of the Han River , and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong . On 7 March 1951 , the Eighth Army attacked with Operation Ripper , expelling the PVA and the KPA from Seoul on 14 March 1951 . This was the city 's fourth conquest in a year 's time , leaving it a ruin ; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000 , and people were suffering from severe food shortages . On 1 March 1951 , Mao sent a cable to Stalin , in which he emphasized the difficulties faced by Chinese forces and the need for air cover , especially over supply lines . Apparently impressed by the Chinese war effort , Stalin agreed to supply two air force divisions , three anti-aircraft divisions , and six thousand trucks . PVA troops in Korea continued to suffer severe logistical problems throughout the war . In late April Peng Dehuai sent his deputy , Hong Xuezhi , to brief Zhou Enlai in Beijing . What Chinese soldiers feared , Hong said , was not the enemy , but having no food , bullets , or trucks to transport them to the rear when they were wounded . Zhou attempted to respond to the PVA 's logistical concerns by increasing Chinese production and improving supply methods , but these efforts were never sufficient . At the same time , large - scale air defense training programs were carried out , and the Chinese Air Force began participating in the war from September 1951 onward . On 11 April 1951 , Commander - in - Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur , the Supreme Commander in Korea . There were several reasons for the dismissal . MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war , leading to major allied losses . He believed that whether to use nuclear weapons should be his decision , not the president 's . MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered . While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome , Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a land war in Asia , and felt a truce and orderly withdrawal from Korea could be a valid solution . MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951 , which determined that he had defied the orders of the president and thus had violated the U.S. Constitution . A popular criticism of MacArthur was that he never spent a night in Korea , and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo . MacArthur was relieved primarily due to his determination to expand the war into China , which other officials believed would needlessly escalate a limited war and consume too many already overstretched resources . Despite MacArthur 's claims that he was restricted to fighting a limited war when China was fighting all - out , congressional testimony revealed China was using restraint as much as the U.S. was , as they were not using air power against front - line troops , communication lines , ports , naval air forces , or staging bases in Japan , which had been crucial to the survival of UN forces in Korea . Simply fighting on the peninsula had already tied down significant portions of U.S. airpower ; as Air Force chief of staff Hoyt Vandenberg said , 80 -- 85 % the tactical capacity , one - fourth of the strategic portion , and 20 % of air defense forces of the United States were engaged in a single country . There was also fear that crossing into China would provoke the Soviet Union into entering the war ; General Omar Bradley testified that there were 35 Russian divisions totaling some 500,000 troops in the Far East , which if sent into action with the approximately 85 Russian submarines in the vicinity of Korea , could overwhelm U.S. forces and cut supply lines , as well as potentially assist China in taking over territory in Southeast Asia . British UN troops advance alongside a Centurion tank , March 1951 General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander , Korea ; he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks , while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army . Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces ; Operations Courageous ( 23 -- 28 March 1951 ) and Tomahawk ( 23 March 1951 ) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul . UN forces advanced to `` Line Kansas '' , north of the 38th parallel . The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team 's ( `` Rakkasans '' ) second of two combat jumps was on Easter Sunday , 1951 , at Munsan - ni , South Korea , codenamed Operation Tomahawk . The mission was to get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north . The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance provided the medical cover for the operations , dropping an ADS and a surgical team and treating over 400 battle casualties apart from the civilian casualties that formed the core of their objective as the unit was on a humanitarian mission . The Chinese counterattacked in April 1951 , with the Fifth Phase Offensive , also known as the Chinese Spring Offensive , with three field armies ( approximately 700,000 men ) . The offensive 's first thrust fell upon I Corps , which fiercely resisted in the Battle of the Imjin River ( 22 -- 25 April 1951 ) and the Battle of Kapyong ( 22 -- 25 April 1951 ) , blunting the impetus of the offensive , which was halted at the `` No - name Line '' north of Seoul . On 15 May 1951 , the Chinese commenced the second impulse of the Spring Offensive and attacked the ROK Army and the U.S. X Corps in the east at the Soyang River . After initial success , they were halted by 20 May . At month 's end , the U.S. Eighth Army counterattacked and regained `` Line Kansas '' , just north of the 38th parallel . The UN 's `` Line Kansas '' halt and subsequent offensive action stand - down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953 . Stalemate ( July 1951 -- July 1953 ) U.S. M46 Patton tanks , painted with tiger heads thought to demoralize Chinese forces For the remainder of the Korean War the UN Command and the PVA fought , but exchanged little territory ; the stalemate held . Large - scale bombing of North Korea continued , and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong . On the Chinese side , Zhou Enlai directed peace talks , and Li Kenong and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team . Combat continued while the belligerents negotiated ; the UN Command forces ' goal was to recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory . The PVA and the KPA attempted similar operations , and later effected military and psychological operations in order to test the UN Command 's resolve to continue the war . The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge ( 18 August -- 15 September 1951 ) , the Battle of the Punchbowl ( 31 August - 21 September 1951 ) , the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge ( 13 September -- 15 October 1951 ) , the Battle of Old Baldy ( 26 June -- 4 August 1952 ) , the Battle of White Horse ( 6 -- 15 October 1952 ) , the Battle of Triangle Hill ( 14 October -- 25 November 1952 ) , the Battle of Hill Eerie ( 21 March -- 21 June 1952 ) , the sieges of Outpost Harry ( 10 -- 18 June 1953 ) , the Battle of the Hook ( 28 -- 29 May 1953 ) , the Battle of Pork Chop Hill ( 23 March -- 16 July 1953 ) , and the Battle of Kumsong ( 13 -- 27 July 1953 ) . Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment , serious logistical problems , overextended communication and supply lines , and the constant threat of UN bombers . All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops . The situation became so serious that , in November 1951 , Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA 's logistical problems . At the meeting it was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields in the area , to increase the number of trucks available to the army , and to improve air defense by any means possible . These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops . New Zealand artillery crew in action , 1952 In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities . Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted , and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future . On 24 February 1952 , the Military Commission , presided over by Zhou , discussed the PVA 's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort . After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war , Peng , in an angry outburst , shouted : `` You have this and that problem ... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have ! Not to speak of the casualties ! For what are they giving their lives ? We have no aircraft . We have only a few guns . Transports are not protected . More and more soldiers are dying of starvation . Ca n't you overcome some of your difficulties ? '' The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference . Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings , where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups , to be dispatched to Korea in shifts ; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots ; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines ; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union ; to provide the army with more food and clothing ; and , to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government . Armistice ( July 1953 -- November 1954 ) Men from the Royal Australian Regiment , June 1953 The on - again , off - again armistice negotiations continued for two years , first at Kaesong , on the border between North and South Korea , and then at the neighboring village of Panmunjom . A major , problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war ( POW ) repatriation . The PVA , KPA , and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north , which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans . In the final armistice agreement , signed on 27 July 1953 , a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission , under the chairman Indian General K.S. Thimayya , was set up to handle the matter . In 1952 , the United States elected a new president , and on 29 November 1952 , the president - elect , Dwight D. Eisenhower , went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War . With the United Nations ' acceptance of India 's proposed Korean War armistice , the KPA , the PVA , and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel . Upon agreeing to the armistice , the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) , which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA , United States , and Joint UN Commands . The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel ; to the south , it travels west . The old Korean capital city of Kaesong , site of the armistice negotiations , originally was in pre-war South Korea , but now is part of North Korea . The United Nations Command , supported by the United States , the North Korean People 's Army , and the Chinese People 's Volunteers , signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting . The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea , North Korea , China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks . The war is considered to have ended at this point , even though there was no peace treaty . North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War . After the war , Operation Glory was conducted from July to November 1954 , to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead . The remains of 4,167 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead , and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner - of - war camps were delivered to the South Korean government . After Operation Glory , 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific ( The Punchbowl ) , on the island of Oahu , Hawaii . Defense Prisoner of War / Missing Personnel Office ( DPMO ) records indicate that the PRC and the DPRK transmitted 1,394 names , of which 858 were correct . From 4,167 containers of returned remains , forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals . Of these , 2,944 were identified as from the U.S. , and all but 416 were identified by name . From 1996 to 2006 , the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino - Korean border . Division of Korea ( 1954 -- present ) See also : Korean Demilitarized Zone Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in P'anmunjŏm . The Korean Armistice Agreement provided for monitoring by an international commission . Since 1953 , the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission ( NNSC ) , composed of members from the Swiss and Swedish Armed Forces , has been stationed near the DMZ . In April 1975 , South Vietnam 's capital was captured by the North Vietnamese army . Encouraged by the success of Communist revolution in Indochina , Kim Il - sung saw it as an opportunity to invade the South . Kim visited China in April of that year , and met with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai to ask for military aid . Despite Pyongyang 's expectations , however , Beijing refused to help North Korea for another war in Korea . A U.S. Army officer confers with South Korean soldiers at Observation Post ( OP ) Ouellette , viewing northward , in April 2008 . The DMZ as seen from the north , 2005 Since the armistice , there have been numerous incursions and acts of aggression by North Korea . In 1976 , the axe murder incident was widely publicized . Since 1974 , four incursion tunnels leading to Seoul have been uncovered . In 2010 , a North Korean submarine torpedoed and sank the South Korean corvette ROKS Cheonan , resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors . Again in 2010 , North Korea fired artillery shells on Yeonpyeong island , killing two military personnel and two civilians . After a new wave of UN sanctions , on 11 March 2013 , North Korea claimed that the armistice had become invalid . On 13 March 2013 , North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea `` is not restrained by the North - South declaration on non-aggression '' . On 30 March 2013 , North Korea stated that it entered a `` state of war '' with South Korea and declared that `` The long - standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over '' . Speaking on 4 April 2013 , the U.S. Secretary of Defense , Chuck Hagel , informed the press that Pyongyang `` formally informed '' the Pentagon that it `` ratified '' the potential use of a nuclear weapon against South Korea , Japan and the United States of America , including Guam and Hawaii . Hagel also stated the United States would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam , because of a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea . In 2016 , it was revealed that North Korea approached the United States about conducting formal peace talks to formally end the war . While the White House agreed to secret peace talks , the plan was rejected due to North Korea 's refusal to discuss nuclear disarmament as part of the terms of the treaty . On 27 April 2018 , it was announced that North Korea and South Korea agreed to talks to end the ongoing 65 year conflict . They committed themselves to the complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula . However , on 15 May 2018 , North Korea cancelled a high - level meeting due to military drills South Korea and the US conducted . Characteristics Korean War memorials are found in every UN Command Korean War participant country ; this one is in Pretoria , South Africa . Casualties According to the data from the U.S. Department of Defense , the United States suffered 33,686 battle deaths , along with 2,830 non-battle deaths , during the Korean War . U.S. battle deaths were 8,516 up to their first engagement with the Chinese on 1 November 1950 . South Korea reported some 373,599 civilian and 137,899 military deaths . Western sources estimate the PVA suffered about 400,000 killed and 486,000 wounded , while the KPA suffered 215,000 killed and 303,000 wounded . Data from official Chinese sources , on the other hand , reported that the Chinese PVA had suffered 114,000 battle deaths , 34,000 non-battle deaths , 340,000 wounded , 7,600 missing and during the war . 7,110 Chinese POWs were repatriated to China . Chinese sources also reported that North Korea had suffered 290,000 casualties , 90,000 captured and a large number of civilian deaths . CNN reported , citing Encyclopædia Britannica that North Korean civilian casualties were 600,000 , while South Korean civilian casualties reached one million . The Chinese and North Koreans estimated that about 390,000 soldiers from the United States , 660,000 soldiers from South Korea and 29,000 other UN soldiers were `` eliminated '' from the battlefield . Recent scholarship puts the full battle death toll on all sides at just over 1.2 million . U.S. unpreparedness for War In a postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of U.S. Army forces deployed to Korea during the summer and fall of 1950 , Army Major General Floyd L. Parks stated that `` Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action , unit by unit , man by man ... ( T ) hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament . '' By 1950 , U.S. Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson had established a policy of faithfully following President Truman 's defense economization plans , and had aggressively attempted to implement it even in the face of steadily increasing external threats . He consequently received much of the blame for the initial setbacks in Korea and the widespread reports of ill - equipped and inadequately trained U.S. military forces in the war 's early stages . As an initial response to the invasion , Truman called for a naval blockade of North Korea , and was shocked to learn that such a blockade could be imposed only `` on paper '' , since the U.S. Navy no longer had the warships with which to carry out his request . Army officials , desperate for weaponry , recovered Sherman tanks from World War II Pacific battlefields and reconditioned them for shipment to Korea . Army Ordnance officials at Fort Knox pulled down M26 Pershing tanks from display pedestals around Fort Knox in order to equip the third company of the Army 's hastily formed 70th Tank Battalion . Without adequate numbers of tactical fighter - bomber aircraft , the Air Force took F - 51 ( P - 51 ) propeller - driven aircraft out of storage or from existing Air National Guard squadrons , and rushed them into front - line service . A shortage of spare parts and qualified maintenance personnel resulted in improvised repairs and overhauls . A Navy helicopter pilot aboard an active duty warship recalled fixing damaged rotor blades with masking tape in the absence of spares . Army Reserve and Army National Guard infantry soldiers and new inductees called to duty to fill out understrength infantry divisions found themselves short of nearly everything needed to repel the North Korean forces : artillery , ammunition , heavy tanks , ground - support aircraft , even effective anti-tank weapons such as the M20 3.5 - inch ( 89 mm ) Super Bazooka . Some Army combat units sent to Korea were supplied with worn out , ' red - lined ' M - 1 rifles or carbines in immediate need of ordnance depot overhaul or repair . Only the Marine Corps , whose commanders had stored and maintained their World War II surplus inventories of equipment and weapons , proved ready for deployment , though they still were woefully under - strength , as well as in need of suitable landing craft to practice amphibious operations ( Johnson had transferred most of the remaining craft to the Navy and reserved them for use in training Army units ) . Due to public criticism of his handling of the Korean War , Truman decided to ask for Johnson 's resignation . On 19 September 1950 , Johnson resigned as Secretary of Defense , and the president quickly replaced him with General of the Army George C. Marshall . Armored warfare The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces was aided by the use of Soviet T - 34 - 85 tanks . A North Korean tank corps equipped with about 120 T - 34s spearheaded the invasion . These drove against a ROK Army with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the Soviet T - 34s . Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed . The North Korean tanks had a good deal of early successes against South Korean infantry , elements of the 24th Infantry Division , and the United States built M24 Chaffee light tanks that they encountered . Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing Korean armor . The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear , including M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by U.S. M26 heavy tanks , along with British Centurion , Churchill , and Cromwell tanks . The U.S. landings at Inchon on 15 September cut off the North Korean supply lines , causing their armored forces and infantry to run out of fuel , ammunition , and other supplies . As a result , the North Koreans had to retreat , and many of the T - 34s and heavy weapons had to be abandoned . By the time the North Koreans withdrew from the South , a total of 239 T - 34s and 74 SU - 76s were lost . After November 1950 , North Korean armor was rarely encountered . Following the initial assault by the north , the Korean War saw limited use of tanks and featured no large - scale tank battles . The mountainous , forested terrain , especially in the Eastern Central Zone , was poor tank country , limiting their mobility . Through the last two years of the war in Korea , UN tanks served largely as infantry support and mobile artillery pieces . Naval warfare Naval engagements of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) and post-armistice incidents Pre Armistice Korea Strait Chumonchin Chan Haeju Inchon Operation Wonsan Operation Tailboard Wonsan Operation Fireball Buzz Saw Operation Kickoff USS Walke Incident Han River Post Armistice Gangneung Incident ( 1996 ) Sokcho Incident ( 1998 ) Yeosu ( 1998 ) Maritime border incidents First Yeonpyeong ( 1999 ) Second Yeonpyeong ( 2002 ) Daecheong ( 2009 ) Cheonan sinking ( 2010 ) Further information : List of US Navy ships sunk or damaged in action during the Korean conflict To disrupt North Korean communications , USS Missouri fires a salvo from its 16 - inch guns at shore targets near Chongjin , North Korea , 21 October 1950 Because neither Korea had a significant navy , the Korean War featured few naval battles . A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950 ; the U.S. Navy cruiser USS Juneau , the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Jamaica , and the frigate HMS Black Swan fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats , and sank them . USS Juneau later sank several ammunition ships that had been present . The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon , days before the Battle of Inchon ; the ROK ship PC - 703 sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island , near Inchon . Three other supply ships were sunk by PC - 703 two days later in the Yellow Sea . Thereafter , vessels from the UN nations held undisputed control of the sea about Korea . The gun ships were used in shore bombardment , while the aircraft carriers provided air support to the ground forces . During most of the war , the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea , sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea . Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries , the main threat to United States and UN navy ships was from magnetic mine s . During the war , five U.S. Navy ships were lost to mines : two minesweepers , two minesweeper escorts , and one ocean tug . Mines and gunfire from North Korean coastal artillery damaged another 87 U.S. warships , resulting in slight to moderate damage . Aerial warfare Further information : MiG Alley , USAF Units and Aircraft of the Korean War , and Korean People 's Air Force The Korean War was the first war in which jet aircraft played the central role in air combat . Once - formidable fighters such as the P - 51 Mustang , F4U Corsair , and Hawker Sea Fury -- all piston - engined , propeller - driven , and designed during World War II -- relinquished their air - superiority roles to a new generation of faster , jet - powered fighters arriving in the theater . For the initial months of the war , the P - 80 Shooting Star , F9F Panther , Gloster Meteor and other jets under the UN flag dominated North Korea 's prop - driven air force of Soviet Yakovlev Yak - 9 and Lavochkin La - 9s . A B - 29 Superfortress bomber dropping its bombs The Chinese intervention in late October 1950 bolstered the Korean People 's Air Force ( KPAF ) of North Korea with the MiG - 15 , one of the world 's most advanced jet fighters . The heavily armed MiGs were faster than first - generation UN jets and so could reach and destroy U.S. B - 29 Superfortress bomber flights despite their fighter escorts . With increasing B - 29 losses , the Air Force was forced to switch from a daylight bombing campaign to a safer but less accurate nighttime bombing of targets . The USAF countered the MiG - 15 by sending over three squadrons of its most capable fighter , the F - 86 Sabre . These arrived in December 1950 . The MiG was designed as a bomber interceptor . It had a very high service ceiling -- 15,000 m ( 50,000 ft ) and carried very heavy weaponry : one 37 mm cannon and two 23 mm cannons . The F - 86 had a ceiling of 13,000 m ( 42,000 ft ) and were armed with six . 50 caliber ( 12.7 mm ) machine guns , which were range adjusted by radar gunsights . If coming in at higher altitude the advantage of engaging or not went to the MiG . Once in a level flight dogfight , both swept - wing designs attained comparable maximum speeds of around 1,100 km / h ( 660 mph ) . The MiG climbed faster , but the Sabre turned and dived better . In summer and autumn 1951 , the outnumbered Sabres of the USAF 's 4th Fighter Interceptor Wing -- only 44 at one point -- continued seeking battle in MiG Alley , where the Yalu River marks the Chinese border , against Chinese and North Korean air forces capable of deploying some 500 aircraft . Following Colonel Harrison Thyng 's communication with the Pentagon , the 51st Fighter - Interceptor Wing finally reinforced the beleaguered 4th Wing in December 1951 ; for the next year - and - a-half stretch of the war , aerial warfare continued . A US Navy Sikorsky HO4S flying near USS Sicily Unlike the Vietnam War , in which the Soviet Union only officially sent `` advisers '' , in the Korean aerial war Soviet forces participated via the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps . Fearful of confronting the United States directly , the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role , but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian . This known direct Soviet participation was a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked , lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand to include the Soviet Union , and potentially escalate into atomic warfare . After the war , and to the present day , the USAF reports an F - 86 Sabre kill ratio in excess of 10 : 1 , with 792 MiG - 15s and 108 other aircraft shot down by Sabres , and 78 Sabres lost to enemy fire . The Soviet Air Force reported some 1,100 air - to - air victories and 335 MiG combat losses , while China 's People 's Liberation Army Air Force ( PLAAF ) reported 231 combat losses , mostly MiG - 15s , and 168 other aircraft lost . The KPAF reported no data , but the UN Command estimates some 200 KPAF aircraft lost in the war 's first stage , and 70 additional aircraft after the Chinese intervention . The USAF disputes Soviet and Chinese claims of 650 and 211 downed F - 86s , respectively . However , one source claims that the U.S. Air Force has more recently cited 224 losses ( c. 100 to air combat ) out of 674 F - 86s deployed to Korea . The Korean War marked a major milestone not only for fixed - wing aircraft , but also for rotorcraft , featuring the first large - scale deployment of helicopters for medical evacuation ( medevac ) . In 1944 -- 1945 , during the Second World War , the YR - 4 helicopter saw limited ambulance duty , but in Korea , where rough terrain trumped the jeep as a speedy medevac vehicle , helicopters like the Sikorsky H - 19 helped reduce fatal casualties to a dramatic degree when combined with complementary medical innovations such as Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals . The limitations of jet aircraft for close air support highlighted the helicopter 's potential in the role , leading to development of the AH - 1 Cobra and other helicopter gunships used in the Vietnam War ( 1965 -- 75 ) . Bombing of North Korea Main article : Bombing of North Korea 1950 - 1953 Pyongyang in May 1951 The initial bombing attack on North Korea was approved on the fourth day of the war , 29 June 1950 , by General Douglas MacArthur immediately upon request by the commanding general of the Far East Air Forces , George E. Stratemeyer . Major bombing began in late July . On 12 August 1950 , the U.S. Air Force dropped 625 tons of bombs on North Korea ; two weeks later , the daily tonnage increased to some 800 tons . From June through October , official U.S. policy was to pursue precision bombing aimed at communication centers ( railroad stations , marshaling yards , main yards , and railways ) and industrial facilities deemed vital to war making capacity . The policy was the result of debates after World War II , in which U.S. policy rejected the mass civilian bombings that had been conducted in the later stages of World War II as unproductive and immoral . In early July , General Emmett `` Rosie '' O'Donnell requested permission to burn five North Korean cities . He proposed that MacArthur announce that the UN would employ the firebombing methods that `` brought Japan to its knees . '' The announcement would warn the leaders of North Korea `` to get women and children and other noncombatants the hell out . '' According to O'Donnell , MacArthur responded , `` No , Rosy , I 'm not prepared to go that far yet . My instructions are very explicit ; however , I want you to know that I have no compunction whatever to your bombing bona fide military objectives , with high explosives , in those five industrial centers . If you miss your target and kill people or destroy other parts of the city , I accept that as a part of war . '' In September 1950 , MacArthur said in his public report the United Nations , `` The problem of avoiding the killing of innocent civilians and damages to the civilian economy is continually present and given my personal attention . '' In October 1950 , FEAF commander General Stratemeyer requested permission to attack the city of Sinuiju , a provincial capital with an estimated population of 60,000 , `` over the widest area of the city , without warning , by burning and high explosive . '' MacArthur 's headquarters responded the following day : `` The general policy enunciated from Washington negates such an attack unless the military situation clearly requires it . Under present circumstances this is not the case . '' Following the intervention of the Chinese in November , General MacArthur ordered increased bombing on North Korea which included incendiary attacks against the country 's arsenals and communications centers and especially against the `` Korean end '' of all the bridges across the Yalu River . As with the aerial bombing campaigns over Germany and Japan in World War II , the nominal objective of the U.S. Air Force was to destroy North Korea 's war infrastructure and shatter the country 's morale . On 3 November 1950 , General Stratemeyer forwarded to MacArthur the request of Fifth Air Force commander General Earle E. Partridge for clearance to `` burn Sinuiju . '' As he had done previously in July and October , MacArthur again denied the request , explaining that he planned to use the town 's facilities after seizing it . However , at the same meeting , MacArthur agreed for the first time to a firebombing campaign , agreeing to Stratemeyer 's request to burn the city of Kanggye and several other towns : `` Burn it if you so desire . Not only that , Strat , but burn and destroy as a lesson any other of those towns that you consider of military value to the enemy . '' The same evening , MacArthur 's chief of staff told Stratemeyer that the firebombing of Sinuiju had also been approved . In his diary , Stratemeyer summarized the instructions as follows : `` Every installation , facility , and village in North Korea now becomes a military and tactical target . '' Stratemeyer sent orders to the Fifth Air Force and Bomber Command to `` destroy every means of communications and every installation , factory , city , and village . '' On 5 November 1950 , General Stratemeyer gave the following order to the commanding general of the Fifth Air Force : `` Aircraft under Fifth Air Force control will destroy all other targets including all buildings capable of affording shelter . '' The same day , twenty - two B - 29s attacked Kanggye , destroying 75 % of the city . After MacArthur was removed as Supreme Commander in Korea in April 1951 , his successors continued this policy and ultimately extended it to all of North Korea . The U.S. dropped a total of 635,000 tons of bombs , including 32,557 tons of napalm , on Korea , more than during the whole Pacific campaign of World War II . A USAF Douglas B - 26B Invader of the 452nd Bombardment Wing bombing a target in North Korea , 29 May 1951 Almost every substantial building in North Korea was destroyed as a result . The war 's highest - ranking U.S. POW , U.S. Major General William F. Dean , reported that the majority of North Korean cities and villages he saw were either rubble or snow - covered wasteland . North Korean factories , schools , hospitals , and government offices were forced to move underground , and air defenses were `` non-existent . '' In November 1950 , the North Korean leadership instructed their population to build dugouts and mud huts and to dig underground tunnels , in order to solve the acute housing problem . U.S. Air Force General Curtis LeMay commented , `` we went over there and fought the war and eventually burned down every town in North Korea anyway , some way or another , and some in South Korea , too . '' Pyongyang , which saw 75 percent of its area destroyed , was so devastated that bombing was halted as there were no longer any worthy targets . On 28 November , Bomber Command reported on the campaign 's progress : 95 percent of Manpojin was destroyed , along with 90 percent of Hoeryong , Namsi and Koindong , 85 percent of Chosan , 75 percent of both Sakchu and Huichon , and 20 percent of Uiju . According to USAF damage assessments , `` eighteen of twenty - two major cities in North Korea had been at least half obliterated . '' By the end of the campaign , US bombers had difficulty in finding targets and were reduced to bombing footbridges or jettisoning their bombs into the sea . As well as conventional bombing , the Communist side claimed that the U.S. used biological weapons . These claims have been disputed ; Conrad Crane asserts that while the U.S. worked towards developing chemical and biological weapons , the U.S. military `` possessed neither the ability , nor the will '' , to use them in combat . U.S. threat of atomic warfare Mark 4 bomb , seen on display , transferred to the 9th Bombardment Wing , Heavy On 5 November 1950 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) issued orders for the retaliatory atomic bombing of Manchurian PRC military bases , if either their armies crossed into Korea or if PRC or KPA bombers attacked Korea from there . The President ordered the transfer of nine Mark 4 nuclear bombs `` to the Air Force 's Ninth Bomb Group , the designated carrier of the weapons ... ( and ) signed an order to use them against Chinese and Korean targets '' , which he never transmitted . Many U.S. officials viewed the deployment of nuclear - capable ( but not nuclear - armed ) B - 29 bombers to Britain as helping to resolve the Berlin Blockade of 1948 -- 1949 . Truman and Eisenhower both had military experience and viewed nuclear weapons as potentially usable components of their military . During Truman 's first meeting to discuss the war on 25 June 1950 , he ordered plans be prepared for attacking Soviet forces if they entered the war . By July , Truman approved another B - 29 deployment to Britain , this time with bombs ( but without their cores ) , to remind the Soviets of U.S. offensive ability . Deployment of a similar fleet to Guam was leaked to The New York Times . As United Nations forces retreated to Pusan , and the CIA reported that mainland China was building up forces for a possible invasion of Taiwan , the Pentagon believed that Congress and the public would demand using nuclear weapons if the situation in Korea required them . As Chinese forces pushed back the United States forces from the Yalu River , Truman stated during a 30 November 1950 press conference that using nuclear weapons was `` always ( under ) active consideration '' , with control under the local military commander . The Indian ambassador , K. Madhava Panikkar , reports `` that Truman announced he was thinking of using the atom bomb in Korea . But the Chinese seemed unmoved by this threat ... The PRC 's propaganda against the U.S. was stepped up . The `` Aid Korea to resist America '' campaign was made the slogan for increased production , greater national integration , and more rigid control over anti-national activities . One could not help feeling that Truman 's threat came in useful to the leaders of the Revolution , to enable them to keep up the tempo of their activities . '' After his statement caused concern in Europe , Truman met on 4 December 1950 with UK prime minister and Commonwealth spokesman Clement Attlee , French Premier René Pleven , and Foreign Minister Robert Schuman to discuss their worries about atomic warfare and its likely continental expansion . The United States ' forgoing atomic warfare was not because of `` a disinclination by the Soviet Union and People 's Republic of China to escalate '' the Korean War , but because UN allies -- notably from the UK , the Commonwealth , and France -- were concerned about a geopolitical imbalance rendering NATO defenseless while the United States fought China , who then might persuade the Soviet Union to conquer Western Europe . The Joint Chiefs of Staff advised Truman to tell Attlee that the United States would use nuclear weapons only if necessary to protect an evacuation of UN troops , or to prevent a `` major military disaster '' . On 6 December 1950 , after the Chinese intervention repelled the UN Command armies from northern North Korea , General J. Lawton Collins ( Army Chief of Staff ) , General MacArthur , Admiral C. Turner Joy , General George E. Stratemeyer , and staff officers Major General Doyle Hickey , Major General Charles A. Willoughby , and Major General Edwin K. Wright met in Tokyo to plan strategy countering the Chinese intervention ; they considered three potential atomic warfare scenarios encompassing the next weeks and months of warfare . In the first scenario : If the PVA continued attacking in full and the UN Command was forbidden to blockade and bomb China , and without ROC reinforcements , and without an increase in U.S. forces until April 1951 ( four National Guard divisions were due to arrive ) , then atomic bombs might be used in North Korea . In the second scenario : If the PVA continued full attacks and the UN Command blockaded China and had effective aerial reconnaissance and bombing of the Chinese interior , and the ROC soldiers were maximally exploited , and tactical atomic bombing was to hand , then the UN forces could hold positions deep in North Korea . In the third scenario : if China agreed to not cross the 38th parallel border , General MacArthur recommended UN acceptance of an armistice disallowing PVA and KPA troops south of the parallel , and requiring PVA and KPA guerrillas to withdraw northwards . The U.S. Eighth Army would remain to protect the Seoul -- Incheon area , while X Corps would retreat to Pusan . A UN commission should supervise implementation of the armistice . Both the Pentagon and the State Department were cautious about using nuclear weapons because of the risk of general war with China and the diplomatic ramifications . Truman and his senior advisors agreed , and never seriously considered using them in early December 1950 despite the poor military situation in Korea . In 1951 , the U.S. escalated closest to atomic warfare in Korea . Because China deployed new armies to the Sino - Korean frontier , pit crews at the Kadena Air Base , Okinawa , assembled atomic bombs for Korean warfare , `` lacking only the essential pit nuclear cores '' . In October 1951 , the United States effected Operation Hudson Harbor to establish a nuclear weapons capability . USAF B - 29 bombers practised individual bombing runs from Okinawa to North Korea ( using dummy nuclear or conventional bombs ) , coordinated from Yokota Air Base in east - central Japan . Hudson Harbor tested `` actual functioning of all activities which would be involved in an atomic strike , including weapons assembly and testing , leading , ground control of bomb aiming '' . The bombing run data indicated that atomic bombs would be tactically ineffective against massed infantry , because the `` timely identification of large masses of enemy troops was extremely rare . '' Ridgway was authorized to use nuclear weapons if a major air attack originated from outside Korea . An envoy was sent to Hong Kong to deliver a warning to China . The message likely caused Chinese leaders to be more cautious about potential U.S. use of nuclear weapons , but whether they learned about the B - 29 deployment is unclear and the failure of the two major Chinese offensives that month likely was what caused them to shift to a defensive strategy in Korea . The B - 29s returned to the United States in June . Despite the greater destructive power deploying atomic weapons would bring to the war , their effects on determining the war 's outcome would have likely been minimal . Tactically , given the dispersed nature of Chinese and North Korean forces , the relatively primitive infrastructure for staging and logistics centers , and the small number of bombs available ( most would have been conserved for use against the Soviets ) , atomic attacks would have limited effects against the ability of China to mobilize and move forces . Strategically , attacking Chinese cities to destroy civilian industry and infrastructure would cause the immediate dispersion of the leadership away from such areas and give propaganda value for the communists to galvanize the support of Chinese civilians . Since the Soviets were not expected to intervene with their few primitive atomic weapons on China or North Korea 's behalf if the U.S. used theirs first , factors such as little operational value and the lowering of the `` threshold '' for using atomic weapons against non-nuclear states in future conflicts played more of a role in not employing them than the threat of a possible nuclear exchange . When Eisenhower succeeded Truman in early 1953 he was similarly cautious about using nuclear weapons in Korea , including for diplomatic purposes to encourage progress in ongoing truce discussions . The administration prepared contingency plans to use them against China , but like Truman , the new president feared doing so would result in Soviet attacks on Japan . The war ended as it began , without U.S. nuclear weapons deployed near battle . War crimes Civilian deaths and massacres Further information : Bodo League massacre , Seoul National University Hospital massacre , No Gun Ri Massacre , Sinchon Massacre , Ganghwa massacre , Sancheong - Hamyang massacre , and Geochang massacre South Korean soldiers walk among the bodies of political prisoners executed near Daejon , July 1950 Civilians killed during a night battle near Yongsan , August 1950 There were numerous atrocities and massacres of civilians throughout the Korean war committed by both the North and South Koreans . Many started on the first days of the war . South Korean President Syngman Rhee ordered the Bodo League massacre on 28 June , beginning killings of more than 100,000 suspected leftist sympathizers and their families by South Korean officials and right - wing groups . During the massacre , the British protested to their allies and saved some citizens . In occupied areas , North Korean Army political officers purged South Korean society of its intelligentsia by executing every educated person -- academic , governmental , religious -- who might lead resistance against the North ; the purges continued during the NPA retreat . When the North Koreans retreated north in September 1950 , they abducted tens of thousands of South Korean men . The reasons are not clear , but the intention might have been to acquire skilled professionals to the North . In addition to conventional military operations , North Korean soldiers fought the UN forces by infiltrating guerrillas among refugees . These soldiers disguised as refugees would approach UN forces asking for food and help , then open fire and attack . U.S. troops acted under a `` shoot - first - ask - questions - later '' policy against any civilian refugee approaching U.S. battlefield positions , a policy that led U.S. soldiers to kill an estimated 400 civilians at No Gun Ri ( 26 -- 29 July 1950 ) in central Korea because they believed some of the refugees to be North Korean soldiers in disguise . The South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission defended this policy as a `` military necessity '' . Beginning in 2005 , the South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission has investigated numerous atrocities committed by the Japanese colonial government , North Korean military , U.S. military , and the authoritarian South Korean government . It has investigated atrocities before , during and after the Korean War . The Commission verified over 14,000 civilians were killed in the Jeju uprising ( 1948 -- 49 ) that involved South Korean military and paramilitary units against pro-North Korean guerrillas . Although most of the fighting subsided by 1949 , it continued until 1950 . The Commission estimates 86 % of the civilians were killed by South Korean forces . The Americans on the island documented the events , but never intervened . Prisoners of War See also : Korean War POWs detained in North Korea , Hill 303 massacre , and List of American and British defectors in the Korean War A US Marine guards North Korean prisoners of war aboard an American warship in 1951 . Chinese POWs At Geoje prison camp on Geoje Island , Chinese POWs experienced anti-communist lecturing and missionary work from secret agents from the U.S. and Taiwan in No. 71 , 72 and 86 camps . Pro-Communist POWs experienced torture , cutting off of limbs , or were executed in public . Being forced to write confession letters and receiving tattoos of an anti-Communism slogan and Flag of the Republic of China were also commonly seen , in case any wanted to go back to mainland China . Pro-Communist POWs who could not endure the torture formed an underground group to fight the pro-Nationalist POWs secretly by assassination which led to the Geoje Uprising . The rebellion captured Francis Dodd , and was cracked down by the 187th Infantry Regiment . In the end , 14,235 Chinese POWs went to Nationalist China ( Taiwan ) and less than 6,000 POWs went back to mainland China . Those who went to Taiwan are called `` righteous men '' and experienced brainwashing again and were sent to the army or were arrested ; while the survivors who went back to mainland China were welcomed as a `` hero '' first , but experienced anti-brainwashing , strict interrogation , and house arrest eventually , after the tattoos were discovered . After 1988 , the Taiwanese government allowed POWs to go back to mainland China , and helped remove anti-communist tattoos ; while the mainland Chinese government started to accept old POWs to return from Taiwan . UN Command POWs During the first days of the war North Korean soldiers committed the Seoul National University Hospital massacre . The United States reported that North Korea mistreated prisoners of war : soldiers were beaten , starved , put to forced labor , marched to death , and summarily executed . The KPA killed POWs at the battles for Hill 312 , Hill 303 , the Pusan Perimeter , and Daejeon ; these massacres were discovered afterwards by the UN forces . Later , a U.S. Congress war crimes investigation , the United States Senate Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities of the Permanent Subcommittee of the Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations , reported that `` two - thirds of all American prisoners of war in Korea died as a result of war crimes '' . Although the Chinese rarely executed prisoners like their North Korean counterparts , mass starvation and diseases swept through the Chinese - run POW camps during the winter of 1950 -- 51 . About 43 percent of U.S. POWs died during this period . The Chinese defended their actions by stating that all Chinese soldiers during this period were suffering mass starvation and diseases due to logistical difficulties . The UN POWs said that most of the Chinese camps were located near the easily supplied Sino - Korean border , and that the Chinese withheld food to force the prisoners to accept the communism indoctrination programs . According to Chinese reports , over a thousand U.S. POWs died by the end of June 1951 , while a dozen British POWs died , and all Turkish POW survived . According to Hastings , wounded U.S. POWs died for lack of medical attention and were fed a diet of corn and millet `` devoid of vegetables , almost barren of proteins , minerals , or vitamins '' with only 1 / 3 the calories of their usual diet . Especially in early 1951 , thousands of prisoners lost the will to live and `` declined to eat the mess of sorghum and rice they were provided . '' Two Hill 303 survivors after being rescued by US units , 17 August 1950 The unpreparedness of U.S. POWs to resist heavy communist indoctrination during the Korean War led to the Code of the United States Fighting Force which governs how U.S. military personnel in combat should act when they must `` evade capture , resist while a prisoner or escape from the enemy '' . North Korea may have detained up to 50,000 South Korean POWs after the ceasefire . Over 88,000 South Korean soldiers were missing and the Communists ' claimed they captured 70,000 South Koreans . However , when ceasefire negotiations began in 1951 , the Communists reported they held only 8,000 South Koreans . The UN Command protested the discrepancies and alleged that the Communists were forcing South Korean POWs to join the KPA . The Communist side denied such allegations . They claimed their POW rosters were small because many POWs were killed in UN air raids and that they had released ROK soldiers at the front . They insisted only volunteers were allowed to serve in the KPA . By early 1952 , UN negotiators gave up trying to get back the missing South Koreans . The POW exchange proceeded without access to South Korean POWs not on the Communist rosters . North Korea continued to claim that any South Korean POW who stayed in the North did so voluntarily . However , since 1994 , South Korean POWs have been escaping North Korea on their own after decades of captivity . As of 2010 , the South Korean Ministry of Unification reported that 79 ROK POWs escaped the North . The South Korean government estimates 500 South Korean POWs continue to be detained in North Korea . The escaped POWs have testified about their treatment and written memoirs about their lives in North Korea . They report they were not told about the POW exchange procedures , and were assigned to work in mines in the remote northeastern regions near the Chinese and Russian border . Declassified Soviet Foreign Ministry documents corroborate such testimony . In 1997 , the Geoje POW Camp in South Korea was turned into a memorial . Starvation See also : National Defense Corps Incident In December 1950 , National Defense Corps was founded ; the soldiers were 406,000 drafted citizens . In the winter of 1951 , 50,000 to 90,000 South Korean National Defense Corps soldiers starved to death while marching southward under the Chinese offensive when their commanding officers embezzled funds earmarked for their food . This event is called the National Defense Corps Incident . There is no evidence that Syngman Rhee was personally involved in or benefited from the corruption . Recreation Further information : United Service Organizations Bob Hope entertained X Corps in Korea on 26 October 1950 . In 1950 , Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall and Secretary of the Navy Francis P. Matthews called on the USO which was disbanded by 1947 to provide support for U.S. servicemen . By the end of the war , more than 113,000 USO volunteers from the U.S. were working at home front and abroad . Many stars came to Korea to give their performances . Throughout the Korean War , UN Comfort Stations were operated by South Korean officials for UN soldiers . Aftermath Main article : Aftermath of the Korean War The Korean Peninsula at night , shown in a 2012 composite photograph from NASA Postwar recovery was different in the two Koreas . South Korea stagnated in the first postwar decade . In 1953 , South Korea and the United States signed a Mutual Defense Treaty . In 1960 , the April Revolution occurred and students joined an anti-Syngman Rhee demonstration ; 142 were killed by police ; in consequence Syngman Rhee resigned and left for exile in the United States . Park Chung - hee 's May 16 coup enabled social stability . In the 1960s , prostitution and related services represented 25 percent of South Korean GNP . From 1965 to 1973 , South Korea dispatched troops to Vietnam and received $235,560,000 in allowance and military procurement from the United States . GNP increased fivefold during the Vietnam War . South Korea industrialized and modernized . Contemporary North Korea remains underdeveloped . South Korea had one of the world 's fastest - growing economies from the early 1960s to the late 1990s . In 1957 South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana , and by 2010 it was ranked thirteenth in the world ( Ghana was 86th ) . Following extensive USAF bombing , North Korea `` had been virtually destroyed as an industrial society . '' After the armistice , Kim Il - Sung requested Soviet economic and industrial assistance . In September 1953 , the Soviet government agreed to `` cancel or postpone repayment for all ... outstanding debts '' , and promised to grant North Korea one billion rubles in monetary aid , industrial equipment and consumer goods . Eastern European members of the Soviet Bloc also contributed with `` logistical support , technical aid , ( and ) medical supplies . '' China canceled North Korea 's war debts , provided 800 million yuan , promised trade cooperation , and sent in thousands of troops to rebuild damaged infrastructure . Postwar , about 100,000 North Koreans were executed in purges . According to Rummel , forced labor and concentration camps were responsible for over one million deaths in North Korea from 1945 to 1987 ; others have estimated 400,000 deaths in concentration camps alone . Estimates based on the most recent North Korean census suggest that 240,000 to 420,000 people died as a result of the 1990s North Korean famine and that there were 600,000 to 850,000 unnatural deaths in North Korea from 1993 to 2008 . A study by South Korean anthropologists of North Korean children who had defected to China found that 18 - year - old males were 13 centimetres ( 5 in ) shorter than South Koreans their age because of malnutrition . South Korean anti-Americanism after the war was fueled by the presence and behavior of U.S. military personnel ( USFK ) and U.S. support for the authoritarian regime , a fact still evident during the country 's democratic transition in the 1980s . However , anti-Americanism has declined significantly in South Korea in recent years , from 46 % favorable in 2003 to 74 % favorable in 2011 , making South Korea one of the most pro-U.S. countries in the world . In addition , a large number of mixed - race `` G.I. babies '' ( offspring of U.S. and other UN soldiers and Korean women ) were filling up the country 's orphanages . Because Korean traditional society places significant weight on paternal family ties , bloodlines , and purity of race , children of mixed race or those without fathers are not easily accepted in South Korean society . International adoption of Korean children began in 1954 . The U.S. Immigration Act of 1952 legalized the naturalization of non-blacks and non-whites as U.S. citizens , and made possible the entry of military spouses and children from South Korea after the Korean War . With the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965 , which substantially changed U.S. immigration policy toward non-Europeans , Koreans became one of the fastest - growing Asian groups in the United States . Mao Zedong 's decision to take on the United States in the Korean War was a direct attempt to confront what the Communist bloc viewed as the strongest anti-Communist power in the world , undertaken at a time when the Chinese Communist regime was still consolidating its own power after winning the Chinese Civil War . Mao supported intervention not to save North Korea , but because he believed that a military conflict with the United States was inevitable after the United States entered the Korean War , and to appease the Soviet Union to secure military dispensation and achieve Mao 's goal of making China a major world military power . Mao was equally ambitious in improving his own prestige inside the communist international community by demonstrating that his Marxist concerns were international . In his later years Mao believed that Stalin only gained a positive opinion of him after China 's entrance into the Korean War . Inside mainland China , the war improved the long - term prestige of Mao , Zhou , and Peng , allowing the Chinese Communist Party to increase its legitimacy while weakening anti-Communist dissent . North Koreans touring the Museum of American War Atrocities in 2009 The Chinese government have encouraged the point of view that the war was initiated by the United States and South Korea , though ComIntern documents have shown that Mao sought approval from Joseph Stalin to enter the war . In Chinese media , the Chinese war effort is considered as an example of China 's engaging the strongest power in the world with an under - equipped army , forcing it to retreat , and fighting it to a military stalemate . These successes were contrasted with China 's historical humiliations by Japan and by Western powers over the previous hundred years , highlighting the abilities of the People 's Liberation Army and the Chinese Communist Party . The most significant negative long - term consequence of the war for China was that it led the United States to guarantee the safety of Chiang Kai - shek 's regime in Taiwan , effectively ensuring that Taiwan would remain outside of PRC control through the present day . Mao had also discovered the usefulness of large - scale mass movements in the war while implementing them among most of his ruling measures over PRC . Finally , anti-U.S. sentiments , which were already a significant factor during the Chinese Civil War , was ingrained into Chinese culture during the Communist propaganda campaigns of the Korean War . The Korean War affected other participant combatants . Turkey , for example , entered NATO in 1952 , and the foundation was laid for bilateral diplomatic and trade relations with South Korea . See also Korea portal North Korea portal South Korea portal War portal Cold War portal 1950s portal 1st Commonwealth Division Australia in the Korean War Canada in the Korean War Historical revisionism ( negationism ) # North Korea and the Korean War Joint Advisory Commission , Korea Korean conflict Korean DMZ Conflict ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Korean reunification Korean War in popular culture List of books about the Korean War List of Korean War weapons List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients List of military equipment used in the Korean War List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll New Zealand in the Korean War North Korea in the Korean War Operation Big Switch Operation Little Switch Operation Moolah Partisans in Korean War , Partisan Movement Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea Pyongyang Sally UNCMAC -- the UN Command Military Armistice Commission operating from 1953 to the present UNCURK -- the 1951 UN Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea UNTCOK -- the 1950 United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea M * A * S * H -- TV series MASH -- film War memorials : United Nations Memorial Cemetery , Busan , Republic of Korea Korean War Veterans Memorial , Washington , D.C. Philadelphia Korean War Memorial National War Memorial ( New Zealand ) Korean War Memorial Wall , Brampton , Ontario War Memorial of Korea Yongsan - dong , Yongsan - gu , Seoul , South Korea Footnotes ^ Jump up to : On 9 July 1951 troop constituents were : US : 70.4 % , ROK : 23.3 % other UNC : 6.3 % Jump up ^ End of physical conflict and signing of an armistice . De jure , North and South Korea are still at war . Jump up ^ As per armistice agreement of 1953 , the opposing sides had to `` insure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved '' . Jump up ^ See 50 U.S.C. S 1601 : `` All powers and authorities possessed by the President , any other officer or employee of the Federal Government , or any executive agency ... as a result of the existence of any declaration of national emergency in effect on 14 September 1976 are terminated two years from 14 September 1976 . '' ; Jolley v. INS , 441 F. 2d 1245 , 1255 n. 17 ( 5th Cir. 1971 ) . Citations Jump up ^ Kim , Heesu ( 1996 ) . Anglo - American Relations and the Attempts to Settle the Korean Question 1953 -- 1960 ( PDF ) ( Thesis ) . London School of Economics and Political Science . p. 213 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Sam Ma ( 2010 ) . `` Israel 's Role in the UN during the Korean War '' ( PDF ) . Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs . 4 ( 3 ) : 81 -- 89 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Post-War Warriors : Japanese Combatants in the Korean War '' . Jump up ^ Edles , Laura Desfor ( 1998 ) . Symbol and Ritual in the New Spain : the transition to democracy after Franco . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 0521628857 . Jump up ^ `` Českoslovenští lékaři stáli v korejské válce na straně KLDR . Jejich mise stále vyvolává otazníky '' ( in Czech ) . Czech Radio . 11 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul M. ( 2006 ) . Korean War Almanac . Almanacs of American wars . New York : Infobase Publishing . p. 528 . ISBN 978 - 0816074679 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kocsis , Piroska ( 2005 ) . `` Magyar orvosok Koreában ( 1950 -- 1957 ) '' ( Hungarian physicians in Korea ( 1950 -- 1957 ) ) . ArchivNet : XX . századi történeti források ( in Hungarian ) . Budapest : Magyar Országos Levéltár . Archived from the original on 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romania 's `` Fraternal Support '' to North Korea during the Korean War , 1950 -- 1953 `` . Wilson Centre . Archived from the original on 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Stueck 1995 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Millett , Allan Reed , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Korean War , Volume 3 . Korea Institute of Military History . U of Nebraska Press . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 0803277960 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . India could not be considered neutral . Jump up ^ Birtle , Andrew J. ( 2000 ) . The Korean War : Years of Stalemate . U.S. Army Center of Military History . p. 34 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Millett , Allan Reed , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Korean War , Volume 3 . Korea Institute of Military History . U of Nebraska Press . p. 692 . ISBN 978 - 0803277960 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Total Strength 602,902 troops Jump up ^ Tim Kane ( 27 October 2004 ) . `` Global U.S. Troop Deployment , 1950 -- 2003 '' . Reports . The Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Ashley Rowland ( 22 October 2008 ) . `` U.S. to keep troop levels the same in South Korea '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Colonel Tommy R. Mize , United States Army ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` U.S. Troops Stationed in South Korea , Anachronistic ? '' . United States Army War College . Defense Technical Information Center . Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Louis H. Zanardi ; Barbara A. Schmitt ; Peter Konjevich ; M. Elizabeth Guran ; Susan E. Cohen ; Judith A. McCloskey ( August 1991 ) . `` Military Presence : U.S. Personnel in the Pacific Theater '' ( PDF ) . Reports to Congressional Requesters . United States General Accounting Office . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : USFK Public Affairs Office . `` USFK United Nations Command '' . United States Forces Korea . United States Department of Defense . Archived from the original on 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Republic of Korea -- 590,911 Colombia -- 1,068 United States -- 302,483 Belgium -- 900 United Kingdom -- 14,198 South Africa -- 826 Canada -- 6,146 The Netherlands -- 819 Turkey -- 5,453 Luxembourg -- 44 Australia -- 2,282 Philippines -- 1,496 New Zealand -- 1,385 Thailand -- 1,204 Ethiopia -- 1,271 Greece -- 1,263 France -- 1,119 Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2002 ) . Korean War Order of Battle : United States , United Nations , and Communist Ground , Naval , and Air Forces , 1950 -- 1953 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0275978358 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . A peak strength of 14,198 British troops was reached in 1952 , with over 40,000 total serving in Korea . `` UK - Korea Relations '' . British Embassy Pyongyang . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . When war came to Korea in June 1950 , Britain was second only to the United States in the contribution it made to the UN effort in Korea . 87,000 British troops took part in the Korean conflict , and over 1,000 British servicemen lost their lives Jack D. Walker . `` A Brief Account of the Korean War '' . Information . Korean War Veterans Association . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Other countries to furnish combat units , with their peak strength , were : Australia ( 2,282 ) , Belgium / Luxembourg ( 944 ) , Canada ( 6,146 ) , Colombia ( 1,068 ) , Ethiopia ( 1,271 ) , France ( 1,119 ) , Greece ( 1,263 ) , Netherlands ( 819 ) , New Zealand ( 1,389 ) , Philippines ( 1,496 ) , Republic of South Africa ( 826 ) , Thailand ( 1,294 ) , Turkey ( 5,455 ) , and the United Kingdom ( Great Britain 14,198 ) . Jump up ^ `` Land of the Morning Calm : Canadians in Korea 1950 -- 1953 '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 7 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Peak Canadian Army strength in Korea was 8,123 all ranks . ^ Jump up to : `` Casualties of Korean War '' ( in Korean ) . Ministry of National Defense of Republic of Korea . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul M. ( 2006 ) . Korean War Almanac . Almanacs of American wars . Infobase Publishing . p. 517 . ISBN 978 - 0816074679 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Zhang 1995 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Shrader , Charles R. ( 1995 ) . Communist Logistics in the Korean War . Issue 160 of Contributions in Military Studies . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0313295096 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . NKPA strength peaked in October 1952 at 266,600 men in eighteen divisions and six independent brigades . Jump up ^ Kolb , Richard K. ( 1999 ) . `` In Korea we whipped the Russian Air Force '' . VFW Magazine . Veterans of Foreign Wars . 86 ( 11 ) . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Soviet involvement in the Korean War was on a large scale . During the war , 72,000 Soviet troops ( among them 5,000 pilots ) served along the Yalu River in Manchuria . At least 12 air divisions rotated through . A peak strength of 26,000 men was reached in 1952 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Military Casualties -- Korean War Casualty Summary '' . Defense Casualty Analysis System . United States Department of Defense . 5 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Summary Statistics '' . Defense POW / Missing Personnel Office . United States Department of Defense . 24 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records of American Prisoners of War During the Korean War , created , 1950 -- 1953 , documenting the period 1950 -- 1953 '' . Access to Archival Databases . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . This series has records for 4,714 U.S. military officers and soldiers who were prisoners of war ( POWs ) during the Korean War and therefore considered casualties . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Defence Attaché ( 30 September 2010 ) . `` Korean war '' . British Embassy Seoul . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Korean War WebQuest '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 11 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . In Brampton , Ontario , there is a 60 - metre long `` Memorial Wall '' of polished granite , containing individual bronze plaques which commemorate the 516 Canadian soldiers who died during the Korean War . `` Canada Remembers the Korean War '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 1 March 2013 . 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Soviet Armour Since 1945 . London : Blandford . ISBN 0713717351 . Ravino , Jerry ; Carty , Jack ( 2003 ) . Flame Dragons of the Korean War . Paducah , KY : Turner . Rees , David ( 1964 ) . Korea : The Limited War . New York : St Martin 's . OCLC 1078693 . Rivera , Gilberto ( 3 May 2016 ) . Puerto Rican Bloodshed on The 38th Parallel : U.S. Army Against Puerto Ricans Inside the Korean War . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1539098942 . < / ref > Stein , R. Conrad ( 1994 ) . The Korean War : `` The Forgotten War '' . Hillside , NJ : Enslow Publishers . ISBN 0894905260 . Stokesbury , James L ( 1990 ) . A Short History of the Korean War . New York : Harper Perennial . ISBN 0688095135 . Stueck , William W. ( 1995 ) , The Korean War : An International History , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , ISBN 0691037671 Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) , Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , ISBN 0691118477 Weathersby , Kathryn ( 1993 ) , Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War , 1945 -- 50 : New Evidence From the Russian Archives , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 8 Weathersby , Kathryn ( 2002 ) , `` Should We Fear This ? '' Stalin and the Danger of War with America , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 39 Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 2005 ) . Sabres Over MiG Alley . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1591149330 . Zaloga , Steven J. , Jim Kinnear , Andrey Aksenov & Aleksandr Koshchavtsev ( 1997 ) . Soviet Tanks in Combat 1941 -- 45 : The T - 28 , T - 34 , T - 34 - 85 , and T - 44 Medium Tanks , Hong Kong : Concord Publication . ISBN 9623616155 Zhang , Shu Guang ( 1995 ) , Mao 's Military Romanticism : China and the Korean War , 1950 -- 1953 , Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas , ISBN 0700607234 External links Find more aboutKorean Warat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Historical Anniversary of the Korean War Armistice : Truman on Acheson 's Crucial Role in Going to War Shapell Manuscript Foundation Korean War resources , Dwight D. 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Imperial and Soviet times ) Internal Razin 's Rebellion Bulavin Rebellion Pugachev 's Rebellion Decembrist revolt Russian Civil War August Uprising Bitch Wars Coup d'état attempt ( 1991 ) 1993 Russian constitutional crisis First Chechen War War of Dagestan Second Chechen War Insurgency in the North Caucasus Pre-17th century Muscovite -- Volga Bulgars war ( 1376 ) First Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1492 -- 94 ) Russo - Swedish War ( 1495 -- 97 ) Second Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1500 -- 03 ) Third Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1507 -- 08 ) Fourth Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1512 -- 22 ) Fifth Muscovite -- Lithuanian War ( 1534 -- 37 ) Russo - Crimean Wars Russo - Kazan Wars Russo - Swedish War ( 1554 -- 57 ) Livonian War Russian Conquest of Siberia ( 1580 -- 1747 ) Russo - Swedish War ( 1590 -- 95 ) Polish -- Muscovite War ( 1605 -- 18 ) and the Time of Troubles Ingrian War Smolensk War Russo - Persian War ( 1651 -- 53 ) Sino - Russian border conflicts ( 1652 -- 89 ) Russo - Polish War ( 1654 -- 67 ) Deluge Second Northern War Russo - 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Turkish War ( 1877 -- 78 ) Boxer Rebellion Russian invasion of Manchuria 20th century Russo - Japanese War Russian Invasion of Tabriz , 1911 World War I Russian Civil War Ukrainian -- Soviet War Finnish Civil War Heimosodat Soviet westward offensive of 1918 -- 19 Estonian War of Independence Latvian War of Independence Lithuanian -- Soviet War Polish -- Soviet War Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan Red Army invasion of Armenia Red Army invasion of Georgia Red Army intervention in Mongolia Sino - Soviet conflict ( 1929 ) Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Soviet invasion of Xinjiang Xinjiang War ( 1937 ) World War II Soviet invasion of Poland Winter War Soviet occupation of the Baltic states ( 1940 ) Continuation War Eastern Front ( World War II ) Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran Soviet -- Japanese War Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Ili Rebellion First Indochina War Korean War Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Eritrean War of Independence War of Attrition Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Sino - 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Soviet border conflict ( 1969 ) vs United States and allies Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) Vietnam War ( 1965 -- 70 ) vs India Sino - Indian War ( 1962 ) Chola incident ( 1967 ) Sino - Indian skirmish ( 1987 ) Sino - Indian Standoff ( 2017 ) vs South Vietnam / Vietnam Paracel Islands ( 1974 ) Sino - Vietnamese War ( 1979 ) Sino - Vietnamese conflicts 1979 -- 90 Johnson South Reef Skirmish ( 1988 ) See also Incorporation of Tibet into the People 's Republic of China Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People 's Republic of China Armed conflicts involving Philippines Pre-modern Manila ( 1365 ) Manila ( 1500 ) Early modern Mactan Dagami Bangkusay Channel Manila ( 1574 ) Conspiracy of the Maharlikas Dingras Cagayan Magalat Igorot Gaddang La Naval de Manila Sumuroy Palaris Manila ( 1762 ) Cavite Late modern Philippine Revolution Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Moro ( 1899 - 1913 ) World War II Japanese invasion Allied invasion Hukbalahap CPP -- NPA -- NDF Moro ( 1969 - present ) Cold War Korean War Vietnam War Philippine involvement in Korean War and the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea Notable Members of the PEFTOK Fidel Ramos Fortunato Abat Emilio S. Liwanag Battles and Military Operations Operation Tomahawk Battle of Bloody Ridge Battle of the Imjin River Battle of Yultong Battle of Heartbreak Ridge Battle of Hill Eerie Related articles Philippine Army Korean War Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea GND : 4032467 - 9 LCCN : sh85073117 NARA : 10637595 NDL : 00573716 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_War&oldid=850224534 '' Categories : Korean War Revolution - based civil wars Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia History of Korea United Nations operations in Asia Wars involving Australia Wars involving Canada Wars involving Belgium Wars involving the People 's Republic of China Wars involving Ethiopia Wars involving France Wars involving Greece Wars involving Luxembourg Wars involving New Zealand Wars involving South Africa Wars involving Thailand Wars involving Turkey Wars involving the Netherlands Wars involving the Philippines Wars involving the Soviet Union Wars involving the United Kingdom Wars involving the United States Conflicts in 1950 Conflicts in 1951 Conflicts in 1952 Conflicts in 1953 Civil wars post-1945 Communism - based civil wars Aftermath of World War II Wars involving North Korea Wars involving South Korea 1950s in North Korea 1950s in South Korea Proxy wars Wars involving Korea Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2017 CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint : Date format CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with short description Use American English from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from April 2016 Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 99 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 14 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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-9001662442184177590 | Knights of Labor | Knights of Labor - wikipedia Knights of Labor Jump to : navigation , search The Seal of the Knights of Labor Knights of Labor ( K of L ) , officially Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor , was the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s . Its most important leader was Terence V. Powderly . The Knights promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman , rejected socialism and anarchism , demanded the eight - hour day , and promoted the producers ethic of republicanism . In some cases it acted as a labor union , negotiating with employers , but it was never well organized , and after a rapid expansion in the mid-1880s , it suddenly lost its new members and became a small operation again . It was founded by Uriah Stephens on December 28 , 1869 , reached 28,000 members in 1880 , then jumped to 100,000 in 1884 . By 1886 20 % of all workers were affiliated with the KOL , ballooning to nearly 800,000 members . Its frail organizational structure could not cope as it was battered by charges of failure and violence and calumnies of the association with the Haymarket Square riot . Most members abandoned the movement in 1886 - 87 , leaving at most 100,000 in 1890 . Many of them chose to join groups that helped to identify their specific need , instead of the KOL that addressed many different types of issues . Furthermore , the Panic of 1893 terminated the Knights of Labor 's importance . Remnants of the Knights of Labor continued in existence until 1949 , when the group 's last 50 - member local dropped its affiliation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Organizational history 1.1 Origins 1.2 Decline 1.3 Legacy 2 Footnotes 3 Grand Master Workmen 4 See also 5 Further reading 5.1 Scholarly studies 5.2 Outside U.S. 5.3 Primary sources 5.3. 1 by Knights 5.3. 2 by others 6 External links Organizational History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Terence Powderly , Grand Master Workman of the Knights of Labor during its meteoric rise and precipitous decline . In 1869 , Uriah Smith Stephens , James L. Wright , and a small group of Philadelphia tailors founded a secret organization known as the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor . The collapse of the National Labor Union in 1873 left a vacuum for workers looking for organization . The Knights became better organized with a national vision when they replaced Stephens with Terence V. Powderly . The body became popular with Pennsylvania coal miners during the economic depression of the mid-1870s , then it grew rapidly . The KOL was a diverse industrial union open to all workers . The leaders felt that it was best to have a versatile population in order to get points of view from all aspects . Its members included low skilled workers , railroad workers , immigrants , and steel workers . As membership expanded , the Knights began to function more as a labor union and less of a secret organization . Local assemblies began not only to emphasize cooperative enterprises , but to initiate strikes to win concessions from employers . The new leader Powderly , opposed strikes as a `` relic of barbarism , '' but the size and the diversity of the Knights afforded local assemblies a great deal of autonomy . In 1882 , the Knights ended their membership rituals and removed the words `` Noble Order '' from their name . This was to mollify the concerns of Catholic members and the bishops who wanted to avoid any resemblance to freemasonry . Though initially averse to strikes as a method to advance their goals , the Knights aided various strikes and boycotts . The Wabash Railroad strike in 1885 was also a significant success , as Powderly finally supported what became a successful strike on Jay Gould 's Wabash Line . Gould met with Powderly and agreed to call off his campaign against the Knights of Labor , which had caused the turmoil originally . These positive developments gave momentum and a surge of members , so by 1886 , the Knights had over 700,000 members . The Knights ' primary demand was for an eight - hour day ; they also called for legislation to end child and convict labor , as well as a graduated income tax . They were eager supporters of cooperatives . The only woman to hold office in the Knights of Labor , Leonora Barry worked as an investigator and described the horrific conditions in factories , conditions tantamount to the abuse of women and children . These reports made Barry the first person to collect national statistics on the American working woman . Powderly and the Organization tried to avoid divisive political issues , but in the early 1880s , many Knights had become followers of Henry George 's radical ideology known now as georgism . In 1883 , Powderly officially recommended George 's book and announced his support of `` single tax '' on land values . During the New York mayoral election of 1886 , Powderly was able to successfully push the organization towards the favor of Henry George . The Knights of Labor was an organization that helped to join together many different types of people from all different walks of life ; for example Catholic and Protestant Irish - born workers . The KOL was appealing to them because they worked very closely with the Irish Land League . The Knights of Labor had a mixed history of inclusiveness and exclusiveness , accepting women and blacks ( after 1878 ) and their employers as members , and advocating the admission of blacks into local assemblies , but tolerating the segregation of assemblies in the South . Bankers , doctors , lawyers , stockholders , and liquor manufacturers were excluded because they were considered unproductive members of society . Asians were also excluded , and in November 1885 , a branch of the Knights in Tacoma , Washington worked to expel the city 's Chinese , who amounted to nearly a tenth of the overall city population at the time . The Union Pacific Railroad came into conflict with the Knights . When the Knights in Wyoming refused to work more hours in 1885 , the railroad hired Chinese workers . The result was the Rock Springs massacre , that killed scores of Chinese , and drove all the rest out of Wyoming . About 50 African - American sugar - cane laborers organized by the Knights went on strike and were murdered by strikebreaking thugs in the 1887 Thibodaux massacre in Louisiana . The Knights strongly supported the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Contract Labor Law of 1885 , as did many other labor groups . Decline ( edit ) J.R. Sovereign , Grand Master Workman of the Knights of Labor from 1893 . The Knights of Labor attracted many Catholics , who were a large part of the membership , perhaps a majority . Powderly was also a Catholic . However , the Knights 's use of secrecy , similar to the Masons , during its early years concerned many bishops of the church . The Knights used secrecy and deception to help prevent employers from firing members . After the Archbishop of Quebec condemned the Knights in 1884 , twelve American archbishops voted 10 to 2 against doing likewise in the United States . Furthermore , Cardinals James Gibbons and John Ireland defended the Knights . Gibbons went to the Vatican to talk to the hierarchy . Legacy ( edit ) Though often overlooked , the Knights of Labor contributed to the tradition of labor protest songs in America . The Knights frequently included music in their regular meetings , and encouraged local members to write and perform their work . In Chicago , James and Emily Talmadge , printers and supporters of the Knights of Labor , published the songbook `` Labor Songs Dedicated to the Knights of Labor '' ( 1885 ) . The song `` Hold the Fort '' ( also `` Storm the Fort '' ) , a Knights of Labor pro-labor revision of the hymn by the same name , became the most popular labor song prior to Ralph Chaplin 's IWW ( Industrial Workers of the World ) anthem `` Solidarity Forever '' . Pete Seeger often performed this song and it appears on a number of his recordings . Songwriter and labor singer Bucky Halker includes the Talmadge version , entitled `` Labor 's Battle Song , '' on his CD Do n't Want Your Millions ( Revolting Records 2000 ) . Halker also draws heavily on the Knights songs and poems in his book on labor song and poetry , For Democracy , Workers and God : Labor Song - Poems and Labor Protest , 1865 - 1895 ( University of Illinois Press , 1991 ) . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Knights of Labor Facts , information , pictures Encyclopedia.com articles about Knights of Labor '' . www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Jason ( 2001 ) . `` Rise and Fall of a Nation of Joiners '' . The Knights of Labor Revisited. 31 ( 4 ) : 553 -- 579 . Jump up ^ Kemmerer and Wickersham , ( 1950 ) Jump up ^ Ware , ( 1929 ) pp 23 - 37 Jump up ^ Keene , Jennifer ; Saul , Cornell ; O'Donnell , Edward ( 2012 ) . `` Visions of America '' . Power in the Numbers : Organized Labor . 2 : 490 -- 495 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Weir , Beyond labor 's veil : the culture of the Knights of Labor ( 1996 ) p 94 Jump up ^ Whitman , American Reformers , 57 . Jump up ^ Weir , Robert E. ( October 1997 ) . `` A Fragile Alliance : Henry George and the Knights of Labor '' . The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 56 ( 4 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hallgrimsdottir , Helga ; Benoit , Cecilia ( 2007 ) . `` From Wage Slaves to Wage Workers '' . Cultural Opportunity Structures and the Evolution of the Wage Demands of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor , 1880 - 1900 . 85 ( 3 ) : 1393 -- 1411 . Jump up ^ Craig Storti , Incident at Bitter Creek : The Story of the Rock Springs Chinese Massacre ( 1990 ) , Jump up ^ James Hennesey , American Catholics , Oxford University Press , 1981 , page 188 . Grand Master Workmen ( edit ) Uriah Smith Stephens ( 1869 -- 1879 ) Terence V. Powderly ( 1879 -- 1893 ) James Sovereign ( 1893 -- 1901 ) John Hayes ( 1901 -- 1917 ) See also ( edit ) Organized labour portal Labor unions in the United States Labor federation competition in the United States Olivier - David Benoît Mary Harris Jones Further reading ( edit ) Scholarly studies ( edit ) Birdsall , William C. ( July 1953 ) . `` The Problem of Structure in the Knights of Labor '' . Industrial and Labor Relations Review . 6 ( 4 ) : 532 -- 546 . JSTOR 2518795 . doi : 10.2307 / 2518795 . Browne , Henry J. The Catholic Church and the Knights of Labor . Washington : Catholic University of America Press , 1949 . Case , Theresa Ann . The Great Southwest Railroad Strike and Free Labor ( 2010 ) 1886 Cassity , Michael J. ( June 1979 ) . `` Modernization and Social Crisis : The Knights of Labor and a Midwest Community , 1885 - 1886 '' . Journal of American History . 66 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 61 . JSTOR 1894673 . doi : 10.2307 / 1894673 . Commons , John R. et al. , History of Labour in the United States : Volume 2 , 1860 - 1896 . ( 4 vol 1918 ) . vol 2 Conell , Carol , and Kim Voss . `` Formal Organization and the Fate of Social Movements : Craft Association and Class Alliance in the Knights of Labor , '' American Sociological Review Vol. 55 , No. 2 ( Apr. , 1990 ) , pp. 255 -- 269 in JSTOR , focus on steel industry Fink , Leon . `` The New Labor History and the Powers of Historical Pessimism : Consensus , Hegemony , and the Case of the Knights of Labor , '' Journal of American History Vol. 75 , No. 1 ( Jun. , 1988 ) , pp. 115 -- 136 in JSTOR , historiography Fink , Leon / Workingmen 's Democracy : The Knights of Labor and American Politics . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1983 . Grob , Gerald N. `` The Knights of Labor and the Trade Unions , 1878 - 1886 , '' Journal of Economic History Vol. 18 , No. 2 ( Jun. , 1958 ) , pp. 176 -- 192 in JSTOR Kessler , Sidney H. ( July 1937 ) . `` The Organization of Negroes in the Knights of Labor '' . Journal of Negro History . 37 ( 3 ) : 248 -- 276 . JSTOR 2715493 . doi : 10.2307 / 2715493 . Kaufman , Jason . `` Rise and Fall of a Nation of Joiners : The Knights of Labor Revisited , '' Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 31 , No. 4 ( Spring , 2001 ) , pp. 553 -- 579 in JSTOR statistical study of competition with other unions and with fraternal societies for members Kemmerer , Donald L. ; Edward D. Wickersham ( January 1950 ) . `` Reasons for the Growth of the Knights of Labor in 1885 - 1886 '' . Industrial and Labor Relations Review . 3 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 220 . JSTOR 2518830 . doi : 10.2307 / 2518830 . Levine , Susan . `` Labor 's True Woman : Domesticity and Equal Rights in the Knights of Labor , '' Journal of American History Vol. 70 , No. 2 ( Sep. , 1983 ) , pp. 323 -- 339 in JSTOR Levine , Susan . True Women : Carpet Weavers , Industrialization , and Labor Reform in the Gilded Age . Philadelphia : Temple University Press , 1984 . Licht , Walter ; Kealey , Gregory ; Palmer , Bryan ; Fink , Leon ( Summer 1985 ) . `` The Knights of Labor Commemorated and Reconsidered : : Dreaming of What Might Be : The Knights of Labor in Ontario , 1880 - 1900 ; Workingmen 's Democracy : The Knights of Labor and American Politics '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 16 ( 1 ) : 117 -- 123 . JSTOR 204327 . doi : 10.2307 / 204327 . Miner , Claudia ( 1983 ) . `` The 1886 Convention of the Knights of Labor '' . Pylon. 44 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 159 . JSTOR 275026 . doi : 10.2307 / 275026 . McLaurin , Melton Alonza . The Knights of Labor in the South . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press , 1978 . Phelan , Craig . Grand Master Workman : Terence Powderly and the Knights of Labor ( Greenwood , 2000 ) , scholarly biography online edition Voss , Kim . The Making of American Exceptionalism : The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 1994 . Sociological study . Ware , Norman J. The Labor Movement in the United States , 1860 - 1895 : A Study In Democracy . ( 1929 ) . Weir , Robert E. Beyond Labor 's Veil : The Culture of the Knights of Labor . ( Pennsylvania State University Press , 1996 ) online edition Weir , Robert E. ( 1997 ) . A fragile alliance : Henry George and the Knights of Labor . The American Journal of Economics and Sociology , 56 , 421 - 439 . Weir , Robert E. Knights Unhorsed : Internal Conflict in Gilded Age Social Movement ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) Wright , Carroll D. `` An Historical Sketch of the Knights of Labor , '' Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol. 1 , no . 2 ( January 1887 ) , pp. 137 -- 168 . in JSTOR Outside U.S. ( edit ) Gregory Kealey and Brian Palmer , Dreaming of What Might Be : The Knights of Labor in Ontario , 1880 - 1900 . New York : Cambridge University Press , 1982 . Parfitt , Steven . Knights Across the Atlantic : The Knights of Labor in Britain and Ireland . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press , 2016 . Pelling , Henry ( 1956 ) . `` The Knights of Labor in Britain , 1880 - 1901 '' . Economic History Review . 9 ( new series ) ( 2 ) : 313 -- 331 . JSTOR 2591749 . doi : 10.2307 / 2591749 . , shows that American workers in the window glass industry set up an English chapter in 1884 to watch the business in Europe ; it remained small Leon Watillon and Frederic Meyers , The Knights of Labor in Belgium . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press , 1978 . Also in partial translation by Frederic Meyers , Institute of Industrial Relations , Los Angeles , 1959 : http://www.oac.cdlib.org/ark:/28722/bk0003t812j/?brand=oac4 Primary sources ( edit ) By Knights ( edit ) Knights of Labor ( 1887 -- 1913 ) . Proceedings of the General Assembly , 10th - 30th ( microfilm ) . Library of American civilization . LAC 23217 - 20 . Knights of Labor ( 1878 -- 1886 ) . Record of the proceedings of the General Assembly , 1st - 9th ( microfilm ) . Library of American civilization . LAC 23214 - 16 . Powderly , Terence Vincent ( 1889 ) . Thirty Years of Labor . 1859 - 1889 . Excelsior publishing house . p. 693 . Powderly , Terence Vincent ( 1889 ) . Thirty Years of Labor . 1859 - 1889 . Excelsior publishing house . p. 693 . Powderly , Terence Vincent ; Edmund Janes James ( 1891 ) . The Labor Movement : The Problem of To - day . The M.W. Hazen Company . p. 628 . Powderly , Terence Vincent ( 1891 ) . The Labor Movement : The Problem of To - day ; Chapter XV : The History of the Knights of Labor . pp. 397 -- 428 . Powderly , Terence Vincent ; John Williams Hayes ( 1891 ) . John A. Turcheneske , Jr , ed . Terence Vincent Powderly Papers 1864 - 1937 and John Williams Hayes Papers 1880 - 1921 , The Knights of Labor . pp. 109 reels . By others ( edit ) A.C. Dunham , `` The Knights of Labor , '' New Englander and Yale Review , vol. 45 , no . 195 ( June 1886 ) , pp. 490 -- 498 . John Stephens Durham , `` The Labor Unions and the Negro , '' Atlantic Monthly , vol. 81 , no . 484 ( February 1898 ) , pp. 222 -- 231 . Henry George , `` The New Party , '' North American Review , vol. 145 , no . 368 ( July 1887 ) , pp. 1 -- 8 . Rufus Hatch , `` The Labor Crisis , '' North American Review , vol. 142 , no . 355 ( June 1886 ) , pp. 602 -- 607 . Richard J. Hinton , `` American Labor Organizations , '' North American Review , vol. 140 , no . 338 ( January 1885 ) , pp. 48 -- 63 . M.E.J. Kelley , `` Women and the Labor Movement , North American Review , vol. 166 , no . 497 ( April 1898 ) , pp. 408 -- 418 . George Frederic Parsons , `` The Labor Question , '' Atlantic Monthly , vol. 58 , no . 345 ( July 1886 ) , pp. 97 -- 113 . Carroll D. Wright , `` An Historical Sketch of the Knights of Labor , '' Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol. 1 , no . 2 ( January 1887 ) , pp. 137 -- 168 . External links ( edit ) Record of proceedings of the General Assembly of the Knights of Labor 1878 `` Select Bibliography of Terence V. Powderly and the Knights of Labor , '' Catholic University of America . Retrieved October 8 , 2006 . `` Knights of Labor '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_of_Labor&oldid=806851878 '' Categories : Cooperative organisers Defunct trade unions in the United States Defunct American political movements Fraternal service organizations History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Trade unions in Canada Trade unions in New Zealand National trade union centers of the United States Trade unions established in 1869 1869 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Italiano Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 15 : 19 . 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-4412816418993548499 | The Giving Pledge | The Giving Pledge - wikipedia The Giving Pledge Jump to : navigation , search The Giving Pledge Formation Type Charitable organization Membership 158 Founders Bill Gates and Warren Buffett Website givingpledge.org The Giving Pledge is a campaign to encourage wealthy people to contribute a majority of their wealth to philanthropic causes . As of 2018 , the pledge has 175 signatories , either individuals or couples ; from 22 different countries . Most of the signatories of the pledge are billionaires , and their pledges total over $365 billion . It does not actually dictate that the money is spent in any certain way or towards any particular charity or cause , and there is no obligation to actually donate any money . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 Benefits to those making the Pledge 4 Signers 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) The organization 's stated goal is to inspire the wealthy people of the world to give at least half of their net worth to philanthropy , either during their lifetime or upon their death . The pledge claims to be a moral commitment to give , not a legal contract . On The Giving Pledge 's website , each individual or couple writes a letter explaining why they chose to give . History ( edit ) In June 2010 , the Giving Pledge campaign was formally announced and Bill Gates and Warren Buffett began recruiting members . As of August 2010 , the aggregate wealth of the first 40 pledgers was $125 billion . As of April 2011 , 69 billionaires had joined the campaign and given a pledge , and by the following year , The Huffington Post reported that a total of 81 billionaires had committed . As of 2012 , signatories of the pledge included : Hasso Plattner , David Rockefeller , Azim Premji , Richard Branson , Elon Musk , Tim Cook , Sara Blakely , and Kiran Mazumdar - Shaw . By May 2017 , 158 individuals and / or couples were listed as pledgers . Benefits to those making the Pledge ( edit ) Receive credit for philanthropy without actually giving anything Avoid paying taxes to the federal government ( If the pledge is valid , upon the pledger 's death ) Heirs may retain control of assets that would otherwise go to the government ( If the pledge is valid , upon the pledger 's death ) Signers ( edit ) At least $365 billion of giving has been pledged by 139 individuals , with a combined 2016 net worth of $731 billion . Below is a list of all net worth amounts ( pledges are not shown ) : Name Net worth ( 2017 or at date of death if earlier ) $ billions Bill and Melinda Gates 77.3 Warren Buffett 66.7 Larry Ellison 49.3 Michael Bloomberg 37.2 Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan 35.7 Carl Icahn 21.3 Azim Premji 17.5 Paul Allen 17.4 Ray and Barbara Dalio 15.6 James and Marilyn Simons 15.5 Elon Musk 15.2 Ronald Perelman 14.5 Vladimir Potanin 13.5 Patrick Soon - Shiong and Michele B. Chan 13 Harold and Annette Simmons 10 Dustin Moskovitz and Cari Tuna 9.9 Harold Hamm 9.4 George Kaiser 9.3 Hasso Plattner 9.1 Charles F. Feeney 7.5 Eli and Edythe Broad 7.1 John A. Sobrato and Susan Sobrato , and their son John Michael Sobrato 6.7 Gordon and Betty Moore 6.6 Stephen M. Ross 6.5 Richard and Nancy Kinder 6.2 Hansjörg Wyss 6.1 David and Barbara Green 5.6 George Lucas and Mellody Hobson 5.4 Richard and Joan Branson 5.1 Phillip and Patricia Frost 5 John and Ginger Sall 4.5 Jeff Skoll 4.4 Samuel Yin 4.2 John and Ann Doerr 4.1 Leon G. Cooperman and Toby Cooperman 3.9 Dan and Jennifer Gilbert 3.9 Bernie and Billi Marcus 3.8 Walter Scott , Jr . 3.8 Lynn Schusterman 3.5 Gordon and Llura Gund 3.4 Julian Robertson 3.4 Robert Smith 3.3 David Rockefeller 3.2 Yuri Milner 3.1 Jorge M. Pérez and Darlene Perez 3.1 Ian Wood 3.08 John Paul DeJoria 3.0 Kenneth and Elaine Langone 3.0 Jeff Greene and Mei Sze 3.0 Henry and Susan Samueli 2.9 Romesh and Kathleen Wadhwani 2.8 Michael Moritz and Harriet Heyman 2.8 David M. Rubenstein 2.8 John Caudwell 2.7 Bill and Karen Ackman 2.6 Arthur Blank 2.6 Edgar M. Bronfman 2.6 John D. Arnold and Laura Arnold 2.6 Edgar Bronfman , Sr . 2.5 Barry Diller and Diane von Furstenberg 2.5 Judith Faulkner 2.5 Barron Hilton 2.5 Michael and Lori Milken 2.5 Joe and Rika Mansueto 2.4 Sunny Varkey 2.3 Charles Bronfman 2.3 Thomas and Cindy Secunda 2.3 Bob and Renee Parsons 2.2 Ted Turner 2.2 Byaruhanga Kimberly Junior 2.1 Jonathan M. Nelson 2.1 Albert Lee Ueltschi 2.1 Nicolas Berggruen 2.0 Glenn and Eva Dubin 2.0 George P. Mitchell 2.0 Paul E. Singer 1.92 Mark and Mary Stevens 1.91 Elie and Susy Horn 1.90 Craig and Susan McCaw 1.84 Ted Forstmann 1.80 Peter George Peterson 1.77 Charles Zegar and Merryl Snow 1.76 Dato Sri Tahir 1.74 Reed Hastings and Patty Quillin 1.72 Nandan Nilekani and Rohini Nilekani 1.73 Gary Michelson and Alya Michelson 1.70 Sheryl Sandberg and Dave Goldberg 1.70 Vicki and Roger Sant 1.70 Vinod and Neeru Khosla 1.69 Tom Steyer and Kat Taylor 1.61 Sir Tom and Lady Marion Hunter 1.60 Red and Charline McCombs 1.55 Victor Pinchuk 1.51 Manoj Bhargava 1.50 Eric and Liz Lefkofsky 1.50 Alfred E. Mann 1.50 Ann Gloag 1.49 Michael Ashcroft 1.48 Andrew Forrest and Nicola Forrest 1.46 Patrice Motsepe and Precious Motsepe 1.45 Strive Masiyiwa and Tsitsi Masiyiwa 1.40 Joe Craft 1.40 Hamdi Ulukaya 1.38 Seth Klarman and Beth Klarman 1.38 Ted Stanley and Vada Stanley 1.30 Sidney Kimmel 1.27 Peter B. Lewis 1.25 Steve Case and Jean Case 1.21 Joyce and Bill Cummings 1.20 H.F. Lenfest and Marguerite Lenfest 1.20 Herb and Marion Sandler 1.20 Richard and Nancy Marriott 1.20 Irwin M. Jacobs and Joan Jacobs 1.19 Vincent Tan 1.13 Christopher Hohn 1.10 Jon Huntsman , Sr. and Karen Huntsman 1.10 John Morgridge and Tashia Morgridge 1.09 David Sainsbury 1.08 Dr Mo Ibrahim 1.07 Sara Blakely 1.06 Sanford and Joan Weill 1.06 Sue Ann Arnall 1.0 T. Boone Pickens 1.0 Craig Silverstein and Mary Obelnicki 1.0 Margaret Adams and Sylvan Adams 1.0 Robert and Arlene Kogod 1.0 Denny Sanford 0.9 Tim Cook 0.785 Tad Taube 0.65 Brad Keywell and Kim Keywell 0.6 Steve Bing 0.6 Shelby White 0.6 Harold Grinspoon and Diane Troderman 0.5 Tom Monaghan 0.5 Arif Naqvi 0.5 Lorry I. Lokey 0.3 Duncan and Nancy MacMillan 0.3 John W. Jay Jordan II 0.29 Edward W. Rose and Deedie Potter Rose 0.28 Paul Orfalea and Natalie Orfalea 0.25 Claire and Leonard Tow 0.25 James E. Stowers and Virginia Stowers 0.1 Total $735.66 billion See also ( edit ) Altruism Charity ( practice ) Charitable organization Earning to give Effective altruism List of members of the Forbes 400 Random act of kindness The World 's Billionaires Venture philanthropy Volunteering References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Forty U.S. billionaires pledge to give half their money to charity '' . Xinhua News Agency . 4 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2010 . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . A statement from the Giving Pledge website said `` the pledge is a moral commitment to give , not a legal contract . '' Jump up ^ Carol Loomis ( 16 June 2010 ) . `` The $600 billion challenge '' . Fortune . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Bradley ( 4 August 2010 ) . `` The Giving Pledge : Billionaires Promise to Donate at Least Half Their Fortunes to Charity '' . ABC News . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . Jump up ^ 10 More U.S. Families Commit to the Giving Pledge ( 1 ) , retrieved October 25 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Warren Buffett , Bill Gates Giving Pledge Gets 12 More Billionaires To Commit Over Half Of Their Fortunes '' , Huffington Post , April 20 2012 Jump up ^ `` SAP Founder Plattner Joins Club of Billionaire Donors '' . Der Spiegel . 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wall Street Doners : David Rockefeller '' . Inside Philanthropy . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Azim Premji first Indian to sign up for Gates - Buffett charity '' , India Times , 2013 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lazo , Alejandro ( 19 February 2013 ) . `` Richard Branson among non-U.S. billionaires joining Giving Pledge '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple CEO latest to sign The Giving Pledge '' . Dial2Donate . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Forbes : `` Spanx Mogul Sara Blakely Becomes First Female Billionaire To Join Gates - Buffett Giving Pledge '' by Clare O'Connor Retrieved 7 May 2013 Jump up ^ `` Kiran Mazumdar - Shaw , Herbert and Nicole Wertheim Join Giving Pledge '' . Philanthropy News Digest . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Giving Pledge : : Pledger Profiles Retrieved May 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lorenzetti , Laura ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` 17 More Billionaires Join Buffett and Gates ' Giving Pledge This Year '' . Fortune . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://givingpledge.org/About.aspx Jump up ^ https://www.irs.gov/charities-non-profits/federal-tax-obligations-of-non-profit-corporations Jump up ^ https://www.irs.gov/charities-non-profits/charitable-organizations/charitable-contribution-deductions Jump up ^ https://www.irs.gov/charities-non-profits/federal-tax-obligations-of-non-profit-corporations Jump up ^ https://www.irs.gov/charities-non-profits/charitable-organizations/charitable-contribution-deductions Jump up ^ `` The Giving Pledge List Reaches $365 Billion '' . Insatiable Fox . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Giving Pledge List Reaches $365 Billion '' . Insatiable Fox . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Official website Bill Gates , Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett in an Exclusive Conversation About ' the Giving Pledge , June 2010 ( hide ) Effective altruism Concepts Charity evaluator Venture philanthropy Disability - adjusted life year Earning to give Room for more funding Utilitarianism Equal consideration of interests Demandingness objection People Holden Karnofsky Toby Ord Eliezer Yudkowsky Dustin Moskovitz Derek Parfit Peter Singer William MacAskill Thomas Pogge Liv Boeree Organizations GiveWell Good Ventures Open Philanthropy Project 80,000 Hours Giving What We Can Center for High Impact Philanthropy Future of Life Institute Future of Humanity Institute LessWrong Machine Intelligence Research Institute Raising for Effective Giving Against Malaria Foundation Schistosomiasis Control Initiative Project Healthy Children GiveDirectly Deworm the World Initiative Animal Charity Evaluators Mercy For Animals The Good Food Institute The Humane League Causes Intensive animal farming Global poverty Malaria Mass deworming Neglected tropical diseases Global catastrophic risks Existential risk from artificial general intelligence Literature The Most Good You Can Do The Life You Can Save Living High and Letting Die Practical Ethics Doing Good Better Famine , Affluence , and Morality Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Giving_Pledge&oldid=843185576 '' Categories : Giving Pledgers Organizations established in 2010 Philanthropic organizations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français עברית 日本 語 Norsk Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 13 : 29 . 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-4893923866470094870 | WhatsApp | WhatsApp - Wikipedia WhatsApp This article 's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article 's neutral point of view of the subject . Please integrate the section 's contents into the article as a whole , or rewrite the material . ( April 2017 ) WhatsApp Messenger Developer ( s ) WhatsApp Inc . Initial release January 2009 ; 9 years ago ( 2009 - 01 ) Stable release ( s ) ( ± ) iOS 2.18. 81 / August 5 , 2018 ; 7 days ago ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) Android 2.18. 230 / August 4 , 2018 ; 8 days ago ( 2018 - 08 - 04 ) Windows Phone 8 , Windows 10 Mobile 2.18. 52 Symbian 2.16. 57 BlackBerry 2.17. 2 / June 26 , 2016 ; 2 years ago ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) Preview release ( s ) ( ± ) Android 2.18. 239 / August 7 , 2018 ; 5 days ago ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) Windows Phone 8 , Windows 10 Mobile 2.18. 112 Written in Erlang Operating system Android , iOS , Windows Phone , BlackBerry OS , Symbian ( there are Windows , macOS and web app clients that work only in presence of a connected mobile app client ) Type Instant messaging and social media License Freeware Alexa rank 69 ( As of December 2017 ) Website www.whatsapp.com WhatsApp Inc . Type of business Subsidiary Founded February 24 , 2009 ; 9 years ago ( 2009 - 02 - 24 ) Headquarters Mountain View , California , United States Founder ( s ) Jan Koum Brian Acton CEO Jan Koum Employees 50 Parent Facebook Website whatsapp.com hide WhatsApp Timeline Feb 4 , 2009 Jan Koum incorporates WhatsApp in California . Oct 2009 Brian Acton persuades five ex-Yahoo ! friends to invest $250,000 in seed funding , and is granted co-founder status . Aug 2009 WhatsApp 2.0 is released on the App Store for the iPhone . Dec 2009 WhatsApp for the iPhone is updated to send photos . Aug 2010 WhatsApp support for Android OS is added . Jan 21 , 2011 WeChat , a messenger app , is founded . It eventually becomes very popular in China . Apr 2011 In Series A round , WhatsApp founders agree to take $7 million from Sequoia Capital on top of their $250,000 seed funding , after months of negotiation with Sequoia partner Jim Goetz . May 2011 SnapChat , a competing photo messaging app , is founded . Jan 6 , 2012 An unknown hacker publishes a website that makes it possible to change the status of an arbitrary WhatsApp user , as long as the phone number was known . Aug 2012 The WhatsApp support staff announce that messages were encrypted in the `` latest version '' of the WhatsApp software for iOS and Android ( but not BlackBerry , Windows Phone , and Symbian ) , without specifying the cryptographic method . Feb 2013 WhatsApp 's user base swells to about 200 million active users and its staff to 50 . Jul 2013 Sequoia invests another $50 million in Series B round , valuing WhatsApp at $1.5 billion . Jul 16 , 2013 WhatsApp goes free , with an annual subscription fee of $1 after the first year . Aug 2013 Telegram , a cloud - based instant messaging service , launches . Aug 2013 WhatsApp introduces voice messaging . Feb 19 , 2014 Facebook announces its acquisition of WhatsApp for US $19 billion , its largest acquisition to date . Facebook pays $4 billion in cash , $12 billion in Facebook shares , and an additional $3 billion in restricted stock units granted to WhatsApp 's founders . Mar 2014 Someone discovers a vulnerability in WhatsApp encryption on the Android application that allows another app to access and read all of a user 's chat conversations within it . Nov 2014 WhatsApp introduces a feature named Read Receipts , which alerts senders when their messages are read by recipients . Within a week , WhatsApp introduces an update allowing users to disable this feature so that message recipients do not send acknowledgements . Jan 21 , 2015 WhatsApp launches WhatsApp Web , a web client which can be used through a web browser by syncing with the mobile device 's connection . Jan 21 , 2015 WhatsApp announces its policy on cracking down on 3rd - party clients , including WhatsApp+ . Users would not be able to use WhatsApp 's services at all until the third - party apps are uninstalled . Dec 2015 WhatsApp is briefly shut down in Brazil after it refuses to place wiretaps on certain WhatsApp accounts . It is shut down in Brazil again on May 2016 and in July 2016 . Jan 18 , 2016 Jan Koum announces that WhatsApp will no longer charge its users a $1 annual subscription fee . There is still no clear plan for monetizing WhatsApp . Mar 2016 Diego Dzodan , a Facebook executive , is arrested by Brazilian federal police after Facebook fails to turn over information from his WhatsApp messaging account into a judge 's request for a drug trafficking investigation . Mar 2 , 2016 WhatsApp introduces its document - sharing feature , initially allowing users to share PDF files with their contacts . Apr 5 , 2016 WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announce that they finish adding end - to - end encryption to `` every form of communication '' on WhatsApp , and that users could now verify each other 's keys . May 10 , 2016 WhatsApp is introduced for both Windows and Mac operating systems . Sep 5 , 2017 WhatsApp started external testing of an enterprise platform which enables companies to provide customer service to users at scale . Airline KLM launches such a service . Messaging with WhatsApp WhatsApp Messenger is a freeware and cross-platform messaging and Voice over IP ( VoIP ) service owned by Facebook . The application allows the sending of text messages and voice calls , as well as video calls , images and other media , documents , and user location . The application runs from a mobile device though it is also accessible from desktop computers ; the service requires consumer users to provide a standard cellular mobile number . Originally users could only communicate with other users individually or in groups of individual users , but in September 2017 WhatsApp announced a forthcoming business platform which will enable companies to provide customer service to users at scale . The client was created by WhatsApp Inc. , based in Mountain View , California , which was acquired by Facebook in February 2014 for approximately US $ 19.3 billion . By February 2018 , WhatsApp had a user base of over one and a half billion , making it the most popular messaging application at the time . WhatsApp has grown in multiple countries , including Brazil , India , and large parts of Europe , including United Kingdom and France . Contents 1 History 1.1 2009 -- 2014 1.2 Facebook subsidiary ( 2014 -- present ) 1.3 Recent ( 2016 -- present ) 2 SMB and Enterprise platforms 3 Platform support 3.1 WhatsApp Web 3.2 Microsoft Windows and Mac 4 Technical 4.1 End - to - end encryption 4.2 WhatsApp Payments 5 Reception and criticism 5.1 Security and privacy 5.1. 1 Mob murders in India 5.1. 2 Alleged vulnerability of encryption 5.2 Business model 5.3 Terrorism 5.4 Scams 5.5 Bans 5.5. 1 China 5.5. 2 Iran 5.5. 3 Turkey 5.5. 4 Brazil 5.5. 5 Sri Lanka 5.5. 6 Uganda 6 User statistics 6.1 Users in India 6.2 Competition 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History Further information : Timeline of WhatsApp 2009 -- 2014 WhatsApp was founded in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum , both former employees of Yahoo !. After Koum and Acton left Yahoo ! in September 2007 , the duo traveled to South America to take a break from work . At one point , they applied for jobs at Facebook but were rejected . For the rest of the following years Koum relied on his $400,000 savings from Yahoo ! . In January 2009 , after purchasing an iPhone and realizing the potential of the app industry on the App Store , Koum started visiting his friend Alex Fishman in West San Jose where the three would discuss `` ... having statuses next to individual names of the people '' , but this was not possible without an iPhone developer . Fishman found a Russian developer on RentACoder.com , Igor Solomennikov , and introduced him to Koum . Koum named the app `` WhatsApp '' to sound like `` what 's up '' . On February 24 , 2009 , he incorporated WhatsApp Inc. in California . However , because early versions of WhatsApp often crashed or got stuck at a particular point , Koum felt like giving up and looking for a new job , upon which Acton encouraged him to wait for a `` few more months '' . In June 2009 , Apple launched push notifications , allowing users to be pinged when they were not using an app . Koum changed WhatsApp so that when a user 's status is changed , everyone in the user 's network would be notified . WhatsApp 2.0 was released with a messaging component and the number of active users suddenly increased to 250,000 . Acton was still unemployed and managing another startup , and he decided to join the company . In October 2009 , Acton persuaded five former friends in Yahoo ! to invest $250,000 in seed funding , and Acton became a co-founder and was given a stake . He officially joined on November 1 . After months at beta stage , the application eventually launched in November 2009 exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone . Koum then hired a friend who lived in Los Angeles , Chris Peiffer , to develop the BlackBerry version , which arrived two months later . WhatsApp was switched from a free to paid service to avoid growing too fast , mainly because the primary cost was sending verification texts to users . In December 2009 , the ability to send photos was added to WhatsApp for the iPhone . By early 2011 , WhatsApp was one of the top 20 apps in Apple 's U.S. App Store . In April 2011 , Sequoia Capital invested approximately $8 million for more than 15 percent of the company , after months of negotiation with Sequoia partner Jim Goetz . By February 2013 , WhatsApp had about 200 million active users and 50 staff members . Sequoia invested another $50 million , and WhatsApp was valued at $1.5 billion . In a December 2013 blog post , WhatsApp claimed that 400 million active users used the service each month . Facebook subsidiary ( 2014 -- present ) On February 19 , 2014 , months after a venture capital financing round at a $1.5 billion valuation , Facebook announced it was acquiring WhatsApp for US $19 billion , its largest acquisition to date . At the time , the acquisition was the largest purchase of a venture - backed company in history . Sequoia Capital received an approximate 50x return on its initial investment . Facebook , which was advised by Allen & Co , paid $4 billion in cash , $12 billion in Facebook shares , and ( advised by Morgan Stanley ) an additional $3 billion in restricted stock units granted to WhatsApp 's founders , Koum and Acton . Employee stock was scheduled to vest over four years subsequent to closing . Days after the announcement , WhatsApp users experienced a loss of service , leading to anger across social media . The acquisition caused a considerable number of users to move , or try out other message services as well . Telegram claimed to have seen 8 million additional downloads of its app . Line claimed to have seen 2 million new users for its service . At a keynote presentation at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona in February 2014 , Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said that Facebook 's acquisition of WhatsApp was closely related to the Internet.org vision . According to a TechCrunch article , Zuckerberg 's vision for Internet.org was as follows : The idea , he said , is to develop a group of basic internet services that would be free of charge to use -- ' a 911 for the internet . ' These could be a social networking service like Facebook , a messaging service , maybe search and other things like weather . Providing a bundle of these free of charge to users will work like a gateway drug of sorts -- users who may be able to afford data services and phones these days just do n't see the point of why they would pay for those data services . This would give them some context for why they are important , and that will lead them to paying for more services like this -- or so the hope goes . Just three days after announcing that WhatsApp had been purchased by Facebook , Koum said they were working to introduce voice calls in the coming months . He also advanced that new mobile phones would be sold in Germany with the WhatsApp brand , as their main goal was to be in all smartphones . In August 2014 , WhatsApp was the most globally popular messaging app , with more than 600 million active users . By early January 2015 , WhatsApp had 700 million monthly active users with over 30 billion messages being sent every day . In April 2015 , Forbes predicted that between 2012 and 2018 , the telecommunications industry will lose a combined total of $386 billion because of OTT services like WhatsApp and Skype . That month , WhatsApp had over 800 million active users . By September 2015 , the user base had grown to 900 million , and by February 2016 it had grown to one billion . As of November 30 , 2015 , the Android client for WhatsApp started making links to another messenger called Telegram unclickable and uncopyable . This is an active block , as confirmed by multiple sources , rather than a bug , and the Android source code which recognizes Telegram URLs has been identified . URLs with `` telegram '' as domain - name are targeted actively and explicitly -- the word `` telegram '' appears in the code . This functioning risks being considered anti-competitive , and has not been explained by WhatsApp . Recent ( 2016 -- present ) On January 18 , 2016 , WhatsApp 's founder Jan Koum announced that the service would no longer charge their users a $1 annual subscription fee in an effort to remove a barrier faced by some users who do not have a credit card to pay for the service . He also explained that the app would not display any third party advertisement and instead would bring new features such as the ability to communicate with business organizations . By June 2016 , more than 100 million voice calls are made per day on WhatsApp according to a post on the company 's blog . On November 10 , 2016 , WhatsApp launched a two - step verification feature in beta for Android users . After enabling this feature , users can add their email address for further protection . Also in November 2016 , Facebook ceased collecting WhatsApp data for advertising in Europe . On February 24 , 2017 , ( WhatsApp 's 8th birthday ) , WhatsApp launched a new Status feature similar to Snapchat and Facebook stories . On May 18 , 2017 , it was reported that the European Commission was fining Facebook € 110 million for `` misleading '' it during the 2014 takeover of WhatsApp . The Commission alleged that in 2014 , when Facebook acquired the messaging app , it `` falsely claimed it was technically impossible to automatically combine user information from Facebook and WhatsApp . '' However , in the summer of 2016 , WhatsApp had begun sharing user information with its parent company , allowing information such as phone numbers to be used for targeted Facebook advertisements . Facebook acknowledged the breach , but said the errors in their 2014 filings were `` not intentional . '' In September 2017 , WhatsApp announced a forthcoming business platform which will enable companies to provide customer service to users at scale . Airlines KLM and Aeroméxico both announced their participation in the testing . Both airlines had previously launched customer services on the Facebook Messenger platform . In January 2018 , WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Business for small business use . Smb and enterprise platforms Until 2017 , WhatsApp positioned itself as a solution for a single party with a single smartphone to communicate with another such party , enabling small businesses to use the platform to communicate with customers , but not at scale ( e.g. in a contact center environment ) . However , in September 2017 WhatsApp announced what had long been rumored , that they are building and testing new tools for businesses to use WhatsApp : a free WhatsApp Business app for small companies and an Enterprise Solution for bigger companies operating at a large scale with a global base of customers , like airlines , e-commerce retailers , and banks , who for the first time can offer customer service and conversational commerce ( e-commerce via WhatsApp chat ( via live agents or chatbots ) Note that some companies as far back as 2015 like Meteordesk had provided unofficial solutions for enterprises to attend to large numbers of users , however these setups were shut down by WhatsApp . Platform support After months at beta stage , the application eventually launched in November 2009 exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone . In January 2010 , support for BlackBerry smartphones was added , and subsequently for Symbian OS in May 2010 and for Android OS in August 2010 . In August 2011 , a beta for Nokia 's non-smartphone OS Series 40 was added . A month later , support for Windows Phone was added , followed by BlackBerry 10 in March 2013 . In April 2015 , support for Samsung 's Tizen OS was added . An unofficial port has been released for the MeeGo - based Nokia N9 called Wazapp , as well as a port for the Maemo - based Nokia N900 called Yappari . The oldest device that was capable of running WhatsApp was the Symbian - based Nokia N95 released in March 2007 ( which is no longer functioning as of June 2017 ) . In August 2014 , WhatsApp released an update to its Android app , adding support for Android Wear smartwatches . In 2014 , an unofficial open source plug - in called whatsapp - purple was released for Pidgin , implementing its XMPP and making it possible to use WhatsApp on a Microsoft Windows or Linux PC . WhatsApp responded by automatically blocking phone numbers that connected to WhatsApp using this plug - in . On January 21 , 2015 , WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Web , a web client which can be used through a web browser by syncing with the mobile device 's connection . On February 26 , 2016 , WhatsApp announced they would cease support for BlackBerry ( including BlackBerry 10 ) , Series 40 , and Symbian S60 , as well as older versions of Android ( 2.2 ) , Windows Phone ( 7.0 ) , and iOS ( 6 ) , by the end of 2016 . BlackBerry , Series 40 , and Symbian support was since then extended further to June 30 , 2017 . In June 2017 , support for BlackBerry and Series 40 was once again extended until the end of 2017 , while Symbian was dropped . Support for BlackBerry and older ( version 8.0 ) Windows Phone and older ( version 6 ) iOS devices was dropped on January 1 , 2018 , but for Nokia Series 40 was extended again , until December 2018 . In July 2018 , it was announced that WhatsApp will soon be available for KaiOS feature phones . WhatsApp Web WhatsApp was officially made available for PCs through a web client , under the name WhatsApp Web , in late January 2015 through an announcement made by Koum on his Facebook page : `` Our web client is simply an extension of your phone : the web browser mirrors conversations and messages from your mobile device -- this means all of your messages still live on your phone '' . The WhatsApp user 's handset must still be connected to the Internet for the browser application to function . All major desktop browsers are supported except for Internet Explorer . WhatsApp Web 's user interface is based on the default Android one . As of January 21 , 2015 , the desktop version was only available to Android , BlackBerry , and Windows Phone users . Later on , it also added support for iOS , Nokia Series 40 , and Nokia S60 ( Symbian ) . An unofficial derivative called WhatsAppTime has been developed , which is a standard Win32 application for PCs and supports notifications through the Windows notification area . There are similar solutions for macOS , such as the open - source ChitChat , and multiple wrappers available in the App Store . Microsoft Windows and Mac On May 10 , 2016 , the messaging service was introduced for both Microsoft Windows and macOS operating systems . WhatsApp currently does not allow audio or video calling from desktop operating systems . Similar to the WhatsApp Web format , the app , which will be synced with a user 's mobile device , is available for download on the website . It supports OS versions of Windows 8 and OS X 10.9 and higher . Technical WhatsApp uses a customized version of the open standard Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) . Upon installation , it creates a user account using one 's phone number as the username ( Jabber ID : ( phone number ) @ s.whatsapp.net ) . WhatsApp software automatically compares all the phone numbers from the device 's address book with its central database of WhatsApp users to automatically add contacts to the user 's WhatsApp contact list . Previously the Android and Nokia Series 40 versions used an MD5 - hashed , reversed - version of the phone 's IMEI as password , while the iOS version used the phone 's Wi - Fi MAC address instead of IMEI . A 2012 update now generates a random password on the server side . Some Dual SIM devices may not be compatible with WhatsApp , though there are some workarounds for this . In February 2015 , WhatsApp introduced a voice calling feature ; this helped WhatsApp to attract a completely different segment of the user population . On November 14 , 2016 , Whatsapp added video calling feature for users across Android , iPhone , and Windows Phone devices . On November 2017 , Whatsapp released a new feature that would let its users delete messages sent by mistake within a time frame of 7 minutes . Multimedia messages are sent by uploading the image , audio or video to be sent to an HTTP server and then sending a link to the content along with its Base64 encoded thumbnail ( if applicable ) . WhatsApp follows a `` store and forward '' mechanism for exchanging messages between two users . When a user sends a message , it first travels to the WhatsApp server where it is stored . Then the server repeatedly requests the receiver acknowledge receipt of the message . As soon as the message is acknowledged , the server drops the message ; it is no longer available in the database of the server . The WhatsApp server keeps the message only for 30 days in its database when it is not delivered ( when the receiver is not active on WhatsApp for 30 days ) . End - to - end encryption On November 18 , 2014 , Open Whisper Systems announced a partnership with WhatsApp to provide end - to - end encryption by incorporating the encryption protocol used in Signal into each WhatsApp client platform . Open Whisper Systems said that they had already incorporated the protocol into the latest WhatsApp client for Android , and that support for other clients , group / media messages , and key verification would be coming soon after . WhatsApp confirmed the partnership to reporters , but there was no announcement or documentation about the encryption feature on the official website , and further requests for comment were declined . In April 2015 , German magazine Heise Security used ARP spoofing to confirm that the protocol had been implemented for Android - to - Android messages , and that WhatsApp messages from or to iPhones running iOS were still not end - to - end encrypted . They expressed the concern that regular WhatsApp users still could not tell the difference between end - to - end encrypted messages and regular messages . On April 5 , 2016 , WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announced that they had finished adding end - to - end encryption to `` every form of communication '' on WhatsApp , and that users could now verify each other 's keys . Users were also given the option to enable a trust on first use mechanism in order to be notified if a correspondent 's key changes . According to a white paper that was released along with the announcement , WhatsApp messages are encrypted with the Signal Protocol . WhatsApp calls are encrypted with SRTP , and all client - server communications are `` layered within a separate encrypted channel '' . The Signal Protocol library used by WhatsApp is open - source and published under the GPLv3 license . Cade Metz , writing in Wired , said , `` WhatsApp , more than any company before it , has taken encryption to the masses . '' WhatsApp payments WhatsApp Payments is a peer - to - peer money transfer feature that is set to launch in India . WhatsApp has received permission from the National Payments Corporation of India ( NPCI ) to enter into partnership with multiple banks in July 2017 to allow users to make in - app payments and money transfers using the Unified Payments Interface ( UPI ) . UPI enables account - to - account transfers from a mobile app without having any details of the beneficiary 's bank . Reception and criticism Security and Privacy Main article : Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features Mob murders in India In July 2018 , WhatsApp took action to encourage people to report fraudulent or violent messages after a wave of murders carried out by mobs of people who were falsely accused ( via WhatsApp messages ) of intending to abduct children . Alleged vulnerability of encryption On January 13 , 2017 , The Guardian reported that security researcher Tobias Boelter had found that WhatsApp 's policy of forcing re-encryption of initially undelivered messages , without informing the recipient , constituted a serious loophole whereby WhatsApp could disclose , or be compelled to disclose , the content of these messages . WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems officials disagreed with this assessment . A follow - up article by Boelter himself explains in greater detail what he considers to be the specific vulnerability . In June 2017 , The Guardian readers ' editor Paul Chadwick wrote , `` The Guardian was wrong to report in January that the popular messaging service WhatsApp had a security flaw so serious that it was a huge threat to freedom of speech . '' `` In a detailed review I found that misinterpretations , mistakes and misunderstandings happened at several stages of the reporting and editing process . Cumulatively they produced an article that overstated its case . '' -- Paul Chadwick , The Guardian Chadwick also noted that since the Guardian article , WhatsApp has been `` better secured by the introduction of optional two - factor verification in February . '' Business model In response to the Facebook acquisition in 2014 , Slate columnist Matthew Yglesias questioned whether the company 's business model of charging users $1 a year was viable in the United States in the long term . It had prospered by exploiting a `` loophole '' in mobile phone carriers ' pricing . `` Mobile phone operators are n't really selling consumers some voice service , some data service , and some SMS service '' , he explained . `` They are selling access to the network . The different pricing schemes they come up with are just different ways of trying to maximize the value they extract from consumers . '' As part of that , carriers sold SMS separately . That made it easy for WhatsApp to find a way to replicate SMS using data , and then sell that to mobile customers for $1 a year . `` But if WhatsApp gets big enough , then carrier strategy is going to change '' , he predicted . `` You stop selling separate SMS plans and just have a take - it - or - leave - it overall package . And then suddenly WhatsApp is n't doing anything . '' The situation may have been different in countries other than the United States . On January 18 , 2016 , WhatsApp 's founder Jan Koum announced that the service would no longer charge their users a $1 annual subscription fee in an effort to remove a barrier faced by some users who do not have a credit card to pay for the service . He also explained that the app would not display any third party advertisement and instead would bring new features such as the ability to communicate with business organizations . Terrorism In December 2015 , it was reported that Islamic State terrorists had been using WhatsApp to plot the November 2015 Paris attacks . ISIL also uses WhatsApp to traffic sex slaves . In March 2017 , U.K. Secretary of State Amber Rudd said encryption capabilities of messaging tools like WhatsApp are unacceptable , as news reported that Khalid Masood used the application several minutes before perpetrating the 2017 Westminster attack . Rudd publicly called for police and intelligence agencies to be given access to WhatsApp and other encrypted messaging services to prevent future terror attacks . In April 2017 , the perpetrator of the Stockholm attack reportedly used WhatsApp to exchange messages with an ISIS supporter shortly before and after the 2017 Stockholm attack . The messages involved discussing how to make an explosive device and a confession of the perpetration the attack . Scams In May 2016 , some WhatsApp users were reported to have been tricked into downloading a third - party application called WhatsApp Gold . The application was part of a scam that infected the users ' phones with malware . Another application called `` GB Whatsapp '' is also considered as a related scam . A message that promises to allow access to their WhatsApp friends ' conversations , or their contact lists , has become the most popular hit against anyone who uses the application in Brazil . Since December , 2016 , more than 1.5 million people have clicked and lost money Bans China In 2017 , security researchers reported to The New York Times that the WhatsApp service had been completely blocked in China . WhatsApp is owned by Facebook , whose main social media service has been blocked in China since 2009 . Iran On May 9 , 2014 , the government of Iran announced that it had proposed to block the access to WhatsApp service to Iranian residents . `` The reason for this is the assumption of WhatsApp by the Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg , who is an American Zionist , '' said Abdolsamad Khorramabadi , head of the country 's Committee on Internet Crimes . Subsequently , Iranian president Hassan Rouhani issued an order to the Ministry of ICT to stop filtering WhatsApp . Turkey Turkey temporarily banned WhatsApp in 2016 , following the assassination of the Russian ambassador to Turkey . Brazil On March 1 , 2016 , Diego Dzodan , Facebook 's vice-president for Latin America was arrested in Brazil for not cooperating with an investigation in which WhatsApp conversations were requested . On March 2 , 2016 , at dawn the next day , Dzodan was released because the Court of Appeal held that the arrest was disproportionate and unreasonable . On May 2 , 2016 , mobile providers in Brazil were ordered to block WhatsApp for 72 hours for the service 's second failure to cooperate with criminal court orders . Once again , the block was lifted following an appeal , after nearly 24 hours . Sri Lanka WhatsApp , one of the most activated messaging apps along with other social media networks such as Facebook and Instagram were temporarily blocked , banned and had been unavailable for about two days ( 7 - 8 March 2018 ) in certain parts of the country to eradicate communal violences especially the anti-Muslim riots . This was probably the first such instance where social media platforms had been banned in Sri Lanka . The temporal ban was finally lifted on the 14th of March , 2018 around midnight time in Sri Lanka . Uganda Government of Uganda banned WhatsApp and Facebook . Users are to be charged 200 shilling according to the new law set by parliament . User Statistics As of April 22 , 2014 , WhatsApp had over 500 million monthly active users , 700 million photos and 100 million videos were being shared daily , and the messaging system was handling more than 10 billion messages each day . On August 24 , 2014 , Koum announced on his Twitter account that WhatsApp had over 600 million active users worldwide . At that point WhatsApp was adding about 25 million new users every month , or 833,000 active users per day . With 65 million active users representing 10 % of the total worldwide users , India has the largest number of consumers . In May 2017 , it was reported that WhatsApp users spend over 340 million minutes on video calls each day on the app . This is the equivalent of roughly 646 years of video calls per day . As of February 2017 , WhatsApp has over 1.2 billion users globally . Israel is one of WhatsApp 's strongest markets in terms of penetration . According to Globes , already by 2013 the application was installed on 92 % of all smartphones , with 86 % of users reporting daily use . WhatsApp 's group chat feature is reportedly used by many Israeli families to stay in contact with each other . Users in India In May 2014 , WhatsApp crossed 50 million monthly active users in India , which is also its largest country by the number of monthly active users . In October 2014 , WhatsApp crossed 70 million monthly active users in India , which is 10 % of its total user base ( 700 MM ) . In February 2017 , WhatsApp crossed 200 million monthly active users in India . Competition WhatsApp competes with a number of Asian - based messaging services ( that as of 2014 , were services like WeChat ( 468 million active users ) , Viber ( 209 million active users ) and LINE ( 170 million active users ) , WhatsApp handled ten billion messages per day in August 2012 , growing from two billion in April 2012 , and one billion the previous October . On June 13 , 2013 , WhatsApp announced that they had reached their new daily record by processing 27 billion messages . According to the Financial Times , WhatsApp `` has done to SMS on mobile phones what Skype did to international calling on landlines . '' See also Comparison of instant messaging clients Comparison of VoIP software List of most downloaded Android applications List of virtual communities with more than 100 million active users References Jump up ^ WhatsApp Inc. ( 5 August 2018 ) . `` WhatsApp Messenger '' . App Store . Apple . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ WhatsApp Inc. 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Jump up ^ Tsotsis , Alexia ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Telegram Saw 8M Downloads After WhatsApp Got Acquired '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lomas , Natasha ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Line saw 2m new users after the outage of Whatsapp '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lunden , Ingrid ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` WhatsApp Is Actually Worth More Than $19 B , Says Facebook 's Zuckerberg , And It Was Internet.org That Sealed The Deal '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons , Michelle ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Mark Zuckerberg : WhatsApp is worth more than $19 billion '' . Techradar . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WhatsApp permitirá llamadas de voz '' . Expansión ( in Spanish ) . February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Olsen , Parmy ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` WhatsApp Hits 600 Million Active Users , Founder Says '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kim , Eugene ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` WhatsApp 's Insane Growth Continues : 100 Million New Users in 4 Months '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parmy Olsen ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Facebook 's Phone Company : WhatsApp Goes To The Next Level With Its Voice Calling Service '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seetharaman , Deepa ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` WhatsApp Hits 800 Million Users -- 1 Billion by Year - End ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nate Ralph ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` WhatsApp touts 800M monthly active users '' . CNET . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guynn , Jessica ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Facebook 's WhatsApp hits 900 million users , aims for 1 billion '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Statt , Nick ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` WhatsApp has grown to 1 billion users '' . The Verge . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lomas , Natasha ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` WhatsApp Is Blocking Links To Rival App Telegram On Android '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brandom , Russell ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` WhatsApp is blocking links to a competing messenger app '' . The Verge . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lobao , Martim ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` ( Update : Smoking Gun ) WhatsApp Is Blocking Telegram Links In Its Android App '' . Android Police . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ina Fried ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Facebook 's Whatsapp is Now Free '' . Re Code . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finally ! Whatsapp removes $1 annual subscription fee '' . Phonearena.com . Phone Arena . January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` WhatsApp hits 100 million calls per day '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WhatsApp brings Two - step verification for Android ' beta ' users : How to enable '' . November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Madhumita , Murgia ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Facebook fined € 110m by European Commission over WhatsApp deal '' . Financial Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` WhatsApp Status : What is This New Snapchat - Like Feature ? '' . February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KLM claims airline first with WhatsApp Business Platform '' . tnooz . September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aeroméxico te atenderá por WhatsApp durante 2018 '' . Forbes México ( in Spanish ) . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Redacción ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Podrás hacer ' check in ' y consultar tu vuelo con Aeroméxico a través de WhatsApp '' . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 -- via Huff Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Building for People , and Now Businesses '' . WhatsApp Blog . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ong , Thuy ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` WhatsApp launches a separate app for small businesses '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burn - Callander , Rebecca ( March 10 , 2018 ) . `` WhatsApp : the secret weapon for small businesses '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitter , Sohini ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` WhatsApp might be testing a business feature in its biggest market '' . Mashable . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heath , Alex ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` WhatsApp 's upcoming ' enterprise ' platform for businesses is already hidden in the app '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lin , Jave ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` WhatsApp Business App : The Definitive Guide ( 2018 ) '' . LinkedIn . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Días , Ediciones Cinco ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` MeteorDesk o cómo atender mejor al cliente a través de Whatsapp '' . Jump up ^ `` WhatsApp messenger for BlackBerry -- Free Download '' . GetSpool -- Jailbreak Tweaks , iOS News . Jump up ^ Ash ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` ( Application ) NEW Native WhatsApp clients hits the Tizen Store , Goodbye ACL WhatsApp Messenger '' . Tizen Experts . Jump up ^ Vasile , Cosmin ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Download Wazapp 0.9. 12 for Nokia N9 '' . Softpedia . Jump up ^ Mike Bowen ( January 2013 ) . `` Yappari v0. 0.28. is Whatsapp on my Nokia N900 '' . My Nokia N900 . Jump up ^ Page , Carly ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Whatsapp update adds support for Android Wear smartwatches '' . The Inquirer . Jump up ^ `` WhatsApp for Pidgin '' . gosell.it . Jump up ^ `` WhatsApp Web '' . WhatsApp Blog . January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WhatsApp support for mobile devices '' . WhatsApp Blog . February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WhatsApp support for mobile devices '' . WhatsApp Blog . Jump up ^ `` WhatsApp extends Nokia S40 , BlackBerry support till end of 2017 , drops Symbian support '' . Nokiapoweruser . June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WhatsApp FAQ - Support for older operating systems '' . WhatsApp.com . Jump up ^ Snelling , David ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` The WhatsApp news we have been waiting for will transform these popular phones '' . Jump up ^ `` * Update * KaiOS officially getting Whatsapp '' . July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kashmira Gander ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` WhatsApp web : messaging client now available on internet browsers '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tweedie , Steven . `` WhatsApp Is Now Accessible On The Web , But iPhone Users Are Out Of Luck '' . Business Insider . Business Insider . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WhatsappTime Desktop Version With Superb Features '' . TricksWay.com . Jump up ^ stonesam92 . `` Chit Chat A Mac app wrapper around WhatsApp 's web client '' . GitHub . Jump up ^ `` WhatsApp for Mac '' . OSXDaily . May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ChitChat for Mac '' . MacUpdate . October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swanner , Nate ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` WhatsApp now has an official desktop app for Windows and Mac '' . The Next Web . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shakal ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` WhatsApp ? Nicht ohne Risiken '' ( WhatsApp ? Not without risks ) ( World Wide Web log ) ( in German ) . DE . Archived from the original ( Google Translate ) on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 ... Jump up ^ Team Venomous ( venomous0x ) . `` Interface to WhatsApp Messenger '' . GitHub ( blog ) . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amodio , Ezio ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` Whatsapp -- iOS password generation '' . IT . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Granger , Sam ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` WhatsApp is using IMEI numbers as passwords '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wassapp login issues '' ( blog ) . Lowlevel Studios . December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Wassapp is a PC application developed to be a non-official client for WhatsApp Messenger Jump up ^ Emenike , Kelechi ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Download WhatsApp on non-compatible Dual - SIM Phones '' ( blog ) . NG : ECHO . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chowdhry , Amit ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` WhatsApp For iOS Will Receive Voice Calling Feature In A Few Weeks '' . Forbes . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` WhatsApp Voice - Calling Feature Spotted In The Wild '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whatsapp Video Calling '' ( blog ) . Retrieved Nov 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whatsapp Video Calling '' ( News ) . Retrieved Nov 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WhatsApp Now Lets You Delete Messages Sent by Mistake '' . Smatt Geeks Media . 2017 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Team Venomous ( venomous0x ) ( November 28 , 2012 ) ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` WhatsAPI / README.md '' ( blog ) . GitHub . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gaurav Rathee ( June 25 , 2015 ) ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` How WhatsApp Works '' ( blog ) . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Jon ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` WhatsApp Partners With Open WhisperSystems To End - To - End Encrypt Billions Of Messages A Day '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Open Whisper Systems partners with WhatsApp to provide end - to - end encryption '' . Open Whisper Systems . November 18 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Benjamin ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Facebook 's messaging service WhatsApp gets a security boost '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Scherschel , Fabian A. ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Keeping Tabs on WhatsApp 's Encryption '' . Heise Security . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lomas , Natasha ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` WhatsApp completes end - to - end encryption rollout '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Budington , Bill ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` WhatsApp Rolls Out End - To - End Encryption to its Over One Billion Users '' . Deeplinks Blog . Electronic Frontier Foundation . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` WhatsApp Encryption Overview -- Technical white paper '' ( PDF ) . WhatsApp Inc . April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Open Whisper Systems . `` libsignal - protocol - java '' . GitHub . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mishra , Digbijay ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` WhatsApp gets nod for UPI payments through multi bank partnerships '' . The Times of India . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mishra , Digbijay ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` WhatsApp gets nod for UPI payments '' . The Times of India . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell , Jon ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` WhatsApp will reportedly launch peer - to - peer payments in India within 6 months '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bassi , Simi ; Sengupta , Joyita ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` WhatsApp cracks down on fake content after child - kidnap rumours spark killings across India '' . CBC News . Jump up ^ Manisha , Ganguly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` WhatsApp vulnerability allows snooping on encrypted messages '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan , Goodin ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Reported `` backdoor '' in WhatsApp is in fact a feature , defenders say `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . WhatsApp does not give governments a `` backdoor '' into its systems and would fight any government request to create a backdoor . The design decision referenced in the Guardian story prevents millions of messages from being lost , and WhatsApp offers people security notifications to alert them to potential security risks . WhatsApp published a technical white paper on its encryption design and has been transparent about the government requests it receives , publishing data about those requests in the Facebook Government Requests Report . Jump up ^ `` There is no WhatsApp ' backdoor ' '' . OWS Blog . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boelter , Tobias ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` WhatsApp vulnerability explained : by the man who discovered it '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chadwick , Paul ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Flawed reporting about WhatsApp '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yglesias , Matthew ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` What 's the WhatsApp Endgame ? '' . Slate . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perez , Evan ; Prokupecz , Shimon ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` First on CNN : Paris attackers likely used encrypted apps , officials say '' . CNN . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agerholm , Harriet ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Isis is using Whatsapp to sell 12 year old sex slaves alongside kittens '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sparrow , Andrew ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` WhatsApp must be accessible to authorities , says Amber Rudd '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Samuel ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Stockholm suspect Rakhmat Akilov ' exchanged Whatsapp messages with Isis supporter before and after attack ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bolton , Doug ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` WhatsApp Gold : Scammers trick mobile phone users into downloading malware '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Novo golpe de Whatsapp atinge 1 , 5 milhão de vítimas em 3 meses by Eduardo F. Filho ( 2017 ) Jump up ^ Mozur , Paul ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` China Disrupts WhatsApp Service in Online Clampdown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradsher , Keith ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` China Blocks WhatsApp , Broadening Online Censorship '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President Hassan Rouhani issued order to ' hold WhatsApp service filteration ' '' . BBC Persian ( in Persian ) . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daftari , Lisa ( May 4 , 2014 ) . `` Iran bans WhatsApp because of link to ' American Zionist ' Mark Zuckerberg '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGoogan , Cara ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Turkey blocks access to Facebook , Twitter and WhatsApp following ambassador 's assassination '' . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` PF prende executivo do Facebook por empresa não liberar dados do WhatsApp '' ( in Portuguese ) . Folha de São Paulo . March 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Felizes ' , diz Facebook sobre soltura de vice-presidente preso em SP '' . March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Connors , Will ; Jelmayer , Rogerio ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Brazilian Judge Puts Temporary Ban on WhatsApp '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Leite , Julia ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` WhatsApp Ordered Blocked Again in Brazil Over Data Dispute '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Farivar , Cyrus ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Brazilian appellate judge rescinds WhatsApp block '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kozlowska , Hanna ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Social media platforms currently banned in Sri Lanka '' . Quartz . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ban on social medias including WhatsApp to be removed around 14 March , 2018 in Sri Lanka '' . Lankabusinessonline . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Shaikh , Rafia ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Uganda Imposes Daily Social Media Tax to Stop `` Gossip '' on WhatsApp `` . Wccftech . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uganda imposes WhatsApp ' gossip ' tax '' . BBC News . May 31 , 2018 . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WhatsApp crosses half - a-billion user mark ; strong growth in India and Brazil '' . The Indian Express . April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amit Chowdhry , `` WhatsApp Hits 500 Million Users '' , Forbes , retrieved May 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ Christian de Looper ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` WhatsApp to reach 3 billion users , Zuckerberg to invest billions '' . Daily Digest News . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jayadevan PK ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Google planning to launch own mobile messaging app similar to WhatsApp '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Whatsapp users spend an average of 646 years on video calls '' . Smatt Geeks Media . 2017 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) . `` WhatsApp has grown to 1 billion users '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Tzahi Hoffman ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` 92 % מבעלי הסמארטפונים בישראל משתמשים בוואטסאפ '' ( 92 % of Israel 's smartphones use WhatsApp ) . Globes ( in Hebrew ) . Jump up ^ Nurit Canetti ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Israel 's cellphone addiction '' . Al - Monitor . Jump up ^ Rajat Agrawal . `` WhatsApp crosses 50 million monthly active users in India , ties up with Airtel for special data plans '' . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ PTI News . `` WhatsApp user - base crosses 70 million in India '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WhatsApp user - base crosses 200 million in India '' . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corbin , David ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Surprise ! Viber surpasses Line in monthly active users '' . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Josh ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Line finally reveals it has 170 million monthly active users '' . Jump up ^ Olanof , Drew ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` WhatsApp hits new record with 10 billion total messages in one day '' . The Next Web . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sushma , Parab ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` WhatsApp founder to operators : ' We 're no SMS - killer , we get people hooked on data ' '' . The Next Web . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Olanoff , Drew ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` WhatsApp users now send over one billion messages a day '' . TheNextWeb . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ WhatsApp , 27 Billion msgs handled in just 24 hours ! ( μblog ) , Tweeter , New daily record : 10B+ msgs sent ( inbound ) and 17B+ msgs received ( outbound ) by our users Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Tim ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` WhatsApp users get the message '' . The Financial Times . London . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to WhatsApp . Official website Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits Dating EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch ( List of original programs ) Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse IGTV List of most followed accounts List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Hello Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Moves Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot tbh Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Telecom Infra Project Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Cambridge Analytica data scandal Litigation Financial performance 2018 Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Willow Village Instant messaging Protocols ( comparison ) Open IMPP IRC Matrix MTProto RetroShare Signal Protocol SIP MSRP SIMPLE Tox XMPP Jingle WFP Zephyr DDP Closed MSNP OSCAR TOC Skype YMSG Services BAND BlackBerry Messenger Discord Facebook Messenger FireChat Google Allo Google Hangouts GroupMe Hike Messenger HipChat ICQ iGap iMessage IRC Networks KakaoTalk Kik Libon Line Marco Polo Nimbuzz Palringo Signal Skype Skype Qik Slack Snapchat SNOW Tango Telegram QQ The Palace Threema Tox Trillian Upptalk Veon Viber Virtual Places Chat WeChat WhatsApp Wickr Windows Messenger service Yahoo ! Messenger Zulip Clients ( comparison ) Single protocol Allo Baidu Hi BlackBerry Messenger CSipSimple Facebook Messenger FaceTime Fetion Gadu - Gadu GroupMe IBM Sametime ICQ IMVU Linphone Palringo RetroShare Ricochet Ring Signal Skype Telegram Tencent QQ Tox WeChat WhatsApp Wickr Wire Yahoo ! Messenger Multi-protocol Adium Ayttm BitlBee Centericq eBuddy Empathy Fire Instantbird Jitsi Kopete Messages / iChat Miranda IM Nimbuzz Pidgin QIP 2010 Skype for Business Trillian Telepathy Upptalk Xfire XMPP ( Jabber ) Bombus ChatSecure Conversations Gajim Psi Tkabber Spark MSNP aMSN Skype Defunct List of defunct instant messaging platforms See also Backchannel Buddy profile Chat log Chatbot Contact list Emoticon File sharing Instant message service center LAN messenger Messaging apps Presence information Shoutbox SMS language Status message Videotelephony Voice over IP Webcam Web chat Circuit FirstClass Flock Fuze Box Glip Hall.com Lua Yammer Cryptographic software Email clients Apple Mail Autocrypt Claws Mail Enigmail GPG ( Gpg4win ) Kontact Outlook p ≡ p PGP Sylpheed Thunderbird Secure communication OTR Adium BitlBee Centericq ChatSecure climm Jitsi Kopete MCabber Profanity SSH Dropbear lsh OpenSSH PuTTY SecureCRT WinSCP wolfSSH TLS & SSL Bouncy Castle BoringSSL Botan cryptlib GnuTLS JSSE LibreSSL MatrixSSL NSS OpenSSL mbed TLS RSA BSAFE SChannel SSLeay stunnel wolfSSL VPN Check Point VPN - 1 Hamachi Openswan OpenVPN SoftEther VPN strongSwan Tinc ZRTP CSipSimple Jitsi Linphone Ring Zfone P2P Bitmessage RetroShare Tox DRA Matrix OMEMO Conversations Cryptocat ChatSecure Proteus Signal Protocol Google Allo Facebook Messenger Signal TextSecure WhatsApp Disk encryption ( Comparison ) BestCrypt BitLocker CrossCrypt Cryptoloop DiskCryptor dm - crypt DriveSentry E4M eCryptfs FileVault FreeOTFE GBDE geli LUKS PGPDisk Private Disk Scramdisk Sentry 2020 TrueCrypt History VeraCrypt Anonymity GNUnet I2P Java Anon Proxy Tor Vidalia RetroShare Ricochet Wickr File systems ( List ) EncFS EFS eCryptfs LUKS PEFS Rubberhose StegFS Tahoe - LAFS Service providers Freenet Tresorit TeamDrive Wuala Educational CrypTool Related topics Outline of cryptography Timeline of cryptography Hash functions Cryptographic hash function List of hash functions S / MIME Commons Portal Silicon Valley Cities Campbell Cupertino East Palo Alto Fremont Los Altos Los Altos Hills Los Gatos Menlo Park Milpitas Morgan Hill Mountain View Newark Palo Alto Redwood City San Jose San Mateo Santa Clara Saratoga Sunnyvale Colleges and universities Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley Cogswell Polytechnical College De Anza College Evergreen Valley College Foothill College International Technological University Menlo College Mission College Ohlone College Silicon Valley Technical Institute National Hispanic University Northwestern Polytechnic University San Jose City College San Jose State University Silicon Valley University Santa Clara University Stanford University University of California , Berkeley University of California , Santa Cruz Companies ( including subsidiaries and defunct companies ) 3Com Access Systems Americas Actuate Adaptec Adobe Systems AMD Agilent Technologies Altera Amdahl Ampex Apple Inc . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WhatsApp&oldid=854091439 '' Categories : Social media WhatsApp Facebook acquisitions 2014 mergers and acquisitions Android Auto software Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Persian - language sources ( fa ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from May 2016 Use American English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles needing POV - check from April 2017 All NPOV disputes Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip سنڌي کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 22 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | whatsapp founders were both former employees in this organization | [] | [] |
-8651235355923167661 | Death and taxes (idiom) | Death and taxes ( idiom ) - Wikipedia Death and taxes ( idiom ) For other uses , see Death & Taxes . Death and taxes is a common reference to the famous quotation : Our new Constitution is now established , and has an appearance that promises permanency ; but in this world nothing can be said to be certain , except death and taxes . -- Benjamin Franklin , in a letter to Jean - Baptiste Leroy , 1789 However , Franklin 's letter is not the origin of the phrase , which appeared earlier in Daniel Defoe 's The Political History of the Devil . Things as certain as death and taxes , can be more firmly believ 'd . -- Daniel Defoe , The Political History of the Devil , 1726 . And in The Cobbler of Preston by Christopher Bullock ( 1716 ) ' Tis impossible to be sure of any thing but Death and Taxes , References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smyth , Albert Henry ( 1907 ) . The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , Vol . X ( 1789 - 1790 ) . New York : MacMillian . p. 69 . Jump up ^ DeFoe , Daniel ( 1726 ) . The Political History of the Devil , As Well Ancient as Modern : In Two Parts . London : Black Boy in Pater - noster Row . p. 269 . This language - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_and_taxes_(idiom)&oldid=844200098 '' Categories : English - language idioms Language stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 09 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who said nothing in life is promised except death | [] | [] |
-6735407595576177011 | Pilot (One Tree Hill) | Pilot ( One Tree Hill ) - wikipedia Pilot ( One Tree Hill ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Pilot '' One Tree Hill episode Lucas and Nathan during a basketball game , in the episode 's climatic scene . Episode no . Season 1 Episode 1 Directed by Bryan Gordon Written by Mark Schwahn Production code 475360 Original air date September 23 , 2003 Guest appearance ( s ) Antwon Tanner as Antwon `` Skills '' Taylor Bryan Greenberg as Jake Jagielski Episode chronology ← Previous -- Next → `` The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most '' One Tree Hill ( season 1 ) List of One Tree Hill episodes `` Pilot '' is the first episode of One Tree Hill 's first season . It first aired on The WB television network in the United States on September 23 , 2003 . It was written by Mark Schwahn and directed by Bryan Gordon . It saw John Keenan and Melissa Claire Egan guest star as Officer Wayman and Melody , respectively . It introduces the character of Lucas Scott ( played by Chad Michael Murray ) -- a high school student -- and his friends and relatives in the fictional Tree Hill , North Carolina . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) An important basketball game is going on at Tree Hill High School . The Ravens ' team wins , thanks to Nathan Scott 's ( James Lafferty ) final shot . Elsewhere , Nathan 's half - brother Lucas Scott is playing basketball with three friends . Nathan and Lucas share the same father , Dan Scott ( Paul Johansson ) , but they live apart : it is suggested that Dan abandoned Lucas and his mother , Karen Roe ( Moira Kelly ) when Lucas was born , preferring to marry Deb Scott ( Barbara Alyn Woods ) , with whom he had Nathan . Nathan and his team are busted for stealing a school bus . Even though Nathan was driving , his father , Dan , manages to bail him out of trouble , as usual , while other players are suspended . During a drive , Nathan 's girlfriend ( and Ravens ' cheerleader ) Peyton Sawyer ( Hilarie Burton ) , nearly runs over Lucas after becoming distracted at the wheel . Lucas heads for Karen 's café , where he has dinner with his mother and his best friend , Haley James ( Bethany Joy Lenz ) . The next day , Keith Scott ( Craig Sheffer ) , Dan 's elder brother who is close friends with Karen , asks Whitey Durham ( Barry Corbin ) , the Ravens coach , to let Lucas be part of the team . Keith is positive that the kid deserves it . The coach tells Lucas he can join the Ravens . Nathan then challenges Lucas to a basketball match , with the stipulation that the loser will walk away from the team . Later , Peyton 's car breaks down and Lucas comes to her assistance . During a discussion , Lucas relays his history with Dan and Nathan . Lucas shows up at Keith 's shop by the time Dan is talking to Keith about Karen . Following this , Lucas makes up his mind and accepts Nathan 's challenge . After winning the game , Lucas lets Peyton know that Nathan has to stay on the team because `` it 's the last thing he wants '' . In the last scene , Lucas enters the school 's gym while everyone is staring at him . A last close - up to the park where Lucas used to play : it 's finally empty . Production ( edit ) One Tree Hill was first created to be a feature - length movie with the title Ravens . However , Mark Schwahn was convinced by fellow producer Joe Davola that it would be more interesting as a TV series . The series features an unaired pilot episode which takes place in the past . It tells the story of Karen and Dan and how she got pregnant . Then , after Dan marries Deb it skips to the future where Lucas has his first day at Tree Hill High . He meets Mouth and others and realizes that maybe basketball is for him ; that is , until he and Nathan get into a fight about Dan . In the broadcast pilot episode , Brooke Davis ( portrayed by Sophia Bush ) does not appear and makes her first appearance in The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most . Samantha Shelton also played a character called Reagan in the unaired pilot . She was replaced with the character Haley . Reception ( edit ) In the U.S. , the episode 's initial broadcast attracted two and a half million viewers on The WB Television Network . The episode received generally mixed reviews . Critics compared it to The O.C. and Dawson 's Creek , but with a more masculine appeal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Building a Winning Team : The Making of One Tree Hill '' ( Documentary ) . One Tree Hill : The Complete First Season : Warner Brothers Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : `` Unaired Pilot at TV.com '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Final Nielsen ratings , published every Tuesday '' . Jump up ^ McLoone , Tracy ( 2003 - 09 - 29 ) . `` One Trick Hill '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Wheat , Alynda ( 2004 - 02 - 17 ) . `` One Tree Hill ( 2003 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Paul . `` One Tree Hill : The Complete First Season ( US - DVD R1 ) reviews '' . DVDActive.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ McCracken , Allison ( 2005 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Boy Soaps : Liberalism Without Women '' . flowtv.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pilot ( One Tree Hill episode ) Official website One Tree Hill Guide One Tree Hill on IMDb One Tree Hill Pilot on IMDb ( hide ) One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Original Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Haley James Scott Dan Scott Brooke Davis Whitey Durham Keith Scott Karen Roe Deb Lee Mouth McFadden Skills Taylor Rachel Gatina Secondary Jamie Scott Millicent Huxtable Julian Baker Clay Evans Quinn James Alex Dupre Chase Adams Chris Keller Recurring Jake Jagielski Tim Smith Bevin Mirskey Andy Hargrove Lindsey Strauss Victoria Davis Mia Catalano Quentin Fields Nanny Carrie Sam Walker Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' `` Hundred '' `` Remember Me as a Time of Day '' `` Almost Everything I Wish I 'd Said the Last Time I Saw You '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` This is My House , This is My Home '' `` Last Known Surroundings '' `` Danny Boy '' `` One Tree Hill '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Tree Hill , North Carolina Clothes Over Bro 's Red Bedroom Records Created by : Mark Schwahn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilot_(One_Tree_Hill)&oldid=804204121 '' Categories : 2003 American television episodes One Tree Hill ( TV series ) episodes American television pilots Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 13 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wins the basketball game in one tree hill | [] | [] |
-2531925414298661719 | Cloud storage | Cloud storage - wikipedia Cloud storage Jump to : navigation , search This article is about enterprise - level cloud data storage . For consumer - level file hosting services , see file hosting service . Cloud storage is a model of data storage in which the digital data is stored in logical pools , the physical storage spans multiple servers ( and often locations ) , and the physical environment is typically owned and managed by a hosting company . These cloud storage providers are responsible for keeping the data available and accessible , and the physical environment protected and running . People and organizations buy or lease storage capacity from the providers to store user , organization , or application data . Cloud storage services may be accessed through a co-located cloud computer service , a web service application programming interface ( API ) or by applications that utilize the API , such as cloud desktop storage , a cloud storage gateway or Web - based content management systems . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Architecture 3 Advantages 4 Potential concerns 4.1 Attack surface area 4.2 Supplier stability 4.3 Accessibility 4.4 Other concerns 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) Cloud computing is believed to have been invented by Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider in the 1960s with his work on ARPANET to connect people and data from anywhere at any time . In 1983 , CompuServe offered its consumer users a small amount of disk space that could be used to store any files they chose to upload . In 1994 , AT&T launched PersonaLink Services , an online platform for personal and business communication and entrepreneurship . The storage was one of the first to be all web - based , and referenced in their commercials as , `` you can think of our electronic meeting place as the cloud . '' Amazon Web Services introduced their cloud storage service AWS S3 in 2006 , and has gained widespread recognition and adoption as the storage supplier to popular services such as Smugmug , Dropbox , Synaptop and Pinterest . In 2005 , Box announced an online file sharing and personal cloud content management service for businesses . Architecture ( edit ) A high level architecture of cloud storage . This section may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cloud storage is based on highly virtualized infrastructure and is like broader cloud computing in terms of accessible interfaces , near - instant elasticity and scalability , multi-tenancy , and metered resources . Cloud storage services can be utilized from an off - premises service ( Amazon S3 ) or deployed on - premises ( ViON Capacity Services ) . Cloud storage typically refers to a hosted object storage service , but the term has broadened to include other types of data storage that are now available as a service , like block storage . Object storage services like Amazon S3 , Oracle Cloud Storage and Microsoft Azure Storage , object storage software like Openstack Swift , object storage systems like EMC Atmos , EMC ECS and Hitachi Content Platform , and distributed storage research projects like OceanStore and VISION Cloud are all examples of storage that can be hosted and deployed with cloud storage characteristics . Cloud storage is : Made up of many distributed resources , but still acts as one , either in a federated or a cooperative storage cloud architecture Highly fault tolerant through redundancy and distribution of data Highly durable through the creation of versioned copies Typically eventually consistent with regard to data replicas Advantages ( edit ) Companies need only pay for the storage they actually use , typically an average of consumption during a month . This does not mean that cloud storage is less expensive , only that it incurs operating expenses rather than capital expenses . Businesses using cloud storage can cut their energy consumption by up to 70 % making them a more green business . Also at the vendor level they are dealing with higher levels of energy so they will be more equipped with managing it in order to keep their own costs down as well . Organizations can choose between off - premises and on - premises cloud storage options , or a mixture of the two options , depending on relevant decision criteria that is complementary to initial direct cost savings potential ; for instance , continuity of operations ( COOP ) , disaster recovery ( DR ) , security ( PII , HIPAA , SARBOX , IA / CND ) , and records retention laws , regulations , and policies . Storage availability and data protection is intrinsic to object storage architecture , so depending on the application , the additional technology , effort and cost to add availability and protection can be eliminated . Storage maintenance tasks , such as purchasing additional storage capacity , are offloaded to the responsibility of a service provider . Cloud storage provides users with immediate access to a broad range of resources and applications hosted in the infrastructure of another organization via a web service interface . Cloud storage can be used for copying virtual machine images from the cloud to on - premises locations or to import a virtual machine image from an on - premises location to the cloud image library . In addition , cloud storage can be used to move virtual machine images between user accounts or between data centers . Cloud storage can be used as natural disaster proof backup , as normally there are 2 or 3 different backup servers located in different places around the globe . Cloud storage can be mapped as a local drive with the WebDAV protocol . It can function as a central file server for organizations with multiple office locations . Potential concerns ( edit ) Main article : Cloud computing security Attack surface area ( edit ) Outsourcing data storage increases the attack surface area . When data has been distributed it is stored at more locations increasing the risk of unauthorized physical access to the data . For example , in cloud based architecture , data is replicated and moved frequently so the risk of unauthorized data recovery increases dramatically . Such as in the case of disposal of old equipment , reuse of drives , reallocation of storage space . The manner that data is replicated depends on the service level a customer chooses and on the service provided . When encryption is in place it can ensure confidentiality . Crypto - shredding can be used when disposing of data ( on a disk ) . The number of people with access to the data who could be compromised ( e.g. , bribed , or coerced ) increases dramatically . A single company might have a small team of administrators , network engineers , and technicians , but a cloud storage company will have many customers and thousands of servers , therefore a much larger team of technical staff with physical and electronic access to almost all of the data at the entire facility or perhaps the entire company . Decryption keys that are kept by the service user , as opposed to the service provider , limit the access to data by service provider employees . As for sharing multiple data in the cloud with multiple users , a large number of keys has to be distributed to users via secure channels for decryption , also it has to be securely stored and managed by the users in their devices . Storing these keys requires rather expensive secure storage . To overcome that , key - aggregate cryptosystem can be used . It increases the number of networks over which the data travels . Instead of just a local area network ( LAN ) or storage area network ( SAN ) , data stored on a cloud requires a WAN ( wide area network ) to connect them both . By sharing storage and networks with many other users / customers it is possible for other customers to access your data . Sometimes because of erroneous actions , faulty equipment , a bug and sometimes because of criminal intent . This risk applies to all types of storage and not only cloud storage . The risk of having data read during transmission can be mitigated through encryption technology . Encryption in transit protects data as it is being transmitted to and from the cloud service . Encryption at rest protects data that is stored at the service provider . Encrypting data in an on - premises cloud service on - ramp system can provide both kinds of encryption protection . Supplier stability ( edit ) See also : Financial Analysis Companies are not permanent and the services and products they provide can change . Outsourcing data storage to another company needs careful investigation and nothing is ever certain . Contracts set in stone can be worthless when a company ceases to exist or its circumstances change . Companies can : Go bankrupt . Expand and change their focus . Be purchased by other larger companies . Be purchased by a company headquartered in or move to a country that negates compliance with export restrictions and thus necessitates a move . Suffer an irrecoverable disaster . Accessibility ( edit ) Performance for outsourced storage is likely to be lower than local storage , depending on how much a customer is willing to spend for WAN bandwidth Reliability and availability depends on wide area network availability and on the level of precautions taken by the service provider . Reliability should be based on hardware as well as various algorithms used . Its a given a multiplicity of data storage . Other concerns ( edit ) Security of stored data and data in transit may be a concern when storing sensitive data at a cloud storage provider Users with specific records - keeping requirements , such as public agencies that must retain electronic records according to statute , may encounter complications with using cloud computing and storage . For instance , the U.S. Department of Defense designated the Defense Information Systems Agency ( DISA ) to maintain a list of records management products that meet all of the records retention , personally identifiable information ( PII ) , and security ( Information Assurance ; IA ) requirements Cloud storage is a rich resource for both hackers and national security agencies . Because the cloud holds data from many different users and organizations , hackers see it as a very valuable target . Piracy and copyright infringement may be enabled by sites that permit filesharing . For example , the CodexCloud ebook storage site has faced litigation from the owners of the intellectual property uploaded and shared there , as have the GrooveShark and YouTube sites it has been compared to . The legal aspect , from a regulatory compliance standpoint , is of concern when storing files domestically and especially internationally . See also ( edit ) Cloud collaboration Cloud Data Management Interface , better known as CDMI Cloud database Comparison of online backup services File hosting service Mobile cloud storage Cooperative storage cloud References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A History of Cloud Computing '' . ComputerWeekly . Jump up ^ Louden , Bill ( September 1983 ) . `` Increase Your 100 's Storage with 128K from Compuserve '' . Portable 100 . New England Publications Inc . ( Volume 1 , Number 1 ) : 22 . ISSN 0738 - 7016 . Jump up ^ Daniela Hernandez ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Tech Time Warp of the Week '' . Wired . Jump up ^ `` Box.net lets you store , share , work in the computing cloud '' . Silicon Valley Business Journal . December 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On - premises private cloud storage description , characteristics , and options '' . ^ Jump up to : S. Rhea , C. Wells , P. Eaton , D. Geels , B. Zhao , H. Weatherspoon , and J. Kubiatowicz , Maintenance - Free Global Data Storage . IEEE Internet Computing , Vol 5 , No 5 , September / October 2001 , pp 40 -- 49 . ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Kolodner , Elliot K. ; Tal , Sivan ; Kyriazis , Dimosthenis ; Naor , Dalit ; Allalouf , Miriam ; Bonelli , Lucia ; Brand , Per ; Eckert , Albert ; Elmroth , Erik ; Gogouvitis , Spyridon V. ; Harnik , Danny ; Hernandez , Francisco ; Jaeger , Michael C. ; Bayuh Lakew , Ewnetu ; Manuel Lopez , Jose ; Lorenz , Mirko ; Messina , Alberto ; Shulman - Peleg , Alexandra ; Talyansky , Roman ; Voulodimos , Athanasios ; Wolfsthal , Yaron ( 2011 ) . `` A Cloud Environment for Data - intensive Storage Services '' . 2011 IEEE Third International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science . doi : 10.1109 / CloudCom. 2011.55 . Jump up ^ Vernik , Gil , et al. `` Data On - boarding in Federated Storage Clouds . '' Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cloud Computing . IEEE Computer Society , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kemme , Bettina , et al. `` Consistency in Distributed Systems ( Dagstuhl Seminar 13081 ) . '' ( 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : ZDNet , Nasuni Cloud Storage Gateway By Dan Kusnetzky , June 1 , 2010 , ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Gupta , P ( 20 October 2013 ) . `` The usage and adoption of cloud computing by small and medium businesses '' . International Journal of Information Management . 33 : 861 -- 874 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijinfomgt. 2013.07. 001 . Jump up ^ `` Ochs , R. ( 2012 ) . The New Decision - Makers . CRN ( June 22 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on December 10 , 2012 '' . Jump up ^ `` 4 reasons why cloud and on - premises storage are different , but equally good for people data '' . 2013 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , J.A. & Marakas , G.M. ( 2011 ) . Computer Software . Management Information Systems 10th ed. 145 . McGraw - Hill / Irwin Jump up ^ Wu CF , Wang YS , Liu GN , Amies , A , 2012 , Create solutions on IBM SmartCloud Enterprise : Transfer image assets between different accounts IBM developerWorks , June 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Attack Surface Problem '' . Sans.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Cyber % 20 Intrusion % 20 Mitigation % 20 Strategies . pdf `` US - CERT ICS - TIP - 12 - 146 - 01 Targeted Cyber Intrusion and Detection Mitigation Strategies '' Check url = value ( help ) ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Chu , Cheng - Kang ; Chow , Sherman S.M. ; Tzeng , Wen - Guey ; Zhou , Jianying ; Deng , Robert H. ( 2014 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Key - Aggregate Cryptosystem for Scalable Data Sharing in Cloud Storage '' . IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems . 25 ( 2 ) : 468 -- 477 . doi : 10.1109 / TPDS. 2013.112 . ISSN 1045 - 9219 . Jump up ^ Transfer files from one onedrive account to another . Jump up ^ Butler , Brandon ( 2 June 2014 ) . `` Cloud 's worst - case scenario : What to do if your provider goes belly up '' . Network World . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaudin , Sharon ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Verizon gets ' black eye ' in long cloud shutdown '' . ComputerWorld . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Butler , Brandon ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` Free cloud storage service MegaCloud goes dark '' . Network World . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DoDD 5015.2 DOD Records Management Program , Section 5.1. 3 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Mello , John P. `` National Security Agency Pressed to Reveal Details on Google Deal '' . PCWorld . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Spring , Tom . `` Google Ditches Microsoft 's Windows Over Security Issues , Report Claims '' . PCWorld . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Subashini , S. ; Kavitha , V. ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A survey on security issues in service delivery models of cloud computing '' . Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 34 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 11 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jnca. 2010.07. 006 . Jump up ^ Justin Pot ( 7 December 2011 ) . `` Codex Cloud : Upload Your Books & Read Them Online Along With Other People 's Uploads '' . MakeUseOf . Jump up ^ Nancy Messieh ( 18 October 2011 ) . `` Publishers beware : Is CodexCloud the Grooveshark for ebooks ? '' . NextWeb . Jump up ^ Jones , Hadley . `` When Online File Storage Gets Legal : Regulatory Compliance '' . CloudWedge . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . ( hide ) Cloud computing Applications Box Google G Suite Docs , Sheets and Slides HP Cloud ( closed ) Microsoft Online Oracle Cloud Rackspace Salesforce Zoho Platforms Alpha7 Amazon AppScale Box Bluemix Cloud Foundry Cocaine ( PaaS ) Engine Yard Helion GE Predix Google App Engine GreenQloud Heroku Inktank Jelastic Mendix Microsoft Azure MindSphere Oracle Cloud OutSystems openQRM OpenShift PythonAnywhere RightScale Force.com SAP Cloud Platform VMware vCloud Air WaveMaker Infrastructure Amazon Abiquo Enterprise Edition CloudStack Citrix Cloud CtrlS DigitalOcean EMC Atmos Eucalyptus Fujitsu GoGrid Google Cloud Platform GreenButton GreenQloud IBM cloud computing iland Joyent Lunacloud Mirantis Nimbula Nimbus OpenNebula OpenStack Oracle Cloud OrionVM Rackspace Cloud Scaleway SoftLayer Zadara Storage libvirt libguestfs OVirt Virtual Machine Manager Wakame - vdc Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand Technologies Cloud database Data centers Distributed file system for cloud Hardware virtualization Internet Networking Security Structured storage Virtual appliance Web APIs Virtual private cloud Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cloud_storage&oldid=836168472 '' Categories : Network file systems Outsourcing Cloud storage Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Wikipedia articles that are too technical from December 2016 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from December 2016 All articles needing expert attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Ελληνικά Español 한국어 Italiano עברית नेपाली Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 02 : 14 . 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-3841428638386376518 | List of The Flash episodes | List of the Flash episodes - wikipedia List of the Flash episodes Jump to : navigation , search For the episodes from the 1990 series , see The Flash ( 1990 TV series ) § Episodes . The Flash is an American action television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , and Geoff Johns , airing on The CW . It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , a costumed crimefighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds . It is a spin - off from Arrow , existing in the same fictional universe . The series follows Barry Allen , portrayed by Grant Gustin , a crime scene investigator who gains superhuman speed , which he uses to fight criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . The Flash was renewed in March 2016 for a third season , which premiered on October 4 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fourth season , which premiered on October 10 , 2017 . As of March 13 , 2018 , 85 episodes of The Flash have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 23 October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 118 4.62 23 October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 112 4.25 23 October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 120 3.50 23 October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) TBA TBA Episodes Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) 296648 4.83 Barry Allen , a forensic crime scene assistant for Central City Police Department , is struck by lightning during a storm that is created after a particle accelerator from S.T.A.R. Labs explodes . In a coma for nine months , Barry awakens in S.T.A.R. Labs , having been placed in the care of Dr. Harrison Wells and his assistants Dr. Caitlin Snow and Cisco Ramon . Barry learns that he can move at extraordinary speeds , and that there were other `` metahumans '' created from the explosion . One of them , Clyde Mardon , is robbing banks with his ability to control the weather . In order to stop Mardon , Barry is outfitted with a suit , designed by Cisco , that can withstand his high speed . He tracks down Mardon and with Detective Joe West , who learns of Barry 's abilities , Barry is able to stop Mardon , who is killed by Joe . With his new powers , Barry vows to exonerate his father , Henry , who is incarcerated for the accusation of murdering his wife , Nora , whom Barry witnessed being killed by another metahuman . He chooses the alias `` Flash '' for his alter ego . Wells , secretly revealed to be neither paraplegic nor needing glasses , reads a newspaper from 2024 stating the missing status of the Flash . `` Fastest Man Alive '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5352 4.27 In flashbacks , it is revealed that Joe became Barry 's legal guardian but did not let him visit Henry in prison at the latter 's request . Barry begins using his abilities to stop minor crimes and help citizens across the city while starting to develop debilitating side effects . While guiding Iris West , who seeks his help to do her school assignment , Barry witnesses a robbery by a crew of men , but passes out while trying to stop them . The S.T.A.R. Labs team determines that Barry becomes hypoglycemic from the use of his abilities due to a sped - up metabolism and needs to ingest more calories to maintain his energy level . The team eventually learns that there is actually one robber , Danton Black , who has the ability to create clones of himself . Black intends to kill his former employer Simon Stagg , who stole Black 's cloning research . With encouragement from Joe , Barry goes after Black and successfully stops him . However , Black commits suicide . Afterward , Barry accepts Joe 's help in the investigation of Nora 's murder . Later , Wells visits Stagg , who has already become obsessed with the Flash and plans to exploit them as he did to Black . Wells then kills Stagg . `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' Jesse Warn Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5353 3.59 As the police investigate the murder of one of the city 's crime families , Barry suspects that the killer may be a metahuman who can control poison gases . As Barry and Joe work to discover the killer 's identity , Wells and his team work to retrofit the particle accelerator into a prison for metahumans where they can begin to find a way of reversing their mutations . This brings up difficult feelings and memories for Snow , whose fiancé , Ronnie Raymond , was killed by the explosion . The team identifies the killer as Kyle Nimbus , discovering that Nimbus does not control gases , but transforms his body into them . The team learns that Joe , the lead detective in the original case , is Nimbus ' next target . Barry races to Iron Heights Prison to save Joe 's life , forcing Nimbus to overexert himself so that he can apprehend him . The team locks Nimbus into a cell they have made . In a flashback to when the accelerator explodes , Wells is seen going into his hidden room and viewing a surveillance video of Barry getting struck by lightning in his lab . `` Going Rogue '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns & Kai Yu Wu October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5354 3.53 Wells begins testing Barry 's powers by having him perform multiple tasks at superspeed . In the middle of the tests , a group of men attempt to hijack an armored truck carrying a diamond . Barry races over and stops the crime , as well as identifying Leonard Snart from a set of police mugshots . Felicity Smoak arrives to check on Barry , after learning that he woke from his coma . Barry introduces her to his friends at S.T.A.R. Labs . To combat the Flash , also known as the `` Streak '' , Snart acquires stolen tech from S.T.A.R. Labs , which includes a cryonic gun . Cisco reveals to Barry that he created the gun as a fail - safe against Barry should he become a villain like the other metahumans they have encountered . Felicity helps the team locate Snart , who sets a trap for Barry . Cisco , Caitlin , and Felicity arrive in time to save Barry , and Snart is able to escape . Joe finally accepts Iris 's relationship with Eddie Thawne , his partner . Wells demands Cisco not to build another fail - safe against Barry again . Later , Snart tracks down his former partner , who has an affinity for fire , and offers him a place by Snart 's side taking back Central City from the Flash . 5 5 `` Plastique '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing & Brooke Eikmeier November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5355 3.46 Bette Sans Souci , a metahuman with the ability to turn anything she touches into an explosive , appears in Central City . She is being hunted by General Wade Eiling , and is a former military explosives expert . Barry brings her to S.T.A.R. Labs where the team explains to her that she was changed by the particle accelerator , which bonded bomb shrapnel to her body on a cellular level ; and they can not reverse the process . Secretly , Wells convinces Bette to kill Eiling . Barry races to stop her , and Eiling shoots her , who dies after mentioning Wells ' name . Her body turns into a bomb . Barry speeds off with the body and drops it in the river to save the city from the massive explosion . Eiling visits Wells , demanding that they work together once again , this time to collect metahumans . Wells refuses and warns Eiling to never return to S.T.A.R. Labs . Meanwhile , Barry ends his friendship with Iris after she refuses his advice not to write about the `` Streak '' . In a flashback set five years previously , Wells tells Eiling he is ending their experiments . After Eiling leaves , Wells walks to a cage and tells Gorilla Grodd that he has plans for him . 6 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' Millicent Shelton Jaime Paglia & Chris Rafferty November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5356 3.73 Barry speeds off to stop a car thief ; but the thief 's skin turns to steel and Barry breaks his hand while punching . He runs back to the lab before he can be hurt further . The thief is identified as Tony Woodward , Barry 's childhood bully . Back at the lab , Cisco determines that if Barry can hit Woodward with a specific velocity at right angle , then he can create enough force to compromise Woodward 's metal structure . Woodward kidnaps Iris and demands that she write about him . Barry arrives and manages to temporarily disable Woodward 's abilities . Afterward , Woodward is locked away at S.T.A.R. Labs and finds out that Barry is the Flash , the name Iris also uses in her blog on the advice of Barry , who reconciles with her . Meanwhile , Joe continues investigating Nora 's murder and gets suspicious of Wells , who opened S.T.A.R. Labs one month after Nora 's murder ; but Wells states that he came to Central City because of his wife 's death . Joe , convinced that Wells is not involved , is visited by the metahuman that killed Nora , stealing the case file and threatening Iris 's life if Joe does not drop his investigation . 7 7 `` Power Outage '' Larry Shaw Alison Schapker & Grainne Godfree November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 3J5357 3.47 Wells returns to his secret room , where it is revealed that he has been documenting Barry 's abilities , and using his artificial intelligence , Gideon , to look at events in the future . Barry arrives at a crime scene where the victim was murdered via electrocution , and charred beyond recognition , suggesting a metahuman was involved . While investigating the victim 's identity , the team identifies a power drain in the city . When Barry arrives , he is attacked by Farooq Gibran , a man who has the ability to siphon electrical energy . The attack drains Barry of his speed , and Gideon reveals to Wells that there are currently no references to the Flash in the future . Wells realizes that Barry 's problem is psychological . Gibran attacks S.T.A.R. Labs , kills Woodward and Wells ' life gets in danger , forcing Barry to overcome his fear , connect to his speed and kill Gibran . Meanwhile , Tockman starts a hostage crisis at a police station and critically shoots Eddie ; but Iris manages to stop him and he is rearrested . Later , Wells sees that the timeline is safe , and takes a sample of Gibran 's blood to determine how he was able to drain Barry 's abilities . 8 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brooke Eikmeier December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5358 4.34 Eddie proposes a task force to hunt down the Flash . A new metahuman , Roy Bivolo , shows up with the ability to send people into an uncontrollable rage , and uses his ability to rob a bank . Oliver Queen informs Barry that he and his team are tracking a killer who uses lethal boomerangs . Barry and Oliver agree to team - up and catch each other 's targets . Barry decides to go after Bivolo by himself . Bivolo uses his abilities on Barry ; but because of Barry 's powers it makes the effects last longer . Oliver tries to stop Barry , and the two engage in a fight until Wells and Joe use colored strobe light to reset Barry 's emotional state . Afterward , Barry and Oliver capture Bivolo and place him in the prison at S.T.A.R. Labs . Eddie 's task force is established after he was beaten by an enraged Flash . Barry confirms Oliver 's belief that he has a lot to learn . Oliver advises him to stay away from Iris , whom Barry is in love with . Iris decides to end her support of the Flash . Oliver asks Barry 's team to keep his alter ego a secret . A new metahuman able to manipulate fire appears in Central City . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 3 episode 8 . 9 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' Ralph Hemecker Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5359 4.66 The yellow - suited speedster who killed Nora Allen returns , in search of Mercury Lab 's tachyon particle technology . Barry encounters the `` Reverse - Flash '' and engages him but is swiftly defeated , with the villain insinuating that he and Barry have been lifelong enemies . Ronnie is revealed as the flame - controlling metahuman , suffering from memory - loss after having survived the explosion . Per Henry 's advice , Barry confesses his love for Iris before the tachyon particle technology is used as bait to lure the Reverse - Flash into a trap . The villain manages to escape , however , and proceeds to attack Wells and the police , mysteriously sparing Eddie before engaging in Barry again . Ronnie appears and fends off the Reverse - Flash before they both flee the scene . Joe tells Eddie about metahumans and asks him to keep it a secret . Cisco realizes that there were two speedsters in Barry 's house the night Nora died . Later , Wells enters his secret room and reveals the Reverse - Flash suit in a hidden chamber . Wells places the stolen tachyon device on it , and speaks in the villainous speedster 's distorted voice , revealing himself to be the Reverse - Flash . 10 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' Nick Copus Kai Yu Wu & Geoff Johns January 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5360 3.87 As Barry works on improving his speed through various training exercises , Leonard Snart returns to Central City with the cold gun and a new partner , Mick Rory , to set a trap for the Flash . Barry discovers his plan , and agrees with Wells not to engage Snart in the hope that he goes away and no one gets hurt like the last time . Snart and Rory , who now has a gun that can emit absolute hot temperatures , kidnap Caitlin to force Barry out of hiding . Cisco and Barry find a way to defeat Snart and Rory . The Flash faces the duo in the city for a showdown , exposing himself to the public . Barry eventually gets them to cross their streams with Eddie 's help , successfully damaging the weapons and disabling the pair , who are arrested and the guns delivered to S.T.A.R. Labs . While in transport to Iron Heights , Snart and Rory are broken out by Snart 's sister . Meanwhile , Caitlin investigates the cause of Ronnie 's transformation and finds out that the Army is covering up the incident . After Iris moves in with Eddie , Barry decides to move back in with Joe . 11 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' John F. Showalter Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier January 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5361 4.08 While home , Wells receives a threatening call from an unidentified person before using his super speed to save his life from an attempt . Wells informs Barry and the team that the caller was Hartley Rathaway , a former protégé . Rathaway begins attacking his family 's business with sonic blasts , and after Barry stops him , Rathaway reveals that he knows a secret of Wells ' , who states that Rathaway warned him that the particle accelerator could explode , but Wells chose to risk it for the rewards . Cisco discovers that Rathaway intentionally got caught so he could steal information from S.T.A.R. Labs that would allow him to identify the frequency of Barry 's molecules so he can kill him . A trap set by Rathaway starts shredding Barry 's organs . Wells manages to disable Rathaway 's weapons . Later , Joe has Eddie start an investigation into Wells . Rathaway , imprisoned back in the particle accelerator , reveals to Cisco that he knows where Ronnie is and how to save him . In his secret room , Wells uses the tachyon technology to temporarily recharge his speed force energy . Meanwhile , Iris starts working as a journalist and realizes that she is hired to write about the Flash . 12 12 `` Crazy for You '' Rob Hardy Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing February 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5362 3.60 A woman with the ability to teleport to any location she can see breaks into Iron Heights and frees her boyfriend , Clay Parker . The S.T.A.R. Labs team identifies the woman as Shawna Baez . To help Barry , Henry tracks down leads in Iron Heights and finds out that Parker owed money to a local crime boss and is planning a heist to pay it back . Barry learns the location of the heist , finding Baez and Parker and is able to capture her after removing all the lights in a tunnel , effectively making her unable to teleport without being able to see . Parker manages to escape . Meanwhile , Cisco brings Rathaway out of his cell so that the latter can show the truth about Ronnie ; Rathaway reveals that Doctor Martin Stein , who developed research into a F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project focused on transmuting elements , was at S.T.A.R. Labs the day of the explosion . Rathaway reveals that during the explosion Ronnie and Stein merged , before he escapes Cisco 's custody . Barry starts dating Iris 's colleague , Linda Park . Henry insinuates to Barry that he knows Barry 's alter ego . Elsewhere , two city workers are attacked by Grodd . 13 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' Glen Winter Andrew Kreisberg & Katherine Walczak February 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5363 3.66 The team attempts to track Stein 's whereabouts after he attacks a scientist . They convince Stein into coming back to S.T.A.R. Labs for testing . Wells discovers that Ronnie and Stein 's atoms are in conflict , and if it continues they will become nuclear . Stein leaves for a secluded location to safely explode without casualties . Barry and Caitlin arrive and use a device Wells made from the tachyon to separate the bodies , but it apparently does not work , and the duo escapes the explosion , which alerts Eiling , who orders a team to recover `` Firestorm '' . Meanwhile , Joe enlists Cisco 's help to identify Nora 's murderer . The duo searches the house and finds blood from two people behind some new wallpaper . Joe asks Cisco to compare the blood to Wells ' . Cisco runs the blood and informs Joe that while neither is from Wells , one is from an adult Barry . In the meantime Linda believes Barry to be still in love with Iris , but he proves to Linda that he now loves her not Iris . 14 14 `` Fallout '' Steve Surjik Keto Shimizu & Ben Sokolowski February 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5364 4.01 Barry and Caitlin find Ronnie and Stein alive and separated , which Eiling also finds out . Joe reveals his findings to Barry . Ronnie and Stein realize that their minds are partially connected . Wells visits Eiling , who reveals that he knows Barry 's alter ego and demands the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project . Wells gives up Stein , who is tortured by Eiling until Barry and Ronnie save him . Ronnie and Stein reunite by the tachyon piece to survive the military onslaught . The duo gains enough control to be able to merge and separate on command . They decide to leave Central City to stay ahead of Eiling and learn more about their new powers . As the Reverse - Flash , Wells kidnaps Eiling and brings him to the sewers . He reveals himself to Eiling , and allows Grodd , who is displaying psychic abilities , to drag Eiling deeper into the sewer . Meanwhile , Iris 's colleague , Mason Bridge tells her his belief that Wells deliberately caused the S.T.A.R. Labs explosion . Iris suspects Caitlin 's activities and decides to help Mason with his investigation . Barry tells Joe that he will travel back in time again to save Nora , but intends to succeed by learning the mistakes in his previous attempt . 15 15 `` Out of Time '' Thor Freudenthal Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing March 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 17 ) 3J5365 3.69 Mark Mardon , Clyde 's brother , returns to Central City to avenge Clyde 's death . Eddie and Linda get jealous of the intimacy between Barry and Iris . Mason shares his knowledge that Wells killed Stagg with Iris and Barry , who tells Caitlin and Cisco , who begins to believe Joe was right about Wells , so he rechecks the containment field that failed to hold the Reverse - Flash . Wells arrives and reveals himself to be Eobard Thawne , a relative of Eddie 's and a man from the future who came back in time to kill Barry , and has since been stranded in the present day . Thawne also explains that he is pushing Barry to get stronger so that he can use Barry 's powers to return to his time , and he murders Cisco to protect his secret . Mardon kidnaps Joe and forces him to watch as Mardon creates a tsunami in order to kill Iris . Barry reveals his secret identity to Iris , just after they admit to romantic feelings for each other , in order to save the city . Barry runs back and forth across the coastline to create a barrier against the tsunami , but he runs so fast that he travels back in time to the day before . 16 16 `` Rogue Time '' John Behring Story by : Grainne Godfree Teleplay by : Brooke Eikmeier & Kai Yu Wu March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 3J5366 3.33 Thawne warns Barry not to change any event for fear that he will create a bigger problem . Barry does not listen and instead captures Mardon and puts him in the particle accelerator . Snart and Rory return to Central City . Snart sends his sister , Lisa after Cisco , whom they force to rebuild the cold and heat guns , and a third gun shooting gold for Lisa , by threatening to kill Cisco 's brother . Iris rejects Barry 's romantic approach and later Eddie punches him . Barry realizes that Thawne was right about not to manipulate the timeline . Cisco returns and reveals that Snart forced him to reveal the Flash 's true identity . Barry goes after Snart , and the two come to a truce : Snart will not reveal Barry 's identity , will no longer kill innocent people , and stay away from Barry 's loved ones in exchange for Barry not locking him away in the particle accelerator . Caitlin tells Eddie and Iris that Barry is suffering from psychosis as a result of the lightning , making the duo reconcile with him and settling the tension . The Reverse - Flash kills Mason and destroys the evidence linking Thawne to Stagg 's death . Mason 's vanishing causes Barry to accept Joe was right about `` Wells '' . 17 17 `` Tricksters '' Ralph Hemecker Andrew Kreisberg March 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5367 3.67 Barry and Joe go after terrorist Axel Walker , under the alias Trickster . Walker sets a diversion for the Flash and breaks James Jesse , the original Trickster from 20 years prior , out of prison . Jesse and Walker attempt to extort patrons of fundraiser by poisoning them and ransoming the antidote . When the Flash arrives , Jesse and Walker fit him with a bomb that will detonate if he stops moving . Thawne coaches Barry on how to vibrate his molecules so that he can phase through objects , which removes the bomb . Afterward , Barry provides an antidote to all the patrons before capturing Jasse and Walker . The Flash reveals his identity to Eddie and convinces him to keep Iris from investigating Mason 's disappearance . Barry tells Eddie and Joe that `` Wells '' is the Reverse - Flash . In flashbacks , after failing to kill Barry , the Reverse - Flash escapes only to lose his speed . Gideon informs him that travelling through time has drained his powers . Thawne kills Harrison Wells and steals his appearance and identity so he can develop the particle accelerator sooner and return to his timeline . 18 18 `` All Star Team Up '' Kevin Tancharoen Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu April 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5368 3.67 As Barry works in conjunction with Joe and Eddie to stop crimes across the city , an engineering professor is killed by a swarm of bees at a university . While the team searches for a metahuman that can control bees , Felicity arrives with Ray Palmer , looking for assistance to improve his A.T.O.M. suit . The team tracks another bee attack , but Barry is too late and is attacked by the swarm . The team captures one of the bees , which turns out to be a robot and their suspect just a scientist from Mercury Labs named Brie Larvan , who is targeting other former employees . During the next bee attack , Barry goes after Larvan while Ray attempts to stop the bees from killing Dr. Tina McGee . Felicity disables the robots , and Barry captures Larvan . Tina tells Barry that `` Wells '' personality changed after his wife 's demise . Iris threatens Eddie to break up if he does not share his secret . Barry informs Caitlin and Cisco about `` Wells '' . She does not want believe it , but Cisco does , revealing that he has been having `` dreams '' , which show his final moments with Thawne in the alternate timeline . 19 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? '' Wendey Stanzler Ray Utarnachitt & Cortney Norris April 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5369 3.75 Barry and Eddie track a metahuman named Hannibal Bates , who can shape - shift into anyone he touches . Bates takes Eddie 's shape and frames him for murder . Later , Bates knocks Barry unconscious and assumes his form , but Thawne realizes the truth and prevents Bates from killing Caitlin and Iris . Bates manages to escape . Caitlin develops a serum to suppress Bates ' power , allowing Barry to defeat him and clear Eddie 's name . Iris reconciles with Eddie , who reveals his cooperation with the Flash . Bates is locked in the particle accelerator . Meanwhile , Joe and Cisco decide to investigate the car accident scene in Starling City where Dr. Wells ' wife died . With the help of Captain Quentin Lance , Cisco and Joe locate a buried corpse near the crash site . Cisco also modifies a sonic device for Laurel . Joe advises Quentin to reconcile with her . After a series of tests confirm the corpse is the real Dr. Wells , Barry , Caitlin and Cisco locate Thawne 's secret room at S.T.A.R. Labs . They find both the Reverse - Flash 's costume and the newspaper article from 2024 . 20 20 `` The Trap '' Steve Shill Alison Schapker & Brooke Eikmeier April 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5370 3.93 Barry talks to Gideon and learns about his battle with the Reverse - Flash in the future , as well as key moments in his life that include marrying Iris , a promotion at the CCPD , and that he created Gideon in the future . With high - tech goggles , the team reawakens Cisco 's memories of his alternate - timeline death and the secrets Wells confessed . The team regroups at Joe 's house , where Barry reveals his recent time travel and explains his plan to lure Thawne to confess to killing Nora . To trap Thawne , Cisco reverses the polarity of his containment field to protect himself from Thawne , while Caitlin films the interaction to capture Thawne 's confession . The trap fails , but Joe shoots Thawne before he can kill Cisco . As Thawne dies , his body transforms , revealing himself to be Bates . Thawne himself calls the team , revealing that he was always aware of their actions because he had them under surveillance . Reverse - Flash goes after Iris and Eddie , but Barry arrives , forcing Thawne to kidnap Eddie instead . Iris finds out about the Flash 's identity . Thawne reveals his relation to Eddie . Flashbacks reveal the aftermath of Barry being struck by lightning , and Thawne convincing Joe to let him save Barry 's life , and promising to a comatose Barry that he will die . 21 21 `` Grodd Lives '' Dermott Downs Grainne Godfree & Kai Yu Wu May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5371 3.62 While looking for Eddie and Eobard , Barry heads to stop a robbery at the gold reserve . When Barry confronts the would - be thief , they are both disoriented by an unknown psychological attack . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Iris confronts Barry about being the Flash . He is able to stop the thief , who turns out to be Eiling , whose mind is revealed to be controlled by Grodd . With a lead from Iris , Barry , Joe and Cisco head into the sewers to look for Grodd . The trio realize that Grodd is getting smarter and larger , and during an attack , Joe is kidnapped by Grodd . Cisco and Caitlin build Barry a device that will prevent Grodd 's effect . It works , but the device gets damaged in a fight . Barry is able to fight off Grodd 's psychic attack and trick him into jumping in front of an on - coming train . Eiling is freed . Iris reveals her feelings for Barry , but states her choice to be with Eddie . Grodd is revealed to be safe and roaming the streets . Meanwhile , Thawne works on a device that will allow him to return to his own time . He reveals to Eddie , Iris and Barry 's marriage in the future . Later Thawne completes the device and is revealed to be hiding in a secret chamber inside S.T.A.R. Labs . 22 22 `` Rogue Air '' Doug Aarniokoski Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5372 3.65 Cisco discovers that Eobard has been supercharging his speed through his wheelchair , which is why he is so much faster than Barry . The particle accelerator is activated by Eobard , who has managed to repair it . The team is able to find and rescue Eddie , who ends his relationship with Iris . Worried that the metahumans imprisoned inside the particle accelerator will be killed when it reaches full power , the team plans to relocate them to Oliver 's prison on Lian Yu . In order to set up a safe transport , Barry requests Leonard 's help . Leonard agrees but only after Barry erases all of Leonard 's criminal record . Leonard and Lisa sabotage the transport and allow the metahumans to escape , killing Simmons however . Eobard arrives back at the lab just as the accelerator fully charges . Barry , Firestorm and Oliver all meet outside to fight Reverse - Flash . They coordinate their efforts ; Oliver stops him with a nanite injection that disables Eobard 's speed and knocks him out . Oliver leaves after informing Barry of an upcoming help request . 23 23 `` Fast Enough '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Gabrielle Stanton & Andrew Kreisberg May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5373 3.87 Barry visits Thawne in the particle accelerator prison , where Thawne reveals he killed Nora because of hating the Flash , whose future self saved him . Eobard requests Barry to help create a wormhole where Thawne can return to his time , while also allowing Barry to save Nora . Caitlin and Ronnie get married . Eobard tells Cisco that the latter 's ability to recall events of alternate timelines was acquired from the particle accelerator explosion . Barry decides to go through with Thawne 's offer . The latter states that Barry will have only a short time , or else the wormhole will become a black hole . Barry travels back in time , but his future self signals him not to save Nora . The present Barry returns and stops Thawne from returning to his time . The two fight , while the team shuts down the wormhole . Thawne eventually prevails , but before he can kill Barry , Eddie shoots himself , causing Thawne 's existence to cease . The wormhole reappears , and the team is unable to prevent it from becoming a black hole . As the black hole begins to tear the city apart , pulling Eddie inside , Barry speeds into it in an effort to stop it . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Gabrielle Stanton October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) 3J5651 3.58 Ronnie and Stein turn into Firestorm and destroy the singularity , but at the cost of Ronnie 's life . Six months later , while using his speed to repair Central City , Barry operates alone , being the hero and savior of the public and the local government ; Cisco works in the police department alongside Joe , and Caitlin works at Mercury Labs . Barry evaluates a crime scene with a victim named Al Rothstein . At a ceremony , the Flash is attacked by Atom - Smasher , whose strength and size manipulation prove too much for Barry , but manages to force his mask off . Underneath the mask Atom - Smasher is revealed to look exactly like Rothstein . Barry is convinced by Joe and the others that he needs help in taking down certain metahumans and Rothstein is defeated by over absorbing radiation . As he dies , Rothstein tells Barry that he was sent to kill him by a person called Zoom . Barry receives a flash memory from Thawne 's lawyer containing Thawne 's confession to killing Nora . Henry is exonerated and released from prison , and leaves Central City so that Barry can focus on being the Flash . A man arrives at S.T.A.R. Labs and , introducing himself as Jay Garrick , tells the team their world is in danger . 25 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Jesse Warn Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) 3J5652 3.49 Jay explains to everyone that he is the Flash on a parallel Earth and that he was in a battle with a demonic speedster named Zoom when the singularity brought him to this Earth without his powers . Stein confirms the claim , describing their world as `` Earth - 1 '' and Jay 's as `` Earth - 2 '' . Zoom brings another metahuman from Earth - 2 called Sand Demon , later identified as Eddie Slick , to kill the Flash . Cisco analyzes the `` sand '' left behind and has a vision of the previous fight , frightening him . After Slick kidnaps Officer Patty Spivot , Jay teaches Barry how to hurl lightning . Cisco uses his power to find Patty 's location . Barry uses the lightning blast to turn Sand Demon 's particles to glass , killing him . Patty reveals to Joe that Mark Mardon killed her father . She joins Joe 's metahuman task force . Cisco divulges his ability to Stein , and convinces him not to tell anyone . Stein and Cisco are able to locate 52 breaches with the Earth - 2 , with the largest one being within S.T.A.R. Labs itself . Joe 's estranged wife , Francine , pays him a visit . Stein collapses while talking . On Earth - 2 it 's revealed that the Harrison Wells of that world is alive and in charge of S.T.A.R. Labs . 26 `` Family of Rogues '' John F. Showalter Julian Meiojas & Katherine Walczak October 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) 3J5653 3.47 Jay creates a device that stabilizes the singularity and will allow him to return home , but he opts to stay to help Barry stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Lisa Snart shows up asking for Flash 's help in rescuing Snart , whom she believes was kidnapped . Barry tracks down Snart , who is revealed not to be kidnapped but is working with his father , Lewis . Lisa states that Snart would never work with Lewis willingly , because the latter was abusive toward her when she was a child . Eventually , the team determines that Lewis placed a bomb inside of Lisa and threatened to kill her if Snart did not help him with his theft . Barry infiltrates Lewis ' crew with assistance from Snart . Cisco successfully removes the bomb from Lisa , so Snart uses his cold gun to kill his father in retaliation . Snart is incarcerated in Iron Heights and Lisa leaves . Joe reveals to Iris that Francine is alive and a former addict . Stein turns into Firestorm , but with blue flames . Earth - 2 's Wells arrives at the lab through the breach . 27 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' Stefan Pleszczynski Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) 3J5654 3.43 The team is able to temporarily stabilize Stein . Caitlin states that he needs to merge with a new person in order to survive . She identifies two potential candidates : a scientist named Henry Hewitt and a former high school football star named Jefferson Jackson . Hewitt is excited to merge with Stein , but the attempt fails and Hewitt leaves angrily , not knowing that his own metahuman powers have been activated . Jefferson initially refuses , but agrees when Hewitt goes on rampage . After the successful merger , the new Firestorm joins Barry in helping to take down Hewitt , who is incarcerated . Before departing with Jefferson , Stein encourages Cisco to tell the others about his powers . Meanwhile , Francine reveals that she is suffering from a terminal illness and only has months to live . Iris later confronts her for hiding the existence of the former 's brother . In the meantime , Wells breaks into Mercury Labs and steals an unknown device . Later , Barry is attacked by a humanoid shark monster sent by Zoom , but is saved by Wells . 28 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' Steve Shill Ben Sokolowski & Grainne Godfree November 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) 3J5655 3.87 Wells , who Cisco nicknames `` Harry '' to distinguish him from Thawne , reveals that he is responsible for the creation of the metahumans and Zoom on Earth - 2 . He states that he plans to help Barry 's team stop Zoom and other metahumans . At the same time , a metahuman from Earth - 2 called Doctor Light arrives and starts robbing banks . Barry recognizes her as the Earth - 2 version of Linda . Later , Light attempts to kill Linda and take over her identity , but accidentally kills Linda 's boss and is stopped by Barry 's team in the process . Harry reveals Cisco 's powers to the team , which Cisco uses to locate Light . Barry defeats her with the help of Harry . After locking Light up , they plan to use her to lure Zoom out and defeat him for good . Jay , who dislikes Harry and vice versa , thinks it is too dangerous and leaves the team . Meanwhile , Barry starts dating Patty while Cisco starts a date with a barista named Kendra Saunders . Cisco picks the nickname `` Vibe '' for himself . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that Zoom has Harry 's daughter captive . 29 6 `` Enter Zoom '' JJ Makaro Gabrielle Stanton & Brooke Eikmeier November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) 3J5656 3.63 As the team works to find a way to stop Zoom , Doctor Light escapes from her containment cell . Instead , the Earth - 1 Linda agrees to help the team by impersonating Doctor Light . Barry reveals his alter ego to Linda . Harry creates a speed dampening serum and the team stages a fight at one of the breaches in order to trick Zoom through . The attempt fails , as Zoom knew the plan . Instead , he goes after Linda , before fighting Barry . Zoom is much faster and easily overpowers Barry , showing him defeated with his unconscious body to the local news and the police station before ultimately returning to S.T.A.R. Labs . Zoom stabs Barry with his hand , but Cisco shoots him with the serum , which hurts Zoom , but still leaves him with enough speed to escape . Later , Harry reveals that Zoom has his daughter , Jesse , and that he came to Earth - 1 to stop Zoom . Barry wakes from his injuries and discovers that he can no longer feel his legs . 30 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' Dermott Downs Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) 3J5657 3.46 Barry manages to recover from the paralysis , but is unable to use his powers due to the psychological trauma of Zoom exposing Barry 's defeat to the city . Iris reaches out to Henry , who returns to help Barry overcome his fears . Wells formulates a plan to close all of the breaches , except one , through which Zoom can enter into the trap set for him . Cisco touches Kendra , but leaves after seeing a winged person in a vibe . Grodd returns , using scientists to steal various chemicals in the hopes of creating more gorillas with his level of intelligence . He later kidnaps Caitlin to help him with his plan . Harry dresses up as the Reverse - Flash in order to trick Grodd into thinking that his `` father '' is still alive . The plan works long enough for Harry to rescue Caitlin before they both escape . After Barry is fully recovered , they lure Grodd to one of the dimensional breaches and send him to a jungle sanctuary for gorillas that have been experimented on in Earth - 2 . Later , Cisco meets Kendra again , this time vibing and seeing her as the winged figure . 31 8 `` Legends of Today '' Ralph Hemecker Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) 3J5658 3.94 Vandal Savage arrives in Central City , seeking to kill Kendra . Barry goes to Star City and enlists the help of Oliver and his team to protect her . The team is visited by Malcolm who informs them that Savage is an immortal . Later , Kendra is kidnapped by Hawkman , but Barry and Oliver rescue her and capture Hawkman , who introducing himself as Carter Hall , tells them he and Kendra are soulmates who have been connected for millennia . The pair are destined to die , be reborn , and find each other in each lifetime . Carter also reveals that Savage has killed the pair several times , each time growing stronger . Savage acquires the Staff of Horus , a deadly weapon . Kendra unlocks her abilities and the team decides to regroup in Central City , where Oliver witnesses Samantha Clayton with her son , who is also his . Meanwhile , Caitlin and Harry create a serum that will temporarily increase Barry 's speed so that he can defeat Zoom . Jay initially refuses to test the serum , but changes his mind to save Harry when the latter is shot by an unaware Patty , whom Joe later informs about the truth . However , Jay advises against using the serum on Barry . This episode begins a crossover event that concludes on Arrow season 4 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 32 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' Kevin Tancharoen Andrew Kreisberg December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) 3J5659 3.55 Mardon breaks James Jesse and Snart out of Iron Heights in an effort to team up to kill the Flash . Snart declines and alerts Barry . Jesse and Mardon place bombs hidden in Christmas gifts throughout the city , threatening to set them off in family homes if Barry does not sacrifice himself . Wells , Cisco , and Jay find one of the bombs and alter its magnetic polarity ; they send it into one of the dimensional breaches , which causes it to attract the remaining bombs , removing them from the city . With them gone , Barry subdues Mardon and Jesse , dissuading Patty from killing Mardon . Meanwhile , Iris and Barry tell Joe about the latter 's son named Wally , who later shows up at Joe 's . Caitlin and Jay start a romantic relationship . Elsewhere , Zoom is revealed to be sending metahumans in order to help Barry get faster so that Zoom can take the latter 's speed force , which Harry reluctantly agrees to help Zoom with because of his daughter , Jesse . 33 10 `` Potential Energy '' Rob Hardy Bryan Q. Miller January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 3J5660 3.41 Cisco presents a new idea to slow Zoom down , telling the team about a metahuman , whom he has dubbed the `` Turtle '' , who has the ability to stop the kinetic energy around him and slow everyone to a halt . After Barry fails to stop the Turtle , identified as Russell Glosson , at a diamond unveiling , the team sets a trap at an art exhibit . Barry invites Patty with the intention of telling her his secret , but Glosson is aware of the trap and almost kills Patty before escaping . Later , Glosson kidnaps Patty . The team tracks him down and Barry is able to generate enough speed to move through the kinetic waves to knock him unconscious and save Patty . Patty tells Barry that she is leaving Central City and Harry kills Glosson by extracting a portion of his brain matter . Meanwhile , Joe struggles to develop a relationship with Wally , who has been street racing in an attempt to earn enough money for Francine 's medical bills . Caitlin discovers that Jay is dying of an illness caused by Zoom stealing his speed . They vow to stop Zoom to get Jay 's speed back in order to cure Jay . 34 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' Michael A. Allowitz Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 3J5661 3.71 The team discovers Turtle 's death and Jay suspects Harry . Cisco asks Harry for help in controlling his vibing abilities . The latter determines they are connected to Cisco 's fear response and triggers a vibe which alerts the team that Eobard Thawne is back . Harry surmises that this version of Thawne is from a point in the future before he went back in time to kill Nora and was protected from being erased . Cisco has a vibe of the future , and the team learns that Thawne is planning to use tachyons to return to his time . Barry arrives and destroys the machine . After a race around the city , Barry stops Thawne and imprisons him at the particle accelerator . However , his capture causes a rupture in the timeline that threatens to kill Cisco , so Barry sends Thawne back to the future to save his friend . Meanwhile , Patty discovers Barry is the Flash but , when he refuses to acknowledge it , she chooses to leave the city . Iris learns that Francine 's death is imminent and reconciles with her . Wally takes her advice to do the same . 35 12 `` Fast Lane '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Brooke Eikmeier Teleplay by : Kai Yu Wu & Joe Peracchio February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 3J5662 3.66 Right before the particle accelerator explosion , Joey Monteleone was thrown into a tar pit and left for dead . Sealed away , he is freed two years later with the ability to turn his body into molten tar . He sets out to get revenge on those who attempted to kill him . Harry creates a device to siphon Barry 's speed energy and attaches it to his suit . It steals a portion of Barry 's speed . Wells gives the energy to Zoom , who demands the rest . Meanwhile , Wells and Barry also successfully find a way to close the breaches . While going after Joey , Iris is injured when Barry is too slow to save her . Wells tells the team about the device , asking to be returned to Earth - 2 and have Barry seal the breaches so Zoom can not re-enter . After stopping Joey , Barry informs Wells that the team will help the latter to save Jesse . In the meantime , Wally continues racing even after Francine 's death . 36 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' Millicent Shelton Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Katherine Walczak February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 3J5663 3.96 Before heading to Earth - 2 , Barry closes all but one of the breaches , which is at S.T.A.R. Labs . Using the last breach , Barry , Cisco , and Harry travel to Earth - 2 , but an energy surge destabilizes the breach and the trio get stuck on Earth - 2 . Barry decides to impersonate his doppelgänger to get more information on Zoom . He later meets the Iris and Joe of Earth - 2 and learns that Iris , who is his doppelgänger 's wife , works for the CCPD while Joe is a singer . Barry is attacked by Earth - 2 's Caitlin and Ronnie , known as Killer Frost and Deathstorm respectively . Joe is killed in the attack . Cisco attempts to help the police stop the pair , but is confronted by his own evil doppelgänger , known as `` Reverb '' and revealed to have greater powers , including control over nervous systems and manipulation of vibrations . Barry arrives and is stopped by Reverb and Deathstorm . Zoom arrives , kills Reverb and Deathstorm for harming the Flash , and then imprisons Barry . Meanwhile , a new metahuman named Adam Fells appears in Earth - 1 Central City . Jay tells Caitlin that he invented Velocity - 6 , which is the real reason why he lost his speed . Caitlin develops Velocity - 7 , which Jay uses to engage Fells , who escapes . 37 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' JJ Makaro Story by : Todd Helbing & Aaron Helbing Teleplay by : David Kob February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 3J5664 3.90 On Earth - 2 , Zoom issues a demand to Central City to turn in Wells and attacks S.T.A.R. Labs to find Wells and Cisco ; but the two escape with Barry - 2 . The trio updates Iris - 2 on what happened with Barry - 1 . They decide to convince Caitlin - 2 to help . After a fight , Caitlin - 2 agrees to take the team to Zoom . They arrive and rescue Barry - 1 and Jesse , but Zoom shows up too . They are able to escape by the help of Caitlin - 2 , who keeps Zoom frozen and unable to move , but a third unidentified prisoner , who tries to reveal something about Jay , is left behind . Barry - 2 and Iris - 2 leave Central City to hide from Zoom . Meanwhile on Earth - 1 , Caitlin - 1 creates `` Velocity 9 '' , which Jay uses to stop Adam , who gets incarcerated in Iron Heights . Caitlin - 1 discovers that Velocity 9 can cure Jay . The latter , Caitlin , Iris and Joe stabilize the breach and allow Barry - 1 , Cisco , Harry , and Jesse to return , but Zoom stabs his arm through Jay and pulls him back through the closing breach to Earth - 2 . 38 15 `` King Shark '' Hanelle Culpepper Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 3J5665 3.80 While everyone tries to move on , the humanoid shark - monster that Harry stopped , known as `` King Shark , '' escapes A.R.G.U.S. custody and heads for Central City to kill the Flash . John Diggle and Lyla Michaels , the new director , arrive to warn Barry . King Shark , later identified as Shay Lamden , shows up at Barry 's home looking for the Flash , tracking Barry 's electrical field . A.R.G.U.S. arrives and forces Shay to retreat . Later , Barry forces King Shark to chase him out on the water , where Barry creates an electrified underwater cyclone that subdues the latter , and allows A.R.G.U.S. to imprison him again , with Lyla planning to find a cure . Barry vows to open a breach back to Earth - 2 to stop Zoom . Meanwhile , Barry and Wally find it hard to develop a relationship . After Caitlin becomes cold due to Jay 's death , Cisco becomes scared that she will become Killer Frost ; but she assures him that she is only dealing with her grief . Back on Earth - 2 , it is revealed that , underneath his mask , Zoom looks exactly like Jay . 39 16 `` Trajectory '' Glen Winter Lauren Certo & Lilah Vandenburgh March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 3J5666 3.00 Barry starts training to get faster so that he can stop Zoom . While out with friends at a club for downtime , Barry and the other club patrons are robbed by an unknown speedster , who then escapes . The speedster turns out to be Eliza Harmon , a Mercury Labs employee who developed Velocity - 9 from samples Caitlin gave her to help with Jay 's illness . Operating under the alias `` Trajectory '' , Harmon invades S.T.A.R. Labs , imprisons Barry , and demands more V - 9 . After she threatens Jesse 's life , Wells and Caitlin make more of the drug for Harmon , who then speeds off to wreak havoc on the city . Barry manages to stop her before she injects more V - 9 into her system . Barry watches as Harmon 's speed becomes so intense that her lightning turns blue and she disintegrates . Jesse decides to leave the city to experience the world on her own and stop Wells from doing harmful things just to protect her . Based on what Barry saw from the overuse of V - 9 , the similarities between Zoom 's speed and Jay 's sickness , and Cisco 's `` vibe '' , the team concludes that Jay is Zoom . 40 17 `` Flash Back '' Alice Troughton Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 3J5667 3.39 Barry travels back in time to when Hartley Rathaway attacked the team , and switches places with his past self , in order to have Thawne help him solve the speed force equation . However , after a Time Wraith follows Barry to the past , Thawne deduces Barry 's deception . Barry is able to convince Eobard to help him become faster . The wraith comes to the lab , where Caitlin and Cisco are forced to accept help from Hartley to deter the wraith . Afterward , the Barry from the current time arrives , forcing an explanation of the time travel event . Thawne provides the future Barry with the information about the tachyon technology , so that he can return to his time . As Barry prepares to make the jump through time , the Wraith arrives , forcing the past timeline 's Barry to intervene , so that his future self can return . Back in his time , Barry is confronted by the Wraith , but a reformed Hartley arrives with his sonic gauntlets and defeats the wraith . Barry gives Iris a footage of Eddie recorded in the alternate timeline , advising her to move on with her life . 41 18 `` Versus Zoom '' Stefan Pleszczynski Joe Peracchio & David Kob April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 3J5668 3.03 Years earlier on Earth - 2 , a young Hunter Zolomon watches as his father murders his mother and is subsequently sent to an orphanage . In the present day , Barry tests the tachyon accelerator and is able to enhance his speed four times greater than normal . Barry decides to re-open a breach back to Earth - 2 , and he believes that Cisco 's powers are the key to opening the portals . Meanwhile Caitlin reveals that Jay 's Earth - 1 doppelgänger is Zolomon and Wells , shocked to hear this , reveals that Earth - 2 Zolomon was a convicted serial killer . Zolomon was receiving electroconvulsive therapy during the explosion , and was one of the many affected . With this revelation , the team confirms that `` Jay '' is Hunter . Cisco opens a breach , and Zoom immediately appears , chasing Barry back to S.T.A.R. Labs . There , Barry uses images of Zolomon 's parents as a distraction to trap him , but Hunter escapes , claiming to be `` the darkness '' . Zolomon kidnaps Wally and demands Barry 's speed in exchange for Wally 's life . Barry agrees , so Wells siphons all of his speed force , leaving Barry powerless . Zolomon injects the speed force into himself , and he kidnaps Caitlin with his enhanced speed before escaping . 42 19 `` Back to Normal '' John F. Showalter Brooke Roberts & Katherine Walczak April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 3J5669 3.39 As Barry adjusts to life without his powers , Wells decides to leave the lab to look for Jesse . Shortly after speaking with her , Wells is attacked and kidnapped by Griffin Grey , believing him to be Thawne , who demands that Wells find a cure for his metahuman abilities . Grey has superhuman strength , but is also aging rapidly . Barry discovers that , when Grey uses his super strength , he accelerates the aging process . Barry , Joe , Cisco and Jesse manipulate Grey into exerting his powers until he ages and dies as a weak , old man ; his body then reverts back to its 18 - year - old self . To fight Zoom , Wells offers to recreate the circumstances that gave Barry his speed . Meanwhile on Earth - 2 , Zolomon tells Caitlin that he kidnapped her because he is in love with her . Caitlin encounters her doppelgänger , Killer Frost , who was captured by Zolomon as a reminder of Caitlin . Killer Frost convinces Caitlin to help her escape , but then attempts to kill her . Zoom arrives and kills Killer Frost , then warns Caitlin not to free the man in the iron mask . Later , Hunter decides to conquer the other Earths in the multiverse and takes Caitlin with him back to Earth - 1 . 43 20 `` Rupture '' Armen V. Kevorkian Kai Yu Wu & Lauren Certo May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 3J5670 3.34 While Barry keeps declining Harrison 's offer , the team rigs a hologram of the Flash to stop crime around the city so that no one will know the truth . Henry returns to Central City and joins the team . He argues with Wells on the safety of another explosion . Hunter and Caitlin arrive back on Earth - 1 with Hunter declaring the city under his control . Iris confesses her feelings to Barry . The Earth - 2 version of Dante Ramon , called `` Rupture '' , arrives on Earth - 1 looking to kill Cisco , believing that Cisco killed his Earth - 2 brother . Zolomon sends Rupture after the police to send the city a message . Barry and the police stop Rupture , but Zolomon arrives and kills the officers himself , as well as Rupture for failing . He then publicly announces the Flash 's disappearance . Cisco and Dante - 1 become closer . Barry finally agrees to Harrison 's plan . During the process , Barry is seemingly vaporized , while Jesse and Wally are caught in the blast . 44 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' Kevin Smith Zack Stentz May 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 3J5671 3.52 Wally regains consciousness , but Jesse remains in a coma . Cisco has a vibe of Barry and realizes that he is still alive and in the speed force . Barry meets physical manifestations of the speed force in the form of faces familiar to him . The speed force informs Barry that he can not leave unless he catches a mysterious moving figure , thus gaining his speed back . Cisco and Wells create a path into the speed force so Barry can escape , but the latter chooses to remain so he can earn his powers back . The speed force tells Barry that he can not become the Flash again until he finally accepts Nora 's death . Barry shares a moment with the physical manifestation of Nora , which allows him to finally catch the moving figure himself . With his powers restored and help from Cisco and Iris , Barry returns to S.T.A.R. Labs in time to save the team from the reanimated corpse of Tony Woodward . Afterwards , Barry uses a bit of speed force energy to bring Jesse out of her coma . Across town , Zolomon has assembled an army of metahumans from Earth - 2 , planning to unleash them on Central City . 45 22 `` Invincible '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3J5672 3.37 Caitlin returns to the team , but not without emotional trauma from being kidnapped . Zoom 's army wreaks havoc across the city . Barry puts out several fires and takes out some of the metahumans to help the police . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Barry displays a level of confidence in stopping Zoom that concerns the team and each of them attempts to convince him to be more cautious . Among the attackers is Laurel Lance 's doppelgänger , `` Black Siren '' , who attacks various buildings around Central City using sonic blasts . Wally begins taking on metahumans trying to repay the Flash for saving him . The team creates a sonic amplifier tuned to the frequency of Earth - 2 . They discharge it and render all Earth - 2 natives unconscious , allowing Barry to apprehend them all at once , although Zoom survives by escaping to Earth - 2 . Meanwhile , Cisco begins having vibes of a future Earth - 2 being destroyed . Barry convinces Joe to let Wally be a hero . Later , Zoom returns and kidnaps Henry in front of the team . Barry races after them , revealing his identity to Wally , and is forced to watch Zoom kill Henry . 46 23 `` The Race of His Life '' Antonio Negret Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 3J5673 3.35 Zolomon manages to escape Barry by creating a time remnant . After Henry 's funeral , Hunter challenges Barry to a race to determine who is faster , threatening to kill everyone Barry loves if he refuses . Harrison discovers Hunter is in possession of a magnetar , a device that will destroy every planet in the Multiverse except Earth - 1 which requires both their speeds to power . When an enraged and vengeful Barry refuses to back out , the team locks him in the Pipeline and force Zolomon back to Earth - 2 themselves ; but Hunter abducts Joe in the process . Wally discovers this and frees Barry , who agrees to Zolomon 's race . As Barry races Zolomon around the magnetar , he creates a time remnant of himself who frees Joe and destroys the machine , but at the cost of his life . The `` prime '' Barry defeats Zolomon , who is then taken away by Time Wraiths for his crimes against the timeline . Barry rescues the man in the iron mask , who is revealed to be the real Jay Garrick , Henry 's Earth - 3 doppelgänger . Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 2 with Jay , who plans to return to Earth - 3 from there . Barry , still feeling broken and defeated , travels back in time and stops Thawne from killing Nora . Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` Flashpoint '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) T27. 13101 3.17 After preventing the murder of Nora Allen , Barry returns with Eobard Thawne to the present and imprisons him in a cage that dampens his speed . In the new timeline , which Thawne dubs `` Flashpoint '' , both of Barry 's parents are alive ; Joe has a poor relationship with Wally and Iris and is chronically in trouble at work ; Cisco is a billionaire tech magnate ; and Caitlin is a pediatric ophthalmologist . There is also a new Flash in Central City called Kid Flash struggling with his own nemesis , Edward Clariss , known as `` The Rival '' . Barry begins losing his memories of the original timeline due to the new timeline becoming permanent . After discovering Kid Flash is Wally , Barry teams up with him and stops Clariss , but Wally is critically injured in the process . Realizing that the new timeline is worse for those closest to him , Barry is forced to let Thawne return to the past and kill Nora , resetting the timeline and restoring Barry 's memories . Back in the present , Barry learns to his horror that the timeline did not reset exactly and Joe and Iris do not talk to each other anymore . Meanwhile , Clariss is confronted by a mysterious voice and finds the message `` Alchemy '' being scratched into his mirror by an invisible force . 48 `` Paradox '' Ralph Hemecker Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) T27. 13102 2.80 Barry learns of multiple changes to the timeline : Iris has not forgiven Joe for concealing that her mother was alive , Cisco is angry with him for not altering the timeline to save his brother Dante from being killed , and he has a new CSI partner , Julian Albert , who does not like or trust him . Barry decides to travel back to fix the damage , but he is intercepted by Jay Garrick . Jay tells Barry that the timeline never resets exactly and he has to learn to live with his mistakes . Meanwhile , Clariss has visions of `` Flashpoint '' and locates the person responsible , Alchemy , who restores Clariss ' powers and full `` Flashpoint '' memories . Barry tells the team about the timeline 's alterations before confronting Clariss at an abandoned warehouse . Alchemy is there as well , saying that he is preparing for a future event . Cisco arrives and helps Barry defeat Clariss , who is then incarcerated in Iron Heights . The team determines Alchemy is creating other metahumans from `` Flashpoint '' whom they need to track down . Cisco and Barry reconcile , as do Iris and Joe . Caitlin is secretly revealed to have gained cryokinetic powers . Barry and Iris begin dating , while Clariss is confronted by the voice of Alchemy for his failure before being killed inside his cell by an unidentified metallic being . 49 `` Magenta '' Armen V. Kevorkian Judalina Neira & David Kob October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) T27. 13103 2.67 Wells and Jesse return to Earth - 1 , where she reveals she has gained super speed from the second dark matter blast . Wells hopes everyone will dissuade her from using her powers . Elsewhere , foster child Frankie Kane develops metahuman magnetic powers that manifest as an alternate personality , Magenta , who attacks her abusive foster father . Julian confronts Frankie at the station and is nearly killed by Magenta . Barry learns from Magenta that she got her powers from Alchemy . She escapes and later goes to the Central City Hospital to kill her foster father by dropping an oil tanker on the building . Barry creates a vortex to hold the tanker in place , but is unable to confront Magenta simultaneously . Wells sends Jesse to help . She takes over the vortex while Barry talks Kane into gaining control over Magenta . Wally , grappling with disappointment over having no speed , realizes he is having the same dreams from `` Flashpoint '' that Kane describes . Wells tells Jesse that he will support her decision and presents her with her own speedster costume . Joe later shows Barry and Julian footage of Clariss being killed in his cell by an unseen force , manifesting only as a flying ball of white light . 50 `` The New Rogues '' Stefan Pleszczynski Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) T27. 13104 2.80 Three years ago , Sam Scudder and Rosalind Dillon , former cohorts of Leonard Snart , were caught in the original particle accelerator explosion . In the present , Barry begins training Jesse on how to use her powers . Wells suggests the team locate a doppelgänger of his from another Earth to replace him on the team once he and Jesse leave . Scudder returns from being trapped in a mirror - like dimension with the ability to transport himself and others through reflective surfaces . He reunites with Dillon , who now has vertigo - inducing powers , and they go on a crime spree . Barry and Jesse ( as `` Jesse Quick '' ) confront them , but are defeated after Barry ends up trapped inside a mirror by Scudder . Caitlin secretly uses her emerging ice powers to help Barry free himself from his predicament . He and Jesse then successfully capture Scudder and Dillon . After evaluating the candidates , the team recruits the friendly and eccentric Wells of Earth - 19 , despite the Earth - 2 Wells ' misgivings . Jesse and her father then return to Earth - 2 , but not before Wells apprises Cisco of Barry 's suspicious escape . That night , Caitlin accidentally freezes the water in her shower and her appearance begins showing signs of her Earth - 2 doppelgänger , Killer Frost . 51 5 `` Monster '' C. Kim Miles Zack Stentz November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) T27. 13105 2.77 Without informing the others , Caitlin visits her estranged mother , Carla , at her medical research company to have her powers examined , but leaves after viciously attacking another scientist who intended to exploit her condition . Meanwhile , a gigantic creature repeatedly appears and disappears on the streets of Central City . Cisco grows suspicious of the newly - recruited `` H.R. '' Wells when he does not provide much help in battling the monster . The monster is revealed to be simply a hologram operated by a bullied 15 - year - old boy wanting to create fear in others . Barry exposes the deception in time to keep police snipers from harming civilians and prevents Julian from shooting the boy , whom he mistakes for a metahuman . H.R. is revealed to have no technical knowledge at all . He admits that he is only an `` idea man '' for his tech company on Earth - 19 and that he came to Earth - 1 primarily to get material for a novel . The team decides to give him a chance to prove his worth as an assistant . A badly shaken Julian reconciles his differences with Barry . Carla informs Caitlin that her powers are increasing and that she needs to stop using them or her condition will become irreversible . 52 6 `` Shade '' JJ Makaro Emily Silver & David Kob November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) T27. 13106 3.01 When Wally relates his recent dreams of being Kid Flash , Barry reveals what happened to him during `` Flashpoint . '' A metahuman H.R. nicknames `` Shade '' appears and murders a stockbroker . Caitlin reveals her powers to Cisco and has him `` vibe '' her to learn her future . Cisco sees himself fighting Killer Frost , causing Caitlin to contemplate leaving for good . Alchemy summons Wally to him , so the team locks Wally in the particle accelerator for his own safety . Meanwhile , Barry and the others stop Shade 's next attack and capture him . Cisco tells everyone the truth about Caitlin and Barry privately confesses to her that her powers are a result of `` Flashpoint . '' Wally volunteers to lead the team to Alchemy to capture the villain and stop the memories , which are causing him pain . Barry , Joe , and a S.W.A.T. team locate Alchemy and his followers and surround them . The metallic being that killed Clariss appears and attacks them , revealing himself to be a speedster that only Barry can see . As Barry fights their attacker , Alchemy entices Wally to pick up his fallen energy weapon , which encases Wally in a crystal cocoon . Calling himself `` Savitar '' , the speedster overpowers Barry and prepares to stab him with a blade from his arm . 53 7 `` Killer Frost '' Kevin Smith Story by : Judalina Neira Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Brooke Roberts November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) T27. 13107 2.95 Savitar opts to drag Barry across the city , while battering him to demonstrate his superiority . Cisco and Caitlin arrive to rescue Barry and Savitar flees . Caitlin , with her Killer Frost persona having taken over , violently interrogates one of Alchemy 's followers at CCPD headquarters . When Julian catches her , she coerces him to find the other acolytes so they can lead her to Alchemy , who can presumably remove her powers . Barry and Cisco track her down and imprison her , but the team is fractured after she reveals Barry 's role in Dante 's death by creating `` Flashpoint . '' Greatly concerned and disregarding the consequences , Joe breaks Wally out of the cocoon . Wally emerges with unmanageable speed powers and he races away in a confused state . Barry offers his life to Caitlin for her freedom in a successful attempt to restore her sanity and gain her help in treating Wally . Joe and Barry locate Wally , stabilizing his condition with Caitlin 's serum , and Wally soon embraces his new abilities . Julian agrees to protect Caitlin from the police , but forces Barry to resign from the CCPD in exchange , believing him morally unfit for wanting Caitlin shielded . Julian is later revealed to be Alchemy and working for Savitar . 54 8 `` Invasion ! '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) T27. 13108 4.15 Barry investigates a meteor crash outside Central City that turns out to be a spaceship from which aliens emerge . Lyla tells the team that the `` Dominators '' landed previously in the 1950s , but then mysteriously departed . Needing help , Barry assembles the original Team Arrow , Thea , the Legends , and Supergirl of Earth - 38 . The team begins training at a S.T.A.R. Labs facility , sparring against Supergirl to prepare for combat against the aliens . Cisco reveals a message to Rip Hunter from Barry 's future self , which exposes Barry 's manipulation of the timeline and how it affected other team members . Oliver , Supergirl , Felicity , Martin , and Jefferson are left as the only ones who still trust Barry . The Dominators abduct the President . Supergirl leads most of the others in a rescue effort , but the Dominators kill the President and ensnare everyone with a mind control device . The controlled heroes return and attack S.T.A.R. Labs . While Oliver holds them off , Barry lures Supergirl to the device and manipulates her into destroying it , freeing everyone . The team decides to trust Barry again . Suddenly , Sara , Ray , Diggle , Thea , and Oliver are teleported away before Barry can intervene . This episode begins a crossover event that continues on Arrow season 5 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 55 9 `` The Present '' Rachel Talalay Story by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Lauren Certo December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) T27. 13109 3.14 Barry asks Jay Garrick for help against Savitar . The two heroes locate and defeat Alchemy and return his weapon to its box , causing Savitar to disappear before he can kill Jay . Discovering Julian to be Alchemy , Barry reveals his own identity to him to get further information . Julian relates how he located the Philosopher 's Stone following a vision of his dead sister and that he has been having blackouts ever since . Savitar manifests through Cisco using visions of Dante and fights Barry and Wally , but Caitlin manages to convince Cisco to close the box again . The team communicates with Savitar through Julian , who claims that Barry , in the future , will imprison him . He also says that one teammate will betray them , one will fall , and a third will suffer a fate worse than death . Trying to end Savitar 's threat , Barry and Jay throw the box into the speed force but , in the process , Barry is thrown five months into the future and witnesses Savitar killing Iris . Jay tells Barry that the future is not fixed . Wally is given his own `` Kid Flash '' costume , Julian gets Barry 's job back for him , and Barry rents a new apartment for himself and Iris . 56 10 `` Borrowing Problems from the Future '' Millicent Shelton Grainne Godfree & David Kob January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) T27. 13110 2.72 Barry has been having nightmares about Iris 's murder . Jared Morillo attempts a robbery , but is confronted by Barry , who recalls a news report during his visit in the future when Barry captures Plunder . The distraction allows Morillo to overpower Barry and escape . H.R. launches the museum , but no one visits it . In a second confrontation , Wally intervenes and captures Morillo , gaining praise by everyone except Barry . He eventually reveals the future he saw to everyone but Joe . The team decides to change the course of other events in order to prevent Iris 's death . Using Cisco , Barry accesses the future memory , in which the news reveal that the S.T.A.R. Labs museum will close and Caitlin will become Killer Frost . Morillo escapes , and Barry decides to change the first event by letting Wally capture him . Cisco relaunches the museum , starting with an exhibition for elementary school students . Julian is persuaded by Caitlin to join the team . A mysterious woman from another Earth arrives , searching for H.R. 57 11 `` Dead or Alive '' Harry Jierjian Story by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes Teleplay by : Zack Stentz January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) T27. 13111 3.06 An Earth - 19 bounty hunter named Gypsy , possessing powers similar to Cisco 's , arrives on Earth - 1 intending to take H.R. back to Earth - 19 for trial and execution , as inter-dimensional travel is forbidden there . Cisco demands a trial by combat for H.R. 's life , which she accepts . As the duel is to the death , Barry and H.R. try to ambush Gypsy to save Cisco , but she easily defeats them . Meanwhile , determined to leave a legacy , Iris persuades Wally to help her bust an arms dealer . While he is out scouting , she confronts the dealer , seemingly unafraid of death . Wally manages to save her . Julian discovers a flaw in Gypsy 's fighting style . Cisco exploits this weakness during their battle , which allows him to defeat her . Cisco spares Gypsy 's life , but she makes it clear that H.R. can never return to Earth - 19 , since she will state that she killed him . Joe gets angry with Iris and is suspicious of her lack of fear . Barry plots to have Wally increase his speed so that Wally can save Iris from Savitar . 58 12 `` Untouchable '' Rob Hardy Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) T27. 13112 2.91 Barry and Wally continue their training in order to save Iris from Savitar . They race against each other , and Barry wins by phasing through a building . Julian finds a decayed corpse that was murdered just eight hours ago . He informs Joe that this is surely the work of a metahuman . The body is taken to S.T.A.R. Labs for investigation , where Caitlin and Julian observe it turning to ash . Iris confesses to Barry that she is afraid of her future . The meta responsible for the disintegrated corpse attacks Joe and is revealed to be targeting the police who arrested him in Flashpoint . The metahuman tries to disintegrate a bridge on the train Joe is on , forcing Barry to phase the train through the wreckage of the bridge . Barry teaches Wally how to phase , which Wally uses to expose the meta to his blood and strip him of his powers . Joe insists that everyone be honest with him from now on after learning of Iris 's future death . While practicing phasing , Wally is shocked to see Jesse coming through a portal . Jesse says her father has been abducted by Grodd and taken to Gorilla City . 59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & David Kob February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) T27. 13113 2.78 Earth - 2 Wells is captured while running through the woods . Jesse explains that he was leading an expedition to Gorilla City that was ambushed and killed while Wells disappeared . Barry recalls that in the future Central City will be attacked by gorillas . He , Julian , Cisco , and Caitlin go to rescue him but are captured by Grodd . Speaking through Wells , Grodd asks Barry to help him usurp his master Solovar . Barry agrees to fight Solovar in the arena for the lives of the others and wins , but refuses to kill him . Grodd seizes control of Gorilla City and prepares an invasion of Earth - 1 . The team asks Caitlin to kill Cisco so Grodd can not open a portal , but she refuses . Barry fakes his death and Grodd removes him from his cage . He resuscitates himself and frees the others , and they return to Earth - 1 . Jesse and her father reunite and Wally and Jesse recommit to their relationship . Julian asks Caitlin out on a date . Grodd assembles his army with a brainwashed Gypsy at his side . 60 14 `` Attack on Central City '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Todd Helbing Teleplay by : Benjamin Raab & Deric A. Hughes February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) T27. 13114 2.87 Harry and H.R. clash over their different personalities . Jesse informs her father that she intends to stay on Earth - 1 with Wally , which Harry initially tries to prevent . Harry subdues Gypsy when she ambushes Cisco and Barry , and the team realizes that Grodd and his forces have reached Central City . Using his powers , Cisco determines that the gorillas will attack the center of town . This turns out to be a distraction for Grodd to abduct a visiting Army general . Barry contemplates killing Grodd as the only way to permanently stop him and also change the future , but Harry encourages him to find another way . Taking control of the general , Grodd attempts a nuclear missile strike on the city . Barry prevents the attack , so Grodd and his gorilla army invade the city themselves . Cisco travels to Earth - 19 to ask Gypsy for help . The speedsters distract the soldiers while Cisco and Gypsy bring Solovar to Earth - 1 , who defeats Grodd and assumes leadership once again . All the gorillas return to Earth - 2 , with the exception of Grodd , who is turned over to A.R.G.U.S. Gypsy kisses Cisco before telling him he could not handle her , then returns to Earth - 19 . Barry proposes to Iris . While going out to pick up dinner for Jesse , Wally is confronted by Savitar . 61 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' Alexandra La Roche Andrew Kreisberg & Andrew Wilder March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) T27. 13115 2.52 Wally continues having visions of Savitar and , after a physical altercation with him , finally admits this to the team . The team attempts to question Savitar via Julian , who again acts as a conduit . Savitar casts doubt on whether the Philosopher 's Stone is truly lost to the speed force . Caitlin confesses that she kept part of the Philosopher 's Stone , hoping to use it to remove her powers . Barry and the team figure out that Savitar is trapped inside the speed force but Wally is at home with Jesse when they realize this . Wally , after being confronted by Savitar who appears as a vision of his mother , steals the stone fragment from the lab , creates a portal , and launches the fragment into the speed force , believing this will exile Savitar for good . Barry arrives just as the portal draws Wally into it , trapping him in the speed force . Savitar , having successfully manipulated Wally , emerges from the speed force and fights Barry , taunting him by boasting he will not kill him before Barry watches Iris die before his eyes . Barry breaks off Savitar 's arm blade using his vibrating hand , causing Savitar to retreat . 62 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' Gregory Smith Brooke Roberts & Judalina Neira March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) T27. 13116 2.39 Feeling responsible for everything bad that is happening , and that Wally is suffering inside the speed force , Barry decides to rescue him . Cisco vibes Barry into the speed force , where he encounters manifestations of friends and foes who had previously sacrificed their lives . Less accommodating than before , they push Barry to understand true sacrifice and that he must be the one to save Iris in the future . Barry is also confronted by his former enemy , Hunter Zolomon , and defeats him . Jay Garrick , having been contacted by Cisco , joins Barry inside the speed force and voluntarily takes Wally 's place so Barry and Wally can escape . Meanwhile , Jesse uses the armor shard to locate and face Savitar by herself , managing to wound the villain with it before he escapes . Later , Jesse decides to go to Earth - 3 to protect it until the team can free Jay from the speed force . Barry admits to Iris that even though he does love her , he proposed for the wrong reasons and suggests they take some time apart from one another . 63 17 `` Duet '' Dermott Daniel Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) T27. 13117 2.71 J'onn J'onzz and Mon - El arrive on Earth - 1 with a comatose Kara . The Music Meister attacks and places Barry in a similar coma . He wakes up in a musical world and finds Kara . Meister tells them that if they follow the script , they will return to the real world . Barry and Kara are forced to work as singers in a nightclub run by Malcolm , with Winn working as a piano player , Cisco as a waiter and Stein and Joe as two gangsters opposing Malcolm . Barry and Kara find Malcolm 's son , Mon - El , and Stein 's and Joe 's daughter , Iris , in a forbidden relationship . Kara and Barry convince the pair to reveal their love , also helping Barry and Kara to realize their own mistakes . Malcolm , Stein and Joe subsequently decide to go to war . Barry and Kara are shot in the crossfire , but the real Cisco , Mon - El and Iris vibe into their world to save them , allowing Barry and Kara to admit their loves for Iris and Mon - El . They wake up in S.T.A.R. Labs , and Meister reveals that he just wanted them to realize their love . Kara 's team returns to Earth - 38 , and Barry and Iris move back in together . Barry re-proposes to Iris , who accepts . This episode is a crossover with Supergirl . 64 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' Nina Lopez - Corrado Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Brooke Roberts & David Kob March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) T27. 13118 2.39 Abra Kadabra , a criminal from the 64th century , comes to Central City , stealing from numerous tech companies and killing two guards . Gypsy returns , in pursuit of Kadabra , to avenge her partner . Kadabra offers the team the identity of Savitar in exchange for his freedom . Against Gypsy 's wishes , a desperate Joe releases Kadabra , who escapes to Thawne 's time vault after Gypsy fails to stop him and retrieves a power source . Kadabra also triggers an explosion that critically injures Caitlin . Refusing to take off the necklace suppressing her powers , even though doing so could save her life , Caitlin asks Julian to perform surgery with her guidance instead . Kadabra attempts to return to his own time , having used the stolen technology to build his own time machine , but he is foiled by the team with Gypsy 's help . Barry decides that the only way to save Iris ' life is by traveling to the future . Later , a still - recovering Caitlin loses consciousness and begins convulsing , before her vital signs flatline . A distraught Julian rips the necklace from her neck and her vital signs return to normal , as her injuries heal rapidly . She awakens , but in the guise of Killer Frost , and starts attacking the group with her ice powers . 65 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' Tom Cavanagh Carina Adly MacKenzie April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) T27. 13119 2.67 Killer Frost destroys the necklace . Barry travels to 2024 , when he learns that Cisco lost his powers after Killer Frost shattered his hands and forced him to use mechanical prosthetics , H.R. has become a successful novelist , Julian works at Iron Heights tending to Killer Frost , Wally is catatonic with a shattered spine , Joe is depressed , and future Barry is a recluse hiding at S.T.A.R. Labs . In his absence , Top and Mirror Master have taken over Central City . Barry fails to learn Savitar 's identity . Cisco secretly uses a device to prevent Barry from returning to the past , hoping he will put things right . Barry rounds up Julian , Joe , and H.R. , reuniting Team Flash . Top and Mirror Master overwhelm Barry with their powers but , after overhearing him , future Barry uses Cisco 's device to negate the villains ' abilities , helping to defeat them . Future Barry gives Barry information and tells him to find a physicist named Tracy Brand , who developed a speed force - based trap years after Iris ' death . In the present , Killer Frost meets with Savitar . She is reluctant to trust him , but changes her mind when Savitar 's armor opens up and he steps out , revealing his identity to her . 66 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' Hanelle Culpepper Bronwen Clark & Joshua V. Gilbert May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) T27. 13120 2.69 Barry , Cisco , and H.R. visit Tracy to seek her help in making a trap for Savitar ; they are interrupted by Killer Frost , who attempts to kill Tracy , but is defeated before she escapes . Tracy goes to S.T.A.R. Labs with Team Flash and is shown her future . Killer Frost later decides to kidnap Joe 's girlfriend , Cecile , and demand Tracy in exchange . Killer Frost 's plan fails , leading to a battle between her and Cisco . Defeated , she is whisked away by Savitar , but not before Cisco draws some of her blood in order to potentially make a cure for her powers . Meanwhile , Joe admits his love to Cecile and tells her about Barry and Wally 's alter egos . H.R. develops feelings for Tracy . Later , Tracy , inspired by the events , plans to build a trap for Savitar , while Barry has a revelation regarding Savitar 's identity , given how much Savitar knows about everyone , and confronts him outside the city . Savitar confirms Barry 's new assumption and reveals himself to be a future version of Barry Allen . 67 21 `` Cause and Effect '' David McWhirter Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) T27. 13121 2.71 Future Barry explains to his younger self that he is a time remnant , created by his future self while fighting Savitar . After being shunned by Team Flash , future Barry became depressed and ran back in time to ultimately become Savitar . He explains that he needs to kill Iris so that Barry will be forced to create him in the future . Cisco proposes they stop Savitar from remembering any of their strategies by stopping Barry from creating new memories , but miscalculations cause Barry to lose his memory . Savitar also loses all of his memories , resulting in Wally 's powers disappearing , since Savitar never gave them to him . A pyromaniac named Lucious Coolidge gets released because of Barry 's inability to testify correctly . Killer Frost helps Cisco and Julian develop a way for Barry to regain his memories so that Savitar can , as well . When Coolidge starts a fire , Iris helps Barry regain his memories in time to stop the fire with assistance from Wally . Tracy and H.R. develop a romance . She then shows the team the completed speed force trap , which requires a high amount of energy . The final scene cuts to a room that has an alien power source , as well as King Shark . 68 22 `` Infantino Street '' Michael Allowitz Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Grainne Godfree May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) T27. 13122 2.48 With 24 hours left before Iris dies , Team Flash learns that there is only one energy source that can power the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' in the form of a salvaged Dominator technology held at an A.R.G.U.S. facility . Barry and Cisco ask Lyla for it , but she refuses because of her mistrust of Barry due to his creation of Flashpoint . Barry then visits Snart in 1892 , when he was travelling with the Legends , and recruits him to help Barry break into A.R.G.U.S. and steal the device . In the process , A.R.G.U.S. agents eventually capture Barry and Snart , but Lyla , seeing the kindness in Barry 's actions , allows Barry to take the device . Snart advises Barry to use the goodness in him to defeat Savitar . Tracy decides to join the team . Cisco vibes about his battle with Killer Frost and leaves to fight her . Joe tries to hide Iris from Savitar on Earth - 2 with Harry but future Barry tricks H.R. into revealing up her location by pretending to be his younger self , breaks Wally 's leg and kidnaps Iris in front of a horrified Joe . Flash uses the `` Speed Force Bazooka '' on Savitar , but it fails when Savitar counteracts it with the Philosopher 's Stone , which is made out of calcified speed force energy . Savitar then stabs Iris in the back in front of Flash seemingly killing her as he escapes . 69 23 `` Finish Line '' David McWhirter Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) T27. 13123 3.04 H.R. reveals he swapped places with Iris and dies from his injuries . Realizing Iris is not dead , Savitar kidnaps Cisco and forces him to modify the Bazooka into an `` inter-dimensional quantum splicer '' . This will allow Savitar to disperse himself throughout time and protect him from the paradox that threatens to erase him . Barry meets with Savitar , believing he can be redeemed and they go to S.T.A.R. Labs . Although Barry and Iris try to get through to him , Savitar wrecks the lab and orders Caitlin to kill Cisco , but Gypsy saves him . Savitar and Killer Frost open a portal into the Speed Force . The Black Flash intervenes , but is frozen by Caitlin . Savitar then attempts to execute his plan . However , Cisco modified the Bazooka into a ' skeleton key ' which frees Jay from the Speed Force prison . Barry , Wally and Jay engage Savitar , while Cisco , with Gyspy 's help , convinces Caitlin to abandon Savitar . Barry phases through and destroys Savitar 's armor before Savitar is erased from existence . As Team Flash mourns H.R. , Caitlin decides not to use Julian 's cure , leaving the team so she may find her own purpose . Later on , an energy storm appears over Central City , caused by the Speed Force prison being empty . Barry explains that he needs to atone for creating Flashpoint and enters the prison , entrusting Central City to Iris and the team . Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Main article : The Flash ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) T27. 13410 2.51 80 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' Alexandra La Roche Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) T27. 13411 2.12 81 12 `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' Chris Peppe Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) T27. 13412 2.60 82 13 `` True Colors '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) T27. 13413 2.28 83 14 `` Subject 9 '' Ralph Hemecker Mike Alber & Gabe Snyder February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) T27. 13414 2.12 84 15 `` Enter Flashtime '' Gregory Smith Todd Helbing & Sterling Gates March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) T27. 13415 2.04 85 16 `` Run , Iris , Run '' Harry Jierjian Eric Wallace March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) T27. 13416 2.09 86 17 `` Null and Annoyed '' Kevin Smith Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) TBA TBD 87 18 TBA Hanelle Culpepper Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) TBA TBD Ratings Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 7 , 2014 1.9 / 6 4.83 0.7 2.00 2.6 6.83 `` Fastest Man Alive '' October 14 , 2014 1.7 / 5 4.27 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' October 21 , 2014 1.5 / 4 3.59 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Going Rogue '' October 28 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.53 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 5 `` Plastique '' November 11 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.46 1.0 N / A 2.4 N / A 6 `` The Flash Is Born '' November 18 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.73 0.9 N / A 2.3 N / A 7 `` Power Outage '' November 25 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.47 0.9 2.41 2.3 5.88 8 `` Flash vs. Arrow '' December 2 , 2014 1.6 / 5 4.34 1.0 2.31 2.6 6.65 9 `` The Man in the Yellow Suit '' December 9 , 2014 1.5 / 5 4.66 0.9 2.06 2.4 6.72 10 `` Revenge of the Rogues '' January 20 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.41 2.4 6.27 11 `` The Sound and the Fury '' January 27 , 2015 1.3 / 4 4.08 1.0 2.20 2.3 6.28 12 `` Crazy for You '' February 3 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.60 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 13 `` The Nuclear Man '' February 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.66 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` Fallout '' February 17 , 2015 1.5 / 4 4.01 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 15 `` Out of Time '' March 17 , 2015 1.3 / 5 3.69 1.0 2.34 2.3 6.09 16 `` Rogue Time '' March 24 , 2015 1.2 / 4 3.33 1.0 2.37 2.2 5.69 17 `` Tricksters '' March 31 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.67 1.0 2.43 2.3 6.10 18 `` All Star Team Up '' April 14 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.67 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.72 19 `` Who Is Harrison Wells ? '' April 21 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.75 0.9 N / A 2.2 N / A 20 `` The Trap '' April 28 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.93 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 21 `` Grodd Lives '' May 5 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.62 0.9 2.27 2.4 5.97 22 `` Rogue Air '' May 12 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.65 0.9 N / A 2.4 N / A 23 `` Fast Enough '' May 19 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 1.0 2.38 2.5 6.25 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Man Who Saved Central City '' October 6 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.58 1.0 2.35 2.4 5.93 `` Flash of Two Worlds '' October 13 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.49 0.8 2.06 2.2 5.52 `` Family of Rogues '' October 20 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.47 0.9 2.05 2.3 5.60 `` The Fury of Firestorm '' October 27 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.43 0.9 2.04 2.3 5.46 5 `` The Darkness and the Light '' November 3 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.87 0.8 1.68 2.3 5.55 6 `` Enter Zoom '' November 10 , 2015 1.5 / 5 3.63 0.9 2.05 2.4 5.68 7 `` Gorilla Warfare '' November 17 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.46 0.8 1.92 2.2 5.38 8 `` Legends of Today '' December 1 , 2015 1.4 / 5 3.94 0.9 2.12 2.3 6.07 9 `` Running to Stand Still '' December 8 , 2015 1.3 / 4 3.55 0.9 2.01 2.2 5.56 10 `` Potential Energy '' January 19 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.41 1.0 2.06 2.3 5.48 11 `` The Reverse - Flash Returns '' January 26 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.71 1.0 2.02 2.4 5.73 12 `` Fast Lane '' February 2 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.66 0.8 1.86 2.2 5.53 13 `` Welcome to Earth - 2 '' February 9 , 2016 1.6 / 5 3.96 0.9 2.02 2.5 5.98 14 `` Escape from Earth - 2 '' February 16 , 2016 1.5 / 5 3.90 0.8 1.77 2.3 5.67 15 `` King Shark '' February 23 , 2016 1.4 / 5 3.80 0.9 1.96 2.3 5.77 16 `` Trajectory '' March 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.00 0.9 1.96 2.0 4.96 17 `` Flash Back '' March 29 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.9 1.92 2.2 5.31 18 `` Versus Zoom '' April 19 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.03 0.8 2.03 2.0 5.07 19 `` Back to Normal '' April 26 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.39 0.8 1.86 2.1 5.26 20 `` Rupture '' May 3 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.34 0.8 1.92 2.1 5.25 21 `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' May 10 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.52 0.8 1.82 2.1 5.34 22 `` Invincible '' May 17 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.37 0.9 2.08 2.2 5.45 23 `` The Race of His Life '' May 24 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.35 0.6 1.49 1.9 4.85 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Flashpoint '' October 4 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.17 0.8 1.89 2.1 5.06 `` Paradox '' October 11 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.80 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.72 `` Magenta '' October 18 , 2016 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 2.00 1.9 4.67 `` The New Rogues '' October 25 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.80 0.9 1.91 1.9 4.71 5 `` Monster '' November 1 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.77 0.9 2.01 1.9 4.78 6 `` Shade '' November 15 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.01 0.9 2.06 2.1 5.07 7 `` Killer Frost '' November 22 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.95 0.8 1.99 1.9 4.93 8 `` Invasion ! '' November 29 , 2016 1.5 / 5 4.15 0.9 2.17 2.4 6.31 9 `` The Present '' December 6 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.14 0.8 1.80 2.0 4.94 10 `` Borrowing Problems From the Future '' January 24 , 2017 1.0 / 3 2.72 0.8 1.92 1.8 4.64 11 `` Dead or Alive '' January 31 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.06 0.7 1.64 1.8 4.71 12 `` Untouchable '' February 7 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.91 0.7 1.68 1.8 4.59 13 `` Attack on Gorilla City '' February 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.78 0.9 1.96 1.9 4.75 14 `` Attack on Central City '' February 28 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.87 0.8 1.81 1.9 4.68 15 `` The Wrath of Savitar '' March 7 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.52 0.7 1.71 1.6 4.23 16 `` Into the Speed Force '' March 14 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.70 1.6 4.10 17 `` Duet '' March 21 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.8 1.88 1.8 4.59 18 `` Abra Kadabra '' March 28 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.7 1.67 1.6 4.06 19 `` The Once and Future Flash '' April 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.67 0.9 1.90 1.9 4.57 20 `` I Know Who You Are '' May 2 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.69 0.8 1.77 1.8 4.46 21 `` Cause and Effect '' May 9 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.71 0.9 1.92 1.9 4.63 22 `` Infantino Street '' May 16 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.48 0.9 1.94 1.8 4.42 23 `` Finish Line '' May 23 , 2017 1.1 / 5 3.04 0.8 1.82 1.9 4.86 Home media Season DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 September 6 , 2016 September 12 , 2016 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 September 5 , 2017 September 11 , 2017 References Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 -- 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CW fall TV 2016 premiere dates : ' The Flash ' and ' No Tomorrow ' kick off October rollout '' . June 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 - 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Avila , Mike ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Watch : The women of the Arrowverse on strong female characters and , of course , # AvaLance '' . Syfy Wire . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Catch The CW 's Season Finales This April and May ! '' . The Futon Critic . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Tuesday , October 7 Final Ratings : ' Selfie ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' Forever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E. LD . ' , ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' About A Boy ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' MasterChef Junior ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef Jr . ' & ' Marry Me ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Marry Me ' , ' The Mindy Project ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Flash ' , & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Forever ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Undateable ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' One Big Happy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The Flash ' or ' Person of Interest ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Muppets ' , ' NCIS ' and ' Scream Queens ' Adjusted Up ; ' Flash ' and ' iZombie ' Hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Limitless ' adjusted up , ' Chicago Fire ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' The Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Wicked City ' stays under 1.0 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Best Time Ever ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts down , ' NCIS ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Flash ' and ' NCIS ' adjust up , ' Chicago Med ' premiere holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Fresh Off the Boat ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Muppets ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Muppets , ' ' iZombie , ' ' NCIS : New Orleans ' and ' Grinder ' all adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' iZombie ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Agent Carter ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Containment ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Flash ' and ' Beyond the Tank ' adjust up , ' The Real O'Neals ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' Chicago Fire ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' adjusts up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' , ' The Wall ' , ' This Is Us ' , FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' Real O'Neals ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' adjusts up and avoids new series low , ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts down , plus State of the Union analysis numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 417 ) `` Null and Annoyed '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Danielle Panabaker ( @ dpanabaker ) ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Thanks @ Hillview798 & Jonathan & Gabe ( director & writers of @ CW_TheFlash episode 418 ) for the delicious @ TacofinoVAN truck ! 🌮 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - flash , the on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Premiere Sets CW Record in Final DVR Ratings '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Elementary ' , ' Parnethood ' & ' The Originals ' Top Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 6 Ending November 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` ( Updated ) ' Criminal Minds ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Grimm ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Revenge ' Top Percentage Gains & ' NCIS ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 10 Ending November 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Constantine ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 11 Ending December 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 26 Ending March 22 '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. April 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' The Blacklist ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 31 Ending April 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Modern Family ' Tie for Adults 18 -- 49 Growth , ' The Messengers ' Leads Percentage Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Increase in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 33 Ending May 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 35 Ending May 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Blindspot ' top week 6 , ' Quantico ' doubles in 18 -- 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : ' Elementary ' is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 - May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 -- 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : Trump Address Registers Nearly One - Tenth Less Audience Than Obama 's in 2009 '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday Final Nationals : ' Great News ' Debuts On - Par with ' Trial & Error ' Launch on NBC '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 1 '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2015 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash on DVD '' . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash : Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flash , The - Season 2 '' . JB HiFi . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Flash - Warner Press Release Announces ' The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . External links Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Flash_episodes&oldid=830600208 '' Categories : The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) episodes Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Magyar Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does new episodes of the flash come out | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n70\n1\n\"The Flash Reborn\"\nGlen Winter\nStory by : Andrew Kreisberg\nTeleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace\nOctober 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)\nT27.13401\n2.84[79]\n\n\n71\n2\n\"Mixed Signals\"\nAlexandra La Roche\nJonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza\nOctober 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)\nT27.13402\n2.54[80]\n\n\n72\n3\n\"Luck Be a Lady\"\nArmen V. Kevorkian\nSam Chalsen & Judalina Neira\nOctober 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)\nT27.13403\n2.62[81]\n\n\n73\n4\n\"Elongated Journey Into Night\"\nTom Cavanagh\nSterling Gates & Thomas Pound\nOctober 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)\nT27.13404\n1.99[82]\n\n\n74\n5\n\"Girls Night Out\"\nLaura Belsey\nLauren Certo & Kristen Kim\nNovember 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)\nT27.13405\n2.38[83]\n\n\n75\n6\n\"When Harry Met Harry...\"\nBrent Crowell\nJonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza\nNovember 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)\nT27.13406\n2.46[84]\n\n\n76\n7\n\"Therefore I Am\"\nDavid McWhirter\nEric Wallace & Thomas Pound\nNovember 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)\nT27.13407\n2.20[85]\n\n\n77\n8\n\"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 3\"\nDermott Downs\nStory by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim\nTeleplay by : Todd Helbing\nNovember 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)\nT27.13408\n2.82[86]\n\n\n78\n9\n\"Don't Run\"\nStefan Pleszczynski\nSam Chalsen & Judalina Neira\nDecember 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)\nT27.13409\n2.22[87]\n\n\n79\n10\n\"The Trial of The Flash\"\nPhilip Chipera\nLauren Certo & Kristen Kim\nJanuary 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)\nT27.13410\n2.51[88]\n\n\n80\n11\n\"The Elongated Knight Rises\"\nAlexandra La Roche\nSterling Gates & Thomas Pound\nJanuary 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)\nT27.13411\n2.12[89]\n\n\n81\n12\n\"Honey, I Shrunk Team Flash\"\nChris Peppe\nSam Chalsen & Judalina Neira\nJanuary 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)\nT27.13412\n2.60[90]\n\n\n82\n13\n\"True Colors\"\nTara Nicole Weyr\nJonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza\nFebruary 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)\nT27.13413\n2.28[91]\n\n\n83\n14\n\"Subject 9\"\nRalph Hemecker\nMike Alber & Gabe Snyder\nFebruary 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)\nT27.13414\n2.12[92]\n\n\n84\n15\n\"Enter Flashtime\"\nGregory Smith\nTodd Helbing & Sterling Gates\nMarch 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)\nT27.13415\n2.04[93]\n\n\n85\n16\n\"Run, Iris, Run\"\nHarry Jierjian\nEric Wallace\nMarch 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)\nT27.13416\n2.09[94]\n\n\n86\n17\n\"Null and Annoyed\"[95]\nKevin Smith\nLauren Certo & Kristen Kim\nApril 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)\nTBA\nTBD\n\n\n87\n18\nTBA\nHanelle Culpepper[96]\nJonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza[96]\nApril 17, 2018 (2018-04-17)[97]\nTBA\nTBD\n\n"
] | [
"April 10, 2018"
] |
-3354706125628684466 | Spirit Riding Free | Spirit riding Free - Wikipedia Spirit riding Free Spirit Riding Free Genre Animation Adventure Based on Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron Voices of Amber Frank Sydney Park Bailey Gambertoglio Darcy Rose Byrnes Nolan North Kari Wahlgren Theme music composer Kari Kimmel Opening theme `` Riding Free '' by Maisy Stella Composer ( s ) Joachim Horsley James Allen Roberson Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 39 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Aury Wallington Jim Schumann Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) DreamWorks Animation Television Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Netflix Streaming Services Release Original network Netflix Original release May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Spirit Riding Free is a computer - animated series , produced by DreamWorks Animation Television and distributed by Netflix , based on the 2002 Oscar - nominated traditionally - animated film , Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron . The series was first released on Netflix on May 5 , 2017 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Crew 4 Episodes 4.1 Series overview 4.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 4.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4.4 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4.5 Season 4 ( 2018 ) 4.6 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 4.7 Season 6 ( 2018 ) 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Set during the 19th century in the small frontier town of Miradero , a 12 - year - old girl named Lucky , who had recently relocated from the city , encounters a wild kiger mustang named Spirit . Offspring of Spirit and Rain from Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron , the horse is caught by wranglers and brought to be `` broken '' in Miradero . Lucky gradually bonds with the stallion , and frees him . Lucky also meets two other girls , Pru and Abigail , who both own horses , Chica Linda , a palomino , and Boomerang , a pinto horse , respectively . They embark on everyday adventures across the land . Cast ( edit ) Amber Frank as Lucky Prescott Bailey Gambertoglio as Abigail Stone Sydney Park as Pru Granger Duncan Joiner as Snips Stone Jeff Bennett as Mesteneros Darcy Rose Byrnes as Maricela Nolan North as Jim Prescott Andy Pessoa as Turo Tiya Sircar as Miss Flores Kari Wahlgren as Aunt Cora Jonathan Craig Williams as Al Production ( edit ) Six episodes of the first season premiered on May 5 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a second season and it premiered on September 8 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a third season and it premiered on November 17 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a fourth season and it premiered on March 16 , 2018 . A fifth season of the show was released on Netflix on May 11 , 2018 . A sixth season of the show was released on Netflix on August 17 , 2018 . Crew ( edit ) The voice director for the first three episodes was Ginny McSwain ; Katie McWane took over as voice director subsequent to that . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 6 May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 7 September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) 7 November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 6 March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 5 7 May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) 6 6 August 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 17 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Original release date `` Lucky and the Unbreakable Spirit '' Joshua Taback Aury Wallington Stephanie Arnett May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Newly arrived in the town of Miradero , city girl Lucky struggles to fit in at school but befriends a wild stallion after he is wrangled for taming . `` Lucky and the Treacherous Trail '' Joshua Taback Aury Wallington Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Headstrong Lucky persuades Pru to give her a crash course in horseback riding so she and Spirit can participate in the annual Saddle Club race . `` Lucky and the Mysterious Map '' Beth Sleven Aury Wallington Jean Kang & Christina Manrique May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) On her first camping trip , Lucky decides to decode her dad 's old treasure map , then sneaks off with Abigail , Pru and Spirit to find the fortune . `` Lucky and the Competition Conundrum '' Joshua Taback Katherine Nolfi Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Desperate to be Student of the Month , Lucky teams with Maricela to create a booth for a school fundraiser , pitting herself against Pru and Abigail . 5 5 `` Lucky and the Appaloosa Adventure '' Beth Sleven Robert Taylor Jean Kang & Christina Manrique May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) As Lucky and saddle - maker Turo plot to help a horse neglected by his cruel owner , Lucky 's dad works to fix a cracked dam before disaster strikes . 6 6 `` Lucky and the Not - So - Secret Surprise '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Nancy Cohen Kathryn Marusik & David Van Tuyle May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Determined to throw Pru the best surprise birthday party ever , Lucky enlists Abigail 's help in planning the event , which quickly gets out of hand . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Original release date 7 `` Lucky and the Cowboy Next Door '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Laura Sreebny Kathryn Marusik & David VanTuyle September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Eager to follow in her mother 's footsteps , Lucky gets lessons in trick riding from dashing young performer , Javier . 8 `` Lucky and the Pie P.I. '' Beth Sleven Robert Taylor Jean Kang & Christina Manrique September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) When Abigail 's prize cherry pie goes missing , Lucky draws inspiration from her favorite book sleuth and plays detectives with her pals . 9 `` Lucky and Her Super Amazing and Fun Cousin Julian '' Beth Sleven Nancy Cohen Jean Kang & Christina Manrique September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky 's visiting cousin , Julian , charms her friends with his exciting schemes , but Lucky believes he 's up to no good . 10 `` Lucky and the Harvest Hunt '' Joshua Taback Laura Sreebny Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky and her pals search for a scarecrow . 11 5 `` Lucky and the Christmas Spirit '' Joshua Taback Katherine Nolfi Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky and her friends send gifts to everyone in town during Christmas . 12 6 `` Lucky and the Deadly Blizzard '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Aury Wallington Kathryn Marusik & David VanTuyle September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky and Maricela work together to get medicine from a broken train during a flu outbreak when a blizzard is coming . 13 7 `` Lucky and the Price of Freedom '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Aury Wallington Christian Lignan & Kathryn Marusik September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky pretends to be a man to enter a horse race to prove that women are good at riding horses . Though she wins , her identity is exposed and she is disqualified . The winner , Junipero 's former owner , Grayson , decides to get back at Lucky by capturing Spirit , a wild mustang , and shipping him to the auction house . Will Lucky ever see Spirit again ? Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Original release date 14 `` Lucky and the Long Way Home '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Nancy Cohen Gus Corrales , Liza Epps , Rianna Liu , Kathryn Marusik November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) While Lucky searches for Spirit , Spirit makes a difficult and distinctly unlucky journey home to Miradero . After being chased and repeatedly injured , he is encountered by Mixtli , a kindly Native American teenager who tends his wounds and lets him continue on his journey . 15 `` Lucky and the New Governor '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Lauren Bradley Kathryn Marusik November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) With Aunt Cora 's help , the PALs spruce up their formal affair etiquette for the upcoming Governor 's Ball , but they worry for the health of a pregnant mare in Spirit 's herd in the wild . 16 `` Lucky and the Risky Rescue '' Beth Sleven Laura Sreebny Jean Kang , Christina `` Kiki '' Manrique November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Having purchased the PALs ' fishing hole with proceeds from the sale of Spirit , Harlan Grayson shoos the PALs and orders them never to return to his land . When Mixtli , the Tuckapaw teen who had helped tend Spirit 's wounds , inadvertently trespasses and assaults Grayson , resulting in his jailing , the PALs must mount a rescue mission to spring Mixtli from the train to Pine Forks as Grayson and the Sheriff escort Mixtli back to his reservation . 17 `` Lucky and the Field Trip Fraud '' Beth Sleven Candie Kelty Langdale Jean Kang , Christina `` Kiki '' Manrique November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Eager to interest her students in learning , schoolteacher Miss Flores organizes a fossil - dig field trip with her new beau , Jim Prescott . Unhappy about her father dating her teacher and annoyed with her classmates ' taunts of being the `` teacher 's pet '' , Lucky schemes to get herself in trouble with Miss Flores . But when Lucky discovers that Miss Flores has planted the class 's fossil finds , which are actually mere cow bones , Lucky and Miss Flores reach a detente . 18 5 `` Lucky and the Shaky Day '' Beth Sleven Katherine Nolfi Jean Kang , Christina `` Kiki '' Manrique November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Feeling punished by her father , Lucky has unkind words for him as he leaves town on business , but when an earthquake and a series of aftershocks strike Miradero and destroy a vital railroad bridge , threatening her father 's life , Lucky and her friends must find a way to save the train and avert disaster . 19 6 `` Lucky and the Golden Opportunity '' Joshua Taback Robert Taylor Mandy Clotworthy , Kevin Wotton November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) The PALs think they 've struck gold when they find a hole leading to an abandoned mine , and soon Cousin Julian is recruiting the children of Miradero as manual labor in a secret gold - mining operation . But when the young children get stuck in the mining hole and the stored mining haul collapses the hayloft in Mr. Granger 's barn , the `` gold '' is revealed to be worthless pyrite . 20 7 `` Lucky and the Lion '' Joshua Taback Aury Wallington Rianna Liu , Marc Wasik , Kevin Wotton November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) The PALs attempt to give horseback - riding lessons to an inexperienced and uncomfortable Aunt Cora , but are banned from riding themselves when it is learned that a dangerous mountain lion is ranging near Miradero . Aunt Cora introduces Lucky to the Prescott family quilt , but Lucky worries for Spirit , who is out in the wild with the mountain lion on the loose . Sneaking away from home , Lucky finds that Spirit has sustained injury in an attack , and the mountain lion threatens them both , until Aunt Cora rides to the rescue , not on a horse , but on the donkey Señor Carrots . Season 4 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Original release date 21 `` Lucky and the Impatient Patient '' Joshua Taback Nancy Cohen & Robert Taylor Mandy Clotworthy & Kevin Wotton March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) Spirit is cooped up in Mr. Granger 's barn as he heals from wounds sustained in a mountain lion attack , but Mr. Granger does n't want Lucky cooped up with him for a week , and orders her out . She wins herself a job serving ice cream in Mr. Winthrop 's general store while Winthrop is out with a bad back . Meanwhile , Maricela is troubled by her strained relationship with her family 's cook , Turo can not complete a class assignment owing to his fear of spiders , and Snips feels abandoned because of the indifference shown him by his donkey Señor Carrots . Lucky quickly finds herself overwhelmed serving ice cream and doling out mixed - up advice to Maricela and Turo . By the end of the week , Spirit has healed , and Lucky spends her wages on carrots to help reunite the bond between Snips and his donkey . 22 `` Lucky and the Train Tycoon '' Joshua Taback Rich Burns Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) Lucky 's uptight railroad - baron grandfather arrives by train from the city to stay with the Prescotts in Miradero for Lucky 's 13th birthday . At first , her grandfather thinks Lucky too young and incapable for the freedoms her father gives her on the frontier . But when Lucky and Spirit use quick thinking and teamwork to rescue Lucky 's grandfather from sinking in salt flats , he realizes that Lucky has adapted well to frontier life -- so much so that she may never again be suited to city life , college , and suitable marriage . Worried for her future , Lucky 's grandfather orders she move back to the city , but Lucky 's father takes a stand -- Lucky will remain in Miradero . Lucky 's grandfather leaves , but not before reproaching Aunt Cora . Feeling she has failed her duty to educate Lucky in refined comportment , Aunt Cora announces her intention to move out of the Prescott household and leave Miradero . 23 `` Lucky and the Role Reversal '' Beth Sleven Katherine Nolfi Jean Kang & Christina `` Kiki '' Manrique March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) Lucky and her father struggle to cope with home life without Aunt Cora , who has moved to the inn . They even build a housework machine to do some of the chores . Lucky wins the lead role in the school play , but without the help she needs at home , she fails to learn her lines and the production winds up a farcical catastrophe . 24 `` Lucky and the Patchwork Plan '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Laura Sreebny Liza Epps & Kathryn Marusik March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) With help from Pru and Abigail , Lucky schemes to thwart Aunt Cora 's plans to leave Miradero . At the last minute , even after Aunt Cora 's train has departed town , Lucky persuades Aunt Cora to remain in Miradero , albeit not as a member of the Prescott household . 25 5 `` Lucky And Her New Family Part 1 '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Aury Wallington Liza Epps & Kathryn Marusik March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) El Circo Dos Grillos , the travelling circus to which Lucky 's mother belonged , comes to Miradero , and Lucky begins to learn the amazing story of how her mother fled a forced marriage in Mexico to be taken in by the circus and its proprietors , Fito and Estrella . Meanwhile , the return of Jim 's old circus friends and of the topic of Lucky 's mother to the fore makes Miss Flores feels more distant than ever from Lucky and her father , and she contemplates leaving Miradero to take a summer position as a private tutor in the distant town of Lasso Flats . 26 6 `` Lucky And Her New Family Part 2 '' Beth Sleven Aury Wallington Jean Kang & Christina `` Kiki '' Manrique March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) In between the two Miradero performances by El Circo Dos Grillos , its star trick rider injures her ankle while heroically putting out a fire caused by Snips and Señor Carrots that threatened to consume the circus wagons . Lucky offers to fill in and thus to step into the role once held by her own mother . After perfecting her stunts with Spirit , including a jump through a ring of fire , Lucky 's performance is a triumph , but she is devastated to learn that it was not witnessed by her father , who missed the show while proposing to the schoolteacher Miss Flores with fireworks and a romantic boat ride . Learning of the proposal , Lucky and Spirit run away from home to join the circus . Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Original release date 27 `` Lucky and La Voltereta Feroz '' Joshua Taback Laura Sreebny Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) Lucky runs away from home to join El Circo Dos Grillos , and is soon joined by Abigail and Pru . Lucky tries to prove her worth as a working member of the circus , but her efforts to perfect a dangerous horseback backflip stunt ( la voltereta feroz ) are set back when her riding boots are doused too wet to perform in . 28 `` Lucky and the No - Good Outlaw Butch LePray '' Joshua Taback Robert Taylor Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) While traveling , El Circo Dos Grillos comes across Jane , a meek bespectacled victim of the frontier bandit Butch LePray . Ringmaster Fito tells Lucky , Pru , and Abigail of the legendary outlaw , whose face no one has even seen and lived to tell about it , and whom some say `` is not even a man , just a shadow '' . Lucky has recurring nightmares that Butch gets the jump on her , so Lucky and her friends devise a warning signal -- cans tied together -- to alert them if Butch should happen to lurk while the circus is camped , but the only fiends they catch are Fito and Jane , who travels with the circus and becomes Lucky 's confidant . During a performance of the circus , Lucky spots bandits making off with the circus 's till , but when she confronts them , Jane betrays her and reveals that she is Butch LePray , and she will kidnap Lucky for ransom . Lucky uses her circus skills to escape her bindings , then unhitches Butch 's escape buggy , which careens into a ravine . Surviving the crash , Butch vows revenge on Lucky . 29 `` Lucky and the Big Goodbye '' Beth Sleven Katherine Nolfi Jean Kang & Kimberly Jo Mills May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) El Circo Dos Grillos travels to a prosperous frontier town where Lucky , Abigail , Pru , and Solana put up posters announcing their performances . Fito and Estrella explain to Lucky that after this performance , the circus will traverse the mountains , and will not return to the region for a year , but Lucky is adamant that the circus is her new home and that she will be going with them . Meanwhile , the town 's council is opposed to any circus performance , and the mayor orders Fito to depart without performing . The PALs hatch a plan to perform a secret farewell show for the town 's children in the town 's square . The show goes off without a hitch , and at least one parent changes his mind about the circus . The next morning , Abigail and Pru persuade Lucky to return to Miradero with them . After the long ride home , Lucky faces her father , and , when Miss Flores emerges from the house , Lucky embraces her sincerely . 30 `` Lucky and the Two - Wheeled Terror '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Rich Burns Liza Epps & Kathryn Marusik May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) Expecting a welcome back to Miradero by the town 's children , Lucky , Pru , and Abigail are dismayed to find their homecoming overshadowed by Maricela 's new bicycle and her new closeness to Turo , who did n't even notice them being gone for weeks . Only Snips is jealous of their having joined the circus , and stops talking to them , except through his donkey Señor Carrots . Meanwhile , though Lucky is discomfited to learn that her father has given her schoolteacher a riding horse named Tambourine as an engagement present , she offers to help Miss Flores learn to ride . Making use of her new transport , Maricela tries accompanying the PALs around the frontier , but disparages their hangout spots one by one , then irks them further by stealing their idea for a meteor - watching picnic atop Punta Libre . When Maricela 's bicycle sends her over a ledge on the way to the picnic , the PALs ' rescue attempt leaves them all stranded together , until Miss Flores and Tambourine chance upon them with a rope ladder . As Lucky comes to terms with all the changes in her life , Lucky , Abigail , Pru , and Maricela spot four shooting stars , one for each of them . 31 5 `` Lucky and the Rough Ride '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Laura Sreebny Liza Epps & Kathryn Marusik May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) After a classroom tutorial in first aid courtesy of Pru 's mother , Fannie Granger , who is a veterinarian , the PALs join three other vaqueros -- one of them being Lucky 's love interest , Javier -- on Mr. Granger 's mustang drive across the frontier from Miradero to Rancho Conejo . Lucky and Javier are separated from the group when they pursue an errant mare and her foal off the trail , and Javier badly injures his leg after a rattlesnake spooks the horses . Lucky makes several attempts at using her new first aid skills , even suturing up the cut with saddle thread after Javier passes out from blood loss . Meanwhile , Abigail and Pru handle a stampede all on their own . When Javier comes to , he praises Lucky as a `` real vaquera '' now , and they hold hands . 32 6 `` Lucky and the Ghostly Gotcha ! '' Joshua Taback Aury Wallington Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) Dismayed at being too old to trick - or - treat , the PALs concoct an elaborate scheme to prank Abigail 's little brother Snips with some ghostly home - brewed special effects in the nearby ghost town of Miner 's Grove . But just when the plot is concluded , the PALs get a scare of their own . 33 7 `` Lucky and the Doomed Delivery '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Katherine Nolfi Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) The PALs are going on their first overnight camping trip by themselves . Lucky learns that the wedding invitation Kate sent to the orphanage where the latter grew up has been returned , undeliverable . Lucky suggests the PALs travel to the orphanage to deliver the invitation only to find it abandoned and overrun by wolves . Although Lucky does not succeed in delivering the invitation to the nuns , she finds an envelope bearing the initials `` K.F. '' in a file cabinet in an office . The PALs escape the wolves and return home to present Miss Flores with the envelope , which contains a photograph of a couple , perhaps Miss Flores 's parents , and a necklace locket . Season 6 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Original release date 34 `` Lucky and the Doubtful Drought '' Beth Sleven Rich Burns Jean Kang & Kimberly Jo Mills August 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 17 ) The PALs tail Grayson to solve the mystery of where he has been sourcing water from to sell the townspeople of Miradero during a drought that has seemingly caused even the river to dry up . Meanwhile , the young horse Governor is upping his mischief game to include escape artistry . 35 `` Lucky and the Arabian Nightmares '' Beth Sleven Robert Taylor Kathryn Marusik & Kimberly Jo Mills August 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 17 ) The PALs hold a sleepover , but Pru is preoccupied with taking care of the ramada and the barn , and three new Arabian mares stabled therein , to show her father she can handle responsibility . When the mares escape just as their buyer arrives to see them , Lucky and Pru hunt around town for them , while Abigail stalls the buyer by giving him a deluxe tour of Miradero . Meanwhile , despite help from Aunt Cora and plethora of catalogs , Miss Flores is distraught that she ca n't find just the right wedding dress -- until Lucky designs one on paper that Aunt Cora realizes from drapery . 36 `` Lucky and the Fearless Fillies '' Joshua Taback Lauren Bradley Richard Gaines & Rick Lacy August 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 17 ) Abigail wants more than anything for the PALs to be granted an official Frontier Fillies herd , and their only chance is coming to town in the form of herd leader Mrs. Hungerford . But when Snips destroys their presentation , and a dust storm threatens their lives , the PALs ' failure to impress Mrs. Hungerford and be granted herd status seems inevitable . 37 `` Lucky and the Resolutionary Fever '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Laura Sreebny Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton August 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 17 ) Lucky realizes she has little more than a day to complete her New Year 's resolutions , and enlists help from Pru and Abigail to accomplish each item on the list . But trying to do them all extends Lucky 's attentions beyond what she needs to practice with Spirit for a charro dance Javier has choreographed for the New Year 's Eve parade at the invitation of Mayor Gutierrez . When a dry run of the horseback choreography ends in disaster , Lucky drops out of the parade , angering and disappointing Javier . Despite her failures , Lucky attends the New Year 's Eve party , where she reveals her true feelings for Javier and they share their first kiss as a couple . 38 5 `` Lucky and the Cousin Caper '' Beth Sleven Rich Burns Jean Kang & Kimberly Jo Mills August 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 17 ) Cousin Julian begs Lucky for help concocting a `` heist '' that will complete his initiation to a secret society in his boarding school , known as the Scoundrels . When the scam does n't go as planned , Lucky risks losing a locket given to her by Miss Flores , the only artifact connecting Lucky 's future stepmother to her own real parents , whom she never knew . Meanwhile , a Prescott family photo published in a newspaper as a wedding announcement gives the revenge - seeking frontier bandit Butch LePray a lead on where to find Lucky . 39 6 `` Lucky and the Wayward Wedding '' Joshua Taback Aury Wallington Richard Gaines & Rick Lacy August 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 17 ) Abigail calls off a `` wedding '' between the horses Chica Linda and Boomerang when Lucky arrives late and forgets the rings , because of Abigail 's superstition that the bride and groom seeing each other before the ceremony will jinx things . But when Jim and Miss Flores see each other the morning of their own wedding , all of the PALs ' efforts to prepare for the ceremony seem cursed , with one mishap after another ruining the flowers , the wedding carriage , the cake , and even Jim 's father 's approval . Then Lucky fails to show up for the ceremony on time with rings , and Jim goes looking for her , only to discover that Butch LePray has her kidnapped . Home media ( edit ) A DVD collection of all the episodes from seasons 1 -- 4 , titled Spirit Riding Free : Season 1 -- 4 was released on DVD on June 5 , 2018 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment . The series is also scheduled for DVD releases in the UK , France , Italy , and Germany . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nashid , Naureen ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Interview with Kari Kimmel '' . Teal Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Milligan , Mercedes ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Trailer : DreamWorks ' ' Spirit Riding Free ' Races to Netflix '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Amidi , Amid ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` TRAILER : ' Spirit Riding Free ' Takes The Dreamworks Franchise In A New Direction '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Tom ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Perfect Match '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Readies Animated ' Spy Kids , ' ' Llama Llama ' Series ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . `` Spirit Riding Free , '' from DreamWorks Animation , is inspired by the 2002 Oscar - nominated film `` Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron '' ... Jump up ^ http://www.animationmagazine.net/top-stories/dreamworks-spirit-riding-free-s2-hoofs-it-to-netflix/ Jump up ^ http://kidscreen.com/2017/10/24/spirit-riding-free-gallops-into-third-season/ Jump up ^ https://www.popsugar.com/entertainment/photo-gallery/44599592/image/44608732/Spirit-Riding-Free-Season-4 Jump up ^ Haylock , Zoe ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix 's New Releases Coming in May 2018 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Facebook announcement of Season 6 Jump up ^ Twitter announcement of Season 6 Jump up ^ `` Spirit : Riding Free - Seasons 1 - 4 '' . June 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 -- via Amazon . External links ( edit ) Official website at Netflix Official website at DreamWorks TV Spirit Riding Free on IMDb DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Antz ( 1998 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) Abominable ( 2019 ) Trolls World Tour ( 2020 ) The Croods 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Spooky Jack ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( since 2001 ) Madagascar ( since 2005 ) Kung Fu Panda ( since 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( since 2010 ) Tales of Arcadia ( since 2016 ) TV series Ended Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 02 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 18 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Turbo Fast ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 -- 17 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- 17 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 -- 18 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Current Dinotrux ( since 2015 ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( since 2016 ) Noddy , Toyland Detective ( since 2016 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( since 2016 ) Spirit Riding Free ( since 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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's Big Break ( 2009 ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Megamind : The Button of Doom ( 2011 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) DreamWorks Theatre ( 2018 ) People Bill Damaschke Chris Meledandri Jeffrey Katzenberg Subsidiaries DreamWorks Channel DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment Jay Ward Productions DreamWorks New Media ( AwesomenessTV ( 51 % ) ) Related topics Amblimation DreamWorks Pictures DreamWorks Records DreamWorks Television DreamWorks Interactive Go Fish Pictures Illumination Illumination Mac Guff In amusement parks DreamWorks Experience Pacific Data Images Pearl Studio Universal Animation Studios List of productions Other programs Unproduced projects Netflix original current series Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Voltron : Legendary Defender Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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8474244314773471402 | Citizens United v. FEC | Citizens United v. FEC - wikipedia Citizens United v. FEC Jump to : navigation , search `` Citizens United '' redirects here . For the political organization , see Citizens United ( organization ) . For other uses , see Citizens United ( disambiguation ) . Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission Supreme Court of the United States Argued March 24 , 2009 Reargued September 9 , 2009 Decided January 21 , 2010 Full case name Citizens United , Appellant v. Federal Election Commission Docket nos . 08 - 205 Citations 558 U.S. 310 ( more ) Argument Oral argument Reargument Reargument Opinion announcement Opinion announcement Prior history denied appellants motion for a preliminary injunction 530 F. Supp . 2d 274 ( D.D.C. 2008 ) probable jurisdiction noted 128 S. Ct. 1471 ( 2008 ) . Holding The provisions of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act restricting unions , corporations , and non-profit organizations from independent political spending and prohibiting the broadcasting of political media funded by them within 60 days of a general election or 30 days of a primary election violate the First Amendment 's protections of freedom of speech . United States District Court for the District of Columbia reversed . Court membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices John P. Stevens Antonin Scalia Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Case opinions Majority Kennedy , joined by Roberts , Scalia , Alito ; Thomas ( all but Part IV ) ; Stevens , Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor ( only as to Part IV ) Concurrence Roberts , joined by Alito Concurrence Scalia , joined by Alito ; Thomas ( in part ) Concur / dissent Stevens , joined by Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor Concur / dissent Thomas Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . I , Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce , 1990 . McConnell v. FEC , 2003 ( in part ) . Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , 558 U.S. 310 ( 2010 ) , is a landmark U.S. constitutional law , campaign finance , and corporate law case dealing with regulation of political campaign spending by organizations . The United States Supreme Court held ( 5 -- 4 ) on January 21 , 2010 that the free speech clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution prohibits the government from restricting independent expenditures for communications by nonprofit corporations , for - profit corporations , labor unions , and other associations . In the case , the conservative non-profit organization Citizens United sought to air a film critical of Hillary Clinton and to advertise the film during television broadcasts shortly before the 2008 Democratic primary election in which Clinton was running for U.S. President . Federal law , however , prohibited any corporation ( or labor union ) from making an `` electioneering communication '' ( defined as a broadcast ad reaching over 50,000 people in the electorate within 30 days of a primary or 60 days of an election ) , or making any expenditure advocating the election or defeat of a candidate at any time . The court found that these provisions of the law conflicted with the U.S. Constitution . However , the court upheld requirements for public disclosure by sponsors of advertisements . The case did not affect the federal ban on direct contributions from corporations or unions to candidate campaigns or political parties . The decision was highly controversial when announced and remains a subject of much discussion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Case summary 2 Background 3 In the District Court 4 Before the Supreme Court 5 Opinions of the Court 5.1 Majority opinion 5.2 Concurrences 5.3 Dissent 6 Subsequent developments 6.1 Support 6.1. 1 Politicians 6.1. 2 Advocacy groups 6.1. 3 Academics and attorneys 6.1. 4 Journalists 6.2 Opposition 6.2. 1 Politicians 6.2. 2 International 6.2. 3 Academics and attorneys 6.2. 4 Journalists 6.2. 5 Business leaders 6.3 Media coverage 6.3. 1 Political blogs 6.4 Opinion polls 7 Further court rulings 7.1 SpeechNow v. FEC 7.2 Public electoral financing 7.3 State campaign - spending limits 7.4 McCutcheon v. FEC 8 Legislative responses 8.1 Legislative impact 8.2 Legislative reactions by state and local lawmakers 9 Political impact 9.1 Super PACs 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Case summary ( edit ) In the case , No. 08 - 205 , 558 U.S. 310 ( 2010 ) , the conservative non-profit organization Citizens United wanted to air a film critical of Hillary Clinton and to advertise the film during television broadcasts , which was a violation of the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act , commonly known as the McCain -- Feingold Act or `` BCRA '' ( pronounced `` bik - ruh '' ) . Section 203 of BCRA defined an `` electioneering communication '' as a broadcast , cable , or satellite communication that mentioned a candidate within 60 days of a general election or 30 days of a primary , and prohibited such expenditures by corporations and unions . The United States District Court for the District of Columbia held that § 203 of BCRA applied and prohibited Citizens United from advertising the film Hillary : The Movie in broadcasts or paying to have it shown on television within 30 days of the 2008 Democratic primaries . The Supreme Court reversed this decision , striking down those provisions of BCRA that prohibited corporations ( including nonprofit corporations ) and unions from making independent expenditures for `` electioneering communications '' . The majority decision overruled Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) and partially overruled McConnell v. Federal Election Commission ( 2003 ) . The Court , however , upheld requirements for public disclosure by sponsors of advertisements ( BCRA § 201 and § 311 ) . The case did not involve the federal ban on direct contributions from corporations or unions to candidate campaigns or political parties , which remain illegal in races for federal office . Background ( edit ) Section 203 of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 ( known as BCRA or McCain -- Feingold Act ) modified the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 , 2 U.S.C. § 441b to prohibit corporations and unions from using their general treasury to fund `` electioneering communications '' ( broadcast advertisements mentioning a candidate in any context ) within 30 days before a primary or 60 days before a general election . During the 2004 presidential campaign , a conservative nonprofit 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) organization , Citizens United , filed a complaint before the Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) charging that advertisements for Michael Moore 's film Fahrenheit 9 / 11 , a docudrama critical of the Bush administration 's response to the terrorist attacks on September 11 , 2001 , produced and marketed by a variety of corporate entities , constituted political advertising and thus could not be aired within the 30 days before a primary election or 60 days before a general election . The FEC dismissed the complaint after finding no evidence that broadcast advertisements featuring a candidate within the proscribed time limits had actually been made . The FEC later dismissed a second complaint which argued that the movie itself constituted illegal corporate spending advocating the election or defeat of a candidate , which was illegal under the Taft - Hartley Act of 1947 and the Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974 . In dismissing that complaint , the FEC found that : The complainant alleged that the release and distribution of FAHRENHEIT 9 / 11 constituted an independent expenditure because the film expressly advocated the defeat of President Bush and that by being fully or partially responsible for the film 's release , Michael Moore and other entities associated with the film made excessive and / or prohibited contributions to unidentified candidates . The Commission found no reason to believe the respondents violated the Act because the film , associated trailers and website represented bona fide commercial activity , not `` contributions '' or `` expenditures '' as defined by the Federal Election Campaign Act . In response , Citizens United produced a documentary , called Celsius 41.11 , highly critical of both FAHRENHEIT 9 / 11 and 2004 Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry . The FEC , however , held that showing the movie and advertisements for it would violate the Federal Election Campaign Act , because Citizens United was not a bona fide commercial film maker . In the wake of these decisions , Citizens United sought to establish itself as a bona fide commercial film maker before the 2008 elections , producing several documentary films between 2005 and 2007 . By early 2008 , it sought to run television commercials to promote its political documentary Hillary : The Movie and to air the movie on DirecTV . In the District Court ( edit ) In December 2007 , Citizens United filed a complaint in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia challenging the constitutionality of several statutory provisions governing `` electioneering communications '' . It asked the court to declare that the prohibition corporate and union funding were facially unconstitutional , and also as applied to Hillary : The Movie , and to enjoin the Federal Election Commission from enforcing its regulations . Citizens United also argued that the Commission 's disclosure and disclaimer requirements were unconstitutional as applied to the movie pursuant to the Supreme Court decision in Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc ... It also sought to enjoin funding , disclosure and disclaimer requirements as applied to Citizens United 's intended ads for the movie . In accordance with special rules in section 403 of the BCRA , a three - judge court was convened to hear the case . On January 15 , 2008 , the court denied Citizens United 's motion for a preliminary injunction , finding that the suit had little chance of success because the movie had no reasonable interpretation other than as an appeal to vote against Senator Clinton , that it was therefore express advocacy , not entitled to exemption from the ban on corporate funding of electioneering communications , and that television advertisements for the movie within 30 days of a primary violated the BCRA restrictions on `` electioneering communications '' . The court held that the Supreme Court in McConnell v. FEC ( 2003 ) had found the disclosure requirements constitutional as to all electioneering communications , and Wisconsin RTL did not disturb this holding because the only issue of that case was whether speech that did not constitute the functional equivalent of express advocacy could be banned during the relevant pre-election period . On July 18 , 2008 , the District Court granted summary judgment to the Federal Election Commission . In accordance with the special rules in the BCRA , Citizens United appealed to the Supreme Court which docketed the case on August 18 , 2008 and granted certiorari on November 14 , 2008 . The Supreme Court heard oral argument on March 24 , 2009 and then asked for further briefs on June 29 ; the re-argument was heard on September 9 , 2009 . Before the Supreme Court ( edit ) During the original oral argument , Deputy Solicitor General Malcolm L. Stewart ( representing the FEC ) argued that under Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce , the government would have the power to ban books if those books contained even one sentence expressly advocating the election or defeat of a candidate and were published or distributed by a corporation or labor union . In response to this line of questioning , Stewart further argued that under Austin the government could ban the digital distribution of political books over the Amazon Kindle or prevent a union from hiring an author to write a political book . According to a 2012 article in The New Yorker by Jeffrey Toobin , the Court expected after oral argument to rule on the narrow question that had originally been presented : could Citizens United show the film ? At the subsequent conference among the justices after oral argument , the vote was 5 -- 4 in favor of Citizens United being allowed to show the film . The justices voted the same as they had in Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. , a similar 2007 case , with Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia , Kennedy , Thomas and Alito in the majority . Chief Justice John Roberts wrote the initial opinion of the Court , holding that the BCRA allowed the showing of the film . A draft concurring opinion by Justice Kennedy argued that the court could and should have gone much further . The other justices in the majority agree with Kennedy 's reasoning , and convinced Roberts to reassign the writing and allow Kennedy 's concurrence to become the majority opinion . On the other side , John Paul Stevens , the most senior justice in the minority , assigned the dissent to David Souter , who announced his retirement from the Court while he was working on it . The final draft went beyond critiquing the majority . Toobin described it as `` air ( ing ) some of the Court 's dirty laundry , '' writing that Souter 's dissent accused Roberts of having manipulated Court procedures to reach his desired result -- an expansive decision that , Souter claimed , changed decades of election law and ruled on issues neither party to the litigation had presented . According to Toobin , Roberts agreed to withdraw the opinion and schedule the case for reargument . However , when he did , the `` Questions Presented '' to the parties were more expansive , touching on the issues Kennedy 's opinion had identified . According to Toobin , the eventual result was therefore a foregone conclusion from that point on . Toobin 's account has been criticized for drawing conclusions unsupported by the evidence in his article . On June 29 , 2009 , the last day of the term , the Court issued an order directing the parties to re-argue the case on September 9 after briefing whether it might be necessary to overrule Austin and / or McConnell v. Federal Election Commission to decide the case . Justice Stevens noted in his dissent that in its prior motion for summary judgment Citizens United had abandoned its facial challenge of BCRA § 203 's constitutionality , with the parties agreeing to the dismissal of the claim . Justice Sotomayor sat on the bench for the first time during the second round of oral arguments . This was the first case argued by then - Solicitor General and future Supreme Court Justice Elena Kagan . Former Bush Solicitor General Ted Olson and First Amendment lawyer Floyd Abrams argued for Citizens United , and former Clinton Solicitor General Seth Waxman defended the statute on behalf of various supporters . Legal scholar Erwin Chemerinsky called it `` one of the most important First Amendment cases in years '' . Opinions of the Court ( edit ) Majority opinion ( edit ) Justice Kennedy , the author of the Court 's opinion . Justice Kennedy 's majority opinion found that the BCRA § 203 prohibition of all independent expenditures by corporations and unions violated the First Amendment 's protection of free speech . The majority wrote , `` If the First Amendment has any force , it prohibits Congress from fining or jailing citizens , or associations of citizens , for simply engaging in political speech . '' Justice Kennedy 's opinion also noted that because the First Amendment does not distinguish between media and other corporations , the BCRA restrictions improperly allowed Congress to suppress political speech in newspapers , books , television , and blogs . The Court overruled Austin , which had held that a state law that prohibited corporations from using treasury money to support or oppose candidates in elections did not violate the First and Fourteenth Amendments . The Court also overruled that portion of McConnell that upheld BCRA 's restriction of corporate spending on `` electioneering communications '' . The Court 's ruling effectively freed corporations and unions to spend money both on `` electioneering communications '' and to directly advocate for the election or defeat of candidates ( although not to contribute directly to candidates or political parties ) . The majority ruled that the Freedom of the Press clause of the First Amendment protects associations of individuals in addition to individual speakers , and further that the First Amendment does not allow prohibitions of speech based on the identity of the speaker . Corporations , as associations of individuals therefore , have free speech rights under the First Amendment . Because spending money is essential to disseminating speech , as established in Buckley v. Valeo , limiting a corporation 's ability to spend money is unconstitutional because it limits the ability of its members to associate effectively and to speak on political issues . The decision overruled Austin because that decision allowed different restrictions on speech - related spending based on corporate identity . Additionally , the decision said that Austin was based on an `` equality '' rationale -- trying to equalize speech between different speakers -- that the Court had previously rejected as illegitimate under the First Amendment in Buckley . The Michigan statute at issue in Austin had distinguished between corporate and union spending , prohibiting the former while allowing the latter . The Austin Court , over the dissent by Justices Scalia , Kennedy , and O'Connor , had held that such distinctions were within the legislature 's prerogative . In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , however , the majority argued that the First Amendment purposefully keeps the government from interfering in the `` marketplace of ideas '' and `` rationing '' speech , and it is not up to the legislatures or the courts to create a sense of `` fairness '' by restricting speech . The majority also criticized Austin 's reasoning that the `` distorting effect '' of large corporate expenditures constituted a risk of corruption or the appearance of corruption . Rather , the majority argued that the government had no place in determining whether large expenditures distorted an audience 's perceptions , and that the type of `` corruption '' that might justify government controls on spending for speech had to relate to some form of `` quid pro quo '' transaction : `` There is no such thing as too much speech . '' The public has a right to have access to all information and to determine the reliability and importance of the information . Additionally , the majority did not believe that reliable evidence substantiated the risk of corruption or the appearance of corruption , and so this rationale did not satisfy strict scrutiny . The Court 's opinion relied heavily on the reasoning and principles of the landmark campaign finance case of Buckley and First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti , in which the Court struck down a broad prohibition against independent expenditures by corporations in ballot initiatives and referenda . Specifically , the Court echoed Bellotti 's rejection of categories based on a corporation 's purpose . The majority argued that to grant Freedom of the Press protections to media corporations , but not others , presented a host of problems ; and so all corporations should be equally protected from expenditure restrictions . The Court found that BCRA § § 201 and 311 , provisions requiring disclosure of the funder , were valid as applied to the movie advertisements and to the movie itself . The majority ruled for the disclosure of the sources of campaign contributions , saying that ... prompt disclosure of expenditures can provide shareholders and citizens with the information needed to hold corporations and elected officials accountable for their positions and supporters . Shareholders can determine whether their corporation 's political speech advances the corporation 's interest in making profits , and citizens can see whether elected officials are `` in the pocket '' of so - called moneyed interests ... This transparency enables the electorate to make informed decisions and give proper weight to different speakers and messages . Concurrences ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chief Justice Roberts , with whom Justice Alito joined , wrote separately `` to address the important principles of judicial restraint and stare decisis implicated in this case '' . Roberts wrote to further explain and defend the Court 's statement that `` there is a difference between judicial restraint and judicial abdication . '' Roberts explained why the Court must sometimes overrule prior decisions . Had prior Courts never gone against stare decisis ( that is , against precedent ) , for example , `` segregation would be legal , minimum wage laws would be unconstitutional , and the Government could wiretap ordinary criminal suspects without first obtaining warrants '' . Roberts ' concurrence recited a plethora of case law in which the court had ruled against precedent . Ultimately , Roberts argued that `` stare decisis ... counsels deference to past mistakes , but provides no justification for making new ones '' . Justice Scalia joined the opinion of the Court , and wrote a concurring opinion joined by Justice Alito in full and by Justice Thomas in part . Scalia addressed Justice Stevens ' dissent , specifically with regard to the original understanding of the First Amendment . Scalia said Stevens ' dissent was `` in splendid isolation from the text of the First Amendment ... It never shows why ' the freedom of speech ' that was the right of Englishmen did not include the freedom to speak in association with other individuals , including association in the corporate form . '' He further considered the dissent 's exploration of the Framers ' views about the `` role of corporations in society '' to be misleading , and even if valid , irrelevant to the text . Scalia principally argued that the First Amendment was written in `` terms of speech , not speakers '' and that `` Its text offers no foothold for excluding any category of speaker . '' Scalia argued that the Free Press clause was originally intended to protect the distribution of written materials and did not only apply to the media specifically . This understanding supported the majority 's contention that the Constitution does not allow the Court to separate corporations into media and non-media categories . Justice Thomas wrote a separate opinion concurring in all but the upholding of the disclosure provisions . In order to protect the anonymity of contributors to organizations exercising free speech , Thomas would have struck down the reporting requirements of BCRA § 201 and § 311 as well , rather than allowing them to be challenged only on a case - specific basis . Thomas 's primary argument was that anonymous free speech is protected and that making contributor lists public makes the contributors vulnerable to retaliation , citing instances of retaliation against contributors to both sides of a then recent California voter initiative . Thomas also expressed concern that such retaliation could extend to retaliation by elected officials . Thomas did not consider `` as - applied challenges '' to be sufficient to protect against the threat of retaliation . Dissent ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( March 2017 ) Justice Stevens , the author of the dissenting opinion . A dissenting opinion by Justice Stevens was joined by Justice Ginsburg , Justice Breyer , and Justice Sotomayor . To emphasize his unhappiness with the majority , Stevens read part of his 90 - page dissent from the bench . Stevens concurred in the Court 's decision to sustain BCRA 's disclosure provisions but dissented from the principal holding of the Court . He argued that the Court 's ruling `` threatens to undermine the integrity of elected institutions across the Nation . The path it has taken to reach its outcome will , I fear , do damage to this institution . '' He added : `` A democracy can not function effectively when its constituent members believe laws are being bought and sold . '' Stevens also argued that the Court addressed a question not raised by the litigants when it found BCRA § 203 to be facially unconstitutional , and that the majority `` changed the case to give themselves an opportunity to change the law '' . He argued that the majority had expanded the scope beyond the questions presented by the appellant and that therefore a sufficient record for judging the case did not exist . Stevens argued that at a minimum the Court should have remanded the case for a fact - finding hearing , and that the majority did not consider other compilations of data , such as the Congressional record for justifying BCRA § 203 . Stevens argued that the Court had long recognized that to deny Congress the power to safeguard against `` the improper use of money to influence the result ( of an election ) is to deny to the nation in a vital particular the power of self protection '' . After recognizing that in Buckley v. Valeo the Court had struck down portions of a broad prohibition of independent expenditures from any sources , Stevens argued that nevertheless Buckley recognized the legitimacy of `` prophylactic '' measures for limiting campaign spending and found the prevention of `` corruption '' to be a reasonable goal for legislation . Consequently , Stevens argued that Buckley left the door open for carefully tailored future regulation . Although the majority echoed many of the arguments in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti , Stevens argued that the majority opinion contradicted the reasoning of other campaign finance cases -- in particular , Austin v. Michigan State Chamber of Commerce and McConnell v. Federal Election Commission -- and found it telling that the majority , when citing such cases , referenced mainly dissenting opinions . Stevens argued that the majority failed to recognize the possibility for corruption outside strict quid pro quo exchanges . He referenced facts from a previous BCRA challenge to argue that , even if the exchange of votes for expenditures could not be shown , contributors gain favorable political access from such expenditures . The majority , however , had considered access to be insufficient justification for limiting speech rights . Stevens responded that in the past , even when striking down a ban on corporate independent expenditures , the Court `` never suggested that such quid pro quo debts must take the form of outright vote buying or bribes '' ( Bellotti ) . Buckley , he said , also acknowledged that large independent expenditures present the same dangers as quid pro quo arrangements , although Buckley struck down limits on such independent expenditures . Using the record from a previous BCRA § 203 challenge , he argued that independent expenditures were sometimes a factor in gaining political access and concluded that large independent expenditures generate more influence than direct campaign contributions . Furthermore , Stevens argued that corporations could threaten Representatives and Senators with negative advertising to gain unprecedented leverage . Stevens supported his argument by citing Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. , where the Court held that $3 million in independent expenditures in a judicial race raised sufficient questions about a judge 's impartiality to require the judge to recuse himself in a future case involving the spender . Stevens argued that it was contradictory for the majority to ignore the same risks in legislative and executive elections , and argued that the majority opinion would exacerbate the problem presented in Caperton because of the number of states with judicial elections and increased spending in judicial races . Second , Stevens argued that the majority did not place enough emphasis on the need to prevent the `` appearance of corruption '' in elections . Earlier cases , including Buckley and Bellotti , recognized the importance of public confidence in democracy . Stevens cited recent data indicating that 80 % of the public view corporate independent expenditures as a method used to gain unfair legislative access . Stevens predicted that if the public believes that corporations dominate elections , disaffected voters will stop participating . Third , Stevens argued that the majority 's decision failed to recognize the dangers of the corporate form . Austin held that the prevention of corruption , including the distorting influence of a dominant funding source , was a sufficient reason for regulating corporate independent expenditures . In defending Austin , Stevens argued that the unique qualities of corporations and other artificial legal entities made them dangerous to democratic elections . These legal entities , he argued , have perpetual life , the ability to amass large sums of money , limited liability , no ability to vote , no morality , no purpose outside profit - making , and no loyalty . Therefore , he argued , the courts should permit legislatures to regulate corporate participation in the political process . Legal entities , Stevens wrote , are not `` We the People '' for whom our Constitution was established . Therefore , he argued , they should not be given speech protections under the First Amendment . The First Amendment , he argued , protects individual self - expression , self - realization and the communication of ideas . Corporate spending is the `` furthest from the core of political expression '' protected by the Constitution , he argued , citing Federal Election Commission v. Beaumont , and corporate spending on politics should be viewed as a business transaction designed by the officers or the boards of directors for no purpose other than profit - making . Stevens called corporate spending `` more transactional than ideological '' . Stevens also pointed out that any member of a corporation may spend personal money on promoting a campaign because BCRA only prohibited the use of general treasury money . Fourth , Stevens attacked the majority 's central argument : that the prohibition of spending guards free speech and allows the general public to receive all available information . Relying on Austin , Stevens argued that corporations `` unfairly influence '' the electoral process with vast sums of money that few individuals can match , which distorts the public debate . Because a typical voter can only absorb so much information during a relevant election period , Stevens described `` unfair corporate influence '' as the potential to outspend others , to push others out of prime broadcasting spots and to dominate the `` marketplace of ideas '' . This process , he argued , puts disproportionate focus on this speech and gives the impression of widespread support regardless of actual support . Thus , this process marginalizes the speech of other individuals and groups . Stevens referred to the majority 's argument that `` there is no such thing as too much speech '' as `` facile '' and a `` straw man '' argument . He called it an incorrect statement of First Amendment law because the Court recognizes numerous exceptions to free speech , such as fighting words , obscenity restrictions , time , place and manner restrictions , etc . Throughout his dissent , Stevens said that the majority 's `` slogan '' ignored the possibility that too much speech from one source could `` drown out '' other points of view . Fifth , Stevens criticized the majority 's fear that the government could use BCRA § 203 to censor the media . The focus placed on this hypothetical fear made no sense to him because it did not relate to the facts of this case -- if the government actually attempted to apply BCRA § 203 to the media ( and assuming that Citizens United could not constitute `` media '' ) , the Court could deal with the problem at that time . Stevens described the majority 's supposed protection of the media as nothing more than posturing . According to him , it was the majority 's new rule , announced in this case , that prohibited a law from distinguishing between `` speakers '' or funding sources . This new rule would be the only reason why media corporations could not be exempted from BCRA § 203 . In this , Stevens and the majority conceptualize the First Amendment 's protection of `` the press '' quite differently . Stevens argues that the `` Press '' is an entity , which can be distinguished from other persons and entities which are not `` press '' . The majority opinion viewed `` freedom of the press '' as an activity , applicable to all citizens or groups of citizens seeking to publish views . Sixth , Stevens claimed that the majority failed to give proper deference to the legislature . Stevens predicted that this ruling would restrict the ability of the states to experiment with different methods for decreasing corruption in elections . According to Stevens , this ruling virtually ended those efforts , `` declaring by fiat '' that people will not `` lose faith in our democracy '' . Stevens argued that the majority 's view of a self - serving legislature , passing campaign - spending laws to gain an advantage in retaining a seat , coupled with `` strict scrutiny '' of laws , would make it difficult for any campaign finance regulation to be upheld in future cases . Seventh , Stevens argued that the majority opinion ignored the rights of shareholders . A series of cases protects individuals from legally compelled payment of union dues to support political speech . Because shareholders invest money in corporations , Stevens argued that the law should likewise help to protect shareholders from funding speech that they oppose . The majority , however , argued that ownership of corporate stock was voluntary and that unhappy shareholders could simply sell off their shares if they did not agree with the corporation 's speech . Stevens also argued that Political Action Committees ( PACs ) , which allow individual members of a corporation to invest money in a separate fund , are an adequate substitute for general corporate speech and better protect shareholder rights . The majority , by contrast , had argued that most corporations are too small and lack the resources and raw number of shareholders and management staff necessary to maintain compliance , accounting and administrative costs of a PAC . In this dispute , the opposing views essentially discussed differing types of entities : Stevens focused his argument on large , publicly held corporations while the justices in the majority , particularly Justice Scalia 's concurring opinion , placed an emphasis on small , closely held corporations and non-profits . Stevens called the majority 's faith in `` corporate democracy '' an unrealistic method for a shareholder to oppose political funding . A derivative suit is slow , inefficient , risky and potentially expensive . Likewise , shareholder meetings only happen a few times a year , not prior to every decision or transaction . Rather , the officers and boards control the day - to - day spending , including political spending . According to Stevens , the shareholders have few options , giving them `` virtually nonexistent '' recourse for opposing a corporation 's political spending . Furthermore , most shareholders use investment intermediaries , such as mutual funds or pensions , and by the time a shareholder may find out about a corporation 's political spending and try to object , the damage is done and the shareholder has funded disfavored speech . Stevens concluded his dissent by writing : At bottom , the Court 's opinion is thus a rejection of the common sense of the American people , who have recognized a need to prevent corporations from undermining self government since the founding , and who have fought against the distinctive corrupting potential of corporate electioneering since the days of Theodore Roosevelt . It is a strange time to repudiate that common sense . While American democracy is imperfect , few outside the majority of this Court would have thought its flaws included a dearth of corporate money in politics . Subsequent developments ( edit ) There was a wide range of reactions to the case from politicians , academics , attorneys , advocacy groups and journalists . Support ( edit ) Politicians ( edit ) Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell , a plaintiff in the earlier related decision McConnell v. FEC , said : For too long , some in this country have been deprived of full participation in the political process . With today 's monumental decision , the Supreme Court took an important step in the direction of restoring the First Amendment rights of these groups by ruling that the Constitution protects their right to express themselves about political candidates and issues up until Election Day . By previously denying this right , the government was picking winners and losers . Our democracy depends upon free speech , not just for some but for all . Republican campaign consultant Ed Rollins opined that the decision adds transparency to the election process and will make it more competitive . Advocacy groups ( edit ) Citizens United , the group filing the lawsuit , said , `` Today 's U.S. Supreme Court decision allowing Citizens United to air its documentary films and advertisements is a tremendous victory , not only for Citizens United but for every American who desires to participate in the political process . '' During litigation , Citizens United had support from the United States Chamber of Commerce and the National Rifle Association . Campaign finance attorney Cleta Mitchell , who had filed an amicus curiae brief on behalf of two advocacy organizations opposing the ban , wrote that `` The Supreme Court has correctly eliminated a constitutionally flawed system that allowed media corporations ( e.g. , The Washington Post Co . ) to freely disseminate their opinions about candidates using corporate treasury funds , while denying that constitutional privilege to Susie 's Flower Shop Inc ... The real victims of the corporate expenditure ban have been nonprofit advocacy organizations across the political spectrum . '' Heritage Foundation fellow Hans A. von Spakovsky , a former Republican member of the Federal Election Commission , said `` The Supreme Court has restored a part of the First Amendment that had been unfortunately stolen by Congress and a previously wrongly - decided ruling of the court . '' Libertarian Cato Institute analysts John Samples and Ilya Shapiro wrote that restrictions on advertising were based on the idea `` that corporations had so much money that their spending would create vast inequalities in speech that would undermine democracy '' . However , `` to make campaign spending equal or nearly so , the government would have to force some people or groups to spend less than they wished . And equality of speech is inherently contrary to protecting speech from government restraint , which is ultimately the heart of American conceptions of free speech . '' The American Civil Liberties Union filed an amicus brief that supported the decision , saying that `` section 203 should now be struck down as facially unconstitutional '' , though membership was split over the implications of the ruling and its board sent the issue to its special committee on campaign finance for further consideration . On March 27 , 2012 , the ACLU reaffirmed its stance in support of the Supreme Court 's Citizens United ruling . Academics and attorneys ( edit ) Bradley A. Smith , professor of law at Capital University Law School , former chairman of the FEC , founder of the Center for Competitive Politics and a leading proponent of deregulation of campaign finance , wrote that the major opponents of political free speech are `` incumbent politicians '' who `` are keen to maintain a chokehold on such speech '' . Empowering `` small and midsize corporations -- and every incorporated mom - and - pop falafel joint , local firefighters ' union , and environmental group -- to make its voice heard '' frightens them . In response to statements by President Obama and others that the ruling would allow foreign entities to gain political influence through U.S. subsidiaries , Smith pointed out that the decision did not overturn the ban on political donations by foreign corporations and the prohibition on any involvement by foreign nationals in decisions regarding political spending by U.S. subsidiaries , which are covered by other parts of the law . Campaign finance expert Jan Baran , a member of the Commission on Federal Ethics Law Reform , agreed with the decision , writing that `` The history of campaign finance reform is the history of incumbent politicians seeking to muzzle speakers , any speakers , particularly those who might publicly criticize them and their legislation . It is a lot easier to legislate against unions , gun owners , ' fat cat ' bankers , health insurance companies and any other industry or ' special interest ' group when they ca n't talk back . '' Baran further noted that in general conservatives and libertarians praised the ruling 's preservation of the First Amendment and freedom of speech , but that liberals and campaign finance reformers criticized it as greatly expanding the role of corporate money in politics . Attorney Kenneth Gross , former associate general counsel of the FEC , wrote that corporations relied more on the development of long - term relationships , political action committees and personal contributions , which were not affected by the decision . He held that while trade associations might seek to raise funds and support candidates , corporations which have `` signed on to transparency agreements regarding political spending '' may not be eager to give . The New York Times asked seven academics to opine on how corporate money would reshape politics as a result of the court 's decision . Three of the seven wrote that the effects would be minimal or positive : Christopher Cotton , a University of Miami School of Business assistant professor of economics , wrote that `` There may be very little difference between seeing eight ads or seeing nine ads ( compared to seeing one ad or two ) . And , voters recognize that richer candidates are not necessarily the better candidates , and in some cases , the benefit of running more ads is offset by the negative signal that spending a lot of money creates . Eugene Volokh , a professor of law at UCLA , stated that the `` most influential actors in most political campaigns '' are media corporations which `` overtly editorialize for and against candidates , and also influence elections by choosing what to cover and how to cover it '' . Holding that corporations like Exxon would fear alienating voters by supporting candidates , the decision really meant that voters would hear `` more messages from more sources '' . Joel Gora , a professor at Brooklyn Law School who had previously argued the case of Buckley v. Valeo on behalf of the American Civil Liberties Union , said that the decision represented `` a great day for the First Amendment '' writing that the Court had `` dismantled the First Amendment ' caste system ' in election speech '' . Journalists ( edit ) The Editorial Board of the San Antonio Express - News criticized McCain -- Feingold 's exception for media corporations from the ban on corporate electioneering , writing that it `` makes no sense '' that the paper could make endorsements up until the day of the election but advocacy groups could not . `` While the influence of money on the political process is troubling and sometimes corrupting , abridging political speech is the wrong way to counterbalance that influence . '' Anthony Dick in National Review countered a number of arguments against the decision , asking rhetorically , `` is there something uniquely harmful and / or unworthy of protection about political messages that come from corporations and unions , as opposed to , say , rich individuals , persuasive writers , or charismatic demagogues ? '' He noted that `` a recent Gallup poll shows that a majority of the public actually agrees with the Court that corporations and unions should be treated just like individuals in terms of their political - expenditure rights '' . A Gallup poll taken in October 2009 and released soon after the decision showed 57 percent of those surveyed agreed that contributions to political candidates are a form of free speech and 55 percent agreed that the same rules should apply to individuals , corporations and unions . Sixty - four percent of Democrats and Republicans believed campaign donations are a form of free speech . Chicago Tribune editorial board member Steve Chapman wrote `` If corporate advocacy may be forbidden as it was under the law in question , it 's not just Exxon Mobil and Citigroup that are rendered mute . Nonprofit corporations set up merely to advance goals shared by citizens , such as the American Civil Liberties Union and the National Rifle Association , also have to put a sock in it . So much for the First Amendment goal of fostering debate about public policy . '' Opposition ( edit ) Politicians ( edit ) President Barack Obama stated that the decision `` gives the special interests and their lobbyists even more power in Washington -- while undermining the influence of average Americans who make small contributions to support their preferred candidates '' . Obama later elaborated in his weekly radio address saying , `` this ruling strikes at our democracy itself '' and `` I ca n't think of anything more devastating to the public interest '' . On January 27 , 2010 , Obama further condemned the decision during the 2010 State of the Union Address , stating that , `` Last week , the Supreme Court reversed a century of law to open the floodgates for special interests -- including foreign corporations -- to spend without limit in our elections . Well , I do n't think American elections should be bankrolled by America 's most powerful interests , or worse , by foreign entities . '' On television , the camera shifted to a shot of the SCOTUS judges in the front row directly in front of the President while he was making this statement , and Justice Samuel Alito was frowning , shaking his head side to side while mouthing the words `` Not true '' . Democratic Senator Russ Feingold , a lead sponsor of the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act , stated `` This decision was a terrible mistake . Presented with a relatively narrow legal issue , the Supreme Court chose to roll back laws that have limited the role of corporate money in federal elections since Teddy Roosevelt was president . '' Representative Alan Grayson , a Democrat , stated that it was `` the worst Supreme Court decision since the Dred Scott case , and that the court had opened the door to political bribery and corruption in elections to come . Democratic congresswoman Donna Edwards , along with constitutional law professor and Maryland Democratic State Senator Jamie Raskin , have advocated petitions to reverse the decision by means of constitutional amendment . Rep. Leonard Boswell introduced legislation to amend the constitution . Senator John Kerry also called for an Amendment to overrule the decision . On December 8 , 2011 , Senator Bernie Sanders proposed the Saving American Democracy Amendment , which would reverse the court 's ruling . Republican Senator John McCain , co-crafter of the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act and the party 's 2008 presidential nominee , said `` there 's going to be , over time , a backlash ... when you see the amounts of union and corporate money that 's going to go into political campaigns '' . McCain was `` disappointed by the decision of the Supreme Court and the lifting of the limits on corporate and union contributions '' but not surprised by the decision , saying that `` It was clear that Justice Roberts , Alito and Scalia , by their very skeptical and even sarcastic comments , were very much opposed to BCRA . '' Republican Senator Olympia Snowe opined that `` Today 's decision was a serious disservice to our country . '' Although federal law after Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission still prohibited corporate contributions to all political parties , Sanda Everette , co-chair of the Green Party , stated that `` The ruling especially hurts the ability of parties that do n't accept corporate contributions , like the Green Party , to compete . '' Another Green Party officer , Rich Whitney , stated `` In a transparently political decision , a majority of the US Supreme Court overturned its own recent precedent and paid tribute to the giant corporate interests that already wield tremendous power over our political process and political speech . '' Ralph Nader condemned the ruling , saying that `` With this decision , corporations can now directly pour vast amounts of corporate money , through independent expenditures , into the electoral swamp already flooded with corporate campaign PAC contribution dollars . '' He called for shareholder resolutions asking company directors to pledge not to use company money to favor or oppose electoral candidates . Pat Choate , former Reform Party candidate for Vice President , stated , `` The court has , in effect , legalized foreign governments and foreign corporations to participate in our electoral politics . '' Senator Bernie Sanders , a contender in the 2016 Democratic Primary , has filed a constitutional amendment to overturn the Supreme Court 's Decision . Further , both Sanders and Hillary Clinton said that , if they were elected , they would only have appointed Supreme Court Justices who were committed to the repeal of Citizens United . In September 2015 , Sanders said that `` the foundations of American Democracy are being undermined '' and called for sweeping campaign finance reform . International ( edit ) Ambassador Janez Lenarčič , speaking for the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe 's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights ( which has overseen over 150 elections ) said the ruling may adversely affect the organization 's two commitments of `` giving voters a genuine choice and giving candidates a fair chance '' in that `` it threatens to further marginalize candidates without strong financial backing or extensive personal resources , thereby in effect narrowing the political arena '' . Academics and attorneys ( edit ) `` Money is n't speech and corporations are n't people '' -- David Kairys The constitutional law scholar Laurence H. Tribe wrote that the decision `` marks a major upheaval in First Amendment law and signals the end of whatever legitimate claim could otherwise have been made by the Roberts Court to an incremental and minimalist approach to constitutional adjudication , to a modest view of the judicial role vis - à - vis the political branches , or to a genuine concern with adherence to precedent '' and pointed out , `` Talking about a business corporation as merely another way that individuals might choose to organize their association with one another to pursue their common expressive aims is worse than unrealistic ; it obscures the very real injustice and distortion entailed in the phenomenon of some people using other people 's money to support candidates they have made no decision to support , or to oppose candidates they have made no decision to oppose . '' Former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor , whose opinions had changed from dissenting in Austin v. Michigan State Chamber of Commerce to co-authoring ( with Stevens ) the majority opinion in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission twelve years later , criticized the decision only obliquely , but warned , `` In invalidating some of the existing checks on campaign spending , the majority in Citizens United has signaled that the problem of campaign contributions in judicial elections might get considerably worse and quite soon . '' Richard L. Hasen , professor of election law at Loyola Law School , argued that the ruling `` is activist , it increases the dangers of corruption in our political system and it ignores the strong tradition of American political equality '' . He also described Justice Kennedy 's `` specter of blog censorship '' as sounding more like `` the rantings of a right - wing talk show host than the rational view of a justice with a sense of political realism '' . Kathleen M. Sullivan , professor at Stanford Law School and Steven J. Andre , adjunct professor at Lincoln Law School , argued that two different visions of freedom of speech exist and clashed in the case . An egalitarian vision skeptical of the power of large agglomerations of wealth to skew the political process conflicted with a libertarian vision skeptical of government being placed in the role of determining what speech people should or should not hear . Wayne Batchis , Professor at the University of Delaware , in contrast , argues that the Citizens United decision represents a misguided interpretation of the non-textual freedom of association . The four other scholars of the seven writing in the aforementioned New York Times article were critical . Richard L. Hasen , Distinguished Professor of election law at Loyola Law School argued differently from his Slate article above , concentrating on the `` inherent risk of corruption that comes when someone spends independently to try to influence the outcome of judicial elections '' , since judges are less publicly accountable than elected officials . Heather K. Gerken , Professor of Law at Yale Law School wrote that `` The court has done real damage to the cause of reform , but that damage mostly came earlier , with decisions that made less of a splash . '' Michael Waldman , director of the Brennan Center for Justice at N.Y.U. School of Law , opined that the decision `` matches or exceeds Bush v. Gore in ideological or partisan overreaching by the court '' , explaining how `` Exxon or any other firm could spend Bloomberg - level sums in any congressional district in the country against , say , any congressman who supports climate change legislation , or health care , etc . '' and Fred Wertheimer , founder and president of Democracy 21 considered that `` Chief Justice Roberts has abandoned the illusory public commitments he made to ' judicial modesty ' and ' respect for precedent ' to cast the deciding vote for a radical decision that profoundly undermines our democracy , '' and that `` Congress and presidents past have recognized this danger and signed numerous laws over the years to prevent this kind of corruption of our government . '' Journalists ( edit ) The New York Times stated in an editorial , `` The Supreme Court has handed lobbyists a new weapon . A lobbyist can now tell any elected official : if you vote wrong , my company , labor union or interest group will spend unlimited sums explicitly advertising against your re-election . '' Jonathan Alter called it the `` most serious threat to American democracy in a generation '' . The Christian Science Monitor wrote that the Court had declared `` outright that corporate expenditures can not corrupt elected officials , that influence over lawmakers is not corruption , and that appearance of influence will not undermine public faith in our democracy '' . Business leaders ( edit ) In 2012 , Ben Cohen , the co-founder of Ben & Jerry 's ice cream , founded Stamp Stampede , a sustained protest to demonstrate widespread support for a proposed constitutional amendment to overturn Citizens United . The campaign encourages people to rubber stamp messages such as `` Not To Be Used for Bribing Politicians '' on paper currency . In 2014 , Cohen told Salon , `` As long as the Supreme Court rules money is speech , corporations and the wealthy are using it by giving piles of it to politicians to pass or not pass laws that they want . Now , the rest of the people , ( those ) who do n't have that money , can actually make their voice heard by using money to stamp a message out . '' Media coverage ( edit ) Political blogs ( edit ) Most blogs avoided the theoretical aspects of the decision and focused on more personal and dramatic elements , including the Barack Obama -- Samuel Alito face - off during the President 's State of the Union address . There , President Obama argued that the decision `` reversed a century of law '' ( the federal ban on corporate contributions dates back to the 1907 Tillman Act , and the ban on union and corporate expenditures dates from 1947 ) and that it would allow `` foreign corporations to spend without limits in our elections '' , during which Justice Alito , in the audience , perceptibly mouthed the words `` not true '' . This event received extensive comment from political bloggers , with a substantial amount of the coverage concentrated on whether or not foreign corporations would be able to make substantial political contributions in US elections . In the opinion , the Court had specifically indicated it was not overturning the ban on foreign contributions . Opinion polls ( edit ) ABC - Washington Post poll results . An ABC -- Washington Post poll conducted February 4 -- 8 , 2010 , showed that 80 % of those surveyed opposed ( and 65 % strongly opposed ) the Citizens United ruling , which the poll described as saying `` corporations and unions can spend as much money as they want to help political candidates win elections '' . Additionally , 72 % supported `` an effort by Congress to reinstate limits on corporate and union spending on election campaigns '' . The poll showed large majority support from Democrats , Republicans and independents . A Gallup Poll conducted in October 2009 , after oral argument , but released after the Supreme Court released its opinion , found that 57 percent of those surveyed `` agreed that money given to political candidates is a form of free speech '' and 55 percent agreed that the `` same rules should apply to individuals , corporations and unions '' . However , in the same poll respondents by 52 % to 41 % prioritized limits on campaign contributions over protecting rights to support campaigns and 76 % thought the government should be able to place limits on corporation or union donations . Separate polls by various conservative organizations , including the plaintiff Citizens United and the Center for Competitive Politics , found support for the decision . In particular , the Center for Competitive Politics poll found that 51 % of respondents believed that Citizens United should have a right to air ads promoting Hillary : The Movie . The poll also found that only 22 percent had heard of the case . Further Court rulings ( edit ) Further information : Campaign finance evolution in 2010 SpeechNow v. FEC ( edit ) Main article : SpeechNOW v. FEC SpeechNow is a nonprofit , unincorporated association organized as a section 527 entity under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code . The organization was formed by individuals who seek to pool their resources to make independent expenditures expressly advocating the election or defeat of federal candidates . SpeechNow planned to accept contributions only from individuals , not corporations or other sources prohibited under the Federal Election Campaign Act . On February 14 , 2008 , SpeechNow and several individual plaintiffs filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia challenging the constitutionality of the Federal Election Campaign Act provisions governing political committee registration , contribution limits and disclosure . The plaintiffs contended that the Act unconstitutionally restricts their association guaranteed under the First Amendment . By requiring registration as a political committee and limiting the monetary amount that an individual may contribute to a political committee , SpeechNow and the other plaintiffs asserted that the Act unconstitutionally restricted the individuals ' freedom of speech by limiting the amount that an individual can contribute to SpeechNow and thus the amount the organization may spend . SpeechNow also argued that the reporting required of political committees is unconstitutionally burdensome . On March 26 , 2010 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled in SpeechNow.org . v. FEC that the contribution limits of 2 U.S.C. § 441a were unconstitutional as applied to individuals ' contributions to SpeechNow . The court also ruled that the reporting requirements of 2 U.S.C. § § 432 , 433 and 434 ( a ) and the organizational requirements of 2 U.S.C. § 431 ( 4 ) and § 431 ( 8 ) can be constitutionally applied to SpeechNow . A unanimous nine - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals struck down the federal limits on contributions to federal political committees that make only independent expenditures and do not contribute to candidates or political parties . This type of `` independent expenditure committee '' is inherently non-corruptive , the Court reasoned , and therefore contributions to such a committee can not be limited based on the government 's interest in preventing political corruption . In light of the Supreme Court 's decision in Citizens United v. FEC , in which the Supreme Court held that the government has no anti-corruption interest in limiting independent expenditures , the appeals court ruled that `` contributions to groups that make only independent expenditures can not corrupt or create the appearance of corruption . '' As a result , the court of appeals held that the government has no anti-corruption interest in limiting contributions to an independent group such as SpeechNow . Contribution limits as applied to SpeechNow `` violate the First Amendment by preventing ( individuals ) from donating to SpeechNow in excess of the limits and by prohibiting SpeechNow from accepting donations in excess of the limits . '' The court noted that its holding does not affect direct contributions to candidates , but rather contributions to a group that makes only independent expenditures . The appeals court held that , while disclosure and reporting requirements do impose a burden on First Amendment interests , they `` ' impose no ceiling on campaign related activities ' '' and `` ' do not prevent anyone from speaking . ' '' Furthermore , the court held that the additional reporting requirements that the Commission would impose on SpeechNow if it were organized as a political committee are minimal , `` given the relative simplicity with which SpeechNow intends to operate . '' Since SpeechNow already had a number of `` planned contributions '' from individuals , the court ruled that SpeechNow could not compare itself to `` ad hoc groups that want to create themselves on the spur of the moment . '' Since the public has an interest in knowing who is speaking about a candidate and who is funding that speech , the court held that requiring such disclosure and organization as a political committee are sufficiently important governmental interests to justify the additional reporting and registration burdens on SpeechNow . Public electoral financing ( edit ) Main article : McComish v. Bennett On June 27 , 2011 , ruling in the consolidated cases of Arizona Free Enterprise Club 's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett ( No. 10 - 238 ) and McComish v. Bennett ( No. 10 - 239 ) , the Supreme Court deemed unconstitutional an Arizona law that provided extra taxpayer - funded support for office seekers who have been outspent by privately funded opponents or by independent political groups . A conservative 5 -- 4 majority of justices said the law violated free speech , concluding the state was impermissibly trying to `` level the playing field '' through a public finance system . Arizona lawmakers had argued there was a compelling state interest in equalizing resources among competing candidates and interest groups . Opponents said the law violated free - speech rights of the privately financed candidates and their contributors , inhibiting fundraising and spending , discouraging participation in campaigns and limiting what voters hear about politics . Chief Justice John Roberts said in the court 's majority opinion that the law substantially burdened political speech and was not sufficiently justified to survive First Amendment scrutiny . As a consequence of the decision , states and municipalities are blocked from using a method of public financing that is simultaneously likely to attract candidates fearful they will be vastly outspent and sensitive to avoiding needless government expense . `` The government can still use taxpayer funds to subsidize political campaigns , but it can only do that in a manner that provides an alternative to private financing '' said William R. Maurer , a lawyer with Institute for Justice , which represented several challengers of the law . `` It can not create disincentives . '' The ruling meant the end of similar matching - fund programs in Connecticut , Maine and a few other places according to David Primo , a political science professor at University of Rochester who was an expert witness for the law 's challengers . State campaign - spending limits ( edit ) Main article : Western Tradition Partnership , Inc. v. Montana Despite the Citizens United ruling , In December 2011 , the Montana Supreme Court , in Western Tradition Partnership , Inc. v. Attorney General of Montana , upheld that state 's law limiting corporate contributions . Examining the history of corporate interference in Montana government that led to the Corrupt Practices Law , the majority decided that the state still had a compelling reason to maintain the restrictions . It ruled that these restrictions on speech were narrowly tailored and withstood strict scrutiny and thus did not contradict Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission . While granting permission to file a certiorari petition , the US Supreme Court agreed to stay the Montana ruling , although Justices Ginsburg and Breyer wrote a short statement urging the Court `` to consider whether , in light of the huge sums of money currently deployed to buy candidate 's allegiance , Citizens United should continue to hold sway '' . In June 2012 , over the dissent of the same four judges who dissented in Citizens United , the Court simultaneously granted certiorari and summarily reversed the decision in American Tradition Partnership , Inc. v. Bullock , 567 , U.S. __ ( 2012 ) . The Supreme Court majority rejected the Montana Supreme Court arguments in a two paragraph , twenty line per curiam opinion , stating that these arguments `` either were already rejected in Citizens United , or fail to meaningfully distinguish that case . '' The ruling makes clear that states can not bar corporate and union political expenditures in state elections . McCutcheon v. FEC ( edit ) Main article : McCutcheon v. FEC In addition to limiting the size of donations to individual candidates and parties , the Federal Election Campaign Act also includes aggregate caps on the total amount that an individual may give to all candidates and parties . In 2012 , Shaun McCutcheon , a Republican Party activist , sought to donate more than was allowed by the federal aggregate limit on federal candidates . McCutcheon et al filed suit against the Federal Election Commission ( FEC ) . In 2014 , the US Supreme Court reversed a ruling of the DC District Court 's dismissal of McCutcheon v. FEC and struck down the aggregate limits . The plurality opinion invalidated only the aggregate contribution limits , not limits on giving to any one candidate or party . The decisive fifth vote for McCutcheon came from Justice Thomas , who concurred in the judgment on the grounds that all contribution limits are unconstitutional . Legislative responses ( edit ) Legislative impact ( edit ) The New York Times reported that 24 states with laws prohibiting or limiting independent expenditures by unions and corporations would have to change their campaign finance laws because of the ruling . After Citizens United and SpeechNow.org numerous state legislatures raised their limits on contributions to candidates and parties . At the federal level , lawmakers substantially increased contribution limits to political parties as part of the 2014 budget bill . Such changes are widely perceived as efforts to place candidates and parties on something closer to equal footing with organizations making independent expenditures . While many states and the federal government have raised contribution limits in response to Citizens United , proposals aimed at discouraging political spending , or providing for public financing of campaigns , have been less successful . Senator Dick Durbin ( D - IL ) proposed that candidates who sign up small donors receive $900,000 in public money , but the proposal has not been acted on by Congress . Others proposed that laws on corporate governance be amended to assure that shareholders vote on political expenditures . In February 2010 , Senator Charles E. Schumer of New York , immediate past Chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee , and Representative Chris Van Hollen of Maryland , Chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee , outlined legislation aimed at undoing the decision . In April 2010 , they introduced such legislation in the Senate and House , respectively . On June 24 , 2010 , H.R. 5175 ( The DISCLOSE Act ) passed in the House of Representatives but failed in the Senate . It would have required additional disclosure by corporations of their campaign expenditures . The law , if passed , would also have prohibited political spending by U.S. companies with twenty percent or more foreign ownership , and by most government contractors . The DISCLOSE Act included exemptions to its rules given to certain special interests such as the National Rifle Association and the American Association of Retired Persons . These gaps within the proposal attracted criticism from lawmakers on both political parties . `` They are auctioning off pieces of the First Amendment in this bill ... The bigger you are , the stronger you are , the less disclosure you have , '' said Republican Congressman Dan Lungren of California . Democratic Congressman Adam Schiff of California commented , `` I wish there had been no carve - outs '' . The bill was criticized as prohibiting much activity that was legal before Citizens United . The DISCLOSE Act twice failed to pass the U.S. Senate in the 111th Congress , in both instances reaching only 59 of the 60 votes required to overcome a unified Republican filibuster . A scaled down version of the DISCLOSE Act was reintroduced in both the House and Senate in 2012 but did not pass . Some have argued for a constitutional amendment to overturn the decision . Although the decision does not address `` corporate personhood , '' a long - established judicial and constitutional concept , much attention has focused on that issue . Move to Amend , a coalition formed in response to the ruling , seeks to amend the Constitution to abolish corporate personhood , thus stripping corporations of all rights under the Constitution . In an online chat with web community Reddit , President Obama endorsed further consideration of a constitutional amendment and stated `` Over the longer term , I think we need to seriously consider mobilizing a constitutional amendment process to overturn Citizens United ( assuming the Supreme Court does n't revisit it ) '' . He further elaborated that `` Even if the amendment process falls short , it can shine a spotlight on the super-PAC phenomenon and help apply pressure for change . '' Legislative reactions by State and local lawmakers ( edit ) Members of 16 state legislatures have called for a constitutional amendment to reverse the court 's decision : California , Colorado , Connecticut , Delaware , Hawaii , Illinois , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Montana , New Jersey , New Mexico , Oregon , Rhode Island , Vermont , and West Virginia . Most of these are non-binding resolutions . However , three states -- Vermont , California , and Illinois -- called for an Article V Convention to draft and propose a federal constitutional amendment to overturn Citizens United . In Minnesota , the Minnesota Senate passed a similar resolution , `` Senate File No. 17 , '' on May 2 , 2013 , but the House of Representatives returned the measure to the General Calendar ( meaning the measure did not pass ) on May 15 , 2013 . Thirty - four states are needed to call an Article V convention . On a local level , Washington D.C. and 400 other municipalities passed resolutions requesting a federal constitutional amendment . Since Citizens United , however , 13 states have actually raised their contribution limits . Political impact ( edit ) The Citizens United ruling `` opened the door '' for unlimited election spending by corporations , but most of this spending has `` ended up being funneled through the groups that have become known as super PACs . '' Critics predicted that the ruling would `` bring about a new era of corporate influence in politics , '' allowing companies and businesspeople to `` buy elections '' to promote their financial interests . Instead large expenditures , usually through `` Super PACS , '' have come from `` a small group of billionaires '' , based largely on ideology . This has shifted power `` away from the political parties and toward the ... donors themselves . In part , this explains the large number and variety of candidates fielded by the Republicans in 2016 . '' The ability of individuals to spend unlimited sums was first affirmed by the Supreme Court , however , not in Citizens United , but in Buckley v. Valeo , decided in 1976 . Super PACs ( edit ) Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission has often been credited for the creation of `` super PACs '' , political action committees which make no financial contributions to candidates or parties , and so can accept unlimited contributions from individuals , corporations and unions . Certainly , the holding in Citizens United helped affirm the legal basis for super PACs by deciding that , for purposes of establishing a `` compelling government interest '' of corruption sufficient to justify government limitations on political speech , `` independent expenditures , including those made by corporations , do not give rise to corruption or the appearance of corruption '' . However , it took another decision , by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , Speechnow.org v. Federal Election Commission , to actually authorize the creation of super PACs . While Citizens United held that corporations and unions could make independent expenditures , a separate provision of the Federal Election Campaign Act , at least as long interpreted by the Federal Election Commission , held that individuals could not contribute to a common fund without it becoming a PAC . PACs , in turn , were not allowed to accept corporate or union contributions of any size or to accept individual contributions in excess of $5,000 . In Speechnow.org , the D.C. Circuit , sitting en banc , held 9 -- 0 that in light of Citizens United , such restrictions on the sources and size of contributions could not apply to an organization that made only independent expenditures in support of or opposition to a candidate but not contributions to a candidate 's campaign . Citizens United and SpeechNOW left their imprint on the 2012 United States presidential election , in which single individuals contributed large sums to `` super PACs '' supporting particular candidates . Sheldon Adelson , the gambling entrepreneur , gave approximately fifteen million dollars to support Newt Gingrich . Foster Friess , a Wyoming financier , donated almost two million dollars to Rick Santorum 's super PAC . Karl Rove organized super PACs that spent over $300 million in support of Republicans during the 2012 elections . In addition to indirectly providing support for the creation of super PACs , Citizens United allowed incorporated 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) public advocacy groups ( such as the National Rifle Association , the Sierra Club , and the group Citizens United itself ) and trade associations to make expenditures in political races . Such groups may not , under the tax code , have a primary purpose of engaging in electoral advocacy . These organizations must disclose their expenditures , but unlike super PACs they do not have to include the names of their donors in their FEC filings . A number of partisan organizations such as Karl Rove 's influential conservative Crossroads Grassroots Policy Strategies and the liberal 21st Century Colorado have since registered as tax - exempt 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) groups ( defined as groups promoting `` social welfare '' ) and engaged in substantial political spending . This has led to claims of large secret donations , and questions about whether such groups should be required to disclose their donors . Historically , such non-profits have not been required to disclose their donors or names of members . See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama . In an August 2015 essay in Der Spiegel , Markus Feldkirchen wrote that the Citizens United decision was `` now becoming visible for the first time '' in federal elections as the super-rich have `` radically '' increased donations to support their candidates and positions via super PACs . Feldkirchen also said in the first six months of 2015 the candidates and their super PACs received close to $400 million : `` far more than in the entire previous campaign . '' He opined that super-rich donating more than ever before to individual campaigns plus the `` enormous '' chasm in wealth has given the super-rich the power to steer the economic and political direction of the United States and undermine its democracy . In October 2015 , the New York Times observed that just 158 super-rich families each contributed $250,000 or more , while an additional 200 families gave more than $100,000 for the 2016 presidential election . Both groups contributed almost half of the `` early money '' for candidates in the 2016 presidential election as of June 30 , 2015 through channels like super PACs legalized by the Supreme Court 's Citizens United decision . See also ( edit ) 1996 United States campaign finance controversy 2009 term opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States Bank of the United States v. Deveaux ( 1809 ) James Bopp David Bossie Issue advocacy ads US corporate law Bowman v United Kingdom ( 1998 ) ECHR 4 , ( 1998 ) 26 EHRR 1 , case under the European Convention on Human Rights allowing restrictions on spending money to promote political equality Harper v. Canada ( Attorney General ) ( 2004 ) SCR 827 , restrictions on spending in Canada Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom ( 2013 ) ECHR 362 , the leading case in Europe held that the UK 's total ban on political advertising was compatible with freedom of expression `` given the danger of unequal access based on wealth and to political advertising '' which goes `` to the heart of the democratic process . '' Electoral reform in the United States , which discusses efforts to overturn Citizens United among other electoral reform initiatives . McConnell v. FEC Buckley v. Valeo McCutcheon v. FEC FEC v. National Conservative PAC FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc . FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Summary Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( Docket No. 08 - 205 ) '' . Cornell University School of Law . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Cillizza , Chris ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` How Citizens United changed politics , in 7 charts '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Levy , Gabrielle ( 21 January 2015 ) . `` How Citizens United Has Changed Politics in 5 Years '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Tharoor , Ishaan ( 13 December 2010 ) . `` Top 10 Controversial Supreme Court Cases '' -- via content.time.com . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/24/books/review/dark-money-by-jane-mayer.html Jump up ^ https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/215462/dark-money-by-jane-mayer/9780307947901/ ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Justices , 5 -- 4 , Reject Corporate Spending Limit '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( 2009 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Supreme Court to Revisit ' Hillary ' Documentary '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hasen , Richard ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Money Grubbers : The Supreme Court kills campaign finance reform '' . Slate . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Carney , Eliza ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Court Unlikely To Stop With Citizens United '' . National Journal . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ FEC finding August 6 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Compliance Cases Made Public '' ( Press release ) . Federal Election Commission . August 9 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Advisory Opinion 2004 - 30 '' Federal Election Commission , September 10 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) . `` ' Hillary : The Movie ' to Get Supreme Court Screening '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` FEC Litigation '' . Federal Election Commission . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum Opinion '' ( PDF ) . Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission . District Court for the District of Columbia . 2008 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Docket for 08 - 205 '' . U.S. Supreme Court . 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ross , Lee ( 2009 - 03 - 18 ) . `` March 24 : Hillary Clinton Film Challenged '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Holland , Jesse J. ( March 22 , 2009 ) . `` '' Hillary : The Movie '' next on Supreme Court docket `` . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Associated Press . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 25 , 2009 ) . `` Justices Seem Skeptical of Scope of Campaign Law '' . The New York Times . p . A16 . Jump up ^ Smith , Bradley . `` The Myth of Campaign Finance Reform '' . ^ Jump up to : Toobin , Jeffrey ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Annals of Law : Money Unlimited '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Tom ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` SCOTUS Blog : Jeff Toobin on Citizens United '' . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( 2009 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Justices to Review Campaign Finance Law Constraints '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ CounterPunch , February 4 , 2010 , Chucking Precedent at the High Court Archived 2010 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hillary : The Oral Argument '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( 2009 - 08 - 06 ) . `` Sotomayor Faces Heavy Workload of Complex Cases '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Syllabus : Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , Supreme Court of the United States . ^ Jump up to : Toobin , Jeffrey ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Money Unlimited : How Chief Justice John Roberts orchestrated the Citizens United decision '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Raskin , Jamie ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Republican Governors Thank You for Your Donation '' . The Nation . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Minow , Newton ; Geller , Henry ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` Who is paying for political ads ? '' . Politico . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts opinion et ibid . Jump up ^ Scalia opinion at ibid . Jump up ^ Thomas opinion at ibid . Jump up ^ Steven 's opinion at ibid . Jump up ^ McElroy , Linda ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Citizens United v. FEC in plain English '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stevens , John Paul ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Opinion of Stevens , J. , Supreme Court of the United States . Citizens United , Appellant v. Federal Election Commission '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Burroughs v. United States , 290 U.S. 534 ( 1934 ) Jump up ^ Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. , 556 U.S. _ ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Federal Election Commission v. Beaumont , 539 U.S. 146 ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Abood v. Detroit Board of Education , 431 U.S. 209 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Murray , Matthew ( Jan 21 , 2010 ) . `` Democrats Vow to Mitigate Effects of Court 's Ruling '' . Roll Call . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pols weigh in on Citizens United decision '' . Politico.com . Jan 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Ed ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Another shock to the Washington system '' . CNN . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Statement from David N. Bossie '' . Citizens United Blog. 2010 - 01 - 21 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Stohr , Greg ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Corporate Campaign Spending Backed by U.S. High Court '' . Bloomberg.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Who is helped , or hurt , by the Citizens United decision ? '' . The Washington Post . 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Dinan , Stephen ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Divided court strikes down campaign money restrictions '' . The Washington Times . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Samples , John ; Shapiro , Ilya ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Free Speech for All '' . Cato Institute . Jump up ^ `` Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission '' , American Civil Liberties Union , July 29 , 2009 , retrieved June 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ Goldstein , Joseph ( 2010 - 01 - 24 ) . `` ACLU May Reverse Course On Campaign Finance Limits After Supreme Court Ruling '' . New York Sun . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The ACLU and Citizens United '' . ACLU . March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Bradley ( 2010 - 01 - 25 ) . `` The Citizens United Fallout , Democrats plan to redouble their efforts to stifle corporate free speech '' . City Journal . Jump up ^ Smith , Bradley ( 2010 - 01 - 27 ) . `` President Wrong on Citizens United Case '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Baran , Jan Witold ( 2010 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Stampede Toward Democracy '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` How Corporate Money Will Reshape Politics : Restoring Free Speech in Elections '' . The New York Times blog . 2010 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` High court ruling protects speech '' . San Antonio Express - News Editorial Board . Hearst Newspapers. 2010 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Dick , Anthony ( 2010 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Defending Citizens United '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Fabian , Jordan ( 2010 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Poll : Public agrees with principles of campaign finance decision '' . The Hill . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Steve ( 2010 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Free speech , even for corporations '' . Chicago Tribune Opinion . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Obama Criticizes Campaign Finance Ruling '' . CNN Political Ticker . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc. 2010 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Superville , Darlene ( 2010 - 01 - 23 ) . `` President Blasts Supreme Court Over Citizens United Decision '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ This has been argued to refer to the Tillman Act of 1907 and subsequent campaign finance laws like the 1947 Taft - Hartley Act , brookings.edu , blogs.wsj.com . Others suggested that he simply was paraphrasing a sentence in Justice Stevens ' dissent : `` ( t ) he Court today rejects a century of history when it treats the distinction between corporate and individual campaign spending as an invidious novelty born of Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce , 494 U.S. 652 ( 1990 ) . '' jurist.law.pitt.edu Archived 2010 - 02 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Alan Silverleib , CNN ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Gloves come off after Obama rips Supreme Court ruling '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` If Alito Did Say ' Not True ' About Obama 's Claim , He May Have Had A Point -- The Two - Way -- Breaking News , Analysis Blog '' . NPR . January 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alito Mouths ' NOT TRUE ' At State Of The Union ( VIDEO ) -- Huffington Post -- Yahoo ! Buzz '' . Buzz.yahoo.com . January 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nagraj , Neil ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Justice Alito mouths ' not true ' when Obama blasts Supreme Court ruling in State of the Union address '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alito : ' Simply Not True ' -- CBS News Video '' . Cbsnews.com . January 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Rich ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito 's words `` not true '' sum up President Obama 's State of the Union Address `` . New York Post . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Kasie ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) . `` John McCain , Russ Feingold diverge on court ruling '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Baumann , Nick ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Grayson : Court 's Campaign Finance Decision `` Worst Since Dred Scott '' `` . Mother Jones . Mother Jones and the Foundation for National Progress . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Group Calls For Constitutional Amendment to Overturn High Court 's Campaign Finance Ruling '' . The Public Record . 2010 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Jason ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Boswell pushes constitutional amendment to overturn SCOTUS ruling '' . The Iowa Independent . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Crabtree , Susan ( 2010 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Sen. Kerry backs changing Constitution to deal with Supreme Court decision '' . The Hill . Capitol Hill Publishing Corp . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Remsen , Nancy ( December 8 , 2011 ) . `` Sen. Bernie Sanders , I -- Vt. , offers constitutional amendment on corporate `` citizenship '' `` . The Burlington Free Press . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saving American Democracy Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Amick , John ( 2010 - 01 - 24 ) . `` McCain skeptical Supreme Court decision can be countered '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Snowe troubled by U.S. Supreme Court ruling to remove limits on corporate and union spending in political campaigns '' ( Press release ) . United States Senate . 2010 - 01 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nader , Ralph ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Time to Reign in Out - of - Control Corporate Influences on Our Democracy '' . Jump up ^ Nader , Ralph ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) . `` The Supremes Bow to King Corporation '' . CounterPunch . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Decision May Mean More Foreign Cash '' . Politico. 2010 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sanders Files Constitutional Amendment to Overturn Supreme Court 's Citizens United Decision '' . Sen. Bernie Sanders . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Spaulding , Stephen ( 22 May 2015 ) . `` Justice Stevens Rips Citizens United , But Disagrees With Hillary Clinton 's Litmus Test '' . Jump up ^ `` Bernie Sanders ' litmus test : Overturn Citizens United - CNNPolitics.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Head of OSCE election body concerned about U.S. Supreme Court ruling on election spending '' ( Press release ) . Warsaw : Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights . 2010 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ David Kairys ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Money Is n't Speech and Corporations Are n't People '' . Slate . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tribe , Laurence ( 2010 - 01 - 24 ) . `` What Should Congress Do About Citizens United ? An analysis of the ruling and a possible legislative response '' . SCOTUSblog . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( 2010 - 01 - 26 ) . `` O'Connor Mildly Criticizes Court 's Campaign Finance Decision '' . The Caucus Blog . New York Times Company . Jump up ^ Hasen , Richard L. ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Money Grubbers : The Supreme Court kills campaign finance reform '' . Slate.com . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kathleen ( 2010 ) . `` Two Concepts of Freedom of Speech '' . Harvard Law Review . 124 : 143 -- 177 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Andre , Steven J. ( 2010 ) . `` The Transformation of Freedom of Speech : Unsnarling the Twisted Roots of Citizens United v. FEC '' . John Marshall Law Review . 44 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Wayne Batchis , Citizens United and the Paradox of `` Corporate Speech '' : From Freedom of Association to Freedom of The Association , 36 NYU Rev. L. & Soc . Change Archived 2013 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . 5 ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , David D. ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Lobbyists Get Potent Weapon in Campaign Financing '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Jonathan ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) . `` High Court Hypocrisy : Dick Durbin 's got a good idea '' . Newsweek . Newsweek , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` A Bad Day for Democracy '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Isquith , Elias ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' From the beginning , I was in it for real ' : Ice cream legend 's plan to radically up - end America '' . Salon . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wert , Justin J. ; Ronald Keith Gaddie ; Charles S. Bullock ( 2011 ) . `` Of Benedick and Beatrice : Citizens United and the Reign of the Laggard Court '' ( PDF ) . Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy . 20 : 720 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Washington Post-ABC News poll of February 4 -- 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gary Langer , In Supreme Court Ruling on Campaign Finance , the Public Dissents , ABC News , February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dan Eggan , Poll : Large majority opposes Supreme Court 's decision on campaign financing , The Washington Post , February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lydia Saad , Public Agrees With Court : Campaign Money Is `` Free Speech '' but have mixed views on other issues at heart of new Supreme Court ruling , Gallup , January 22 , 2010 Jump up ^ Jordan Fabian , Poll : Public agrees with principles of campaign finance decision , The Hill , January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Citizens United : : Press Releases : : Citizens United Releases Results of National Opinion Poll on Campaign Finance `` Reform '' `` . 17 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Campaignfreedom.org '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Speechnow.org v. FEC Case Summary '' . Federal Election Commission . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 26 , 2011 ) . `` Courts Take On Campaign Finance Decision '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to the Current Rules For Federal Elections : What Changed in the 2010 Election Cycle '' . The Campaign Legal Center . The Campaign Legal Center . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Justices strike down taxpayer - supported campaign spending law '' . CNN . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Vicini , James ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Supreme Court strikes down Arizona campaign finance law '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Justices Strike Down Arizona Campaign Finance Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jess Bravin ; Brent Kendall ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` Campaign Funding Measure in Arizona Overturned '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Justices Kennedy , Ginsburg , and Breyer ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Stay Order in Pending Case '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Per Curiam ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Court Declines to Revisit Its Citizens United Decision '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Again Smacks Down Campaign - Finance Reformers '' . The Atlantic . June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ben Jacobs ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Meet Shaun McCutcheon , the Republican Activist Trying to Make History at the Supreme Court '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Shaun McCutcheon ( October 6 , 2013 ) . `` Donation caps hurt democracy '' . Politico . Jump up ^ United States District Court for the District of Columbia ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` MCCUTCHEON et al v. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION Verified Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief '' ( PDF ) . justia.com . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of the United States Shaun McCutcheon and Republican National Committee , Plaintiffs - Appellants v. Federal Election Commission '' ( PDF ) . James Madison Center for Free Speech . August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McCutcheon , et al. v. FEC ( Slip Opinion ) '' ( PDF ) . 2014 . Jump up ^ Urbina , Ian ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 24 States ' Laws Open to Attack After Campaign Finance Ruling '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Wachob , Luke ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` 2013 State Legislative Trends : Campaign Contribution Limits Increase in Nine States '' . ^ Jump up to : Vogel , Kenneth ( 12 December 2014 ) . `` Congress : A Powerful Democratic Lawyer Crafted the Campaign Finance Deal '' . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , David D. ( February 11 , 2010 ) . `` Democrats Try to Rebuild Campaign - Spending Barriers '' . The New York Times . p . A19 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Congressional Democrats outlined legislation Thursday aimed at undoing a recent Supreme Court decision that allows corporations and interest groups to spend freely on political advertising . Jump up ^ Eggen , Dan ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Top Democrats Seek Broad Disclosure on Campaign Financing , '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Perks , Ashley ( 25 June 2010 ) . `` House approves campaign finance measure by 219 - 206 '' . Jump up ^ `` Who 's exempted from ' fix ' for Supreme Court campaign finance ruling ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Bradley ( June 19 , 2010 ) . `` How the Disclose Act Would Affect Free Speech and the NRA '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Eggen , Dan ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Bill on political ad disclosures falls a little short in Senate '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Memoli , Michael A. ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Disclose Act fails to advance in Senate '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Winkler , Adam ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` Yes Corporations Are People '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Ocean Beach Rag . July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Movement to Abolish Corporate Personhood Gaining Traction . Boulder Weekly July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We the People , Not We the Corporations - Move to Amend '' . movetoamend.org . ^ Jump up to : Weiner , Rachel ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` Obama suggests constitutional amendment in Reddit chat '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Blumenthal , Paul ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Citizens United Constitutional Amendment : New Jersey Legislature Seeks Reversal Of Ruling '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ McCarter , Joan , `` Oregon becomes 16th state to call for amendment overturning Citizens United '' , Daily KOS , July 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ Reid , Brandon ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Illinois third state to call for constitutional convention to overturn ' Citizens United ' '' . Rock River Times . Jump up ^ `` MN SF17 2013 - 2014 88th Legislature '' . LegiScan . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` State and Local Support United For The People '' . United4thepeople.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Mider , Zachary ( 20 January 2016 ) . `` What Kind of Man Spends Millions to Elect Ted Cruz ? '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Hasen ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Super-Soft Money : How Justice Kennedy paved the way for `` SuperPACS '' and the return of soft money `` . Slate ( magazine ) . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Berman , Ari ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` The . 000063 % Election '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colbert Super PAC - Making a Better Tomorrow , Tomorrow - ColbertSuperPac.com '' . www.colbertsuperpac.com . Jump up ^ Emma Schwartz ( 2012 - 10 - 30 ) . `` The Rules That Govern 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) s Big Money 2012 FRONTLINE '' . PBS . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Dan Glaun ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Super PACs Utilize Secretive Nonprofits to Hide Funding in Pennsylvania , Utah OpenSecrets Blog '' . Opensecrets.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Donors vs. First Amendment : The Tricky Task of Reforming Election Abuse by Nonprofits ( Part Two ) '' . Truth-out.org. 2014 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/215462/dark-money-by-jane-mayer/9780307947901/ Jump up ^ https://duckduckgo.com/l/?kh=-1&uddg=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F01%2F24%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fdark-money-by-jane-mayer.html Jump up ^ Markus Feldkirchen ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` The Oligarch Problem : How the Super-Rich Threaten US '' . Der Spiegel . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Confessore , Nicholas ; Cohen , Sarah ; Yourish , Karen ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` Buying Power : Here are 120 million Monopoly pieces , roughly one for every household in the United States '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eric Lichtenblau ; Nicholas Confessore ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` From Fracking to Finance , a Torrent of Campaign Cash '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2013 ) ECHR 362 , ( 117 ) and see ( 2008 ) UKHL 15 , ( 28 ) - ( 29 ) and ( 47 ) - ( 51 ) Further reading ( edit ) Alexander M. `` Citizens United and equality forgotten '' 35 New York University Review of Law & Social Change ( 2011 ) 499 . Brown , W. `` Law and Legal Reason , '' Undoing the Demos : Neoliberalism 's Stealth Revolution ( Zone Books , 2015 ) : 151 - 173 . Dawood , Yasmin . `` Campaign Finance and American Democracy . '' Annual Review of Political Science ( 2015 ) Abstract & download Gerken H. `` The real problem with Citizens United : Campaign finance , dark money , and shadow parties '' 97 Marquette Law Review ( 2014 ) 903 . Hansen , Wendy L. , Michael S. Rocca , and Brittany Leigh Ortiz . `` The effects of Citizens United on corporate spending in the 2012 presidential election . '' Journal of Politics 77.2 ( 2015 ) : 535 -- 45 . in JSTOR Kang M. `` The end of campaign finance law '' 98 Virginia Law Review ( 2012 ) 1 . Kuhner T. Capitalism v. Democracy : Money in Politics and the Free Market Constitution ( Stanford University Press , 2014 ) Ewan McGaughey , ' Fascism - Lite in America ( or the social idea of Donald Trump ) ' ( 2016 ) TLI Think ! Paper 26 / 2016 Post , Robert , ed . Citizens Divided : Campaign Finance Reform and the Constitution ( Harvard University Press , 2014 ) External links ( edit ) Text of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , 558 U.S. 310 ( 2010 ) is available from : Cornell Findlaw Justia `` Did the Citizens United Ruling Shut Out Your Voice ? '' Court documents . Dead link . Court documents Oral Argument Transcript , PDF links to one of the two oral arguments . Text of Supreme Court decision , PDF Text of Supreme Court decision , HTML Seligman , Joel , `` Is The Corporation The Person ? Reflections on Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission '' , speech May 6 , 2010 ; with thanks by Seligman to John Field for assistance . Zephyr Teachout , The Anti-Corruption Principle , 94 Cornell L. Rev. 341 ( 2009 ) . Citizens United and the Scope of Professor Teachout 's Anti-Corruption Principle , 107 Nw . U.L. Rev. 399 ; 107 Nw . U.L. Rev. Colloquy 1 ( 2012 ) . `` Money Unlimited : How John Roberts Orchestrated Citizens United '' by Jeffrey Toobin , published in The New Yorker on May 21 , 2012 . An article about the beginnings of campaign finance law i.e. the Tillman Act of 1907 , the Supreme Court case history regarding campaign finance before Citizens United , the court proceedings leading to the Citizens United ruling , and the aftermath of Citizens United . United States First Amendment case law Establishment Clause Public funding Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Public displays Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe ( 2000 ) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ( M.D. Pa. 2005 ) Legislature prayer Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) Establishment Clause , Other McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor , Inc. ( 1985 ) Texas Monthly , Inc. v. Bullock ( 1989 ) Hosanna - Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 2012 ) Free Exercise Clause Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) Davis v. Beason ( 1890 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( 1943 ) United States v. Ballard ( 1944 ) Braunfeld v. Brown ( 1961 ) Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church ( 1969 ) Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) Harris v. McRae ( 1980 ) Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division ( 1981 ) United States v. Lee ( 1982 ) Bob Jones University v. United States ( 1983 ) Bowen v. Roy ( 1986 ) Goldman v. Weinberger ( 1986 ) Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton ( 2002 ) Cutter v. Wilkinson ( 2005 ) Gonzales v. UDV ( 2006 ) Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia , Inc. v. Comer ( 2017 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( under consideration ) ( hide ) Freedom of speech ( portal ) Sedition and imminent danger Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten ( S.D.N.Y. 1917 ) Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) Abrams v. United States ( 1919 ) Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board ( 1955 , 1961 ) Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) Bond v. Floyd ( 1966 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) Hess v. Indiana ( 1973 ) False speech Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) Fighting words and the heckler 's veto Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire ( 1942 ) Terminiello v. Chicago ( 1949 ) Feiner v. New York ( 1951 ) Gregory v. Chicago ( 1969 ) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie ( 1977 ) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul ( 1992 ) Snyder v. Phelps ( 2011 ) Elonis v. United States ( 2015 ) Freedom of assembly and public forums Hague v. CIO ( 1939 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Thornhill v. Alabama ( 1940 ) Martin v. City of Struthers ( 1943 ) Marsh v. Alabama ( 1946 ) Niemotko v. Maryland ( 1951 ) Edwards v. South Carolina ( 1963 ) Cox v. Louisiana ( 1965 ) Brown v. Louisiana ( 1966 ) Adderley v. Florida ( 1966 ) Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne ( 1968 ) Coates v. Cincinnati ( 1971 ) Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe ( 1971 ) Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner ( 1972 ) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins ( 1980 ) Widmar v. Vincent ( 1981 ) Hill v. Colorado ( 2000 ) McCullen v. Coakley ( 2014 ) Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) Symbolic speech Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) Smith v. Goguen ( 1974 ) Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) Virginia v. Black ( 2003 ) Compelled speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Wooley v. Maynard ( 1977 ) Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth ( 2000 ) Davenport v. Washington Education Association ( 2007 ) Knox v. Service Employees International Union , Local 1000 ( 2012 ) Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International , Inc. ( 2013 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( under consideration ) Loyalty oaths American Communications Association v. Douds ( 1950 ) Garner v. Board of Public Works ( 1951 ) Speiser v. Randall ( 1958 ) Keyishian v. Board of Regents ( 1967 ) Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb ( 1974 ) School speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) Island Trees School District v. Pico ( 1982 ) Bethel School District v. Fraser ( 1986 ) Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) Rosenberger v. University of Virginia ( 1995 ) Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) Obscenity Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses ( S.D.N.Y. 1933 ) Roth v. United States ( 1957 ) One , Inc. v. Olesen ( 1958 ) Marcus v. Search Warrant ( 1961 ) MANual Enterprises v. Day ( 1962 ) Jacobellis v. Ohio ( 1964 ) Quantity of Books v. Kansas ( 1964 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Ginzburg v. United States ( 1966 ) Memoirs v. Massachusetts ( 1966 ) Redrup v. New York ( 1967 ) Ginsberg v. New York ( 1968 ) Stanley v. Georgia ( 1969 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) United States v. Thirty - seven Photographs ( 1971 ) Kois v. Wisconsin ( 1972 ) Miller v. California ( 1973 ) Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton ( 1973 ) United States v. 12 200 - ft . Reels of Film ( 1973 ) Jenkins v. Georgia ( 1974 ) Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville ( 1975 ) Young v. American Mini Theatres ( 1976 ) New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) American Booksellers v. Hudnut ( 7th Cir. , 1985 ) Renton v. Playtime Theatres , Inc. ( 1986 ) Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) United States v. X-Citement Video ( 1994 ) Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 1997 ) United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group ( 2000 ) Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 2002 ) Nitke v. Gonzales ( S.D.N.Y. , 2005 ) United States v. Williams ( 2008 ) FCC v. Fox Televisions Stations - 2 cases ( 2009 and 2012 ) American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland ( 6th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Kilbride ( 9th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Stevens ( 2010 ) Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association ( 2011 ) Public employees Pickering v. Board of Education ( 1968 ) Perry v. Sindermann ( 1972 ) Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth ( 1972 ) Mt . Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle ( 1977 ) Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District ( 1979 ) Connick v. Myers ( 1983 ) Rankin v. McPherson ( 1987 ) Waters v. Churchill ( 1994 ) Garcetti v. Ceballos ( 2006 ) Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri ( 2011 ) Heffernan v. City of Paterson ( 2016 ) Hatch Act and similar laws Ex parte Curtis ( 1882 ) United Public Workers v. Mitchell ( 1947 ) United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers ( 1973 ) Broadrick v. Oklahoma ( 1973 ) Licensing and restriction of speech Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio ( 1915 ) Joseph Burstyn , Inc. v. Wilson ( 1952 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Hoffman Estates v . The Flipside , Hoffman Estates , Inc. ( 1982 ) Walker v. Texas Division , Sons of Confederate Veterans ( 2015 ) Matal v. Tam ( 2017 ) Commercial speech Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. ( 1970 ) Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations ( 1973 ) Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 1974 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Bates v. State Bar of Arizona ( 1977 ) Linmark Associates , Inc. v. Willingboro ( 1977 ) Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) Consol . Edison Co. v. Public Serv . Comm'n ( 1980 ) Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California ( 1986 ) Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) San Francisco Arts & Athletics , Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee ( 1987 ) 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. ( 2011 ) Campaign finance and political speech Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley ( 1981 ) Brown v. Socialist Workers ' 74 Campaign Committee ( 1982 ) Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington ( 1983 ) FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life ( 1986 ) Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission ( 1995 ) Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC ( 1996 ) Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC ( 2000 ) Republican Party of Minnesota v. White ( 2002 ) McConnell v. FEC ( 2003 ) Randall v. Sorrell ( 2006 ) FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. ( 2007 ) Davis v. FEC ( 2008 ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 ) McComish v. Bennett ( 2011 ) American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock ( 2012 ) McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission ( 2014 ) Williams - Yulee v . The Florida Bar ( 2015 ) Freedom of the press Prior restraints and censorship Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) Hannegan v. Esquire , Inc. ( 1946 ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo ( 1974 ) Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart ( 1976 ) Landmark Communications , Inc. v. Virginia ( 1978 ) Tory v. Cochran ( 2005 ) Privacy Time , Inc. v. Hill ( 1967 ) Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn ( 1975 ) Florida Star v. B.J.F. ( 1989 ) Taxation and privileges Grosjean v. American Press Co. ( 1936 ) Branzburg v. Hayes ( 1972 ) Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner ( 1983 ) Defamation Beauharnais v. Illinois ( 1952 ) New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts ( 1967 ) Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) Time , Inc. v. Firestone ( 1976 ) Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States , Inc. ( 1984 ) Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. ( 1985 ) McDonald v. Smith ( 1985 ) Hustler Magazine v. Falwell ( 1988 ) Harte - Hanks Communications v. Connaughton ( 1989 ) Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. ( 1990 ) Obsidian Finance Group , LLC v. Cox ( 9th Cir. , 2014 ) Broadcast media Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC ( 1969 ) FCC v. Pacifica Foundation ( 1978 ) Turner Broadcasting v. FCC ( 1994 ) Bartnicki v. Vopper ( 2001 ) Copyrighted materials Zacchini v. Scripps - Howard Broadcasting Co. ( 1977 ) Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises ( 1985 ) Freedom of association Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath ( 1951 ) Watkins v. United States ( 1957 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Baggett v. Bullitt ( 1964 ) In re Primus ( 1978 ) Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , & Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizens_United_v._FEC&oldid=820290001 '' Categories : 2010 in United States case law Corporate personhood Federal Election Commission litigation Campaign finance in the United States United States elections case law United States Free Speech Clause case law United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision Judicial activism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2012 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles that may contain original research from June 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may be too long from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Íslenska עברית Nederlands 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 01 : 56 . 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"Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 310 (2010), is a landmark U.S. constitutional law, campaign finance, and corporate law case dealing with regulation of political campaign spending by organizations. The United States Supreme Court held (5–4) on January 21, 2010 that the free speech clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution prohibits the government from restricting independent expenditures for communications by nonprofit corporations, for-profit corporations, labor unions, and other associations.[2][3]"
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6430122117592726382 | Adventure Time (season 10) | Adventure Time ( season 10 ) - wikipedia Adventure Time ( season 10 ) Jump to : navigation , search Adventure Time ( season 10 ) Volume 11 digital purchase image , featuring episodes from the show 's tenth season Country of origin United States Release Original network Cartoon Network Original release September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 9 List of Adventure Time episodes The tenth and final season of Adventure Time , an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward , premiered on Cartoon Network on September 17 , 2017 . It is set to conclude sometime in 2018 and would wrap up the entire series . The season was produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Frederator Studios . The season follows the final adventures of Finn , a human boy , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake , a dog with magical powers to change shape and size at will . Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo , where they interact with the other main characters of the show : Princess Bubblegum , The Ice King , Marceline the Vampire Queen , Lumpy Space Princess , BMO , and Flame Princess . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Concept 1.2 Production 1.3 Series conclusion 2 Cast 3 Broadcast and reception 3.1 Broadcast 4 Episodes 5 Notes 6 References Development ( edit ) Concept ( edit ) The series follows the adventures of Finn the Human , a human boy , and his best friend Jake , a dog with magical powers to change shape , grow , and shrink at will . Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo , wherein they interact with the other major characters , including : Princess Bubblegum , The Ice King , Marceline the Vampire Queen , Lumpy Space Princess , BMO , and Flame Princess . Common storylines revolve around Finn and Jake discovering strange creatures , dealing with the antagonistic but misunderstood Ice King , and battling monsters in order to help others . Multi-episode story arcs for this season include Princess Bubblegum confronting her antagonistic Uncle Gumbald , Finn dealing with Fern 's embrace of the dark side , and Betty trying to turn the Ice King back into Simon Petrikov . Production ( edit ) On July 21 , 2016 , Kent Osborne posted an image on Twitter that suggested Adventure Time had been renewed for an additional season . At the time , the season was intended to be the show 's ninth . However , the season divisions were later re-arranged by Cartoon Network , and `` The Wild Hunt '' became the first episode of season ten . This season 's episodes were produced in a process similar to previous seasons . First , the episodes began as simple two - to - three - page outlines that contained the necessary plot information . These outlines were then handed off to storyboard artists , who then expanded the rough outline into a full storyboard . The episodes ' design and coloring were done in Burbank , California . Animation was handled overseas in South Korea , by Rough Draft Korea and by Saerom Animation . Storyboard artists who worked on this season include ( but are not limited to ) Sam Alden , Polly Guo , Seo Kim , Somvilay Xayaphone , Steve Wolfhard , Tom Herpich , Graham Falk , Kent Osborne , Hanna K. Nyström , Aleks Sennwald , Erik Fountain , and Patrick McHale . In regards to other aspects of production , Ghostshrimp -- the series ' former lead background designer -- returned to the series to work on episodes comprising the `` final story arc of Adventure Time '' . Ghostshrimp had retired from the show after the fourth season , but had previously returned to draw backgrounds for the seventh - season miniseries Stakes and the ninth - season episodes `` Abstract '' , `` Fionna and Cake and Fionna '' , and `` Whispers '' . Additionally , Andy Ristaino ( a former character designer , storyboard artist , and background designer for the show ) returned as a revisionist for this season . Series conclusion ( edit ) In an interview , head writer Kent Osborne noted that Cartoon Network provided the writers with `` an opportunity to spend a lot of time thinking about the finale . '' On September 29 , 2016 , it was confirmed by Cartoon Network that this season would be the show 's last . When asked in an interview with Skwigly about his feelings concerning the end of the series , Osborne said : It 's weird because I 've never been on a show this long , and I do n't think Cartoon Network has done a show with this many episodes -- for the past few seasons we 've been surprised I think every time it gets picked up . And I think a lot of us were thinking in the back of our minds , ' When is this going to end ? Am I gon na be 80 and still writing this ? ! ' It is sad , and everyone 's kind of grieving , but it 's hard to feel too bad about it , because ... they have so many episodes in the bank that it 's gon na play for another couple years . Osborne did note that Cartoon Network provided the writers with `` an opportunity to spend a lot of time thinking about the finale . '' According to a speech given by Pendarvis , storyline writing for the series wrapped up mid-November 2016 , with the last storyline meeting being held on November 21 . A tweet by Osborne revealed that the show 's final script was pitched to storyboarders Sam Alden and Hanna K. Nyström on November 28 . This episode was then pitched to the show 's producers during the third week of December 2016 . Voice recording for the season and series ended on January 31 , 2017 , as confirmed by a number of voice actors , including Maria Bamford and Andy Milonakis . Production on the series officially ended with a wrap party hosted by Cartoon Network on November 16 , 2017 . Cast and crew members who had worked on the show since its beginning were invited to the festivities , which , among other things , featured a DJ booth shaped like Finn and Jake 's tree fort , a live band , and Adventure Time - related food items . Following the season 's completion , several crewmembers were hired to work on the upcoming Cartoon Network series Summer Camp Island , which was created by Adventure Time storyline writer Julia Pott . Cast ( edit ) The voice actors for the season include : Jeremy Shada ( Finn the Human ) , John DiMaggio ( Jake the Dog ) , Tom Kenny ( The Ice King ) , Hynden Walch ( Princess Bubblegum ) , and Olivia Olson ( Marceline the Vampire Queen ) . Ward himself provides the voice for several minor characters , including Lumpy Space Princess . Former storyboard artist Niki Yang voices the sentient video game console BMO in English , as well as Jake 's girlfriend Lady Rainicorn in Korean . Polly Lou Livingston , a friend of Pendleton Ward 's mother , Bettie Ward , plays the voice of the small elephant Tree Trunks . Jessica DiCicco voices Flame Princess , Finn 's ex-girlfriend and the sovereign of the Fire Kingdom . Andy Milonakis voices N.E.P.T.R. , a sentient robot who makes and throws pies . The Lich , the series ' principal antagonist , is portrayed by Ron Perlman in his demonic form . The Adventure Time cast records their lines together as opposed to doing it individually . This is to capture more natural sounding dialogue among the characters . Hynden Walch has described these group session as akin to `` doing a play reading -- a really , really out there play . '' Several guest stars lent their voices to Adventure Time characters for the very first time this season , including the rapper Open Mike Eagle ( left ) and the comedian Brad Neely ( right ) . In addition to the regular cast members , episodes feature guest voices from many ranges of professions , including actors , musicians , and artists . `` The Wild Hunt '' , `` Always BMO Closing '' , `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' , `` Seventeen '' , and `` Gumbaldia '' feature Fred Melamed voicing Princess Bubblegum 's Uncle Gumbald . In `` The Wild Hunt '' , Jenny Slate reprises her role as Huntress Wizard . `` Son of Rap Bear '' sees Dumbfoundead voices the titular character , Rekstizzy voices Rap Bear , Keith David reprise his role as Flame King , Paul Scheer reprises his role as Toronto , and Open Mike Eagle voices a gingerbread man . In `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' , Livvy Stubenrauch voices the younger Princess Bubblegum , and former supervising director Andres Salaff reprises his role as Neddy . In `` Seventeen '' and `` Gumbaldia '' Brad Neely plays the Green Knight . `` Ring of Fire '' features David Herman as Randy , Raza Jaffrey as Danny , and Andy Daly as Wyatt . In , `` Marcy & Hunson '' , Martin Olson reprises his role as Hunson Abadeer , the father of Marceline . In `` The First Investigation '' , Marc Evan Jackson reprises his role as Kim Kil Whan , and Dave Foley voices the shape - shifter . Foley would reprise this role in the episode `` Jake the Starchild '' . The episode `` Temple of Mars '' features Felicia Day reprising her role as Betty ; the episode also sees the return of Tom Scharpling as Jermaine the dog . Various other characters are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker , Maria Bamford , Steve Little , and Melissa Villaseñor . Broadcast and reception ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Much like the sixth , seventh , eighth , and ninth seasons , the tenth season of Adventure Time featured several episode `` bombs '' , or instances wherein large amounts of episodes debuted within a relatively short timeframe . The first of these occurred on September 17 , 2017 , when `` The Wild Hunt '' , `` Always BMO Closing '' , `` Son of Rap Bear '' , and `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' aired . The second of these occurred on December 17 , 2017 when `` Seventeen '' , `` Ring of Fire '' , `` Marcy and Hunson '' and `` The First Investigation '' aired . The third of these occurred on March 18 , 2018 , when `` Blenanas '' , `` Jake the Starchild '' , `` Temple of Mars '' , and `` Gumbaldia '' aired . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Adventure Time episodes No . overall No. in season Title Supervising direction by Written and storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 267 `` The Wild Hunt '' Cole Sanchez Sam Alden , Erik Fountain & Polly Guo September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1054 - 275 0.77 Still feeling guilty over Fern 's death , Princess Bubblegum tasks Finn to protect the banana guard from a monster later dubbed `` the Grumbo '' . Finn ca n't bring himself to slay the monster as he keeps seeing Fern 's face materialize when he 's close to defeating it . Later , Finn meets up with Huntress Wizard ( voiced by Jenny Slate ) who is also trying to slay the Grumbo and she tries to give encouraging words to Finn . They find the Grumbo 's cave and Finn once again stalls . Huntress Wizard puts herself in harm 's way and Finn imagines Fern in her place and finally slays the Grumbo . Afterwards , Finn and Huntress Wizard casually admit their feelings for each other and realize that the Grumbo was artificially created . Uncle Gumbald plots to create another monster using the remains of Fern . 268 `` Always BMO Closing '' Diana Lafyatis Graham Falk & Kent Osborne September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1054 - 273 0.77 BMO and Ice King become door - to - door salesmen by posing as one body ( Ice King as the body and BMO as the head ) . After selling a stick to Tree Trunks , the two get lost and end up at the dungeon where Gumbald is staying . They sell him Finn 's baby teeth which he happily pays for with a silver cup . Finn is outraged that his baby teeth were sold and is further mortified when Baby Finns made of teeth begin attacking the tree house . Through Ice King 's encouragement , BMO `` sells '' two mallets to Finn and Jake and they successfully defeat the teeth babies . Afterwards , Gumbald admits that his current plan was a bad idea . 269 `` Son of Rap Bear '' Diana Lafyatis Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1054 - 276 0.77 While at a party , Flame Princess accidentally signs a contract from Toronto stating that if she loses in a rap battle against Son of Rap Bear ( voiced by Dumbfoundead ) her kingdom will be forfeited to Toronto . She and Finn go meet Rap Bear ( voiced by Rekstizzy ) who explains that his son literally blew his legs off , frightening them . Despite training , Flame Princess still feels ill - prepared , and so she visits her father , the deposed Flame King ( voiced by Keith David ) . She attempts to mend their rocky relationship , but much to her frustration , her father seems oblivious to the pain that he caused his daughter . Later , at the rap battle , Flame Princess begins to lose her composure , but after seeing the still - unapologetic Flame King in the crowd , she angrily expresses her frustrations with her father in a rap . The track impresses the crowd , and Flame Princess defeats Son of Rap Bear . 270 `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' Diana Lafyatis Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1054 - 274 0.77 When Finn presents the silver cup from `` Always BMO Closing '' , Princess Bubblegum decides to tell him , Marceline and Jake some more of her history . 800 years ago , a child version of Bonnibel discovers a family photo and decides to create a gum family . She creates Uncle Gumbald , Aunt Lolly and Cousin Chicle to help farm the area . However , her family quickly turn on her with the prospect of `` branding '' their family . Gumbald creates a juice that transforms those into low minded candy people . Bonnibel fights back , transforming them into her eventual candy civilians and deciding on the title of princess . In the present , BMO reveals where it got the cup . 271 5 `` Seventeen '' Cole Sanchez Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone December 17 , 2017 1054 - 281 0.76 At Finn 's seventeenth birthday party , held at the Candy Kingdom , Princess Bubblegum , Marceline , Huntress Wizard and BMO present Finn with gifts . Suddenly , the Green Knight ( voiced by Brad Neely ) arrives and presents Finn with his own gift , an ax that he will reward him with if he attacks him with it . Thinking this is one of Jake 's tricks , Finn beheads the Green Knight only for Jake to arrive and the Knight challenges him to a battle by blocking him from his friends . Finn accepts and the two play 2 / 3 with the party games held at the castle . While arm wrestling , the Knight reveals himself to be a revived Fern who makes short work of Finn . He is stopped by Gumbald , Lolly and Chicle who were returned to their original form by Lumpy Space Princess transforming Ooo at the end of Elements . The trio and Fern leave as Finn is devastated by his loss . 272 6 `` Ring of Fire '' Cole Sanchez Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard December 17 , 2017 1054 - 277 0.76 Tree Trunks gets a call from her old flame Randy ( voiced by David Herman ) who wants his old ring back to propose to his new girlfriend . In flashback , Randy proposed to Tree Trunks after graduating high school . Immediately afterwards , Tree Trunks left him and became a pirate on the sea where she met and married Danny ( voiced by Raza Jaffrey ) . She breaks up with him due to him lying to her and she moves on to becoming a CEO to a shipping company . She marries her employee Wyatt , but due to his clinging attitude breaks up with him and he flees with the ring . Mr. Pig , who followed arrives as does Wyatt who still has the ring . Randy gets it back and Tree Trunks and Mr. Pig reaffirm their love . 273 7 `` Marcy & Hunson '' Cole Sanchez Graham Falk & Adam Muto December 17 , 2017 1054 - 278 0.76 Peppermint Butler gives Finn a new sword , the Night Blade . However , he also summons Hunson Abadeer . Peppermint Butler allows Hunson to roam the earth for one day and is restrained from using his powers . Finn and Jake take him to Marceline who is once again annoyed at her father 's ignorance . When Finn and Jake let slip that Marceline has a solo concert for ghosts , Hunson forces his way in . Marceline gives her performance , but it is interrupted by Hunson 's interference . Chicle , who has been following them , instigates a ruckus with the ghosts who proceed to beat up a weakened Hunson . Marceline is also powerless from stopping them , but Finn 's new sword saves them . The group escape and meet with Princess Bubblegum and Marceline and Hunson make up . 274 8 `` The First Investigation '' Diana Lafyatis Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald December 17 , 2017 1054 - 279 0.76 Kim Kil Whan sends Finn and Jake to Joshua and Margaret 's old office after one of his employees get frightened by something . Finn and Jake witness strange ghosts and other sightings as objects move around . Finn suddenly sees baby versions of himself , Jake and Jermaine and gives Jake a wet willy ( earlier Jake claimed that Finn had given him one years ago and he denied it ) . Realizing that the ghosts are time remnants , Finn tries to look for the source while Jake accidentally scares Kim 's employee and sees his own birth from `` Joshua and Margaret Investigations '' . They discover that one of Dr. Gross ' experiments , Time Bear , had been behind it and fix him with Finn leaving a note for past Joshua and Margaret . While outside , Jake meets his alien parent , is turned blue and taken away leaving a note for Finn that reads `` BRB - Jake '' . 275 9 `` Blenanas '' Diana Lafyatis Sam Alden & Patrick McHale March 18 , 2018 1054 - 280 0.53 Bummed about Jake being gone , Finn reads an issue of Ble Magazine and comes across a doodle of a caveman with his leg getting bit by a dog while a psychiatrist sits next to him . Finn writes `` Ouch ! Hey this is n't helping at all ! '' . He shows it to BMO and Princess Bubblegum , but neither get it . Finn shows it to Ice King who reveals that he wrote to Ble Magazine to have his stories published , but they never were . They find the building guarded by a passive pudding troll and discover that the building has been abandoned for years . They decide to publish a new issue with the joke , but the pudding troll does not get it either . Finn comes to terms with the possibility that he just is not funny , but upon returning home he slips on some banana peels , rips his pants and crashes into a message chair . BMO and NEPTR laugh as Finn smiles . 276 10 `` Jake the Starchild '' Cole Sanchez Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald March 18 , 2018 1054 - 283 0.53 Immediately after `` The First Investigation '' , Jake is taken by his dying alien parent , Warren Ampersand , to his home planet and discovers that he must defeat an evil alien to save the inhabitants . Warren gives Jake a special belt while he wears one himself . As Jake uses his stretching powers , he becomes weaker and Warren becomes younger , revealing that the belts drain Jake 's youth and energy . When Warren reveals his scheme as well as the fact the planet and evil alien are not real , Jake switches the belts and tricks Warren into giving his powers and youth back . Warren then tries to escape back to Earth after learning that Jake has children he could siphon from , but Jake tosses him into a black hole , leaving him stranded on the now empty space rock . 277 11 `` Temple of Mars '' Diana Lafyatis Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard March 18 , 2018 1054 - 282 0.53 Finn is visited by Jermaine who reveals that Jake is in space and that they must rescue him . They head to Mars where Normal Man , now King Man , has Betty doing labor to `` cure '' her . King Man has them enter a cave to search for a device to save Jake and encounter various puzzles . Eventually , they come across Past Betty who was to go on a trip in a week , but met Simon changing her plans . Finn and Jermaine tell her that Betty needs to think about herself and she `` changes '' her past so that she left that day instead of in a week . The cave turns out to be the device and they are reunited with Jake . However , Betty tells King Man that seeing Finn retrieve Jake has only increased her interest in rescuing Simon ; she declares that she now has a plan to not only save Simon , but also retrieve Margles from GOLB , which frightens King Man . 278 12 `` Gumbaldia '' Diana Lafyatis Sam Alden & Graham Falk March 18 , 2018 1054 - 284 0.53 As Princess Bubblegum prepares for war with Gumbald , Finn and Jake decide to pay him a visit so as to prevent it from happening . They meet with the Gum Family who are hellbent on wanting to destroy PB . However , when Finn saves Gumbald from falling , the family come on good terms with Finn and Jake and sign a peace treaty . Before leaving , Finn and Jake are doused with celebratory juice . When they get back to the Candy Kingdom , the juice turns out to be dumdum juice and turns Peppermint Butler into a baby . With no other option , PB sets to go to war with her uncle . Gumbald learns of PB 's survival and gathers many past villains from throughout the series , including a confused Ice King , and prepares for the Gum War . 279 280 281 282 13 14 15 16 `` Come Along with Me '' TBA TBA TBA 2018 TBA TBD BMO narrates the Great Gum War in which Princess Bubblegum , Finn , Jake , Lady Rainicorn , Marceline , Flame Princess , Lemongrab , Huntress Wizard and Lumpy Space Princess band together to battle Gumbald and his army . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Information regarding story development and storyboard artists is taken from the opening credits of the season 's episodes . Jump up ^ Information regarding background art is taken from the end credits of the episodes `` Abstract '' , `` Fionna and Cake and Fionna '' , and `` Whispers '' . Jump up ^ `` Seventeen '' was released on the Cartoon Network website on December 7 , 2017 ; `` Ring of Fire '' , `` Marcy & Hunson '' , and `` The First Investigation '' were released via the Cartoon Network phone app on December 8 ; and `` Blenanas '' , `` Jake the Starchild '' , `` Temple of Mars '' , and `` Gumbaldia '' were released via the Cartoon Network phone app and VOD on March 9 . However , because this field specifically refers to episode airdates , the information here will denote when this episode first aired on Cartoon Network . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Cult Hit Animated Series ' Adventure Time ' To End In 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Adventure Time ' : Post-Apocalyptic ' Candyland ' Attracts Adult Fans '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ For information concerning this story arc , see the following episodes : Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden , Erik Fountain & Polly Guo ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Wild Hunt '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 1 . Cartoon Network . Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Graham Falk & Kent Osborne ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Always BMO Closing '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 2 . Cartoon Network . Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 4 . Cartoon Network . Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Seventeen '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 5 . Cartoon Network . Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden & Graham Falk ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Gumbaldia '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 12 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ For information concerning this story arc , see the following episodes : Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden , Erik Fountain & Polly Guo ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Wild Hunt '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 1 . Cartoon Network . Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Seventeen '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 5 . Cartoon Network . Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden & Graham Falk ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Gumbaldia '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 12 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ For information concerning this story arc , see the following episodes : Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Temple of Mars '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 11 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Osborne , Kent ( @ kentisawesome ) ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` # AdventureTimeSeason9 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Muto , Adam ( MrMuto ) ( August 2016 ) . `` That was originally the plan . I 'm not sure where it falls in the official order for Season 9 but it is meant to go right after Three Buckets '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 -- via Ask.fm . Jump up ^ Muto , Adam ( MrMuto ) ( October 2016 ) . `` Yes . The official season divisions seem to have moved around but when we made those episodes we approached them as the end of Season 8 '' . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 -- via Ask.fm . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time Videos '' . Cartoon Network . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2017 . Note : To see episode and season numbering information , click the link that reads `` Full Episodes ( 22 ) '' . Jump up ^ McKendry , David ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Q&A : ' Adventure Time ' Writer Dick Grunert '' . Fangoria . The Brooklyn Company , Inc . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ulloa , Alexander ( 2010 ) . `` Adventure Time ( 2010 ) '' . Art of the Title . Art of the Title , LLC . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ristaino , Andy ( skronked ) ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` It takes about 8 months to create an episode from start to finish . About a week to write an episode , a month to storyboard , a few days to record voices , two weeks to put together an animatic , a week to design it , a week to do clean up on the designs , a week to do color design , then it goes overseas and takes about five months to be animated . Rest of the time goes to retakes editing and music and sound design '' . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 -- via Spring.me . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Rich ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` This Is How an Episode of Cartoon Network 's ' Adventure Time ' Is Made '' . The Daily Beast . The Newsweek Daily Beast Company . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Chris ( 2014 ) . Adventure Time : The Art of Ooo . Harry N. Abrams . pp. 348 -- 349 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0450 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ghostshrimp ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Rumor has it that I will be doing some new backgrounds for the final story arc of Adventure Time ! '' . Facebook . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bandit , Dan `` Ghostshrimp '' ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` I am officially retiring from Adventure Time today '' . Facebook . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bandit , Dan `` Ghostshrimp '' ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` New Adventure Time 8 - Parter ! '' . GhostshrimpGlobal.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ghostshrimp ; Ristaino , Andy ( February 17 , 2018 ) . `` Episode 024 : Guns , Money , And Drugs with Andy Ristiano '' . Soundcloud . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dutton , Sophie ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Interview with ' Adventure Time ' Head Writer Kent Osborne '' . Skwigly . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Germain , Siomara ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Brockport Welcomes Adventure Time Writer Jack Pendarvis '' . The Stylus . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pendarvis , Jack ( @ JackPendarvis ) ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Starting my last ADVENTURE TIME meeting in about half an hour . Bah , I say ! But also I 'm excited about the story ! But also my stomach hurts '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Osborne , Kent ( @ kentisawesome ) ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Last Adventure Time handout meeting : ( '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Alden , Sam ( @ samalden ) ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` @ HannaKtweet @ kikutowne my board however is going to be hot garbage , ruin the show , etc '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Nyström , Hanna K ( @ HannaKtweet ) ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` hold me tight and tell me this board will be good . rock me to sleep '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Alden , Sam ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` Pitched my last Adventure Time storyboard last week '' . Instagram . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muto , Adam ( @ MrMuto ) ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` from last week 's final Adventure Time storyboard pitch '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bamford , Maria ( @ mariabamfoo ) ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Last day of Adventuretime ! # 8yearsofgoodgoof thanks Pendleton and @ kentisawesome for a wonderful time ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bamford , Maria ( @ mariabamfoo ) ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` @ kentisawesome pumped for last record ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Milonakis , Andy ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Adventure Time Cake '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( November 23 , 2017 ) . `` Goodbye , ' Adventure Time ' : Cast And Crew Gather To Bid Farewell To The Series '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pendarvis , Jack ( @ JackPendarvis ) ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm in a SUMMER CAMP ISLAND meeting RIGHT NOW with @ aleks_sennwald Graham Falk @ Seodles @ samalden @ krismukai @ juliapott & @ ColeSanchez '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Adventure Time '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Note : To reveal who voiced what character , one must click on the various characters under `` Guest Stars '' to reveal their voice actor or actress . Jump up ^ Livingston , Polly Lou ( Actress ) . 2012 . `` Tree Trunks '' ( Commentary track ) , Adventure Time Season One ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Ward , Bettie ( Artist ) . 2012 . `` Tree Trunks '' ( Commentary track ) , Adventure Time Season One ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Character Facts of the Week : Flame Princess from Adventure Time '' . CartoonNetwork.co.uk . May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Polo , Susana ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Our Interview With Adventure Time 's Head of Story and the Voice of Flame Princess ! '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Episodes that credit Andy Milonakis : Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Son of Rap Bear '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 3 . Cartoon Network . Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden & Pat McHale ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Blenanas '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 9 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ ScreenCrush staff . `` Meet the Voices Behind Your Favorite ' Adventure Time ' Characters '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time -- Season 3 Comic - Con Exclusive : Hynden Walch '' . August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden , Erik Fountain & Polly Guo ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Wild Hunt '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 1 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Graham Falk & Kent Osborne ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Always BMO Closing '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 2 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Bonnibel Bubblegum '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 4 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Seventeen '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 5 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Sam Alden & Graham Falk ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Gumbaldia '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 12 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Seo Kim & Somvilay Xayaphone ( storyboard artists ) ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Son of Rap Bear '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 3 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Ring of Fire '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 6 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Olson , Olivia . `` ( Snippet of ' Marcy & Hunson ' script ) '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olson , Olivia . `` ( Clip of ' Marcy & Hunson ' recording ) '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Graham Falk & Adam Muto ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Marcy & Hunson '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 7 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald ( storyboard artists ) ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` The First Investigation '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 8 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Cole ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Hanna K. Nyström & Aleks Sennwald ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jake the Starchild '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 10 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Lafyatis , Diana ( supervising director ) ; Sandra Lee ( art director ) ; Tom Herpich & Steve Wolfhard ( storyboard artists ) ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Temple of Mars '' . Adventure Time . Season 10 . Episode 11 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Sources for season six `` bombs '' : `` Coming Soon '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . `` # Finnale '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sources for season seven `` bombs '' : `` Adventure Time Returns This Monday '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . `` 4 Nights @ 8 / 7 c '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . `` 5 Nights of New Adventure Time Episodes '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sources for season eight `` bombs '' : `` Adventure Time : Season 8 Arrives This Week '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . `` Islands '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sources for season nine `` bombs '' : `` Elements '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr. April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . `` Adventure Time Returns on July 17 '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time Returns on September 17 '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time Returns on Sunday , December 17 '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adventure Time Returns Sunday , March 18th ! '' . KingOfOoo . Tumblr . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Adventure Time Seventeen '' . Cartoon Network . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network ( @ cartoonnetwork ) ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` NEW ADVENTURE TIME ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Adventure Time ' Returning in March with New Episodes '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Production codes for the season derived from the following sources : `` King of Ooo '' . Tumblr . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Note : Production codes are stamped onto various storyboards that must be searched for . Olson , Olivia . `` ( Snippet of ' Marcy & Hunson ' script ) '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . `` Copyright Catalog '' ( enter `` Adventure Time '' in the search parameter and select individual episode titles for further information ) . United States Copyright Office . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . `` ' Adventure Time ' Returning In March With New Episodes '' . February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Note : In the website 's image gallery for the four episodes , their production codes can be seen in the image urls . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` ADVENTURE TIME : COME ALONG WITH ME ( EMEA ) ( 2017 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` King of Ooo confirms only the four part finale is left '' . Tumblr . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Adventure Time Characters Finn the Human Jake the Dog Princess Bubblegum Ice King Marceline the Vampire Queen Seasons Pilot 5 6 7 Stakes 8 Islands 9 Elements 10 Video games Hey Ice King ! Why 'd You Steal Our Garbage ? ! ! Explore the Dungeon Because I Do n't Know ! Battle Party The Secret of the Nameless Kingdom Finn & Jake Investigations Pirates of the Enchiridion Related articles Pendleton Ward The Music of Ooo Random ! Cartoons The Legend of Lucky Pie Cartoon Network : Battle Crashers Book Adventure Time episodes Pilot Season 1 `` Tree Trunks '' `` The Enchiridion ! '' `` Ricardio the Heart Guy '' `` Evicted ! '' Season 2 `` It Came from the Nightosphere '' `` The Eyes '' `` Guardians of Sunshine '' `` Death in Bloom '' `` Mortal Folly '' / `` Mortal Recoil '' Season 3 `` Hitman '' `` Too Young '' `` Fionna and Cake '' `` What Was Missing '' `` Holly Jolly Secrets '' `` Another Way '' `` Incendium '' Season 4 `` Hot to the Touch '' `` Five Short Graybles '' `` Web Weirdos '' `` Dream of Love '' `` Return to the Nightosphere '' / `` Daddy 's Little Monster '' `` In Your Footsteps '' `` Hug Wolf '' `` Princess Monster Wife '' `` Goliad '' `` Beyond This Earthly Realm '' `` Gotcha ! '' `` Princess Cookie '' `` Card Wars '' `` Sons of Mars '' `` Burning Low '' `` BMO Noire '' `` King Worm '' `` Lady & Peebles '' `` You Made Me '' `` Who Would Win '' `` Ignition Point '' `` The Hard Easy '' `` Reign of Gunters '' `` I Remember You '' `` The Lich '' Season 5 `` Finn the Human '' / `` Jake the Dog '' `` Bad Little Boy '' `` Simon & Marcy '' `` A Glitch Is a Glitch '' `` Puhoy '' `` James Baxter the Horse '' `` Wizards Only , Fools '' `` Be More '' `` Sky Witch '' `` Frost & Fire '' `` Time Sandwich '' `` Root Beer Guy '' `` Rattleballs '' `` The Red Throne '' `` Betty '' `` Bad Timing '' `` Billy 's Bucket List '' Season 6 `` Wake Up '' / `` Escape from the Citadel '' `` Food Chain '' `` Furniture & Meat '' `` Something Big '' `` Is That You ? '' `` Jake the Brick '' `` Dentist '' `` Evergreen '' `` Astral Plane '' `` The Diary '' `` Walnuts & Rain '' `` Jermaine '' Season 7 Stakes `` Bad Jubies '' `` Crossover '' `` The Hall of Egress '' Season 8 `` Normal Man '' Islands Season 9 `` Orb '' Elements Season 10 `` Come Along with Me '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adventure_Time_(season_10)&oldid=843660796 '' Categories : Adventure Time seasons 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Episode lists with unformatted air dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3338315676645996363 | Watch strap | Watch strap - Wikipedia Watch strap Jump to : navigation , search A leather watch strap with a butterfly closure A watch strap , watch band , or watch bracelet is a bracelet that straps a wrist watch onto the wrist . Watch straps may be made of leather , plastic , rubber , cloth , or metal , sometimes in combination . It can be regarded as a fashion item , serving both a utilitarian and decorative function . Some metal watch straps may be plated with , or even in rare cases made of , precious metals . Watch straps may close with a buckle or a folding clasp . Expanding watch straps are designed to expand elastically , often by the use of metal springs in a segmented design , and may be slipped on like a bracelet . Attachment points for the strap to the watch are largely standardized , with a spring - loaded double - ended pin used to anchor the watch strap to holes in a bracket that is integral to the watch case , allowing worn watch straps to be replaced or swapped with new straps for fashion purposes . Both metal watch cases , and watch straps incorporating metal parts can sometimes cause contact dermatitis in susceptible individuals . Special anti-allergy watch straps , like a NATO style watch strap , which shield the skin from exposure to metal parts , are available for sufferers of this type of dermatitis . Specialist expanding watch straps exist for use with diving watches . With increasing depth and rising water pressure the ( sleeved ) wrist of a diver is exposed to compression effects that have a shrinking effect on the wrist circumference . Many watch straps intended for diving watches have rippled or vented sections near the attachment points on the watch case to facilitate the required flexibility to strap the watch exaggerated tight for normal wear at the surface whilst keeping the watch adequately tight in place on the diver 's wrist at depth . A buckle fastening for a leather watch strap . A cloth watch strap dating to World War I . NATO - style webbing watch strap . A watch with a segmented stainless steel watch bracelet . A silver - plated metal watch bracelet , showing signs of wear . A watch with a gold - plated ROWI Fixoflex expandable / retractable elastic watch bracelet . A watch with a stainless steel mesh bracelet . A specialist expanding watch strap for diving watches . Stainless steel bracelet deployment clasp with divers extension . See also ( edit ) Smart band Lanyard Wrist clasp References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/british/watchstrap Jump up ^ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/contact-dermatitis/basics/symptoms/con-20032048 Media related to Watch straps at Wikimedia Commons This fashion - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watch_strap&oldid=830038814 '' Categories : Watches Jewellery Fashion accessories Fashion stubs Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 10 : 49 . About Wikipedia | what are the parts of a watch strap called | [] | [] |
6274068334741177723 | History of the Peloponnesian War | History of the Peloponnesian War - wikipedia History of the Peloponnesian War Jump to : navigation , search 10th - century minuscule manuscript of Thucydides 's History . The History of the Peloponnesian War ( Greek : Ἱστορίαι , `` Histories '' ) is a historical account of the Peloponnesian War ( 431 -- 404 BC ) , which was fought between the Peloponnesian League ( led by Sparta ) and the Delian League ( led by Athens ) . It was written by Thucydides , an Athenian historian who also happened to serve as an Athenian general during the war . His account of the conflict is widely considered to be a classic and regarded as one of the earliest scholarly works of history . The History is divided into eight books . Analyses of the History generally occur in one of two camps . On the one hand , some scholars view the work as an objective and scientific piece of history . The judgment of J.B. Bury reflects his traditional interpretation of the work : `` ( The History is ) severe in its detachment , written from a purely intellectual point of view , unencumbered with platitudes and moral judgments , cold and critical . '' On the other hand , in keeping with more recent interpretations that are associated with reader - response criticism , the History can be read as a piece of literature rather than an objective record of the historical events . This view is embodied in the words of W.R. Connor , who describes Thucydides as `` an artist who responds to , selects and skillfully arranges his material , and develops its symbolic and emotional potential . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical method 1.1 Chronology 1.2 Speeches 1.3 Neutrality 1.4 Role of religion 1.5 Rationalization of myth 2 Subject matter of the History 2.1 Military technology 2.2 Empire 2.3 Earth science 3 Some difficulties of interpretation 3.1 Strata of composition 3.2 Sources 3.3 Critical evaluations 4 Influence 5 Method of citation 6 Manuscripts 7 Outline of the work 8 Some Translations 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Bibliography 11 External links Historical method ( edit ) P. Oxy. 16 , fragment of a 1st - century manuscript Thucydides is considered to be one of the great `` fathers '' of Western history , thus making his methodology the subject of much analysis in area of historiography . Chronology ( edit ) Thucydides is one of the first western historians to employ a strict standard of chronology , recording events by year , with each year consisting of the summer campaign season and a less active winter season . This method contrasts sharply with Herodotus ' earlier work The Histories , which jumps around chronologically and makes frequent and roundabout excursions into seemingly unrelated areas and time periods , and has set the standard for historiographical rigor to this day . Speeches ( edit ) Thucydides also makes extensive use of speeches in order to elaborate on the event in question . While the inclusion of long first - person speeches is somewhat alien to modern historical method , in the context of ancient Greek oral culture speeches are expected . These include addresses given to troops by their generals before battles and numerous political speeches , both by Athenian and Spartan leaders , as well as debates between various parties . Of the speeches , the most famous is the funeral oration of Pericles , which is found in Book Two . Thucydides undoubtedly heard some of these speeches himself while for others he relied on eyewitness accounts . These speeches are suspect in the eyes of Classicists , however , inasmuch as it is not sure to what degree Thucydides altered these speeches in order to most clearly elucidate the crux of the argument presented . Some of the speeches are probably fabricated according to his expectations of , as he puts it , `` what was called for in each situation '' ( 1.22. 2 ) . Neutrality ( edit ) Despite being an Athenian and a participant in the conflict , Thucydides is often regarded as having written a generally unbiased account of the conflict with respect to the sides involved in it . In the introduction to the piece he states , `` my work is not a piece of writing designed to meet the taste of an immediate public , but was done to last for ever '' ( 1.22. 4 ) . There are scholars , however , who doubt this . Ernst Badian , for example has argued that Thucydides has a strong pro-Athenian bias . In keeping with this sort of doubt , other scholars claim that Thucydides had an ulterior motive in his Histories , specifically to create an epic comparable to those of the past such as the works of Homer , and that this led him to create a nonobjective dualism favoring the Athenians . The work does display a clear bias against certain people involved in the conflict , such as Cleon . Role of religion ( edit ) The gods play no active role in Thucydides ' work . This is very different from Herodotus , who frequently mentions the role of the gods , as well as a nearly ubiquitous divine presence in the centuries - earlier poems of Homer . Instead , Thucydides regards history as being caused by the choices and actions of human beings . Despite the absence of actions of the gods , religion and piety play critical roles in the actions of the Spartans , and to a lesser degree , the Athenians . Thus natural occurrences such as earthquake and eclipses were viewed as religiously significant ( 1.23. 3 ; 7.50. 4 ) Rationalization of myth ( edit ) Despite the absence of the gods from Thucydides ' work , he still draws heavily from the Greek mythos , especially from Homer , whose works are prominent in Greek mythology . Thucydides references Homer frequently as a source of information , but always adds a distancing clause , such as `` Homer shows this , if that is sufficient evidence , '' and `` assuming we should trust Homer 's poetry in this case too . '' However , despite Thucydides ' lack of trust in information that was not experienced firsthand , such as Homer 's , he does use the poet 's epics to infer facts about the Trojan War . For instance , while Thucydides considered the number of over 1,000 Greek ships sent to Troy to be a poetic exaggeration , he uses Homer 's catalog of ships to determine the approximate number of Greek soldiers who were present . Later , Thucydides claims that since Homer never makes reference to a united Greek state , the pre-Hellenic nations must have been so disjointed that they could not organize properly to launch an effective campaign . In fact , Thucydides claims that Troy could have been conquered in half the time had the Greek leaders allocated resources properly and not sent a large portion of the army on raids for supplies . Thucydides makes sure to inform his reader that he , unlike Homer , is not a poet prone to exaggeration , but instead a historian , whose stories may not give `` momentary pleasure , '' but `` whose intended meaning will be challenged by the truth of the facts . '' By distancing himself from the storytelling practices of Homer , Thucydides makes it clear that while he does consider mythology and epics to be evidence , these works can not be given much credibility , and that it takes an impartial and empirically minded historian , such as himself , to accurately portray the events of the past . Subject matter of the History ( edit ) The first book of the History , after a brief review of early Greek history and some programmatic historiographical commentary , seeks to explain why the Peloponnesian War broke out when it did and what its causes were . Except for a few short excursuses ( notably 6.54 -- 58 on the Tyrant Slayers ) , the remainder of the History ( books 2 through 8 ) rigidly maintains its focus on the Peloponnesian War to the exclusion of other topics . While the History concentrates on the military aspects of the Peloponnesian War , it uses these events as a medium to suggest several other themes closely related to the war . It specifically discusses in several passages the socially and culturally degenerative effects of war on humanity itself . The History is especially concerned with the lawlessness and atrocities committed by Greek citizens to each other in the name of one side or another in the war . Some events depicted in the History , such as the Melian dialogue , describe early instances of realpolitik or power politics . The History is preoccupied with the interplay of justice and power in political and military decision - making . Thucydides ' presentation is decidedly ambivalent on this theme . While the History seems to suggest that considerations of justice are artificial and necessarily capitulate to power , it sometimes also shows a significant degree of empathy with those who suffer from the exigencies of the war . For the most part , the History does not discuss topics such as the art and architecture of Greece . Military technology ( edit ) Illustration of a Greek trireme The History emphasizes the development of military technologies . In several passages ( 1.14. 3 , 2.75 -- 76 , 7.36. 2 -- 3 ) , Thucydides describes in detail various innovations in the conduct of siegeworks or naval warfare . The History places great importance upon naval supremacy , arguing that a modern empire is impossible without a strong navy . He states that this is the result of the development of piracy and coastal settlements in earlier Greece . Important in this regard was the development , at the beginning of the classical period ( c. 500 BC ) , of the trireme , the supreme naval ship for the next several hundred years . In his emphasis on sea power , Thucydides resembles the modern naval theorist Alfred Thayer Mahan , whose influential work The Influence of Sea Power upon History helped set in motion the naval arms race prior to World War I . Empire ( edit ) The History explains that the primary cause of the Peloponnesian War was the `` growth in power of Athens , and the alarm which this inspired in Sparta '' ( 1.23. 6 ) . Thucydides traces the development of Athenian power through the growth of the Athenian empire in the years 479 BC to 432 BC in book one of the History ( 1.89 -- 118 ) . The legitimacy of the empire is explored in several passages , notably in the speech at 1.73 -- 78 , where an anonymous Athenian legation defends the empire on the grounds that it was freely given to the Athenians and not taken by force . The subsequent expansion of the empire is defended by these Athenians , `` ... the nature of the case first compelled us to advance our empire to its present height ; fear being our principal motive , though honor and interest came afterward . '' ( 1.75. 3 ) The Athenians also argue that , `` We have done nothing extraordinary , nothing contrary to human nature in accepting an empire when it was offered to us and then in refusing to give it up . '' ( 1.76 ) They claim that anyone in their position would act in the same fashion . The Spartans represent a more traditional , circumspect , and less expansive power . Indeed , the Athenians are nearly destroyed by their greatest act of imperial overreach , the Sicilian expedition , described in books six and seven of the History . Earth science ( edit ) Thucydides correlates , in his description of the 426 BC Malian Gulf tsunami , for the first time in the recorded history of natural science , quakes and waves in terms of cause and effect . Some difficulties of interpretation ( edit ) Thucydides ' History is extraordinarily dense and complex . His particular ancient Greek prose is also very challenging , grammatically , syntactically , and semantically . This has resulted in much scholarly disagreement on a cluster of issues of interpretation . Strata of composition ( edit ) It is commonly thought that Thucydides died while still working on the History , since it ends in mid-sentence and only goes up to 410 BC , leaving six years of war uncovered . Furthermore , there is a great deal of uncertainty whether he intended to revise the sections he had already written . Since there appear to be some contradictions between certain passages in the History , it has been proposed that the conflicting passages were written at different times and that Thucydides ' opinion on the conflicting matter had changed . Those who argue that the History can be divided into various levels of composition are usually called `` analysts '' and those who argue that the passages must be made to reconcile with one another are called `` unitarians '' . This conflict is called the `` strata of composition '' debate . The lack of progress in this debate over the course of the twentieth century has caused many Thucydidean scholars to declare the debate insoluble and to side - step the issue in their work . Sources ( edit ) The History is notoriously reticent about its sources . Thucydides almost never names his informants and alludes to competing versions of events only a handful of times . This is in marked contrast to Herodotus , who frequently mentions multiple versions of his stories and allows the reader to decide which is true . Instead , Thucydides strives to create the impression of a seamless and irrefutable narrative . Nevertheless , scholars have sought to detect the sources behind the various sections of the History . For example , the narrative after Thucydides ' exile ( 4.108ff . ) seems to focus on Peloponnesian events more than the first four books , leading to the conclusion that he had greater access to Peloponnesian sources at that time . Frequently , Thucydides appears to assert knowledge of the thoughts of individuals at key moments in the narrative . Scholars have asserted that these moments are evidence that he interviewed these individuals after the fact . However , the evidence of the Sicilian Expedition argues against this , since Thucydides discusses the thoughts of the generals who died there and whom he would have had no chance to interview . Instead it seems likely that , as with the speeches , Thucydides is looser than previously thought in inferring the thoughts , feelings , and motives of principal characters in his History from their actions , as well as his own sense of what would be appropriate or likely in such a situation . Critical evaluations ( edit ) The historian J.B. Bury writes that the work of Thucydides ... `` marks the longest and most decisive step that has ever been taken by a single man towards making history what it is today . '' Historian H.D. Kitto feels that Thucydides wrote about the Peloponnesian War not because it was the most significant war in antiquity but because it caused the most suffering . Indeed , several passages of Thucydides ' book are written `` with an intensity of feeling hardly exceeded by Sappho herself . '' In his Open Society and Its Enemies , Karl R. Popper writes that Thucydides was the `` greatest historian , perhaps , who ever lived . '' Thucydides ' work , however , Popper goes on to say , represents `` an interpretation , a point of view ; and in this we need not agree with him . '' In the war between Athenian democracy and the `` arrested oligarchic tribalism of Sparta , '' we must never forget Thucydides ' `` involuntary bias , '' and that `` his heart was not with Athens , his native city : '' `` Although he apparently did not belong to the extreme wing of the Athenian oligarchic clubs who conspired throughout the war with the enemy , he was certainly a member of the oligarchic party , and a friend neither of the Athenian people , the demos , who had exiled him , nor of its imperialist policy . '' Influence ( edit ) Thucydides ' History has been enormously influential in both ancient and modern historiography . It was embraced by many of the author 's contemporaries and immediate successors with enthusiasm ; indeed , many authors sought to complete the unfinished history . For example , Xenophon wrote his Hellenica as a continuation of Thucydides ' work , beginning at the exact moment that Thucydides ' History leaves off . Xenophon 's work , however , is generally considered inferior in style and accuracy compared with Thucydides ' . In later antiquity , Thucydides ' reputation suffered somewhat , with critics such as Dionysius of Halicarnassus rejecting the History as turgid and excessively austere . Lucian also parodies it ( among others ) in his satire The True Histories . Woodrow Wilson read the History on his voyage across the Atlantic to the Versailles Peace Conference . Method of citation ( edit ) Most critics writing about the History , including this article , use a standard format to direct readers to passages in the text : book. chapter. section . For example , the notation that Pericles ' last speech runs from 2.60. 1 to 2.64. 6 , this means that it can be found in the second book , from the sixtieth chapter through the sixty - fourth . Most modern editions and translations of the History include the chapter numbers in the margins . Manuscripts ( edit ) The most important manuscripts include : Codex Parisinus suppl . Gr. 255 , Codex Vaticanus 126 , Codex Laurentianus LXIX. 2 , Codex Palatinus 252 , Codex Monacensis 430 , Codex Monacensis 228 , and Codex Britannicus II , 727 . Grenfell and Hunt discovered in Oxyrhynchus about 20 papyrus fragments copied some time between the 1st and 6th centuries AD . Outline of the work ( edit ) Book 1 The state of Greece from the earliest times to the commencement of the Peloponnesian War , also known as the Archaeology . 1.1 -- 1.19 . Methodological excursus . 1.20 -- 1.23 Causes of the war ( 433 -- 432 BC ) 1.24 -- 1.66 The Affair of Epidamnus . 1.24 -- 1.55 The Affair of Potidaea . 1.56 -- 1.66 Congress of the Peloponnesian League at Lacedaemon . 1.67 -- 1.88 The Speech of the Corinthians . 1.68 -- 1.71 The Speech of the Athenian envoys . 1.73 -- 1.78 The Speech of Archidamus . 1.80 -- 1.85 The Speech of Sthenelaidas . 1.86 From the end of the Persian War to the beginning of the Peloponnesian War , also known as the Pentecontaetia . 1.89 -- 1.117 The progress from supremacy to empire . Second congress at Lacedaemon and the Corinthian Speech . 1.119 -- 1.125 Diplomatic maneuvering . 1.126 -- 1.139 Excursus on Cylon . 1.126 -- 1.127 Excursus on Pausanias and Themistocles . 1.128 -- 1.138 Pericles ' first speech . 1.140 -- 1.145 Book 2 ( 431 -- 428 BC ) War begins with Thebes ' attempt to subvert Plataea . 2.1 -- 2.6 Account of the mobilization of and list of the allies of the two combatants . 2.7 -- 2.9 First invasion of Attica . 2.10 -- 2.23 Archidamus leads the Peloponnesian army into Attica . 2.10 -- 2.12 Athenian preparations and abandonment of the countryside . 2.13 -- 2.14 Excursus on Athenian synoikism . 2.15 -- 2.16 Difficult conditions in Athens for refugees from countryside . 2.17 Archidamus ravages Oenoe and Acharnai . 2.18 -- 2.20 Athenian fury and anger at Pericles . 2.21 -- 2.22 Athenian naval counter -- attacks along coast of Peloponese and islands . 2.23 -- 2.32 Pericles ' Funeral Oration . 2.34 -- 2.46 The plague of Athens . 2.47 -- 2.54 Second invasion of Attica and Athenian naval counter -- attacks . 2.55 -- 2.58 Pericles ' third speech , defending his position and policy . 2.59 -- 2.64 Thucydides ' estimate of Pericles ' qualities and the causes for Athens ' eventual defeat . 2.65 Diplomacy and skirmishes in Thrace , the islands , and the Northeast . 2.66 -- 2.69 Fall of Potidaea . 2.70 Investment of Plataea . 2.71 -- 2.78 Naval victories of Phormio in the Northeast . 2.80 -- 2.92 Threat of raid on the Piraeus . 2.93 -- 2.94 Thracian campaign in Macedonia under Sitalces . 2.95 -- 2.101 Book 3 ( 428 -- 425 BC ) Annual invasion of Attica . 3.1 Revolt of Mytilene . 3.2 -- 3.50 Speech of Mytilenian envoys to Sparta at Olympia , asking for help . 3.9 -- 3.14 Sparta accepts Lesbos as an ally and prepares to counter the Athenians . 3.15 Mytilene surrenders to Athens despite Spartan support . 3.28 Mytilenian Debate . 3.37 -- 3.50 Fall of Plataea. 3.20 -- 3.24 , 3.52 -- 68 Some Plataeans escape . 3.20 -- 3.24 . Plataea surrenders . 3.52 . Trial and execution of the Plataeans . 3.53 -- 3.68 . Speech of Plataeans , 3.53 -- 3.59 Speech of the Thebans . 3.61 -- 3.67 Revolution at Corcyra . 3.70 -- 3.85 Thucydides ' account of the evils of civil strife . 3.82 -- 3.84 Athenian campaigns in Sicily . 3.86 , 3.90 , 3.99 , 3.103 , 3.115 -- 3.116 Tsunami and inquiry into its causes 3.89. 2 -- 5 Campaigns of Demosthenes in western Greece . 3.94 -- 3.98 , 3.100 -- 3.102 , 3.105 -- 3.114 Spartans establish Heraclea in Trachis . 3.92 -- 3.93 Athenians purify Delos . 3.104 Book 4 ( 425 -- 423 BC ) Annual invasion of Attica . 4.2 Athenians en route to Sicily occupy Pylos in the Peloponnese . 4.2 -- 4.6 King Agis of Sparta cuts short the invasion of Attica to return to the Peloponnese . 4.6 Concerted Spartan attack on the Athenian fort at Pylos . 4.8 -- 4.15 The Athenian general Demosthenes coordinates the defense of Pylos and rouses the troops with a speech . 4.9 -- 4.10 The Spartan commander Brasidas distinguishes himself for bravery . 4.11 -- 4.12 The Athenians defeat the Spartan assault on Pylos and cut off a garrison of Spartiates on the adjacent island of Sphacteria . 4.13 -- 4.14 The Spartans , concerned for the men on the island , conclude an immediate armistice and send an embassy to Athens to negotiate peace . 4.13 -- 4.22 The speech of the Spartan ambassadors offers to peace and alliance to Athens in exchange for the return of the men on Sphacteria . 4.17 -- 4.20 The Athenian Cleon , speaking in the Assembly , encourages the Athenians to demand the return of the territories surrendered by Athens at the conclusion of the First Peloponnesian War . 4.21 -- 4.22 Events in Sicily . 4.24 -- 4.25 Siege of the Spartiates on Sphacteria continues without result . 4.26 -- 4.27 Cleon takes command at Pylos . 4.27 -- 4.29 With the siege of Sphacteria yielding no results , the Athenians grow angry at Cleon for encouraging them to reject the Spartan offer of peace . 4.27. 1 -- 4.27. 3 Cleon blames Nicias and the generals for ineptitude. 4.27. 5 Nicias yields command to Cleon . 4.28 Battle of Sphacteria results in the capture of all the Spartiates trapped there . 4.29 -- 4.41 Nicias leads an Athenian attack on Corinth . 4.42 -- 4.45 End of Corcyraean revolution . 4.46 -- 4.48 Athenians capture Cythera , an island off the Peloponnese , and Thyrea , a town in the Peloponnese . Sparta is hemmed in on all sides and desperate . 4.53 -- 4.57 Sicilian cities make peace in conference at Gela , frustrating Athenian designs on the island . 4.58 -- 65 Speech of Hermocrates at Gela . 4.59 -- 4.64 Athenian attack on Megara . 4.66 -- 4.74 Capture of Nisaea . 4.69 Inconclusive engagements at Megara . 4.73 Megara eludes Athenian capture . 4.74 Invasion of Boeotia. 4.76 , 4.89 -- 4.101. 2 Athenians occupy temple at Delium . 4.90 Battle of Delium results in Athenian retreat . 4.91 -- 4.96 Boeotians refuse to return Athenian dead until Athenians relinquish the shrine of Delium . 4.97 -- 4.99 Boeotians assault the Athenian in the temple and burn it down . 4.100 Brasidas marches through Thessaly to Thrace and begins to cause Athenian subject cities to revolt . 4.78 -- 4.88 Speech of Brasidas to the Acanthians . 4.85 -- 4.87 Fall of Amphipolis to Brasidas . 4.102 -- 4.108 Continued successes of Brasidas in Thrace . 4.111 -- 4.135 Brasidas secures the revolt of the garrison of Torone . 4.110 -- 4.116 One -- year armistice between Athenians and Spartans . 4.117 -- 4.118 Scione revolts from Athens to Brasidas . 4.120 -- 4.123 Truce breaks down . 4.122 -- 4.123 . Athenians retake Mende and besiege Scione . 4.129 -- 4.131 . Book 5 ( 422 -- 415 BC ) Death of Cleon and Brasidas . 5.10 Peace of Nicias . 5.13 -- 5.24 Feeling against Sparta in the Peloponnese League of the Mantineans , Eleans , Argives , and Athenians . 5.27 -- 5.48 Battle of Mantinea and breaking up of the League . 5.63 -- 5.81 The Melian Dialogue . 5.84 -- 5.113 Fate of Melos . 5.116 Book 6 ( 415 -- 414 BC ) The Sicilian Expedition . 6.8 -- 6.52 Affair of the Hermae . 6.27 -- 6.29 , 6.53 Departure of the expedition to Sicily . 6.30 -- 6.32 Pro -- Syracusan Party at Catana . 6.50 -- 6.51 , 6.64 Story of Harmodius and Aristogiton . 6.53 -- 6.58 Disgrace of Alcibiades . 6.60 -- 6.61 Inaction of the Athenian army . 6.63 . 6.66 Alcibiades at Sparta . 6.88 -- 6.93 Book 7 ( 414 -- 413 BC ) Arrival of Gylippus at Syracuse . 7.1 -- 7.3 Fortification of Decelea . 7.19 -- 7.30 Successes of the Syracusans . Arrival of Demosthenes Defeat of the Athenians at Epipolae . 7.42 -- 7.59 Folly and obstinacy of Nicias Battles in the Great Harbour Retreat and annihilation of the Athenian army . 7.72 -- 7.87 Book 8 ( 413 -- 411 BC ) Disbelief and despair in Athens . 8.1 Allies revolt . 8.2 -- 4 Persians offer support to Sparta . 8.5 Isthmian Festival . 8.9 Alcamenes . 8.10 Alcibiades encourages Endius to revolt . 8.12 Alcibiades encourages Chios to revolt . 8.14 Athens reverses law on reserve funds . 8.15 Sparta and Persian alliance . 8.18 Chians encourage revolt . 8.19 Samos commons overthrow upper classes . 8.21 Chians and Spartans v Athens and Argos ; Ionians defeat Dorians . 8.25 Hermocrates prepares `` finishing blow '' to Athens , Alcibiades in Teichiussa . 8.26 Phrynichus = a `` man of sense '' retreats . 8.27 Tissaphernes distributes pay to Spartans . 8.29 The Spartan treaty with Persia . 8.37 conflict between Pedaitus and Astyochus . 8.39 Slaves desert Chios . 8.40 Lichas tries to renegotiate treaty with Persia . The Spartans give not liberty but a `` Median master '' to the Greeks . 8.43 Rhodes revolts . 8.44 Astyochus is ordered to kill Alcibiades , who flees from Sparta to Tissaphernes . 8.45 Alcibiades advises Tissaphernes to let Athens and Sparta wear each other out . 8.46 Alcibiades plots his return to Athens . 8.47 -- 8.48 Pissander to pave way for Alcibiades ' return . 8.49 Alcibiades betrays Phrynichus . 8.50 Phrynichus fortifies Samos . 8.51 Alcibiades encourages Tissaphernes to befriend Athens . 8.52 Pisander in Athens proposes deal : alliance with Persia , end of democracy , return of Alcibiades . 8.53 -- 8.54 Athens defeats Chians , Pedaritus . 8.55 Alcibiades ' plans w / Tissaphernes unravel . 8.56 Tissaphernes resolves to keep both sides equal , pays Sparta . 8.57 another treaty bet Persia and Sparta . 8.58 -- 8.59 Pisander est . oligarchy in Athens , confusion in Samos . 8.63 Oligarchy in Athens , popular leaders are killed . `` government of the 5,000 . '' 8.64 Oligarchy triumphant . 8.65 popular party suspicious of each other . 8.66 commissioners to frame a new constitution = tyranny of the four hundred . 8.67 Pisander , Phrynichus , Theramenes = leaders of the oligarchy . 8.68 the 400 with daggers dismiss the council ( Boule ) . 8.69 Oligarchs offer to make peace with Sparta . 8.70 Spartan forces move to Athens ' walls . Oligarchs again offer peace w / Sparta . 8.71 seamen at Samos reject oligarchy . 8.72 turmoil at Samos , the Athenian crews est democracy , kill 30 oligarchs . 8.73 exaggerated report at Samos of horrors at Athens . 8.74 Thrasybullus and Thrasyllus leaders of the democratic faction in Samos . 8.75 the army replaces oligarchy in Samos , Alcibiades promises alliance with Persia . 8.76 debate in Samos . 8.77 Pelop soldiers anxious to fight , Astyochus unwilling to fight at sea . Tissaphernes fleet never arrives . 8.78 Athenians reinforced , Pelop unwilling to fight . 8.79 revolt of Byzantium . 8.80 Alcibiades recalled , promises Persian aid . 8.81 Alcibiades elected general , `` put all their affairs in his hands . 8.82 Tissaphernes fails to pay Spartan soldiers . 8.83 Pelop sailors threaten Astyochus , who is recalled and replaced by Mindarus . 8.84 Hermocrates is banished from Syracuse , he opposes Sparta 's alliance with Persia . 8.85 Alcibiades prevents Samian soldiers ' attack on Athens , calls for end to the 400 . 8.86 Tissaphernes / Persia continues policy of letting Athens and Sparta wear each other out . 8.87 Alcibiades knew Tissaphernes would never send ships to support Sparta . 8.88 Oligarchs in Athens break ranks , Thermenes and Aristocrates fear Alcibiades power in Samos . 8.89 Phrynichus , Aristarchus , Pisander , and Antiphon most opposed to Democracy , again appeal to Sparta . Fortify the Piraeus . 8.90 The oligarchs ' plans . 8.91 The oligarchy collapses . 8.92 Oligarchs and soldiers meet on Acropolis and agree to reforms . 8.93 Pelop ships appear . 8.94 Pelop ships defeat Athenians , Euboea revolts . 8.95 Athens despairs . `` Lacedaemonians proved the most convenient people in the world for the Athenians to be at war with . '' 8.96 the 400 are deposed , the 5000 the `` best government '' in Thuc 's lifetime . A `` hoplite democracy , '' no pay for public service ( i.e. no thetes ) . 8.97 Pisander and Alexicles withdraw to Decelea , Aristarchus takes barbarian archers to Oenoe . The oligarchy is over . 8.98 Thrasybulus and Thrasyllus victory at sea renews Athens ' hope . 8.103 -- 8.106 Alcibiades returns . 8.108 abrupt ending of the history . 8.109 Some translations ( edit ) Title page to a translation by Thomas Hobbes Laurentius Valla , Treviso : J. Rubeus Vercellensis , 1483 Thomas Hobbes , 1628 William Smith , 1753 Johann David Heilmann , 1760 Full text -- Richard Crawley , 1874 Full text -- Benjamin Jowett , 1881 Edgar C. Marchant , 1900 Charles Forster Smith , 1919 Rex Warner , 1954 John H. Finley , Jr. , 1963 Walter Blanco , 1998 Steven Lattimore , 1998 Bryn Mawr review of Lattimore 's translation , which discusses the other major translations as well . See also ( edit ) Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 17 References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ K.J. Dover , `` Thucydides ' as History ' and ' as Literature , ' History and Theory ( 1983 ) 22 : 54 -- 63 . Jump up ^ J.B. Bury , History of Greece , 4th ed. , ( New York 1975 ) , p. 252 . Jump up ^ W.R. Connor , Thucydides , ( Princeton 1984 ) , pp. 231 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Donald Kagan , `` The Speeches in Thucydides and the Mytilene Debate '' , Yale Classical Studies ( 1975 ) 24 : 71 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Ernst Badian , `` Thucydides and the Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War . A Historian 's Brief '' in Conflict , Antithesis and the Ancient Historian , ed . June Allison , ( Columbus 1990 ) , pp. 46 -- 91 Jump up ^ Graziosi , Barbara . Inventing Homer : The Early Reception of Epic , 2002 , p. 118 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 80966 - 5 . Jump up ^ Westlake , H.D. ( 2010 ) . Individuals in Thucydides . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 14753 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Borimir ( 1 January 1986 ) . `` Religion in Thucydides '' . Transactions of the American Philological Association ( 1974 -- ) . 116 : 119 -- 47 . doi : 10.2307 / 283914 . JSTOR 283914 . Jump up ^ Leo Strauss `` Preliminary Observations on the gods in Thustaams Work '' `` Interpretation : A Journal of Political Philosophy '' 1974 4 : 1 1 -- 16 Jump up ^ Barbara Graziosi , Inventing Homer : The Early Reception of Epic , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Thucydides , History of the Peloponnesian War . Jump up ^ Thucydides , History of the Peloponnesian War 3.89. 2 -- 5 Jump up ^ Smid , T.C. : `` ' Tsunamis ' in Greek Literature '' , Greece & Rome , 2nd Ser. , Vol. 17 , No. 1 ( April , 1970 ) , pp. 100 -- 04 Jump up ^ Bury , J. B ( 1958 ) . The Ancient Greek Historians . New York : Dover Publications . p. 147 . Jump up ^ Bowker , Stan ( 1966 ) . `` Kitto At BC '' . The Heights . XLVI ( 16 ) . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands , Arthur Schlesinger Woodrow Wilson ( The American President Series ) , Times Books , 2003 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6955 - 6 Jump up ^ Histories : book 3 . Edited with notes , for the use of schools ( Oxford Clarendon Press ; 1901 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Connor , W. Robert , Thucydides . Princeton : Princeton University Press ( 1984 ) . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03569 - 5 . Crane , Gregory , Thucydides and the Ancient Simplicity : the Limits of Political Realism . Berkeley : University of California Press ( 1998 ) . Hornblower , Simon , A Commentary on Thucydides. 2 vols . Oxford : Clarendon ( 1991 -- 1996 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815099 - 7 ( vol. 1 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 927625 - 0 ( vol. 2 ) . Hornblower , Simon , Thucydides . London : Duckworth ( 1987 ) . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 2156 - 4 . Orwin , Clifford , The Humanity of Thucydides . Princeton : Princeton University Press ( 1994 ) . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03449 - 4 . Pade , Marianne , `` Thucydides '' , Catalogus Translationum et Commentariorum , 8 , pp. 104 -- 81 . Last accessed 1 March 2016 Romilly , Jacqueline de , Thucydides and Athenian Imperialism . Oxford : Basil Blackwell ( 1963 ) . ISBN 0 - 88143 - 072 - 2 . Rood , Tim , Thucydides : Narrative and Explanation . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( 1998 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927585 - 8 . Strassler , Robert B , ed . The Landmark Thucydides : A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War . New York : Free Press ( 1996 ) . ISBN 0 - 684 - 82815 - 4 . Thucydides , Thucydidis , olori fil , De bello peloponnesiacoa libri VIII , Versione Latina , ( London 1819 ) External links ( edit ) Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ιστορία του Πελοποννησιακού Πολέμου Quotations related to The Peloponnesian War at Wikiquote Works related to History of the Peloponnesian War at Wikisource The History of the Peloponnesian War public domain audiobook at LibriVox BNF : cb123205044 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War&oldid=815297097 '' Categories : History books about ancient Greece Books about military history 5th - century BC history books Unfinished books Ancient Greek works Peloponnesian War Ancient Greek military books Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2017 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Alemannisch Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Interlingua Italiano עברית Latina 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 00 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the historian who recorded the details of the peloponnesian war | [
"The History of the Peloponnesian War (Greek: Ἱστορίαι, \"Histories\") is a historical account of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), which was fought between the Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) and the Delian League (led by Athens). It was written by Thucydides, an Athenian historian who also happened to serve as an Athenian general during the war. His account of the conflict is widely considered to be a classic and regarded as one of the earliest scholarly works of history.[by whom?] The History is divided into eight books."
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"Thucydides"
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-3548262838546238731 | Scabies | Scabies - wikipedia Scabies Jump to : navigation , search For psychological condition , see The seven - year itch . Scabies Synonyms Seven - year itch Magnified view of a burrowing trail of the scabies mite . The scaly patch on the left was caused by the scratching and marks the mite 's entry point into the skin . The mite has burrowed to the top - right , where it can be seen as a dark spot at the end . Specialty Infectious disease , dermatology Symptoms itchiness , pimple - like rash Usual onset 2 -- 6 weeks ( first infection ) , ~ 1 day ( subsequent infections ) Causes Sarcoptes scabiei mite spread by close contact Risk factors Crowded living conditions ( child care facilities , group homes , prisons ) , lack of access to water Diagnostic method Based on symptoms Similar conditions Seborrheic dermatitis , dermatitis herpetiformis , pediculosis , atopic dermatitis Medication Permethrin , crotamiton , lindane , ivermectin Frequency 204 million / 2.8 % ( 2015 ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Scabies , previously known as the seven - year itch , is a contagious skin infestation by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei . The most common symptoms are severe itchiness and a pimple - like rash . Occasionally , tiny burrows may be seen in the skin . In a first ever infection a person will usually develop symptoms in between two and six weeks . During a second infection symptoms may begin in as little as 24 hours . These symptoms can be present across most of the body or just certain areas such as the wrists , between fingers , or along the waistline . The head may be affected , but this is typically only in young children . The itch is often worse at night . Scratching may cause skin breakdown and an additional bacterial infection of the skin . Scabies is caused by infection with the female mite Sarcoptes scabiei var . hominis . The mites burrow into the skin to live and deposit eggs . The symptoms of scabies are due to an allergic reaction to the mites . Often , only between 10 and 15 mites are involved in an infection . Scabies is most often spread during a relatively long period of direct skin contact with an infected person ( at least 10 minutes ) such as that which may occur during sex . Spread of disease may occur even if the person has not developed symptoms yet . Crowded living conditions , such as those found in child - care facilities , group homes , and prisons , increase the risk of spread . Areas with a lack of access to water also have higher rates of disease . Crusted scabies is a more severe form of the disease . It typically only occurs in those with a poor immune system and people may have millions of mites , making them much more contagious . In these cases , spread of infection may occur during brief contact or by contaminated objects . The mite is very small and usually not directly visible . Diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms . A number of medications are available to treat those infected , including permethrin , crotamiton , and lindane creams and ivermectin pills . Sexual contacts within the last month and people who live in the same house should also be treated at the same time . Bedding and clothing used in the last three days should be washed in hot water and dried in a hot dryer . As the mite does not live for more than three days away from human skin , more washing is not needed . Symptoms may continue for two to four weeks following treatment . If after this time symptoms continue , retreatment may be needed . Scabies is one of the three most common skin disorders in children , along with ringworm and bacterial skin infections . As of 2015 , it affects about 204 million people ( 2.8 % of the world population ) . It is equally common in both sexes . The young and the old are more commonly affected . It also occurs more commonly in the developing world and tropical climates . The word scabies is from Latin : scabere , `` to scratch '' . Other animals do not spread human scabies . Infection in other animals is typically caused by slightly different but related mites and is known as sarcoptic mange . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Itching 1.2 Rash 1.3 Crusted scabies 2 Cause 2.1 Scabies mite 2.2 Transmission 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Differential diagnosis 5 Prevention 6 Management 6.1 Permethrin 6.2 Ivermectin 6.3 Others 6.4 Communities 7 Epidemiology 8 History 9 Society and culture 10 Other animals 11 Research 12 References 13 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Commonly involved sites of rashes of scabies The characteristic symptoms of a scabies infection include intense itching and superficial burrows . The burrow tracks are often linear , to the point that a neat `` line '' of four or more closely placed and equally developed mosquito - like `` bites '' is almost diagnostic of the disease . Because the host develops the symptoms as a reaction to the mites ' presence over time , typically a delay of four to six weeks occurs between the onset of infestation and the onset of itching . Similarly , symptoms often persist for one to several weeks after successful eradication of the mites . As noted , those re-exposed to scabies after successful treatment may exhibit symptoms of the new infestation in a much shorter period -- as little as one to four days . Itching ( edit ) In the classic scenario , the itch is made worse by warmth , and is usually experienced as being worse at night , possibly because distractions are fewer . As a symptom , it is less common in the elderly . Rash ( edit ) The superficial burrows of scabies usually occur in the area of the finger webs , feet , ventral wrists , elbows , back , buttocks , and external genitals . Except in infants and the immunosuppressed , infection generally does not occur in the skin of the face or scalp . The burrows are created by excavation of the adult mite in the epidermis . In most people , the trails of the burrowing mites are linear or S - shaped tracks in the skin often accompanied by rows of small , pimple - like mosquito or insect bites . These signs are often found in crevices of the body , such as on the webs of fingers and toes , around the genital area , in stomach folds of the skin , and under the breasts of women . Symptoms typically appear two to six weeks after infestation for individuals never before exposed to scabies . For those having been previously exposed , the symptoms can appear within several days after infestation . However , symptoms may appear after several months or years . Acropustulosis , or blisters and pustules on the palms and soles of the feet , are characteristic symptoms of scabies in infants . Scabies of the foot Scabies of the arm Scabies of the hand Scabies of the finger Crusted scabies ( edit ) Crusted scabies in a person with AIDS The elderly , disabled , and people with an impaired immune system , such as HIV , cancer , or those on immunosuppressive medications , are susceptible to crusted scabies ( formerly called Norwegian scabies ) . On those with weaker immune systems , the host becomes a more fertile breeding ground for the mites , which spread over the host 's body , except the face . The mites in crusted scabies are not more virulent than in noncrusted scabies ; however , they are much more numerous ( up to two million ) . People with crusted scabies exhibit scaly rashes , slight itching , and thick crusts of skin that contain the large numbers of scabies mites . Due to being infected thusly , persons with crusted scabies are more contagious to other persons . Such areas make eradication of mites particularly difficult , as the crusts protect the mites from topical miticides / scabicides , necessitating prolonged treatment of these areas . Cause ( edit ) Scabies mite ( edit ) Main article : Sarcoptes scabiei Play media Video of the Sarcoptes scabiei mite Life cycle of scabies In the 18th century , Italian biologist Diacinto Cestoni ( 1637 -- 1718 ) described the mite now called Sarcoptes scabiei , variety hominis , as the cause of scabies . Sarcoptes is a genus of skin parasites and part of the larger family of mites collectively known as scab mites . These organisms have eight legs as adults , and are placed in the same phylogenetic class ( Arachnida ) as spiders and ticks . S. scabiei mites are under 0.5 mm in size , but are sometimes visible as pinpoints of white . Gravid females tunnel into the dead , outermost layer ( stratum corneum ) of a host 's skin and deposit eggs in the shallow burrows . The eggs hatch into larvae in three to ten days . These young mites move about on the skin and molt into a `` nymphal '' stage , before maturing as adults , which live three to four weeks in the host 's skin . Males roam on top of the skin , occasionally burrowing into the skin . In general , the total number of adult mites infesting a healthy hygienic person with noncrusted scabies is small , about 11 females in burrows , on average . The movement of mites within and on the skin produces an intense itch , which has the characteristics of a delayed cell - mediated inflammatory response to allergens . IgE antibodies are present in the serum and the site of infection , which react to multiple protein allergens in the body of the mite . Some of these cross-react to allergens from house dust mites . Immediate antibody - mediated allergic reactions ( wheals ) have been elicited in infected persons , but not in healthy persons ; immediate hypersensitivity of this type is thought to explain the observed far more rapid allergic skin response to reinfection seen in persons having been previously infected ( especially having been infected within the previous year or two ) . Transmission ( edit ) Scabies is contagious and can be contracted through prolonged physical contact with an infested person . This includes sexual intercourse , although a majority of cases are acquired through other forms of skin - to - skin contact . Less commonly , scabies infestation can happen through the sharing of clothes , towels , and bedding , but this is not a major mode of transmission ; individual mites can only survive for two to three days , at most , away from human skin at room temperature . As with lice , a latex condom is ineffective against scabies transmission during intercourse , because mites typically migrate from one individual to the next at sites other than the sex organs . Healthcare workers are at risk of contracting scabies from patients , because they may be in extended contact with them . Pathophysiology ( edit ) The symptoms are caused by an allergic reaction of the host 's body to mite proteins , though exactly which proteins remains a topic of study . The mite proteins are also present from the gut , in mite feces , which are deposited under the skin . The allergic reaction is both of the delayed ( cell - mediated ) and immediate ( antibody - mediated ) type , and involves IgE ( antibodies , it is presumed , mediate the very rapid symptoms on reinfection ) . The allergy - type symptoms ( itching ) continue for some days , and even several weeks , after all mites are killed . New lesions may appear for a few days after mites are eradicated . Nodular lesions from scabies may continue to be symptomatic for weeks after the mites have been killed . Rates of scabies were negatively related to temperature and positively related to humidity . Diagnosis ( edit ) A photomicrograph of an itch mite ( S. scabiei ) Scabies may be diagnosed clinically in geographical areas where it is common when diffuse itching presents along with either lesions in two typical spots or itchiness is present in another household member . The classical sign of scabies is the burrow made by a mite within the skin . To detect the burrow , the suspected area is rubbed with ink from a fountain pen or a topical tetracycline solution , which glows under a special light . The skin is then wiped with an alcohol pad . If the person is infected with scabies , the characteristic zigzag or S pattern of the burrow will appear across the skin ; however , interpreting this test may be difficult , as the burrows are scarce and may be obscured by scratch marks . A definitive diagnosis is made by finding either the scabies mites or their eggs and fecal pellets . Searches for these signs involve either scraping a suspected area , mounting the sample in potassium hydroxide and examining it under a microscope , or using dermoscopy to examine the skin directly . Differential diagnosis ( edit ) Symptoms of early scabies infestation mirror other skin diseases , including dermatitis , syphilis , erythema multiforme , various urticaria - related syndromes , allergic reactions , ringworm - related diseases , and other ectoparasites such as lice and fleas . Prevention ( edit ) Mass - treatment programs that use topical permethrin or oral ivermectin have been effective in reducing the prevalence of scabies in a number of populations . No vaccine is available for scabies . The simultaneous treatment of all close contacts is recommended , even if they show no symptoms of infection ( asymptomatic ) , to reduce rates of recurrence . Since mites can survive for only two to three days without a host , other objects in the environment pose little risk of transmission except in the case of crusted scabies , thus cleaning is of little importance . Rooms used by those with crusted scabies require thorough cleaning . Management ( edit ) A number of medications are effective in treating scabies . Treatment should involve the entire household , and any others who have had recent , prolonged contact with the infested individual . Options to control itchiness include antihistamines and prescription anti-inflammatory agents . Bedding , clothing and towels used during the previous three days should be washed in hot water and dried in a hot dryer . Permethrin ( edit ) Permethrin is the most effective treatment for scabies , and remains the treatment of choice . It is applied from the neck down , usually before bedtime , and left on for about eight to 14 hours , then washed off in the morning . Care should be taken to coat the entire skin surface , not just symptomatic areas ; any patch of skin left untreated can provide a `` safe haven '' for one or more mites to survive . One application is normally sufficient , as permethrin kills eggs and hatchlings , as well as adult mites , though many physicians recommend a second application three to seven days later as a precaution . Crusted scabies may require multiple applications , or supplemental treatment with oral ivermectin ( below ) . Permethrin may cause slight irritation of the skin that is usually tolerable . Ivermectin ( edit ) Oral ivermectin is effective in eradicating scabies , often in a single dose . It is the treatment of choice for crusted scabies , and is sometimes prescribed in combination with a topical agent . It has not been tested on infants , and is not recommended for children under six years of age . Topical ivermectin preparations have been shown to be effective for scabies in adults , though only one such formulation is available in the United States at present , and it is not FDA - approved as a scabies treatment . It has also been useful for sarcoptic mange ( the veterinary analog of human scabies ) . Others ( edit ) Other treatments include lindane , benzyl benzoate , crotamiton , malathion , and sulfur preparations . Lindane is effective , but concerns over potential neurotoxicity have limited its availability in many countries . It is banned in California , but may be used in other states as a second - line treatment . Sulfur ointments or benzyl benzoate are often used in the developing world due to their low cost ; Some 10 % sulfur solutions have been shown to be effective , and sulfur ointments are typically used for at least a week , though many people find the odor of sulfur products unpleasant . Crotamiton has been found to be less effective than permethrin in limited studies . Crotamiton or sulfur preparations are sometimes recommended instead of permethrin for children , due to concerns over dermal absorption of permethrin . Day 4 Day 8 ( treatment begins ) Day 12 ( under treatment ) Healed Communities ( edit ) Scabies is endemic in many developing countries , where it tends to be particularly problematic in rural and remote areas . In such settings , community - wide control strategies are required to reduce the rate of disease , as treatment of only individuals is ineffective due to the high rate of reinfection . Large - scale mass drug administration strategies may be required where coordinated interventions aim to treat whole communities in one concerted effort . Although such strategies have shown to be able to reduce the burden of scabies in these kinds of communities , debate remains about the best strategy to adopt , including the choice of drug . The resources required to implement such large - scale interventions in a cost - effective and sustainable way are significant . Furthermore , since endemic scabies is largely restricted to poor and remote areas , it is a public health issue that has not attracted much attention from policy makers and international donors . Epidemiology ( edit ) Scabies is one of the three most common skin disorders in children , along with tinea and pyoderma . As of 2010 , it affects about 100 million people ( 1.5 % of the population ) and is equally common in both genders . The mites are distributed around the world and equally infect all ages , races , and socioeconomic classes in different climates . Scabies is more often seen in crowded areas with unhygienic living conditions . Globally as of 2009 , an estimated 300 million cases of scabies occur each year , although various parties claim the figure is either over - or underestimated . About 1 -- 10 % of the global population is estimated to be infected with scabies , but in certain populations , the infection rate may be as high as 50 -- 80 % . History ( edit ) Wax figurine of a man with Norwegian scabies Scabies has been observed in humans since ancient times . Archeological evidence from Egypt and the Middle East suggests scabies was present as early as 494 BC . The first recorded reference to scabies is believed to be from the Bible -- it may be a type of `` leprosy '' mentioned in Leviticus c. 1200 BC or be mentioned among the curses of Deuteronomy 28 . In the fourth century BC , Aristotle reported on `` lice '' that `` escape from little pimples if they are pricked '' -- a description consistent with scabies . The Roman encyclopedist and medical writer Aulus Cornelius Celsus ( c. 25 BC -- 50 AD ) is credited with naming the disease `` scabies '' and describing its characteristic features . The parasitic etiology of scabies was documented by the Italian physician Giovanni Cosimo Bonomo ( 1663 -- 1696 ) in his 1687 letter , `` Observations concerning the fleshworms of the human body '' . Bonomo 's description established scabies as one of the first human diseases with a well - understood cause . In Europe in the late 19th through mid-20th centuries , a sulfur - bearing ointment called by the medical eponym of Wilkinson 's ointment was widely used for topical treatment of scabies . The contents and origins of several versions of the ointment were detailed in correspondence published in the British Medical Journal in 1945 . Society and culture ( edit ) The International Alliance for the Control of Scabies was started in 2012 , and brings together over 70 researchers , clinicians , and public - health experts from more than 15 different countries . It has managed to bring the global health implications of scabies to the attention of the World Health Organization . Consequently , the WHO has included scabies on its official list of neglected tropical diseases and other neglected conditions . Other animals ( edit ) Main articles : Sarcoptic mange and Acariasis A street dog in Bali , Indonesia , suffers from sarcoptic mange . Scabies may occur in a number of domestic and wild animals ; the mites that cause these infestations are of different subspecies from the one typically causing the human form . These subspecies can infest animals that are not their usual hosts , but such infections do not last long . Scabies - infected animals suffer severe itching and secondary skin infections . They often lose weight and become frail . The most frequently diagnosed form of scabies in domestic animals is sarcoptic mange , caused by the subspecies Sarcoptes scabiei canis , most commonly in dogs and cats . Sarcoptic mange is transmissible to humans who come into prolonged contact with infested animals , and is distinguished from human scabies by its distribution on skin surfaces covered by clothing . Scabies - infected domestic fowl suffer what is known as `` scaly leg '' . Domestic animals that have gone feral and have no veterinary care are frequently afflicted with scabies and a host of other ailments . Nondomestic animals have also been observed to suffer from scabies . Gorillas , for instance , are known to be susceptible to infection by contact with items used by humans . Research ( edit ) Moxidectin is being evaluated as a treatment for scabies . It is established in veterinary medicine to treat a range of parasites , including sarcoptic mange . Its advantage over ivermectin is its longer duration of action . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Parasites -- Scabies Disease '' . Center for Disease Control and Prevention . November 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Epidemiology & Risk Factors '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . November 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHO - Water - related Disease '' . World Health Organization . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scabies '' . World Health Organization . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferri , Fred F. ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter S '' . Ferri 's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms , signs , and clinical disorders ( 2nd ed. ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Elsevier / Mosby . ISBN 0323076998 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Parasites -- Scabies Medications '' . Center for Disease Control and Prevention . November 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Bali Animal Welfare Association '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Uganda : Out of the Wild '' . Frontline . Transcript A Death In Tehran FRONTLINE PBS ( section on rare diseases in Uganda ) . PBS . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved Nov 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mounsey , Kate E. ; Bernigaud , Charlotte ; Chosidow , Olivier ; McCarthy , James S. ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Prospects for Moxidectin as a New Oral Treatment for Human Scabies '' . PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases . 10 ( 3 ) : e0004389 . ISSN 1935 - 2727 . PMC 4795782 . PMID 26985995 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pntd. 0004389 . Jump up ^ Prichard , Roger ; Ménez , Cécile ; Lespine , Anne ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Moxidectin and the avermectins : Consanguinity but not identity '' . International Journal for Parasitology . Drugs and Drug Resistance. 2 : 134 -- 53 . ISSN 2211 - 3207 . PMC 3862425 . PMID 24533275 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijpddr. 2012.04. 001 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : B86 ICD - 9 - CM : 133.0 MeSH : D012532 DiseasesDB : 11841 External resources MedlinePlus : 000830 eMedicine : derm / 382 emerg / 517 ped / 2047 Patient UK : Scabies Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scabies . American Academy of Dermatology pamphlet on Scabies Scabies FAQ from the National Pediculosis Association Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology Growths Epidermal wart callus seborrheic keratosis acrochordon molluscum contagiosum actinic keratosis squamous - cell carcinoma basal - cell carcinoma Merkel - cell carcinoma nevus sebaceous trichoepithelioma Pigmented Freckles lentigo melasma nevus melanoma Dermal and subcutaneous epidermal inclusion cyst hemangioma dermatofibroma ( benign fibrous histiocytoma ) keloid lipoma neurofibroma xanthoma Kaposi 's sarcoma infantile digital fibromatosis granular cell tumor leiomyoma lymphangioma circumscriptum myxoid cyst Rashes With epidermal involvement Eczematous contact dermatitis atopic dermatitis seborrheic dermatitis stasis dermatitis lichen simplex chronicus Darier 's disease glucagonoma syndrome langerhans cell histiocytosis lichen sclerosus pemphigus foliaceus Wiskott -- Aldrich syndrome Zinc deficiency Scaling psoriasis tinea ( corporis cruris pedis manuum faciei ) pityriasis rosea secondary syphilis mycosis fungoides systemic lupus erythematosus pityriasis rubra pilaris parapsoriasis ichthyosis Blistering herpes simplex herpes zoster varicella bullous impetigo acute contact dermatitis pemphigus vulgaris bullous pemphigoid dermatitis herpetiformis porphyria cutanea tarda epidermolysis bullosa simplex Papular scabies insect bite reactions lichen planus miliaria keratosis pilaris lichen spinulosus transient acantholytic dermatosis lichen nitidus pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta Pustular acne vulgaris acne rosacea folliculitis impetigo candidiasis gonococcemia dermatophyte coccidioidomycosis subcorneal pustular dermatosis Hypopigmented tinea versicolor vitiligo pityriasis alba postinflammatory hyperpigmentation tuberous sclerosis idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis leprosy hypopigmented mycosis fungoides Without epidermal involvement Red Blanchable Erythema Generalized drug eruptions viral exanthems toxic erythema systemic lupus erythematosus Localized cellulitis abscess boil erythema nodosum carcinoid syndrome fixed drug eruption Specialized urticaria erythema ( multiforme migrans gyratum repens annulare centrifugum ab igne ) Nonblanchable Purpura Macular thrombocytopenic purpura actinic / solar purpura Papular disseminated intravascular coagulation vasculitis Indurated scleroderma / morphea granuloma annulare lichen sclerosis et atrophicus necrobiosis lipoidica Miscellaneous disorders Ulcers Hair telogen effluvium androgenic alopecia alopecia areata systemic lupus erythematosus tinea capitis loose anagen syndrome lichen planopilaris folliculitis decalvans acne keloidalis nuchae Nail onychomycosis psoriasis paronychia ingrown nail Mucous membrane Aphthous stomatitis oral candidiasis lichen planus leukoplakia pemphigus vulgaris mucous membrane pemphigoid cicatricial pemphigoid herpesvirus coxsackievirus syphilis systemic histoplasmosis squamous - cell carcinoma Diseases from arthropods and ectoparasitics ( B85 -- B89 , 132 -- 134 ) Insecta Louse Body louse ( pediculosis corporis ) / Head louse ( head lice infestation ) Crab louse ( phthiriasis ) Hemiptera Bed bug ( cimicosis ) Fly Dermatobia hominis / Cordylobia anthropophaga / Cochliomyia hominivorax ( myiasis ) Flea Tunga penetrans ( tungiasis ) Arachnida Acariasis / mange ( mites ) Acariformes House dust mite ( house dust mite allergy , oral mite anaphylaxis ) Trombidiformes Demodex brevis / Demodex folliculorum ( demodicosis , Demodex mite bite ) Trombicula ( trombiculosis , chigger bite ) Pyemotes herfsi Cheyletiella ( cheyletiellosis ) Sarcoptiformes Sarcoptes scabiei ( scabies ) Mesostigmata Dermanyssus gallinae ( gamasoidosis ) Liponyssoides sanguineus ( rickettsialpox ) Ticks Tick infestation Crustacea Pentastomida Linguatula serrata ( linguatulosis ) Porocephalus crotali / Armillifer armillatus ( porocephaliasis ) Sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) ( primarily A50 -- A64 , 090 -- 099 ) Bacterial Chancroid ( Haemophilus ducreyi ) Chlamydia / Lymphogranuloma venereum ( Chlamydia trachomatis ) Donovanosis or Granuloma Inguinale ( Klebsiella granulomatis ) Gonorrhea ( Neisseria gonorrhoeae ) Mycoplasma hominis infection ( Mycoplasma hominis ) Syphilis ( Treponema pallidum ) Ureaplasma infection ( Ureaplasma urealyticum ) Protozoal Trichomoniasis ( Trichomonas vaginalis ) Parasitic Crab louse / crabs Scabies Viral AIDS ( HIV - 1 / HIV - 2 ) Cervical cancer , vulvar cancer & Genital warts ( condyloma ) , Penile cancer , Anal cancer ( Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) ) Hepatitis B ( Hepatitis B virus ) Herpes simplex ( HSV1 / HSV2 ) Molluscum contagiosum ( MCV ) General inflammation female Cervicitis Pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID ) male Epididymitis Prostatitis either Proctitis Urethritis / Non-gonococcal urethritis ( NGU ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scabies&oldid=802420623 '' Categories : Parasitic infestations , stings , and bites of the skin Arthropod infestations Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles containing video clips RTT RTTID Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aymar aru বাংলা Беларуская Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 01 : 57 . 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1260596964729963406 | Superman logo | Superman logo - wikipedia Superman logo Jump to : navigation , search Superman Shield The standard version of the Superman `` S '' shield , mostly unchanged since 1940 . Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance Action Comics # 1 ( June 1938 ) Created by Joe Shuster ( later embellished by other artists ) In story information Type Emblem Element of stories featuring Superman The Superman shield , also known as the Superman logo , is the iconic emblem for the fictional DC Comics superhero Superman . As a representation of one of the first superheroes , it served as a template for character design decades after Superman 's first appearance . The tradition of wearing a representative symbol on the chest was mimicked by many subsequent superheroes , including Batman , Spider - Man , the Fantastic Four , Green Lantern , the Flash , Wonder Woman , Hawkman , and many others . In modern - day Superman stories published by DC , the symbol is typically explained as being Superman 's family crest from his home planet Krypton , known as the insignia of the House of El ; the `` El '' in Kryptonian language translates as `` hope '' , with its resemblance to Latin script letter S being merely a coincidence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Evolution of the symbol 2 Representations 2.1 House of El 2.2 Cape 2.3 Variants 2.4 Wearers of the Shield 3 Diamond and eight shield 4 References 5 External links Evolution of the symbol ( edit ) In its original inception in Action Comics # 1 , Superman 's symbol was a letter S with red and blue on a yellow police badge symbol that resembled a shield . The symbol was first changed a few issues later in Action Comics # 7 . The shield varied over the first few years of the comics , and many times was nothing more than an inverted triangle with an S inside of it . The shield first became a diamond in the Fleischer cartoon serial Superman . It was black with a red S outlined with white ( or occasionally with yellow ) . The S has varied in size and shape and the diamond shape containing it has also changed size and shape . Extreme examples of this would be the very large logo on the Dean Cain costume from the television series Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman and the comparatively small version of the shield as depicted in the 2006 film Superman Returns . It has , in most incarnations , retained its original color , while changing shape here and there . The classic logo is the basis for virtually all other interpretations of the logo . In the mid-1990s , when Superman 's costume and powers changed briefly , during the `` Superman Red / Superman Blue '' comic book storylines , the shield changed colors and slightly changed shape , in accordance with the changes in the costume . In 1997 's Superman Vol 2 # 123 Superman 's new powers forced him to find a suit that was capable of containing his new abilities . The effective material found to create Superman 's suit , along with being blue and silver , was also courtesy of Lex Luthor . Not only did the colors and powers change , the logo also evolved into a re-imagined `` electric '' emblem . In the miniseries Kingdom Come , an aged Superman sported an S - like symbol against a black background in a red pentagon . In the 2000s TV series Smallville , the S symbol originally appeared as a diamond with a vertical infinity symbol ( to be similar to the S ) , in an attempt to make it seem more alien . However , beginning with the Season Six opening episode `` Zod , '' Clark is given a crystal bearing the S logo in the style of the Superman Returns logo and is seen several times throughout the series and specifically in the season finale when a beam shaped like the logo hits a Phantom Zone escapee . The logo also appeared in the first episode of the series , when the students captured Clark by giving him a kryptonite necklace ( which they did n't know was a weakness ) and tied him to a cross-like beam in a cornfield and painted a red ' S ' on Clark 's chest ( standing for Scarecrow , which was what he was meant to be as part of a high school hazing tradition ) as a reference . Representations ( edit ) Initially , the S - shield had one meaning : S for Superman . One of the first alternative meanings was presented in Superman : The Movie , in which it was not an S , but rather the S - shaped Coat of arms of the House of El as it was Brando 's idea to have Jor - El wear the `` S '' as a family crest , folklore spun off from there . After the Superman reboot story The Man of Steel , the symbol 's story was that it was designed by Jonathan Kent and was derived from an ancient Native American symbol . The symbol was featured on a medicine blanket given to an ancestor of the Kent family by a Native American tribe after he helped to cure them of a plague and was supposed to represent a snake , an animal held to possess healing powers by the tribe ( implying that , by wearing this symbol , Superman was a metaphorical healer ) . This was also included in the 1997 Superman encyclopedia . In 2004 , Mark Waid 's Superman : Birthright series says the S - Shield is the Kryptonian symbol for `` hope '' and Superman believes it may have begun as a coat of arms for the House of El . Later , writer Geoff Johns confirmed it was indeed a coat of arms , as well as a symbol for hope . In the 2013 film Man of Steel , when asked by Lois Lane what the `` S '' stands for , Superman states that it is not an `` S '' , but rather the Kryptonian symbol for `` hope '' . In Supergirl ( TV series , 2015 ) Season 1 , episode 2 Kara states that the Kryptonian symbol stands for her family 's motto , `` Stronger together . '' House of El ( edit ) Marv Wolfman 's novelization of the film Superman Returns depicts the symbol as belonging to one of the three primary houses of Krypton that brought peace to the planet after a civil uprising , a serpent coiled inside a shield , a warning not to return to the ways of violence and deception . The shield has since been taken as a coat of arms , resulting in Jor - El 's continued presence in the council despite his `` mad '' findings . The other two are merely described , including Pol - Us ' eye of vigilance and Kol - Ar 's open hand of truth and justice . Cape ( edit ) In almost all versions , Superman 's red cape has an all - yellow version of the logo , with a thin black ( in the comics ) or red ( in movies , matching the red color of the cape ) line separating the areas . A notable exception is in Superman : The Animated Series , where the logo was absent from Superman 's cape . This was due to the difficulty in animating the S on the flowing cape . In the 2006 film Superman Returns , the logo appeared on the belt buckle in reverse colors ( yellow diamond and S with red background pieces ) instead of on Superman 's cape . The logo is also absent from Superman 's cape in the 2013 film Man of Steel . In the 2011 reboot of the comic book series , on his cape is a black pentagon and S with red background pieces . Variants ( edit ) In the 1960s the tiny bottle city of Kandor , the miniaturized capital city of the planet Krypton , resided in Superman 's Fortress of Solitude . Originally , certain inhabitants resembling Kal - El formed the Superman Emergency Squad and would , on occasion , leave the bottle , enter the Earth 's atmosphere and gain super powers in order to aid Superman . As designed by artist Curt Swan , their uniforms were similar to that of Superman save for the ' S ' on their chests which resembled the early version , the ' S ' and border in red on a yellow field , but in an elongated triangle . During the Reign of the Supermen story arc , Each of the four different Supermen was represented by a variant of the symbol , which each wore on their person . The Last Son of Krypton ( The Eradicator ) wore a normal shield when he attempted to continue Superman 's career . Later on , he wore a slightly altered , more curved version with an opening in the border and which was red and black instead of yellow and red . The Man of Tomorrow ( The Cyborg ) 's shield was half - normal on the left side , but the red darkened to an almost black color on the right half . Superboy wore an all - yellow symbol stitched into the back of his leather jacket , in addition to a normal one on his chest . The Man of Steel wore an all - metallic symbol . Black and red The modern Superboy wears a black and red variant of the symbol on his third costume . Lex Luthor hypothesized it is because that version of the symbol was everywhere following the death of Superman and his consequent first appearance . In Kingdom Come , Superman wears a black and red , simplified version following his return . After the Imperiex War , Superman wore the black and red variant to signify his mourning of the losses during the war . The Eradicator , for a time , wore a red and blacked , curvier version of the S - Shield . Bizarro 's symbol is a reversed purple and yellow version . The inverted symbol , first seen in 52 , means `` resurrection '' in Kryptonian . Jor - El sports a white symbol on his black clothing , as well as a black symbol on his white clothing in the 1978 Superman movie . In his modern appearances , Superman of Earth - 2 wears a slightly different version of the symbol . Its most notable difference is an exaggerated serif on the ' S ' . A variation of the symbol , designed as a stubbed red lightning bolt against a black shield has been used in several media , including an Elseworlds where Darkseid raised Kal - El , and was the basis of one of the final season of Superman : The Animated Series , and an episode named Brave New Metropolis from an alternate reality where Superman and Luthor took over Metropolis . A further variation , this time a white symbol against a red background , was used in episodes of Justice League and Justice League Unlimited , including an over the shoulder style cape and black costume . This version was a fascistic Superman and his Justice Lords who assassinated President Lex Luthor and then ruled the world with an iron fist after Luthor arranged the murder of The Flash . The symbol has been adapted to various flags in alternate realities , including the Nazi swastika ( in JL - Axis ) and Soviet Union hammer and sickle ( Superman : Red Son ) . In the movie Justice League : The New Frontier the symbol on his chest has black background pieces , resembling the Golden Age version . Wearers of the shield ( edit ) Main article : Superman dynasty Kryptonian family members of Superman wear the symbol , but sometimes it is worn to honor Superman . After the death of Superman , many DC Comics superheroes wore a black armband with the Superman logo . Superman Kal - El Kal - L ( variant ) Kal Kent ( variant ) Supergirl Kara Zor - El Linda Danvers Matrix Superboy Kal - El ( Superman as a teenager ; pre-1986 ) Conner Kent ( red and black variant ) Superboy - Prime ( carves an S - symbol in blood on his chest ) . Jonathan Samuel Kent ( the new Superboy in DC Rebirth , son of Superman and Lois Lane ) Superwoman Lucy Lane ( white and red variant ) House of El Jor - El ( Superman : Birthright , Superman , Action Comics # 850 , Man of Steel ) Mon - El Zor - El Others Krypto ( shown as tag on his collar ) Bizarro ( reversed ' S ' , sometimes purple and yellow ) The Superman Emergency Squad from Kandor , a red ' S ' in an elongated triangle Hank Henshaw ( red and black variant , like Kon - El . It is sometimes shown as a white and black variant ) Steel ( John Henry Irons ) Natasha Irons Eradicator ( variant ) Strange Visitor ( variant ) Preus Alura ( red and white variant ) Diamond and eight shield ( edit ) In the television series Smallville , an octagonal silver metallic key is used in the Kawatche caves , as well as in a transport device used to travel to the Fortress of Solitude . Along the edges are imprinted Kryptonian characters , one of which is the diamond border of the Superman shield with a figure 8 inside of the diamond instead of the S . The 8 - shield is later described as being from an ancient form of the Kryptonian language , while the modern symbol is the familiar S - shield . The familiar S - shield is seen in season 9 . It is used as Clark Kent 's calling card in his vigilante actions in Metropolis . Clark , known as the Blur , burns the sign using his heat vision in various places throughout the city . In the season 9 episode `` Rabid '' , Clark mentions while talking to Oliver Queen that the mark `` gives people hope . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Emblem History '' . Supermans-shop.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` S Photo History '' . Supermanhomepage.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Teen Titans Annual ( vol. 3 ) # 1 Jump up ^ Loeb , Jeph ( w ) . Superman v2 , 174 ( August 2001 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Memorable quotes for `` Smallville '' Rabid ( 2009 ) . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Superman homepage Superman 's Logo , Shield , Symbol and its History ! Superman Shield Evolution with picture Superman costume for black and white film ( brown , white , light blue ) ( hide ) Superman Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster Other writers and artists Characters List of DC Comics characters named Superman List of Superman supporting characters List of Superman enemies Locations Metropolis Ace o ' Clubs Daily Planet Daily Star Galaxy Communications LexCorp Project Cadmus Suicide Slum List of areas , landmarks , institutions and businesses Krypton Argo City Kandor Kryptonopolis Vathlo Island Apokolips Bizarro World Colu Daxam Fortress of Solitude Phantom Zone S.T.A.R. Labs Smallville Stryker 's Island Warworld Objects and material Kryptonite Supermobile History and themes Character and cast Dynasty Kryptonian Origin Powers and abilities Publication history Action Comics # 1 Action Comics # 1000 Superman and Lois Lane Symbol Ongoing publications Action Comics Batman / Superman Superboy Supergirl Superman Superman / Wonder Woman In other media In film Miscellaneous Alternative versions of Superman Superman ( gene ) Joanne Siegel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superman_logo&oldid=843577989 '' Categories : DC Comics objects Superman Logos Symbols introduced in 1938 Hidden categories : Comics infobox image less alt text Prop pop Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 02 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the s from superman come from | [
"In modern-day Superman stories published by DC, the symbol is typically explained as being Superman's family crest from his home planet Krypton, known as the insignia of the House of El; the \"El\" in Kryptonian language translates as \"hope\", with its resemblance to Latin script letter S being merely a coincidence.",
"In modern-day Superman stories published by DC, the symbol is typically explained as being Superman's family crest from his home planet Krypton, known as the insignia of the House of El; the \"El\" in Kryptonian language translates as \"hope\", with its resemblance to Latin script letter S being merely a coincidence."
] | [
"Superman's family crest",
"the insignia of the House of El"
] |
-7856652195995312416 | Victoria, Texas | Victoria , Texas - wikipedia Victoria , Texas This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) City and county seat in Texas , United States Victoria , Texas City and county seat City of Victoria Downtown Victoria in December 2007 Seal Location in the state of Texas Victoria , Texas Location in the state of Texas Victoria , Texas Victoria , Texas ( the US ) Show map of Texas Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 28 ° 49 ′ 1 '' N 96 ° 59 ′ 36 '' W / 28.81694 ° N 96.99333 ° W / 28.81694 ; - 96.99333 Coordinates : 28 ° 49 ′ 1 '' N 96 ° 59 ′ 36 '' W / 28.81694 ° N 96.99333 ° W / 28.81694 ; - 96.99333 Country United States State Texas County Victoria Government Type Council - manager Mayor Paul Polasek City Council Tom Halepaska Rafael DeLaGarza , III Jan Scott Josephine Soliz Dr. Andrew Young Jeff Bauknight City Manager Charmelle Garrett Area City and county seat 33.1 sq mi ( 85.8 km ) Land 33.0 sq mi ( 85.9 km ) Water 0.2 sq mi ( 0.2 km ) Elevation 95 ft ( 29 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City and county seat 62,592 Metro 116,000 Time zone CST ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP code 77901 , 77902 , 77903 , 77904 , 77905 Area code ( s ) 361 FIPS code 48 - 75428 GNIS feature ID 1370631 Website City of Victoria Victoria is the largest city and county seat of Victoria County , Texas . The population was 62,592 as of the 2010 census . The three counties of the Victoria Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 111,163 as of the 2000 census . Victoria is located 30 miles inland from the Gulf of Mexico . It is a regional hub for a seven - county area known as the `` Golden Crescent '' , and serves a retail trade area of over 250,000 people . Victoria is known as `` The Crossroads '' because of its location within a two - hour drive of Corpus Christi , Houston , San Antonio , and Austin . Victoria is named for General Guadalupe Victoria , who became the first president of independent Mexico . Victoria is the cathedral city of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Victoria in Texas . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Demographics 4 Governance 5 Education 6 Economy 7 Arts and culture 8 Recreation 9 Sports 10 Notable people 11 Points of interest 12 Transportation 13 Gallery 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) See also : De León 's Colony ( Texas ) The city of Guadalupe Victoria was founded in 1824 by Martín De León , a Mexican empresario , in honor of Guadalupe Victoria , the first President of the Republic of Mexico . Victoria was initially part of De León 's Colony , which had been founded that same year . By 1834 , the town had a population of approximately 300 . During the Texas Revolution , Guadalupe Victoria contributed soldiers and supplies to pro-revolutionary forces . However , after James Fannin was defeated by the Mexican army at the Battle of Coleto , the town was occupied by Mexican forces . After Santa Anna was defeated at the Battle of San Jacinto , the town 's Mexican residents were driven out by Anglo settlers , who renamed it Victoria . In 1840 , a Comanche raid on nearby Linnville killed many residents of the town . A cholera outbreak occurred in 1846 . During the mid-19th century , the city developed a large population of European immigrants , particularly Germans . By the turn of the 20th century , Victoria was experiencing rapid population growth thanks to its position as a regional trade center . The city 's advantageous proximity to Gulf Coast ports , the larger cities of San Antonio , Austin , and Corpus Christi , and prosperous industries in agriculture and petrochemicals solidified its prominence . The University of Houston -- Victoria was founded in 1971 . Geography ( edit ) Victoria is located on the coastal plains of Texas about 50 miles from the Gulf of Mexico and 20 miles from the nearest bay waters . It lies along and just to the east of the Guadalupe River . The topography is mostly flat to slightly rolling with an average elevation of 95 feet . Most of the city is underlain by smectite - rich clay which is locally capped by silt or fine sand ; the high shrink - swell potential associated with smectite creates major challenges to urban infrastructure . Vegetation in better - drained areas consists primarily of short grasses with post oaks and other small timber and brush . Moist sites can grow tall forests dominated by elm and pecan . Climate ( edit ) Victoria is classified as humid subtropical . June through August is very hot and humid with high temperatures regularly exceeding 90 ° F. The record high temperature of 111 ° F. was recorded in September 2000 . Spring and autumn are generally mild to warm with lower humidity . Winters are mild with occasional cold spells . The record low temperature was recorded in December 1989 , when the temperature dropped to 9 ° F. Snow is very infrequent , usually occurring on average once every 11 years . On December 24 -- 25 , 2004 , Victoria recorded its first White Christmas ever when 12.5 inches of snow fell. . Average monthly precipitation is lowest in winter and has a secondary minimum in August , with intense heat and humidity prevailing . On average , the wettest months are May , June , September and October ( the last two of these due to significant threat from tropical weather systems , including hurricanes , which can produce torrential rainfalls some years ) . Victoria has occasional severe weather , mostly from flooding . Hurricanes have the potential to bring severe damage to the area . Hurricane Claudette in July 2003 was the last hurricane to score a direct hit on the city . During this event , winds gusted to 83 mph at the Victoria Regional Airport and 90 % of the city lost power . The most intense hurricane to affect Victoria remains Hurricane Carla in September 1961 . In May 2013 , a rare tornado hit Victoria on a Saturday afternoon with tornado warnings everywhere from Corpus Christi to the southeast Houston / Sugarland Metro area . A short - lived tornado took a swipe at an open field northeast of Victoria , dodging all structures and causing no injuries but kicking up dirt and debris visible for miles . It was rare in the case that the area rarely gets tornados . Though when the Gulf Coast has a tornado it is usually associated with a hurricane . https://www.victoriaadvocate.com/news/2013/may/26/ew_tornado_052613_210572/ hide Climate data for Victoria Regional Airport , Texas ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1902 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 88 ( 31 ) 96 ( 36 ) 99 ( 37 ) 100 ( 38 ) 102 ( 39 ) 109 ( 43 ) 110 ( 43 ) 109 ( 43 ) 111 ( 44 ) 109 ( 43 ) 93 ( 34 ) 88 ( 31 ) 111 ( 44 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 79.4 ( 26.3 ) 82.9 ( 28.3 ) 86.5 ( 30.3 ) 89.5 ( 31.9 ) 93.9 ( 34.4 ) 96.9 ( 36.1 ) 98.5 ( 36.9 ) 100.5 ( 38.1 ) 97.5 ( 36.4 ) 92.8 ( 33.8 ) 86.2 ( 30.1 ) 81.1 ( 27.3 ) 101.3 ( 38.5 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 64.7 ( 18.2 ) 68.1 ( 20.1 ) 74.2 ( 23.4 ) 80.5 ( 26.9 ) 86.5 ( 30.3 ) 91.5 ( 33.1 ) 93.8 ( 34.3 ) 95.0 ( 35 ) 90.4 ( 32.4 ) 83.5 ( 28.6 ) 74.2 ( 23.4 ) 66.1 ( 18.9 ) 80.8 ( 27.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 43.1 ( 6.2 ) 46.4 ( 8 ) 52.5 ( 11.4 ) 59.3 ( 15.2 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 72.4 ( 22.4 ) 74.0 ( 23.3 ) 73.7 ( 23.2 ) 69.2 ( 20.7 ) 60.9 ( 16.1 ) 51.8 ( 11 ) 44.3 ( 6.8 ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 27.6 ( − 2.4 ) 30.1 ( − 1.1 ) 34.5 ( 1.4 ) 43.5 ( 6.4 ) 55.3 ( 12.9 ) 65.8 ( 18.8 ) 70.3 ( 21.3 ) 69.8 ( 21 ) 56.4 ( 13.6 ) 44.4 ( 6.9 ) 35.4 ( 1.9 ) 27.3 ( − 2.6 ) 23.5 ( − 4.7 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 9 ( − 13 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 33 ( 1 ) 45 ( 7 ) 54 ( 12 ) 61 ( 16 ) 61 ( 16 ) 45 ( 7 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 18 ( − 8 ) 9 ( − 13 ) 9 ( − 13 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.52 ( 64 ) 2.08 ( 52.8 ) 2.77 ( 70.4 ) 2.82 ( 71.6 ) 5.19 ( 131.8 ) 4.46 ( 113.3 ) 4.18 ( 106.2 ) 2.85 ( 72.4 ) 4.16 ( 105.7 ) 4.64 ( 117.9 ) 3.24 ( 82.3 ) 2.31 ( 58.7 ) 41.22 ( 1,047 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) trace 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) trace 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0.4 ( 1 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 8.4 8.1 7.1 6.1 7.1 8.9 7.9 8.1 9.5 7.6 7.3 8.1 94.2 Source : NOAA Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 806 -- 1860 1,986 146.4 % 1870 2,534 27.6 % 1890 3,046 -- 1900 4,010 31.6 % 1910 3,673 − 8.4 % 1920 5,957 62.2 % 1930 7,421 24.6 % 1940 11,566 55.9 % 1950 16,126 39.4 % 1960 33,047 104.9 % 1970 41,349 25.1 % 1980 50,695 22.6 % 55,076 8.6 % 2000 60,603 10.0 % 62,592 3.3 % Est. 2016 67,670 8.1 % U.S. Decennial Census As of census of 2000 , 60,603 people , 22,129 households , and 15,755 families resided in the city . The population density was 1,838.3 people per square mile ( 709.7 / km2 ) . There were 24,192 housing units at an average density of 733.8 per square mile ( 283.3 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 55.2 % White , Hispanic or Latino of any race were 42.4 % of the population , 7.59 % African American , 0.51 % Native American , 1.01 % Asian , 0.04 % Pacific Islander , 17.31 % from other races , and 2.35 % from two or more races . Of the 22,129 households , 36.1 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 52.4 % were married couples living together , 14.3 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 28.8 % were not families . About 24.5 % of all households were made up of an individual , and 10.0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.21 . In the city , the population was distributed as 28.8 % under the age of 18 , 9.7 % from 18 to 24 , 28.0 % from 25 to 44 , 21.0 % from 45 to 64 , and 12.6 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 34 years . For every 100 females , there were 92.6 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 88.8 males . The median income for a household in the city was $36,829 , and for a family was $42,866 . Males had a median income of $34,184 versus $21,161 for females . The per capita income for the city was $19,009 . About 12.2 % of families and 14.7 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 20.4 % of those under the age of 18 and 12.2 % ages 65 or older . Governance ( edit ) Victoria is administered by a city council of seven members . The council is composed of six council members and an elected mayor , accompanied by a hired city manager under the manager - council system of municipal governance . The council is elected under four single - member districts ( numbered 1 through 4 ) , two `` super districts '' ( numbered 5 and 6 ; Super District 5 overlays Districts 1 and 2 while Super District 6 overlays Districts 3 and 4 ) ; the mayor is elected at - large . Victoria also serves as the county seat of Victoria County . Education ( edit ) The Victoria Independent School District serves the city . Victoria has several private education options including Trinity Episcopal School , Faith Academy , Northside Baptist School , Our Lady of Victory School , Nazareth Academy , and St. Joseph High School . Victoria College , a two - year community college , and the University of Houston -- Victoria , a separate independent four - year campus of the University of Houston System , provide post-secondary educational opportunities . Economy ( edit ) Victoria 's economy is a mix of education , health , retail , agriculture , and industry . Its access to major highways , the Victoria Regional Airport , railway terminals , the shallow draft Port of Victoria , and the deep water Port of Port Lavaca - Point Comfort help to sustain a healthy environment for business . Major industrial employers in the region include Formosa Plastics Corp , Inteplast Group , Dow , Invista , and Alcoa . Arts and culture ( edit ) Victoria has many performing arts and theatre events and venues . Theatre Victoria offers six productions in a season that runs from July to May . Performances are held in the newly renovated Leo J. Welder Center , a fully equipped , modern performing space located downtown . The Victoria Symphony Orchestra and Victoria Ballet provide several performances each year . For a week each June , the Victoria Bach Festival welcomes musicians from across the country to fill theatres , churches , and outdoor spaces with engaging musical performances . Several museums are located in Victoria . They include the McNamara House ( a social history museum ) , the Nave ( art ) , the Children 's Discovery Museum , and the Museum of the Coastal Bend ( MCB ) . The MCB showcases the rich multicultural heritage of the region , and includes prominent displays of artifacts found from La Salle 's colony in the late 17th century . The Victoria Art League is home to many local artist and is located in one of the Texas Registered Historical Landmark buildings at 905 S. Bridge Street . The building was built in 1898 and has been the home of the Victoria Art League since 1999 . The Victoria Art League is the only visual arts organization in Victoria . Presidio La Bahia and Mission Espiritu Santo is located a short 30 - minute drive from Victoria . La Bahia is the best - preserved Spanish presidio in the United States , and Espiritu Santo is an excellent example of an early Spanish colonial church and mission . Recreation ( edit ) Victoria 's 562 - acre ( 2.27 - km ) Riverside Park is home to the Texas Zoo , which houses more than 200 species of animals and plants indigenous to Texas , exhibiting them in their natural habitats . The park is also home to more than 15 baseball fields which are occupied during the spring and summer by teams from the Victoria Metro region . Also in Riverside Park on the Guadalupe River is the Victoria Paddling trail . This 4.2 - mile stretch of the Guadalupe River is bordered by soft banks rather than the limestone bluffs of the Hill Country . Boating and freshwater fishing are available at two area reservoirs , Lake Texana and Coleto Lake . Many residents also take advantage of the nearby Gulf of Mexico . Port O'Connor , 50 miles to the southeast , is renowned for bay , off - shore and wade fishing . Three golf courses are located in Victoria : the Victoria Country Club , Riverside Golf Course , and Colony Creek Country Club . The major shopping center is Victoria Mall . Sports ( edit ) The UHV Jaguars compete in baseball , softball , soccer , and golf as a member of the Red River Athletic Conference in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) Division I . The Victoria Generals compete in the Texas Collegiate League , a summer baseball league . The Generals won the 2010 TCL championship . Notable people ( edit ) Stone Cold Steve Austin -- wrestler , actor Doug Drabek -- MLB pitcher , winner of 1990 Cy Young Award Kyle Drabek -- MLB pitcher Ron Gant -- former MLB player Doug Hazlewood , comic book creator Bruce Herron - former NFL player for Chicago Bears Edward F. Knipling -- entomologist Kevin Kolb -- former NFL quarterback Frankie Miller -- Country musician Geanie Morrison -- Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives since 1999 from District 30 , which includes Victoria County Cowboy Troy ( Troy Lee Coleman III ) -- singer Jerheme Urban -- former NFL wide receiver Noël Wells -- ( SNL cast member 2013 -- 2014 ; cast of Netflix original Master of None 2015 Points of interest ( edit ) Rosebud Fountain and Grill has been highlighted on Bob Phillips ' Texas Country Reporter . DeLeon Plaza and Bandstand , originally known as ' Plaza de la Constitucion ' , was one of four public squares set aside by colony founder Martin de Leon . The plaza is filled with local monuments and memorials , shade trees , a bandstand built in 1890 , and information about the six flags over Texas . The Victoria County Courthouse , located at Bridge and Constitution Streets , was built in 1892 in Romanesque architecture by James R. Gordan in the style of Henry Richardson . The structure is made of Texas granite and Indiana limestone . Fossati 's Delicatessen is located in downtown Victoria , it was opened in 1882 by Italian immigrant Fraschio ( `` Frank '' ) Napoleon Fossati . After 125 years , Fossati 's is still owned and operated by the same family . La Sendera Restaurant is located at One O'Conner building formerly known as the Wells Fargo Building . Near Deleon Plaza , it is the highest point in the city at 382 ft . It opened in 1992 and since has been a well known place in Victoria . It offers 360 degree field of view of Victoria and an American / seafood cuisine . The Rosebud Fountain and Grill downtown is a restoration of the diner atmosphere popular in the 1950s . The restaurant , located in a bright - red corner building at North Main and West Constitution Streets , has been featured in Bob Phillips ' Texas Country Reporter syndicated television series . Downtown Victoria has the second - oldest Roman Catholic Church in Texas and first to be canonically established in the Republic of Texas , St. Mary 's Church . The Islamic Center of Victoria is a mosque in Victoria . It burned down on January 28 , 2017 . By January 31 , more than $950,000 had been raised to rebuild it . In June , 2017 , a Texas man , named Marq Vincent Perez , was indicted on federal hate crime for the arson attack on the Islamic Center and mosque . Transportation ( edit ) Known as the South Texas Crossroads , Victoria is located at the intersection of three major U.S. highways : US Highway 59 ( I - 69 and I - 69W ) is a four - lane divided , interstate - quality highway extending southwest to Laredo and northeast to Houston , where it meets Interstate 10 and Interstate 45 . It is also known as the Lloyd M. Bentsen Highway . US 59 is planned to be included within the future Interstate 69 from Victoria to Tenaha ( once fully completed the mainline of Interstate 69 will travel from Brownsville , Texas to Port Huron , Michigan ) . US 59 is planned to be included within the future Interstate 69W from Victoria to Laredo . US Highway 77 ( Future I - 69E ) travels north from Victoria to the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex , intersecting Interstate 10 , Interstate 35 and Interstate 37 . US 77 travels south via a four - lane divided highway to the Rio Grande Valley . US 77 is planned to be included within the future Interstate 69E from Victoria to Brownsville . US Highway 87 travels northwest connecting Victoria to San Antonio , providing access to Interstate 35 . US 87 also connects with Port Lavaca to the southeast . Victoria is a regional transportation hub for the surrounding counties , with local access to major large and small freight carriers , Victoria Regional Airport , railway terminals , the shallow draft Port of Victoria and the deep water Port of Port Lavaca -- Point Comfort . In 2002 , Victoria Transit began operation of a citywide transportation system . It currently offers bus service on four fixed routes consisting of 70 stops . Gallery ( edit ) Wells Fargo tops the Victoria skyline Downtown Victoria A second look at downtown Victoria The historic First Baptist Church of Victoria dates to 1852 , though the sanctuary was completed during the 1960s . St. Mary 's Catholic Church in downtown Victoria Nave Museum DeLeon Plaza and Bandstand Confederate Monument in downtown park in Victoria Goodwin Street in downtown Victoria References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2007 ( CBSA - EST2007 - 01 ) '' . 2007 Population Estimates . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . 2008 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Texas Transportation Commission , Texas State Travel Guide , 2008 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Roell , Craig H. ( 2010 - 06 - 12 ) . `` DE LEON , MARTIN '' . tshaonline.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Roell , Craig H. ( 2010 - 06 - 12 ) . `` DE LEON 'S COLONY '' . tshaonline.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Shook , Robert W. ( 2010 - 06 - 15 ) . `` VICTORIA , TX '' . tshaonline.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Roell , Craig H. ( 2010 - 06 - 15 ) . `` LINNVILLE RAID OF 1840 '' . tshaonline.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htm Web Soil Survey Jump up ^ The Vegetation Types of Texas . Texas Parks and Wildlife , 1984 . Jump up ^ `` White Christmas in South Texas -- 2004 '' . National Weather Service Forecast Office . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : TX VICTORIA RGNL AP '' . National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . Map of Victoria City Council Districts Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . Map of Victoria City Council Super Districts Jump up ^ Vernon N. Kisling , Jr. , ed. ( 2001 ) . `` Zoological Gardens of the United States ( chronological list ) '' . Zoo and Aquarium History . USA : CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 3924 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Drabek Stats '' . Baseball Almanac . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Drabek '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Grant Stats '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria Artist Due at Fair , '' The Victoria Advocate ( June 15 , 1989 ) . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Kolb '' . databaseFootball.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jerheme Urban '' . databaseFootball.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Handbook of Texas Online -- ST . MARY 'S CHURCH ^ Jump up to : Eleftheriou - Smith , Loulla - Mae ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Burned down mosque in Texas to be rebuilt after Americans donate over $800,000 in a day '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , Jon ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fire destroys mosque ; cause undetermined ( w / video ) '' . Victoria Advocate . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skinner , Curtis ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` More than $900,000 raised to rebuild fire - ravaged Texas mosque '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Larimer , Sarah ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` A fire destroyed this Texas mosque . Thousands have chipped in to help rebuild it '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Liam ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Hate Crime Charge for Man Accused in Texas Mosque Fire '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . 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-5040672371931060118 | Pottery of ancient Greece | Pottery of ancient Greece - wikipedia Pottery of ancient Greece Jump to : navigation , search Amphorae designed for marine transport , taken from shipwrecks of the Bronze Age , on display in the Museum of Underwater Archaeology at Bodrum Castle , Turkey . The Hirschfeld Krater , mid-8th century BC , from the late Geometric period , depicting ekphora , the act of carrying a body to its grave . National Archaeological Museum , Athens . Ancient Greek pottery , due to its relative durability , comprises a large part of the archaeological record of ancient Greece , and since there is so much of it ( over 100,000 painted vases are recorded in the Corpus vasorum antiquorum ) , it has exerted a disproportionately large influence on our understanding of Greek society . The shards of pots discarded or buried in the 1st millennium BC are still the best guide available to understand the customary life and mind of the ancient Greeks . There were several vessels produced locally for everyday and kitchen use , yet finer pottery from regions such as Attica was imported by other civilizations throughout the Mediterranean , such as the Etruscans in Italy . There were various specific regional varieties , such as the South Italian ancient Greek pottery . Throughout these places , various types and shapes of vases were used . Not all were purely utilitarian ; large Geometric amphorae were used as grave markers , kraters in Apulia served as tomb offerings and Panathenaic Amphorae seem to have been looked on partly as objets d'art , as were later terracotta figurines . Some were highly decorative and meant for elite consumption and domestic beautification as much as serving a storage or other function , such as the krater with its usual use in diluting wine . Earlier Greek styles of pottery , called `` Aegean '' rather than `` Ancient Greek '' , include Minoan pottery , very sophisticated by its final stages , Cycladic pottery , Minyan ware and then Mycenaean pottery in the Bronze Age , followed by the cultural disruption of the Greek Dark Age . As the culture recovered Sub-Mycenaean pottery finally blended into the Protogeometric style , which begins Ancient Greek pottery proper . The rise of vase painting saw increasing decoration . Geometric art in Greek pottery was contiguous with the late Dark Age and early Archaic Greece , which saw the rise of the Orientalizing period . The pottery produced in Archaic and Classical Greece included at first black - figure pottery , yet other styles emerged such as red - figure pottery and the white ground technique . Styles such as West Slope Ware were characteristic of the subsequent Hellenistic period , which saw vase painting 's decline . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rediscovery and scholarship 2 Uses and types 3 Clay 3.1 Manufacture 3.1. 1 Levigation 3.1. 2 Wheel 3.1. 3 Slip 3.2 Firing 3.3 Vase painting 3.3. 1 Development of pottery painting 3.3. 1.1 Bronze Age 3.3. 1.1. 1 Protogeometric styles 3.3. 1.1. 2 Geometric style 3.3. 1.1. 3 Orientalizing style 3.3. 1.2 Attic vase painting 3.3. 1.2. 1 Black figure 3.3. 1.2. 2 Red figure 3.3. 1.2. 3 White ground technique 3.3. 1.3 Relief and plastic vases 3.3. 1.4 Hellenistic period 4 Inscriptions 5 Figurines 6 Relationship to metalwork and other materials 7 See also 8 References and sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Rediscovery and scholarship ( edit ) Disjecta membra ( a fragment of ancient Greek pottery ) Interest in Greek art lagged behind the revival of classical scholarship during the Renaissance and revived in the academic circle round Nicholas Poussin in Rome in the 1630s . Though modest collections of vases recovered from ancient tombs in Italy were made in the 15th and 16th centuries these were regarded as Etruscan . It is possible that Lorenzo de Medici bought several Attic vases directly from Greece ; however the connection between them and the examples excavated in central Italy was not made until much later . Winckelmann 's Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums of 1764 first refuted the Etruscan origin of what we now know to be Greek pottery yet Sir William Hamilton 's two collections , one lost at sea the other now in the British Museum , were still published as `` Etruscan vases '' ; it would take until 1837 with Stackelberg 's Gräber der Hellenen to conclusively end the controversy . Much of the early study of Greek vases took the form of production of albums of the images they depict , however neither D'Hancarville's nor Tischbein 's folios record the shapes or attempt to supply a date and are therefore unreliable as an archaeological record . Serious attempts at scholary study made steady progress over the 19th century starting with the founding of the Instituto di Corrispondenza in Rome in 1828 ( later the German Archaeological Institute ) , followed by Eduard Gerhard 's pioneering study Auserlesene Griechische Vasenbilder ( 1840 to 1858 ) , the establishment of the journal Archaeologische Zeitung in 1843 and the Ecole d'Athens 1846 . It was Gerhard who first outlined the chronology we now use , namely : Orientalizing ( Geometric , Archaic ) , Black Figure , Red Figure , Polychromatic ( Hellenistic ) . Neoclassical `` Black Basalt '' Ware vase by Wedgwood , c. 1815 AD Finally it was Otto Jahn 's 1854 catalogue Vasensammlung of the Pinakothek , Munich , that set the standard for the scientific description of Greek pottery , recording the shapes and inscriptions with a previously unseen fastidousness . Jahn 's study was the standard textbook on the history and chronology of Greek pottery for many years , yet in common with Gerhard he dated the introduction of the red figure technique to a century later than was in fact the case . This error was corrected when the Aρχαιολογικη ' Εταιρεια undertook the excavation of the Acropolis in 1885 and discovered the so - called `` Persian debris '' of red figure pots destroyed by Persian invaders in 480 BC . With a more soundly established chronology it was possible for Adolf Furtwängler and his students in the 1880s and 90s to date the strata of his archaeological digs by the nature of the pottery found within them , a method of seriation Flinders Petrie was later to apply to unpainted Egyptian pottery . Where the 19th century was a period of discovery and the laying out of first principles , the 20th century has been one of consolidation and intellectual industry . Efforts to record and publish the totality of public collections of vases began with the creation of the Corpus vasorum antiquorum under Edmond Pottier and the Beazley archive of John Beazley . Beazley and others following him have also studied fragments of Greek pottery in institutional collections , and have attributed many painted pieces to individual artists . Scholars have called these fragments disjecta membra ( Latin for `` scattered parts '' ) and in a number of instances have been able to identify fragments now in different collections that belong to the same vase . Uses and types ( edit ) Diagram of the parts of a typical Athenian vase , in this case a volute krater The names we use for Greek vase shapes are often a matter of convention rather than historical fact , a few do illustrate their own use or are labeled with their original names , others are the result of early archaeologists attempt to reconcile the physical object with a known name from Greek literature -- not always successfully . To understand the relationship between form and function Greek pottery may be divided in four broad categories , given here with common types : storage and transport vessels , including the amphora , pithos , pelike , hydria , pyxis , mixing vessels , mainly for symposia or male drinking parties , including the krater , and dinos , jugs and cups , several types of kylix also just called cups , kantharos , phiale , skyphos , oinochoe and loutrophoros , vases for oils , perfumes and cosmetics , including the large lekythos , and the small aryballos and alabastron . Some vase shapes were especially associated with rituals , others with athletics and the gymnasium . Within each category the forms are roughly the same in scale and whether open or closed , where there is uncertainty we can make good proximate guesses of what use a piece would have served . Some have a purely ritual function , for example white ground lekythoi contained the oil used as funerary offerings and appear to have been made solely with that object in mind . Many examples have a concealed second cup inside them to give the impression of being full of oil , as such they would have served no other useful gain . Some vessels were designed as grave markers . There was an international market for Greek pottery since the 8th century BC , which Athens and Corinth dominated down to the end of the 4th century BC . An idea of the extent of this trade can be gleaned from plotting the find maps of these vases outside of Greece , though this could not account for gifts or immigration . Only the existence of a second hand market could account for the number of panathenaics found in Etruscan tombs . South Italian wares came to dominate the export trade in the Western Mediterranean as Athens declined in political importance during the Hellenistic period . Clay ( edit ) The process of making a pot and firing it is fairly simple . The first thing a potter needs is clay . Attica 's high - iron clay gave its pots an orange color . Manufacture ( edit ) External video Making Greek Vases , produced by the J. Paul Getty Museum hosted at Smarthistory Exekias , Attic black figure amphora with Ajax and Achilles playing a game Mixing Vessel with Odysseus Escaping from the Cyclops ' Cave all hosted at Smarthistory Levigation ( edit ) When clay is first dug out of the ground it is full of rocks and shells and other useless items that need to be removed . To do this the potter mixes the clay with water and lets all the impurities sink to the bottom . This is called levigation or elutriation . This process can be done many times . The more times this is done , the smoother clay becomes . Wheel ( edit ) The clay is then kneaded by the potter and placed on a wheel . Once the clay is on the wheel the potter can shape it into any of the many shapes shown below , or anything else he desires . Wheel made pottery dates back to roughly 2500 BC where before the coil method of building the walls of the pot was employed . Most Greek vases were wheel - made , though as with the Rhyton mould - made pieces ( so - called `` plastic '' pieces ) are also found and decorative elements either hand formed or by mould were added to thrown pots . More complex pieces were made in parts then assembled when it was leather hard by means of joining with a slip , where the potter returned to the wheel for the final shaping , or turning . Sometimes , a young man helped turn the wheel . Slip ( edit ) The pots were usually made in sections such as the body and feet and spout . Even the body , if it were larger than 20 centimeters , might be made in separate sections and glued together later with a thin watery clay called slip . After the pot is made then the potter paints it with a very pure black slip made from a specially prepared clay using brushes made from a single hair . It was thus slipped and then incised ready for the kiln . Firing ( edit ) A potter 's workshop . Side B from a Corinthian black - figure pinax , ca . 575 -- 550 Previously it was believed that Greek pottery , unlike today 's pottery , was only fired once , but that firing had three stages . New studies instead provide material evidence that the pottery was made with two or more separate firings in which the pottery is subjected to multiple firing stages . The most commonly described sequence of firing stages is one in which the pottery is stacked inside the kiln the potter heats the kiln up to around 800 ° C with all the vents on the sides open to let air in . This turns the pottery and the paint red all over . Once the kiln reaches 800 ° C the vents are closed and the temperature is raised to 950 ° C and then allowed to drop back to 900 ° C . This turns the pottery and the paint all black . The potter then starts the third and final phase by opening the vents and allowing the kiln to cool all the way down . This last phase leaves the slip black but turns the pottery back to red . This happens because when the clay is given air it turns red , but when the black slip is heated to 950 ° C it no longer allows air in . Thus , the slipped area stays black while the bare areas stay red . While the description of a single firing with three stages may seem economical and efficient , it is equally possible that each of these stages was confined to separate firings . The striking black slip with a metallic sheen , so characteristic of Greek pottery , was a fine suspension ( colloidal fraction ) of an illitic clay with very low calcium oxide content which was rich in iron oxides and hydroxides , differentiating from that used for the body of the vase in terms of the calcium content , the exact mineral composition and the particle size . This clay suspension was most probably collected in situ from illitic clay beds and was then processed through levigation . To aid in the levigation step , it is likely that the Attic black slip was treated with deflocculants as indicated by trace levels of contaminants to the clay , such as Zn associated with vitriol . This clay suspension was thickened by concentration to a paste and was used for the decoration of the surface of the vase . The paint was applied on the areas intended to become black after firing . The black color effect was achieved by means of changing the amount of oxygen present during firing . This was done in a process known as three - phase firing and was likely accomplished with multiple firings of the pottery . First , the kiln was heated to around 920 -- 950 ° C , with all vents open bringing oxygen into the firing chamber and turning both pot and slip a reddish - brown ( oxidising conditions ) due to the formation of hematite ( Fe O ) in both the paint and the clay body . Then the vent was closed and green wood introduced , creating carbon monoxide which turns the red hematite to black magnetite ( Fe O ) ; at this stage the temperature decreases due to incomplete combustion . In a final reoxidizing phase ( at about 800 -- 850 ° C ) the kiln was opened and oxygen reintroduced causing the unslipped reserved clay to go back to orange - red . In the previous phase , chemical composition of the slipped surface had been altered , so it could no longer be oxidized and remained black . The technique which is mostly known as the `` iron reduction technique '' was decoded with the contribution of scholars , ceramists and scientists since the mid 18th century onwards to the end of the 20th century , i.e. Comte de Caylus ( 1752 ) , Durand - Greville ( 1891 ) , Binns and Fraser ( 1925 ) , Schumann ( 1942 ) , Winter ( 1959 ) , Bimson ( 1956 ) , Noble ( 1960 , 1965 ) , Hofmann ( 1962 ) , Oberlies ( 1968 ) , Pavicevic ( 1974 ) , Aloupi ( 1993 ) , Walton ( 2009 ) , Walton ( 2014 ) . Vase painting ( edit ) Further information : List of Greek vase painters and Ancient Greek art ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) From left to right : ( 1 ) Black - figure amphora by Exekias , Achilles and Ajax engaged in a game , c. 540 -- 530 BC ( 2 ) Red - figure scene of women playing music by the Niobid Painter ( 3 ) Bilingual amphora by the Andokides Painter , c. 520 BC ( Munich ) ( 4 ) Apollo and his raven on a white - ground bowl by the Pistoxenos Painter . The most familiar aspect of ancient Greek pottery is painted vessels of fine quality . These were not the everyday pottery used by most people but were sufficiently cheap to be accessible to a wide range of the population . Few examples of ancient Greek painting have survived so modern scholars have to trace the development of ancient Greek art partly through ancient Greek vase - painting , which survives in large quantities and is also , with Ancient Greek literature , the best guide we have to the customary life and mind of the ancient Greeks . Development of pottery painting ( edit ) Bronze Age ( edit ) Fine painting on Greek pottery goes back to the Minoan pottery and Mycenaean pottery of the Bronze Age , some later examples of which show the ambitious figurative painting that was to become highly developed and typical . After many centuries dominated by styles of geometric decoration , becoming increasingly complex , figurative elements returned in force in the 8th century . From the late 7th century to about 300 BC evolving styles of figure - led painting were at their peak of production and quality and were widely exported . Protogeometric amphora , BM During the Greek Dark Age , spanning the 11th to 8th centuries BC , the prevalent early style was that of the protogeometric art , predominantly utilizing circular and wavy decorative patterns . This was succeeded in mainland Greece , the Aegean , Anatolia , and Italy by the style of pottery known as geometric art , which employed neat rows of geometric shapes . The period of Archaic Greece , beginning in the 8th century BC and lasting until the late 5th century BC , saw the birth of Orientalizing period , led largely by ancient Corinth , where the previous stick - figures of the geometric pottery become fleshed out amid motifs that replaced the geometric patterns . Protogeometric styles ( edit ) See also : Protogeometric art Vases of the protogeometrical period ( c. 1050 -- 900 BC ) represent the return of craft production after the collapse of the Mycenaean Palace culture and the ensuing Greek dark ages . It is one of the few modes of artistic expression besides jewelry in this period since the sculpture , monumental architecture and mural painting of this era are unknown to us . By 1050 BC life in the Greek peninsula seems to have become sufficiently settled to allow a marked improvement in the production of earthenware . The style is confined to the rendering of circles , triangles , wavy lines and arcs , but placed with evident consideration and notable dexterity , probably aided by compass ' and multiple brushes . The site of Lefkandi is one of our most important sources of ceramics from this period where a cache of grave goods has been found giving evidence of a distinctive Euboian protogeometric style which lasted into the early 8th century . Geometric style ( edit ) See also : Geometric art and Boeotian vase painting Boeotian Geometric Hydria lamp , Louvre Geometric art flourished in the 9th and 8th centuries BC . It was characterized by new motifs , breaking with the representation of the Minoan and Mycenaean periods : meanders , triangles and other geometrical decoration ( hence the name of the style ) as distinct from the predominantly circular figures of the previous style . However , our chronology for this new art form comes from exported wares found in datable contexts overseas . The Dipylon Amphora , mid-8th century BC , with human figures for scale . The vase was used as a grave marker . National Archaeological Museum , Athens . With the early geometrical style ( approximately 900 -- 850 BC ) one finds only abstract motifs , in what is called the `` Black Dipylon '' style , which is characterized by an extensive use of black varnish , with the Middle Geometrical ( approx. 850 -- 770 BC ) , figurative decoration makes its appearance : they are initially identical bands of animals such as horses , stags , goats , geese , etc. which alternate with the geometrical bands . In parallel , the decoration becomes complicated and becomes increasingly ornate ; the painter feels reluctant to leave empty spaces and fills them with meanders or swastikas . This phase is named horror vacui ( fear of the empty ) and will not cease until the end of geometrical period . In the middle of the century there begin to appear human figures , the best known representations of which are those of the vases found in Dipylon , one of the cemeteries of Athens . The fragments of these large funerary vases show mainly processions of chariots or warriors or of the funerary scenes : πρόθεσις / prothesis ( exposure and lamentation of dead ) or ἐκφορά / ekphora ( transport of the coffin to the cemetery ) . The bodies are represented in a geometrical way except for the calves , which are rather protuberant . In the case of soldiers , a shield in form of a diabolo , called `` dipylon shield '' because of its characteristic drawing , covers the central part of the body . The legs and the necks of the horses , the wheels of the chariots are represented one beside the other without perspective . The hand of this painter , so called in the absence of signature , is the Dipylon Master , could be identified on several pieces , in particular monumental amphorae . At the end of the period there appear representations of mythology , probably at the moment when Homer codifies the traditions of Trojan cycle in the Iliad and the Odyssey . Here however the interpretation constitutes a risk for the modern observer : a confrontation between two warriors can be a Homeric duel or simple combat ; a failed boat can represent the shipwreck of Odysseus or any hapless sailor . Lastly , are the local schools that appear in Greece . Production of vases was largely the prerogative of Athens -- it is well attested that as in the proto - geometrical period , in Corinth , Boeotia , Argos , Crete and Cyclades , the painters and potters were satisfied to follow the Attic style . From about the 8th century BC on , they created their own styles , Argos specializing in the figurative scenes , Crete remaining attached to a more strict abstraction . Orientalizing style ( edit ) See also : Orientalizing period Protocorinthian skyphos , c. 625 BC , Louvre The orientalizing style was the product of cultural ferment in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean of the 8th and 7th centuries BC . Fostered by trade links with the city - states of Asia Minor , the artifacts of the East influenced a highly stylized yet recognizable representational art . Ivories , pottery and metalwork from the Neo-Hittite principalities of northern Syria and Phoenicia found their way to Greece , as did goods from Anatolian Urartu and Phrygia , yet there was little contact with the cultural centers of Egypt or Assyria . The new idiom developed initially in Corinth ( as Proto - Corinthian ) and later in Athens between 725 BC and 625 BC ( as Proto - Attic ) . Proto - Corinthian olpe with registers of lions , bulls , ibex and sphinxes , c. 640 -- 630 BC , Louvre It was characterized by an expanded vocabulary of motifs : sphinx , griffin , lions , etc. , as well as a repertory of non-mythological animals arranged in friezes across the belly of the vase . In these friezes , painters also began to apply lotuses or palmettes . Depictions of humans were relatively rare . Those that have been found are figures in silhouette with some incised detail , perhaps the origin of the incised silhouette figures of the black - figure period . There is sufficient detail on these figures to allow scholars to discern a number of different artists ' hands . Geometrical features remained in the style called proto - Corinthian that embraced these orientalizing experiments , yet which coexisted with a conservative sub-geometric style . The ceramics of Corinth were exported all over Greece , and their technique arrived in Athens , prompting the development of a less markedly Eastern idiom there . During this time described as Proto - Attic , the orientalizing motifs appear but the features remain not very realistic . The painters show a preference for the typical scenes of the Geometrical Period , like processions of chariots . However , they adopt the principle of line drawing to replace the silhouette . In the middle of the 7th century BC , there appears the black and white style : black figures on a white zone , accompanied by polychromy to render the color of the flesh or clothing . Clay used in Athens was much more orange than that of Corinth , and so did not lend itself as easily to the representation of flesh . Attic Orientalising Painters include the Analatos Painter , the Mesogeia Painter and the Polyphemos Painter . Crete , and especially the islands of the Cyclades , are characterized by their attraction to the vases known as `` plastic '' , i.e. those whose paunch or collar is moulded in the shape of head of an animal or a man . At Aegina , the most popular form of the plastic vase is the head of the griffin . The Melanesian amphoras , manufactured at Paros , exhibit little knowledge of Corinthian developments . They present a marked taste for the epic composition and a horror vacui , which is expressed in an abundance of swastikas and meanders . Finally one can identify the last major style of the period , that of Wild Goat Style , allotted traditionally to Rhodes because of an important discovery within the necropolis of Kameiros . In fact , it is widespread over all of Asia Minor , with centers of production at Miletos and Chios . Two forms prevail oenochoes , which copied bronze models , and dishes , with or without feet . The decoration is organized in superimposed registers in which stylized animals , in particular of feral goats ( from whence the name ) pursue each other in friezes . Many decorative motifs ( floral triangles , swastikas , etc . ) fill the empty spaces . Attic vase painting ( edit ) The subject is dominated mostly by Attic vase painting . Attic production was the first to resume after the Greek Dark Age and influenced the rest of Greece , especially Boeotia , Corinth , the Cyclades ( in particular Naxos ) and the Ionian colonies in the east Aegean . Production of vases was largely the prerogative of Athens -- it is well attested that in Corinth , Boeotia , Argos , Crete and Cyclades , the painters and potters were satisfied to follow the Attic style . By the end of the Archaic period the styles of black - figure pottery , red - figure pottery and the white ground technique had become fully established and would continue in use during the era of Classical Greece , from the early 5th to late 4th centuries BC . Corinth was eclipsed by Athenian trends since Athens was the progenitor of both the red - figure and white ground styles . Black figure ( edit ) See also : Black - figure pottery Achilles and Penthesileia by Exekias , c. 540 BC , BM . London . Black - figure is the most commonly imagined when one thinks about Greek pottery . It was a popular style in ancient Greece for many years . The black - figure period coincides approximately with the era designated by Winckelmann as the middle to late Archaic , from c. 620 to 480 BC . The technique of incising silhouetted figures with enlivening detail which we now call the black - figure method was , as we saw , a Corinthian invention of the 7th century and spread from there to other city states and regions including Sparta , Boeotia , Euboea , the east Greek islands and Athens . The Corinthian fabric , extensively studied by Humfry Payne and Darrell Amyx , can be traced though the parallel treatment of animal and human figures . The animal motifs have greater prominence on the vase and show the greatest experimentation in the early phase of Corinthian black - figure . As Corinthian artists gained in confidence in their rendering of the human figure the animal frieze declined in size relative to the human scene during the middle to late phase . By the mid-6th century BC , the quality of Corinthian ware had fallen away significantly to the extent that some Corinthian potters would disguise their pots with a red slip in imitation of superior Athenian ware . At Athens researchers have found the earliest known examples of vase painters signing their work , the first being a dinos by Sophilos ( illus . below , BM c. 580 ) , this perhaps indicative of their increasing ambition as artists in producing the monumental work demanded as grave markers , as for example with Kleitias 's François Vase . Many scholars consider the finest work in the style to belong Exekias and the Amasis Painter , who are noted for their feeling for composition and narrative . Circa 520 BC the red - figure technique was developed and was gradually introduced in the form of the bilingual vase by the Andokides Painter , Oltos and Psiax . Red - figure quickly eclipsed black - figure , yet in the unique form of the Panathanaic Amphora , black - figure continued to be utilised well into the 4th century BC . Red figure ( edit ) See also : Red - figure pottery Reveller and courtesan by Euphronios , c. 500 BC , BM E 44 The innovation of the red - figure technique was an Athenian invention of the late 6th century . It was quite the opposite of black - figure which had a red background . The ability to render detail by direct painting rather than incision offered new expressive possibilities to artists such as three - quarter profiles , greater anatomical detail and the representation of perspective . The first generation of red - figure painters worked in both red - and black - figure as well as other methods including Six 's technique and white - ground ; the latter was developed at the same time as red - figure . However , within twenty years , experimentation had given way to specialization as seen in the vases of the Pioneer Group , whose figural work was exclusively in red - figure , though they retained the use of black - figure for some early floral ornamentation . The shared values and goals of The Pioneers such as Euphronios and Euthymides signal that they were something approaching a self - conscious movement , though they left behind no testament other than their own work . John Boardman said of the research on their work that `` the reconstruction of their careers , common purpose , even rivalries , can be taken as an archaeological triumph '' This rhyton -- used for drinking wine -- is shaped like a donkey 's head on one side of its body and a ram 's on the other . ca . 450 BC . Walters Art Museum , Baltimore . The next generation of late Archaic vase painters ( c. 500 to 480 BC ) brought an increasing naturalism to the style as seen in the gradual change of the profile eye . This phase also sees the specialization of painters into pot and cup painters , with the Berlin and Kleophrades Painters notable in the former category and Douris and Onesimos in the latter . Neck amphora depicting an athlete running the hoplitodromos by the Berlin Painter , c. 480 BC , Louvre By the early to high classical era of red - figure painting ( c. 480 -- 425 BC ) , a number of distinct schools had evolved . The mannerists associated with the workshop of Myson and exemplified by the Pan Painter hold to the archaic features of stiff drapery and awkward poses and combine that with exaggerated gestures . By contrast , the school of the Berlin Painter in the form of the Achilles Painter and his peers ( who may have been the Berlin Painter 's pupils ) favoured a naturalistic pose usually of a single figure against a solid black background or of restrained white - ground lekythoi . Polygnotos and the Kleophon Painter can be included in the school of the Niobid Painter , as their work indicates something of the influence of the Parthenon sculptures both in theme ( e.g. , Polygnotos 's centauromachy , Brussels , Musées Royaux A. & Hist. , A 134 ) and in feeling for composition . Toward the end of the century , the `` Rich '' style of Attic sculpture as seen in the Nike Balustrade is reflected in contemporary vase painting with an ever - greater attention to incidental detail , such as hair and jewellery . The Meidias Painter is usually most closely identified with this style . Vase production in Athens stopped around 330 -- 320 BC possibly due to Alexander the Great 's control of the city , and had been in slow decline over the 4th century along with the political fortunes of Athens itself . However , vase production continued in the 4th and 3rd centuries in the Greek colonies of southern Italy where five regional styles may be distinguished . These are the Apulian , Lucanian , Sicilian , Campanian and Paestan . Red - figure work flourished there with the distinctive addition of polychromatic painting and in the case of the Black Sea colony of Panticapeum the gilded work of the Kerch Style . Several noteworthy artists ' work comes down to us including the Darius Painter and the Underworld Painter , both active in the late 4th century , whose crowded polychromatic scenes often essay a complexity of emotion not attempted by earlier painters . Their work represents a late mannerist phase to the achievement of Greek vase painting . White ground technique ( edit ) See also : White ground technique Raging maenad by the Brygos Painter - she holds a thyrsos in her right hand , her left is swinging a leopard through the air , and a snake is winding through the diadem in her hair - Tondo of a kylix , 490 -- 480 BC , Munich , Staatliche Antikensammlungen The white - ground technique was developed at the end of the 6th century BC . Unlike the better - known black - figure and red - figure techniques , its coloration was not achieved through the application and firing of slips but through the use of paints and gilding on a surface of white clay . It allowed for a higher level of polychromy than the other techniques , although the vases end up less visually striking . The technique gained great importance during the 5th and 4th centuries , especially in the form of small lekythoi that became typical grave offerings . Important representatives include its inventor , the Achilles Painter , as well as Psiax , the Pistoxenos Painter , and the Thanatos Painter . Janus - faced attic red - figure plastic kantharos with heads of a satyr and a woman , c. 420 Relief and plastic vases ( edit ) Relief and plastic vases became particularly popular in the 4th century BC and continued being manufactured in the Hellenistic period . They were inspired by the so - called `` rich style '' developed mainly in Attica after 420 BC . The main features were the multi-figured compositions with use of added colours ( pink / reddish , blue , green , gold ) and an emphasis on female mythological figures . Theatre and performing constituted yet one more source of inspiration . Delphi Archaeological Museum has some particularly good examples of this style , including a vase with Aphrodite and Eros . The base is round , cylindrical , and its handle vertical , with bands , covered with black colour . The female figure ( Aphrodite ) is depicted seated , wearing an himation . Next to her stands a male figure , naked and winged . Both figures wear wreaths made of leaves and their hair preserve traces of golden paint . The features of their faces are stylized . The vase has a white ground and maintains in several parts the traces of bluish , greenish and reddish paint . It dates to the 4th century BC . In the same room is kept a small lekythos with a plastic decoration , depicting a winged dancer . The figure wears a Persian head cover and an oriental dress , indicating that already in that period oriental dancers , possibly slaves , had become quite fashionable . The figure is also covered with a white colour . The total height of the vase is 18 centimeters and it dates to the 4th century BC . Hellenistic period ( edit ) A West Slope Ware kantharos , 330 - 300 BC , Kerameikos Archaeological Museum , Athens The Hellenistic period , ushered in by the conquests of Alexander the Great , saw the virtual disappearance of black and red - figure pottery yet also the emergence of new styles such as West Slope Ware in the east , the Centuripe Ware in Sicily , and the Gnathia vases to the west . Outside of mainland Greece other regional Greek traditions developed , such as those in Magna Graecia with the various styles in South Italy , including Apulian , Lucanian , Paestan , Campanian , and Sicilian . Inscriptions ( edit ) The so - called `` Memnon pieta '' , Ancient Greek Attic red - figure cup , c. 490 -- 480 BC , from Capua . Inscriptions on the left : ( ΕΕΝΕΜΕΚΝΕRINE ( meaning unclear ) , HERMOΓΕΝΕS KALOS ( `` Hermogenes kalos '' -- `` Hermogenes is beautiful '' ) . Inscriptions on the right : HEOS ( `` Eos '' ) , ΔΟRIS EΓRAΦSEN ( `` Doris Egraphsen '' -- Do ( u ) ris painted it ) . Inscription on the right : MEMNON ( `` Memnon '' ) , KALIAΔES EΠOIESEN ( `` Kaliades epoiesen '' -- Kaliades made it ) . Musée du Louvre , G 155 . Inscriptions on Greek pottery are of two kinds ; the incised ( the earliest of which are contemporary with the beginnings of the Greek alphabet in the 8th century BC ) , and the painted , which only begin to appear a century later . Both forms are relatively common on painted vases until the Hellenistic period when the practice of inscribing pots seems to die out . They are by far most frequently found on Attic pottery . Signature ( written retrograde ) SOΦΙLOS MEΓΡΑΦSEN ( `` Sophilos megraphsen '' -- Sophilos drew me ) , c. 570 BC , British Museum , GR 1971.11 -- 1.1 A number of sub-classes of inscription can be distinguished . Potters and painters occasionally signed their works with epoiesen and egraphsen respectively . Trademarks are found from the start of the 6th century on Corinthian pieces ; these may have belonged to an exporting merchant rather than the pottery workfield and this remains a matter of conjecture . ) Patrons ' names are also sometimes recorded , as are the names of characters and objects depicted . At times we may find a snatch of dialogue to accompany a scene , as in ' Dysniketos 's horse has won ' , announces a herald on a Panathenaic amphora ( BM , B 144 ) . More puzzling , however , are the kalos and kalee inscriptions , which might have formed part of courtship ritual in Athenian high society , yet are found on a wide variety of vases not necessarily associated with a social setting . Finally there are abecedaria and nonsense inscriptions , though these are largely confined to black - figure pots . Figurines ( edit ) Greek terracotta figurines were another important type of pottery , initially mostly religious , but increasingly representing purely decorative subjects . The so - called Tanagra figurines , in fact made elsewhere as well , are one of the most important types . Earlier figurines were usually votive offerings at temples . Relationship to metalwork and other materials ( edit ) Several clay vases owed their inspiration to metalwork forms in bronze , silver and sometimes gold . These were increasingly used by the elite when dining , but were not placed in graves , where they would have been robbed , and were often treated as a store of value to be traded as bullion when needed . Very few metal vessels have survived as at some point they were melted down and the metal reused . In recent decades many scholars have questioned the conventional relationship between the two materials , seeing much more production of painted vases than was formerly thought as made to be placed in graves , as a cheaper substitute for metalware in both Greece and Etruria . The painting itself may also copy that on metal vessels more closely than was thought . The Derveni Krater , from near Thessaloniki , is a large bronze volute krater from about 320 BC , weighing 40 kilograms , and finely decorated with a 32 - centimetre - tall frieze of figures in relief representing Dionysus surrounded by Ariadne and her procession of satyrs and maenads . The alabastron 's name suggests alabaster , stone. Glass was also used , mostly for fancy small perfume bottles , though some Hellenistic glass rivalled metalwork in quality and probably price . See also ( edit ) Ancient Roman pottery Tanagra figurine Kerameikos Archaeological Museum References and sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Home page of the Corpus vasorum antiquorum , accessed 16 May 2016 ^ Jump up to : John H. Oakley ( 2012 ) . `` Greek Art and Architecture , Classical : Classical Greek Pottery , '' in Neil Asher Silberman et . al. ( eds ) , The Oxford Companion to Archaeology , Vol 1 : Ache - Hoho , Second Edition , 641 -- 644 . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973578 - 5 , p. 641 . Jump up ^ A letter of 1491 to Lorenzo from Angelo Poliziano made an offer of 3 vases as an addition to an implied existing collection Jump up ^ Though the first conjecture belongs to A.S Mazochius , In regii herculanensis musaei tabulas hercleenes commentarii , 1754 - 8 , however Winckelmann had access to greater resources including the first plates of the Hamilton collection . See D. von Bothmer , Greek vase - painting in Paper on the Amasis Painter and his World , 1987 Jump up ^ Thanks to the ability of scholars to compare Greek finds with Italian ones following the Greek War of Independence , however the textual analysis in g . Kramer , Uber den Styl und die Herunft der bemalten griechischen Thongefasse 1837 and Otto Jahn 's catalogue of the Vulci finds contributed to the changing consensus . See Cook , Greek Painted Pottery , 1997 , p. 283 Jump up ^ Aaron J. Paul , Fragments of Antiquity : Drawing Upon Greek Vases , Harvard University Art Museums Bulletin , Vol . V , No. 2 ( Spring 1997 ) , pp ... 4 , 10 . Jump up ^ Woodford , 12 -- 14 ; `` Shapes '' ( see menu at left ) , Beazley Archive , Oxford Jump up ^ Woodford , Susan , An Introduction To Greek Art , 1986 , Duckworth , ISBN 978 - 0801419942 , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : John H. Oakley ( 2012 ) . `` Greek Art and Architecture , Classical : Classical Greek Pottery , '' in Neil Asher Silberman et . al. ( eds ) , The Oxford Companion to Archaeology , Vol 1 : Ache - Hoho , Second Edition , 641 -- 644 . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973578 - 5 , p. 642 . Jump up ^ `` Greek Pottery '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Making Greek Vases '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://camws.org/meeting/2010/program/abstracts/04B1.Hasaki.pdf Jump up ^ `` ancient greek pottery '' . ^ Jump up to : Walton , M. , Trentelman , K. , Cianchetta , I. , Maish , J. , Saunders , D. , Foran , B. , Mehta , A. ( 2014 ) , Zn in Athenian Black Gloss Ceramic Slips : A Trace Element Marker for Fabrication Technology . Journal of the American Ceramic Society . doi : 10.1111 / jace. 13337 Jump up ^ Artal - Isbrand , Paula , and Philip Klausmeyer . `` Evaluation of the relief line and the contour line on Greek red - figure vases using reflectance transformation imaging and three - dimensional laser scanning confocal microscopy . '' Studies in Conservation 58.4 ( 2013 ) : 338 -- 359 . Jump up ^ Walton , M. , Trentelman , K. , Cummings , M. , Poretti , G. , Maish , J. , Saunders , D. , Foran , B. , Brodie , M. , Mehta , A. ( 2013 ) , Material Evidence for Multiple Firings of Ancient Athenian Red - Figure Pottery . Journal of the American Ceramic Society , 96 : 2031 -- 2035 . doi : 10.1111 / jace. 12395 Jump up ^ For an extended review on the studies of Attic black slip and research published by several authors see R.E. Jones 1985 , Tite M.S. , M. Bimson and I. Freestone , An examination of the high Gloss Surface Finishes on Greek Attic and roman Samian Ware , Archaeometry 24.2 ( 1982 ) : 117 - 26 , Aloupi - Siotis E. , Recovery and Revival of Attic Vase - Decoration Techniques : What can they offer Archaeological Research ? , in Papers on Special Techniques in Athenian Vases 2008 : 113 -- 128 , Walton , M. , Trentelman , K. , Cummings , M. , Poretti , G. , Maish , J. , Saunders , D. , Foran , B. , Brodie , M. , Mehta , A. ( 2013 ) , Material Evidence for Multiple Firings of Ancient Athenian Red - Figure Pottery . Journal of the American Ceramic Society , 96 : 2031 -- 2035. , and WALTON , M.S. , DOEHNE , E. , TRENTELMAN , K. , CHIARI , G. , MAISH , J. and BUXBAUM , A. ( 2009 ) , CHARACTERIZATION OF CORAL RED SLIPS ON GREEK ATTIC POTTERY . Archaeometry , 51 : 383 -- 396 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4754.2008. 00413. x Jump up ^ John H. Oakley ( 2012 ) . `` Greek Art and Architecture , Classical : Classical Greek Pottery , '' in Neil Asher Silberman et . al. ( eds ) , The Oxford Companion to Archaeology , Vol 1 : Ache - Hoho , Second Edition , 641 -- 644 . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973578 - 5 , p. 641 - 642 . Jump up ^ Papadopoulos , John K. ; Vedder , James F. ; Schreiber , Toby ( 1998 ) . `` Drawing Circles : Experimental Archaeology and the Pivoted Multiple Brush '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 102 ( 3 ) : 507 -- 529 . JSTOR 506399 . Jump up ^ Snodgrass , Anthony M. ( 2001 ) . The Dark Age of Greece . New York : Routledge . p. 102 . ISBN 0415936357 . See also Popham , Sackett , Excavations at Lefkandi , Euboea 1968 Jump up ^ Woodford , Susan . ( 1982 ) The Art of Greece and Rome . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 40 . ISBN 0521298733 Jump up ^ The relationship between the iconography of grave markers and social change is essayed in James Whitley Style and Society in Dark Age Greece , 1991 . See also Gudrun Ahlberg , Gudrun Ahlberg - Cornell , Prothesis and Ekphora in Greek Geometric Art , 1971 . Jump up ^ Diffusion of the style is detailed in John Nicolas Coldstream , Greek Geometric Pottery : A Survey of Ten Local Styles and Their Chronology , 1968 Jump up ^ Robert Manuel Cook , Greek Painted Pottery , Routledge , 1997 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ The diffusion of protogemetric pottery is a complex subject best summerized by V. Desborough , Protogeometric Pottery , 1952 . The picture is further complicated with the presence of a lingering sub-Mycenaean style in some Greek centres during this period , see Desborough ( 1964 ) . The Last Mycenaeans and their Successors : An Archaeological Survey , c. 1200 -- c. 1000 B.C . Jump up ^ The terminus ante quem of the late Corinthian black - figure style was established by M.T. Campbell A Well of the Black - figured Period at Corinth , Hesperia , vii ( 1938 ) , pp. 557 -- 611 . Jump up ^ C.M. Stibbe Lakonische Vasenmaler des sechsten Jahrhunderts v. chr. , 2 vols , 1972 . M. Pipili Laconian Iconography of the Sixth Century BC , 1987 Jump up ^ K. Kilinski II Boiotian Black Figure Vase Painting of the Archaic Period , 1990 Jump up ^ J. Boardman Pottery from Eretria , Annu . Brit . Sch . Athens , xlvii , 1952 , pp. 1 -- 48 Jump up ^ R.M. Cook and P. Dupont East Greek Pottery , 1998 Jump up ^ H.G.G. Payne Necrocorinthia : A Study of Corinthian Art in the Archaic Period , 1931 . Jump up ^ D.A. Amyx , Corinthian Vase - painting of the Archaic Period , 3 vols , 1991 Jump up ^ However , the earliest red - figure vase was not a bilingual , see Beth Cohen , The Colors of Clay , p. 21 Jump up ^ J. Boardman : Athenian Red Figure Vases : The Archaic Period , 1975 , p29 . Jump up ^ John H. Oakley ( 2012 ) . `` Greek Art and Architecture , Classical : Classical Greek Pottery , '' in Neil Asher Silberman et . al. ( eds ) , The Oxford Companion to Archaeology , Vol 1 : Ache - Hoho , Second Edition , 641 -- 644 . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973578 - 5 , p. 642 - 643 . Jump up ^ Henry R. Immerwahr , Aspects of Literacy in the Athenian Ceramicus Jump up ^ Preface to Ancient Greek Pottery ( Ashmolean Handbooks ) by Michael Vickers ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Sparkes , p. 70 Sparkes , Brian . Greek Pottery : An Introduction . Library resources about Pottery of ancient Greece Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading ( edit ) Aulsebrook , S. ( 2018 ) Rethinking Standardization : the Social Meanings of Mycenaean Metal Cups . Oxford Journal of Archaeology , 25 January 2018 , doi : 10.1111 / ojoa. 12134 . Beazley , John . Attic Red - Figure Vase Painters . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1942 . -- . The Development of Attic Black - Figure . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1951 . -- . Attic Black - Figure Vase Painters . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1956 . -- . Paralipomena . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1971 . Boardman , John . Athenian Black Figure Vases . New York : Oxford University Press , 1974 . -- . Athenian Red Figure Vases : The Archaic Period : A Handbook . London : Thames and Hudson , 1975 . -- . Athenian Red Figure Vases : The Classical Period : A Handbook . London : Thames and Hudson , 1989 . -- . Early Greek Vase Painting : 11th - 6th Centuries BC : A Handbook . London : Thames and Hudson , 1998 . Bundrick , Sheramy D. Music and Image In Classical Athens . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2005 . Cohen , Beth . The Colors of Clay : Special Techniques In Athenian Vases . Los Angeles : J. Paul Getty Museum , 2006 . Coldstream , J.N. Geometric Greece : 900 - 700 BC . 2nd ed . London : Routledge , 2003 . Herford , Mary Antonie Beatrice . A Handbook of Greek Vase Painting . Sparks , NV : Falcon Hill Press , 1995 . Mitchell , Alexandre G. Greek Vase - Painting and the Origins of Visual Humour . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2009 . Noble , Joseph Veach . The Techniques of Painted Attic Pottery . New York : Watson - Guptill , 1965 . Oakley , John Howard . The Greek Vase : Art of the Storyteller . Los Angeles : J. Paul Getty Museum , 2013 . Pollitt , J.J. The Cambridge History of Painting In the Classical World . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2014 . Robertson , Martin . The Art of Vase - Painting In Classical Athens . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1992 . Steiner , Ann . Reading Greek Vases . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . Trendall , A.D. Red Figure Vases of South Italy and Sicily : A Handbook . London : Thames & Hudson , 1989 . Vickers , Michael J. Ancient Greek Pottery . Oxford : Ashmolean Museum , 1999 . Von Bothmer , Dietrich . Greek Vase Painting . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art , 1987 . Winter , Adam . Die Antike Glanztonkeramik : Praktische Versuche . Mainz am Rhein : P. von Zabern , 1978 . Yatromanolakis , Dimitrios . An Archaeology of Representations : Ancient Greek Vase - Painting and Contemporary Methodologies . Athens : Institut du Livre , A. Kardamitsa , 2009 . -- . Epigraphy of Art : Ancient Greek Vase - Inscriptions and Vase - Paintings . Oxford : Archaeopress , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Greek pottery . The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide , a collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art containing information on the pottery of ancient Greece ( pages 315 -- 322 ) Beazley Archive of Greek pottery Journey through art history : Ancient Greek Art Ancient Greek Pottery , professor Kenney Mencher , Ohlone College `` Secrets of Greek artists revealed : X-rays show hidden layers of paint on a stunning 2,500 - year - old vase '' . DailyMail. 4 October 2016 . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . S. Bleecker - Luce , A Brief History of the Study of Greek Vase Painting , American Philosophical Society 1918 The evolution of Greek vase painting . Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology . Pottery of ancient Greece Aegean Minyan ware Minoan Kamares ware Vasiliki ware Mycenaean Sub-Mycenaean Cycladic Frying pans Ancient Greece proper Bilingual Black - figure Black - glazed Ware Bucchero Red - figure South Italian West Slope Ware White ground Potters Amasis Ergotimos Euphronios Euthymides Hypereides Nikosthenes Pamphaios Sophilos Little Masters Ergoteles Hermogenes Phrynos Tleson Special topics Conservation Corpus vasorum antiquorum Disjecta membra Hellenistic glass LIMC Name vase Slip Symposium Tanagra figurine Terracotta figurines Three - phase firing Vase types Ancient Greek vase painting Techniques Three - phase firing Bilingual White - ground Black - glazed Ware West Slope Ware Black - figure Six 's Red - figure Kerch Stylistic periods Sub-Mycenaean Protogeometric Geometric Orientalizing Stylistic regions Argive Attic Chalkidian ( Pseudo-Chalkidian ) Cycladic Euboean Laconian Thessalian East Greek Ionic Klazomenian Rhodian Samian Wild Goat Caeretan hydria South Italian Lucanian Paestan Campanian Apulian Canosa vases Gnathia vases Sicilian Centuripe ware Boeotian Kabiria Group Etruscan Pontic Group Painters List of Greek vase painters Special topics Corpus vasorum antiquorum East Greek Bird Bowl Hadra vase Kalos inscription Name vase Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera , Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus , Olympia Language Proto - 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2680637313334585595 | Washington Redskins | Washington Redskins - wikipedia Washington Redskins This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Washington Redskins Current season Established July 9 , 1932 ; 85 years ago ( July 9 , 1932 ) First season : 1932 Play in FedExField Landover , Maryland Headquartered in Inova Sports Performance Center at Redskins Park Ashburn , Virginia Training camp in Richmond , Virginia Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1932 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Burgundy and Gold Fight song Hail to the Redskins Personnel Owner ( s ) Daniel Snyder President Bruce Allen Head coach Jay Gruden Team history Boston Braves ( 1932 ) Boston Redskins ( 1933 -- 1936 ) Washington Redskins ( 1937 -- present ) Team nicknames The Skins The Burgundy and Gold Championships League championships ( 5 ) NFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 2 ) 1937 , 1942 Super Bowl championships ( 3 ) 1982 ( XVII ) , 1987 ( XXII ) , 1991 ( XXVI ) Conference championships ( 5 ) NFC : 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 Division championships ( 14 ) NFL East : 1936 , 1937 , 1940 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 NFC East : 1972 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1991 , 1999 , 2012 , 2015 Playoff appearances ( 24 ) NFL : 1936 , 1937 , 1940 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1999 , 2005 , 2007 , 2012 , 2015 Home fields Braves Field ( 1932 ) Fenway Park ( 1933 -- 1936 ) Griffith Stadium ( 1937 -- 1960 ) RFK Stadium ( 1961 -- 1996 ) FedExField ( 1997 -- present ) The Washington Redskins are a professional American football team based in the Washington metropolitan area . The Redskins compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at FedExField in Landover , Maryland ; its headquarters and training facility are at Inova Sports Performance Center at Redskins Park in Ashburn , Virginia , and the Redskins Complex in Richmond , Virginia , respectively . The Redskins have played more than 1,000 games since 1932 , and are one of only five franchises in the NFL to record over 600 regular season and postseason wins , reaching that mark in 2015 . The Redskins have won five NFL Championships ( two pre-1966 merger announcement , and three Super Bowls ) . The franchise has captured 14 NFL divisional titles and six NFL conference championships . The Redskins were the first team in the NFL with an official marching band , and also the first team to have a fight song , `` Hail to the Redskins '' . The team began play as the Boston Braves in 1932 , based in Boston , before relocating to Washington , D.C. , in 1937 . The Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 Championship games , as well as Super Bowls XVII , XXII , and XXVI . They also played in , and lost , the 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , and 1945 Championship games , as well as Super Bowls VII and XVIII . They have made 24 postseason appearances , and have an overall postseason record of 23 -- 18 . The Redskins ' three Super Bowl wins are tied with the Oakland Raiders and Denver Broncos , behind the Pittsburgh Steelers ( six ) , San Francisco 49ers , Dallas Cowboys , and New England Patriots ( five each ) , and the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants ( four each ) . All of the Redskins ' league titles were attained during two 10 - year spans . From 1936 to 1945 , the Redskins went to the NFL Championship six times , winning two of them . The second period lasted between 1982 and 1991 where the Redskins appeared in the postseason seven times , captured four Conference titles , and won three Super Bowls out of four appearances . The Redskins have also experienced failure in their history . The most notable period of general failure was from 1946 to 1970 , during which the Redskins posted only four winning seasons and did not have a single postseason appearance . During this period , the Redskins went without a single winning season during the years 1956 -- 1968 . In 1961 , the franchise posted their worst regular season record with a 1 -- 12 -- 1 showing . Since their last Super Bowl victory following the end of the 1991 season , the Redskins have only won the NFC East three times , made five postseason appearances , and had nine seasons with a winning record . According to Forbes , the Redskins are the fifth most valuable franchise in the NFL , and are the eleventh most valuable sports club in the world as of 2017 , valued at approximately $2.95 billion . They also set the NFL record for single - season attendance in 2007 , and have the top ten single - season attendance totals in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Franchise history 2.1 Origins and early years ( 1932 -- 1945 ) 2.2 Front - office disarray and integration ( 1946 -- 1970 ) 2.2. 1 Integration controversy 2.3 George Allen 's revival ( 1971 -- 1980 ) 2.4 Joe Gibbs ' era ( 1981 -- 1992 ) 2.5 End of RFK and Cooke ownership ( 1993 -- 1998 ) 2.6 Daniel Snyder ownership era ( 1999 -- present ) 2.6. 1 Marty Schottenheimer era ( 2001 ) 2.6. 2 Steve Spurrier era ( 2002 -- 2003 ) 2.6. 2.1 2002 2.6. 2.2 2003 2.6. 3 Return of Joe Gibbs ( 2004 -- 2007 ) 2.6. 3.1 2004 2.6. 3.2 2005 2.6. 3.3 2006 2.6. 3.4 2007 2.6. 4 Jim Zorn era ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 2.6. 4.1 2008 2.6. 4.2 2009 2.6. 5 Mike Shanahan era ( 2010 -- 2013 ) 2.6. 5.1 2010 2.6. 5.2 2011 2.6. 5.3 2012 2.6. 5.4 2013 2.6. 6 Jay Gruden era ( 2014 -- present ) 2.6. 6.1 2014 2.6. 6.2 2015 2.6. 6.3 2016 3 Logos and uniforms 4 Controversy regarding the name and logo 5 Season - by - season records 6 Rivalries 6.1 Dallas Cowboys 6.2 Philadelphia Eagles 6.3 New York Giants 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retired numbers 7.2. 1 Unofficially retired numbers 7.3 Pro Football Hall of Fame members 7.4 Washington Hall of Stars 7.5 Redskins Ring of Fame 7.6 The 80 Greatest Redskins 7.7 Individual awards 7.8 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Coaches of note 8.1 Current staff 9 Single - season records 10 Redskins career records 11 Single - game records 12 NFL records 12.1 Offense 12.2 Defense 12.3 Special teams 13 Broadcasting 13.1 Radio 13.2 Radio affiliates 13.2. 1 District of Columbia 13.2. 2 Maryland 13.2. 3 North Carolina 13.2. 4 Virginia 13.2. 5 West Virginia 13.3 Television 14 Superstition regarding U.S. presidential elections 15 References 16 Notes 17 Further reading 18 External links Etymology ( edit ) The team name and logo have been the subject of controversy , with lawsuits being filed by Native American groups who consider the team name and logo offensive . Polls conducted in the 2010s have shown a lack of major support among fans for a name change . Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Washington Redskins Origins and early years ( 1932 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) The team originated as the Boston Braves , based in Boston , Massachusetts , in 1932 , under the ownership of George Preston Marshall . At the time the team played in Braves Field , home of the Boston Braves baseball team . The following year , the club moved to Fenway Park , home of the Boston Red Sox , whereupon owners changed the team 's name to the Boston Redskins . To round out the change , Marshall hired William `` Lone Star '' Dietz , who was part Sioux , as the team 's head coach . However , Boston was n't much of a football town at the time and the team had difficulty drawing fans . The Redskins relocated to Washington , D.C. in 1937 . In their early years in Washington , the Redskins shared Griffith Stadium with the Washington Senators baseball team . The Redskins played and won their first game in Washington , D.C. on September 16 , 1937 , a victory against the Giants , 13 -- 3 . On December 5 , 1937 , they earned their first division title in Washington against the Giants , 49 -- 14 , for the Eastern Championship . The team then proceeded to win their first league championship , the 1937 NFL Championship Game , on December 12 , 1937 , against the Chicago Bears , their first year in D.C. The Redskins then met the Bears again in the 1940 NFL Championship Game on December 8 , 1940 . The result , 73 -- 0 in favor of the Bears , is still the worst one - sided loss in NFL history . The other big loss for the Redskins that season occurred during a coin - tossing ceremony prior to a game against the Giants . After calling the coin toss and shaking hands with the opposing team captain , Turk Edwards attempted to pivot around to head back to his sideline . However , his cleats caught in the grass and his knee gave way , injuring him and bringing his season and career to an unusual end . Max Krause was a running back for the Redskins from 1937 to 1940 In what became an early rivalry in the NFL , the Redskins and Bears met two more times in the NFL Championship . The third time was during the 1942 NFL Championship Game on December 13 , 1942 , where the Redskins won their second championship , 14 -- 6 . The final time the two met was the 1943 NFL Championship Game on December 26 , 1943 , during which the Bears won , 41 -- 21 . The most notable accomplishment achieved during the Redskins ' 1943 season was Sammy Baugh leading the NFL in passing , punting , and interceptions . The Redskins played in the NFL Championship one more time before a quarter - century drought that did not end until the 1972 season . With former Olympic gold medalist Dudley DeGroot as their new head coach , the Redskins went 8 -- 2 during the 1945 season . One of the most impressive performances came from Sammy Baugh , who had a completion percentage of . 703 . They ended the season by losing to the Cleveland Rams in the 1945 NFL Championship Game on December 16 , 1945 , 15 -- 14 . The one - point margin of victory came under scrutiny because of a safety that occurred early in the game . In the first quarter , the Redskins had the ball at their own 5 - yard line . Dropping back into the end zone , quarterback Sammy Baugh threw to an open receiver , but the ball hit the goal post ( which at the time was on the goal line instead of at the back of the end zone ) and bounced back to the ground in the end zone . Under the rules at the time , this was ruled as a safety and thus gave the Rams a 2 -- 0 lead . It was that safety that proved to be the margin of victory . Owner Marshall was so mad at the outcome that he became a major force in passing the following major rule change after the season : A forward pass that strikes the goal posts is automatically ruled incomplete . This later became known as the `` Baugh / Marshall Rule '' . Front - Office disarray and Integration ( 1946 -- 1970 ) ( edit ) The team 's early success endeared it to the fans of Washington , D.C. However , after 1945 , the Redskins began a slow decline that they did not end until a playoff appearance in the 1971 season . The Redskins had four different head coaches from 1946 to 1951 , including former players Turk Edwards and Dick Todd as well as John Whelchel and Herman Ball , and none were successful . But this did not stop George Preston Marshall from trying to make the Redskins the most successful franchise in the league . His first major alteration happened on June 14 , 1950 , when it was announced that American Oil Company planned to televise all Redskins games , making Washington the first NFL team to have an entire season of televised games . His next major change came in February 1952 , when he hired former Green Bay Packers coach Earl `` Curly '' Lambeau . But , after two seasons , Marshall fired Lambeau following the Redskins loss in their exhibition opener to the Los Angeles Rams and hired Joe Kuharich . In 1955 , Kuharich led the Redskins to their first winning season in ten years and was named both Sporting News Coach of the Year and UPI NFL Coach of the Year . In 1961 , the Redskins moved into their new stadium called D.C. Stadium ( changed to Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in 1969 ) . The first game in new D.C. Stadium occurred on October 1 , 1961 , in front of 37,767 fans . However , the Redskins failed to hold a 21 -- 7 lead and lost to the New York Giants 24 -- 21 . That same year , Bill McPeak became the head coach and had a record of 21 -- 46 -- 3 over five seasons . During his tenure , he helped draft future stars : wide receiver Charley Taylor , tight end Jerry Smith , safety Paul Krause , center Len Hauss , and linebacker Chris Hanburger . He also helped pull off two important trades , gaining quarterback Sonny Jurgensen from the Philadelphia Eagles and linebacker Sam Huff from the New York Giants . One reason for the team 's struggles was disarray in the front office . Marshall began a mental decline in 1962 , and the team 's other stockholders found it difficult to make decisions without their boss . Marshall died on August 9 , 1969 , and Edward Bennett Williams , a minority stockholder who was a Washington resident and one of America 's most esteemed attorneys , was chosen to run the franchise while the majority stockholder , Jack Kent Cooke , lived in Los Angeles and ran his basketball team , the Los Angeles Lakers . In 1966 Otto Graham was hired as the new head coach . Graham coached the Redskins between 1966 and 1968 , but whatever magic he had as an NFL player disappeared on the sidelines as the team recorded a mark of 17 -- 22 -- 3 during that time period . After resigning the Redskins ' post in favor of Vince Lombardi , Graham returned as athletic director of the Coast Guard Academy before retiring at the end of 1984 . In 1969 , the Redskins hired Vince Lombardi -- who gained fame coaching with the Green Bay Packers -- to be their new head coach . Lombardi led the team to a 7 -- 5 -- 2 record , their best since 1955 , but died of cancer on the eve of the 1970 season . Assistant coach Bill Austin was chosen to replace Lombardi during 1970 , and he finished with a record of 6 -- 8 . Integration controversy ( edit ) During most of this unsuccessful period , Marshall continually refused to integrate the team , despite pressure from The Washington Post and the federal government . On March 24 , 1961 , Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall warned Marshall to hire black players or face federal retribution . For the first time in history , the federal government had attempted to desegregate a professional sports team . The Redskins were under the threat of civil rights legal action by the Kennedy administration , which would have prevented a segregated team from playing at the new D.C. Stadium , as it was owned by the U.S. Department of the Interior and thus was federal government property . In 1962 , they became the final professional American football franchise to integrate . First , the Redskins drafted Ernie Davis , the first black player to win the Heisman Trophy . They also took black fullback Ron Hatcher in the eighth round , a player from Michigan State who became the first black American football player to sign a contract with the Redskins . But , in mid-December , Marshall announced that on the day of the NFL draft he had traded the rights to Davis to the Cleveland Browns , who wanted Davis to join the league 's leading rusher , Jim Brown , in their backfield . Davis was traded to the Browns for running back Bobby Mitchell ( who became a wide receiver in Washington ) and 1962 first - round draft choice Leroy Jackson . The move was made under unfortunate circumstances -- as it turned out that Davis had leukemia , and died without ever playing a down in professional football . The Redskins ended the 1962 season with their best record in five years : 5 -- 7 -- 2 . Mitchell led the league with 11 touchdowns , and caught 72 passes and was selected to the Pro Bowl . In time , Mitchell would be joined by black stars like receiver Charley Taylor , running back Larry Brown , defensive back Brig Owens , and guard John Nisby from the Pittsburgh Steelers . George Allen 's revival ( 1971 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) Former U.S. President Richard Nixon meeting with the Redskins , November 23 , 1971 . After the death of Lombardi and Austin 's unsuccessful 1970 season , Williams signed former Los Angeles Rams head coach George Allen as head coach on January 6 , 1971 . Partial to seasoned veterans instead of highly touted young players , Allen 's teams became known as the Over-the - Hill Gang . That season , the Redskins made the playoffs for the first time since 1945 with a 9 -- 4 -- 1 mark with Redskins first year head coach George Allen winning the 1971 NFL Coach of the Year Award , the second of his career , winning his first Coach of the Year Award in 1967 as the head coach of the Rams . However , they lost in the Divisional Playoffs to the San Francisco 49ers , 24 -- 20 . The following season , the Redskins hosted their first post-season game in Washington since 1942 , where they beat the Green Bay Packers 16 -- 3 in the NFC Divisional Playoffs . The Redskins reached the NFC Championship Game , and in a much anticipated match - up against the archrival Dallas Cowboys , the Redskins would not disappoint . The Redskins placekicker Curt Knight kicked an 18 - yard field goal in the second quarter to get the scoring underway , then Redskins quarterback Billy Kilmer connected with Redskins wide receiver Charley Taylor on a 15 - yard touchdown pass and Washington had a 10 -- 3 lead at halftime . In the fourth quarter , Kilmer again went to Taylor , this time for a 45 - yard touchdown . Knight added three more field goals that period and The Over-The - Hill - Gang defense allowed only a second - quarter field goal . The final score was Washington 26 , Dallas 3 . After defeating the Dallas Cowboys to win the NFC Championship , the Redskins went on to lose to the undefeated Miami Dolphins 14 -- 7 in Super Bowl VII . Redskins running back Larry Brown would be named the 1972 NFL 's Most Valuable Player . The Redskins playing against the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VII The Redskins again made the playoffs in 1973 , 1974 , and 1976 , only to lose all three times in the first round . After his Redskins failed to make the playoffs in 1977 despite posting a 9 -- 5 record , Allen was fired and was replaced by new head coach Jack Pardee , a star linebacker under Allen in Los Angeles and Washington . In his first year , his team started 6 -- 0 but then lost 8 of the last 10 games . Then in the offseason , Redskins majority owner Jack Kent Cooke moved from Los Angeles to Virginia and took over the team 's day - by - day operations from Edward Bennett Williams . The Redskins chose well during the 1979 NFL Draft , where they drafted future stars Don Warren and Monte Coleman . They opened the 1979 season 6 -- 2 and were 10 -- 5 heading into the season finale at Texas Stadium , against whom a win would assure a playoff spot and a possible NFC East title . Washington led 34 -- 28 with time running out , but quarterback Roger Staubach then led the Cowboys in a fourth - quarter comeback with two touchdown passes . The 35 -- 34 loss knocked the 10 -- 6 Redskins out of playoff contention . Pardee 's quick success with the team did not go unnoticed , however , and he was named Associated Press Coach of the Year and UPI NFC Coach of the Year . Pardee 's tenure did not last long though , for he was fired after posting a 6 -- 10 record in 1980 . He did , however , draft Art Monk in the first - round . Joe Gibbs ' era ( 1981 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) On January 13 , 1981 , owner Jack Kent Cooke signed the offensive coordinator of the San Diego Chargers , Joe Gibbs , as their head coach . Also during the off - season , the Redskins acquired Mark May , Russ Grimm , and Dexter Manley in the 1981 NFL Draft , all of whom became significant contributors to the team for the next few years . After starting the 1981 season 0 -- 5 , the Redskins won eight out of their next 11 games and finished the season 8 -- 8 . Starting on September 21 , 1982 , the NFL faced a 57 - day long players ' strike , which reduced the 1982 season from a 16 - game schedule to a nine - game schedule . Because of the shortened season , the NFL adopted a special 16 - team playoff tournament , in which eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 based on their regular season records . After the strike was settled , the Redskins dominated , winning six out of the seven remaining games to make the playoffs for the first time since 1976 . John Riggins ( left ) and Mark Murphy ( right ) made key offensive and defensive plays in Super Bowl XVII , respectively , to help the Redskins win their first Super Bowl . On January 15 , 1983 , during the second round of the playoffs against the Minnesota Vikings , John Riggins rushed for a Redskins playoff record 185 yards , leading Washington to a 21 -- 7 win and a place in the NFC Championship Game against Dallas . Jan. 22 , 1983 , NFC Championship Game at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , prior to the game the stadium physically shook as a capacity crowd of 54,000 chanted `` We Want Dallas ! '' The game is best remembered for the quarterback hit by Redskins defensive end Dexter Manley that knocked Cowboys ' quarterback Danny White out for the rest of the game and sent him into the locker room shortly before halftime , and Redskins defensive tackle Darryl Grant 's interception which he returned for a 10 - yard touchdown off one of Cowboys ' backup quarterback Gary Hogeboom 's passes which was tipped by Dexter Manley to score the decisive points . John Riggins rushed for 140 yards and two touchdowns on 36 carries and the Redskins went on to defeat the Cowboys ' by a score of 31 -- 17 . The Redskins ' first Super Bowl win , and their first NFL Championship in 40 years , was in Super Bowl XVII , where the Redskins defeated the Miami Dolphins 27 -- 17 on January 30 , 1983 . Riggins provided the game 's signature play when , on 4th and inches , with the Redskins down 17 -- 13 , the coaches called `` 70 Chip '' , a play designed for short yardage . Riggins instead gained 43 yards ( 39 m ) by running through would - be tackler Don McNeal and getting the go - ahead touchdown . The Redskins ended up winning by a 27 -- 17 score with John Riggins winning the Super Bowl MVP . After the 1982 season Redskins placekicker Mark Moseley was the first and only placekicker in NFL history to be named the NFL 's Most Valuable Player ; Moseley made 20 of 21 field goals attempted in 1982 . Redskins head coach Joe Gibbs also won his first NFL Coach of the Year Award in 1982 which was the first of his back to back NFL Coach of the Year Awards , his second coming in the 1983 NFL season . The 1983 season marked the rookie debut of cornerback Darrell Green , selected in the 1983 NFL Draft along with Charles Mann , Green would go on to play his entire 20 - year NFL career for the Redskins . On October 1 , 1983 , the Redskins lost to the Green Bay Packers 48 -- 47 in the highest scoring Monday night football game in history , in which both teams combine for more than 1,000 yards ( 910 m ) of total offense . Then during the regular - season finale on December 17 , 1983 , Moseley set an NFL scoring record with 161 points while Riggins ' total of 144 points was second . This marked the first time since 1951 that the top two scorers in a season played on the same team . They dominated the NFL with a 14 - win season which included scoring a then NFL record 541 points , many of which came from Riggins , who scored 24 touchdowns . Redskins quarterback Joe Theismann would also be named the 1983 NFL 's Most Valuable Player finishing the season with a career - high in both yards passing 3,714 yds. , and touchdown passes thrown , 29 Td 's while throwing only 11 interceptions . In the postseason , the Redskins beat the Los Angeles Rams 51 -- 7 . The next week , Washington beat the San Francisco 49ers 24 -- 21 in the NFC Championship Game . It was their final win of the season because two weeks later , the Raiders beat the Redskins 38 -- 9 in Super Bowl XVIII . Joe Theismann at Redskins training camp in 1983 The Redskins finished the 1984 season with an 11 -- 5 record , and won the NFC East for the third consecutive season . However , they lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Chicago Bears , 23 -- 19 . On November 18 , 1985 , while playing against the Giants , Theismann broke his leg during a sack by Lawrence Taylor . The compound fracture forced him to retire after a 12 - year career , during which he became the Redskins ' all - time leader in pass attempts and completions . The Redskins finished 3rd in the NFC East behind the Cowboys and missed the wild card to the Giants by virtue of tiebreakers . The 1986 offseason 's major highlight occurred during the 1986 NFL Draft , when the Redskins picked up future Super Bowl MVP Mark Rypien in the sixth round , also the Redskins defensive end Dexter Manley set a franchise single season record when he recorded 18.5 sacks while earning 1st Team All - Pro honors and being selected to the Pro bowl . In 1986 season , the road to the playoffs was even harder , with the Redskins making the postseason as a wild - card team despite having a regular season record of 12 -- 4 . They won the Wild Card playoff against the Rams , and then again in the Divisional playoffs against the Bears . This game was Gibbs 70th career , which made him the winningest head coach in Redskins history . The season ended next week , however , when the Redskins lost to the eventual Super Bowl XXI Champion Giants 17 -- 0 in the NFC Championship game . The 1987 season began with a 24 - day players ' strike , reducing the 16 - game season to 15 . The games for weeks 4 -- 6 were won with all replacement players . The Redskins have the distinction of being the only team with no players crossing the picket line . Those three victories are often credited with getting the team into the playoffs and the basis for the 2000 movie The Replacements . The Redskins won their second championship in Super Bowl XXII on January 31 , 1988 , in San Diego , California . The Redskins routed the Denver Broncos 42 -- 10 after starting the game in a 10 -- 0 deficit , the largest come - from - behind victory in Super Bowl history , which was tied by the New Orleans Saints in Super Bowl XLIV and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX . This game is more famous for the stellar performance by quarterback Doug Williams who passed for four touchdowns in the second quarter en route to becoming the first black quarterback to lead his team to a Super Bowl victory while also winning the games Super Bowl MVP award . Rookie running back Timmy Smith had a great performance as well , running for a Super Bowl record 204 yards ( 187 m ) . 1988 started off with a boom and the club had a 5 -- 3 record at mid-season , but a 2nd half swoon saw them miss the playoffs with a 7 -- 9 record . The 1989 Redskins finished with a 10 -- 6 record but missed the playoffs . That season is best remembered for the Redskins prolific wide receiver trio nicknamed `` The Posse '' consisting of wide receivers Art Monk , Gary Clark , and Ricky Sanders who became the first trio of wide receivers in NFL history to post 1,000 - plus yards in the same season . Also , in a week 14 victory against the San Diego Chargers , Redskins head coach Joe Gibbs achieved career victory no . 100 . The Redskins returned to the playoffs in 1990 as a wild card team , lost in the Divisional playoffs to the 49ers , 28 -- 10 . The 1991 season started with a franchise - record 11 straight victories . Also during the season , `` The Hogs '' , under the coaching of Redskins offensive line coach Joe Bugel , allowed a league low and franchise record nine sacks -- the third lowest total in NFL history . The 1991 Redskins offense also dominated under the brilliant coaching of offensive minded head football coach Joe Gibbs scoring 485 points which was the most by any team in the 1991 NFL season . The 1991 Redskins defense was also dominant under the coaching of defensive coordinator and guru Richie Petitbon , giving up only 224 total points which was second best of any team in the NFL in 1991 , while also not allowing a single point to opponents in 3 of the 16 games played that season . After posting a 14 -- 2 record , the Redskins made and dominated the playoffs , beating the Falcons and Lions by a combined score of 64 -- 17 . On January 26 , 1992 , the Redskins won Super Bowl XXVI by defeating the Buffalo Bills 37 -- 24 with Mark Rypien winning the games Super Bowl MVP award . After the Super Bowl , the Redskins set another franchise record by sending eight players to the Pro Bowl . The 1991 Washington Redskins are widely considered one of the best teams in NFL history . The Redskins success in 1992 culminated in a trip to the playoffs as a wild card team , but they lost in the Divisional playoffs to the 49ers , 20 -- 13 . The most impressive feat during the season occurred on October 12 , 1992 , when Art Monk became the NFL 's all - time leading pass receiver against the Denver Broncos on Monday Night Football by catching his 820th career reception . The era ended on March 5 , 1993 , when Joe Gibbs retired after 12 years of coaching with the Redskins . In what proved to be a temporary retirement , Gibbs pursued an interest in NASCAR by founding Joe Gibbs Racing . End of RFK and Cooke ownership ( 1993 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) After the end of Gibbs ' first tenure , the Redskins hired former Redskins player Richie Petitbon for the 1993 season . However , his first and only year as head coach , the Redskins finished with a record of 4 -- 12 . Petitbon was fired at the end of the season and on February 2 , 1994 , Norv Turner was hired as head coach after being the offensive coordinator of the Dallas Cowboys . 1994 was even worse as they finished 3 -- 13 , their worst season in over 30 years . Their sole bright spot that year came on October 9 , 1994 , linebacker Monte Coleman played in his 206th career game with the Redskins , which broke Art Monk 's team record for games played ( Coleman retired at season 's end with 216 games played ) . They improved to 6 -- 10 in 1995 where they were able to get a season sweep on the eventual Super Bowl XXX Champions the Dallas Cowboys . On March 13 , 1996 , Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke , Maryland Governor Parris Glendening , and Prince George 's County Executive Wayne K. Curry signed a contract that paved the way for the immediate start of construction for the new home of the Redskins ( now FedExField ) . The 1996 season saw Washington post their first winning record in 4 years by finishing 9 -- 7 . On December 22 , 1996 , the Redskins played their final game at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium , a victory over the Dallas Cowboys 37 -- 10 , and finished their tenure at the stadium with a 173 -- 102 -- 3 record , including 11 -- 1 in the playoffs . On April 6 , 1997 , Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke died of congestive heart failure at the age of 84 . In his will , Cooke left the Redskins to the Jack Kent Cooke Foundation , with instructions that the foundation sell the team . His estate , headed by son John Kent Cooke , took over ownership of the Redskins and at his memorial service , John Kent Cooke announced that the new stadium in Landover , Maryland would be named Jack Kent Cooke Stadium . On September 14 , 1997 , the Redskins played in their new stadium for the first time , and beat the Arizona Cardinals , 19 -- 13 in overtime . On November 23 , 1997 , they played the New York Giants and the result was a 7 -- 7 tie , the Redskins first tie game since the 1971 season . They would finish 1997 8 -- 7 -- 1 and would miss the playoffs for a fifth season in a row . One bright spot during the season , however , occurred on December 13 , 1997 , when Darrell Green played in his 217th career game as a Redskin , breaking Monte Coleman 's record for games played . The 1998 season started with a seven - game losing streak , and the Redskins finished with a 6 -- 10 record . Daniel Snyder ownership era ( 1999 -- present ) ( edit ) FedExField After two seasons , John Kent Cooke was unable to raise sufficient funds to permanently purchase the Redskins , and on May 25 , 1999 , Daniel Snyder gained unanimous approval ( 31 -- 0 ) from league owners and bought the franchise for $800 million , a deal that was the most expensive team - purchasing deal in sporting history . One of his first acts as team owner occurred on November 21 , 1999 , when he sold the naming - rights to Jack Kent Cooke Stadium to the highest bidder , Federal Express , who renamed the stadium FedExField . In Snyder 's first season as owner , the Redskins went 10 -- 6 , including a four - game winning streak early in the season , and made it to the playoffs for the first time in Norv Turner 's career ( and the first time for the Redskins since 1992 ) in the final game of the season ( on January 2 , 2000 against the Dolphins ) . Running back Stephen Davis rushed for a then club - record 1,405 yards ( 1,285 m ) and quarterback Brad Johnson completed a then club - record 316 passes and threw for more than 4,000 yards ( 3,700 m ) in regular play that season . They then beat the Detroit Lions in the first round of the playoffs , but lost to the Buccaneers , 14 -- 13 . The 2000 season started with the selection of future Pro Bowler Chris Samuels and the tumultuous LaVar Arrington in the 2000 NFL Draft and included five consecutive wins in the first half of the season . However , they ended up going 7 -- 6 , and on December 4 , 2000 , Norv Turner was fired as head coach . Terry Robiskie was named interim coach to finish out the season , which ended with an 8 -- 8 record . During the final game of the season on December 24 , 2000 , Larry Centers became the NFL 's all - time leader in catches by a running back with 685 receptions . Marty Schottenheimer era ( 2001 ) ( edit ) On January 3 , 2001 , the Redskins hired former Browns and Chiefs head coach Marty Schottenheimer as head coach . The 2001 season began with a loss to the San Diego Chargers , 30 -- 3 , two days before the September 11 , 2001 , attacks . On September 13 , 2001 , the Redskins announced the establishment of the Redskins Relief Fund to help families of the victims of the attack at the Pentagon . During the course of the season , the Redskins raised more than $700,000 . They finished the season with an 8 -- 8 record and Schottenheimer was fired after the final game . Snyder later said in a 2013 interview on the firing of Schottenheimer , `` I like Marty and still do to this day , we are good friends , he 'd still be here if he did n't want to do it all . He was insistent on doing it all , that was something that I do n't think works , one guy ca n't do everything , he was a machine on that front . He would n't drop the personnel side and give us a chance at more of a team energy . '' Steve Spurrier era ( 2002 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 Washington Redskins season On January 14 , 2002 , Snyder hired University of Florida coach Steve Spurrier , the Redskins ' fifth new head coach in 10 years . They finished with a 7 -- 9 record , their first losing season since 1998 . A bittersweet moment during the season occurred on December 29 , 2002 , when Darrell Green concluded his 20th and final season as the Redskins defeated the Cowboys 20 -- 14 at FedExField . During his 20 seasons , he set a NFL record for consecutive seasons with at least one interception ( 19 ) and a Redskins team record for regular season games played ( 295 ) and started ( 258 ) . 2003 ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Washington Redskins season The Redskins finished the 2003 season with a 5 -- 11 record , their worst since 1994 . The one bright note of the season was on December 7 , 2003 , when defensive end Bruce Smith sacked Giants quarterback Jesse Palmer in the fourth quarter . With his 199th career sack , broke Reggie White 's all - time NFL mark ( Smith finished the season with 200 career sacks ) . After two mediocre years , Spurrier resigned after the 2003 season with three years left on his contract . Return of Joe Gibbs ( 2004 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2004 Washington Redskins season For the 2004 season , Snyder successfully lured former coach Joe Gibbs away from NASCAR to return as head coach and team president . His employment came with a promise of decreased intervention in football operations from Snyder . Snyder also expanded FedExField to a league - high capacity of 91,665 seats . Gibbs ' return to the franchise did not pay instant dividends as the Redskins finished the 2004 season with a record of 6 -- 10 . Despite an impressive defense , the team struggled offensively . Quarterback Mark Brunell -- an off - season acquisition from the Jacksonville Jaguars -- struggled in his first season , and was replaced midway through the season by backup Patrick Ramsey . On the other hand , some of Gibbs ' other new signings , such as cornerback Shawn Springs and linebacker Marcus Washington , did very well . The Redskins also picked Sean Taylor from University of Miami during the draft in Gibbs ' first season . 2005 ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Washington Redskins season Redskins on the field in 2005 The beginning of the 2005 season started with three wins , including a Monday Night Football game on September 19 , 2005 , against the Dallas Cowboys . Dallas led 13 -- 0 with less than four minutes left when Brunell threw a 39 - yard ( 36 m ) touchdown pass to Moss on a fourth - down play . Then , with 2 : 44 left , Brunell connected with Moss again on a 70 - yard ( 64 m ) touchdown pass and Nick Novak kicked the game - winning extra point . It was the Redskins ' first victory at Texas Stadium since 1995 . They then fell into a slump , losing six of the next eight games which included three straight losses in November , and their playoffs chances looked bleak . Wikinews has related news : Redskins qualify for playoffs with win in Philadelphia However , the Redskins then went on to record five consecutive victories at the end of the season , which concluded with the Redskins winning three games in a row against division rivals . On December 18 , 2005 , they beat Cowboys , 35 -- 7 , which marked the first time since 1995 that the Redskins were able to sweep the season series with Dallas . The Redskins then avenged the earlier loss to the Giants with a 35 -- 20 victory in their last regular - season home game . They finished out the season against the Philadelphia Eagles on January 1 , 2006 , where they won with a 31 -- 20 , with Taylor returning a fumble 39 yards ( 36 m ) for a touchdown to seal the victory . The win clinched their first playoff berth since 1999 . The game also culminated impressive season performances by individuals . Portis set a team mark for most rushing yards in a single season with 1,516 yards ( 1,386 m ) , and Moss set a team record for most receiving yards in a single season with 1,483 yards ( 1,356 m ) , breaking Bobby Mitchell 's previous record set in 1963 . Also , Chris Cooley 's 71 receptions broke Jerry Smith 's season record for a Redskins tight end . Finishing the season 10 -- 6 , they qualified for the playoffs as a wild card team . Their first game was against the NFC South Champion Buccaneers on January 7 , 2006 . The Redskins won 17 -- 10 , after taking an early 14 -- 0 lead , which they thought they lost until replay showed that a touchdown , which would have tied the game , was an incomplete pass . In that game , the Redskins broke the record for fewest offensive yards ( 120 ) gained in a playoff victory , with one of their two touchdowns being from a defensive run after a fumble recovery . The following weekend , they played the Seahawks , who defeated the Redskins 20 -- 10 , ending their hopes of reaching their first NFC Championship Game since 1991 . Chris Cooley was a starting tight end for the Redskins in the 2000s 2006 ( edit ) Redskins ' safety Sean Taylor during practice Main article : 2006 Washington Redskins season The first major move of the 2006 off - season was the hiring of Kansas City Chiefs ' offensive coordinator Al Saunders as Associate Head Coach , Offense . Gibbs also added former Buffalo Bills defensive coordinator Jerry Gray to his staff as Secondary / Cornerbacks coach and lost quarterbacks coach Bill Musgrave to the Falcons . The Redskins also picked up future starters Rocky McIntosh , Anthony Montgomery , Reed Doughty , and Kedric Golston in the 2006 NFL Draft . After winning only three of the first nine games of the 2006 season , Gibbs benched quarterback Brunell for former first - round draft pick Jason Campbell . After losing his first game as a starter to Tampa Bay , Campbell got his first NFL victory against the Carolina Panthers , bringing the Redskins out of a three - game losing streak . The highlight of the season happened on November 5 , 2006 , and concluded with one of the most exciting endings in the history of the Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry . Tied 19 -- 19 , Troy Vincent blocked a last - second field goal attempt by Dallas that would have given them the win . Sean Taylor picked up the ball and ran 30 yards ( 27 m ) , breaking tackles along the way . It was thought that the game would then go in overtime , however because of a defensive 15 - yard ( 14 m ) face mask penalty , the Redskins would get a field goal chance with no time on the clock . Novak kicked a 47 - yard ( 43 m ) field goal , giving Washington a 22 -- 19 victory . They finished the year with a 5 -- 11 record , which resulted in them being last in the NFC East , and the only team in the division to fail to make the playoffs . This marked the second losing season of Joe Gibbs ' second term as head coach with the Redskins , compared to the one losing season he had in his first 12 - year tenure as head coach . Despite the failures of the 2006 season , including free agent disasters Adam Archuleta and Brandon Lloyd , the year did see improvement in running back Ladell Betts and Campbell as quarterback . Redskins ' running back Clinton Portis , 2007 . 2007 ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Washington Redskins season The Redskins gather at the line of scrimmage against the New York Giants The 2007 Washington Redskins season was the team 's 75th season , and saw the team achieve a record of 9 -- 7 and a playoff appearance . This was an improvement over the 2006 season in which they went 5 -- 11 and finished last in the NFC East . The Redskins began the 2007 season by `` winning ugly '' starting the season off 2 -- 0 . The Redskins kept winning and losing close games , the only exception to this a 34 -- 3 rout of the Detroit Lions . The Redskins continued to win ugly and lose ugly to be 5 -- 3 at the halfway mark . However , the Redskins would begin to collapse . The Washington Redskins lost their next three games to fall to 5 -- 6 . On Monday , November 26 , 2007 , Redskins superstar , Sean Taylor was shot by intruders early in the morning in his Miami home . The next morning , Sean Taylor died from severe blood loss . The heartbreak continued for the Washington Redskins , taking a 9 -- 2 halftime lead against the Buffalo Bills , and eventually a 16 -- 5 lead . However , the Bills cut the lead to 16 -- 14 , and got into position with just 8 seconds remaining to win the game . In an attempt to ice the kicker , head coach Joe Gibbs called timeout . However , he attempted to re-ice him , and called timeout again , which drew an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty , reducing the field goal from 51 yards to 36 , and Bills kicker Rian Lindell nailed it with ease . Following the heartbreaking loss , the Redskins attended Sean Taylor 's funeral two days later , with a game to play on Thursday night against the Chicago Bears . The bad news continued , as quarterback Jason Campbell went down for the season with a knee injury . Following this , unlikely hero and backup quarterback Todd Collins led the Redskins to the victory , keeping their playoff hopes alive . Things continued to turn in the right direction behind Collins , who led the Redskins to a 22 -- 10 victory on Sunday Night Football over the New York Giants and routs of the Minnesota Vikings and rival Dallas Cowboys in the final two weeks to propel the Redskins to 9 -- 7 and the final playoff spot in the NFL playoffs . The Washington Redskins trailed 13 -- 0 entering the 4th quarter to the Seattle Seahawks in the Wild Card Playoffs , but rallied back to take a 14 -- 13 lead , but Redskins kicker Shaun Suisham missed a field goal later in the game , and the Seahawks scored on the next drive and converted the two - point conversion . To close the game , Todd Collins threw two interceptions , each returned for touchdowns , and the Redskins fell 35 -- 14 . Jim Zorn era ( 2008 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) 2008 ( edit ) Quarterback Jason Campbell played for the Redskins from 2005 -- 2009 Main article : 2008 Washington Redskins season The Washington Redskins looked to return to the playoffs in 2008 but did not succeed , finishing 8 -- 8 . After Joe Gibbs announced his retirement , Jim Zorn was hired as head coach , and brought in a West Coast Offense . The season started about as well as it could have , as the Washington Redskins started the season 6 -- 2 , with their two losses coming by a combined 11 points to the New York Giants and St. Louis Rams . Furthermore , Redskins star Clinton Portis led the NFL in rushing yards and Jason Campbell was just 40 pass attempts away from breaking Bernie Kosar 's record of consecutive passes to start the season without an interception . However , things turned for the worse on the eve of the 2008 Presidential Election , when they were routed 23 -- 6 by the Pittsburgh Steelers and Clinton Portis ' injuries finally caught up to him . The Redskins continued to struggle , falling all the way to 7 -- 7 , with their only win during that six - week period being a 3 - point victory of the then - 2 -- 8 Seattle Seahawks , who would finish the season 4 - 12 . The Redskins managed to upset the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 16 , but were eliminated from playoff contention after the Atlanta Falcons defeated the Minnesota Vikings 24 -- 17 that same week . The Redskins lost the final game of the season 27 -- 24 to the San Francisco 49ers , despite having a 17 -- 7 lead at halftime , losing on a Joe Nedney field goal as time expired . 2009 ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Washington Redskins season The Redskins ' fortunes continued to slide in 2009 , as they lost two of the first four matches , one of which was a 19 - 14 defeat at the hands of the Lions , a team that had not won a game since December 2007 . After that , they lost to Carolina on the road and Kansas City at home , the latter match handing another victory to a winless team . On Monday Night Football , the Redskins lost to Philadelphia in a game where Jim Zorn was temporarily relieved of his duties by offensive coordinator Sherman Lewis . In Week 10 , they inflicted a surprise defeat on the Denver Broncos before losing two divisional matches to Dallas and Philadelphia . The Week 13 game against an undefeated Saints team proved another surprise . The Redskins managed to tie at the end of regulation , and in overtime had a chance to break New Orleans ' winning streak . However , kicker Shaun Suisham missed a field goal that would have given them the victory . On their next possession , the Saints scored a FG and won the game 33 - 30 . Suisham was cut after the game and signed with Dallas ( his original team ) . The Redskins then routed Oakland in Week 14 before losing their last three games to finish 4 - 12 . The second match with the Cowboys ended in a 16 - 0 shutout , making for only the second season since 1970 where Washington lost all of its divisional matches . Jim Zorn was fired and replaced by Mike Shanahan afterwards . Mike Shanahan era ( 2010 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Washington Redskins season The 2010 off - season would bring a surprise when on April 4 , Eagles QB Donovan McNabb forced his team to trade him to the Redskins and was also marred by contract disputes with Albert Haynesworth . Washington continued an old tradition of playing its arch - rival Cowboys in the first week of the season . Both teams were unimpressive and the Redskins ' offense sputtered throughout the game , but they finally won 13 - 10 after a touchdown pass by Tony Romo was nullified after a holding call . They hosted the Texans in Week 2 , but good all - around offensive performance ( especially by McNabb , who passed for 426 yards and a touchdown ) failed to secure a win . The game tied at 27 - 27 and went into overtime where Houston kicker Neil Rackers made a 37 - yard FG , ending the match at 30 - 27 . After this , the Redskins lost to St. Louis 30 - 16 before McNabb 's return to Philadelphia . Although Washington did not deliver a particularly strong performance , they won 16 - 12 after Eagles QB Michael Vick was injured and replaced by Kevin Kolb . In Week 5 , they hosted Green Bay for only the second time since 1979 ( the first was in 2004 ) and beat them 16 - 13 . After losing a Sunday Night match to the Colts , Washington beat Chicago in Week 7 . Although McNabb threw two interceptions , the team took advantage of their opponent 's porous O - line to sack and pick off Jay Cutler four times , winning 17 - 14 . After losing a 37 - 25 trap game in Detroit , the Redskins went on their bye week and returned to host Philadelphia on MNF for the second straight year . As rain fell on Fedex Field , the Eagles proceeded to crush Washington 59 - 28 with eight touchdowns . In contrast to the huge numbers put up by Michael Vick , McNabb looked decidedly unimpressive , with two touchdown passes and three interceptions ( one returned for a TD ) . Just before the game , he had finalized his contract with the Redskins , who gave him a 5 - year , $78 million deal and allowing him to ( barring unforeseen circumstances ) finish out his career in Washington . After beating Tennessee , the Redskins lost four straight games and were removed from playoff contention before beating Jacksonville in Week 16 . After losing to New York at home , the Redskins finished the year at 6 - 10 and once again 4th place in the division . 2011 ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Washington Redskins season Redskins training camp , 2011 The McNabb era came to an abrupt end when he was traded to Minnesota in August 2011 . The troublesome Albert Haynesworth also headed to New England . After cutting the injury - rattled Clinton Portis , the Redskins had no important offensive players left except for Santana Moss . Mike Shanahan surprised most observers by his decision to name John Beck , an obscure free agent QB , as the starter . However , Shanahan suddenly reversed direction by naming veteran backup Rex Grossman to the starting position . In Week 1 , Grossman threw for 305 yards and two TD passes as the Redskins crushed the Giants 28 - 14 , ending a six - game losing streak against that team . After beating the Cardinals in Week 2 , the Redskins got off to a surprise 2 - 0 start . In Week 3 , they played the Cowboys on MNF and lost a poorly played game where the latter edged them out with six field goals to win 18 - 16 . After beating the Rams in Week 4 , the Redskins disintegrated from injuries and did n't win another game until Seattle in Week 12 . They finished 5 - 11 following a second win over the eventual champion Giants . 2012 ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Washington Redskins season Quarterback Robert Griffin III won the league 's Offensive Rookie of the Year award in 2012 , while also leading the team to their first division title since 1999 . The Redskins traded all their high level draft picks to St. Louis for taking Baylor QB Robert Griffin III # 2 in the 2012 draft . Although the need for a franchise QB was obvious , many football experts doubted the wisdom of such a trade for one player . Griffin silenced his critics in Week 1 as Washington won a surprise upset over the Saints in New Orleans . The rookie QB threw for 320 yards and two TD passes in a 40 - 32 victory for the Redskins ' highest scoring game since 2005 . In Week 2 , the team traveled to St. Louis where they lost 24 - 22 . A major defensive loss was suffered when Brian Orakpo went down from a tear to his left pectoral muscle . Despite widespread complaints from Redskins fans and players about the Rams playing dirty , there was nothing to do but move on to the home opener against Cincinnati . The game started on a bad omen when the Bengals threw a 76 - yard TD pass on the opening drive . Although the Redskins responded furiously and played another close match , they lost and injuries continued to pile up as CB Josh Wilson and WR Pierre Garçon went down . They would win their next game on a late game field goal at Tampa Bay , 24 - 22 , after the Buccaneers made a 4th quarter comeback to take the lead . The Redskins only won one of their next five games , going into the bye week at 3 - 6 . In Week 11 , the Redskins would face the struggling Philadelphia Eagles in Washington . RGIII would have one of his best games of his career to date , as the Redskins won 31 - 6 with long touchdowns to Santana Moss and Aldrick Robinson . The Redskins would win their next 6 games after that , including a Thanksgiving Day win over the Dallas Cowboys , an overtime win against the eventual champs , the Baltimore Ravens , and a 38 - 21 win over the Cleveland Browns that featured backup rookie quarterback Kirk Cousins as the starter , filling in for RGIII who got an injured knee against the Ravens . The Redskins would win their crucial last game against the Cowboys , which would clinch the division for them and send the Redskins to the playoffs . 2013 ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Washington Redskins season After winning the NFC East in the previous season , hopes were high for a repeat in 2013 . However , these hopes were in vain , as poor play and controversy stirred during the entire year , leading to the disastrous record of 3 -- 13 . This was the worst record the Redskins have posted since 1994 . Even though most players had a down year compared to last season , Pierre Garçon had his greatest season statistically yet . Garcon eventually broke Art Monk 's 29 - year - old franchise record for catches in a single season . Garcon had 113 catches total , which broke Monk 's 106 catches in 1984 by seven . The Washington Redskins fired Shanahan and most of his staff on December 30 , 2013 . Jay Gruden era ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 Washington Redskins season On January 9 , 2014 , the Redskins hired Jay Gruden as their head coach . Gruden became the eighth head coach of the team since Daniel Snyder purchased the franchise in 1999 . Gruden lost his first regular season game as an NFL coach against the Houston Texans 17 -- 6 with the Texans defense controlling the Washington offense for the majority of the game . Gruden would then go on to win his first game as an NFL head coach the following week against the Jacksonville Jaguars 41 -- 10 . Gruden and the Redskins struggled throughout the season , having three different quarterbacks start games , amounting to a 4 -- 12 record . Defense coordinator Jim Haslett was fired at the end of the season . Quarterback Kirk Cousins after the comeback victory against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2015 , the largest in franchise history 2015 ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Washington Redskins season On January 7 , 2015 , the Redskins hired Scot McCloughan to be their general manager . McCloughan took over control of the roster from Bruce Allen , who was given the sole title of team president after the hiring . On October 25 , 2015 , the Redskins had their largest comeback win in franchise history , coming back to win against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 31 -- 30 , after being down 0 -- 24 in the second quarter . The Redskins clinched the NFC East division title on December 26 , when they beat the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 16 , 38 -- 24 . The division title was their third since Snyder took over ownership of the team , and was the first since the 1999 season to be clinched before Week 17 . The Redskins hosted the Green Bay Packers in the Wild Card round on January 10 , 2016 , but lost 35 -- 18 , ending their 2015 season . Kirk Cousins , who took over as starting quarterback in the preseason , finished the season with career highs in touchdowns ( 29 ) , yards ( 4,166 ) , and completion percentage ( 69.8 % ) . His completion percentage led the league , while his 29 touchdowns tied him for second on the franchise single - season list . 2016 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Washington Redskins season The team 's offense in 2016 set several franchise records , including having over 6,000 total net yards , which was only the third time in franchise history the team had accomplished that . Quarterback Kirk Cousins also set single - season team records in attempts , completions , and passing yards , breaking many of his records he had previously set in 2015 . DeSean Jackson , Pierre Garçon , Jamison Crowder , Robert Kelley , Chris Thompson , Jordan Reed , Vernon Davis , and Matt Jones all finished the season with at least 500 yards from scrimmage , tying the 2011 New Orleans Saints for the most in a single season in NFL history . Despite the numerous records set , the Redskins missed the playoffs , losing 19 -- 10 in a `` win and in '' situation against the New York Giants in the final week of the season . However , the Redskins still finished the season with a record of 8 -- 7 -- 1 , giving the team their first consecutive winning seasons in nearly 20 years . In contrast with the record setting offense , the team 's defense had a poor season , finishing 29 out of 32 teams in total defense , which lead to the firing of defensive coordinator Joe Barry , as well as three of his assistants . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Redskins primary logo ( 1982 ) . This `` tucked feather '' version came about as a result of the decals not properly sticking to the helmets at the lower juncture of the feathers and the outer circle . The following year , the decal manufacturer started using a more flexible material , and the team reverted to the `` hanging feather '' version of the logo . The Washington Redskins ' primary colors are burgundy and gold . Continuously from 1961 through 1978 , the Redskins wore gold pants with both the burgundy and white jerseys , although details of the jerseys and pants changed a few times during this period . Gold face masks were introduced in 1978 and remain to this day ; previous to that they were grey . From the start of the Joe Gibbs era until 2010 , the Redskins were one of three NFL teams that primarily wore their white jerseys at home ( the others being the Dallas Cowboys and Miami Dolphins ) . The tradition of wearing white jerseys over burgundy pants at home , which is considered the `` classic '' look , was started by Joe Gibbs when he took over as coach in 1981 . Gibbs was an assistant for the San Diego Chargers in 1979 and 1980 , and the Chargers wore white at home during the tenure of coach Don Coryell in the late 1970s and early 1980s . From 1981 -- 2009 , their burgundy jerseys were primarily used when the opposing team decided to wear white at home , which comes mostly against the Dallas Cowboys and occasionally the Philadelphia Eagles , and was normally worn over white pants . It was worn on the road against other teams that like to wear white at home for games occurring early in the season . From 1981 through 2000 , the Redskins wore their white jerseys over burgundy pants at home almost exclusively . In 1994 , as part of a league - wide celebration of the NFL 's 75th Anniversary , during certain games the Redskins wore special uniforms which emulated the uniforms worn by the team in its inaugural season as the Washington Redskins , 1937 . Both worn over gold pants , the burgundy jerseys featured gold numbers bordered in white and the white jerseys featured burgundy numbers bordered in gold . The most distinctive feature of both colors of the jersey was the patches worn on both sleeves , which were a reproduction of the patches worn on the full - length sleeves of the 1937 jerseys . Worn with these uniforms was a plain burgundy helmet with a gold facemask . In 2001 , the Redskins wore burgundy for all home games in the preseason and regular season per a decision by Marty Schottenheimer , their coach for that year . In 2002 , the team celebrated the passing of 70 years since its creation as the Boston Braves in 1932 , and wore a special home uniform of burgundy jersey over gold pants which roughly resembled the home uniforms used from 1969 -- 1978 . The helmets used with this special home uniform during that year were a reproduction of the helmets used by the team from 1965 -- 69 . This special home uniform was also worn during one game in 2003 . In 2004 , when Joe Gibbs became the coach of the Redskins once again , the team switched back to wearing white jerseys at home ; in Gibbs 's 16 years as head coach , the team never wore burgundy jerseys at home , even wearing a white throwback jersey in 2007 . Redskins primary logo ( 1965 -- 69 ) Their white jerseys have provided three basic color combinations , two of which have been previously alluded to in this article . The last combination consists of both white jerseys and pants . That particular combination surfaced in the first game of the 2003 season , when the team was coached by Steve Spurrier , during a nationally televised game against the New York Jets , which led many sports fans and Redskins faithful alike to point out that they had never seen that particular combination before . That year the Redskins wore it two more times . That look did n't appear again until midway through the 2005 season when the Redskins wore it in a road game against the St. Louis Rams . The Redskins won six straight games , including one in the playoffs against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , wearing that combination and the local media jokingly pointed out that the reason the Redskins were winning was their use of the white over white combination . In the NFC Divisional Playoff game against the eventual 2005 NFC Champion Seattle Seahawks , the Redskins wore the all - white uniforms , in hopes that they could keep their streak going ; however , they lost 20 -- 10 . The Redskins continued to wear the white jerseys and white pants into the 2006 preseason . In the 2006 season , the Redskins started wearing black cleats , something that had n't been done for quite a while . It was a surprise because they wore white cleats during the preseason . They would have to wear that color for the rest of the season , because the NFL usually asks teams to choose either black or white cleats to be worn throughout the season . After the white - over-white period which lasted from the mid / late 2005 season into 2006 , the classic uniform of white jerseys over burgundy pants reappeared on November 26 , 2006 , in a home game against the Carolina Panthers . The decision to return to the classic look may have symbolized a desire by the team to turn a new page on their 2006 season , which had been very lackluster previous to that game , the period of success with the white jerseys over white pants having come to an end the previous season . The move may have also been related to the fact that this home game was the second start and first home start of second - year quarterback Jason Campbell , and that the game and the previous week 's game were , in the hopes and perceptions of many Redskins fans , the start of the `` Jason Campbell era . '' The Redskins went on to win that game against Carolina , preserving slim hopes of the team 's being able to make it to the 2006 playoffs , although they ultimately missed the playoffs . Redskins 75th anniversary uniform ( 2007 ) with logo used from 1970 -- 1971 . In celebration of the franchise 's 75th anniversary , the Redskins wore a special throwback uniform for the September 23 , 2007 home game against the New York Giants . Players wore a white jersey ( in keeping with Gibbs 's exclusive use of the color , whereas most other NFL throwback jerseys tend to be dark ) with 3 burgundy and 2 gold stripes on each sleeve and the 75th anniversary logo on the left chest . The pants were gold , with one white stripe bordered by a burgundy stripe on each side , running down each side . The helmet was gold - colored with a burgundy `` R '' logo . The helmet and uniform styles ( besides the anniversary patch and the position of the upper-most , `` TV '' , numbers ) were the same as the ones the franchise used during the 1970 -- 71 seasons . While this throwback uniform was worn during a home game , it was actually the away uniform for 1970 -- 71 . ( The helmet was discontinued after the 1971 season , while this basic away uniform design , minus the helmet , was used through the 1978 season , as well as during most of the 1969 season . ) Vince Lombardi , who coached the Redskins in 1969 before dying during the 1970 pre-season , was the inspiration behind the helmet . Lombardi pushed for the logo , which sat inside a white circle enclosed within a burgundy circle border , with Indian feathers hanging down from the side , because of its similarity to the `` G '' on the helmets worn by his Green Bay Packers for many years . On September 14 , 2008 , Week 2 and game two for the team of the 2008 season , the Redskins again donned the white - on - white look , which was reminiscent of the successful stretch at the end of the 2005 season . On November 3 , 2008 , the Redskins wore burgundy jerseys over their burgundy pants in a Monday night home game against the Pittsburgh Steelers the night before the 2008 U.S. Presidential election . The Redskins lost the game , 23 -- 6 . It was the first time the Redskins went with the dark `` monochrome '' look that many NFL teams have adopted in some form over the past few years . This uniform combination made a reappearance in 2009 against the Dallas Cowboys at Cowboys Stadium on November 22 and a home Monday night game against the New York Giants on December 21 . The Redskins , after wearing white almost exclusively in the 1980s and 1990s , occasionally reverted from 2002 -- 2009 to using their burgundy jerseys for home games during the latter weeks of the season , but would still wear white against the Dallas Cowboys . At the 2010 season and home opener on September 12 , the team debuted a never - before - seen look , pairing the standard modern burgundy jerseys with the throwback style of gold pants that are reminiscent of the era of George Allen , the late father of then GM Bruce Allen , which had last been seen in the game vs. the Giants in 2007 . In 2010 , the team wore burgundy jerseys for all regular season home games , including six total sporting the aforementioned new look . For two home games , vs Green Bay and Tampa Bay , the team wore the standard white pants . In Philadelphia on October 3 , with the Eagles wearing white at home , the team also wore white pants with their burgundy jerseys -- and did the same when visiting Dallas in December . Away against Tennessee on November 21 , they debuted another new look , matching the gold pants with the standard modern white jerseys for the first time ever ; the same combination would be worn at the Giants two weeks later . In the other four away games , the team wore the white jerseys over the burgundy pants . In 2011 , they would wear the burgundy jersey / gold pants look for five home games and a road game at Dallas , the burgundy jersey / white pants look for three home games and a road game at Miami , the white jersey / burgundy pants look for five road games , and the white jersey / gold pants look for a Bills game in Toronto . In 2012 , the team would wear an updated throwback uniform of the 1937 team in a loss versus the Carolina Panthers on November 4 , in honor of Sammy Baugh 's rookie season , and the team 's championship season . Due to NFL rules that limits the number of pants worn to three , combined with the popularity of the gold throwback pants , the Redskins quietly dropped the burgundy pants . Although a recent NFL rule implemented in 2013 that states teams may not wear alternate helmets on account of player safety , the Redskins would again wear the 1937 throwbacks with the sticker removed from the regular helmet in an overtime win versus the San Diego Chargers on November 3 . That year would also see the team remove its burgundy collar from their white jersey , in order to have better consistency with the new Nike uniforms that debuted the previous season . For 2014 , the team dropped their white pants and for the next two seasons wore the gold pants full - time with their standard uniforms . In 2016 , the burgundy pants returned as part of the team 's away uniform . Controversy regarding the name and logo ( edit ) Main article : Washington Redskins name controversy See also : List of Washington Redskins name change advocates , Washington Redskins trademark dispute , and Washington Redskins name opinion polls The name and logo of the Washington Redskins is part of a larger controversy regarding the use of Native American names , images and symbols by non-native sports teams , but receives the most public attention due to the prominence of the team being located in the nation 's capital and the name itself being defined in current dictionaries of American English as `` usually offensive '' , `` disparaging '' , `` insulting '' , and `` taboo '' . Native American individuals , tribes and organizations have been questioning the use of the name and image for decades . In the 1940s the National Congress of American Indians ( NCAI ) created a campaign to eliminate negative stereotyping of Native American people in the media . Over time , the campaign began to focus on Indian names and mascots in sports . The NCAI maintains that teams with mascots such as the Braves and the Redskins perpetuate negative stereotypes of Native American people , and demean their native traditions and rituals . The NCAI issued a new report in 2013 summarizing opposition to Indian mascots and team names generally , and the Washington Redskins in particular . In response to the continued controversy , the team owner Dan Snyder sent an open letter to fans that was published in The Washington Post on October 9 , 2013 . In the letter Snyder states that the most important meaning of the name Redskins is the association that fans have to memories of their personal history with the team . Snyder also states that the name was chosen in 1933 to honor Native Americans in general and the coach and four players at that time who were Native American ; and that in 1971 the then coach George Allen consulted with the Red Cloud Athletic Fund on the Pine Ridge reservation when designing the logo . Supporters also assert that a majority of Native Americans themselves are not offended , based upon a public opinion poll in 2004 in which 90 % of those who identified as American Indians answered that they were `` not bothered '' by the name `` Redskins '' being used for the Washington football team . However , in a commentary published soon after that poll , fifteen Native American scholars collaborated on a critique that stated that there were so many flaws in the Annenberg study that rather than being a measure of Native American opinion , it was an expression of `` white privilege '' and colonialism . In May 2016 , the Washington Post released a poll of self - identified Native Americans that produced the same results as Annenberg poll , in which 90 % of the 504 respondents were `` not bothered '' by the team 's name . Native American groups responded with many of the same criticisms . NCAI Executive Director Jacqueline Pata stated `` The survey does n't recognize the psychological impacts these racist names and imagery have on American Indian and Alaska Natives . It is not respectful to who we are as Native people . This poll still does n't make it right . '' The team continues to cite polls showing general public opinion in opposition to changing the name . One poll was part the 2014 poll of issues regarding the NFL , which included one question indicating 71 % of the general public are in favor of keeping the name , with 18 % in favor of a change . On their website the team states : `` This poll , along with the poll taken among Native Americans by the Annenberg Institute , demonstrates continued , widespread and deep opposition to the Redskins changing our name . The results of this poll are solidly in line with the message we have heard from fans and Native Americans for months -- our name represents a tradition , passion and heritage that honors Native Americans . We respect the point of view of the small number of people who seek a name change , but it is important to recognize very few people agree with the case they are making . '' The Oneida Indian Nation `` believes more Americans would favor changing the team name of the Washington NFL club if they understood the full context of what the Oneidas and others consider a racial slur . '' Mike Florio points out that since an AP poll taken in April 2013 showed 79 % in favor of keeping the name ; the 71 % result in the new poll is a significant decrease in support in a short time . A 2014 AP - Gfk Poll , however , showed 83 % support keeping the name . In June 2014 , the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ( TTAB ) voted to cancel the six trademarks held by the team in a two to one decision that held that the term `` redskins '' is disparaging to a `` substantial composite of Native Americans '' . In a separate case ( Matal v. Tam ) an Asian - American rock band , `` The Slants '' appealed the denial of a trademark for their name . In June 2017 , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in favor of Tam , the majority opinion stating `` the disparagement clause violates the First Amendment 's Free Speech Clause . Contrary to the Government 's contention , trademarks are private , not government speech . '' Both the Native American petitioners and the Justice Department have withdrawn from any further litigation now that the Supreme Court has rendered the legal issue moot , clearing the way for the restoration of the Redskin 's trademarks . Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Washington Redskins seasons Rivalries ( edit ) Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry is a sports rivalry between two NFL teams that have won 31 combined division titles and ten Championships , including eight combined Super Bowls . The rivalry started in 1960 when the Cowboys joined the league as an expansion team . During that year they were in separate conferences , but played once during the season . In 1961 , Dallas was placed in the same division as the Redskins , and from that point on , they have played each other twice during every regular season . Texas oil tycoon Clint Murchison Jr. was having a difficult time bringing an NFL team to Dallas . In 1958 , Murchison heard that George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , was eager to sell the team . Just as the sale was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . Murchison was outraged and canceled the whole deal . Around this time , Marshall had a falling out with the Redskin band director , Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song , now a staple at the stadium . He wanted revenge after the failed negotiations with Marshall . He approached Tom Webb , Murchison 's lawyer , and sold the rights for $2,500 . Murchison then decided to create his own team , with the support of NFL expansion committee chairman , George Halas . Halas decided to put the proposition of a Dallas franchise before the NFL owners , which needed to have unanimous approval in order to pass . The only owner against the proposal was George Preston Marshall . However , Marshall found out that Murchison owned the rights to Washington 's fight song , so a deal was finally struck . If Marshall showed his approval of the Dallas franchise , Murchison would return the song . The Cowboys were then founded and began playing in 1960 . In 2016 , the Redskins - Cowboys game on Thanksgiving Day was most - watched regular - season game in Fox history . Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Main article : Eagles -- Redskins rivalry New York Giants ( edit ) Main article : Giants -- Redskins rivalry Players of note ( edit ) Main article : List of Washington Redskins players Current roster ( edit ) Washington Redskins roster view talk Quarterbacks 8 Kirk Cousins 12 Colt McCoy Running backs 34 Mack Brown 20 Robert Kelley 32 Samaje Perine 25 Chris Thompson KR Wide receivers 80 Jamison Crowder PR 18 Josh Doctson 14 Ryan Grant 11 Terrelle Pryor 83 Brian Quick Tight ends 85 Vernon Davis 84 Niles Paul 86 Jordan Reed 87 Jeremy Sprinkle Offensive linemen 68 Tyler Catalina G 69 T.J. Clemmings T 77 Shawn Lauvao G 61 Spencer Long C 76 Morgan Moses T 79 Ty Nsekhe T 73 Chase Roullier C 75 Brandon Scherff G 71 Trent Williams T Defensive linemen 95 Jonathan Allen DE 72 Anthony Lanier DE 90 Ziggy Hood NT 98 Matt Ioannidis DE 97 Terrell McClain DE 92 Stacy McGee DE Linebackers 52 Ryan Anderson OLB 53 Zach Brown ILB 55 Chris Carter OLB 51 Will Compton ILB 54 Mason Foster ILB 58 Junior Galette OLB 40 Josh Harvey - Clemons ILB 91 Ryan Kerrigan OLB 94 Preston Smith OLB 50 Martrell Spaight ILB Defensive backs 26 Bashaud Breeland CB 47 Quinton Dunbar CB 22 Deshazor Everett SS 29 Kendall Fuller CB 38 Joshua Holsey CB 39 Stefan McClure SS 31 Fabian Moreau CB 35 Montae Nicholson FS 24 Josh Norman CB 36 D.J. Swearinger FS Special teams 3 Dustin Hopkins K 57 Nick Sundberg LS 5 Tress Way P Reserve lists -- Kevin Bowen T ( IR ) 30 Su'a Cravens SS ( Left Squad ) 23 DeAngelo Hall FS ( PUP ) -- Keith Marshall RB ( IR ) 93 Trent Murphy OLB ( IR ) 99 Phil Taylor NT ( IR ) Practice squad 17 Dres Anderson WR 60 Alex Balducci C 63 Brandon Banks DE 19 Robert Davis WR 13 Maurice Harris WR 82 Manasseh Garner TE 67 Kyle Kalis G 45 Pete Robertson ILB 37 Fish Smithson FS 10 Alek Torgersen QB Rookies in italics Roster updated September 11 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 6 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers ( edit ) Washington Redskins retired numbers N ° Player Position Tenure 33 Sammy Baugh QB , P 1937 -- 52 Unofficially retired numbers ( edit ) The Redskins ' policy since Baugh 's retirement has been to not retire numbers . However , some numbers are unofficially retired and are usually withheld from being selectable by new players . The following numbers of past Redskins greats fall into that category . 7 Joe Theismann , QB , 1974 -- 85 9 Sonny Jurgensen , QB , 1964 -- 74 28 Darrell Green , CB , 1983 -- 2002 42 Charley Taylor , WR , 1964 -- 77 43 Larry Brown , RB , 1969 -- 76 44 John Riggins , RB , 1976 -- 79 , 1981 -- 85 49 Bobby Mitchell , RB , 1962 -- 68 65 Dave Butz , DT , 1975 -- 88 70 Sam Huff , LB , 1964 -- 69 ( worn by Leonard Marshall in 1994 ) 81 Art Monk , WR , 1980 -- 93 Sean Taylor 's number 21 has not been reissued since his death during the 2007 season , but it is unknown , as of 2015 , whether the number should be considered `` unofficially retired . '' A Google search reveals multiple fan petitions seeking to have the number formally retired . Free agent signing O.J. Atogwe , who had `` worn No. 21 his entire life '' , chose to switch to No. 20 out of respect for Taylor . The use of unofficial retired numbers drew controversy during Steve Spurrier 's first year as head coach . Quarterbacks Danny Wuerffel and Shane Matthews first wore 7 and 9 respectively during training camp . The resulting sports talk furor led to them switching to 17 and 6 . During the season , reserve tight end Leonard Stephens wore number 49 for the season . After his retirement as assistant GM , Bobby Mitchell blasted the team , for not being considered for GM and was upset that the team would let a player like Leonard Stephens wear his number . Pro Football Hall of Fame members ( edit ) Washington Redskins inducted in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons No . Name Positions Seasons 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1964 -- 1974 17 Turk Edwards OT -- DT 1932 -- 1940 20 Cliff Battles RB -- CB 1932 -- 1937 21 Deion Sanders CB 2000 26 Paul Krause 1964 -- 1967 26 Don Shula DB 1957 27 Ken Houston 1973 -- 1980 28 Darrell Green CB 1983 -- 2002 33 Sammy Baugh QB - S - P 1937 -- 1952 35 Bill Dudley RB - CB 1950 -- 1953 40 Wayne Millner TE - DE 1936 -- 1941 42 Charley Taylor WR 1964 -- 1977 44 John Riggins RB 1976 -- 1985 49 Bobby Mitchell RB 1962 -- 1968 55 Chris Hanburger LB 1965 -- 1978 68 Russ Grimm 1981 -- 1991 70 Sam Huff LB 1964 -- 1969 73 Stan Jones DT 1966 75 Deacon Jones DE 78 Bruce Smith DE 2000 -- 2003 81 Art Monk WR 1980 -- 1993 89 Dave Robinson LB 1973 -- 1974 60 Dick Stanfel OG 1956 -- 1958 55 Jason Taylor DE / LB 2008 Management Name Positions Seasons Name Positions Seasons George Allen Head coach 1971 -- 1977 Ray Flaherty Head coach 1936 -- 1942 Joe Gibbs Head coach 1981 -- 1992 , 2004 -- 2007 Otto Graham Head coach 1966 -- 1968 Curly Lambeau Head coach 1952 -- 1953 Vince Lombardi Head coach 1969 George Preston Marshall Owner & founder 1932 -- 1969 Mike McCormack Assistant coach 1965 -- 1972 Emmitt Thomas Assistant coach 1986 -- 94 Washington Hall of stars ( edit ) The Washington Hall of Stars is a series of banners hanging at RFK Stadium honoring D.C. performers from all sports . It was previously located on a series of white - and - red signs ringing the face of the stadium 's mezzanine level . Another version hangs on a large sign on one of the parking garages at Nationals Park . Despite having been elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame , Turk Edwards , Ray Flaherty , Joe Gibbs , and Paul Krause are not on the Hall of Stars banners . Edwards , Flaherty , and Gibbs had been honored on signs on the prior version of the Hall of Stars . Redskins Ring of Fame ( edit ) When the Redskins moved out of RFK Stadium , the signs commemorating the Washington Hall of Stars were left behind and the team began a new tradition of honoring Redskins greats via the `` Ring of Fame '' , a set of signs on the upper level facade at FedExField . Unlike the Hall of Stars , which honors historical greats from all sports , the Ring of Fame is limited to honoring Redskins greats . The following is a list of members of the Ring of Fame : Redskins Ring of Fame No . Name Position Tenure -- George Allen Head Coach 1971 -- 1977 20 Cliff Battles RB 1932 -- 1937 33 Sammy Baugh QB 1937 -- 1952 53 Jeff Bostic 1980 -- 1993 80 Gene Brito DE 1951 -- 1953 1955 -- 1958 43 Larry Brown RB 1969 -- 1976 65 Dave Butz DT 1975 -- 1988 84 Gary Clark WR 1985 -- 1992 51 Monte Coleman LB 1979 -- 1994 -- Jack Kent Cooke Owner 1961 -- 1997 35 Bill Dudley RB 1950 -- 1951 , 1953 -- Wayne Curry Prince George 's County Executive 1994 -- 2002 37 Pat Fischer CB 1968 -- 1977 -- Joe Gibbs Head Coach 1981 -- 1992 2004 -- 2007 28 Darrell Green CB 1983 -- 2002 68 Russ Grimm 1981 -- 1991 55 Chris Hanburger LB 1965 -- 1978 57 Ken Harvey LB 1994 -- 1998 56 Len Hauss 1964 -- 1977 -- Phil Hochberg PA announcer 1963 -- 2000 27 Ken Houston 1973 -- 1980 70 Sam Huff LB 1964 -- 1967 , 1969 66 Joe Jacoby T / G 1981 -- 1993 47 Dick James RB 1956 -- 1963 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1964 -- 1974 22 Charlie Justice RB 1950 , 1952 -- 1954 17 Billy Kilmer QB 1971 -- 1978 14 Eddie LeBaron QB 1952 -- 1953 1955 -- 1959 -- Vince Lombardi Head Coach 1969 72 Dexter Manley DE 1981 -- 1989 71 Charles Mann DE 1983 -- 1993 -- George Preston Marshall Team founder and Owner 1932 -- 1969 40 Wayne Millner 1936 -- 1941 , 1945 49 Bobby Mitchell WR 1962 -- 1968 30 Brian Mitchell RB / KR 1990 -- 1999 81 Art Monk WR 1980 -- 1993 Mark Moseley PK 1974 -- 1986 23 Brig Owens DB 1966 -- 1977 16 Richie Petitbon Defensive Coordinator Head Coach 1971 -- 1972 1981 -- 1992 1993 65 Vince Promuto 1960 -- 1970 44 John Riggins RB 1976 -- 1979 1981 -- 1985 87 Jerry Smith TE 1965 -- 1977 42 Charley Taylor WR 1964 -- 1977 21 Sean Taylor 2004 -- 2007 7 Joe Theismann QB 1974 -- 1985 -- Lamar `` Bubba '' Tyer Head Athletic Trainer 1971 -- 2002 2004 -- 2008 17 Doug Williams QB 1986 -- 1989 The 80 Greatest Redskins ( edit ) Mark May , offensive lineman for the Redskins between 1981 and 1989 , was named one of the 70 Greatest Redskins In honor of the Redskins ' 70th anniversary , on June 13 , 2002 , a panel selected the 70 Greatest Redskins to honor the players and coaches who were significant on - field contributors to the Redskins five championships and rich history . They were honored in a weekend of festivities , including a special halftime ceremony during the Redskins ' 26 -- 21 win over the Indianapolis Colts . The panel that chose the 70 consisted of former news anchor Bernard Shaw ; former player Bobby Mitchell ; Senator George Allen ( son of coach George Allen ) ; broadcaster Ken Beatrice ; Noel Epstein , editor for the Washington Post ; former diplomat Joseph J. Sisco ; Phil Hochberg , who retired in 2001 after 38 years as team stadium announcer ; Pro Football Hall of Fame historian Joe Horrigan ; sportscaster George Michael ; sports director Andy Pollin ; NFL Films president Steven Sabol ; and news anchor Jim Vance . The list includes three head coaches and 67 players , of which 41 were offensive players , 23 defensive players and three special teams players . Among the 70 Greatest , there are 92 Super Bowl appearances , with 47 going once and 45 playing in more than one . 29 members possess one Super Bowl ring and 26 have more than one . Also , before the Super Bowl , members of the 70 made 18 World Championship appearances including six that participated in the Redskins ' NFL Championship victories in 1937 and 1942 . On August 24 , 2012 , the Redskins ' 80th anniversary , ten more players and personnel were added to the list . # Name Position Years 21 Terry Allen RB 1995 -- 98 56 LaVar Arrington LB 2000 -- 05 41 Mike Bass CB 1969 -- 75 20 Cliff Battles 1932 -- 37 33 Sammy Baugh QB 1937 -- 52 31 Don Bosseler FB 1957 -- 64 53 Jeff Bostic 1980 -- 93 Mike Bragg 1968 -- 79 80 Gene Brito DE 1951 -- 53 , 55 -- 58 43 Larry Brown RB 1969 -- 76 77 Bill Brundige DE 1970 -- 77 65 Dave Butz DT 1975 -- 88 21 Earnest Byner RB 1989 -- 93 84 Gary Clark WR 1985 -- 92 51 Monte Coleman LB 1979 -- 94 53 Al DeMao 1945 -- 53 36 Chuck Drazenovich LB 1950 -- 59 35 Bill Dudley RB 1950 -- 51 , 53 17 Turk Edwards OT 1932 -- 40 44 Andy Farkas FB 1938 -- 44 37 Pat Fischer CB 1968 -- 77 28 Darrell Green CB 1983 -- 2002 68 Russ Grimm 1981 -- 91 55 Chris Hanburger LB 1965 -- 78 57 Ken Harvey LB 1994 -- 98 56 Len Hauss 1964 -- 77 75 Terry Hermeling OT 1970 -- 80 27 Ken Houston 1973 -- 80 70 Sam Huff LB 1964 -- 67 , 69 66 Joe Jacoby OT / G 1981 -- 93 47 Dick James RB 1955 -- 63 76 Jon Jansen OT 1999 -- 08 80 Roy Jefferson WR 1971 -- 76 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1964 -- 74 22 Charlie Justice RB 1950 , 52 -- 54 17 Billy Kilmer QB 1971 -- 78 26 Paul Krause DB 1964 -- 67 79 Jim Lachey OT 1988 -- 95 14 Eddie LeBaron QB 1952 -- 53 , 55 -- 59 72 Dexter Manley DE 1981 -- 89 # Name Position Years 71 Charles Mann DE 1983 -- 93 58 Wilber Marshall LB 1988 -- 92 73 Mark May OT 1981 -- 89 79 Ron McDole DE 1971 -- 78 63 Raleigh McKenzie 1985 -- 94 53 Harold McLinton LB 1969 -- 78 40 Wayne Millner DE 1936 -- 41 , 45 49 Bobby Mitchell FL 1962 -- 68 30 Brian Mitchell RB 1990 -- 99 81 Art Monk WR 1980 -- 93 Mark Moseley 1974 -- 86 29 Mark Murphy 1977 -- 84 21 Mike Nelms KR 1980 -- 84 52 Neal Olkewicz LB 1979 -- 89 23 Brig Owens DB 1966 -- 77 26 Clinton Portis RB 2004 -- 10 65 Vince Promuto 1960 -- 70 44 John Riggins RB 1976 -- 79 , 81 -- 85 11 Mark Rypien QB 1987 -- 93 83 Ricky Sanders WR 1986 -- 93 60 Chris Samuels OT 2000 -- 09 76 Ed Simmons OT 1987 -- 97 87 Jerry Smith TE 1965 -- 77 60 Dick Stanfel 1956 -- 58 74 George Starke OT 1973 -- 84 72 Diron Talbert DT 1971 -- 80 42 Charley Taylor WR 1964 -- 77 84 Hugh Taylor WR 1947 -- 54 21 Sean Taylor 2004 -- 07 7 Joe Theismann QB 1974 -- 85 67 Rusty Tillman LB 1970 -- 77 85 Don Warren TE 1979 -- 92 25 Joe Washington RB 1981 -- 84 17 Doug Williams QB 1986 -- 89 -- George Allen head coach 1971 -- 77 -- Bobby Beathard GM 1978 -- 89 -- Joe Bugel OL coach 1981 -- 89 , 04 -- 09 -- Ray Flaherty head coach 1936 -- 42 -- Joe Gibbs head coach 1981 -- 92 , 04 -- 07 -- Richie Petitbon defensive coordinator 1978 -- 92 Individual awards ( edit ) NFL MVP Season Player Position 1972 Larry Brown RB 1982 Mark Moseley Joe Theismann QB NFL Offensive Player of the Year Season Player Position 1972 Larry Brown RB Joe Theismann QB NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Season Player Position Mike Thomas RB 2012 Robert Griffin III QB Super Bowl MVP Game Player Position XVII John Riggins RB XXII Doug Williams QB XXVI Mark Rypien QB NFL Coach of the Year Season Coach 1971 George Allen 1979 Jack Pardee 1982 Joe Gibbs Joe Gibbs All - time first - round draft picks ( edit ) Main article : List of Washington Redskins first - round draft picks Coaches of note ( edit ) Main article : List of Washington Redskins head coaches Current staff ( edit ) Washington Redskins staff Front office Owner -- Daniel Snyder President -- Bruce Allen Senior Vice President of Player Personnel -- Doug Williams Senior Vice President of Football Administration -- Eric Schaffer Director of College Scouting -- Kyle Smith Senior Personnel Executive -- Scott Campbell Director of Pro Personnel -- Alex Santos Director of Football Operations -- Paul Kelly Director of Player Development -- Malcolm Blacken Head coaches Head coach -- Jay Gruden Assistant head coach / offensive line - Bill Callahan Offensive coaches Offensive coordinator -- Matt Cavanaugh Quarterbacks -- Kevin O'Connell Running backs -- Randy Jordan Wide receivers -- Ike Hilliard Tight ends -- Wes Phillips Assistant offensive line -- Kevin Carberry Offensive quality control -- Chris O'Hara Defensive coaches Defensive coordinator -- Greg Manusky Defensive line -- Jim Tomsula Inside linebackers -- Kirk Olivadotti Outside linebackers - Chad Grimm Defensive backs -- Torrian Gray Assistant defensive backs -- James Rowe Defensive quality control -- Cannon Matthews Special teams coaches Special teams coordinator -- Ben Kotwica Assistant special teams -- Bret Munsey Strength and conditioning Head strength and conditioning -- Chad Englehart Assistant strength and conditioning -- Kavan Latham , Jake Sankal , and Deuce Gruden Head athletic trainer -- Larry Hess → Coaching staff → Front office → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Single - season records ( edit ) Passing yards : 4,917 Kirk Cousins ( 2016 ) Passing touchdowns : 31 Sonny Jurgensen ( 1967 ) Rushing yards : 1,613 Alfred Morris ( 2012 ) Receptions : 113 Pierre Garçon ( 2013 ) Receiving yards : 1,483 Santana Moss ( 2005 ) Pass interceptions : 13 Dan Sandifer ( 1948 ) Sacks : 18.5 Dexter Manley ( 1986 ) Forced fumbles : 6 LaVar Arrington ( 2003 ) Field goals made : 33 Mark Moseley ( 1983 ) Points : 161 Mark Moseley ( 1983 ) Total touchdowns : 24 John Riggins ( 1983 ) Punt return average ( minimum 5 returns ) : 24.3 Derrick Shepard ( 1987 ) Kickoff return average ( minimum 5 returns ) : 42.8 Hail Haynes ( 1950 ) Punting average : 51.4 * Sammy Baugh ( 1940 ) * Also an NFL record Redskins career records ( edit ) Passing yards : 25,206 Joe Theismann ( 1974 -- 1985 ) Passing touchdowns : 187 Sammy Baugh ( 1937 -- 1952 ) Rushing yards : 7,472 John Riggins ( 1976 -- 1979 , 1981 -- 1985 ) Receptions : 889 Art Monk ( 1980 -- 1993 ) Receiving yards : 12,029 Art Monk ( 1980 -- 1993 ) Pass interceptions : 54 Darrell Green ( 1983 -- 2002 ) Field goals made : 263 Mark Moseley ( 1974 -- 1986 ) Points : 1,207 Mark Moseley ( 1974 -- 1986 ) Total touchdowns : 90 Charley Taylor ( 1964 -- 1977 ) Punt return average ( minimum 25 returns ) : 13.8. 0 Bob Seymour ( 1941 -- 1944 ) Kickoff return average ( minimum 25 returns ) : 28.5 Bobby Mitchell ( 1962 -- 1968 ) Punting average : 45.1 Sammy Baugh ( 1937 -- 1952 ) Sacks : 91 Dexter Manley ( 1981 -- 1989 ) Forced fumbles : 17 Charles Mann ( 1983 -- 1993 ) Single - game records ( edit ) Receptions : 14 Roy Helu ( 2011 ) Completions : 33 Jason Campbell ( 2007 ) , Kirk Cousins ( 2015 ) Longest field goal : 59 yards Graham Gano ( 2011 ) Sacks : 4 Dexter Manley ( 1988 ) , Ken Harvey ( 1997 ) , Phillip Daniels ( 2005 ) , Brian Orakpo ( 2009 ) , Ryan Kerrigan ( 2014 ) Interceptions : 4 Deangelo Hall NFL Records ( edit ) Offense ( edit ) The Washington Redskins have had two 14 - win seasons , in 1983 and 1991 . The Redskins scored 541 points in 1983 , which is the sixth highest total in a season of all time . The Redskins ' 72 points against the New York Giants on November 27 , 1966 , are the most points ever scored by an NFL team in a regular season game , and the 72 to 41 score amounted to 113 points and the highest - scoring game ever in NFL history . The second - half scoring for the game amounted to 65 points , the second - highest point total for second - half scoring and the third - highest total scoring in any half in NFL history . The Redskins ' 10 touchdowns are the most by a team in a single game , and the 16 total touchdowns are the most combined for a game . The Redskins ' nine PATs are the second most all - time for a single game , and the 14 combined PATs are the most ever in a game . The Redskins set a record for most first downs in a game with 39 in a game against the Lions on November 4 , 1990 . They also set a record by not allowing a single first down against the Giants on September 27 , 1942 . The Redskins have led the league in passing eight times : in 1938 , 1940 , 1944 , 1947 -- 48 , 1967 , 1974 and 1989 . Only the San Diego Chargers have led more times . The Redskins led the league in completion percentage 11 times : in 1937 , 1939 -- 1940 , 1942 -- 45 , 1947 -- 48 and 1969 -- 1970 , second only to the San Francisco 49ers . Their four straight years from 1942 -- 45 is the second longest streak . The Redskins ' nine sacks allowed in 1991 are the third fewest allowed in a season . The Redskins completed 43 passes in an overtime win against Detroit on November 4 , 1990 , second most all - time . Defense ( edit ) The Redskins recovered eight opponent 's fumbles against the St. Louis Cardinals on October 25 , 1976 , the most ever in one game . The Redskins allowed 82 first downs in 1937 , third fewest all - time . The Redskins have led the league in fewest total yards allowed five times , 1935 -- 37 , 1939 , and 1946 , which is the third most . Their three consecutive years from 1935 -- 37 is an NFL record . The Redskins have led the league in fewest passing yards allowed seven times , in 1939 , 1942 , 1945 , 1952 -- 53 , 1980 , and 1985 , second only to Green Bay ( 10 ) . The Redskins had 61 defensive turnovers in 1983 , the third most all - time . The turnover differential of + 43 that year was the highest of all time . The Redskins had only 12 defensive turnovers in 2006 , the fewest in a 16 - game season and second all time . ( The Baltimore Colts had 11 turnovers in the strike - shortened 1982 Season which lasted only 9 games . ) Special teams ( edit ) The Redskins led the league in field goals for eight seasons , 1945 , 1956 , 1971 , 1976 -- 77 , 1979 , 1982 , 1992 . Only the Green Bay Packers have ever led more . Their 49 field goals attempted in 1971 is the most ever attempted in a single season . Broken by David Akers ( 49ers ) 2011 Season . The Redskins and Bears attempted an NFL record 11 field goals on November 14 , 1971 , and the Redskins and Giants tied that mark on November 14 , 1976 . The Redskins 28 consecutive games , from 1988 to 1990 , scoring a field goal is third all time . The Redskins have led the league in punting average six times , in 1940 -- 43 , 1945 , and 1958 , second only to the Denver Broncos . Their four consecutive years from 1940 -- 43 is an NFL record . The Redskins have led the league in average kickoff return yards eight times , in 1942 , 1947 , 1962 -- 63 , 1973 -- 74 , 1981 , and 1995 , more than any other team . The Redskins all time FG record is 59yds ( 4 shy of tying the all - time NFL Record ) . It was set 11 -- 06 -- 11 by Graham Gano against the San Francisco 49ers at FedexField . Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : List of Washington Redskins broadcasters Radio ( edit ) As of 2008 , the Redskins ' flagship station is WTEM ( ESPN 980 ) , owned by Red Zebra Broadcasting , which in turn is owned by Snyder . As of the 2013 season , Larry Michael is the voice of the Redskins on the radio . He took this role in 2004 after longtime announcer Frank Herzog left . Michael is joined by analysts Sonny Jurgensen and Chris Cooley . Jurgensen is a former Redskins quarterback who has been in broadcasting since he retired from the team in 1974 , much of that time spent working for his former team . Cooley played tight end for the Redskins from 2004 until 2012 and made the Pro Bowl twice . Cooley replaced Sam Huff , the former Hall of Fame linebacker who played several years with the Redskins , as color commentator following Huff 's retirement at the end of the 2012 season . Another former Washington tight end , Rick `` Doc '' Walker , is the sideline reporter and Kevin Sheehan hosts the team 's pregame show . Longtime Redskins running back / receiver / return man Brian Mitchell also contributes to broadcasts . Radio affiliates ( edit ) Map of radio affiliates Washington Redskins radio affiliates include : District of Columbia ( edit ) City Call Sign Frequency Washington WTEM 980 AM Washington WMAL 630 AM Washington WMAL - FM 105.9 FM Maryland ( edit ) City Call Sign Frequency Cumberland WCBC 1270 AM Hagerstown WWEG - FM 106.9 FM Snow Hill ( Salisbury ) WSUX - FM 101.1 FM Snow Hill ( Salisbury ) WSUX 1280 AM North Carolina ( edit ) City Call Sign Frequency Gastonia WGNC / W266DC 1450 AM / 101.1 FM Nags Head WOBX - FM 98.1 FM New Bern WWNB / W280ED 1490 AM / 103.9 FM Raleigh WAUG 750 AM Winterville ( Greenville ) WECU 1570 AM Weldon ( Roanoke Rapids ) WSMY 1400 AM Virginia ( edit ) City Call Sign Frequency Alberta ( South Hill ) WWDW 107.7 FM Charlottesville WCHV 1260 AM Charlottesville WCHV - FM 107.5 FM Fredericksburg WGRQ 95.9 FM Gloucester WXGM - FM 99.1 FM Harrisonburg WSVA / W221CF 550 AM / 92.1 FM Lynchburg WBRG / W245BG / W286CX 1050 AM / 96.9 FM / 105.1 FM Martinsville WHEE 1370 AM Martinsville WMVA 1450 AM Norfolk WTAR 850 AM Richmond WXGI 950 AM Petersburg WTPS / W274BX 1240 AM / 102.7 FM Roanoke WFIR / W297BC 960 AM / 107.3 FM Staunton WKDW 900 AM Tappahannock WRAR - FM 105.5 FM Waynesboro WKCI 970 AM Winchester WFQX - FM 99.3 FM West Virginia ( edit ) City Call Sign Frequency Charles Town WMRE 1550 AM Fisher WELD 690 AM Martinsburg WRNR / W293AM 740 AM / 106.5 FM Television ( edit ) Telecasts of preseason games not shown on national networks are aired in HD exclusively on Comcast SportsNet in the overall Mid-Atlantic region . WRC - TV broadcasts preseason games in SD in the Washington , D.C. area . Comcast SportsNet also airs a pregame show and an extensive game recap program after each Redskins regular season Sunday game . Kenny Albert does play - by - play , former Redskins quarterback Joe Theismann is the color analyst , and Rick `` Doc '' Walker is the sideline reporter . In the regular season , most games are shown locally on Fox O&O WTTG per the NFC contract with the Fox Broadcasting Company . The main exceptions are when the Redskins host an AFC team or play at night . The Redskins have n't been blacked out at home since 1972 , a year before local telecasts of sold - out home games were allowed , although the Redskins have often had to deal with no - shows ( but not in recent years ) . Only three other NFL teams have had sellout streaks dating to before 1973 . Prior to the Carolina Panthers inaugural season of 1995 , many residents of North Carolina were Washington Redskins fans . A handful of North Carolinians still are , particularly in the northeastern part of the state with those living further west ( closer to the Interstate 26 corridor ) either neutral or Atlanta Falcons fans . Therefore , prior to 1995 , the Washington Redskins were often on television but not mandated by the NFL . A Triangle Redskins Fan club still exists in Raleigh as of 2011 . Superstition regarding U.S. Presidential elections ( edit ) Main article : Redskins Rule For 17 of the past 19 United States presidential elections , a win for the Redskins ' last home game prior to Election Day coincided with the incumbent party winning re-election . The exceptions were in 2004 , when Republican incumbent George W. Bush won re-election despite the Green Bay Packers beating the Redskins , and again in 2012 , when Democratic incumbent Barack Obama retained the presidency on November 6 , despite the Redskins losing to the Carolina Panthers on November 4 , 21 -- 13 . Other than these exceptions , this `` Redskins Rule '' has proven true since 1936 when they won and incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt won re-election , prior to the Redskins ' move from Boston in 1937 . The Redskins Rule was discovered by Steve Hirdt , who was the executive vice president of the Elias Sports Bureau , while searching for discussion fodder in 2000 for a game between the Redskins and Titans . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins Front Office '' . Washington Redskins . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kring - Schreifels , Jake ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Redskins Collect Their 600th Victory In Franchise History '' . Washington Redskins . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Standings '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` Full List : The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2017 '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Official 2015 National Football League Record and Fact Book '' ( PDF ) . NFL.com . p. 542 . Jump up ^ Nuckols , Ben ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` US poll finds widespread support for Redskins name '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Largest existing survey shows 19 % support a name change for the Washington Redskins '' . Survata . October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History By Decades '' . Washington Redskins . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richman , Michael ( 2008 ). The Redskins Encyclopedia , 3 , Temple University Press , Philadelphia . Jump up ^ `` Third Stadium a Real Charm '' . The Washington Post . July 24 , 1998 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History : 1930 '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins playoff history '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Turk Edwards Hall of Fame biography '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1943 '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No. 33 '' . Time . December 22 , 1952 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nash , Bruce , and Allen Zullo ( 1986 ) . The Football Hall of Shame , 68 -- 69 , Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 74551 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins ' History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History : 1950 '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Coach of the Year Award '' . Hickok Sports . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History : 1960 '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bill McPeak , Football Scout , 64 '' . The New York Times . May 9 , 1991 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( October 27 , 2002 ) . `` Pro Football : Inside The NFL ; A Greatest Redskin Still Loves New York '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look At The Four Redskins Owners '' . Washingtonian . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vince Lombardi Biography '' . Vince Lombardi Official Website . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lecture : Lynn Povich and George Solomon '' . New York University . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights on the Gridiron '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` August 1962 Scoreboard '' . Time . August 10 , 1962 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History : 1970 '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` His past molds Bucs ' future '' . St. Petersburg Times . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History : 1980 '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ' 70 Chip ' Ends Four Decades of Trying '' . The Washington Post . July 27 , 1996 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Washington Redskins '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gibbs ' first job is to tame Snyder '' . USA Today . January 7 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Williams Delivers a Super Bowl Triumph '' . The Washington Post . July 23 , 1998 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History : 1990 '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Profile and History '' . Joe Gibbs Racing . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Washington Redskins '' . Football @ JT - SW . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( April 27 , 1999 ) . `` Redskins Are Sold For $800 Million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Washington Redskins '' . Football @ JT - SW . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins History : 2000 '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Washington Redskins '' . Football @ JT - SW . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DC Sports Bog '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Gibbs ' deal more lucrative than Spurrier 's '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 Washington Redskins '' . Football @ JT - SW . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Washington Redskins '' . Football @ JT - SW . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ; Wood , Skip ; Mihoces , Gary ; Leinwand , Donna ( November 28 , 2007 ) . `` Death of Redskins ' Sean Taylor stuns team , NFL '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( December 22 , 2013 ) . `` Pierre Garçon breaks Art Monk 's Redskins record for catches in a season '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Reskins Fire Coach Mike Shanahan '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Jay Gruden hired as Redskins coach '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Jones , Mike . `` Jim Haslett out as Redskins defensive coordinator '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor . `` Washington Redskins make Scot McCloughan GM '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Liz . `` Kirk Cousins powers Redskins ' rally from down 24 to beat Bucs , 31 -- 30 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ortega , Mark . `` Redskins clinch NFC East with win over Eagles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Keith . `` Packers at Redskins game day : Green Bay ends Washington 's season , 35 -- 18 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kirk Cousins '' . pro-football-reference.com . ^ Jump up to : Lewis Jr , Lake . `` 2016 Redskins offense rewrote franchise record books '' . redskinswire.usatoday.com . USA Today . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Lorenzo . `` Giants knock Redskins out of playoff contention '' . USA Today . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First back - to - back winning record for Redskins since 1997 '' . csnmidatlantic.com . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan . `` Redskins fire four coaches , including defensive coordinator Joe Barry '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker , Andrew ( December 8 , 2012 ) . `` VIDEO : Evolution Of The Burgundy & Gold '' . Washington Redskins . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Redskins Adopt ' Retro ' Look ; 70 Greatest Redskins to be Selected '' ( Press release ) . Washington Redskins . February 6 , 2002 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2002 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins New Uniforms '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com Roethlisberger leaves at halftime , Leftwich leads Steelers past Skins Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Gary ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` Redskins Go For Gold ( Pants ) In Season Opener '' . Washington Redskins . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Guard Derrick Dockery was the first to walk out on the field wearing gold pants . The pants had burgundy and white stripes down the sides . The outfit included burgundy and white striped socks as well . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` Redskins wearing gold pants '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Washington Redskins ' alternate unis revealed '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tinsman , Brian ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Redskins Unveil 80th Anniversary Uniforms '' . Washington Redskins . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris . `` New NFL rule ruins Redskins ' iconic throwback uniforms '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan . `` Redskins removing burgundy collars from white jerseys '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Tesfatsion , Master . `` Redskins players , and fans , hope the burgundy pants are here to stay '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of REDSKIN '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Definition of REDSKIN ( usually offensive ) : american indian Jump up ^ The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language , Fifth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company . 2011 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . n . Offensive Slang Used as a disparaging term for a Native American . Jump up ^ `` Redskin '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . noun , Slang : Often Disparaging and Offensive. 1 . a North American Indian . Jump up ^ `` definition of redskin '' . RANDOM HOUSE KERNERMAN WEBSTER 'S College Dictionary . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of redskin '' . Collins English Dictionary . Jump up ^ J Gordon Hylton ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` BEFORE THE REDSKINS WERE THE REDSKINS : THE USE OF NATIVE AMERICAN TEAM NAMES IN THE FORMATIVE ERA OF AMERICAN SPORTS , 1857 -- 1933 '' . 86 . North Dakota law review : 879 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Defamation and Mascots '' . National Congress of American Indians . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NCAI Releases Report on History and Legacy of Washington 's Harmful `` Indian '' Sports Mascot `` . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michelle Boorstein ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Letter from Washington Redskins owner Dan Snyder to fans '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Kathleen Hall Jamieson Ph. D. ( September 24 , 2004 ) . `` Most Indians Say Name of Washington `` Redskins '' Is Acceptable While 9 Percent Call It Offensive `` . The Annenberg Public Policy Center . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D. Anthony Tyeeme Clark ( 2005 ) . `` Indigenous Voice and Vision as Commodity in a Mass - Consumption Society : The Colonial Politics of Public Opinion Polling '' . American Indian Quarterly . University of Nebraska Press . 29 ( 1 / 2 ( Winter -- Spring ) ) : 228 -- 238 . JSTOR 4138809 . doi : 10.1353 / aiq. 2005.0039 . Jump up ^ Cox , John Woodrow ( 19 May 2016 ) . `` New poll finds 9 in 10 Native Americans are n't offended by Redskins name '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Clement ; Emily Guskin ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` How The Washington Post conducted the survey on the Redskins ' name '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Washington Post poll of Native Americans on Redskins ' team name - Survey conducted December 16 , 2015 to April 12 , 2016 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCAI Response to New Poll on R * skins Team Name '' . May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Annual NFL Poll '' . Public Policy Polling . January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : Americans Do n't Want Name Change '' . January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Erik Brady ( January 3 , 2014 ) . `` Oneida Indian Nation disputes phrasing in Redskins poll '' . USA TODAY Sports . Jump up ^ Mike Florio ( January 2 , 2014 ) . `` Redskins tout new poll that actually shows increasing support for name change '' . NBC Sports . Jump up ^ Dennis Junius ; Ralph D. Russo ( January 25 , 2014 ) . `` AP - GfK Poll : 49 percent are pro football fans '' . AP News . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` USPTO TTABVUE . Proceeding Number 92046185 '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ken Belson ; Edward Wyatt ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. Patent Office Cancels Redskins Trademark Registration '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Alex Johnson ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Asked to Hear Two Cases That Could Sack Washington ' Redskins ' Name '' . NBC News . Jump up ^ `` 15 - 1293 Martal V. Tam '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ian Shapira ; Ann E. Marimow ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Washington Redskins win trademark fight over the team 's name '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Cowboys - Redskins rivalry redefines the term ' fight song ' '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 -- 1960 '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` A rivalry for a song ... and chicken feed '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mike Coppinger ( November 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cowboys - Redskins was most - watched regular - season game in Fox history '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woods , Shemar ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` O.J. Atogwe switches to No. 20 out of respect for Sean Taylor '' . Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Theismann 's No. 7 taken out of circulation again '' . USA Today . May 13 , 2002 . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Deeply Hurt , ' Mitchell Retires ; Redskins Great Felt Slighted by Team . '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Redskins Ring of Fame '' . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mitchell to Be Inducted into Ring of Fame '' . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` History : 70 Greatest Redskins '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tinsman , Brian ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Ten Newest Greatest Redskins Announced '' . Redskins.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team - by - team single - season records -- Names and Numbers '' . Football Digest . 2002 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2004 . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Moss , Portis Set New Franchise Marks '' . Washington Redskins Website . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2006 . Retrieved December 29 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins Kick & Punt Returns Single - Season Register '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest Individual Single - Season and Single - Game Records '' . Professional Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 29 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins : Firsts , Records , Odds & Ends '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` History : Career Stats Leaders '' . Washington Redskins Official Website . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Redskins Kick & Punt Returns Career Register '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Helu , Gano Set New Franchise Marks '' . redskins.com. 2011 . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Team Records : Games Won '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Records : Scoring '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Team Records : Touchdowns '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Team Records : Points After Touchdown '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Team Records : First Downs '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Records : Passing '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Team Records : Fumbles '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Defense Records : First Downs '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Defense Records : Net Yards Allowed '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Defense Records : Passing '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Defense Records : Turnovers '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Defense Records : Turnovers '' . National Football League . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Records : Field goals '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Records : Punting '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Team Records : Kickoff returns '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Farhi , Paul ( July 17 , 2008 ) . `` Snyder 's Simulcast Plans Center on WTEM '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Michael : D.C. 's most versatile voice '' . GW Hatchet . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` WJFK replaces Herzog ; L. Michael joins Jurgensen , Huff '' . Washington Times . Retrieved December 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Redskins.com - Radio Network '' . Jump up ^ Mooney , Alexander ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` McCain gets bad sign ? '' . CNN . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Joseph ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` Panthers Beat Redskins 21 -- 13 : Cam Newton Outplays RG3 , Carolina Breaks 5 - Game Skid '' . Huffington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The China Post ' Redskins Rule ' could predict election winner , Updated Saturday , November 1 , 2008 , 10 : 46 am TWN , AFP . Jump up ^ Hofheimer , Bill ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' Redskins Rule ' : MNF 's Hirdt on intersection of football & politics '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Rothman , Dwight Schar , and Frederick W. Smith are also a part of the ownership group Further reading ( edit ) Cronin , Brian . `` Were the Washington Redskins once the Duluth Eskimos ? '' Los Angeles Times , March 15 , 2011 . Richman , Michael . The Redskins Encyclopedia . Philadelphia : Temple University Press , 2009 . Smith , Thomas G. Showdown : JFK and the Integration of the Washington Redskins . Boston : Beacon Press , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Washington Redskins . Official website Washington Redskins Founded in 1932 Formerly the Boston Braves ( 1932 ) and Boston Redskins ( 1933 -- 36 ) Based in Landover , Maryland Headquartered in Ashburn , Virginia Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Draft Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Braves Field Fenway Park Griffith Stadium RFK Stadium FedExField Culture Redskins Band `` Hail to the Redskins '' Hogettes Cheerleaders Chief Zee Joe Gibbs Team name controversy Name change advocates Trademark dispute Opinion polls Original Americans Foundation `` Go Fund Yourself '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Redskins 0 , Bears 73 The Hogs The Fun Bunch The Over-the - Hill Gang The Body Bag Game Redskins Rule Ricky Williams trade Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Division championships ( 14 ) 1936 1937 1940 1942 1943 1945 1972 1984 1991 1999 2012 2015 Conference championships ( 5 ) 1972 1982 1991 League championships ( 5 ) 1937 1942 1982 ( XVII ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1991 ( XXVI ) Hall of Fame players Battles Baugh Dudley Edwards Green Grimm Hanburger Houston Huff D. Jones S. Jones Jurgensen Krause Millner Mitchell Monk Riggins Smith Taylor All - time leaders Passing Receiving Rushing Kick and punt returning Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Sports teams based in the Washington , D.C. area Baseball MLB Washington Nationals EL Bowie Baysox CL Frederick Keys Potomac Nationals ALPB Southern Maryland Blue Crabs Basketball NBA Washington Wizards WNBA Washington Mystics Football NFL Washington Redskins AFL Washington Valor WFA D.C. Divas Hockey NHL Washington Capitals Soccer MLS D.C. United NWSL Washington Spirit Roller derby WFTDA DC Rollergirls Rugby league USA Rugby League Washington D.C. Slayers Tennis WTT Washington Kastles Ultimate AUDL DC Breeze College athletics NCAA Div . I American Georgetown George Mason George Washington Howard Maryland Mount St. Mary 's Navy NCAA Div. II UDC NCAA Div . III Catholic Gallaudet Marymount See also : Sports in Washington , D.C. Sports teams based in Maryland Australian rules football USAFL / EAFL / WAFA Baltimore Washington Eagles Baseball MLB Baltimore Orioles EL Bowie Baysox CL Frederick Keys SAL Delmarva Shorebirds Hagerstown Suns NYPL Aberdeen IronBirds AtL Southern Maryland Blue Crabs Basketball APBL Bay Area Shuckers ABA Baltimore Hawks Football NFL Baltimore Ravens Washington Redskins AFL Baltimore Brigade WFA Baltimore Nighthawks D.C. Divas USWFL Baltimore Burn MAIFL Maryland Eagles Lacrosse MLL Chesapeake Bayhawks UWLX Baltimore Ride Roller derby WFTDA Charm City Roller Girls Mason - Dixon Roller Vixens Salisbury Roller Girls MRDA Harm City Roller Derby Rugby union MARFU Baltimore - Chesapeake Maryland Exiles Soccer MASL Baltimore Blast NWSL Washington Spirit ASL SGFC Eagles Maryland College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Coppin State Johns Hopkins Blue Jays men 's lacrosse Johns Hopkins Blue Jays women 's lacrosse Loyola Maryland Maryland - Baltimore County Maryland - Eastern Shore Morgan State Mount St. Mary 's Navy Towson Main article : Sports in Maryland Native American mascot controversy Washington Redskins Name controversy Redskin ( slang ) Name change advocates Trademark dispute Opinion Polls Original Americans Foundation Chief Zee Other professional sports teams Atlanta Braves Chief Noc - A-Homa Chicago Blackhawks Name and logo controversy Cleveland Indians Name and logo controversy Edmonton Eskimos Kansas City Chiefs College teams NCAA Native American mascot decision Chief Illiniwek Osceola and Renegade North Dakota athletics Fighting Sioux name controversy List of college teams Youth and school teams Sports teams named Redskins List of secondary school teams Change advocates Amanda Blackhorse Gregg Deal Stephanie Fryberg Suzan Shown Harjo Adrienne Keene Robert Roche Related Native American mascot laws and regulations List of teams Stereotypes about indigenous peoples of North America Contemporary Native American issues in the United States Cultural appropriation Indigenous intellectual property Redface Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Redskins&oldid=801176288 '' Categories : Washington Redskins National Football League teams American football teams in Washington , D.C. 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8569362520534660080 | Pitch Perfect 3 | Pitch Perfect 3 - wikipedia Pitch Perfect 3 Jump to : navigation , search Pitch Perfect 3 Theatrical release poster Directed by Trish Sie Produced by Elizabeth Banks Paul Brooks Max Handelman Screenplay by Kay Cannon Mike White Story by Kay Cannon Starring Anna Kendrick Rebel Wilson Hailee Steinfeld Brittany Snow Anna Camp Hana Mae Lee Alexis Knapp John Michael Higgins Elizabeth Banks Music by Christopher Lennertz Cinematography Matthew Clark Edited by Craig Alpert Colin Patton Production company Gold Circle Films Brownstone Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) ( Sydney ) December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $45 million Box office $183.9 million Pitch Perfect 3 is a 2017 American musical comedy film directed by Trish Sie and written by Kay Cannon and Mike White . A sequel to Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) , and the third and final installment in the Pitch Perfect series , the film stars Anna Kendrick , Anna Camp , Rebel Wilson , Brittany Snow , Hailee Steinfeld , Hana Mae Lee , Ester Dean , Chrissie Fit , Alexis Knapp , John Lithgow , Ruby Rose , Kelley Jakle , Shelley Regner , Elizabeth Banks , and John Michael Higgins . The film follows the Bellas , now graduated from college , reuniting for one final performance together during an overseas USO tour . Principal photography on the film began in January 2017 in Atlanta , Georgia and ended in April 2017 . The film was released in the United States on December 22 , 2017 , received mixed reviews from critics , and has grossed $183 million worldwide . It became the second highest - grossing musical comedy film of all time , behind only its predecessor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 The Bellas 2.2 Additional characters 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years after the events of the second movie , the Bellas have graduated college , but have jobs which they all hate . Desperate to see each other again to sing once more , Beca ( Anna Kendrick ) , Fat Amy ( Rebel Wilson ) , Chloe ( Brittany Snow ) , Aubrey ( Anna Camp ) , Lilly ( Hana Mae Lee ) , Stacie ( Alexis Knapp ) , Cynthia - Rose ( Ester Dean ) , Florencia ( Chrissie Fit ) , Jessica ( Kelley Jakle ) , and Ashley ( Shelley Regner ) are all thrilled to learn that Emily ( Hailee Steinfeld ) , now a senior at Barden and leader of the Barden Bellas , has seemingly asked for the Bellas to reunite at an event in New York Aquarium to sing with each other once more . Upon arriving at the reunion they are told that the reunion was not for the Bellas to sing together , but to watch Emily sing with the new Bellas . They later gather at a bar in disappointment and Emily apologizes as she thought it would be the only way for them to see each other again . They all express how much they miss each other . Suddenly , Aubrey convinces them to join a USO performance accessed by her Army officer father . If they win the competition , they get to open for DJ Khaled . The Bellas gladly accept , all except for Stacie who is eight months pregnant at the moment and is unable to go with them . The Bellas later arrive at a hangar where two soldiers , Chicago ( Matt Lanter ) and Zeke ( Troy Ian Hall ) introduce them to their competition , revealed to be three other groups who use instruments , unlike the Bellas . When the band Evermoist , led by their leader Calamity ( Ruby Rose ) begin to mock and belittle the Bellas , the competitors are challenged to a riff - off by the Bellas , who leave defeated when the other groups compete using their musical instruments . The Bellas are taken to a fancy hotel in Spain , where Chloe begins to catch an eye for Chicago . Fat Amy finds an old stuffed bunny sitting in her bed , which she recognizes as an old toy she used to hold when she was very little as her father Fergus ( John Lithgow ) sang her to sleep every night . Amy then realizes that her father is staying in the same hotel she is in and is shocked upon the discovery , seeing as how Fergus is an international criminal . Later that night , the Bellas are invited to a party at DJ Khaled 's suite at the hotel , where Fat Amy splits with the group when she is called to be at a poker tournament . The tournament was set up by Fergus , who promptly begs for Amy to be back in his life . A hesitant Amy finally agrees to do so after seeing how much he has changed . Beca , after having her breasts grabbed by Chloe , who develops a friendship with DJ Khaled 's music producer Theo ( Guy Burnet ) , is taken to DJ Khaled 's music editing room . Beca produces a mix which impresses Theo who is prompted to send the mix to DJ Khaled . Moments later , the party is thrown into chaos when Aubrey accidentally sets the suite on fire . The Bellas are left in disgrace after the incident with no hopes of winning the competition until Stacie calls the girls to inform she has given birth to a baby girl and named her Bella . This motivates the Bellas to just perform their hearts out without trying to win . Back at the USO competition , the Bellas perform tremendously to adoring crowds through different performances , repairing their reputation and chances to win in the process . Fergus is accepted by Amy , who believes he came to one of their performances to see her . He accidentally reveals that he has not seen her perform at all , while confessing that he is only trying to acquire an offshore account Amy 's mother set up which contains US $ 180 million . After Amy shuts out Fergus again , Chicago and Zeke escort her away from her father , who swears revenge on her . Meanwhile , only Beca is asked personally by DJ Khaled to open for him , disregarding the other Bellas . Beca politely declines the offer and leaves to her room . Later , the Bellas are taken away by a Frenchman in a dark grey van out onto a yacht in a nearby harbor . The yacht belongs to Fergus , who is using the Bellas as a means to get Amy to come for him . Amy and Beca hear of the kidnapping and decide to rescue the Bellas . Beca distracts Fergus by having the Bellas perform `` Toxic '' for him and two of his men , just as Amy sets the yacht to explode . The Bellas escape the yacht just before it blows . Fergus survives the explosion and is arrested for his crimes . After the Bellas are rescued by the military , Fat Amy reveals DJ Khaled 's proposition to Beca to the others . They encourage her to take the chance , and they all agree that now it 's time to move on with their lives , with Amy using her bank account for multiple tributes to singers named Amy , Aubrey trying to be a birthing coach , Flo 's juice cart becoming part of an international brand , Chloe getting accepted into vet school , Cynthia - Rose staying at the base to get into flight school , Emily going back to Barden to prepare for her upcoming abnormal psychology test while continuing her songwriting , and Lilly revealing that the reason she was quiet was because she was possessed by Satan and the yacht incident snapped her out of it , and that her real name is Ester . They know very well they 'll be separated , but still be connected to each other as a family . Later at the USO 's final performance , Beca opens for DJ Khaled and sings on stage , and afterwards brings up the Bellas onstage for the girls to sing their final performance with the other competitors gladly watching the Bellas sing `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' to their hearts content . Gail ( Elizabeth Banks ) and John ( John Michael Higgins ) ( who were the Bellas ' public announcers in the previous installments ) finish filming the Bellas as part of a documentary they have been making about the girls throughout the whole film , only to be appalled when John realizes they did n't record the Bellas ' final performance , which was supposed to be the documentary 's big ending . A series of mid credit scenes reveal the Bellas ' separate story arcs closed out to their mostly happy endings , with Lilly hanging around with DJ Dragon Nutz , whom she flirted with earlier , Chloe and Chicago making out whilst Beca , watching uncomfortably , speaks with Theo about her new job now that he works for her , and Aubrey reconnects with her father . Cast ( edit ) The Bellas ( edit ) Anna Kendrick as Beca Mitchell , an alumna and the former leader of The Barden Bellas , who works as a producer but quits due to creative differences , before joining the tour . She has been sharing an apartment in New York City with her best friends Chloe and Fat Amy for the last three years . Rebel Wilson as Patricia `` Fat Amy '' Hobart , a comedic alumna of The Barden Bellas , from Australia . She held a one - woman show , `` Fat Amy Winehouse '' , before joining the tour . Brittany Snow as Chloe Beale , a Barden Bellas alumna and former co-leader , who longs for glory days with the Bellas . She applied to attend a vet school before joining the tour . Anna Camp as Aubrey Posen , a Barden Bellas alumna and former leader , before Beca , who worked at the Lodge of Fallen Leaves . Through her father , The Bellas were invited to the USO tour . Hailee Steinfeld as Emily Junk , a senior student at Barden University and the current leader of the new Barden Bellas , who joins her former seniors for the tour . Ester Dean as Cynthia Rose Adams , a lesbian Barden Bellas alumna , who failed the Flight School simulation before joining the tour . Hana Mae Lee as Lilly Onakuramara / Esther , a Barden Bellas alumna known for her quiet speaking voice and odd remarks . She worked as a tailor before joining the tour . Kelley Jakle as Jessica Smith , a Barden Bellas alumna . Shelley Regner as Ashley Jones , a Barden Bellas alumna . Chrissie Fit as Florencia `` Flo '' Fuentes , a Barden Bellas alumna , from Guatemala . She worked at a juice truck before joining the tour . Alexis Knapp as Stacie Conrad , a Barden Bellas alumna , known for being overly sexual . She works as a pilates instructor and despite wanting to , could not join the tour due to her pregnancy Additional characters ( edit ) Elizabeth Banks as Gail Abernathy - McKadden - Feinberger , an a cappella commentator making an insulting documentary about The Bellas John Michael Higgins as John Smith , an a cappella commentator making an insulting documentary about The Bellas John Lithgow as Fergus Hobart , Fat Amy 's estranged criminal father Matt Lanter as Chicago Walp , a U.S. soldier guiding the Bellas during the tour , and Chloe 's love interest . Guy Burnet as Theo , DJ Khaled 's music producer , who takes a liking to Beca DJ Khaled as himself Troy Ian Hall as Zeke , a U.S. soldier , partners with Chicago Michael Rose as Aubrey 's father Jessica Chaffin as Evan Moises Arias as Pimp - Lo Ruby Rose , Andy Allo , Venzella Joy Williams , and Hannah Fairlight as Calamity , Serenity , Charity , and Veracity , respectively , members of the band Evermoist Whiskey Shivers as Saddle Up , a country - bluegrass - based band competing against the Bellas Trinidad James and D.J. Looney as Young Sparrow and DJ Dragon Nutz , respectively Production ( edit ) On April 11 , 2015 , a month before the release of the second film , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would return for a third film , although she stated that she did not know if Anna Kendrick or other cast members would also reprise their roles . She added that she would be `` up for a Fat Amy spin - off . '' Director , star , and producer of the second film Elizabeth Banks acknowledged the possibility of a third film during promotion of Pitch Perfect 2 , saying , `` I will say , it would be disingenuous to say that no one 's talking about a Pitch Perfect 3 ; the possibility of it . '' On June 10 , 2015 , a third film was officially confirmed , and Kay Cannon was set to return to write the script . On June 15 , 2015 , it was announced that Kendrick and Wilson would both reprise their roles , and on July 28 , 2015 , Brittany Snow signed on to return . Paul Brooks again produced for Gold Circle Films , along with Max Handelman and Banks for Brownstone Productions . On October 27 , 2015 , Banks was officially announced to return as director for the film , though she exited in that capacity on June 3 , 2016 . On September 1 , 2016 , Trish Sie was confirmed to direct the film . On December 13 , 2016 , it was reported that Ruby Rose was in talks to join the film , while Anna Camp also signed on to return for the sequel . Cannon wrote the script with later drafts by Mike White and Dana Fox ; White would eventually receive screenwriting credits alongside Cannon . On January 5 , 2017 , a table read occurred , with Ester Dean , Hana Mae Lee , Chrissie Fit , Kelley Jakle , and Shelley Regner also being confirmed to reprise their roles , and singer Andy Allo joining as Charity , a rival in a group opposing the Bellas . While it was revealed by vocal director Deke Sharon that Alexis Knapp is returning , she was n't spotted during the first month of filming , leading fans to show concerns that she might not be returning at all . However , on February 6 , she posted a photo on Instagram , confirming her return , and was on set the following day . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on January 5 , 2017 , and took place in Atlanta , Georgia , and Cádiz , Spain . Filming wrapped on April 3 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Pitch Perfect 3 was initially scheduled for July 21 , and August 4 , 2017 . It had its world premiere in Sydney , Australia , on November 29 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on December 22 , 2017 . Box Office ( edit ) As of March 4 , 2018 , Pitch Perfect 3 has grossed $104.8 million in the United States and Canada and $79 million in other territories , for a total of $183.8 million , against a production budget of $45 million . In the United States and Canada , Pitch Perfect 3 was released alongside the openings of Downsizing and Father Figures , and the wide expansions of The Shape of Water and Darkest Hour , and was projected to gross $27 -- 35 million from 3,447 theaters in its opening weekend . The film took in $2.1 million from Thursday night previews , about half of the $4.6 million earned by its predecessor . Over the three - day weekend , which included Christmas Eve , it grossed $19.9 million ( down nearly 70 % from the second film 's $69.2 million debut ) , finishing third at the box office , behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi and Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle . It grossed an additional $6.5 million on Christmas Day , for a four - day total of $26.4 million . It dropped 15 % the following weekend , grossing $16.8 million , and a total of $21.7 million over the four - day New Year 's frame . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 31 % based on 116 reviews and an average rating of 4.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Pitch Perfect 3 strains to recapture the magic that helped the original spawn a franchise , but ends up sending this increasingly unnecessary trilogy out on a low note . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100 based on 35 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by its predecessor . Owen Gleiberman of Variety praising the cast and said , `` The new film does n't add anything revolutionary to the Pitch Perfect formula . It still sounds like we 're in middle - period Glee written by someone who finds Ryan Murphy too solemn . But as directed by Trish Sie , the movie is bubbly , it 's fast , it 's hella synthetic - clever , and it 's an avid showcase for the personalities of its stars . '' In a review for The Hollywood Reporter , Frank Scheck wrote `` ... what started out as a charmingly offbeat comic premise has inevitably degenerated into the sort of crass commercialism that probably would make the Bellas themselves turn up their noses . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 ' is ... fine , and you ca n't have expected more than that '' . Mashable . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeff Giles ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is Certified Fresh '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Top Grossing Music Comedy Films , 1984 - Present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' in the Works ; Rebel Wilson to Return '' . Collider.com . Complex Media . April 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks Talks PITCH PERFECT 2 ( and 3 ) , WET HOT AMERICAN SUMMER and THE LEGO MOVIE Sequel '' . Collider.com . May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Moving Forward at Universal With Writer Kay Cannon ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ′ Chimes In With Summer 2017 Date ; Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson Back '' . deadline.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Brittany Snow Set to Return for ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks to Direct ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks Exits as Director of ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Finds New Director in Trish Sie '' . Variety . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ruby Rose in Talks to Join ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Anna Camp Returning for ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by @ kelleyjakle Jan 5 , 2017 '' . Instagram.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Protege Andy Allo Joins ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' '' . Ew.com . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deke Sharon - Music rehearsal , day one ! # PitchPerfect3 '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by @ alexisknapp Feb 6 , 2017 '' . Instagram.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Rebel . `` And that 's a wrap on @ PitchPerfect 3 ! All day today I 'm sleeping and eating chocolate xpic.twitter.com/KhW9nkvKCB '' . Twitter . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Pitch Perfect 3 Filming Begins ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' is now casting extras in Atlanta '' . On Location Vacations . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 Australian Premiere '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Moves Up To Middle Of Summer 2017 '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Does 2017 's Domestic Box Office Stand A Chance To Eclipse Last Year 's All - Time $11.4 B Record ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jumanji , ' ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Pitch Perfect ' to Challenge the ' Star Wars ' Box Office Force '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 24 , 2017 ) . `` Last Jedi ' Lords Over Christmas Weekend B.O. With $100 M+ As ' Jumanji ' Roars $65 M+ & ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Sings $27 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Has Upper Hand Over ' Jumanji ' In New Year 's Weekend Duel As 2017 B.O. Closes With $11.1 B -- Monday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 3 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Pitch Perfect 3 on IMDb Pitch Perfect Films Pitch Perfect ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) Albums 2012 soundtrack 2015 soundtrack Songs `` Cups '' `` Flashlight '' Films directed by Trish Sie Step Up : All In ( 2014 ) Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitch_Perfect_3&oldid=828849927 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s sequel films American films American sequel films Films set in New York City Films set in Paris Films set in Spain Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 03 : 20 . 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-6319091128229963809 | Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters | Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters - wikipedia Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film adaptation . For the original novel , see The Sea of Monsters . Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Theatrical release poster Directed by Thor Freudenthal Produced by Karen Rosenfelt Michael Barnathan Screenplay by Marc Guggenheim Based on The Sea of Monsters by Rick Riordan Starring Logan Lerman Brandon T. Jackson Alexandra Daddario Jake Abel Douglas Smith Stanley Tucci Music by Andrew Lockington Cinematography Shelly Johnson Edited by Mark Goldblatt Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Sunswept Entertainment 1492 Pictures TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date August 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $90 million Box office $202.2 million Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( also known as Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Sea of Monsters ) is a 2013 American fantasy adventure film directed by Thor Freudenthal . It is the second installment in the Percy Jackson film series and is loosely based on the novel The Sea of Monsters by Rick Riordan . It is a stand - alone sequel to the 2010 film Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief . The film continues the adventures of Percy Jackson ( Logan Lerman ) and his friends , as they search for the Golden Fleece at the Sea of Monsters . Brandon T. Jackson , Alexandra Daddario , and Jake Abel reprise their roles from the previous film , while Nathan Fillion and Anthony Head replace Dylan Neal and Pierce Brosnan . New additions to the cast include Leven Rambin , Douglas Smith , and Stanley Tucci . The film was produced by Michael Barnathan and Karen Rosenfelt . Chris Columbus , who directed Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief , serves as executive producer . The plot centers on Percy and his friends as they journey to the eponymous Sea of Monsters to retrieve the Golden Fleece in order to save the tree ( barrier ) that protects their home . The film was released in North America on August 7 , 2013 , receiving mixed critical reviews and became commercially successful having grossed over $202 million at the box office exceeding its $90 million budget . The film was released on 3D Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD on December 17 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast / Characters 2.1 Demigods 2.2 Gods 2.3 Other characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 7 Home media 8 Possible sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) While in Camp Half - Blood , Percy recounts the story of Thalia and her sacrifice . A young Annabeth , Luke , Grover and Thalia are running to Camp Half - Blood while being pursued by monsters . Thalia sacrifices herself to get the others into the camp , and her father Zeus transforms her into a pine tree , creating a magical border around the camp . Soon a Cyclops passes through the border and is revealed to be Tyson , Percy 's half - brother . The camp is later attacked by a Colchis Bull who breaks through the border and ravages Camp Half - Blood . Percy defeats it with the help of Tyson , Annabeth , and Clarisse . Following this , Luke ( who had survived his and Percy 's battle in the previous film ) appears and confronts Percy , trying to convert him to his cause . When Percy refuses , Luke disappears . The campers realize that Thalia 's tree has been poisoned by Luke and they are vulnerable to attacks . Percy visits the Oracle , who tells him of a prophecy of a half - blood of the eldest gods either saving or destroying Olympus . Chiron tells Percy that he is the only living , human half - blood of the eldest gods , so the half - blood in the Prophecy may refer to him . Annabeth and Grover learn about the Golden Fleece , which has the power to heal anything , and propose a quest in which they retrieve the Fleece and use it to heal Thalia 's tree . Mr. D chooses Clarisse to lead the quest , much to Annabeth 's and Percy 's dismay . Percy convinces Grover and Annabeth to accompany him on the quest , and Tyson joins them . Annabeth hails the Chariot of Damnation , and Percy threatens the three drivers ( the Graeae ) to tell him of his prophecy , giving him coordinates for the Sea of Monsters ( the Bermuda Triangle ) before ejecting the group from the cab in Washington D.C. because they lack money . While walking down the street , Grover is kidnapped by Chris Rodriguez and taken to Luke . Percy , Annabeth , and Tyson first locate Luke with the help of Hermes , then ride a Hippokampos to his yacht , the Andromeda . Luke reveals his plan to revive Kronos using the Fleece so Olympus will be destroyed . Percy and they are then locked in the brig , though they later escape when Percy uses his ability to manipulate water . The group is consumed by Charybdis , and they discover Clarisse in the monster 's stomach . Percy and Clarisse work together to escape Charybdis by shooting a hole through its gut , and soon they arrive at Circeland , Polyphemus 's lair . Percy finds Grover , and the five escape Polyphemus , retrieving the fleece and trapping him in his cave . Afterwards , Luke arrives and demands the fleece from Percy , who refuses . Luke shoots a crossbow bolt at Percy , but Tyson takes the bolt in the chest and falls into the water below . Luke begins reviving Kronos and Annabeth encourages Percy to take leadership . The team escapes captivity , and Percy grapples with Luke over the Fleece , like the prophecy said they would , but Luke easily gains the upper hand . Luke is suddenly thrown away by Tyson , revealed to have survived his wound due to the water healing it , as he is Poseidon 's son . Kronos rises from the sarcophagus and consumes Luke and Grover before battling Percy . Percy realizes that Riptide is the `` cursed blade '' of the prophecy and slices Kronos into pieces imprisoning Kronos in the sarcophagus once again , causing him to regurgitate Grover and Luke , the latter landing in Polyphemus 's Lair . Their victory is short lived as Annabeth is stabbed by the Manticore , who is killed in turn by Clarisse and Grover . Annabeth dies in Percy 's arms but is resurrected by the Fleece . Percy then gives the fleece to Clarisse , and they return to Camp Half - Blood . Clarisse places the fleece on Thalia 's tree . The group returns the next day to find Thalia alive , as the fleece returned her to human form . Percy realizes that Thalia , as a child of Zeus , is another possible child of the prophecy about either preserving or destroying Olympus . The film ends showing the sarcophagus with Kronos 's remains in it glowing , implying that Kronos still has some degree of his power , and is still planning to return . Cast / characters ( edit ) See also : List of Percy Jackson & the Olympians cast members Demigods ( edit ) Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson , the demigod son of Poseidon . Alexandra Daddario as Annabeth Chase , the demigod daughter of Athena , and Percy 's secret crush . Alisha Newton portrays the younger Annabeth . Douglas Smith as Tyson , Percy 's Cyclops half - brother . Leven Rambin as Clarisse La Rue , the demigod daughter of Ares . Brandon T. Jackson as Grover Underwood , Percy 's best friend and keeper , a satyr . Bjorn Yearwood portrays the younger Grover . Jake Abel as Luke Castellan , the demigod son of Hermes and the main antagonist . Samuel Braun portrays the younger Luke . Paloma Kwiatkowski as Thalia Grace , the demigod daughter of Zeus . Katelyn Mager portrays the younger Thalia . Grey Damon as Chris Rodriguez , a rogue demigod of unknown parentage who helps Luke to resurrect Kronos . Gods ( edit ) Stanley Tucci as Mr. D / Dionysus , the god of wine , celebrations , ecstasy , and theatre and director of Camp Half - Blood . Nathan Fillion as Hermes , Luke 's father ; the god of trade , thieves , travelers , sports , athletes , and messenger of the gods of Mount Olympus . Octavia Spencer as the voice of Martha , a snake that is in Hermes ' caduceus . Craig Robinson as the voice of George , a snake that is in Hermes 's caduceus . Robert Knepper as the voice of Kronos , the King of the Titans , father of Zeus , Poseidon , Hades , Hestia , Demeter , Hera , Chiron , and Luke 's master . Other characters ( edit ) Anthony Head as Chiron , the activities director at Camp Half Blood . Chiron is a centaur and the immortal son of Kronos and brother of Zeus , Poseidon , Hades , Demeter , Hestia and Hera . Chiron was previously played by Pierce Brosnan in The Lightning Thief . Robert Maillet as Polyphemus , the Cyclops that is guarding the Golden Fleece . Ron Perlman as the voice of Polyphemus Shohreh Aghdashloo as the voice of Oracle of Delphi Missi Pyle , Yvette Nicole Brown and Mary Birdsong as the Graeae Jordan Weller as Ichneutae , the acolyte of Clarisse Derek Mears and Aleks Paunovic as Cyclopes . Production ( edit ) Reports of a second Percy Jackson film first surfaced in March 2011 . On October 12 , 2011 , a sequel was officially confirmed by 20th Century Fox . Filming for Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters began on April 16 , 2012 . The film was originally going to be released on March 15 , 2013 , but in May 2012 , the release date was postponed to August 16 , 2013 . In April 2013 , a final release date was set for August 7 , 2013 . Filming took place in Robert Burnaby Park in Burnaby , B.C. ; however from June 20 to July 22 , they filmed in New Orleans for Princess Andromeda scenes , including the former site of Six Flags New Orleans . More filming took place in January 2013 . On January 22 , 2013 , Logan Lerman released a statement on Twitter that read `` Last day of shooting on Percy Jackson 2 '' accompanied by a photo of the shooting . Development ( edit ) Logan Lerman on the last day for the shooting of the film . In February 2011 , it was revealed in the online subscription magazine Production Weekly that the film was in production . In another source , the lead cast members from the first movie were expected to return for their roles . Chris Columbus would not be returning as director , though he would be producing the movie together with Karen Rosenfelt ( producer of the Twilight movie Breaking Dawn ) . Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski were hired as the scriptwriters . Marc Guggenheim was hired to re-write the screenplay and Alexander and Karaszewski were uncredited . On June 16 , 2011 , it was announced that Thor Freudenthal would be directing the movie . Shooting began in summer 2012 . On October 12 , 2011 , it was announced that the film would be released on March 26 , 2013 . On April 6 , it was announced that the movie was pushed up to August 7 , 2013 . On May 31 , 2012 , it was announced that the movie had been pushed back to August 16 , 2013 . Filming ( edit ) On January 13 , 2012 , a brand new production list was released and stated that filming would take place between April 26 , 2012 and July 11 , 2012 . It was filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , and New Orleans , Louisiana , with the abandoned Six Flags New Orleans also serving as a filming location . Filming wrapped up in July and then started again in January for reshoots . It wrapped up on January 22 , 2013 . Marketing ( edit ) Five official stills were released on March 21 , 2013 . On April 2 , the trailer for the film was uploaded on YouTube . A teaser poster was released on April 16 . A second trailer was released on May 29 , 2013 . A third international trailer was released on the June 25 , 2013 , on YouTube . Since July 19 , three TV spots have been released known as `` Story '' , `` Cast '' and `` Family '' . A clip from the film was released on the internet on July 23 , where it was later uploaded onto YouTube . Later many more new clips were released . Smart & Final stores in California , Arizona , and Nevada offered Hollywood Movie Money Certificate good for one free movie ticket with the purchase of two First Street Bakery items as part of the movie promotion . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 41 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.1 / 10 based on 111 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` It 's pretty and packed with action ; unfortunately , Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters is also waterlogged with characters and plots that ca n't help but feel derivative . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics , the film has a score of 39 based on 33 collected reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Jim Vejvoda of IGN rated the movie a 6 out of 10 : `` There are worse sequels than the CG - heavy Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , but it 's just such overly familiar territory . '' Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review , saying that `` tweens and young teens should be sufficiently distracted by the movie 's brisk pace and heroic mayhem -- if they 're not too unnerved by its at times nightmarish imagery '' . James Rocchi of ScreenCrush wrote that the film `` is hardly the stuff of legend , but by keeping the plot straightforward and the storytelling clean , it 's an odyssey the intended young audience will be glad to take . '' Marsha McCreadie on RogerEbert.com rated the film two and a half stars out of four , calling it `` a gentler - spirited , less flashy enterprise , though it still presents a natural world that can morph at the whim of a god . '' Andy Webster of The New York Times commented : `` Sea of Monsters is diverting enough -- the director , Thor Freudenthal ... is savvy with effects and keeps his young cast on point -- but it does n't begin to approach the biting adolescent tension of the Harry Potter movies . '' However , Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the film as `` lack ( ing ) the energetic zip of its predecessor , '' while Bruce Ingram of Chicago Sun - Times opined that `` faithful fans of the novels will be unhappy with the liberties taken with the adaptation like they were with the first film . '' Connie Ogle of The Miami Herald wrote , `` ( Are ) these characters merely prisoners -- much like the audience -- of a script so uninspired that it demands their stupidity ? '' Josh Bell of Las Vegas Weekly lambasted the series as a whole as `` a thoroughly second - rate franchise ... with movies like Sea of Monsters , it can probably continue in acceptable mediocrity for years to come '' . Box Office ( edit ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters grossed an $68,559,554 in North America and $133,688,197 internationally for a worldwide total of $202,247,751 . The film grossed $5.4 million on its opening day , taking the number No. 2 spot at the domestic box office . During its extended five - day opening weekend the film debuted at the No. 4 spot and grossed $23,258,113 . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2014 Young Artist Award Best Supporting Young Actress in a Feature Film Katelyn Mager Nominated 2014 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Hero : Percy Jackson Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Soundtrack album by Andrew Lockington Released August 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 06 ) Genre Soundtrack Length 68 : 54 Label Sony Classical Producer Brian Liesegang No . Title Length 1 . `` Thalia 's Story '' 3 : 42 2 . `` Percy at the Lake '' 1 : 29 3 . `` Colchis Bull '' 4 : 08 4 . `` The Shield is Gone '' 1 : 31 5 . `` The Oracle 's Prophecy '' 3 : 08 6 . `` Cursed Blade Shall Reap '' 1 : 43 7 . `` Wild Taxi Ride '' 3 : 25 8 . `` Hermes '' 2 : 34 9 . `` Hippocampus '' 3 : 34 10 . `` Onboard the Yacht '' 1 : 39 11 . `` Wave Conjuring '' 6 : 49 12 . `` Sea of Monsters '' 2 : 31 13 . `` Belly of the Beast '' 3 : 52 14 . `` New Coordinates '' 2 : 13 15 . `` Polyphemus '' 2 : 58 16 . `` Thank You Brother '' 6 : 01 17 . `` Kronos '' 5 : 08 18 . `` Annabeth and the Fleece '' 2 : 03 19 . `` Resurrection '' 3 : 04 20 . `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters -- Main Titles '' 3 : 15 21 . `` To Feel Alive '' ( composed by Andrew Lockington & Tiff Randol and performed by IAMEVE ) 4 : 06 `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' by Fall Out Boy and `` Cameo Lover '' by Kimbra were featured in the movie but are unavailable on the soundtrack . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on 3D Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD on December 17 , 2013 . The film was additionally released for Digital HD download on December 3 . Possible sequel ( edit ) On March 25 , 2014 , Lerman said that a sequel to Sea of Monsters would not be made . However , a report of March 31 , 2014 stated `` Logan Lerman has said Percy Jackson 3 could still go ahead '' and that the previous report `` was taken out of context '' . At the 2015 Santa Barbara International Film Festival , Lerman said that while he finds the Percy Jackson films fun to make , he has not heard anything about the production of a third film and expressed concern that he and his co-stars were growing too old for their parts . In December 2017 , The Walt Disney Company agreed to a 52.4 - billion - dollar deal to acquire 21st Century Fox , including the film rights for Percy Jackson . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea Of Monsters '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . proboxoffice . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOffice ® -- Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . 2014 - 12 - 20 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Anthony Head to Play Chiron in ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Percy ' sequel zeroes in on Smith '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Look : Logan Lerman Returns for ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' with New Backup ( PHOTOS ) '' . International Business Times . March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full cast and crew for Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Look at Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . ComingSoon.net . March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Nathan Fillion to Play Hermes in ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7 '' . ComingSoon.net. April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' First Look : Stanley Tucci in Leopard Print ! '' . Screencrush.com . March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ' Percy Jackson and the Olympians ' Sequel Could Be Coming Soon ? First Showing . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 Jump up ^ ' Percy Jackson ' sequel could be on its way Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 Jump up ^ Fox Moves Ahead With New ' Die Hard ' and ' Percy Jackson ' Films The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean . `` Percy Jackson Sequel Moves Up Calendar 7500 Disappears '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7 '' . ComingSoon.net. April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . Photos.nola.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mike ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` Abandoned Six Flags New Orleans site comes alive for ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' shoot '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LoganLerman : Last day of shooting on Percy '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Production Weekly issue 749 , February 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel ' The Sea of Monsters ' Hires Screenwriters '' PageToPremier.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thor Freudenthal to Direct PERCY JACKSON AND THE OLYMPIANS : THE SEA OF MONSTERS ; Logan Lerman Confirmed for Return '' Collider.com . Retrieved September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7 '' ComingSoon.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' release date pushed back several months '' Hypable.com . Retrieved September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Directors Guild of Canada British Columbia '' ( PDF ) . DGCBC.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon T Jackson ( brandontjackson ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Michael ( March 27 , 2012 ) . `` Vancouver Film Production Update - April 2012 '' . Sneakpeek.ca . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Abandoned Six Flags New Orleans site comes alive for ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' shoot '' . NOLA.com . July 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' : First look at 5 official stills '' . Hypable.com . March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Free Percy Jackson Movie Ticket at Smart and Final '' . Comic Con Family . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Gary ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' a heroic effort for demigod '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rocchi , James ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' Review '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCreadle , Marsha ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` PERCY JACKSON : SEA OF MONSTERS '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What a Hero Goes Through to Become a Healer ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , ' With Logan Lerman '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Bruce ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Thrills lacking in Percy Jackson 's second film mission '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ogle , Connie ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' ( PG ) '' . Miami.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bell , Josh ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` The second - rate franchise that is ' Percy Jackson ' '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Wednesday , August 7 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Audiences Travel to ' Elysium ' Over Crowded Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 35th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson Sea of Monsters - Official Movie Site - View Trailers '' . Percyjacksonthemovie.com . August 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' hits DVD / Blu - ray December 17 '' . Hypable.com . October 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb , Charles . `` Logan Lerman Says ' Percy Jackson 3 ' Is Officially Dead '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Daisy ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Noah star Logan Lerman : Percy Jackson 3 could still happen '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A-List Celebrities Flood to the Arlington for Virtuosos Award '' . The Daily Nexus . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Disney buys much of Fox in megamerger that will shake world of entertainment and media '' . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . External links ( edit ) Official website Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters on IMDb Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters at Rotten Tomatoes Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters at Box Office Mojo The Camp Half - Blood Chronicles Percy Jackson & the Olympians Novels The Lightning Thief The Sea of Monsters The Titan 's Curse The Battle of the Labyrinth The Last Olympian The Demigod Files Films Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Film cast members The Heroes of Olympus Novels The Lost Hero The Son of Neptune The Mark of Athena The House of Hades The Blood of Olympus The Demigod Diaries The Trials of Apollo Novels The Hidden Oracle The Dark Prophecy The Burning Maze Other Percy Jackson 's Greek Gods Percy Jackson 's Greek Heroes The Son of Sobek The Staff of Serapis The Crown of Ptolemy Characters Percy Jackson Works by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski Films written Problem Child ( 1990 ) Problem Child 2 ( 1991 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1996 ) That Darn Cat ( 1997 ) Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) Agent Cody Banks ( 2003 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) TV series created American Crime Story ( 2016 -- present ) Films directed Screwed ( 2000 ) Films directed by Thor Freudenthal Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) Today : The Movie ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percy_Jackson:_Sea_of_Monsters&oldid=832516269 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films 2013 3D films Teen fantasy films Teen adventure films American fantasy adventure films American films Films based on American novels Films based on fantasy novels Films based on Greco - Roman mythology Films based on the Odyssey Films based on the Jason - Medea myth Films shot in British Columbia Films shot in New Orleans Sequel films Percy Jackson & the Olympians Giants in film Films produced by Chris Columbus Films produced by Michael Barnathan 1492 Pictures films Films produced by Karen Rosenfelt Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 13 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who guards the sea of monsters in percy jackson | [] | [] |
7827642277214072876 | Straw man | Straw man - wikipedia Straw man Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the logical fallacy . For other uses , see Straw man ( disambiguation ) . `` Man of straw '' redirects here . For the novel by Heinrich Mann , see Der Untertan . A straw man is a common form of argument and is an informal fallacy based on giving the impression of refuting an opponent 's argument , while refuting an argument that was not presented by that opponent . One who engages in this fallacy is said to be `` attacking a straw man '' . The typical straw man argument creates the illusion of having completely refuted or defeated an opponent 's proposition through the covert replacement of it with a different proposition ( i.e. , `` stand up a straw man '' ) and the subsequent refutation of that false argument ( `` knock down a straw man '' ) instead of the opponent 's proposition . This technique has been used throughout history in polemical debate , particularly in arguments about highly charged emotional issues where a fiery `` battle '' and the defeat of an `` enemy '' may be more valued than critical thinking or an understanding of both sides of the issue . Allegedly , straw man tactics were once known in some parts of the United Kingdom as an Aunt Sally , after a pub game of the same name where patrons threw sticks or battens at a post to knock off a skittle balanced on top . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Structure 3 Examples 4 Contemporary work 5 Steelmanning 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Origin ( edit ) U.S. President William McKinley has shot a cannon ( labeled McKinley 's Letter ) which has involved a `` straw man '' and its constructors ( Carl Schurz , Oswald Garrison Villard , Richard Olney ) in a great explosion . Caption : S M A S H E D ! , Harper 's Weekly , September 22 , 1900 As a fallacy , the identification and name of straw man arguments are of relatively recent date , although Aristotle makes remarks that suggest a similar concern ; Douglas Walton identified `` the first inclusion of it we can find in a textbook as an informal fallacy '' in Stuart Chase 's Guides to Straight Thinking from 1956 ( p. 40 ) . However , Hamblin 's classic text Fallacies ( 1970 ) neither mentions it as a distinct type , nor even as a historical term . The term 's origins are unclear . The usage of the term in rhetoric suggests a human figure made of straw that is easy to knock down or destroy -- such as a military training dummy , scarecrow , or effigy . A common folk etymology is that it refers to men who stood outside courthouses with a straw in their shoe to signal their willingness to be a false witness . Structure ( edit ) The straw man fallacy occurs in the following pattern of argument : Person 1 asserts proposition X . Person 2 argues against a superficially similar proposition Y , falsely , as if an argument against Y were an argument against X . This reasoning is a fallacy of relevance : it fails to address the proposition in question by misrepresenting the opposing position . For example : Quoting an opponent 's words out of context -- i.e. , choosing quotations that misrepresent the opponent 's intentions ( see fallacy of quoting out of context ) . Presenting someone who defends a position poorly as the defender , then denying that person 's arguments -- thus giving the appearance that every upholder of that position ( and thus the position itself ) has been defeated Oversimplifying an opponent 's argument , then attacking this oversimplified version Examples ( edit ) Straw man arguments often arise in public debates such as a ( hypothetical ) prohibition debate : A : We should relax the laws on beer . B : No , any society with unrestricted access to intoxicants loses its work ethic and goes only for immediate gratification . The original proposal was to relax laws on beer . Person B has misconstrued / misrepresented this proposal by responding to it as if it had been something like `` ( we should have ... ) unrestricted access to intoxicants '' . It is a logical fallacy because Person A never advocated allowing said unrestricted access to intoxicants . In a 1977 appeal of a U.S. bank robbery conviction , a prosecuting attorney said in his closing argument : I submit to you that if you ca n't take this evidence and find these defendants guilty on this evidence then we might as well open all the banks and say , `` Come on and get the money , boys , '' because we 'll never be able to convict them . This was a straw man designed to alarm the appeal judges ; the chance that the precedent set by one case would literally make it impossible to convict any bank robbers is remote . An example often given of a straw man is US President Richard Nixon 's 1952 `` Checkers speech '' . When campaigning for vice president in 1952 , Nixon was accused of having illegally appropriated $18,000 in campaign funds for his personal use . In a televised response , he spoke about another gift , a dog he had been given by a supporter : It was a little cocker spaniel dog , in a crate he had sent all the way from Texas , black and white , spotted , and our little girl Tricia , six years old , named it Checkers . And , you know , the kids , like all kids , loved the dog , and I just want to say this right now , that , regardless of what they say about it , we are going to keep it . This was a straw man response ; his critics had never criticized the dog as a gift or suggested he return it . This argument was successful at distracting many people from the funds , and portraying his critics as nitpicking and heartless . Nixon received an outpouring of public support and remained on the ticket . He and Eisenhower were elected by a landslide . Christopher Tindale presents , as an example , the following passage from a draft of a bill ( HCR 74 ) considered by the Louisiana State Legislature in 2001 : Whereas , the writings of Charles Darwin , the father of evolution , promoted the justification of racism , and his books On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man postulate a hierarchy of superior and inferior races ... Therefore , be it resolved that the legislature of Louisiana does hereby deplore all instances and all ideologies of racism , does hereby reject the core concepts of Darwinist ideology that certain races and classes of humans are inherently superior to others , and does hereby condemn the extent to which these philosophies have been used to justify and approve racist practices . Tindale comments that `` the portrait painted of Darwinian ideology is a caricature , one not borne out by any objective survey of the works cited . '' That similar misrepresentations of Darwinian thinking have been used to justify and approve racist practices is beside the point : the position that the legislation is attacking and dismissing is a Straw Man . In subsequent debate this error was recognized , and the eventual bill omitted all mention of Darwin and Darwinist ideology . Darwin himself passionately opposed slavery and worked to intellectually confront the notions of `` scientific racism '' that were used to justify it . Contemporary work ( edit ) In 2006 , Robert Talisse and Scott Aikin expanded the application and use of the straw man fallacy beyond that of previous rhetorical scholars , arguing that the straw man fallacy can take two forms : the original form that misrepresents the opponent 's position , which they call the representative form ; and a new form they call the selection form . The selection form focuses on a partial and weaker ( and easier to refute ) representation of the opponent 's position . Then the easier refutation of this weaker position is claimed to refute the opponent 's complete position . They point out the similarity of the selection form to the fallacy of hasty generalization , in which the refutation of an opposing position that is weaker than the opponent 's is claimed as a refutation of all opposing arguments . Because they have found significantly increased use of the selection form in modern political argumentation , they view its identification as an important new tool for the improvement of public discourse . Aikin and Casey expanded on this model in 2010 , introducing a third form . Referring to the `` representative form '' as the classic straw man , and the `` selection form '' as the weak man , a third form is called the hollow man . A hollow man argument is one that is a complete fabrication , where both the viewpoint and the opponent expressing it do not in fact exist , or at the very least the arguer has never encountered them . Such arguments frequently take the form of vague phrasing such as `` some say , '' `` someone out there thinks '' or similar weasel words , or it might attribute a non-existent argument to a broad movement in general , rather than an individual or organization . A variation on the selection form , or `` weak man '' argument , that combines with an ad hominem is nut picking , a neologism coined by Kevin Drum . A combination of `` nut '' ( i.e. , insane person ) and `` cherry picking '' , nut picking refers to intentionally seeking out extremely fringe , non-representative statements and / or individuals from members of an opposing group and parading these as evidence of that entire group 's incompetence or irrationality . Steelmanning ( edit ) The steel man argument ( or steelmanning ) is the opposite of the straw man argument . The idea is to find the best form of the opponent 's argument to test opposing opinions . You know when someone makes an argument , and you know you can get away with making it seem like they made a much worse one , so you attack the argument for points ? That 's strawmanning . Lots of us have done it , even though we should n't . But what if we went one step beyond just not doing that ? What if we went one better ? Then we would be steelmanning , the art of addressing the best form of the other person 's argument , even if it 's not the one they presented . See also ( edit ) Logic portal Philosophy portal Aunt Sally Ad hominem Devil 's advocate Cherry picking ( fallacy ) Cognitive bias Concern troll Cratylism Fallacy of quoting out of context List of fallacies Media manipulation Per fas et nefas Pooh - pooh Red herring Tilting at windmills References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Downes , Stephen . `` The Logical Fallacies '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Pirie , Madsen ( 2007 ) . How to Win Every Argument : The Use and Abuse of Logic . UK : Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 155 -- 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9894 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Straw Man Fallacy '' . fallacyfiles.org . Retrieved 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Dennis V. Lindley ( 2006 ) . Understanding Uncertainty . John Wiley & Sons . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 04383 - 7 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ A. W. Sparkes ( 1991 ) . Talking Philosophy : A Wordbook . Routledge . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 04223 - 9 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas Walton , `` The straw man fallacy '' . In Logic and Argumentation , ed . Johan van Bentham , Frans H. van Eemeren , Rob Grootendorst and Frank Veltman . Amsterdam , Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences , North - Holland , 1996 . pp. 115 - 128 ^ Jump up to : Christopher W. Tindale ( 2007 ) . Fallacies and Argument Appraisal . Cambridge University Press . pp. 19 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84208 - 2 . Jump up ^ Damer , T. Edward ( 1995 ) . Attacking Faulty Reasoning : A Practical Guide to Fallacy - Free Arguments . Wadsworth . pp. 157 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Brewer , E. Cobham ( 1898 ) . `` Man of Straw ( A ) . '' . Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bosanac , Paul ( 2009 ) . Litigation Logic : A Practical Guide to Effective Argument . American Bar Association . p. 393 . ISBN 1616327103 . ^ Jump up to : Waicukauski , Ronald J. ; Paul Mark Sandler ; JoAnne A. Epps ( 2001 ) . The Winning Argument . American Bar Association . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 1570739382 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Rottenberg , Annette T. ; Donna Haisty Winchell ( 2011 ) . The Structure of Argument . MacMillan . pp. 315 -- 316 . ISBN 0312650698 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Adrian Desmond and James Moore ( 2009 ) ' Darwin 's Sacred Cause : How a Hatred of Slavery Shaped Darwin 's Views on Human Evolution ' Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Jump up ^ Talisse , Robert ; Aikin , Scott ( September 2006 ) . `` Two Forms of the Straw Man '' . Argumentation . Kluwer Academic Publishers . 20 ( 3 ) : 345 -- 352 . ISSN 1572 - 8374 . doi : 10.1007 / s10503 - 006 - 9017 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Aikin , Scott ; Casey , John ( March 2011 ) . `` Straw Men , Weak Men , and Hollow Men '' . Argumentation . Springer Netherlands . 25 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 105 . ISSN 1572 - 8374 . doi : 10.1007 / s10503 - 010 - 9199 - y . Jump up ^ Douglas Walton ( 26 August 2013 ) . Methods of Argumentation . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 43519 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kevin Drum ( August 11 , 2006 ) . `` Nutpicking '' . The Washington Monthly . Jump up ^ Friedersdorf , Conor ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` The Highest Form of Disagreement '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Messinger , Chana ( 7 December 2012 ) . `` Knocking Down a Steel Man : How to Argue Better '' . The Merely Real ( blog ) . External links ( edit ) Straw Man Arguments : How to Recognize , How to Counter , and When to Use Them Yourself : a discussion of straw man arguments and their usage in debates . The Straw Man Fallacy at the Fallacy Files Straw Man , more examples of straw man arguments ( hide ) Fallacies of relevance Ad nauseam Argument from repetition Argumentum ad ignorantiam Argument from ignorance Appeal to the stone / Proof by assertion Ignoratio elenchi Irrelevant conclusion Argument from silence Invincible ignorance Moralistic / Naturalistic Non sequitur Rationalization Red herring Appeal to worse problems Two wrongs make a right Special pleading Straw man Cliché I 'm entitled to my opinion Appeals to emotion Fear Flattery Novelty Pity Ridicule Think of the children In - group favoritism Invented here / Not invented here Island mentality Parade of horribles Wisdom of repugnance Spite Genetic fallacies Ad hominem Abusive Association reductio ad Hitlerum Godwin 's law reductio ad Stalinum Circumstantial Appeal to motive Bulverism Poisoning the well Tone Tu quoque Authority Accomplishment Ipse dixit Poverty / Wealth Etymology Nature Tradition / Novelty Chronological snobbery Appeals to consequences Argumentum ad baculum Appeal to force Wishful thinking Other appeals Argument to moderation Popularity List of fallacies Other types of fallacy Philosophy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Straw_man&oldid=802366530 '' Categories : Relevance fallacies Logical fallacies Political metaphors referring to people Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 文言 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 18 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the definition of a straw man argument | [
"A straw man is a common form of argument and is an informal fallacy based on giving the impression of refuting an opponent's argument, while refuting an argument that was not presented by that opponent.[1] One who engages in this fallacy is said to be \"attacking a straw man\"."
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"an informal fallacy based on giving the impression of refuting an opponent's argument, while refuting an argument that was not presented by that opponent"
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-5794588387291639482 | Wernicke's area | Wernicke 's area - wikipedia Wernicke 's area Jump to : navigation , search Wernicke 's area Approximate location of Wernicke 's area highlighted in grey Identifiers MeSH D065813 NeuroNames 1233 NeuroLex ID nlx_144087 FMA 242178 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Wernicke 's area ( / ˈvɛərnɪkə / or / ˈvɛərnɪki / ; German : ( ˈvɛʁnɪkə ) ) , also called Wernicke 's speech area , is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex that are linked to speech ( the other is Broca 's area ) . It is involved in the comprehension or understanding of written and spoken language ( in contrast to Broca 's area that is involved in the production of language ) . It is traditionally thought to be in Brodmann area 22 , which is located in the superior temporal lobe in the dominant cerebral hemisphere ( which is the left hemisphere in about 95 % of right handed individuals and 60 % of left handed individuals ) . Damage caused to Wernicke 's area results in receptive , fluent aphasia . This means that the person with aphasia will be able to fluently connect words , but the phrases will lack meaning . This is unlike non-fluent aphasia , in which the person will use meaningful words , but in a non-fluent , telegraphic manner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 2.1 Right homologous area 2.2 Modern views 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Aphasia 4 References Structure ( edit ) Wernicke 's area is classically located in the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus ( STG ) in the ( most commonly ) left cerebral hemisphere . This area encircles the auditory cortex on the lateral sulcus ( the part of the brain where the temporal lobe and parietal lobe meet ) . This area is neuroanatomically described as the posterior part of Brodmann area 22 . However , there is an absence of consistent definitions as to the location . Some identify it with the unimodal auditory association in the superior temporal gyrus anterior to the primary auditory cortex ( the anterior part of BA 22 ) . This is the site most consistently implicated in auditory word recognition by functional brain imaging experiments . Others include also adjacent parts of the heteromodal cortex in BA 39 and BA40 in the parietal lobe . While previously thought to connect Wernicke 's area and Broca 's area , new research demonstrates that the arcuate fasciculus instead connects to posterior receptive areas with premotor / motor areas , and not to Broca 's area . Consistent with the word recognition site identified in brain imaging , the uncinate fasciculus connects anterior superior temporal regions with Broca 's area . Function ( edit ) Right homologous area ( edit ) Research using Transcranial magnetic stimulation suggests that the area corresponding to the Wernicke 's area in the non-dominant cerebral hemisphere has a role in processing and resolution of subordinate meanings of ambiguous words -- such as ' ' river ' ' when given the ambiguous word `` bank . '' In contrast , the Wernicke 's area in the dominant hemisphere processes dominant word meanings ( ' ' teller ' ' given ' ' bank ' ' ) . Modern views ( edit ) Neuroimaging suggests the functions earlier attributed to Wernicke 's area occur more broadly in the temporal lobe and indeed happen also in Broca 's area . `` There are some suggestions that middle and inferior temporal gyri and basal temporal cortex reflect lexical processing ... there is consensus that the STG from rostral to caudal fields and the STS constitute the neural tissue in which many of the critical computations for speech recognition are executed ... aspects of Broca 's area ( Brodmann areas 44 and 45 ) are also regularly implicated in speech processing . ... the range of areas implicated in speech processing go well beyond the classical language areas typically mentioned for speech ; the vast majority of textbooks still state that this aspect of perception and language processing occurs in Wernicke 's area ( the posterior third of the STG ) . '' Support for a broad range of speech processing areas was furthered by a recent study done at University of Rochester in which American Sign Language native speakers were subject to MRIs while interpreting sentences that identified a relationship using either syntax ( relationship is determined by the word order ) or inflection ( relationship is determined by physical motion of `` moving hands through space or signing on one side of the body '' ) . Distinct areas of the brain were activated with the frontal cortex ( associated with ability to put information into sequences ) being more active in the syntax condition and the temporal lobes ( associated with dividing information into its constituent parts ) being more active in the inflection condition . However , these areas are not mutually exclusive and show a large amount of overlap . These findings imply that while speech processing is a very complex process , the brain may be using fairly basic , preexisting computational methods . Clinical significance ( edit ) Human brain with Wernicke 's area highlighted in red Aphasia ( edit ) Wernicke 's area is named after Carl Wernicke , a German neurologist and psychiatrist who , in 1874 , hypothesized a link between the left posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus and the reflexive mimicking of words and their syllables that associated the sensory and motor images of spoken words . He did this on the basis of the location of brain injuries that caused aphasia . Receptive aphasia in which such abilities are preserved is also known as Wernicke 's aphasia . In this condition there is a major impairment of language comprehension , while speech retains a natural - sounding rhythm and a relatively normal syntax . Language as a result is largely meaningless ( a condition sometimes called fluent or jargon aphasia ) . While neuroimaging and lesion evidence generally support the idea that malfunction of or damage to Wernicke 's area is common in people with receptive aphasia , this is not always so . Some people may use the right hemisphere for language , and isolated damage of Wernicke 's area cortex ( sparing white matter and other areas ) may not cause severe receptive aphasia . Even when patients with Wernicke 's area lesions have comprehension deficits , these are usually not restricted to language processing alone . For example , one study found that patients with posterior lesions also had trouble understanding nonverbal sounds like animal and machine noises . In fact , for Wernicke 's area , the impairments in nonverbal sounds were statistically stronger than for verbal sounds . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Aphasia : Signs & Symptoms '' . American Speech - Language - Hearing Association . Jump up ^ Kennison , Shelia ( 2013 ) . Introduction to language development . Los Angeles : Sage . ^ Jump up to : Bogen JE , Bogen GM ( 1976 ) . `` Wernicke 's region -- Where is it ? '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 280 : 834 -- 43 . Bibcode : 1976NYASA. 280 ... 834B . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1976. tb25546. x . PMID 1070943 . Jump up ^ Nakai , Y ; Jeong , JW ; Brown , EC ; Rothermel , R ; Kojima , K ; Kambara , T ; Shah , A ; Mittal , S ; Sood , S ; Asano , E ( 2017 ) . `` Three - and four - dimensional mapping of speech and language in patients with epilepsy '' . Brain . 140 : 1351 -- 1370 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / awx051 . PMID 28334963 . Jump up ^ Démonet JF , Chollet F , Ramsay S , Cardebat D , Nespoulous JL , Wise R , Rascol A , Frackowiak R ( December 1992 ) . `` The anatomy of phonological and semantic processing in normal subjects '' . Brain . 115 ( Pt 6 ) : 1753 -- 68 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / 115.6. 1753 . PMID 1486459 . Jump up ^ DeWitt I , Rauschecker JP ( 2012 ) . `` Phoneme and word recognition in the auditory ventral stream '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 109 ( 8 ) : E505 -- E514 . Bibcode : 2012PNAS ... 109E. 505D . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1113427109 . PMC 3286918 . PMID 22308358 . Jump up ^ DeWitt I , Rauschecker JP ( 2013 ) . `` Wernicke 's area revisited : parallel streams and word processing '' . Brain Lang . 127 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 91 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bandl. 2013.09. 014 . PMC 4098851 . PMID 24404576 . Jump up ^ Mesulam MM ( June 1998 ) . `` From sensation to cognition '' . Brain . 121 ( Pt 6 ) : 1013 -- 52 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / 121.6. 1013 . PMID 9648540 . Jump up ^ Bernal B , Ardila A ( September 2009 ) . `` The role of the arcuate fasciculus in conduction aphasia '' . Brain . 132 ( Pt 9 ) : 2309 -- 16 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / awp206 . PMID 19690094 . Jump up ^ Saur D , Kreher BW , Schnell S , Kümmerer D , Kellmeyer P , Vry MS , Umarova R , Musso M , Glauche V , Abel S , Huber W , Rijntjes M , Hennig J , Weiller C ( November 2008 ) . `` Ventral and dorsal pathways for language '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 105 ( 46 ) : 18035 -- 18040 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 10518035S . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0805234105 . PMC 2584675 . PMID 19004769 . Jump up ^ Harpaz Y , Levkovitz Y , Lavidor M ( October 2009 ) . `` Lexical ambiguity resolution in Wernicke 's area and its right homologue '' . Cortex. 45 ( 9 ) : 1097 -- 103 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cortex. 2009.01. 002 . PMID 19251255 . Jump up ^ Poeppel D , Idsardi WJ , van Wassenhove V ( March 2008 ) . `` Speech perception at the interface of neurobiology and linguistics '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 363 ( 1493 ) : 1071 -- 86 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2007.2160 . PMC 2606797 . PMID 17890189 . Jump up ^ Newman AJ , Supalla T , Hauser P , Newport EL , Bavelier D ( 2010 ) . `` Dissociating neural subsystems for grammar by contrasting word order and inflection '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 107 ( 16 ) : 7539 -- 44 . Bibcode : 2010PNAS ... 107.7539 N . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1003174107 . PMC 2867749 . PMID 20368422 . Jump up ^ Wernicke K. ( 1995 ) . `` The aphasia symptom - complex : A psychological study on an anatomical basis ( 1875 ) '' . In Paul Eling . Reader in the History of Aphasia : From sasi ( Franz Gall to ) . 4 . Amsterdam : John Benjamins Pub Co. pp. 69 -- 89 . ISBN 90 - 272 - 1893 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dronkers NF. ; Redfern B B. ; Knight R T. ( 2000 ) . `` The neural architecture of language disorders '' . In Bizzi , Emilio ; Gazzaniga , Michael S . The New cognitive neurosciences ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . pp. 949 -- 58 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 07195 - 9 . Jump up ^ Saygin AP , Dick F , Wilson SM , Dronkers NF , Bates E ( 2003 ) . `` Neural resources for processing language and environmental sounds : evidence from aphasia '' . Brain . 126 ( Pt 4 ) : 928 -- 45 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / awg082 . PMID 12615649 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wernicke 's area . ( hide ) Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain Frontal lobe Superolateral Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 8 Middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 Inferior frontal gyrus : 11 47 - Pars orbitalis Broca 's area 44 - Pars opercularis 45 - Pars triangularis Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Precentral Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Medial / inferior Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 Medial frontal gyrus 8 9 Paraterminal gyrus / Paraolfactory area 12 Straight gyrus 11 Orbital gyri / Orbitofrontal cortex 10 11 12 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 10 Subcallosal area 25 Olfactory sulcus Orbital sulcus Precentral Paracentral lobule Paracentral sulcus Both Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex 6 Supplementary motor area 6 Supplementary eye field 6 Frontal eye fields 8 Parietal lobe Superolateral Superior parietal lobule 5 7 Inferior parietal lobule 40 - Supramarginal gyrus 39 - Angular gyrus Parietal operculum 43 Intraparietal sulcus Medial / inferior Paracentral lobule 5 Precuneus 7 Marginal sulcus Both Postcentral gyrus / Primary somatosensory cortex Secondary somatosensory cortex 5 Posterior parietal cortex 7 Occipital lobe Superolateral Occipital pole of cerebrum Lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 Lunate sulcus Transverse occipital sulcus Medial / inferior Visual cortex 17 Cuneus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus Temporal lobe Superolateral Transverse temporal gyrus / Auditory cortex 41 42 Superior temporal gyrus 38 22 / Wernicke 's area Middle temporal gyrus 21 Superior temporal sulcus Medial / inferior Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Inferior temporal sulcus Interlobar sulci / fissures Superolateral Central ( frontal + parietal ) Lateral ( frontal + parietal + temporal ) Parieto - occipital Preoccipital notch Medial / inferior Longitudinal fissure Cingulate ( frontal + cingulate ) Collateral ( temporal + occipital ) Callosal sulcus Limbic lobe Parahippocampal gyrus anterior Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Posterior parahippocampal gyrus Prepyriform area Cingulate cortex / gyrus Subgenual area 25 Anterior cingulate 24 32 33 Posterior cingulate 23 31 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus : Retrosplenial cortex 26 29 30 Hippocampal formation Hippocampal sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Rhinal sulcus Other Supracallosal gyrus Uncus Amygdala Insular cortex Insular cortex General Operculum Poles of cerebral hemispheres Some categorizations are approximations , and some Brodmann areas span gyri . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wernicke%27s_area&oldid=840973836 '' Categories : Neurolinguistics Temporal lobe Cerebral cortex Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська West - Vlams 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 07 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | wernicke’s area in the cerebrum is associated with | [
"Wernicke's area (/ˈvɛərnɪkə/ or /ˈvɛərnɪki/; German: [ˈvɛʁnɪkə]), also called Wernicke's speech area, is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex that are linked to speech (the other is Broca's area). It is involved in the comprehension or understanding of written and spoken language (in contrast to Broca's area that is involved in the production of language). It is traditionally thought to be in Brodmann area 22, which is located in the superior temporal lobe in the dominant cerebral hemisphere (which is the left hemisphere in about 95% of right handed individuals and 60% of left handed individuals). Damage caused to Wernicke's area results in receptive, fluent aphasia. This means that the person with aphasia will be able to fluently connect words, but the phrases will lack meaning. This is unlike non-fluent aphasia, in which the person will use meaningful words, but in a non-fluent, telegraphic manner.[1]"
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8028224526317336475 | Tobacco in the American Colonies | Tobacco in the American colonies - wikipedia Tobacco in the American colonies Jump to : navigation , search Tobacco advertisement from the 18th century Tobacco cultivation and exports formed an essential component of the American colonial economy . During the Civil War , they were distinct from other cash crops in terms of agricultural demands , trade , slave labor , and plantation culture . Many influential American revolutionaries , including Thomas Jefferson and George Washington , owned tobacco plantations , and were financially devastated by debt to British tobacco merchants shortly before the American Revolution . Contents ( hide ) 1 American Revolution 2 Early cultivation 3 Chesapeake Consignment System 4 Slave labor on tobacco plantations 4.1 Slave boom in the 1700s 4.2 Differences between the Chesapeake and Deep South 5 Colonial tobacco culture 5.1 Background 5.2 American Revolution 6 See also 7 References 8 Notes American Revolution ( edit ) American tobacco planters , including Jefferson and George Washington , financed their plantations with sizeable loans from London . When tobacco prices dropped precipitously in the 1750s , many plantations struggled to remain financially solvent . Severe debt threatened to unravel colonial power structures and destroy planters ' personal reputations . At his Mount Vernon plantation , Washington saw his liabilities swell to nearly £ 2000 by the late 1760s . Jefferson , on the verge of losing his own farm , aggressively espoused various conspiracy theories . Though never verified , Jefferson accused London merchants of unfairly depressing tobacco prices and forcing Virginia farmers to take on unsustainable debt loads . In 1786 , he remarked : `` A powerful engine for this ( mercantile profiting ) was the giving of good prices and credit to the planter till they got him more immersed in debt than he could pay without selling lands or slaves . They then reduced the prices given for his tobacco so that ... they never permitted him to clear off his debt . '' The inability to pay what one owed was not just a financial failing , but a moral one . Planters whose operations collapsed were condemned as `` sorry farmers '' -- unable to produce good crops and inept at managing their land , slaves , and assets . Washington excused his situation thusly : `` Mischance rather than Misconduct hath been the cause of ( my debt ) ... It is but an irksome thing to a free mind to be always hampered in Debt . '' In conjunction with a global financial crisis and growing animosity toward British rule , tobacco interests helped unite disparate colonial players and produced some of the most vocal revolutionaries behind the call for American independence . A spirit of rebellion arose from their claims that insurmountable debts prevented the exercise of basic human freedoms . Early cultivation ( edit ) John Rolfe , a colonist from Jamestown , was the first colonist to grow tobacco in America . He arrived in Virginia with tobacco seeds procured on an earlier voyage to Trinidad , and in 1612 he harvested his inaugural crop for sale on the European market . Rolfe 's tobacco operation was an instant boom for American exports . Chesapeake consignment system ( edit ) As the English increasingly used tobacco products , tobacco in the American colonies became significant economic force , especially in the tidewater region surrounding the Chesapeake Bay . Vast plantations were built along the rivers of Virginia , and social / economic systems developed to grow and distribute this cash crop . In 1713 , the General Assembly ( under the leadership of Governor Alexander Spotswood ) passed a Tobacco Act requiring the inspection of all tobacco intended for export or for use as legal tender . In 1730 , the Virginia House of Burgesses standardized and improved quality of tobacco exported by establishing the Tobacco Inspection Act of 1730 , which required inspectors to grade tobacco at 40 specified locations . Some elements of this system included the importation and employment of slaves to grow crops . Planters filled large hogsheads with tobacco and convied them to inspection warehouses . The tobacco economy in the colonies was embedded in a cycle of leaf demand , slave labor demand , and global commerce that gave rise to the Chesapeake Consignment System and Tobacco Lords . American tobacco farmers would sell their crop on consignment to merchants in London , which required them to take out loans for farm expenses from London guarantors in exchange for tobacco delivery and sale . Further contracts were negotiated with wholesalers in Charleston or New Orleans to ship the tobacco to London merchants . The loan was then repaid with profits from their sales . The `` Triangular Trade '' . American planters responded to increased European demand by expanding the size and output of their plantations . The number of man - hours needed to sustain larger operations increased , which forced planters to acquire and accommodate additional slave labor . Furthermore , they had to secure larger initial loans from London , which increased pressure to produce a profitable crop and made them more financially vulnerable to natural disasters . Slave labor on tobacco plantations ( edit ) Slaves processing tobacco in 17th - century Virginia Slave boom in the 1700s ( edit ) The slave population in the Chesapeake increased significantly during the 18th century due to demand for cheap tobacco labor and a dwindling influx of indentured servants willing to migrate from England . In this century , it is estimated that the Chesapeake African slave population increased from 100,000 to 1 million -- a majority of the enslaved workforce and about 40 % of the total population . Slaves were not imported to the Chesapeake after 1775 , but slave populations continued to increase through 1790 because most were forced by their masters to produce large numbers of offspring . Before the slave boom , Chesapeake tobacco plantations were characterized by a `` culture of assimilation '' , where white planters worked alongside their black slaves and racial boundaries were less distinct . As slaveholding increased , intense racial contrasts emerged and all - black labor units supervised by white planters came to replace mixed - race units . Unwritten race - based sumptuary laws , which would later become Jim Crow laws , became common social fixtures in Northern and Southern colonies . For the many farmers who seized opportunity in the profitable tobacco enterprise , financial and personal anxiety mounted amidst stiff competition and falling prices . Some historians believe that these anxieties were redirected onto subordinates in the field , which exacerbated already strained racial relations . Planters pushed slaves to their physical limits to ensure a superior crop . Slaves , meanwhile , realized that the quality of a crop depended on their effort and began `` foot dragging '' , or collectively slowing their pace in protest of the planters ' extreme demands . Farmers racialized foot dragging , portraying it as an inherent personality trait of slaves . William Strickland , a wealthy colonial tobacco planter , remarked : `` Nothing can be conceived more inert than a slave ; his unwilling labour is discovered in every step he takes ; he moves not if he can avoid it ; if the eyes of the overseer be off him , he sleeps ... all is listless inactivity ; all motion is evidently compulsory . '' Tensions between slaves and planters occasionally escalated enough to bring work in the field to a standstill . When this occurred , masters often punished insubordinate slaves with physical violence such as lashings and whippings until they resumed their tasks . Differences between the Chesapeake and Deep South ( edit ) In the Chesapeake and North Carolina , tobacco constituted a major percentage of the total agricultural output . In the Deep South ( mainly Georgia and South Carolina ) , cotton and rice plantations dominated . Stark diversity in the geographic and social landscapes of these two regions contributed to differences in their respective slave cultures . The Chesapeake had few urban centers relative to the South . Instead , multiple markets were established along tributaries . This facilitated the persistence of smaller tobacco farms because the cost of moving tobacco to market was kept reasonable . In the south , all economic activity fed through a few heavily centralized markets , which favored large plantations that could bear the higher transportation costs . Differences in plantation size also owed significantly to the different demands of tobacco farming versus cotton and rice . Cotton and rice were cash crops , and cultivation was geared towards maximizing volume . Diminishing returns take effect on harvest quality past a certain threshold of labor investment . Tobacco , however , was considered to be more artisanal and craft - like , with limitless opportunity to improve the yield and quality . Thus , the most profitable cotton and rice operations were large and factory - like , while tobacco profits hinged on skilled , careful , and efficient labor units . Because of the diminished need for trained labor , families of slaves on cotton and rice plantations would often remain together , bought and sold as complete packages . Individual life expectancies were generally shorter , because their skill set was less refined and workers were easily replaced if killed . Cotton and rice plantation owners employed a management technique called `` tasking '' , in which each slave would receive around one - half acre of land to tend individually with minimal supervision . The weight of the yield from each slave 's plot was interpreted as a direct reflection of the quality of his work . In contrast , tobacco planters desired skilled male slaves , while women were mainly responsible for breeding and raising children . Family members were often estranged when women and children left to seek other work . Individual life expectancies for tobacco slaves were generally longer because their unique skills , honed over the course of many years in the field , proved indispensable to a planter 's success . Tobacco planters favored a technique called `` ganging '' , where groups of eight to twelve slaves worked fields simultaneously under the supervision of a white superior or a tenured slave . The hardest working slaves , called `` pace - setters '' , were spread amongst the different groups as an example for those around them . Unlike tasking , ganging was amenable to supervision and quality control , and lacked an inherent measure of individual effort . Some contemporary scholars argue that the Chesapeake was a more hospitable environment for slaves . It was more common in the Chesapeake for a slave to work alongside his master , an arrangement unheard of in the strict vertical hierarchies of massive Southern plantations . Whites and blacks were more deeply divided in the Deep South , and tasking allowed slave owners to arbitrarily replace individuals who did not meet expectations . Others argue that it is disingenuous to romanticize one incarnation of slavery over another and that neither environment was `` hospitable '' despite these differences . Colonial tobacco Culture ( edit ) 18th - century tobacco advertisement Background ( edit ) A culture of expertise surrounded tobacco planting . Unlike cotton or rice , cultivating tobacco was seen as an art form , and buyers understood that behind every crop of good tobacco was a meticulous planter with exceptional skills . Tobacco shipments were `` branded '' with a signature unique to its planter before they were sent overseas , and guarantors regarded brands as a seal of approval from the planter himself . One planter proclaimed of his branded tobacco , `` it was made on the plantation where I live and therefore as I saw to the whole management of it my self ( sic ) , I can with authority recommend it to be exceedingly good . '' Even though not necessarily participating in the manual labor , planters took great financial stake in their final product . Furthermore , local reputation and social status varied with the quality of one 's leaf . In his book Tobacco Culture , author T.H. Breen writes `` quite literally , the quality of a man 's tobacco often served as the measure of the man . '' Proficient planters , held in high regard by their peers , often exercised significant political clout in colonial governments . Farmers often spent excess profits on expensive luxury goods from London to indicate to others that their tobacco was selling well . Notably , Thomas Jefferson 's Monticello estate was styled after the dwellings of wealthy European aristocrat . American Revolution ( edit ) American tobacco planters , including Jefferson and George Washington , financed their plantations with sizeable loans from London . When tobacco prices dropped precipitously in the 1750s , many plantations struggled to remain financially solvent . Severe debt threatened to unravel colonial power structures and destroy planters ' personal reputations . At his Mount Vernon plantation , Washington saw his liabilities swell to nearly £ 2000 by the late 1760s . Jefferson , on the verge of losing his own farm , aggressively espoused various conspiracy theories . Though never verified , Jefferson accused London merchants of unfairly depressing tobacco prices and forcing Virginia farmers to take on unsustainable debt loads . In 1786 , he remarked : `` A powerful engine for this ( mercantile profiting ) was the giving of good prices and credit to the planter till they got him more immersed in debt than he could pay without selling lands or slaves . They then reduced the prices given for his tobacco so that ... they never permitted him to clear off his debt . '' The inability to pay what one owed was not just a financial failing , but a moral one . Planters whose operations collapsed were condemned as `` sorry farmers '' -- unable to produce good crops and inept at managing their land , slaves , and assets . Washington excused his situation thusly : `` Mischance rather than Misconduct hath been the cause of ( my debt ) ... It is but an irksome thing to a free mind to be always hampered in Debt . '' In conjunction with a global financial crisis and growing animosity toward British rule , tobacco interests helped unite disparate colonial players and produced some of the most vocal revolutionaries behind the call for American independence . A spirit of rebellion arose from their claims that insurmountable debts prevented the exercise of basic human freedoms . See also ( edit ) Tobacco Lords References ( edit ) Brandt , Allan M. `` Pro Bono Publico . '' The Cigarette Century : the Rise , Fall , and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America . New York : Basic ( 2009 ) . Breen , T.H. Tobacco Culture : the Mentality of the Great Tidewater Planters on the Eve of Revolution . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton UP ( 1985 ) Goodman , Jordan . `` '' Wholly Built Upon Smoke `` '' Tobacco in History : The Cultures of Dependence . London : Routledge ( 1993 ) . Kulikoff , Allan . Tobacco and Slaves : the Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake , 1680 - 1800 . Chapel Hill : Published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture , Williamsburg , Virginia by the University of North Carolina , ( 1986 ) . Morgan , Philip D. Slave Counterpoint : Black Culture in the Eighteenth - century Chesapeake and Lowcountry . Chapel Hill : Published for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture , Williamsburg , Virginia , by the University of North Carolina , ( 1998 ) . Rutman , Anita H. `` Still Planting the Seeds of Hope : The Recent Literature of the Early Chesapeake Region . '' The Virginia Magazine Jan. ( 1987 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Randall , Willard Sterne . George Washington a Life . New York : Henry Holt & , 1998 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Breen Jump up ^ Haworth , Paul Leland . George Washington : Farmer Being an Account of His Home Life and Agricultural Activities , . Indianapolis : Bobbs - Merrill Company , 1915 . Print . Jump up ^ Brandt , p. 20 Jump up ^ http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Spotswood_Alexander_1676-1740#start_entry Jump up ^ Goodman , p. 158 Jump up ^ Brandt , p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Kulikoff Jump up ^ Morgan Jump up ^ Brandt , p. 21 - 22 ^ Jump up to : www.digitalhistory.uh.edu Retrieved August 2012 Jump up ^ Rutman , Anita H. `` Still Planting the Seeds of Hope : The Recent Literature of the Early Chesapeake Region . '' The Virginia Magazine Jan. 1987 : 3 - 24 . JSTOR . Web . 28 April 2010 Retrieved August 2012 Jump up ^ Randall , Willard Sterne . George Washington a Life . New York : Henry Holt & , 1998 . Print . Jump up ^ Haworth , Paul Leland . George Washington : Farmer Being an Account of His Home Life and Agricultural Activities , . Indianapolis : Bobbs - Merrill Company , 1915 . Print . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_in_the_American_Colonies&oldid=801013674 '' Categories : Colonization history of the United States Tobacco in the United States History of the Thirteen Colonies Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 04 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | tobacco was the major cash crop in georgia and south carolina | [] | [] |
-9084278496114228732 | NFL regular season | NFL regular season - wikipedia NFL regular season Jump to : navigation , search The National Football League ( NFL ) regular season begins the weekend after Labor Day in early September and ends in December or early January . It consists of 256 games , where each team ( 32 total ) plays 16 games during a 17 - week period . Since 2012 , the NFL schedule generally has games in one of five time slots during the week . A game played on Thursday night , kicking off at 8 : 25 PM ( ET ) . The majority of games are played on Sunday , most kicking off at 1 : 00 PM ( ET ) , some late afternoon games starting at 4 : 05 or 4 : 25 PM ( ET ) . Additionally , one Sunday night game is played every week at 8 : 30 PM ( ET ) . One Monday night game then starts at 8 : 30 PM ( ET ) every week with the exception of the first week of the regular season , in which two Monday night games are played back - to - back ( the second game always occurring on the West coast ) , as well as the last week of the season , in which no Monday night game is held . In addition to these regularly scheduled games , there are occasionally games at other times , such as a Saturday afternoon or evening , or the annual Thanksgiving Day games in which three games are played . During the final week of the regular season , all games are held on Sunday . In place since 2006 , the current broadcasting contract establishes broadcast partners for each game . The Sunday afternoon games are broadcast either on CBS or Fox . CBS has the broadcast rights for teams in the American Football Conference while Fox has the rights for teams in the National Football Conference . In games where teams from both conferences play each other , the network with the broadcast rights for the `` away '' team will broadcast the game . In each local television market , three Sunday afternoon games are played . One of the two networks gets a doubleheader , while the other network has the right to broadcast a single game ; the networks alternate weeks when each has the right to the doubleheader . Doubleheader games are broadcast at 1 : 00 ( ET ) and 4 : 25 PM ( ET ) . The network with the single game will have an official kick - off time at either 1 : 00 PM ( ET ) or 4 : 05 PM ( ET ) . In addition to the regular Sunday afternoon games , there are three prime time games each week . The Thursday night game is broadcast by the NFL Network ( with , starting in 2016 , five of those Thursday games also being simulcast by CBS and another five on NBC ) . The Sunday night game is broadcast by NBC , while the Monday night game is broadcast by ESPN . The NFL uses a strict scheduling algorithm to determine which teams play each other from year to year , based on the current division alignments and the final division standings from the previous season . The current formula has been in place since 2002 , the last year that the NFL expanded its membership . Generally , each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice , all four teams from a single division in the AFC once , all four teams from a single division in the NFC once , and two additional intraconference games based on the standings from the previous season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Game times 2 History 3 Scheduling formula 3.1 Current formula 3.2 Past formulas 3.2. 1 1995 -- 1998 NFL scheduling formula 3.2. 2 1978 -- 1994 NFL scheduling formula 3.2. 3 Regular season expansion proposals 4 Scheduled division matchups 5 Regular season games played outside of the U.S. 6 Disruptions of the schedule 6.1 Conflicts with other sports leagues and organizations 6.2 Labor disputes 6.3 Natural disasters 6.4 Other major news events 7 See also 8 References Game times ( edit ) Main article : NFL on television Since 1990 , the majority of NFL regular - season games are played on Sundays at 1 pm , or around 4 : 00 to 4 : 25pm ET ( see below ) , with the late afternoon ( ET ) games usually reserved either for matches hosted in the Pacific Time Zone or Mountain Time Zone , or for one or more marquee contests . The current NFL television contract awards the American broadcast of these games to Fox or CBS , with Fox showing games where the visiting team is from the NFC and CBS showing games where the visiting team is from the AFC . Each of these Sunday afternoon games is televised on a regional basis to a few or several areas around the country . On each Sunday of the regular season , either CBS or Fox air two games in a doubleheader package , while the other network may show only one game . Late games scheduled to air on the network showing only one game are scheduled to start at 4 : 00pm EST , while the second game of a doubleheader will kick off later at 4 : 25pm ; this is to avoid conflicts with 1 : 00pm games that have run late . The schedule allows for 4 other regular time slots , in which these games are broadcast nationally across the country : One Sunday night game , which has been regularly scheduled since 1987 , and has aired on NBC since 2006 . One Monday Night Football game , which has been regularly scheduled since 1970 , and has been appearing on ESPN since 2006 . Also since 2006 , two games have been on the first Monday of the season . The practice of holding a Monday night game during the last week of the season ended after the 2002 season due to , among other reasons , low ratings , and a competitive imbalance involved for potential playoff teams who would have one less day of rest before the postseason . On Thursday nights since 2006 , one game has been played and aired on the NFL Network on the weeks including and after Thanksgiving Day . In addition , during the day on Thanksgiving , the NFL has played Thanksgiving Day games since 1920 ; by tradition the Dallas Cowboys and the Detroit Lions always host these afternoon games . Beginning with the 2012 season , the NFL has played games on Thursday nights for the whole season . Should there be a need for it , an occasional Saturday afternoon or night game , only in mid to late December , due to the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 . December Saturday games have been a part of the schedule every season since 1970 , except for 2013 . Since the 2006 season , the NFL has used a `` flexible scheduling '' system for the last seven weeks of the regular season when there is a Sunday night game . In 2014 , that was expanded to include weeks 5 -- 17 . Flex scheduling ensures quality matchups on Sunday nights and it allows for surprise teams to play in primetime . History ( edit ) Number of regular season games per team 1935 -- 1936 12 games 1937 -- 1942 , 1946 11 games ( 12 weeks ) 1943 -- 1945 10 games ( 12 weeks ) 1947 -- 1960 12 games ( variable weeks ) 1961 -- 1965 , 1967 - 1977 14 games ( 14 weeks ) 1966 14 games ( 15 weeks , odd number of teams ) 1978 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 , 1988 -- 1989 16 games ( 16 weeks ) 1982 9 games ( 17 weeks , strike ) 15 games ( 16 weeks , strike ) 1990 -- 1992 , 1994 -- 2000 , 2002 -- present 16 games ( 17 weeks ) 1993 16 games ( 18 weeks , additional bye week ) 2001 16 games ( 18 weeks , September 11 attacks ) In its early years after 1920 , the NFL did not have a set schedule , and teams played as few as eight and as many as sixteen games , many against independent professional , college , or amateur teams . From 1926 through 1946 , they played from eleven to fourteen games per season , depending on the number of teams in the league . From 1947 through 1960 , each NFL team played 12 games per season . The American Football League began play in 1960 and introduced a balanced schedule of 14 games per team over a fifteen - week season , in which each of the eight teams played each of the other teams twice , with one bye week . Competition from the new league caused the NFL to expand and follow suit with a fourteen - game schedule in 1961 . Also in 1961 , the U.S. Congress passed the Sports Broadcasting Act in response to a court decision which ruled that the NFL 's method of negotiating television broadcasting rights violated antitrust laws . The law allows the league to sell the rights to all regular season and postseason games to the networks , but prohibits the league from directly competing with high school and college football games . Since high school and college teams typically play games on Friday and Saturday , respectively , the NFL can not hold games on those days until those seasons generally end in mid-December . From 1961 through 1977 , the NFL schedule consisted of fourteen regular season games played over fourteen weeks , except in 1966 . Opening weekend typically was the weekend after Labor Day , or rarely two weekends after Labor Day . Teams played six or seven exhibition games . In 1966 ( and 1960 ) , the NFL had an odd number of franchises , so one team was idle each week . In 1978 , the league changed the schedule to include sixteen regular season games and four exhibition games . From 1978 through 1989 , the sixteen games were played over sixteen weeks . In 1990 , the NFL re-introduced a bye week to the schedule , which it had not had since 1966 . Each team played sixteen regular season games over seventeen weeks . During the season , on a rotating basis , each team would have the weekend off . As a result , opening weekend was moved up to Labor Day weekend . The league had an odd number of teams ( 31 ) from 1999 to 2001 . During that period , at least one team had to be given a bye on any given week . For the 1993 season , the league experimented with the schedule by adding a second bye week for each team , resulting in a 18 - week regular season . In 2001 , the September 11th attacks resulted in the league postponing its week 2 games , leading to another 18 - week season . Since the 2002 season , the league has scheduled a nationally televised regular season kickoff game on the Thursday night after Labor Day , prior to the first Sunday of NFL games to kick off the season . The first one , featuring the San Francisco 49ers and the New York Giants , was held on September 5 , 2002 largely to celebrate New York City 's resilience in the wake of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Since 2004 , the NFL has indicated that the opening game will normally be hosted by the defending Super Bowl champions as the official start of their title defense . Under this scheduling system , the earliest the regular season could begin is September 4 , as it was in the 2008 and 2014 seasons , due to September 1 falling on a Monday , while the latest possible is September 10 , as it was in the 2009 and 2015 seasons , due to September 1 falling on a Tuesday . Scheduling formula ( edit ) Current formula ( edit ) POS AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West 1st Patriots Steelers Texans Chiefs 2nd Dolphins Ravens Titans Raiders 3rd Bills Bengals Colts Broncos 4th Jets Browns Jaguars Chargers POS NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West 1st Cowboys Packers Falcons Seahawks 2nd Giants Lions Buccaneers Cardinals 3rd Redskins Vikings Saints Rams 4th Eagles Bears Panthers 49ers This chart of the 2016 season standings displays an application of the NFL scheduling formula . The Patriots in 2016 ( highlighted in green ) finished in first place in the AFC East . Thus , in 2017 , the Patriots will play two games against each of its division rivals ( highlighted in light blue ) , one game against each team in the AFC West and NFC South ( highlighted in yellow ) , and one game each against the first - place finishers in the AFC North and AFC South ( highlighted in orange ) . Currently , the thirteen opponents each team faces over the 16 - game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula : Each team plays twice against each of the other three teams in its division : once at home , and once on the road ( six games ) . Each team plays once against each of the four teams from another division within its own conference , with the assigned division based on a three - year rotation : two at home , and two on the road ( four games ) . Each team plays once against one team from each of the remaining two divisions within its conference , based on the final division standings from the prior season : one at home , one on the road ( two games ) . Each team plays once against each of the four teams from a division in the other conference , with the assigned division based on a four - year rotation : two at home , and two on the road ( four games ) . Under this formula , all teams are guaranteed to play every other team in their own conference at least once every three years , and to play every team in the other conference exactly once every four years . The formula also guarantees a similar schedule for every team in a division each season , as all four teams will play fourteen out of their sixteen games against common opponents or each other . Non-divisional intraconference match - ups can occur over consecutive years if two teams happen to finish in the same place consistently . For example , even though the Colts and Patriots are in different divisions within the same conference , the two teams played each other every season between 2003 and 2012 , largely because both teams often finished in first place in their divisions each previous season . Similarly , the Redskins and the Rams played each other each season from 2008 to 2012 because both teams often landed in fourth place in their divisions . Outside of intradivisional match - ups ( each of which is played twice - yearly ) , the home team for each match - up is also determined by the league according to a set rotation designed to largely alternate home and away designations over successive years . This rotation was slightly adjusted in 2010 for teams playing against the NFC West and AFC West , after several east - coast teams ( such as the New England Patriots and New York Jets in 2008 ) all had to make four cross-country trips to play games in San Diego , San Francisco , Oakland , and Seattle in one season . Although this scheduling formula determines each of the thirty - two teams ' respective opponents , the league usually does not release the final regular schedule with specific dates and times until the spring ; the NFL needs several months to coordinate the entire season schedule so that , among other reasons , games are worked around various scheduling conflicts , and that it helps maximize TV ratings . Since 2010 , the last week of the regular season has consisted solely of divisional match - ups , in an attempt to discourage playoff - bound teams from resting their starters and playing their reserves . Past formulas ( edit ) Prior to 2002 ( when the league expanded to 32 teams ) the league used similar scheduling rubrics , though they were adjusted for the number of teams and divisions . From 1970 to 1994 , and again from 1999 to 2001 , the league did not have equal numbers of teams in every division , so not every team 's opposition could be determined by the same means . While teams playing against their division rivals twice each has been a tradition since at least the AFL -- NFL merger , not all teams would play the same amount of divisional games between the divisions due to the imbalances that had existed . The AFC Central in between 1999 and 2001 , consisting of six teams resulting in part from the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , forced teams to play ten intradivision games in a 16 - game schedule . The only time since the merger that the league has been completely `` balanced '' has been from 1995 to 1998 ( with six divisions of five teams each ) and since 2002 ( with eight divisions of four teams each ) . From 1978 up to 2002 , most teams always played four of the teams from a division in the other conference on a rotating basis ( with certain exceptions differing between time periods ) , while lacking a rotary schedule within its own conference ; this meant that while a team would be more likely to play every team in the other conference on a regular basis , they could go far longer without playing every team in their own . For example , between 1970 ( when the leagues merged ) and 2002 ( when the current schedule was introduced ) the Denver Broncos and the Miami Dolphins played only 6 times , including a stretch where they met only once between 1976 and 1997 . POS AFC East AFC Central AFC West 1st Bills Bengals Raiders 2nd Dolphins Oilers Chiefs 3rd Colts Steelers Seahawks 4th Jets Browns Chargers 5th Patriots Broncos POS NFC East NFC Central NFC West 1st Giants Bears 49ers 2nd Eagles Buccaneers Saints 3rd Redskins Lions Rams 4th Cowboys Packers Falcons 5th Cardinals Vikings This is an example of the formula used for determining opponents for teams that finished in last place in each of the five - team divisions between 1978 and 1994 , when the league consisted of 28 teams playing 16 games each . The 1990 New England Patriots finished in last place in the AFC East . Therefore , in 1991 , they played all of their division rivals ( marked in red ) twice each , one game against each team in the four - team AFC Central ( marked in yellow ) , two games against the last - place finisher in the AFC West ( marked in orange ) , and one game each against the last - place finishers in the NFC East and NFC Central ( marked in blue ) . POS AFC East AFC Central AFC West 1st Patriots Steelers Broncos 2nd Bills Bengals Chiefs 3rd Colts Jaguars Chargers 4th Dolphins Oilers Raiders 5th Jets Ravens Seahawks POS NFC East NFC Central NFC West 1st Cowboys Packers Panthers 2nd Eagles Vikings 49ers 3rd Redskins Bears Rams 4th Cardinals Buccaneers Falcons 5th Giants Lions Saints This is an example of the formula used for determining a team 's opponents between 1995 and 1998 , when the league consisted of six divisions of five teams each . The 1996 San Francisco 49ers finished in 2nd place in the NFC West . Therefore , in 1997 , the 49ers played all their division rivals ( marked in red ) twice each , one game each against the other second - place finishers in the NFC ( marked in orange ) , one game against one additional team in the NFC East and NFC Central , and one game against each team in the AFC West ( marked in yellow ) except for the 4th - place Raiders . 1995 -- 1998 NFL scheduling formula ( edit ) When the divisions were balanced between 1995 and 1998 , each team would play a home and away series against their divisional rivals ( 8 games ) , two teams from each of the other divisions within the conference ( two having finished the same place , and two others determined by where they placed in the standings ) , and four teams from a division in the other conference by the aforementioned rotary basis ( where the team placed in the standings determines which team in the interconference division they will not play , and that team would have the `` polar opposite '' place ( i.e. : 1st is the polar opposite of 5th ) in their division ) . An example of which can be seen to the right . 1978 -- 1994 NFL scheduling formula ( edit ) The scheduling formula before 1995 was very similar , except in a modified format to fit not having fully balanced divisions . During these years , teams in five - team divisions who did n't finish last would not normally face a 5th place team outside their division , whether or not those teams were intraconference . There was a special so - called `` last place '' or `` fifth - place '' schedule for teams who finished in last place in a five - team division . In addition to their division games , a team who finished in last place in the previous season would also primarily play the other teams who finished in last place in their respective divisions ( the intraconference one would be played twice to fill a void otherwise taken by a third team that finished the same place ) , plus all the clubs in the four team division in their conference . An example of this is also shown to the right . The teams in a four - team division played only six divisional games , as opposed to the eight that teams in five - team divisions had played . This void would be filled by having to play against the 5th place teams in their conference in addition to their regular scheduling , hence tying to the `` fifth - place '' schedule . Regular season expansion proposals ( edit ) There have been proposals to expand the regular season schedule to 17 or 18 games per team . Current Commissioner Roger Goodell has said he favors expanding it to 18 games . However , a longer regular season proposal was defeated in the 2011 labor negotiations between the owners and the players association . One of the proposals for the 17th and 18th games is to have every team play at least one game abroad every year . Another idea being put forth by Houston Texans owner Bob McNair is to move the traditional regional rivalries that are currently played in the preseason ( such as the Governor 's Cups ) into a permanent annual part of each NFL team 's schedule . The NFL Players ' Association opposes extending the season , largely because of injury concerns , and extending the season would require that such an extension be included in the next collective bargaining agreement . The collective bargaining agreement signed in 2011 maintained the sixteen game regular season schedule . Scheduled division matchups ( edit ) This chart displays the current schedule of division match - ups , based on the three - year intra-conference and four - year inter-conference rotations in place since 2002 . In each year , all four teams in each division listed at the top will play one game against all four teams in both of the divisions to which it has been assigned -- one from the AFC , the other from the NFC . Scheduled division matchups Season Conf . AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West 2017 AFC West South North East West North East South NFC South North West East West South North East 2018 AFC South West East North South East North West NFC North South East West South West East North 2019 AFC North East West South East West South North NFC East West South North North East West South 2020 AFC West South North East North South West East NFC West East North South West South North East Regular season games played outside of the U.S. ( edit ) Main article : NFL International Series To date , several NFL regular season games have been played outside of the U.S. The first was the 2005 game between the Arizona Cardinals and the San Francisco 49ers , which was played in Mexico City . In October 2006 , NFL club owners approved a plan to stage up to two international regular season games per season beginning in 2007 and continuing through at least 2011 . The New York Giants and the Miami Dolphins played at Wembley Stadium in London on October 28 , 2007 for the first of these games . A second game in London took place on Sunday 26 October 2008 , when the San Diego Chargers took on the nominal ' home team ' New Orleans Saints , also at Wembley . The New England Patriots were the designated visitors when they beat the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 35 - 7 on October 25 , 2009 . The long term plan was originally to have two international games played every year , on a 16 - year rotating schedule that would guarantee that each team would get to play twice over that span : once as the home team and once as the away team . This was abandoned when the St. Louis Rams , who are co-owned with Arsenal , a prominent soccer team in London , signed a three - year agreement to be the home team in the International Series games in London . This plan has since been re-established after the Rams announced that they would not be returning to England in 2013 ; the Rams would return to London as host team in 2016 . Since , the NFL has announced that the Jacksonville Jaguars will play one home game a season at Wembley , up to and including 2016 , later extended to 2020 . Their first game , versus the San Francisco 49ers , saw the 49ers winning comfortably . A second game was played at Wembley for the first time , with the Minnesota Vikings hosting and beating the Pittsburgh Steelers . Meanwhile , a record three fixtures were announced from the 2014 season , with the Jacksonville Jaguars hosting the Dallas Cowboys , the Atlanta Falcons hosting the Detroit Lions and the Oakland Raiders hosting the Miami Dolphins at Wembley . The Buffalo Bills played one regular season game each year from 2008 through 2013 in Toronto as part of the Bills Toronto Series ; two preseason games were also played as part of the same series . Poor ticket sales , fan disgust in Buffalo and the death of Bills owner Ralph Wilson prompted the cancellation of the series in 2014 . Disruptions of the schedule ( edit ) See also : Canceled NFL games and Temporary NFL home stadiums Conflicts with other Sports leagues and organizations ( edit ) From the beginnings of the NFL , most teams shared stadiums with Major League Baseball teams , with the MLB teams holding leases giving them priority . The NFL was required to schedule around September baseball games . In October , this frequently resulted in NFL teams having to reschedule on short notice if the MLB team in their city made the playoffs . On some occasions , the NFL game could be moved to Saturday or Monday . The NFL would often schedule October division games so that teams would be able to swap home game dates if it appeared that the MLB playoff schedule would make a stadium unavailable to the NFL . Perhaps the most extreme case was in 1973 , when the New York Jets played at Shea Stadium and were forced to play their first six games on the road due to the Mets playing in the World Series . As more MLB teams started to move into baseball - only stadiums by the 1990s and 2000s , this became less of a problem . Currently , the only remaining shared NFL - MLB venue is the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which houses the Oakland Raiders and the Oakland Athletics . Additionally , only two NFL teams currently share a venue with a Major League Soccer team -- the New England Patriots share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution , while the Seattle Seahawks share CenturyLink Field with the Seattle Sounders FC , although NFL teams have priority over the MLS tenants . However , there are some NFL and MLB venues that share parking lots -- most notably , the respective teams in Philadelphia , Baltimore and Seattle . In 2013 , the Super Bowl XLVII champion Baltimore Ravens were forced to open on the road due to this fact , as their MLB counterparts , the Baltimore Orioles , were scheduled at home on the same day as the Week 1 NFL Kickoff game and declined to either reschedule or relocate their game . ( MLB typically releases the schedule for an upcoming season during September of the previous season , forcing the NFL to accommodate the scheduling needs of teams who share parking lots or stadiums with MLB teams , while MLS typically releases their season schedule well ahead of the NFL 's schedule release . ) The Super Bowl XLVIII champion Seattle Seahawks averted this conflict for the 2014 season opener , as their MLB counterparts , the Seattle Mariners , played on the road ; their respective venues also share the same parking lot . The Seattle Sounders FC also played on the road during the opening week of the 2014 NFL season , assuring no scheduling conflicts . The Buffalo Bills also hosted one game a year at the Rogers Centre , which is the home of the Toronto Blue Jays , but this was only an issue in the preseason , since all such regular season games were scheduled after the end of the MLB World Series . NFL teams have also shared stadiums with NCAA college football teams and bowl games , either temporarily or permanently , but the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 prohibits the NFL from scheduling games on the same days as college football games . Labor disputes ( edit ) The 1982 and 1987 seasons were both shortened by labor disputes . The 1982 strike lasted 57 days . Weeks 3 through 10 were canceled , but an additional week was added to make a 9 - game schedule . The 1982 playoff matchups were determined by conference standings only . The 1987 strike and subsequent lockout lasted 24 days but only one week of the schedule was lost . Weeks 4 through 6 were played with replacement players . The rest of the season was played as originally scheduled , for a total of 15 games per team . In the event that the 2011 NFL season had been disrupted because of a then - ongoing labor dispute , the NFL had arranged its schedule to facilitate easier cancellations and postponements . In addition to an emergency scenario of an eight - game schedule beginning in late November , the NFL also arranged its full - length schedule such that weeks 2 and 4 had no division games , week 17 had all division games , and all week 3 matchups could be moved into each team 's respective bye week . The league also had a contingency plan to postpone Super Bowl XLVI one week , which ( assuming a full playoff schedule ) would allow a 13 - game schedule with five division games for each team to be played beginning as late as October 16 . Natural disasters ( edit ) Several games have been postponed or relocated because of natural disasters . A few days before the start of the 2005 NFL Season , the Louisiana Superdome was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina , and much of the city of New Orleans was destroyed . The New Orleans Saints ' eight scheduled home games were moved to other locations , including Giants Stadium , the Alamodome in San Antonio , and Louisiana State University . On September 14 , 2008 , the Houston Texans were scheduled to host the Baltimore Ravens . The game was postponed until November 9 because of Hurricane Ike ( which caused some damage to Reliant Stadium ) and several other changes had to be made to the schedule . The roof of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome collapsed on December 12 , 2010 after a severe heavy snowstorm , resulting in the stadium being unusable for the remainder of the season . The last two of the Minnesota Vikings ' home games had to be moved : one to Ford Field in Detroit ( which also led to the game being postponed the following Monday night ) and another to TCF Bank Stadium , the University of Minnesota 's college football stadium . The Miami Dolphins have been involved in a number of games that were moved to a different time and date . A few of those games would include 1992 against the New England Patriots ( Hurricane Andrew ) , 2004 against the Tennessee Titans ( Hurricane Ivan ) and the Pittsburgh Steelers ( Hurricane Jeanne ) , 2005 against the Kansas City Chiefs ( Hurricane Wilma ) , 2017 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( Hurricane Irma ) , and others . In December 2010 , a Minnesota Vikings -- Philadelphia Eagles game originally scheduled for the afternoon of Sunday , December 26 , a time at which it could have been successfully completed , had two weeks earlier been flexed by NBC to Sunday night and was postponed to Tuesday , December 28 , due to a strong Nor'easter . In 2014 , the Week 12 visit of the Jets to Buffalo was moved to Detroit ( and from Sunday to Monday ) due to severe snow in Western New York the previous week . Other Major news events ( edit ) The American Football League , the precursor to today 's American Football Conference , postponed Week 12 of the 1963 season because of the assassination of President Kennedy , on Friday , November 22 . The AFL 's games were made up by adding a 15th week to a 14 - week schedule . The older and more established National Football League went ahead and played as scheduled on Sunday , November 24 , 1963 . In 2001 , Week 2 of the season was postponed because of the September 11 attacks . At the end of the originally planned 17 - week schedule , Week 2 games were played on Sunday , January 6 and Monday , January 7 , 2002 . The post-season schedule was moved back a week , including Super Bowl XXXVI due to the lack of a bye week before the game . See also ( edit ) List of National Football League seasons National Football League preseason National Football League playoffs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBS & NBC To Share ' Thursday Night Football ' With NFL Network ; League Eyes `` Tri-Cast '' With Digital Partner `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ NFL pushes late doubleheader games back to 4 : 25 p.m. ET Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/flexible-schedules ^ Jump up to : Sensei , Andrew . `` Sports Law '' . Tulane University Law School . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2002 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Niners edge Giants on late field goal 16 - 13 '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Opponents Determined '' ( PDF ) . NFL . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scales , Kristi . `` SCHEDULE RELEASE : SO HOW DOES THE NFL DETERMINE THE COWBOYS ' SCHEDULE ? '' . 5 Points Blue . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=4009230 NFL to make West Coast road format more reasonable Jump up ^ `` NFL schedule navigated World Series , other conflicts '' . Sports Business Journal . April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` The Art and Science of Scheduling Meet in the N.F.L. Office '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's final week only division games '' . ESPN . April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Vs. Miami Dolphins '' . The Football Database . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ N.F.L. Owners Will Vote to Lengthen Season , Goodell Says Jump up ^ http://aol.sportingnews.com/nfl/story/2011-07-26/no-18-game-season-is-a-victory-for-the-nfls-players Jump up ^ Associated Press . NFL looking closely at expanding to 17 games with international flavor ESPN.com , 10 May 2007 . Jump up ^ If NFL adopts suggestion for annual regional rivalries , what would they be ? . USA Today ( 2010 - 10 - 19 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution approved for international games '' . NFL.com. 2006 - 10 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 11 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` London to host 2007 regular - season game '' . NFL.com. 2007 - 01 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dolphins will host Giants in a game in London '' . ESPN.com. 2007 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Game report on BBC website Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gasper , Christopher L. ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` Towers of London '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000270612/article/colin-kaepernick-leads-san-francisco-49ers-over-jacksonville-jaguars Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2013092906/2013/REG4/steelers@vikings#menu=highlights&tab=recap&recap=fullstory Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000268789/article/six-nfl-teams-set-for-2014-international-series-games-in-london Jump up ^ `` Pats Coach Says Hurricane Andrew Has Hurt His Team '' . Sun Sentinel . October 15 , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Jeanne moves back Steelers - Dolphins '' . USA Today . September 26 , 2004 . Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2198438 Jump up ^ `` To avoid Wilma , NFL moves Chiefs - Dolphins game to Friday '' . USA Today . October 21 , 2005 . National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_regular_season&oldid=801615664 '' Categories : National Football League Moveable holidays ( US Labor Day date based ) Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 19 : 31 . 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"\n\nScheduled division matchups\n\n\nSeason\nConf.\nAFC East\nAFC North\nAFC South\nAFC West\nNFC East\nNFC North\nNFC South\nNFC West\n\n\n2017\nAFC\nWest\nSouth\nNorth\nEast\nWest\nNorth\nEast\nSouth\n\n\nNFC\nSouth\nNorth\nWest\nEast\nWest\nSouth\nNorth\nEast\n\n\n2018\nAFC\nSouth\nWest\nEast\nNorth\nSouth\nEast\nNorth\nWest\n\n\nNFC\nNorth\nSouth\nEast\nWest\nSouth\nWest\nEast\nNorth\n\n\n2019\nAFC\nNorth\nEast\nWest\nSouth\nEast\nWest\nSouth\nNorth\n\n\nNFC\nEast\nWest\nSouth\nNorth\nNorth\nEast\nWest\nSouth\n\n\n2020\nAFC\nWest\nSouth\nNorth\nEast\nNorth\nSouth\nWest\nEast\n\n\nNFC\nWest\nEast\nNorth\nSouth\nWest\nSouth\nNorth\nEast\n\n"
] | [
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-8965355671486245519 | The End (The Doors song) | The End ( the Doors song ) - wikipedia The End ( the Doors song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The End '' Song by The Doors from the album The Doors Released January 4 , 1967 Recorded August 1966 Genre Psychedelic rock raga rock art rock spoken word Length 11 : 41 ( album version ) 6 : 28 ( Apocalypse Now version ) Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Jim Morrison Ray Manzarek Robby Krieger John Densmore Producer ( s ) The Doors Paul A. Rothchild The Doors track listing `` Break On Through ( To the Other Side ) '' `` Soul Kitchen '' `` The Crystal Ship '' `` Twentieth Century Fox '' `` Alabama Song ( Whisky Bar ) '' `` Light My Fire '' `` Back Door Man '' `` I Looked at You '' `` End of the Night '' `` Take It as It Comes '' `` The End '' `` The End '' is a song by the American rock group The Doors . Its lyrics were written by lead singer Jim Morrison . He originally wrote the song about breaking up with his girlfriend Mary Werbelow , but it evolved through months of performances at Los Angeles ' Whisky a Go Go into a nearly 12 - minute track on their self - titled debut album . It was first released in January 1967 . The song was recorded live in the studio with no overdubbing . Two takes were done and it has been held that the second take is the one that was issued . However , there is also a view that the issued version of the song was an edit of both takes , with at least one splice . The band would perform the song to close their last live performance as a foursome on December 12 , 1970 , at The Warehouse in New Orleans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Personnel 3 Usage in film and television 4 Versions 5 Live versions 6 References 7 External links Lyrics ( edit ) In 1969 , Morrison stated : Every time I hear that song , it means something else to me . It started out as a simple good - bye song ... Probably just to a girl , but I see how it could be a goodbye to a kind of childhood . I really do n't know . I think it 's sufficiently complex and universal in its imagery that it could be almost anything you want it to be . Interviewed by Lizze James , he pointed out the meaning of the verse `` My only friend , the End '' : Sometimes the pain is too much to examine , or even tolerate ... That does n't make it evil , though -- or necessarily dangerous . But people fear death even more than pain . It 's strange that they fear death . Life hurts a lot more than death . At the point of death , the pain is over . Yeah -- I guess it is a friend ... Shortly past the midpoint of the nearly 12 - minute - long album version , the song enters a spoken word section with the words , `` The killer awoke before dawn ... '' That section of the song reaches a dramatic climax with the lines , `` Father / Yes son ? / I want to kill you / Mother , I want to ... '' ( with the next words screamed out unintelligibly ) . Morrison had worked on a student production of Oedipus Rex at Florida State University . Ray Manzarek , the former keyboard player of The Doors , explained : He was giving voice in a rock ' n ' roll setting to the Oedipus complex , at the time a widely discussed tendency in Freudian psychology . He was n't saying he wanted to do that to his own mom and dad . He was re-enacting a bit of Greek drama . It was theatre ! In John Densmore 's autobiography Riders on the Storm , he recalls when Morrison explained the meaning : At one point Jim said to me during the recording session , and he was tearful , and he shouted in the studio , ' Does anybody understand me ? ' And I said yes , I do , and right then and there we got into a long discussion and Jim just kept saying over and over kill the father , fuck the mother , and essentially boils down to this , kill all those things in yourself which are instilled in you and are not of yourself , they are alien concepts which are not yours , they must die . Fuck the mother is very basic , and it means get back to essence , what is reality , what is , fuck the mother is very basically mother , mother - birth , real , you can touch it , it 's nature , it ca n't lie to you . So what Jim says at the end of the Oedipus section , which is essentially the same thing that the classic says , kill the alien concepts , get back reality , the end of alien concepts , the beginning of personal concepts . According to Mojo magazine , Comprehensively wrecked , the singer ( Morrison ) wound up lying on the floor mumbling the words to his Oedipal nightmare , ' Fuck the mother , kill the father . ' Then , suddenly animated , he rose and threw a TV at the control room window . Sent home by ( producer Paul A . ) Rothchild like a naughty schoolkid , he returned in the middle of the night , broke in , peeled off his clothes , yanked a fire extinguisher from the wall and drenched the studio . Alerted , Rothchild came back and persuaded the naked , foam - flecked Morrison to leave once more , advising the studio owner to charge the damage to Elektra . The genesis and the use of the word `` fuck '' is described by Michael Hicks as follows : During this period , Morrison brought vocal ideas into the instrumental solo section . Between the organ and guitar solos he approached the microphone and intoned two brief lines from the middle of the song `` When the Music 's Over '' : `` Persian night , babe / See the light , babe . '' More strikingly , when the retransition motive began , he held the microphone against his mouth and screamed the word `` fuck '' repeatedly , in rhythm , for three measures or more ( the barking sound that one hears during this passage on most live recordings ) . This was probably not a spontaneous vulgarism , but rather , a kind of quotation from another Doors song , `` The End . '' Paul Rothchild explains that in the Oedipal section of the studio recording of `` The End , '' Morrison shouted the word `` fuck '' over and over `` as a rhythm instrument , which is what we intended it to be . '' That `` rhythm instrument '' was buried in the studio mix of `` The End . '' Now , forcefully superimposed on `` Light My Fire '' , it shocked many a fan who had come to hear the group 's most famous song . The Pop Chronicles documentary reports that critics found the song `` Sophoclean and Joycean . '' `` The End '' was ranked at number 336 on 2010 Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The song 's guitar solo was ranked number 93 on Guitar World 's `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos of All Time '' . However , the song was also ranked at 26 in Blender 's list of the `` 50 Worst Songs Ever '' . Personnel ( edit ) Jim Morrison -- vocals Ray Manzarek -- Vox Continental organ , Fender Rhodes piano bass Robby Krieger -- Gibson SG guitar John Densmore -- drums , tambourine Usage in film and television ( edit ) `` The End '' was used in Francis Ford Coppola 's 1979 film Apocalypse Now , both in the opening sequence and during the end . A sketch in a 1979 episode of Saturday Night Live , hosted by Martin Sheen , satirized the troubled production of Apocalypse Now , using `` The End '' in a similar manner as the actual film . A sketch in a 2004 episode involved John McCain driven to madness while campaigning for George W. Bush as a parody of Apocalypse Now . The 1980 short , Porklips Now by Ernie Fosselius , a parody of Apocalypse Now , uses the song with rewritten lyrics ( `` this is the beginning / end of the film , my friends '' ) The song was used in the final episode of The Dennis Miller Show during another Apocalypse Now parody sequence , in which Dennis Miller was airlifted by ( we are led to believe ) a helicopter out of the set . The opening to the song was used in the 2008 episode 8 , Series 12 ( Vietnam Special ) of the TV programme Top Gear as a send off of the song 's use in Apocalypse Now . Director Martin Scorsese once used the song in a sex scene montage in his early student film Who 's That Knocking at My Door ( 1968 ) . Morrison 's one - time lover Nico covered the song for her fourth album ( 1973 ) , which shared the title . The song was used as the sign off by the English language section of Radio Berlin International , before it closed down forever on October 2 , 1990 . The song was used in Oliver Stone 's 1991 film The Doors , where it plays while the band explored drugs in the desert . `` Tiny Sick Tears '' , from 1991 Frank Zappa 's You Ca n't Do That on Stage Anymore , Vol. 4 , parodies the song 's Freudian imagery . Nirvana parodied the song live with Kurt Cobain singing normally ( although with different lyrics ) and Krist Novoselic drunkenly doing improvised spoken word parts about the killer awaking in Belgium and craving waffles . Norwegian pop rock singer Marion Raven sampled lines from `` The End '' in her song `` For You I 'd Die '' , written about Jim Morrison and his longtime girlfriend Pamela Courson . In it Raven sings the lines `` Oh , this is the end / My only friend , the end / Are words from my favorite band . '' Homer Simpson sings the song as he 's walking down the street in the 1999 episode `` Hello Gutter , Hello Fadder '' , Season 11 of The Simpsons . In 2000 Travis Meeks of the rock band Days of the New covered the song with the remaining members of The Doors on VH1 Storytellers . The song was later recorded for the Doors tribute album Stoned Immaculate : The Music of The Doors . In 2005 episode 2 ( `` Safe '' ) , Season 4 of the TV series Without a Trace . The 2006 season 2 episode 3 , `` Assassinanny 911 '' , of The Venture Bros. parodies the Oedipal verse . Hank is pricked by a stiletto in Molotov Cocktease 's boot and begins to see trails , as if a psychedelic trip , etc . He walks into a lab with Dr. Venture and says `` Father ... '' to which Dr. V replies `` Yes Hank ? '' Hank : `` I want to kill you . '' Cocktease enters and Hank says `` Molitov ! I want to ... AHHHH - come on baby . '' In the 2006 episode `` Kiss Kiss , Bang Bangalore '' , Season 17 of The Simpsons . In the 2008 episode `` Smoke on the Daughter '' , Season 19 of The Simpsons . In an episode of Animaniacs parodying Apocalypse Now , the song is parodied by a singer who provides the lyrics `` This is the beginning ... the beginning of our story ... the beginning ... '' , changing the lyric to say `` middle '' later on and then `` ending '' at the end . It is later shown that a Jim Morrison - like character has been singing the whole time . The character is also shown being run over by a golf cart . The song was used in a 2015 episode of the Danish Paradise Hotel , season 11 . The song is used in 2015 video game Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain . The song was used in the last episode of Feud while Joan Crawford was filming her last movie , Trog , and dictating a book describing her beauty secrets . Versions ( edit ) While the 1967 release of the song is the best - known version , there are other , slightly different versions available . A significantly shorter edit , sometimes erroneously referred to as a `` single version '' , was released on the Greatest Hits album . The edited version is almost half the length of the original . The version used in Francis Ford Coppola 's film Apocalypse Now is different from the 1967 release , being a remix specifically made for the movie . The remixed version emphasizes the vocal track at the final crescendo , highlighting Morrison 's liberal use of scat and expletives . The vocal track can partly be heard in the 1967 release , although the expletives are effectively buried in the mix ( and the scat - singing only faintly audible ) , and Morrison can only be heard clearly at the end of the crescendo with his repeated line of `` Kill ! Kill ! '' . This version originated with the original master copy from Elektra 's tape vaults ; when Walter Murch , the Sound Designer , requested copies of the song from Elektra Records for use in the film , the studio unknowingly sent him the original master tracks to use , which explains the different ( some would say better ) sonic quality of the song used in the film . German dance music band Tube Tech made a tech - house version of this song in 2003 . A new 5.1 mix was issued with the 2006 box set Perception . The new 5.1 mix has more sonic details than the original 1967 mix . While it is officially recognized that the 1967 version is an edit consisting of two different takes recorded on two straight days -- the splice being right before the line `` The killer awoke before dawn '' , and easily pinpointed by cut cymbals -- the full takes , or the edited parts , have yet to surface . In the version recorded live in Madison Square Garden , the lyric `` Mother , I want to fuck you '' can be heard clearly , instead of the unintelligible screaming of the studio version . WWE musical composer Jim Johnston did a similar version of the song for the 2007 pay - per - view Armageddon . Live versions ( edit ) March 1967 ( 13 : 54 ) , released on Live at the Matrix July 5 , 1968 , Hollywood Bowl ( 15 : 42 ) , released on In Concert January 17 , 1970 , New York , Show 2 ( 17 : 46 ) , released on Live in New York May 8 , 1970 , Cobo Arena , Detroit ( 17 : 35 ) , released on Live in Detroit June 6 , 1970 , Pacific Coliseum , Vancouver BC , Canada ( 17 : 58 ) , released on Live in Vancouver 1970 References ( edit ) On the horizontal line at the end of tracks on any user 's account on SoundCloud , hovering over the SoundCloud logo will show a message , `` This is the end ... my only friend , the end '' . Explanatory notes ^ a : In one of his Vietnam War poems , William Caughly mentions a `` blue bus '' in relation to the military draft : `` But when they called ( the draft board ) , I answered. / NO Vietnam for me / NO blue bus. / And I knew they 'd never use the nukes. / Right ? / They just never got the chance. / Day before I leave for basic training , anti-war rally in Los Angeles , / in front of the Century Plaza Hotel ... '' ) . Citations Jump up ^ Milligan ( 1992 ) . Pleasures and Pains . University of Virginia Press . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 3468 - 6 . Jump up ^ Borgzinner , Jon ( 18 August 1967 ) . `` How a shy pandit became a pop hero '' . LIFE. 63 ( 7 ) . Time Inc. p. 36 . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gillian G. Gaar ( 25 April 2015 ) . The Doors : The Illustrated History . Voyageur Press . pp. 92 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62788 - 705 - 2 . Jump up ^ Farley , Robert ( 25 September 2005 ) . `` Doors : Mary and Jim to the end '' . St. Petersburg Times . Archived from the original on 7 November 2005 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Classic Albums : The Doors . Classic Albums . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Various Mojo Magazine ( 2007 ) . Irvin , Jim ; Alexander , Phil , eds . The Mojo collection : the ultimate music companion ; brought to you by the makers of Mojo magazine ( 4th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Canongate Books . p. 75 . ISBN 1 - 84767643 - X . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84767 - 643 - 6 . Jump up ^ http://forums.stevehoffman.tv/threads/the-doors-the-end-one-take-or-spliced-from-two.65428/ Jump up ^ Hopkins , Jerry ( 2007 ) . Wenner , Jann ; Levy , Joe , eds . The Rolling Stone Interviews ( Jim Morrison ) . New York : Back Bay Books . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 31600526 - 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 31600 - 526 - 5 . Jump up ^ James , Lizze ( 1981 ) . `` Jim Morrison : Ten Years Gone '' . Detroit : Creem Magazine . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Show 43 - Revolt of the Fat Angel : Some samples of the Los Angeles sound ( Part 3 ) : UNT Digital Library ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 2010 ) . `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . 336 The Doors , ' The End ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ The Doors ; Fong - Torres , Ben ( 2006 ) . The Doors . New York : Hyperion . p. 61 . ISBN 1 - 40130303 - X . ISBN 978 - 1 - 40130 - 303 - 7 . Jump up ^ Densmore , John ( 2009 ) . Riders on the Storm . My Life with Jim Morrison and the Doors . New York : Random House . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 30742902 - 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 30742 - 902 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Michael ( 1999 ) . Sixties Rock . Garage , Psychedelic , and Other Satisfactions . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 0 - 25202427 - 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 25202 - 427 - 6 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 30 October 2008 ) . `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos : 51 - 100 '' . Guitar World . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~davet/music/list/Best6.html ^ Jump up to : `` The Doors -- `` The End '' ( from the Apocalypse now Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' at Discogs . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Doors - Soundtrack . ' The End ' '' . IMDb . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors -- `` The End '' ( from the Greatest Hits album ) '' at Discogs . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Making of The Doors : The Recording Sessions '' . Waiting for the Sun Archives . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Caughey , William ( 15 May 1997 ) . Arthur and Marilouise Kroker , ed . `` Just Another War Story '' . ctheory.net . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Planer , Lindsay . `` The End : review '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Accolades archived at Acclaimed Music The Doors track listing Songs Side one `` Break On Through ( To the Other Side ) '' `` Soul Kitchen '' `` The Crystal Ship '' `` Twentieth Century Fox '' `` Alabama Song '' `` Light My Fire '' Side two `` Back Door Man '' `` I Looked at You '' `` End of the Night '' `` Take It as It Comes '' `` The End '' Related articles Classic Albums The Doors Jim Morrison Ray Manzarek John Densmore Robby Krieger Studio albums The Doors Strange Days Waiting for the Sun The Soft Parade Morrison Hotel L.A. Woman Other Voices Full Circle An American Prayer Live albums Absolutely Live Alive , She Cried Live at the Hollywood Bowl In Concert London Fog 1966 Compilations and soundtracks 13 Weird Scenes Inside the Gold Mine The Best of The Doors ( 1973 ) Greatest Hits ( 1980 ) The Doors Classics The Best of The Doors The Doors ( 1991 film soundtrack ) Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Essential Rarities The Best of The Doors ( 2000 ) The Very Best of The Doors ( 2001 ) Legacy : The Absolute Best The Very Best of The Doors ( 2007 ) The Future Starts Here : The Essential Doors Hits The Platinum Collection When You 're Strange : Music from the Motion Picture The Singles Bright Midnight Archives The Bright Midnight Sampler Live in Detroit Bright Midnight : Live in America Live in Hollywood : Highlights from the Aquarius Theater Performances Live at the Aquarius Theatre : The First Performance Live at the Aquarius Theatre : The Second Performance No One Here Gets Out Alive Backstage and Dangerous : The Private Rehearsal Live in Hollywood Boot Yer Butt : The Doors Bootlegs Live in Philadelphia ' 70 Live in Boston Pittsburgh Civic Arena Live at the Matrix 1967 Live in New York Live in Vancouver 1970 Live at the Bowl ' 68 Box sets The Doors : Box Set The Complete Studio Recordings No One Here Gets Out Alive Boot Yer Butt : The Doors Bootlegs Love / Death / Travel Box Set Perception The Doors : Vinyl Box Set A Collection Singles `` Break On Through ( To the Other Side ) '' / `` End of the Night '' `` Light My Fire '' / `` The Crystal Ship '' `` People Are Strange '' / `` Unhappy Girl '' `` Love Me Two Times '' / `` Moonlight Drive '' `` The Unknown Soldier '' / `` We Could Be So Good Together '' `` Hello , I Love You '' / `` Love Street '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Wild Child '' `` Wishful Sinful '' / `` Who Scared You '' `` Tell All the People '' / `` Easy Ride '' `` Runnin ' Blue '' / `` Do It '' `` You Make Me Real '' / `` Roadhouse Blues '' `` Love Her Madly '' / `` ( You Need Meat ) Do n't Go No Further '' `` Riders on the Storm '' / `` The Changeling '' `` The Mosquito '' / `` It Slipped My Mind '' `` Get Up and Dance '' / `` Treetrunk '' `` Gloria '' / `` Moonlight Drive '' Books Wilderness : The Lost Writings of Jim Morrison The American Night No One Here Gets Out Alive Light My Fire Video and film The Doors ( 1991 ) The Doors -- 30 Years Commemorative Edition ( 1999 ) When You 're Strange Live at the Bowl ' 68 Related articles Discography Rick & the Ravens Bill Siddons Danny Sugerman Paul A. Rothchild Bruce Botnick London Fog Whisky a Go Go Manzarek -- Krieger `` Craigslist '' The Lost Paris Tapes Stoned Immaculate : The Music of The Doors Barbaturex morrisoni HWY : An American Pastoral Night Divides the Day -- The Music of the Doors Light My Fire : A Classic Rock Salute to The Doors Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_End_(The_Doors_song)&oldid=817806481 '' Categories : The Doors songs Raga rock songs Songs written by John Densmore Songs written by Robby Krieger Songs written by Ray Manzarek Songs written by Jim Morrison 1967 songs Nico songs Song recordings produced by Paul A. Rothchild Songs about death Songs written for films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 18 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the blue bus in the end | [] | [] |
7988536488916773515 | Thick as a Brick | Thick as a Brick - wikipedia Thick as a Brick Jump to : navigation , search Thick as a Brick The original LP cover ; its gatefold opens up as a 12 - page newspaper Studio album by Jethro Tull Released 3 March 1972 Recorded December 1971 Studio Morgan Studios , London Genre Progressive rock Length 43 : 46 Label Chrysalis ( Europe ) Reprise ( America , Japan and Oceania ) Producer Ian Anderson , Terry Ellis Jethro Tull chronology Aqualung ( 1971 ) Aqualung 1971 Thick as a Brick ( 1972 ) Living in the Past ( 1972 ) Living in the Past 1972 Thick as a Brick is the fifth studio album by the British rock band Jethro Tull , released in March 1972 . The album contains a continuous piece of music , split over two sides of an LP record , and was deliberately designed to parody the concept album genre . The original packaging , designed like a newspaper , claims the album to be a musical adaptation of an epic poem by the fictional 8 - year - old genius Gerald Bostock , though the lyrics were actually written by the band 's frontman , Ian Anderson . The album was recorded in late 1971 , featuring music composed by Anderson and arranged with the contribution of all band members . The live show promoting the album included the playing of the full suite , with various comic interludes . Thick as a Brick is considered by critics to be the first release by Jethro Tull entirely consisting of progressive rock music . It received mixed reviews upon its release : nonetheless , it was a commercial success and topped various charts in 1972 . Today it is regarded as a classic of progressive rock and has received several accolades . Anderson produced a follow - up to the album in 2012 , focusing on the adult life of the fictional Gerald Bostock . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording 3 Musical style 4 Cover 5 Live performances 6 Critical reception 7 Track listing 7.1 Reissues 8 Personnel 9 Charts 10 Certifications 11 Covers and follow - ups 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) Jethro Tull 's frontman and songwriter Ian Anderson was surprised when critics called the band 's previous album , Aqualung ( 1971 ) , a `` concept album '' . He rejected this , thinking it was simply a collection of songs , so in response decided to `` come up with something that really is the mother of all concept albums '' . Taking the surreal English humor of Monty Python as an influence , he began to write a piece that would combine complex music with a sense of humour , with the idea it would poke light - hearted fun at the band , the audience , and the music critics . He also intended to satirise the progressive rock genre that was popular at the time . Anderson has also said that `` the album was a spoof to the albums of Yes and Emerson , Lake & Palmer , much like what the movie Airplane ! had been to Airport '' and later remarked that it was a `` bit of a satire about the whole concept of grand rock - based concept albums '' . Although Anderson wrote all the music and lyrics , he co-credited the writing to a fictional schoolboy named Gerald Bostock . The humour was subtle enough that some fans believed that Bostock was real . Reviewing the 40th anniversary reissue , Noel Murray suggested that many listeners of the original album `` missed the joke '' . Recording ( edit ) The group ran through two weeks of rehearsals using The Rolling Stones ' basement studio in Bermondsey . They had not intended to record a single continuous piece ; the band came up with individual song segments , then decided to write short pieces of music to link them together . Recording started in December 1971 at Morgan Studios , London . Unlike previous albums , where Anderson had generally written songs in advance , only the initial section of the album had been worked out when the band went into the studio . The remainder of the suite was written during the recording sessions . To compensate for a lack of material , Anderson got up early each morning to prepare music for the rest of the band to learn during that day 's session . The lyrics were written first , with the music constructed to fit around them . Anderson recalls the album took about two weeks to record and another two or three for overdubs and mixing . The final work spanned the entire length of an LP record , split over two sides . The group remembered the recording being a happy process , with a strong feeling of camaraderie and fun , with numerous practical jokes . They were fans of Python , and this style of humour influenced the lyrics and overall concept . Guitarist Martin Barre recalls the whole band coming up with various ideas for the music . Some parts were recorded in a single take with every member having an input , including significant contributions from keyboardist John Evan . Musical style ( edit ) Thick as a Brick was viewed by some critics as Jethro Tull 's first progressive rock album . The album has a variety of musical themes , time signature changes and tempo shifts -- all of which were features of the progressive rock scene . Although the finished album runs as one continuous piece , it is made up of a medley of individual songs that run into each other , none of which individually lasts more than a couple of minutes . Parts of the suite blend classical and folk music into the typical rock music framework . The album prominently features flute , acoustic and electric guitars and Hammond organ , which had been used previously , but the instrumentation includes harpsichord , xylophone , timpani , violin , lute , trumpet , saxophone , and a string section -- all uncommon in the band 's earlier blues - inspired rock . Anderson later said that the lyrics were partly derived from experiences his own childhood , though the overall theme was showing Bostock 's attempt to make sense of life from his point of view . Cover ( edit ) The original LP cover was designed as a spoof of a 12x16 - inch ( 305x406 mm ) 12 - page small - town English newspaper , entitled The St. Cleve Chronicle and Linwell Advertiser , with articles , competitions and advertisements lampooning the typical parochial and amateurish journalism of the local English press . The band 's record company , Chrysalis Records , complained that the sleeve would be too expensive to produce , but Anderson countered that if a real newspaper could be produced , a parody of one would also be practical . The mock newspaper , dated 7 January 1972 , also includes the entire lyrics to `` Thick as a Brick '' ( printed on page 7 ) , which is presented as a poem written by Bostock , whose disqualification from a poetry contest is the focus of the front - page story . This article claims that although Bostock initially won the contest , the judges ' decision was repealed after protests and threats concerning the offensive nature of the poem , along with the boy 's suspected psychological instability . The front cover includes a piece where Bostock is accused without foundation of being the father of his 14 - year - old friend Julia 's child . The inside of the paper features a mock review by `` Julian Stone - Mason BA '' , a pseudonym of Anderson 's . The contents of the newspaper were written mostly by Anderson , bassist Jeffrey Hammond and keyboardist John Evan . While some of the pieces were obviously silly , such as `` Magistrate Fines himself '' , there was a lengthy story entitled `` Do Not See Me Rabbit '' about a pilot in the Battle of Britain being shot down by a Me - 109 fighter . The overall layout was designed by Chrysalis ' Roy Eldridge , who had previously worked as a journalist . Most of the characters in the newspaper were members of the band , their management , road crew , or colleagues ; for instance , recording engineer Robin Black played a local roller - skating champion . Anderson recalls that the cover took longer to produce than the music . The satirical newspaper was heavily abridged for conventional CD booklets , but the 25th Anniversary Special Edition CD cover is closer to the original , and the 40th anniversary boxed version contains most of the content from the original newspaper . Live performances ( edit ) Jethro Tull on the Thick as a Brick tour , early 1973 Following the album 's release , the band set out on tour , playing the entire piece with some extra musical additions that extended performances to over an hour . At the start of the show , men wearing capes appeared onstage and began sweeping the floor , counting the audience and studying the venue ; after a few minutes , some of them revealed themselves to be members of the band and began to play . During some shows , the entire band stopped mid-performance when a telephone rang on stage , which Anderson would answer , before carrying on performing . News and weather reports were read halfway through the show , and a man in a scuba diver outfit came onstage . The tour 's humour caused problems in Japan , where audiences responded to the changes with bewilderment . Barre recalls these first live performances being `` a terrible experience '' as there was a lot of complex music with a variety of time signature changes to remember . Anderson performed the entire album live on tour in 2012 , the first complete performances since the original tour . In August 2014 , Anderson released the CD / DVD / Blu - ray Thick as a Brick - Live in Iceland . The concert was recorded in Reykjavík , Iceland , on 22 June 2012 and featured complete Thick as a Brick and Thick as a Brick 2 performances by the Ian Anderson Touring Band . Some of the humour and stage antics were maintained , specially the telephone ringing in the middle of the song , replaced by a cell phone and a Skype call . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Robert Christgau C − Musichound Rock : The Essential Album Guide Record Collector The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 1979 ) Thick as a Brick was originally scheduled for release on 25 February 1972 . It was held back a week to 3 March following production problems relating to the 1972 miners ' strike . The album reached the top 5 in the UK charts , and number one in Australia , Canada and the United States , where it was certified Gold . Contemporary reviews were mixed . Chris Welch of Melody Maker praised the musicianship of the band and Anderson 's flute playing , writing also that `` the joke at the expense of a local newspaper wears thin rather rapidly , but should not detract from the obvious amount of thought and work that has gone into the production of Thick '' ; he described the music as a creative effort where `` the ideas flow in super abundance '' but that `` needs time to absorb '' and `` heard out of context of their highly visual stage act ... does not have such immediate appeal '' . Tony Tyler in his review for New Musical Express generally appreciated the construction of the suites and the arrangements , but he had doubts about the album 's possible success . He called Thick as a Brick `` Jethro Tull 's own stand - or - fall epic after the lines of Tommy '' and `` an assault on the mediocrity and harshness of lower - middle - class existence in ' 70s Britain '' . Ben Gerson in Rolling Stone magazine called Thick as a Brick `` one of rock 's most sophisticated and ground - breaking products '' . Going further , the reviewer stated : `` Martin Barre 's guitar and John Evan 's keyboards especially shine , and Ian 's singing is no longer abrasive . Whether or not Thick As A Brick is an isolated experiment , it is nice to know that someone in rock has ambitions beyond the four - or five - minute conventional track , and has the intelligence to carry out his intentions , in all their intricacy , with considerable grace . '' Rolling Stone 's Dave Marsh gave it 2 out of 5 stars in The Rolling Stone Record Guide , judging it had `` relatively undifferentiated movements '' . American critic Robert Christgau disliked the album , calling it `` the usual shit : rock ( getting heavier ) , folk ( getting feyer ) , classical ( getting schlockier ) , flute ( getting better because it has no choice ) '' . Retrospective reviews have been positive . AllMusic wrote that `` Jethro Tull 's first LP - length epic is a masterpiece in the annals of progressive rock , and one of the few works of its kind that still holds up decades later . '' Jordan Blum of PopMatters thinks that the album `` paved the way for modern progressive rock '' and `` today , it represents not only a pinnacle achievement for Jethro Tull , but also a concrete example of just how adventurous and free artists used to be . '' Record Collector reviewer writes that `` today , free from the irrelevant context of misdiagnosis and derision that dogged it on its original release , the album sounds like nothing less than an Olympian feat of composition and musicianship . '' According to Modern Drummer reviewer Adam Budofsky , `` it remains so elevated in progressive rock fans ' hearts and minds forty years later is a testament to its quality . '' Prog magazine included Thick as a Brick at number 5 in their list `` The 100 Greatest Prog Albums of All Time '' , while Rolling Stone listed the album at number 7 in their `` Top 50 Prog Albums of All Time '' . Thick as a Brick is ranked number 3 in the user - managed website Prog Archives 's top albums list , with an average rank of 4.64 stars . Rush 's Geddy Lee has said Thick as a Brick is one of his favourite albums , as did Iron Maiden 's Steve Harris . Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by `` Gerald Bostock '' ( Ian Anderson ) ; all music composed by Anderson . Side one No . Title Length 1 . `` Thick as a Brick , Part I '' 22 : 40 Side two No . Title Length 2 . `` Thick as a Brick , Part II '' 21 : 06 ( show ) 25th Anniversary Edition bonus tracks No . Title Length 3 . `` Thick as a Brick '' ( 1978 live version at Madison Square Garden ) 10 : 50 4 . `` Interview with Jethro Tull '' ( Ian Anderson , Martin Barre and Jeffrey Hammond ) 16 : 30 ( show ) 2012 40th Anniversary Special Collector 's Edition CD1 : Steven Wilson stereo remix of the album No . Title Length 1 . `` Thick as a Brick , Part I '' 22 : 44 2 . `` Thick as a Brick , Part II '' 20 : 54 ( show ) 2012 40th Anniversary Special Collector 's Edition DVD : Steven Wilson 5.1 surround and stereo remixes and flat transfer of the original stereo mix of the album and 1972 radio ad No . Title Length 1 . `` Thick as a Brick , Part I '' ( 5.1 Surround Mix ) 22 : 44 2 . `` Thick as a Brick , Part II '' ( 5.1 Surround Mix ) 20 : 54 3 . `` Thick as a Brick , Part I '' ( 2012 Stereo Mix ) 22 : 44 4 . `` Thick as a Brick , Part II '' ( 2012 Stereo Mix ) 20 : 54 5 . `` Thick as a Brick , Part I '' ( Original Stereo Mix ) 22 : 44 6 . `` Thick as a Brick , Part II '' ( Original Stereo Mix ) 20 : 54 7 . `` 1972 Radio Ad '' Reissues ( edit ) The album has been reissued on CD several times : the first release ( 1985 , which featured the two tracks combined as one ) , the MFSL - release ( 1989 ) , the 25th Anniversary Edition ( 1997 ) , and the 40th Anniversary Edition ( 2012 ) . The 40th Anniversary Edition was released in November 2012 , and includes a CD , a DVD , and a book . The CD contains a new mix of the album . The DVD contains a 5.1 surround sound mix ( in DTS and Dolby Digital ) , the new stereo mix in high resolution , and the original stereo mix in high resolution . The first pressing of the DVD / CD box contained a faulty DVD with significant audio errors . A corrected replacement edition was issued later , with only a horizontal line beneath the `` album duration '' note on the disc label to identify it . The album was also re-released on vinyl at the same time . This edition lists part one at 22 : 45 and part two at 21 : 07 . The downloadable version of the 40th anniversary edition splits the overall suite into eight separate parts : `` Really Do n't Mind '' / `` See There a Son Is Born '' -- 5 : 00 `` The Poet and the Painter '' -- 5 : 29 `` What Do You Do When the Old Man 's Gone ? '' / `` From the Upper Class '' -- 5 : 25 `` You Curl Your Toes in Fun '' / `` Childhood Heroes '' / `` Stabs Instrumental '' -- 6 : 48 `` See There a Man Is Born '' / `` Clear White Circles '' -- 5 : 58 `` Legends and Believe in the Day '' -- 6 : 34 `` Tales of Your Life '' -- 5 : 24 `` Childhood Heroes Reprise '' -- 2 : 56 Personnel ( edit ) Taken from the sleeve notes . Jethro Tull Ian Anderson -- vocals , acoustic guitar , flute , violin , trumpet , saxophone Martin Barre -- electric guitar , lute John Evan -- organ , piano , harpsichord Jeffrey Hammond ( as `` Jeffrey Hammond - Hammond '' ) -- bass guitar , spoken word Barriemore Barlow -- drums , percussion , timpani Additional personnel David Palmer -- orchestral arrangements Terry Ellis -- executive producer Robin Black -- engineer Charts ( edit ) Year Chart Peak position 1972 Australian Albums ( Kent Music Report ) 1972 Canadian Albums ( RPM ) 1972 Danish Albums ( Tracklisten ) 1972 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 2012 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 40th Anniversary Collector 's Edition 53 1972 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 2015 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) The Steven Wilson 2012 Stereo Remix 77 1972 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 1972 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 1972 UK Albums Chart ( OCC ) 5 1972 US Billboard 200 Certifications ( edit ) Country Organization Year Sales USA RIAA 1972 Gold ( + 500,000 ) Covers and follow - ups ( edit ) In 2012 , Ian Anderson announced plans for a follow - up album , Thick as a Brick 2 : Whatever Happened to Gerald Bostock ? . According to the Jethro Tull website , the sequel is `` a full length Progressive Rock ' concept ' album worthy of its predecessor . Boy to man and beyond , it looks at what might have befallen the child poet Gerald Bostock in later life . Or , perhaps , any of us . '' The follow - up album was released on 2 April 2012 . It describes five different scenarios of Gerald Bostock 's life , where he potentially becomes a greedy investment banker , a homeless homosexual man , a soldier in the Afghan War , a sanctimonious evangelist preacher , and a most ordinary man who runs a corner store and is married and childless . Thick as a Brick 2 lists 17 separate songs merged into 13 distinct tracks ( some labelled as medleys ) , although also all flowing together much like a single song . To follow the style of the mock newspaper on the original Thick as a Brick , a mock online newspaper was set up . While TAAB 2 was a follow - up about Gerald Bostock , the 2014 Ian Anderson solo album Homo Erraticus was presented as a follow - up work by Gerald Bostock . In the backstory Anderson created for the album , the now middle - aged Bostock came across an unpublished manuscript by one Ernest T. Parritt ( 1873 -- 1928 ) , entitled `` Homo Britanicus Erraticus '' . Parritt was convinced he lived past lives as historical characters , and wrote detailed accounts of these lives in his work ; he also wrote of fantasy imaginings of lives yet to come . Bostock then created lyrics based on Parritt 's writings , while Anderson set them to music . As with the original Thick as a Brick , authorship of each song on this album is explicitly credited to both Anderson and Bostock . Car maker Hyundai used the song in one of their commercials in 2001 . Ian Anderson recorded a new version specifically for the commercial to avoid having another artist do it . He does not drive a Hyundai -- indeed he has never held a driving licence -- calling himself a `` professional passenger . '' Composer Richard Harvey has covered Thick as a Brick in the special compilation The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra Plays Prog Rock Classics . References ( edit ) Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Tull Tour '' . Melody Maker. 4 March 1972 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rees 1998 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Smolko 2013 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Keresman , Mark ( 7 July 2013 ) . `` 7 / 10 : Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull at Symphony Hall '' . AZCentral . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nollen 2002 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` Thick As A Brick and the pleasures of the very , very , very long song '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nollen 2002 , p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Smolko 2013 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Rabey 2013 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Morse , Tim . `` Classic Tracks : Jethro Tull 's Thick as a Brick '' . Mix . 72 : 176 . Jump up ^ Rees 1998 , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Smolko 2013 , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thick As A Brick '' . The Mix . 22 ( 8 ) : 176 . August 1998 . Jump up ^ Nollen 2002 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Lalaina , Joe ( 17 November 2015 ) . `` Jethro Tull Guitarist Martin Barre Talks Guitars , Jimi Hendrix and `` Aqualung '' `` . Guitar World . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Bradley ( 2007 ) . The Billboard Guide to Progressive Music . Billboard Books . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7665 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 1972 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Smolko 2013 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Smolko 2013 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` The Story Behind The Song : Thick As A Brick by Jethro Tull '' . TeamRock. 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thick As A Brick by Jethro Tull Songfacts '' . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rees 1998 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1972 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Thick as a Brick '' . The Official Jethro Tull Website . Jump up ^ Smolko 2013 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Smolko 2013 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Smolko 2013 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` TAAB 40th Anniversary Special '' . Official Jethro Tull Website . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rees 1998 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Smolko 2013 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Rees 1998 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ `` '' Thick as a Brick '' Played in Special 2012 Tour `` . Jethro Tull Official Website. 2011 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jethro Tull '' . Burningshed.com . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Anderson `` Thick as a Brick '' Live in Iceland DVD `` . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Jethro Tull -- Thick as a Brick review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jethro Tull -- Consumer Guide reviews : Thick as a Brick '' . Robert Christgau . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thick as a Brick -- Jethro Tull '' . Superseventies.com . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rathbone , Oregano ( December 2012 ) . `` Jethro Tull -- Thick as a Brick '' . Record Collector ( 408 ) . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marsh , Dave ( 12 November 1979 ) . `` Jethero Tull -- Thick as a Brick '' . The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 1 ed . ) . New York City , New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 73535 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nollen 2002 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Rees 1998 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` Album artist 51 -- Jethro Tull '' . Tsort.info . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Gold & Platinum Database : search for Jethro Tull '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( 11 March 1972 ) . `` Jethro Tull : ' Thick as a Brick ' '' . Melody Maker . Archived from the original on 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Tom ( 11 March 1972 ) . `` ' Brick ' : Is This Jethro 's ' Tommy ' ? '' . New Musical Express . Archived from the original on 9 November 2005 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerson , Ben ( 22 June 1972 ) . `` Thick as a Brick -- Jethro Tull '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Budofsky , Adam ( 19 November 2012 ) . `` Jethro Tull Thick As a Brick ( Collector 's Edition ) '' . Modern Drummer . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilroy , Hannah May ; Ewing , Jerry ( 6 August 2014 ) . `` The 100 Greatest Prog Albums Of All Time : 20 - 1 '' . TeamRock.com . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Dan ( 17 June 2015 ) . `` 50 Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Progressive Rock Top Albums / all subgenres '' . ProgArchives.com . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Middles , Mick ( 29 June 2012 ) . `` In The Mood : The Favourite Albums Of Rush 's Geddy Lee '' . The Quietus . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ewing , Jerry ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` Iron Maiden 's 10 Proggiest Moments '' . TeamRock.com . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Core albums 1968 -- 1977 '' . Collecting-tull.com. 12 September 1997 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thick as a Brick 40th Anniversary Editions -- Special Collector 's Edition '' . Thick as a Brick Deluxe.com . Archived from the original on 16 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Thick as a Brick ( Media notes ) . Chrysalis Records . 1972 . CHR 1003 . Jump up ^ David Kent ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 978 - 0 - 646 - 11917 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top Albums -- Volume 17 , No. 19 24 June 1972 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thick as a Brick -- Jethro Tull '' ( in Danish ) . Danskehilister.dk . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Officialcharts.de -- Jethro Tull -- Thick as a Brick '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Officialcharts.de -- Top 100 Longplay '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gli album più venduti del 1972 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia.it . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Jethro Tull -- Thick as a Brick -- The Steven Wilson 2012 Stereo Remix '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Jethro Tull -- Thick as a Brick '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Jethro Tull -- Thick as a Brick '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jethro Tull : Official Charts '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thick as a Brick Billboard Albums '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Schlansky , Evan ( 2 February 2012 ) . `` Jethro Tull 's Ian Anderson On Thick As A Brick 2 , The Grammys And More '' . American Songwriter . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Ian Anderson -- Thick as a Brick 2 review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ian Anderson -- Homo Erraticus lyrics '' . Jethro Tull Official Website . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Ian Anderson -- Homo Erraticus review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Philharmonic Orchestra -- Plays Prog Rock Classics '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Sources Anderson , Ian ( 1972 ) . Thick as a Brick ( Media notes ) . Jethro Tull . Chrysalis Records . CHR 1003 . Rabey , Brian ( 2013 ) . A Passion Play : The Story Of Ian Anderson & Jethro Tull . Soundcheck Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9571442 - 4 - 8 . Smolko , Tim ( 2013 ) . Jethro Tull 's Thick as a Brick and A Passion Play : Inside Two Long Songs . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 01038 - 4 . Nollen , Scott Allen ( 2002 ) . Jethro Tull : A History of the Band , 1968 -- 2001 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1101 - 6 . Rees , David ( 1998 ) . Minstrels in the Gallery : A History of Jethro Tull . Firefly Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 946719 - 22 - 8 . Smolko , Tim ( 16 September 2013 ) . Jethro Tull 's Thick as a Brick and A Passion Play . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 01031 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Jethro Tull , Progressive Rock and Thematic Approach , essay by Dave Morris Scans of the pages of the LP cover mock newspaper Jethro Tull -- Thick as a Brick ( 1972 ) : Complete lyrics Chart succession Preceded by Jesus Christ Superstar ( Danish version ) Danish Hitlisten number - one album 23 March 1972 Succeeded by Machine Head by Deep Purple Preceded by First Take by Roberta Flack Billboard 200 number - one album 3 -- 16 June 1972 Succeeded by Exile on Main St. by The Rolling Stones Preceded by Annie by Anne Murray RPM number - one album 24 June 1972 Succeeded by Exile on Main St. by The Rolling Stones Preceded by Machine Head by Deep Purple Australian Kent Music Report number - one album 10 July -- 24 September 1972 Succeeded by Slade Alive ! by Slade Jethro Tull Ian Anderson Florian Opahle David Goodier John O'Hara Scott Hammond Clive Bunker Glenn Cornick Mick Abrahams Tony Iommi Martin Barre John Evan Jeffrey Hammond Barriemore Barlow John Glascock David ( Dee ) Palmer Dave Pegg Mark Craney Eddie Jobson Peter - John Vettese Gerry Conway Paul Burgess Doane Perry Don Airey Maartin Allcock Andrew Giddings Dave Mattacks Jonathan Noyce Studio albums This Was Stand Up Benefit Aqualung Thick as a Brick A Passion Play War Child Minstrel in the Gallery Too Old to Rock ' n ' Roll : Too Young to Die ! Songs from the Wood Heavy Horses Stormwatch The Broadsword and the Beast Under Wraps Crest of a Knave Rock Island Catfish Rising Roots to Branches J - Tull Dot Com The Jethro Tull Christmas Album Live albums Bursting Out Live at Hammersmith ' 84 A Little Light Music Jethro Tull in Concert Living with the Past Nothing Is Easy : Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 Aqualung Live Live at Montreux 2003 Live at Madison Square Garden 1978 Live at Carnegie Hall 1970 Compilations Living in the Past M.U. -- The Best of Jethro Tull Repeat -- The Best of Jethro Tull -- Vol II Original Masters 20 Years of Jethro Tull : Highlights Nightcap The Best of Jethro Tull -- The Anniversary Collection Through the Years The Very Best Of The Best of Acoustic Jethro Tull The Essential Boxed sets 20 Years of Jethro Tull 25th Anniversary Box Set Videos Slipstream 20 Years of Jethro Tull 25th Anniversary Video Living with the Past A New Day Yesterday Nothing Is Easy : Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 Live at Montreux 2003 Jack in the Green Live at Madison Square Garden 1978 Live at AVO Session Basel Around the World Live Singles and EPs `` Sunshine Day '' `` Love Story '' `` Living in the Past '' `` Sweet Dream '' `` Hymn 43 '' `` Mother Goose '' `` Bungle in the Jungle '' `` Minstrel in the Gallery '' `` Locomotive Breath '' Tours Too Old to Rock ' n ' Roll Tour Heavy Horses Tour Stormwatch Tour Related Discography Gerald Bostock A Billion Hands Concert The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus A Classic Case Thick as a Brick 2 Jethro Tull -- The String Quartets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thick_as_a_Brick&oldid=833149005 '' Categories : Jethro Tull ( band ) albums Jethro Tull ( band ) songs 1972 albums Concept albums Chrysalis Records albums Reprise Records albums Albums produced by Ian Anderson Songs written by Ian Anderson Albums recorded at Morgan Sound Studios Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Good articles EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 22 : 44 . 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-7256593647035928264 | List of Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee | List of Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee - wikipedia List of Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Jump to : navigation , search `` Cherokee Chiefs '' redirects here . For the high school team , see Cherokee High School ( Tennessee ) . Principal Chief is today the title of the chief executives of the Cherokee Nation , of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians , and of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians , the three federally recognized tribes of Cherokee . In the eighteenth century , when the people were organized by clans and towns , they would appoint a leader for negotiations with the Europeans . They called him Uku , or `` First Beloved Man '' . The title of `` Principal Chief '' was created in 1794 when the Cherokee began to formalize a centralized political structure , forming the original Cherokee Nation . The Cherokee Nation -- East adopted a written constitution in 1827 , creating a government with three branches : legislative , executive , and judicial . The Principal Chief was elected by the National Council , which was the legislature of the Nation . The Cherokee Nation -- West adopted a similar constitution in 1833 . The reunited nation adopted one constitution in 1839 . In 1868 , the Eastern Band created a separate and distinct constitution and formalized the position of Principal Chief . The position had existed in the east since the time of Yonaguska . In 1906 , the US government dismantled the Cherokee Nation 's governmental structure under the Dawes Act ( except for allowing the tribe to retain limited authority to deal with remaining land issues , which lasted until June 1914 ) . Following passage of the federal Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936 , the Keetoowah Nighthawk Society organized in 1939 as the United Keetoowah Band . The Bureau of Indian Affairs approved their constitution in 1940 . The president began appointing a Principal Chief for the non-UKB Cherokee in 1941 . In 1975 , these Cherokee drafted their constitution as the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma , which was ratified on June 26 , 1976 . In 1999 , they approved several changes to the constitution , including the removal of the qualifying phrase `` of Oklahoma '' from their name , leaving it simply `` Cherokee Nation '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early leaders 1.1 Chickamauga / Lower Cherokee ( 1777 -- 1809 ) 2 Cherokee Nation East ( 1794 -- 1839 ) 3 Cherokee Nation West ( 1810 -- 1839 ) 4 Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians ( 1824 -- present ) 5 Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory ( 1839 -- 1907 ) 6 United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians ( 1939 -- present ) 7 Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma / Cherokee Nation ( 1907 -- present ) 7.1 Appointed 7.2 Elected 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Sources Early leaders ( edit ) Cunne Shote , Cherokee Chief , by Francis Parsons ( English ) , 1762 , oil on canvas , Gilcrease Museum Before 1794 , the Cherokee had no standing national government . Their structure was based on clans and towns , which had various leaders . The clans had functions within each town and the tribe . The towns appointed some leaders to represent the tribe to British , French , and ( later ) American authorities . The range of aboriginal titles were usually translated into English as `` chief . '' The term `` emperor '' is placed in quotes , since this title was created by Sir Alexander Cuming and was not accepted by the tribe as a whole . Outacite ( d . 1729 ) , peace chief , signed a 1720 treaty with Governor Nicholson , outacite is actually his title Charitey Hagey of Tugaloo ( 1716 -- 1721 ) Long Warrior of Tanasi ( 1729 -- 1730 ) Wrosetasetow , `` emperor '' of the Cherokees until 1730 ; real title was Ama - edohi or `` water - goer '' , served as a trade commissioner Moytoy of Tellico ( also known as Ama - edohi ) ; ( d . 1741 ) , declared `` emperor '' by the British from 1730 until 1741 , real title was Ama - edohi or `` water - goer '' Attakullakulla ( or `` Little Carpenter '' , Ada - gal'kala , Attacullaculla , Oukou - naka ) ( 1708 / 1711 -- 1780 ) , white peace chief from Echota recognized as primary chief by the British , or `` president of the nation '' from 1762 to 1778 Amouskositte ( or Ammouskossittee , Amascossite , Ammonscossittee , Amosgasite , `` Dreadfulwater '' ) of Great Tellico ( b . ca . 1728 ) , served as `` emperor '' 1741 -- 1753 , son of Moytoy Old Hop ( or Guhna - gadoga , Kanagatucko , and `` Standing Turkey '' ) ( 1753 -- 1756 ) , war chief from Echota ; either Ammouskossitte 's uncle or father . Moytoy of Citico ( or Amo - adaw - ehi ) , war chief during the Anglo - Cherokee War ( 1759 -- 1761 ) , nephew of the Moytoy of Tellico . Uka Ulah ( also Ukah Ulah ) ( d . 1761 ) , `` emperor ; '' nephew of Old Hop , Stalking Turkey ( or Cunne Shote ) , traveled to England in 1762 with Henry Timberlake Outacite of Keowee ( ca . 1703 -- ca . 1780 ) ( also known as `` Judd 's Friend '' , Outacity , Outassite , Outacite , Outassatah , Wootasite , Wrosetasetow , Ostenaco , Outassete , Scyacust Ukah ) traveled to England in 1762 with Henry Timberlake chief Oconostota ( also known as Ogan'sto ' , `` Groundhog Sausage '' ) ( 1712 -- 1781 ) , red war chief of Echota , served entire tribe 1778 -- 1785 Savanukah of Chota ( 1781 -- 1783 ) Old Tassel ( or `` Corntassel , '' `` Tassel , '' Kaiyatahee ) ( d . 1788 ) , peace chief from Echota , served 1783 -- 1788 Raven of Chota ( or Colonah ) , war chief ; nephew of Oconostota Little Turkey , served 1788 -- 1794 opposed by Hanging Maw ( or Scolaguta ) , served 1788 -- 1794 Chickamauga / Lower Cherokee ( 1777 -- 1809 ) ( edit ) In 1777 , Dragging Canoe and a large body of Cherokee separated themselves from the tribes which had signed treaties of peace with the Americans during the American Revolution . They migrated first to the Chickamauga ( now Chattanooga , Tennessee ) region , then to the `` Five Lower Towns '' area -- further west and southwest of there -- in order to continue fighting ( see Cherokee -- American wars ) . In time , these Chickamauga Cherokee became a majority of the nation , due to both sympathy with their cause and the destruction of the homes of the other Cherokee who later joined them . The separation ended at a reunification council with the Cherokee Nation in 1809 . Chiefs : Dragging Canoe ( 1777 -- 1792 ) John Watts ( 1792 -- 1802 ) Doublehead , brother of Old Tassel , served 1802 -- 1807 The Glass , or Ta'gwadihi ( 1807 -- 1809 ) Cherokee Nation East ( 1794 -- 1839 ) ( edit ) John Ross , c. 1866 Little Turkey was elected First Beloved Man of the Cherokee ( the council seat of which was shifted south to Ustanali near what is now Calhoun , Georgia ) in the aftermath of the assassination by frontiersmen of Corntassel ( also called Cornsilk ) and several other leaders . Hanging Maw of Coyatee , listed above , claimed the title as his right by tradition , as he was the headman of the Upper Towns . Many Cherokee and the US government recognized him as Principal Chief . Little Turkey was finally recognized as `` Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation '' by all the towns after the end of the Cherokee -- American wars , when the Cherokee established their first nominal national government . Little Turkey ( 1794 -- 1801 ) Black Fox ( 1801 -- 1811 ) Pathkiller ( 1811 -- 1827 ) Big Tiger ( 1824 -- 1828 ) ; self - proclaimed chief of the faction of those in the Nation following Whitepath 's teachings ( which were inspired by the Seneca prophet Handsome Lake ) Charles R. Hicks ( 1827 ) , de facto head of government from 1813 William Hicks ( 1827 -- 1828 ) John Ross ( 1828 -- 1839 ) William Hicks ( 1833 -- 1835 ) , elected principal chief of the faction supporting emigration to the west Cherokee Nation West ( 1810 -- 1839 ) ( edit ) Originally along the St. Francis and White Rivers in what was first Spanish Louisiana and later Arkansas Territory , the Western Cherokee eventually migrated to Indian Territory after the Treaty of Washington in 1828 . They named their capital there Tahlontiskee . John Jolly died while the Latecomers were arriving and John Looney succeeded automatically . Looney was deposed by the council and replaced with Brown with a view toward putting the Cherokee Nation West in a better position vis - a-vis the Ross party . After the murders of Major Ridge , John Ridge , and Elias Boudinot ( Treaty party members who supported the Old Settlers ) in June 1839 , the council had a change of heart about resisting Ross ' autocratic demands and deposed Brown , replacing him with Looney . A sizable faction of the Old Settlers refused to recognize Looney and elected Rogers in his stead , but their efforts to maintain autonomy petered out the next year . The Bowl ( 1810 -- 1813 ) Degadoga ( 1813 -- 1817 ) Tahlonteeskee ( 1817 -- 1819 ) John Jolly ( 1819 -- 1838 ) John Looney ( 1838 -- 1839 ) John Brown ( 1839 ) John Looney ( 1839 ) John Rogers ( 1839 -- 1840 ) Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians ( 1824 -- present ) ( edit ) Nimrod Jarret Smith ( 1837 -- 1893 ) was 5th Principal Chief of the Eastern Band and a Confederate Army veteran of the Thomas Legion of Cherokee Indians and Highlanders . The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is made up of descendants of Cherokee from along the Oconaluftee River in western North Carolina , in today 's Cherokee County . The band formed after the treaties of 1817 and 1819 were made between the Cherokee Nation East and the US government ; they were outside the former territory . They were later joined by Utsala 's band from the Nantahala River in western North Carolina , and those few from the Valley Towns who managed to remain in 1838 following Indian Removal of most of the Cherokee to Indian Territory . Two principal chiefs have been impeached : Jonathan L. Taylor in 1995 and Patrick Lambert in 2017 . Yonaguska ( 1824 -- 1839 ) William Holland Thomas ( 1838 -- 1869 ) , European American adopted by the band Salonitah , or Flying Squirrel ( 1870 -- 1875 ) Lloyd R. Welch ( 1875 -- 1880 ) Nimrod Jarrett Smith ( 1880 -- 1891 ) Stillwell Saunooke ( 1891 -- 1895 ) Andy Standing Deer ( 1895 -- 1899 ) Jesse Reed ( 1899 -- 1903 ) Bird Saloloneeta , or Young Squirrel ( 1903 -- 1907 ) John Goins Welch ( 1907 -- 1911 ) Joseph A. Saunooke ( 1911 -- 1915 ) David Blythe ( 1915 -- 1919 ) Joseph A. Saunooke ( 1919 -- 1923 ) Sampson Owl ( 1923 -- 1927 ) John A. Tahquette ( 1927 -- 1931 ) Jarret Blythe ( 1931 -- 1947 ) Henry Bradley ( 1947 -- 1951 ) Jarret Blythe ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Osley Bird Saunooke ( 1951 -- 1955 ) Jarret Blythe ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Olsey Bird Saunooke ( 1959 -- 1963 ) Jarret Blythe ( 1963 -- 1967 ) Walter Jackson ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Noah Powell ( 1971 -- 1973 ) John A. Crowe ( 1973 -- 1983 ) Robert S. Youngdeer ( 1983 -- 1987 ) Jonathan L. Taylor ( 1987 -- 1995 ) Gerard Parker ( 1995 ) Joyce Dugan ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Leon Jones ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Michell Hicks ( 2003 -- 2015 ) Patrick Lambert ( 2015 - 2017 ) Richard Sneed ( 2017 -- present ) Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory ( 1839 -- 1907 ) ( edit ) Lewis Downing After removal to the Indian Territory , on the Trail of Tears , a new constitution was put into place , unifying the former Eastern Cherokee with the Western Cherokee , which allowed for direct election of the Principal Chief . Though a holdout minority of the Old Settlers elected John Rogers as their principal chief , his government never gained any further support and soon faded away . The Ross faction also abandoned the established capital of Tahlontiskee and built Tahlequah instead . During the Civil War , the Nation voted to support the Confederacy , and Ross acquiesced for a time . In 1862 , however , he and many of his supporters fled to Washington , upon which Stand Watie was elected Principal Chief by a majority of the Nation . The remaining Ross group never supported Watie 's election , though , and lived apart under their own officials . John Ross ( 1839 -- 1862 ) Thomas Pegg , acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee ( 1862 -- 1863 ) Smith Christie , acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee ( 1863 ) Lewis Downing , acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee ( 1864 -- 1866 ) Stand Watie , ( 1862 -- 1866 ) John Ross ( 1866 ) William P. Ross ( 1866 -- 1867 ) Lewis Downing ( 1867 -- 1872 ) William P. Ross ( 1872 -- 1875 ) Charles Thompson ( 1875 -- 1879 ) Dennis Bushyhead ( 1879 -- 1887 ) Joel B. Mayes ( 1887 -- 1891 ) C.J. Harris ( 1891 -- 1895 ) Samuel Houston Mayes ( 1895 -- 1899 ) Thomas Buffington ( 1899 -- 1903 ) William Rogers ( 1903 -- 1905 ) ; deposed by the council Frank J. Boudinot ( 1905 -- 1906 ) ; also president of the Keetoowah Nighthawk Society William Charles Rogers ( 1906 ) United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians ( 1939 -- present ) ( edit ) The UKB Cherokee are descendants primarily of Old Settlers who organized under the federal Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and the state Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936 . They ratified their constitution and bylaws and were recognized by the federal government in 1950 . John Hitcher ( 1939 -- 1946 ) Jim Pickup ( 1946 -- 1954 ) Jeff Tindle ( 1954 -- 1960 ) Jim Pickup ( 1960 -- 1967 ) William Glory ( 1967 -- 1979 ) James L. Gordon ( 1979 -- 1983 ) John Hair ( 1983 -- 1991 ) John Ross ( 1991 -- 1995 ) Jim Henson ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Dallas Proctor 2000 -- 2004 George Wickliffe 2005 -- 2016 Joe Bunch 2016 -- Present Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma / Cherokee Nation ( 1907 -- present ) ( edit ) Chad `` Corntassel '' Smith , former Principal Chief ( 1999 -- 2011 ) Bill John Baker , Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation , at the Cherokee Leaders Conference in 2013 In preparation for Oklahoma statehood , the original Cherokee Nation 's governmental authority was dismantled by the United States in 1906 , except for limited authority to deal with land issues until 1914 , and the office of Principal Chief was appointed by the US federal government . In 1971 an election was held . Principal Chief and incumbent , W.W. Keeler , who had been appointed by President Harry Truman in 1949 , was elected . The constitution of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma was drafted in 1975 and ratified on 26 June 1976 . A new constitution was ratified in 2003 with the name of the tribe changed to simply `` Cherokee Nation '' . Appointed ( edit ) Appointed `` Principal Chiefs '' , many holding the title for only a single day , signed documents and performed other pro forma duties as required by the federal government . William C. Rogers ( 1907 -- 1917 ) With the admission of Oklahoma to the Union as the forty - sixth state and to terminate any unfinished business of the tribe , an Act of April 26 , 1906 ( 34 Statutes at Large , 148 ) continued the tribal governments and retained the principal chiefs and governors then in office . Under provisions of this act Rogers continued in office to sign the deeds transferring the lands of the Cherokee Nation to the individual allottees . Upon his death on November 8 , 1917 the President of the United States was authorized by this act to appoint Rogers ' successor . Charles J. Hunt ( December 27 , 1928 ) Oliver P. Brewer ( May 26 , 1931 ) William W. Hastings ( January 22 , 1936 ) J.B. Milam ( 1941 -- 1949 ) W.W. Keeler ( 1949 -- 1971 ) Elected ( edit ) W.W. Keeler ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Ross Swimmer ( 1975 -- 1985 ) Wilma Mankiller ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Joe Byrd ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Chad `` Corntassel '' Smith ( 1999 -- 2011 ) S. Joe Crittenden ( acting , 2011 ) Bill John Baker ( 2011 -- present ) See also ( edit ) Indigenous peoples of North America portal Junaluska Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Conley , p. 198 ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma . '' University of Oklahoma Law Center . ( retrieved 16 Jan 2010 ) ^ Jump up to : Morand et al 28 ^ Jump up to : Conley 16 ^ Jump up to : Brown , John P. `` Eastern Cherokee Chiefs . '' Chronicles of Oklahoma . Vol. 16 , No. 1 . March 1938 . Retrieved 1 Jan 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Conley 17 ^ Jump up to : Conley 57 ^ Jump up to : Conley 18 ^ Jump up to : Timberlake and King xvii Jump up ^ Fowler xiii ^ Jump up to : Conley 168 Jump up ^ Conley 222 Jump up ^ Conley 172 Jump up ^ Conley 171 Jump up ^ Morand et al 29 Jump up ^ Conley , `` Encyclopedia , '' 168 - 9 Jump up ^ Margulis , Abigail ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Tribal Council votes to impeach Cherokee chief '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ The 1999 Constitution Cherokee Nation . Archived 2009 - 03 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Cherokee Nation ... Retrieved 21 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Jouzapavicius , Justin . `` Cherokee Nation : Challenger wins chief election . '' Associated Press . 11 Oct 2011 ( retrieved 12 Oct 2011 ) Sources ( edit ) Brown , John P. Old Frontiers . Kingsport : Southern Publishers , 1938 . Conley , Robert J. The Cherokee Nation : A History . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 2008 . Conley , Robert J. A Cherokee Encyclopedia . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0826339515 . Hoig , Stanley . The Cherokees and Their Chiefs : In the Wake of Empire . Fayetteville : University of Arkansas Press , 1998 . McLoughlin , William G. Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1992 . Mooney , James . Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee . Nashville : Charles and Randy Elder - Booksellers , 1982 . Moore , John Trotwood and Austin P. Foster . Tennessee , The Volunteer State , 1769 -- 1923 , Vol. 1 . Chicago : S.J. Clarke Publishing Co. , 1923 . Morand , Anne , Kevin Smith , Daniel C. Swan , Sarah Erwin . Treasures of Gilcrease : Selections from the Permanent Collection . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 9956 - 6 . Timberlake , Henry and Duane King . The Memoirs of Lt. Henry Timberlake : The Story of a Soldier , Adventurer , and Emissary to the Cherokees , 1756 - 1765 . University of North Carolina Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0807831267 . Wilkins , Thurman . Cherokee Tragedy : The Ridge Family and the Decimation of a People . New York : Macmillan Company , 1970 . ( hide ) Cherokee Tribes Cherokee Nation Southwest Township Eastern Band United Keetoowah Band Culture Society National holiday Clans Gadugi Green Corn Ceremony Language history current status syllabary Marbles Mythology Moon - eyed people Ethnobotany Black drink Stomp dance Booger dance Flag of the Cherokee Nation History History timeline military Treaties Kituwa Ani - kutani Wars First Cherokee War Second Cherokee War Cherokee -- American wars Transylvania Purchase Sycamore Shoals Chickamauga Cherokee Overhill Cherokee Cherokee Phoenix Treaty of New Echota Original Cherokee Nation Removal American Civil War Keetoowah Nighthawk Society Female Seminary Male Seminary Cultural citizenship Organizations Heritage Center Warriors Society Youth Choir Heritage groups Cherokee Preservation Foundation Original Keetoowah Society Oconaluftee Indian Village Politics and law Principal Chiefs Blood Law Slavery 1842 revolt freedmen controversy Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt ( 2005 ) Cherokee Commission Cherokee Strip in Kansas See also : Indigenous peoples of North America portal and Cherokee - language Wikipedia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee&oldid=818812134 '' Categories : Titles and offices of Native American leaders History of the Cherokee Cherokee Nation Cherokee Nation ( 1794 -- 1907 ) Lists of Native American people 1794 establishments in the United States Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 18 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-4263223632138607662 | Trail of Tears | Trail of Tears - wikipedia Trail of Tears For other uses , see Trail of Tears ( disambiguation ) . Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears memorial monument at the New Echota Historic Site in New Echota , Georgia , which honors the 4,000 Cherokees who died on the Trail of Tears Date 1831 -- 1850 Location Southeastern United States and Indian Territory , present - day Oklahoma Participants U.S. Government , U.S. Army , state militias , Five Civilized Tribes of Cherokee , Muscogee , Seminole , Chickasaw , and Choctaw nations Outcome The forced relocation of most of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeastern United States to Indian Territory under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 signed by U.S. president Andrew Jackson clearing former Native American lands for white settlement . Deaths Cherokee ( 4,000 ) Creek Seminole ( 3,000 in Second Seminole War -- 1835 -- 1842 ) Chickasaw ( 3,500 ) Choctaw ( 2,500 -- 6,000 ) The Trail of Tears was a series of forced relocations of Native American peoples from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States , to areas to the west ( usually west of the Mississippi River ) that had been designated as Indian Territory . The forced relocations were carried out by government authorities following the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . The relocated peoples suffered from exposure , disease , and starvation while en route to their new designated reserve , and many died before reaching their destinations . The forced removals included members of the Cherokee , Muscogee ( Creek ) , Seminole , Chickasaw , Choctaw , and Ponca nations . The phrase `` Trail of Tears '' originates from a description of the removal of many Native American tribes , including the infamous Cherokee Nation relocation in 1838 . Between 1830 and 1850 , the Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek , Seminole , and Cherokee people ( including mixed - race and black slaves who lived among them ) were forcibly removed from their traditional lands in the Southeastern United States , and relocated farther west . Those Native Americans who were relocated were forced to march to their destinations by state and local militias . The Cherokee removal in 1838 ( the last forced removal east of the Mississippi ) was brought on by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega , Georgia in 1828 , resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush . Approximately 2,000 -- 8,000 of the 16,543 relocated Cherokee perished along the way . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 1.1 Jackson 's role 1.2 Terminology 2 Legal background 3 Choctaw removal 4 Seminole resistance 5 Creek dissolution 6 Chickasaw monetary removal 7 Cherokee forced relocation 7.1 Eastern Cherokee Restitution 8 Statistics 9 Landmarks and commerations 9.1 Trail of Tears outdoor historical drama , Unto These Hills 9.2 Commemorative medallion 9.3 In literature and oral history 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Documents 14 Documentary 15 External links Historical context ( edit ) Map of United States Indian Removal , 1830 -- 1838 . Oklahoma is depicted in light yellow - green . In 1830 , a group of Indians collectively referred to as the Five Civilized Tribes ( the Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Muscogee , and Seminole tribes ) were living as autonomous nations in what would be later called the American Deep South . The process of cultural transformation , as proposed by George Washington and Henry Knox , was gaining momentum , especially among the Cherokee and Choctaw . American settlers had been pressuring the federal government to remove Indians from the Southeast ; many settlers were encroaching on Indian lands , while others wanted more land made available to European ( ' Caucasian ' / ' white ' ) settlers . Although the effort was vehemently opposed by some , including U.S. Congressman Davy Crockett of Tennessee , President Andrew Jackson was able to gain Congressional passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , which authorized the government to extinguish Indian title to lands in the Southeast . In 1831 , the Choctaw became the first Nation to be removed , and their removal served as the model for all future relocations . After two wars , many Seminoles were removed in 1832 . The Creek removal followed in 1834 , the Chickasaw in 1837 , and lastly the Cherokee in 1838 . However , some managed to evade the removals and remained in their ancestral homelands ; some Choctaw are living in Mississippi , Creek in Alabama and Florida , Cherokee in North Carolina , and Seminole in Florida ; a small group had escaped into the Everglades and were never defeated by the United States government . A small number of non-Native Americans who lived with the tribes , including some of African descent ( some as slaves , and others as spouses or freedmen ) , also accompanied the Indians on the trek westward . By 1837 , 46,000 Indians from the southeastern states had been removed from their homelands , thereby opening 25 million acres ( 100,000 km ) for predominantly European ( ' Caucasian ' / ' white ' ) settlement . Prior to 1838 , the fixed boundaries of these autonomous tribal nations , comprising large areas of the United States , were subject to continual cession and annexation , in part due to pressure from squatters and the threat of military force in the newly declared U.S. territories -- federally administered regions whose boundaries supervened upon the Native treaty claims . As these territories became U.S. states , state governments sought to dissolve the boundaries of the Indian nations within their borders , which were independent of state jurisdiction , and to expropriate the land therein . These pressures were exacerbated by U.S. population growth and the expansion of slavery in the South , with the rapid development of cotton cultivation in the uplands following the invention of the cotton gin . Jackson 's role ( edit ) Andrew Jackson 's support for removal of Native Americans began at least a decade before his presidency . Indian removal was Jackson 's top legislative priority upon taking office . The removals , conducted under both Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , followed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , which provided the President with powers to exchange land with Native tribes and provide infrastructure improvements on the existing lands . The law also gave the president power to pay for transportation costs to the West , should tribes choose to relocate . The law did not , however , allow the President to force tribes to move West without a mutually agreed - upon treaty . Referring to the Indian Removal Act , Martin Van Buren , Jackson 's vice president and successor is quoted as saying `` There was no measure , in the whole course of ( Jackson 's ) administration , of which he was more exclusively the author than this . '' In the years following the Act , the Cherokee filed several lawsuits regarding conflicts with the state of Georgia . Some of these cases reached the Supreme Court , the most influential being Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) . Samuel Worcester and other non-Indians were convicted by Georgia law for residing in Cherokee territory in the state of Georgia without a license . Worcester was sentenced to prison for four years and appealed the ruling , arguing that this sentence violated treaties made between Indian nations and the United States federal government by imposing state laws on Cherokee lands . The Court ruled in Worcester 's favor , declaring that the Cherokee Nation was subject only to federal law and that the Supremacy Clause barred legislative interference by the state of Georgia . Chief Justice Marshall argued , `` The Cherokee nation , then , is a distinct community occupying its own territory in which the laws of Georgia can have no force . The whole intercourse between the United States and this Nation , is , by our constitution and laws , vested in the government of the United States . '' Andrew Jackson did not listen to the Supreme Court mandate barring Georgia from intruding on Cherokee lands . He feared that enforcement would lead to open warfare between federal troops and the Georgia militia , which would compound the ongoing crisis in South Carolina and lead to a broader civil war . Instead , he vigorously negotiated a land exchange treaty with the Cherokee . Political opponents Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams , who supported the Worcester decision , were outraged by Jackson 's refusal to uphold Cherokee claims against the state of Georgia . Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote an account of Cherokee assimilation into the American culture , declaring his support of the Worcester decision . Jackson chose to continue with Indian removal , and negotiated The Treaty of New Echota , on December 29 , 1835 , which granted Cherokee Indians two years to move to Indian Territory ( modern Oklahoma ) . Only a fraction of the Cherokees left voluntarily . The U.S. government , with assistance from state militias , forced most of the remaining Cherokees west in 1838 . The Cherokees were temporarily remanded in camps in eastern Tennessee . In November , the Cherokee were broken into groups of around 1,000 each and began the journey west . They endured heavy rains , snow , and freezing temperatures . When the Cherokee negotiated the Treaty of New Echota , they exchanged all their land east of the Mississippi for land in modern Oklahoma and a $5 million payment from the federal government . Many Cherokee felt betrayed that their leadership accepted the deal , and over 16,000 Cherokee signed a petition to prevent the passage of the treaty . By the end of the decade in 1840 , tens of thousands of Cherokee and other tribes had been removed from their land east of the Mississippi River . The Creek , Choctaw , Seminole , and Chicksaw were also relocated under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 . One Choctaw leader portrayed the removal as `` A Trail of Tears and Deaths '' , a devastating event that removed most of the Native population of the southeastern United States from their traditional homelands . Terminology ( edit ) The latter forced relocations have sometimes been referred to as `` death marches '' , in particular with reference to the Cherokee march across the Midwest in 1838 , which occurred on a predominantly land route . Indians who had the means initially provided for their own removal . Contingents that were led by conductors from the U.S. Army included those led by Edward Deas , who was claimed to be a sympathizer for the Cherokee plight . The largest death toll from the Cherokee forced relocation comes from the period after the May 23 , 1838 deadline . This was at the point when the remaining Cherokee were rounded into camps and pressed into oversized detachments , often over 700 in size ( larger than the populations of Little Rock or Memphis at that time ) . Communicable diseases spread quickly through these closely quartered groups , killing many . These contingents were among the last to move , but following the same routes the others had taken ; the areas they were going through had been depleted of supplies due to the vast numbers that had gone before them . The marchers were subject to extortion and violence along the route . In addition , these final contingents were forced to set out during the hottest and coldest months of the year , killing many . Exposure to the elements , disease and starvation , harassment by local frontiersmen , and insufficient rations similarly killed up to one - third of the Choctaw and other nations on the march . There exists some debate among historians and the affected tribes as to whether the term `` Trail of Tears '' should be used to refer to the entire history of forced relocations from the United States east of the Mississippi into Indian Territory ( as was the stated U.S. policy ) , or to the Five Tribes described above , to the route of the land march specifically , or to specific marches in which the remaining holdouts from each area were rounded up . Legal background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The territorial boundaries claimed as sovereign and controlled by the Indian nations living in what were then known as the Indian Territories -- the portion of the early United States west of the Mississippi River not yet claimed or allotted to become Oklahoma -- were fixed and determined by national treaties with the United States federal government . These recognized the tribal governments as dependent but internally sovereign , or autonomous nations under the sole jurisdiction of the federal government . While retaining their tribal governance , which included a constitution or official council in tribes such as the Iroquois and Cherokee , many portions of the southeastern Indian nations had become partially or completely economically integrated into the economy of the region . This included the plantation economy in states such as Georgia , and the possession of slaves . These slaves were also forcibly relocated during the process of removal . A similar process had occurred earlier in the territories controlled by the Confederacy of the Six Nations in what is now upstate New York prior to the British invasion and subsequent U.S. annexation of the Iroquois nation . Under the history of U.S. treaty law , the territorial boundaries claimed by federally recognized tribes received the same status under which the Southeastern tribal claims were recognized ; until the following establishment of reservations of land , determined by the federal government , which were ceded to the remaining tribes by de jure treaty , in a process that often entailed forced relocation . The establishment of the Indian Territory and the extinguishment of Indian land claims east of the Mississippi anticipated the establishment of the U.S. Indian reservation system . It was imposed on remaining Indian lands later in the 19th century . The statutory argument for Indian sovereignty persisted until the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) , that ( e.g. ) the Cherokee were not a sovereign and independent nation , and therefore not entitled to a hearing before the court . However , in Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) , the court re-established limited internal sovereignty under the sole jurisdiction of the federal government , in a ruling that both opposed the subsequent forced relocation and set the basis for modern U.S. case law . While the latter ruling was defied by Jackson , the actions of the Jackson administration were not isolated because state and federal officials had violated treaties without consequence , often attributed to military exigency , as the members of individual Indian nations were not automatically United States citizens and were rarely given standing in any U.S. court . Jackson 's involvement in what became known as the Trail of Tears can not be ignored . In a speech regarding Indian removal , Jackson said , `` It will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites ; free them from the power of the States ; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way and under their own rude institutions ; will retard the progress of decay , which is lessening their numbers , and perhaps cause them gradually , under the protection of the Government and through the influence of good counsels , to cast off their savage habits and become an interesting , civilized , and Christian community . '' According to Jackson , the move would be nothing but beneficial for all parties . His point of view garnered support from many Americans , many of whom would benefit economically from the removal . This was compounded by the fact that while citizenship tests existed for Indians living in newly annexed areas before and after forced relocation , individual U.S. states did not recognize tribal land claims , only individual title under State law , and distinguished between the rights of white and non-white citizens , who often had limited standing in court ; and Indian removal was carried out under U.S. military jurisdiction , often by state militias . As a result , individual Indians who could prove U.S. citizenship were nevertheless displaced from newly annexed areas . The military actions and subsequent treaties enacted by Jackson 's and Martin Van Buren 's administrations pursuant to the 1830 law , which Tennessee Congressman Davy Crockett had unsuccessfully voted against , are widely considered to have directly caused the expulsion or death of a substantial part of the Indian population then living in the southeastern United States . Choctaw Removal ( edit ) Main article : Choctaw Trail of Tears George W. Harkins , Choctaw chief The Choctaw nation occupied large portions of what are now the U.S. states of Alabama , Mississippi , and Louisiana . After a series of treaties starting in 1801 , the Choctaw nation was reduced to 11,000,000 acres ( 45,000 km ) . The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek ceded the remaining country to the United States and was ratified in early 1831 . The removals were only agreed to after a provision in the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek allowed some Choctaw to remain . The chief of the Choctaw tribe , George W. Harkins , wrote to the citizens of the United States before the removals were to commence : It is with considerable diffidence that I attempt to address the American people , knowing and feeling sensibly my incompetency ; and believing that your highly and well improved minds would not be well entertained by the address of a Choctaw . But having determined to emigrate west of the Mississippi river this fall , I have thought proper in bidding you farewell to make a few remarks expressive of my views , and the feelings that actuate me on the subject of our removal ... We as Choctaws rather chose to suffer and be free , than live under the degrading influence of laws , which our voice could not be heard in their formation . -- George W. Harkins , George W. Harkins to the American People United States Secretary of War Lewis Cass appointed George Gaines to manage the removals . Gaines decided to remove Choctaws in three phases starting in 1831 and ending in 1833 . The first was to begin on November 1 , 1831 with groups meeting at Memphis and Vicksburg . A harsh winter would batter the emigrants with flash floods , sleet , and snow . Initially the Choctaws were to be transported by wagon but floods halted them . With food running out , the residents of Vicksburg and Memphis were concerned . Five steamboats ( the Walter Scott , the Brandywine , the Reindeer , the Talma , and the Cleopatra ) would ferry Choctaws to their river - based destinations . The Memphis group traveled up the Arkansas for about 60 miles ( 100 km ) to Arkansas Post . There the temperature stayed below freezing for almost a week with the rivers clogged with ice , so there could be no travel for weeks . Food rationing consisted of a handful of boiled corn , one turnip , and two cups of heated water per day . Forty government wagons were sent to Arkansas Post to transport them to Little Rock . When they reached Little Rock , a Choctaw chief referred to their trek as a `` trail of tears and death '' . The Vicksburg group was led by an incompetent guide and was lost in the Lake Providence swamps . Alexis de Tocqueville , French political thinker and historian Alexis de Tocqueville , the French philosopher , witnessed the Choctaw removals while in Memphis , Tennessee in 1831 : In the whole scene there was an air of ruin and destruction , something which betrayed a final and irrevocable adieu ; one could n't watch without feeling one 's heart wrung . The Indians were tranquil , but sombre and taciturn . There was one who could speak English and of whom I asked why the Chactas were leaving their country . `` To be free , '' he answered , could never get any other reason out of him . We ... watch the expulsion ... of one of the most celebrated and ancient American peoples . -- Alexis de Tocqueville , Democracy in America Nearly 17,000 Choctaws made the move to what would be called Indian Territory and then later Oklahoma . About 2,500 -- 6,000 died along the trail of tears . Approximately 5,000 -- 6,000 Choctaws remained in Mississippi in 1831 after the initial removal efforts . The Choctaws who chose to remain in newly formed Mississippi were subject to legal conflict , harassment , and intimidation . The Choctaws `` have had our habitations torn down and burned , our fences destroyed , cattle turned into our fields and we ourselves have been scourged , manacled , fettered and otherwise personally abused , until by such treatment some of our best men have died '' . The Choctaws in Mississippi were later reformed as the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians and the removed Choctaws became the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma . The Choctaws were the first to sign a removal treaty presented by the federal government . President Andrew Jackson wanted strong negotiations with the Choctaws in Mississippi , and the Choctaws seemed much more cooperative than Andrew Jackson had imagined . When commissioners and Choctaws came to negotiation agreements it was said the United States would bear the expense of moving their homes and that they had to be removed within two and a half years of the signed treaty . Seminole resistance ( edit ) Main article : Seminole Wars The U.S. acquired Florida from Spain via the Adams -- Onís Treaty and took possession in 1821 . In 1832 the Seminoles were called to a meeting at Payne 's Landing on the Ocklawaha River . The treaty negotiated called for the Seminoles to move west , if the land were found to be suitable . They were to be settled on the Creek reservation and become part of the Creek tribe , who considered them deserters ; some of the Seminoles had been derived from Creek bands but also from other tribes . Those among the tribe who once were members of Creek bands did not wish to move west to where they were certain that they would meet death for leaving the main band of Creek Indians . The delegation of seven chiefs who were to inspect the new reservation did not leave Florida until October 1832 . After touring the area for several months and conferring with the Creeks who had already settled there , the seven chiefs signed a statement on March 28 , 1833 that the new land was acceptable . Upon their return to Florida , however , most of the chiefs renounced the statement , claiming that they had not signed it , or that they had been forced to sign it , and in any case , that they did not have the power to decide for all the tribes and bands that resided on the reservation . The villages in the area of the Apalachicola River were more easily persuaded , however , and went west in 1834 . On December 28 , 1835 a group of Seminoles and blacks ambushed a U.S. Army company marching from Fort Brooke in Tampa to Fort King in Ocala , killing all but three of the 110 army troops . This came to be known as the Dade Massacre . Seminole warrior Tuko - see - mathla , 1834 As the realization that the Seminoles would resist relocation sank in , Florida began preparing for war . The St. Augustine Militia asked the War Department for the loan of 500 muskets . Five hundred volunteers were mobilized under Brig. Gen. Richard K. Call . Indian war parties raided farms and settlements , and families fled to forts , large towns , or out of the territory altogether . A war party led by Osceola captured a Florida militia supply train , killing eight of its guards and wounding six others . Most of the goods taken were recovered by the militia in another fight a few days later . Sugar plantations along the Atlantic coast south of St. Augustine were destroyed , with many of the slaves on the plantations joining the Seminoles . Other warchiefs such as Halleck Tustenuggee , Jumper , and Black Seminoles Abraham and John Horse continued the Seminole resistance against the army . The war ended , after a full decade of fighting , in 1842 . The U.S. government is estimated to have spent about $20,000,000 on the war , at the time an astronomical sum , and equal to $507,172,414 today . Many Indians were forcibly exiled to Creek lands west of the Mississippi ; others retreated into the Everglades . In the end , the government gave up trying to subjugate the Seminole in their Everglades redoubts and left fewer than 500 Seminoles in peace . However , other scholars state that at least several hundred Seminoles remained in the Everglades after the Seminole Wars . As a result of the Seminole Wars , the surviving Seminole band of the Everglades claims to be the only federally recognized tribe which never relinquished sovereignty or signed a peace treaty with the United States . In general the American people tended to view the Indian resistance as unwarranted . An article published by the Virginia Enquirer on January 26 , 1836 , called the `` Hostilities of the Seminoles '' , assigned all the blame for the violence that came from the Seminole 's resistance to the Seminoles themselves . The article accuses the Indians of not staying true to their word -- the promises they supposedly made in the treaties and negotiations from the Indian Removal Act . Creek dissolution ( edit ) Main article : Muscogee Selocta ( or Shelocta ) was a Muscogee chief who appealed to Andrew Jackson to reduce the demands for Creek lands at the signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson After the War of 1812 , some Muscogee leaders such as William McIntosh signed treaties that ceded more land to Georgia . The 1814 signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson signaled the end for the Creek Nation and for all Indians in the South . Friendly Creek leaders , like Selocta and Big Warrior , addressed Sharp Knife ( the Indian nickname for Andrew Jackson ) and reminded him that they keep the peace . Nevertheless , Jackson retorted that they did not `` cut ( Tecumseh 's ) throat '' when they had the chance , so they must now cede Creek lands . Jackson also ignored Article 9 of the Treaty of Ghent that restored sovereignty to Indians and their nations . Jackson opened this first peace session by faintly acknowledging the help of the friendly Creeks . That done , he turned to the Red Sticks and admonished them for listening to evil counsel . For their crime , he said , the entire Creek Nation must pay . He demanded the equivalent of all expenses incurred by the United States in prosecuting the war , which by his calculation came to 23,000,000 acres ( 93,000 km ) of land . -- Robert V. Remini , Andrew Jackson Eventually , the Creek Confederacy enacted a law that made further land cessions a capital offense . Nevertheless , on February 12 , 1825 , McIntosh and other chiefs signed the Treaty of Indian Springs , which gave up most of the remaining Creek lands in Georgia . After the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty , McIntosh was assassinated on May 13 , 1825 , by Creeks led by Menawa . The Creek National Council , led by Opothle Yohola , protested to the United States that the Treaty of Indian Springs was fraudulent . President John Quincy Adams was sympathetic , and eventually the treaty was nullified in a new agreement , the Treaty of Washington ( 1826 ) . The historian R. Douglas Hurt wrote : `` The Creeks had accomplished what no Indian nation had ever done or would do again -- achieve the annulment of a ratified treaty . '' However , Governor Troup of Georgia ignored the new treaty and began to forcibly remove the Indians under the terms of the earlier treaty . At first , President Adams attempted to intervene with federal troops , but Troup called out the militia , and Adams , fearful of a civil war , conceded . As he explained to his intimates , `` The Indians are not worth going to war over . '' Although the Creeks had been forced from Georgia , with many Lower Creeks moving to the Indian Territory , there were still about 20,000 Upper Creeks living in Alabama . However , the state moved to abolish tribal governments and extend state laws over the Creeks . Opothle Yohola appealed to the administration of President Andrew Jackson for protection from Alabama ; when none was forthcoming , the Treaty of Cusseta was signed on March 24 , 1832 , which divided up Creek lands into individual allotments . Creeks could either sell their allotments and receive funds to remove to the west , or stay in Alabama and submit to state laws . The Creeks were never given a fair chance to comply with the terms of the treaty , however . Rampant illegal settlement of their lands by Americans continued unabated with federal and state authorities unable or unwilling to do much to halt it . Further , as recently detailed by historian Billy Winn in his thorough chronicle of the events leading to removal , a variety of fraudulent schemes designed to cheat the Creeks out of their allotments , many of them organized by speculators operating out of Columbus , Georgia and Montgomery , Alabama , were perpetrated after the signing of the Treaty of Cusseta . A portion of the beleaguered Creeks , many desperately poor and feeling abused and oppressed by their American neighbors , struck back by carrying out occasional raids on area farms and committing other isolated acts of violence . Escalating tensions erupted into open war with the United States following the destruction of the village of Roanoke , Georgia , located along the Chattahoochee River on the boundary between Creek and American territory , in May 1836 . During the so - called `` Creek War of 1836 '' Secretary of War Lewis Cass dispatched General Winfield Scott to end the violence by forcibly removing the Creeks to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River . With the Indian Removal Act of 1830 it continued into 1835 and after as in 1836 over 15,000 Creeks were driven from their land for the last time . 3,500 of those 15,000 Creeks did not survive the trip to Oklahoma where they eventually settled . Chickasaw monetary Removal ( edit ) See also : Chickasaw Historic Marker in Marion , Arkansas , for the Trail of Tears Play media Fragment of the Trail of Tears still intact at Village Creek State Park , Arkansas ( 2010 ) The Chickasaw received financial compensation from the United States for their lands east of the Mississippi River . In 1836 , the Chickasaws had reached an agreement to purchase land from the previously removed Choctaws after a bitter five - year debate . They paid the Choctaws $530,000 ( equal to $11,810,970 today ) for the westernmost part of the Choctaw land . The first group of Chickasaws moved in 1836 and was led by John M. Millard . The Chickasaws gathered at Memphis on July 4 , 1836 , with all of their assets -- belongings , livestock , and slaves . Once across the Mississippi River , they followed routes previously established by the Choctaws and the Creeks . Once in Indian Territory , the Chickasaws merged with the Choctaw nation . Cherokee forced relocation ( edit ) Main article : Cherokee removal Cherokee Principal Chief John Ross , photographed before his death in 1866 By 1838 , about 2,000 Cherokee had voluntarily relocated from Georgia to Indian Territory ( present day Oklahoma ) . Forcible removals began in May 1838 when General Winfield Scott received a final order from President Martin Van Buren to relocate the remaining Cherokees . Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died in the ensuing trek to Oklahoma . In the Cherokee language , the event is called nu na da ul tsun yi ( `` the place where they cried '' ) or nu na hi du na tlo hi lu i ( the trail where they cried ) . The Cherokee Trail of Tears resulted from the enforcement of the Treaty of New Echota , an agreement signed under the provisions of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , which exchanged Indian land in the East for lands west of the Mississippi River , but which was never accepted by the elected tribal leadership or a majority of the Cherokee people . The sparsely inhabited Cherokee lands were highly attractive to Georgian farmers experiencing population pressure , and illegal settlements resulted . Long - simmering tensions between Georgia and the Cherokee Nation were brought to a crisis by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega , Georgia , in 1829 , resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush , the second gold rush in U.S. history . Hopeful gold speculators began trespassing on Cherokee lands , and pressure mounted to fulfill the Compact of 1802 in which the US Government promised to extinguish Indian land claims in the state of Georgia . When Georgia moved to extend state laws over Cherokee lands in 1830 , the matter went to the U.S. Supreme Court . In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) , the Marshall court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was not a sovereign and independent nation , and therefore refused to hear the case . However , in Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) , the Court ruled that Georgia could not impose laws in Cherokee territory , since only the national government -- not state governments -- had authority in Indian affairs . Worcester v Georgia is associated with Andrew Jackson 's famous , though apocryphal , quote `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' In reality , this quote did not appear until 30 years after the incident and was first printed in a textbook authored by Jackson critic Horace Greeley . Elizabeth `` Betsy '' Brown Stephens ( 1903 ) , a Cherokee Indian who walked the Trail of Tears in 1838 Fearing open warfare between federal troops and the Georgia militia , Jackson decided not to enforce Cherokee claims against the state of Georgia . He was already embroiled in a constitutional crisis with South Carolina ( i.e. the nullification crisis ) and favored Cherokee relocation over civil war . With the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , the U.S. Congress had given Jackson authority to negotiate removal treaties , exchanging Indian land in the East for land west of the Mississippi River . Jackson used the dispute with Georgia to put pressure on the Cherokees to sign a removal treaty . The final treaty , passed in Congress by a single vote , and signed by President Andrew Jackson , was imposed by his successor President Martin Van Buren. Van Buren allowed Georgia , Tennessee , North Carolina , and Alabama an armed force of 7,000 militiamen , army regulars , and volunteers under General Winfield Scott to relocate about 13,000 Cherokees to Cleveland , Tennessee . After the initial roundup , the U.S. military oversaw the emigration to Oklahoma . Former Cherokee lands were immediately opened to settlement . Most of the deaths during the journey were caused by disease , malnutrition , and exposure during an unusually cold winter . In the winter of 1838 the Cherokee began the 1,000 - mile ( 1,600 km ) march with scant clothing and most on foot without shoes or moccasins . The march began in Red Clay , Tennessee , the location of the last Eastern capital of the Cherokee Nation . Because of the diseases , the Indians were not allowed to go into any towns or villages along the way ; many times this meant traveling much farther to go around them . After crossing Tennessee and Kentucky , they arrived at the Ohio River across from Golconda in southern Illinois about the 3rd of December 1838 . Here the starving Indians were charged a dollar a head ( equal to $22.98 today ) to cross the river on `` Berry 's Ferry '' which typically charged twelve cents , equal to $2.76 today . They were not allowed passage until the ferry had serviced all others wishing to cross and were forced to take shelter under `` Mantle Rock '' , a shelter bluff on the Kentucky side , until `` Berry had nothing better to do '' . Many died huddled together at Mantle Rock waiting to cross . Several Cherokee were murdered by locals . The Cherokee filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Government through the courthouse in Vienna , suing the government for $35 a head ( equal to $804.34 today ) to bury the murdered Cherokee . As they crossed southern Illinois , on December 26 , Martin Davis , Commissary Agent for Moses Daniel 's detachment , wrote : `` There is the coldest weather in Illinois I ever experienced anywhere . The streams are all frozen over something like 8 or 12 inches ( 20 or 30 cm ) thick . We are compelled to cut through the ice to get water for ourselves and animals . It snows here every two or three days at the fartherest . We are now camped in Mississippi ( River ) swamp 4 miles ( 6 km ) from the river , and there is no possible chance of crossing the river for the numerous quantity of ice that comes floating down the river every day . We have only traveled 65 miles ( 105 km ) on the last month , including the time spent at this place , which has been about three weeks . It is unknown when we shall cross the river ... '' A soldier from Georgia said : I fought through the War Between the States and have seen many men shot , but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew . -- Georgian soldier who participated in the removal A Trail of Tears map of Southern Illinois from the USDA -- U.S. Forest Service It eventually took almost three months to cross the 60 miles ( 97 kilometres ) on land between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers . The trek through southern Illinois is where the Cherokee suffered most of their deaths . However a few years before forced removal , some Cherokee who opted to leave their homes voluntarily chose a water - based route through the Tennessee , Ohio and Mississippi rivers . It took only 21 days , but the Cherokee who were forcibly relocated were weary of water travel . Removed Cherokees initially settled near Tahlequah , Oklahoma . When signing the Treaty of New Echota in 1835 Major Ridge said `` I have signed my death warrant . '' The resulting political turmoil led to the killings of Major Ridge , John Ridge , and Elias Boudinot ; of the leaders of the Treaty Party , only Stand Watie escaped death . The population of the Cherokee Nation eventually rebounded , and today the Cherokees are the largest American Indian group in the United States . There were some exceptions to removal . Approximately 100 Cherokees evaded the U.S. soldiers and lived off the land in Georgia and other states . Those Cherokees who lived on private , individually owned lands ( rather than communally owned tribal land ) were not subject to removal . In North Carolina , about 400 Cherokees , known as the Oconaluftee Cherokee , lived on land in the Great Smoky Mountains owned by a white man named William Holland Thomas ( who had been adopted by Cherokees as a boy ) , and were thus not subject to removal . Added to this were some 200 Cherokee from the Nantahala area allowed to stay in the Qualla Boundary after assisting the U.S. Army in hunting down and capturing the family of the old prophet , Tsali ( who faced a firing squad after capture ) . These North Carolina Cherokees became the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation . Eastern Cherokee restitution ( edit ) The United States Court of Claims ruled in favor of the Eastern Cherokee Tribe 's claim against the U.S. on May 18 , 1905 . This resulted in the appropriation of $1 million ( equal to $27,438,023.04 today ) to the Tribe 's eligible individuals and families . Interior Department employee Guion Miller created a list using several rolls and applications to verify tribal enrollment for the distribution of funds , known as the Guion Miller Roll . The applications received documented over 125,000 individuals ; the court approved more than 30,000 individuals to share in the funds . Statistics ( edit ) Nation Population east of the Mississippi before removal treaty Removal treaty & year signed Years of major emigration Total number emigrated or forcibly removed Number stayed in Southeast Deaths during removal Deaths from warfare Choctaw 19,554 + white citizens of the Choctaw Nation + 500 black slaves Dancing Rabbit Creek ( 1830 ) 1831 -- 1836 12,500 7,000 2,000 -- 4,000 + ( Cholera ) none Creek 22,700 + 900 black slaves Cusseta ( 1832 ) 1834 -- 1837 19,600 100s 3,500 ( disease after removal ) ? ( Second Creek War ) Chickasaw 4,914 + 1,156 black slaves Pontotoc Creek ( 1832 ) 1837 -- 1847 over 4,000 100s 500 -- 800 none Cherokee 21,500 + 2,000 black slaves New Echota ( 1835 ) 1836 -- 1838 20,000 + 2,000 slaves 1,000 2,000 -- 8,000 Seminole 5,000 + fugitive slaves Payne 's Landing ( 1832 ) 1832 -- 1842 2,833 250 500 700 ( Second Seminole War ) Landmarks and commerations ( edit ) Map of National Historic trails In 1987 , about 2,200 miles ( 3,500 km ) of trails were authorized by federal law to mark the removal of 17 detachments of the Cherokee people . Called the `` Trail of Tears National Historic Trail '' , it traverses portions of nine states and includes land and water routes . Trail of Tears outdoor Historical drama , Unto these Hills ( edit ) A historical drama based on the Trail of Tears , Unto These Hills written by Kermit Hunter , has sold over five million tickets for its performances since its opening on July 1 , 1950 , both touring and at the outdoor Mountainside Theater of the Cherokee Historical Association in Cherokee , North Carolina . Commemorative medallion ( edit ) Cherokee artist Troy Anderson was commissioned to design the Cherokee Trail of Tears Sesquicentennial Commemorative Medallion . The falling - tear medallion shows a seven - pointed star , the symbol of the seven clans of the Cherokees . In literature and oral history ( edit ) Family Stories From the Trail of Tears is a collection edited by Lorrie Montiero and transcribed by Grant Foreman , taken from the Indian - Pioneer History Collection Walking the Trail ( 1991 ) is a book by Jerry Ellis describing his 900 - mile walk retracing of the Trail of Tears in reverse See also ( edit ) Ethnic cleansing and forced migration , modern terms for the forced relocation of a people Expulsion of the Acadians Hopkinsville , Kentucky Long Walk of the Navajo , a later forced removal Native American genocide Population transfer Potawatomi Trail of Death Timeline of Cherokee removal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Trail of Tears - Native American History - HISTORY.com '' . History.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Trail of Tears '' . www.cherokee.org . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Trail of Tears '' . PBS . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minges , Patrick ( 1998 ) . `` Beneath the Underdog : Race , Religion , and the Trail of Tears '' . US Data Repository . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian removal '' . PBS . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Inskeep , Steve ( 2015 ) . Jacksonland : President Jackson , Cherokee Chief John Ross , and a Great American Land Grab . New York : Penguin Press . pp. 332 -- 333 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 556 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Stannard 1993 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Russell ( 1991 ) . `` The Demography of the Trail of Tears Period : A New Estimate of Cherokee Population Losses '' . In William L. Anderson . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . pp. 75 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Curtis , Nancy C. ( 1996 ) . Black Heritage Sites . United States : ALA Editions . p. 543 . ISBN 0 - 8389 - 0643 - 5 . Jump up ^ Prucha , Francis Paul ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . U of Nebraska Press . pp. 241 note 58 . ISBN 0803287348 . Jump up ^ Ehle , John ( 2011 - 06 - 08 ) . Trail of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . pp. 390 -- 392 . ISBN 9780307793836 . Jump up ^ Carter , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Cherokee sunset : a nation betrayed : a narrative of travail and triumph , persecution and exile . Doubleday . p. 232 . ISBN 9780385067355 . Jump up ^ Perdue , Theda ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 2 ' Both White and Red ' '' . Mixed Blood Indians : Racial Construction in the Early South . The University of Georgia Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2731 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian removal 1814 - 1858 '' . PBS . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jahoda , Gloria ( 1975 ) . Trail of Tears : The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813 - 1855 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 14677 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Anthony ( 2011 ) . The Long , Bitter Trail : Andrew Jackson and the Indians . ^ Jump up to : Howe , Daniel Walker ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 - 1848 . Jump up ^ Morris , Michael ( 2007 ) . `` Georgia and the Conversation over Indian Removal '' . Georgia Historical Quarterly . 91 ( 4 ) : 403 -- 423 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Coates , Julia . Trail of Tears . `` Worcester v. Georgia '' . Oyez . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Edwin A ( November 1973 ) . `` After John Marshall 's Decision : Worcester v Georgia and the Nullification Crisis '' . The Journal of Southern History . Jump up ^ Cave , Alfred . `` Abuse of Power : Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830 '' . Jump up ^ Frey , Rebecca Joyce ( 2009 ) . Genocide and International Justice . Infobase Publishing . pp. 128 -- 131 . ISBN 978 - 0816073108 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo . `` Letter to Martin Van Buren President of the United States 1836 '' . www.cherokee.org/ . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ River , Charles . The Trail of Tears : Forced Removal of Five Civilized Tribes . ^ Jump up to : `` Trail of Tears '' . History Channel . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Baird , David ( 1973 ) . `` The Choctaws Meet the Americans , 1783 to 1843 '' . The Choctaw People . United States : Indian Tribal Series . p. 36 . ASIN B000CIIGTW . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Joan ( 1996 ) . `` The Cherokee Home in the East '' . The Trail of Tears Across Missouri . University of Missouri Press . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1063 - 5 . Jump up ^ Groneman 2005 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Harkins , George ( 1831 ) . `` 1831 - December - George W. Harkins to the American People '' . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2006 . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandra Faiman - Silva ( 1997 ) . Choctaws at the Crossroads . University of Nebraska Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0803269026 . Jump up ^ de Tocqueville , Alexis ( 1835 -- 1840 ) . `` Tocqueville and Beaumont on Race '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Satz , Ronald ( 1986 ) . `` The Mississippi Choctaw : From the Removal Treaty of the Federal Agency '' . In Samuel J. Wells and Roseanna Tuby . After Removal : The Choctaw in Mississippi . University Press of Mississippi . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 87805 - 289 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Walter , Williams ( 1979 ) . `` Three Efforts at Development among the Choctaws of Mississippi '' . Southeastern Indians : Since the Removal Era . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . Jump up ^ Davis , Ethan . `` An Administrative Trail of Tears : Indian Removal '' . American Journal of Legal History 50 , no . 1 ( 2008 ) : 65 -- 68 . Accessed December 15 , 2014 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Missall . pp. 83 - 85 . Jump up ^ Missall . pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Covington , James W. 1993 . The Seminoles of Florida . Gainesville , Florida : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1196 - 5 . pp. 145 -- 6 . Morris , Theodore. 2004 . Florida 's Lost Tribes . Universities Press of Florida State Universities , p. 63 Prucha , Francis Paul . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . Volume I. Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 3668 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Hostilities of the Seminoles '' . Enquirer ( Richmond , Virginia ) 26 Jan. 1836 : n . pag . Print . ^ Jump up to : Remini , Robert ( 1998 ) ( 1977 ) . `` The Creek War : Victory '' . Andrew Jackson : The Course of American Empire , 1767 -- 1821 . Vol. 1 . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801859115 . Jump up ^ Oklahoma State University Library . `` Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 , Treaties '' . Digital.library.okstate.edu . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 , Treaties . Oklahoma State University Library . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurt , R. Douglas ( 2002 ) . The Indian Frontier , 1763 -- 1846 ( Histories of the American Frontier ) . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . p. 148 . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1966 - 1 . Jump up ^ Oklahoma State University Library . `` Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 , Treaties '' . Digital.library.okstate.edu . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Winn , William W . The Triumph of the Ecunnau - Nuxulgee : Land Speculators , George M. Troup , State Rights , and the Removal of the Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama , 1825 -- 38 . Macon : Mercer University Press , 2015 . 9780881465228 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Trail of Tears '' . www.cherokee.org . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Sarah H. ( 2011 ) . `` ' To Overawe the Indians and Give Confidence to the Whites ' : Preparations for the Removal of the Cherokee Nation from Georgia '' . Georgia Historical Quarterly . 95 ( 4 ) : 465 -- 497 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , p. 257 , Prucha , Great Father , p. 212 . Jump up ^ James Mooney . Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees . p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Illinois General Assembly - HJR0142 . Jump up ^ Adams , Mattie Lorraine . Family Tree of Daniel and Rachel Davis . Duluth , Georgia : Claxton Printing Company , 1973 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert ( 2000 ) . `` Invasion '' . The Earth Shall Weep : A History of Native America . Grove Press . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3680 - X . Jump up ^ `` The Trail of Tears in Southern Illinois '' ( PDF ) . US Forest Service . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rush , Linda ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Cherokee Nation in Southern Illinois '' . The Southern Illinoisan . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corlew , Robert Ewing ( 1990 ) . Tennessee : A Short History . University of Tennessee Press . p. 153 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 647 - 6 . Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians . `` Cherokee Heritage Trails '' . Museum of the Cherokee Indian . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Hooper , Ed . `` Chief John Ross '' . Tennessee History Magazine . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 American Indian Tribes for the United States : 1990 and 1980 '' . U.S. Bureau of the Census . August 1995 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Guion Miller Roll : Index to the Applications submitted for the Cherokee Roll . ISBN 978 - 1544972503 . Jump up ^ Grant Foreman ( 1972 ) . Indian Removal : The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 47 , note 10 ( 1830 census ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 1172 - 8 . Jump up ^ Several thousand more emigrated West from 1844 -- 49 ; Foreman , pp. 103 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Foreman , p. 111 ( 1832 census ) . Jump up ^ Remini 2001 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Russell Thornton ( 1 June 1992 ) . `` The Demography of the Trail of Tears Period : A New Estimate of Cherokee Population Losses '' . In William L. Anderson . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . University of Georgia Press . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1482 - 2 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Russell ( 1991 ) . `` The Demography of the Trail of Tears Period : A New Estimate of Cherokee Population Losses '' . In William L. Anderson . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . pp. 75 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Prucha , Francis Paul ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . U of Nebraska Press . pp. 241 note 58 . ISBN 0803287348 . Jump up ^ Ehle , John ( 2011 - 06 - 08 ) . Trail of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . pp. 390 -- 392 . ISBN 9780307793836 . Jump up ^ Carter , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Cherokee sunset : a nation betrayed : a narrative of travail and triumph , persecution and exile . Doubleday . p. 232 . ISBN 9780385067355 . ^ Jump up to : Francis Paul Prucha ( 1 January 1995 ) . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . U of Nebraska Press . p. 233 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8734 - 8 . Jump up ^ Anthony Wallace ; Eric Foner ( July 1993 ) . The Long , Bitter Trail : Andrew Jackson and the Indians . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 1552 - 8 . Jump up ^ Francis Paul Prucha ( 1995 ) . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 241 note 58 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8734 - 8 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . John Ehle ( 1989 ) . Trials of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . Anchor Books . pp. 390 -- 392 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 23954 - 7 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . William L. Anderson ( 1992 ) . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . University of Georgia Press . pp. 75 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1482 - 2 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trail of Tears : History & Culture '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Resources Division '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unto These Hills Drama - Cherokee Historical Association '' . www.cherokeehistorical.org . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Ancestry '' . www.aboutcherokee.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokees to Mark Anniversary of `` Trail of Tears '' to Oklahoma `` . News OK . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Montiero , Lorrie & Foreman , Grant ( Transcriber ) . Family Stories From the Trail of Tears . American Native Press Archives and Sequoyah Research Center . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) Anderson , William , ed. ( 1991 ) . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1482 - 2 . Bealer , Alex W. ( 1996 ) ( 1972 ) . Only the Names Remain : The Cherokees and The Trail of Tears . Boston , Massachusetts : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 08519 - 9 . Carter , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Cherokee Sunset : A Nation Betrayed . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 06735 - 6 . Ehle , John ( 1989 ) ( 1988 ) . Trail of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 0 - 385 - 23954 - 8 . Fitzgerald , David ; King , Duane ( 2008 ) . The Cherokee Trail of Tears . Portland , Oregon : Graphic Arts Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88240 - 752 - 4 . Foreman , Grant ( 1989 ) ( 1932 ) . Indian Removal : The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians ( 11 ed . ) . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1172 - 0 . Gregg , Matthew T. and David M. Wishart . `` The price of Cherokee removal '' . Explorations in Economic History Volume 49 , Issue 4 , October 2012 , Pages 423 -- 442 Jahoda , Gloria ( 1995 ) ( 1975 ) . Trail of Tears : The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813 -- 1855 . Henry Holt & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 14677 - 4 . Mooney , James ( 2007 ) ( 1888 ) . King , Duane , ed . Myths of the Cherokee . New York : Barnes & Noble . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 8340 - 5 . Perdue , Theda ; Green , Michael ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311367 - 6 . Prucha , Francis ( 1984 ) . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . Lincoln , Nebraska : Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 3668 - 9 . Remini , Robert ( 2001 ) . Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 91025 - 2 . Wallace , Anthony ( 1993 ) . The Long , Bitter Trail : Andrew Jackson and the Indians ( Hardback ed . ) . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 6631 - 9 . Wilson , James ( 1998 ) . The Earth Shall Weep : A History of Native America . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3680 - 0 . Winn , William W. ( 2015 ) . The Triumph of the Ecunnau - Nuxulgee : Land Speculators , George M. Troup , State Rights , and the Removal of the Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama , 1825 - 38 . Macon : Mercer University Press . 9780881465228 . Documents ( edit ) U.S. Senate ( April 15 -- 17 , 1830 ) . Cherokee Indian Removal Debate . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Scott , Winfield ( May 10 , 1838 ) . Winfield Scott 's Address to the Cherokee Nation . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Gen. Winfield Scott 's Order to U.S. Troops Assigned to the Cherokee Removal . Cherokee Agency . May 17 , 1838 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2008 . Documentary ( edit ) The Trail of Tears : Cherokee Legacy ( 2006 ) -- directed by Chip Richie ; narrated by James Earl Jones External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trail of Tears . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Appeal of the Cherokee Nation Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Trail of Tears . 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United States ( 2001 ) Places Bloomfield Academy Chickasaw Cultural Center Chickasaw Nation Chickasaw Nation Capitols Fort Jefferson Kullihoma Grounds New Savannah , Georgia Old Town Savannah Town , South Carolina Tishomingo City Hall White House of the Chickasaws Media KADA KADA - FM KAZC KCNP KTLS - FM KXFC KYKC Casinos Ada Gaming Center Chisholm Trail Casino Gold Mountain Casino Newcastle Casino Riverwind Casino SaltCreek Casino Treasure Valley Casino WinStar World Casino Related Choctaw Five Civilized Tribes History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal GND : 4388404 - 0 NARA : 10642331 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trail_of_Tears&oldid=845881233 '' Categories : Cherokee Nation ( 1794 -- 1907 ) Ethnic cleansing in the United States Forced marches Forced migrations in the United States Forced migrations of Native Americans in the United States History of Georgia ( U.S. state ) History of Kentucky History of Missouri History of North Carolina History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Military history of the United States National Historic Trails of the United States Native American genocide Native American history of Oklahoma Native American history of Alabama Pre-statehood history of Arkansas Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma Trail of Tears Chickasaw Seminole tribe American Old West Muscogee Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017 Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2017 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська 文言 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 19 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the seminole lived before the trail of tears | [
"In 1831, the Choctaw became the first Nation to be removed, and their removal served as the model for all future relocations. After two wars, many Seminoles were removed in 1832. The Creek removal followed in 1834, the Chickasaw in 1837, and lastly the Cherokee in 1838.[14] However, some managed to evade the removals and remained in their ancestral homelands; some Choctaw are living in Mississippi, Creek in Alabama and Florida, Cherokee in North Carolina, and Seminole in Florida; a small group had escaped into the Everglades and were never defeated by the United States government.[clarification needed] A small number of non-Native Americans who lived with the tribes, including some of African descent (some as slaves, and others as spouses or freedmen), also accompanied the Indians on the trek westward.[14] By 1837, 46,000 Indians from the southeastern states had been removed from their homelands, thereby opening 25 million acres (100,000 km2) for predominantly European ('Caucasian'/'white') settlement.[14]"
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-2925766999108682417 | Messi–Ronaldo rivalry | Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry - wikipedia Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Ronaldo ( left ) and Messi ( right ) before an international friendly between Argentina and Portugal in Geneva , Switzerland on 9 February 2011 The Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry is an association football rivalry between fans of Argentine forward Lionel Messi and Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo and supposedly between the athletes themselves . Having won a combined ten Ballon d'Or / FIFA Ballon d'Or awards ( 5 for Messi and 5 for Ronaldo ) , both are widely regarded as the two best players of their generation and among the best of all time in the sport . Both players have regularly broken the 50 goal barrier in a single season , and have scored over 600 + goals each in their careers for club and country . They are also the only two players to score seven UEFA Champions League hat - tricks . Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to establish who they believe is the best player in modern football . It has been compared to past global sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing , the Björn Borg -- John McEnroe rivalry in tennis and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry in Formula One motor racing . In a 2012 interview , Ronaldo commented on the rivalry by saying : `` I think we push each other sometimes in the competition , this is why the competition is so high '' , while Ronaldo 's manager during his time at Manchester United , Alex Ferguson opined that `` I do n't think the rivalry against each other bothers them . I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best '' . Messi has denied any rivalry , saying that it was `` only the media , the press , who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Cristiano '' . In response to claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level , Ronaldo commented : `` We do n't have a relationship outside the world of football , just as we do n't with a lot of other players '' , before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together , stating : `` We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit , because it 's a good thing '' . Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two , while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players : Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an theatrical showoff , while Messi is portrayed as a shy , humble character . When asked which he preferred , then FIFA president Sepp Blatter commented that Messi will `` always get a lot of votes because he plays well and scores goals '' before saying that Ronaldo `` is like a commander on the field of play . This is the other side of football and it 's good to have commanders on the field . They do n't have the same attitude and that gives life to football . One has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other but that does n't matter . I ca n't say who is the best . I like both of them , but I prefer Messi '' . At club level , with Messi and Ronaldo representing rivals Barcelona and Real Madrid , the two players face each other at least twice every season in the world 's most popular regular - season club game , El Clásico , which had a global audience of 400 million viewers in March 2014 . Off the field , they are the face of two rival sportswear manufacturers , Messi of Adidas and Ronaldo of Nike , which are also the respective kit suppliers of their national teams and the opposite for their clubs . The two highest paid players in football , Ronaldo and Messi are among the world 's best paid sports stars : in combined income from salaries , bonuses and off - field earnings in 2016 , Ronaldo was first earning $88 million and Messi was second with $81.4 million . They have the two biggest social media followings in the world among sportspeople with a combined 200 million Facebook fans by July 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Lionel Messi 1.2 Cristiano Ronaldo 2 Origins 3 Season by season 3.1 2009 -- 10 3.2 2010 -- 11 3.3 2011 -- 12 3.4 2012 -- 13 3.5 2013 -- 14 3.6 2014 -- 15 3.7 2015 -- 16 4 Awards and records 4.1 World 's best player awards 4.1. 1 Ballon d'Or 4.1. 2 FIFA World Player of the Year 4.1. 3 The Best FIFA Men ′ s Player 4.1. 4 FIFA Ballon d'Or 4.2 Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year 4.3 European Golden Shoe 4.4 FIFA Club World Cup Best Player 4.5 UEFA Champions League top scorers 4.5. 1 All - time 4.5. 2 Top scorer by season 4.6 Records in La Liga 4.6. 1 All - time 4.6. 2 Hat - tricks 4.6. 3 Top scorer by season 4.6. 4 El Clásico 5 Player statistics 6 Player honours 6.1 Team 6.1. 1 Lionel Messi 6.1. 2 Cristiano Ronaldo 6.2 Individual 7 Head - to - head 7.1 Results 7.2 Hat - tricks and more 7.3 FIFA World Cup goals 7.4 UEFA Champions League Final goals 7.5 FIFA Club World Cup goals 8 Personal quotes 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Lionel Messi ( edit ) Main article : Lionel Messi `` It 's only the media , the press , who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Ronaldo . '' -- Messi addresses his perceived rivalry with Cristiano Ronaldo Struggling with growth hormone deficiency as a child , Messi joined Barcelona at the age of 13 with the club paying for his treatment . He made his senior debut in 2003 and had cemented his place in the first team , as well as earning nominations for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year awards , by the age of 20 . Born on 24 June 1987 in Rosario , Santa Fe Province , Messi has spent his entire professional career at Spanish club Barcelona . His prodigious talents were spotted at an early age ; he was discovered by Barcelona scout Josep Maria Minguella at the age of 13 , and promptly moved to Spain where he progressed through Barcelona 's youth academy La Masia , before making his senior debut on 16 October 2004 . At the age of 10 , Messi was diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency and upon joining Barcelona , the club paid for his treatment . Throughout the early years of his career , Messi had to endure the pressure of the tag New Maradona , comparisons furthered by scoring goals comparable to those Diego Maradona scored against England in the 1986 FIFA World Cup ; on 19 April 2007 , he scored a mazy dribble against Getafe which bore remarkable resemblance to that of Maradona 's , before scoring his own version of the Hand of God on 9 June against rivals Espanyol . Maradona himself said of the comparison `` I have seen the player who will inherit my place in Argentinian football and his name is Messi '' . Messi is the all - time top goalscorer in La Liga , has scored co-record seven UEFA Champions League hat - tricks , and holds a single Champions League game scoring record with five goals . On 17 April 2016 , Messi scored his 500th professional career goal . While representing Argentina under - 20 at the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship , he scored a total of six goals , including two goals in the final to help Argentina win the tournament , and was awarded the Golden Ball and the Golden Boot as the tournament 's best player and top scorer respectively . He made his senior debut two months later , coming on as a substitute , but was sent off for violent conduct minutes later . He has scored five goals in World Cups , with his first coming in 2006 , while the other four were scored in 2014 as Argentina reached the final for the first time in 24 years , before losing to Germany . Messi was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament . During the 2007 Copa América , Messi scored in the quarter - finals and semi-finals to help Argentina reach the final . He was named the best young player of the tournament . In the 2015 Copa América semi-final , he assisted three goals to help Argentina reach another Copa América final , only to be defeated on penalties . Messi was reportedly offered the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament , but refused to accept it . In the Copa América Centenario the following season , he scored five goals and provided four assists , to become the all - time leading assists provider in Copa América history , and led Argentina to their third consecutive final in a major tournament , but missed his penalty in the resulting shoot - out , leading to a second consecutive defeat to Chile in the Copa América Final . Messi won an Olympic gold medal when he represented Argentina 's Olympic team in the 2008 Olympic games , as Argentina successfully defended the title they won four years previously in 2004 . Cristiano Ronaldo ( edit ) Main article : Cristiano Ronaldo `` I like to see all good players , and Messi is one of them . He is a player , I really enjoy seeing him on the pitch , and all the great players . '' -- Cristiano Ronaldo talks about Messi in an interview with Fox Sports Argentina After moving to Manchester United from Sporting CP in 2003 , Ronaldo established himself as a world - class player , before Real Madrid paid a then world - record transfer fee of £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) to sign him in 2009 . Born on 5 February 1985 in Funchal , Madeira , Ronaldo began his professional career with Sporting CP , making his senior debut on 7 October 2002 , and in 2003 caught the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson , who signed him for £ 12.2 million ( € 15 million ) . Ronaldo 's talents were noted early on , with United legend George Best saying `` There have been a few players described as ' the new George Best ' over the years , but this is the first time it 's been a compliment to me '' . Ronaldo spent six years at Manchester United , helping them win three consecutive Premier League titles between 2006 and 2009 , an FA Cup in 2004 , and reach two UEFA Champions League finals in 2008 and 2009 , scoring United 's goal in the former . He departed United having scored 118 goals in 292 appearances , before he became the world 's most expensive player when he moved to Real Madrid in 2009 in a transfer worth £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) . During the 2007 -- 08 Premier League season , he scored a record 31 goals in a 38 - game season , including his first senior hat - trick in a 6 -- 0 win against Newcastle United . After the end of his eight season at Real Madrid , Ronaldo had already amassed a total of 406 goals , making him the top scorer in the club 's history . Former Real manager José Mourinho referred to him as a `` goalscoring machine . '' He holds the record for most goals in a single Champions League season , after scoring a total of 17 goals in 2013 -- 14 . This tally included one from a penalty kick in the final as the club won La Decima , where he became the first player to score for two different teams in Champions League finals . He is also alongside Messi the only player to score seven Champions League hat - tricks as well as the only player to score a Champions League hat - trick in consecutive matches . In December 2014 , Ronaldo became the fastest player to score 200 goals in La Liga when , in his 178th La Liga game , he scored a hat - trick against Celta Vigo ; his 23rd hat - trick was also a La Liga record . Cristiano Ronaldo is the all - time top goalscorer for the Portugal national football team . As of 10 September 2017 , he has scored 78 goals in 145 appearances since his debut in 20 August 2003 . He has scored goals in three consecutive World Cups , having scored against Iran in 2006 , North Korea in 2010 , and Ghana in 2014 . Ronaldo has also scored a total of nine goals in the UEFA European Championship , making him the all - time joint top scorer of the competition along with Michel Platini . Including qualifying games , Ronaldo is the all - time top goalscorer with 29 goals , following his 23rd goal , against Armenia in 2014 . At Euro 2016 , Cristiano Ronaldo helped Portugal to win their first major tournament by scoring three goals and providing another three . Although he missed the majority of the final through injury , he was still awarded the Silver Boot as one of the second - highest goalscorers of the tournament . He has been voted into the UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament three times , in 2004 , 2012 and 2016 . Origins ( edit ) In 2007 , Ronaldo and Messi finished as runners - up to A.C. Milan 's Kaká in both the Ballon d'Or , an award rewarded to the player voted as the best in the world by an international panel of sports journalists , and the 2007 FIFA World Player of the Year , an award voted for by coaches and captains of international teams . In an interview that year , Messi was quoted as saying `` Cristiano Ronaldo is an extraordinary player and it would be brilliant to be in the same team as him '' . They first played in a game together when United were drawn to play Barcelona in the 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League semi-finals , and were immediately pitted as major rivals . Ronaldo missed a penalty in the first leg , but United eventually advanced to the final via a Paul Scholes goal . At the end of the year , Ronaldo was awarded the Ballon d'Or and vowed that he would win the award again . The 2009 UEFA Champions League Final was contested between Man Utd and Barcelona on 27 May 2009 at Stadio Olimpico in Rome , Italy . The match , described as a `` dream clash '' , was again hyped as the latest battle between the two , this time to settle who was the best player in the world ; Ronaldo claimed he was the better of the two , while Messi 's club - mate Xavi sided with him . United manager Alex Ferguson was more diplomatic , praising both players as being amongst the world 's elite talents . Messi , playing in a central role he was unaccustomed to so he would avoid a direct battle with United left - back Patrice Evra , scored Barcelona 's second in a 2 -- 0 victory with a header in the 70th minute . Meanwehile , Ronaldo was subdued for much of the game despite some early chances to score , and his frustration eventually showed when he was booked for a rash tackle on Carles Puyol . Season by season ( edit ) 2009 -- 10 ( edit ) On 11 June 2009 , Manchester United accepted an offer of £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) for Ronaldo to be transferred to Barcelona 's El Clásico rivals Real Madrid . The transfer was confirmed on 1 July . At the end of the year , Messi was awarded the Ballon d'Or by a record margin of 240 points . In the first league meeting of the two players , on 29 November 2009 , it was Messi 's Barcelona who came out on top , winning 1 -- 0 with a goal from Zlatan Ibrahimović . In the second El Clásico of the season , Messi scored his 40th goal of the season in a 2 -- 0 win . Messi was said to have made a fool out of Ronaldo by the Spanish press , which claimed that Ronaldo 's `` reign in the football world has ended '' . 2010 -- 11 ( edit ) On 20 November 2010 , the pair both scored hat - tricks on the same day for the first time ; Ronaldo hit three goals against Athletic Bilbao in a 5 -- 1 win , while Messi scored three as Barcelona thrashed Almería 8 -- 0 . The achievement was said to have proven why they are widely considered `` the world 's best players '' . In January 2011 , Messi won the inaugural combined version of the FIFA Ballon d'Or . The two players faced each other whilst representing their international sides for the first time on 9 February 2011 , as Argentina played Portugal in a friendly in Geneva , Switzerland , their first meeting for 40 years . Both players were on the scoresheet , with Ronaldo scoring an equaliser before Messi scored an 89th - minute penalty to win the game 2 -- 1 . The two came face - to - face in four pulsating games in the season finale , and the fixtures were hyped as the definitive games as to which of the two was the better player . In the first game of the series on 16 April 2011 , Messi scored a 51st - minute penalty to give Barcelona the lead until the 82nd minute , when Ronaldo scored a penalty of his own to give Real Madrid a share of the points . In the second game , the 2011 Copa del Rey Final , Ronaldo scored the only goal of the game in extra time to give Real Madrid a 1 -- 0 win , and the club 's first trophy under manager José Mourinho . The third game was the first leg of the Champions League semi-final . The match was ugly and ill - tempered , with Madrid 's Pepe and Barcelona 's José Manuel Pinto both sent off , before Messi provided two moments of magic , including one described as `` one of the best goals in Champions League history '' , to give Barcelona a two - goal lead in the tie . Following the game , Messi was praised as both the current best in the world and amongst the greatest players of all time . Of the seven goals scored in the four games , Messi scored three and Ronaldo scored two . 2011 -- 12 ( edit ) Messi finished the 2012 calendar year with 91 goals to his name , breaking the previous record held by Gerd Müller and winning his fourth consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or in the process . On 24 September 2011 , both players scored a hat - trick on the same day for the second time ; Ronaldo scored three in a 6 -- 2 win against Rayo Vallecano , and Messi scored three in a 5 -- 0 win over Atlético Madrid . In January , Messi won his third consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or , becoming only the fourth player to win the award three times after Johan Cruyff , Michel Platini , and Marco van Basten . Having been drawn against each other in the Copa Del Rey quarter - finals later in the month , Ronaldo scored a goal in each game , but Barcelona advanced 4 -- 3 on aggregate . On 7 March 2012 , Messi became the first player in the Champions League era to score five goals in a single game as Barcelona beat Bayer Leverkusen 10 -- 2 on aggregate . Following the achievement , Messi was hailed as the best in the world by his manager Pep Guardiola , and club mate Xavi . while journalists and pundits debated whether he was the greatest player of all time . Later in the month , he became Barcelona 's all - time leading goalscorer when he scored a hat - trick against Granada , overtaking César Rodríguez Álvarez 's record of 232 goals . On 21 April 2012 , Ronaldo scored the winning goal in El Clásico as Real Madrid won 2 -- 1 and closed in on the league championship . 2012 -- 13 ( edit ) In the first El Clásico of the season on 7 October 2012 , both players scored twice in a 2 -- 2 at the Camp Nou , the sixth straight match between the two clubs that Ronaldo had scored in . Ronaldo scored in the 23rd minute to put Madrid 1 -- 0 in front , then Messi scored two either side of half - time to put Barcelona in the lead , but for only five minutes before Ronaldo scored a 66th - minute equaliser . Messi finished the calendar year of 2012 with an all - time record of 91 goals for both club and country , overtaking Gerd Müller 's record of 85 goals . In January , Messi won his record fourth consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or . At the end of the month , the players scored hat - tricks on the same day for the third time ; Ronaldo scored three against Getafe as Real Madrid won 4 -- 0 before Messi went one better by scoring four goals against Osasuna as Barcelona won 5 -- 1 . It was Ronaldo 's 20th hat - trick and Messi 's 200th career league goal . In the Copa Del Rey semi-final second leg , Ronaldo scored two goals to help Real Madrid advance to the final in a 3 -- 1 victory . The goals meant he had scored in six consecutive El Clásico 's at the Nou Camp . 2013 -- 14 ( edit ) By the end of the 2013 -- 14 UEFA Champions League season , Ronaldo had broken the record for the most goals scored by a player in a single season , finding the back of the net 17 times to help Real Madrid win a record tenth title . On 6 September 2013 , Ronaldo scored his first hat - trick whilst representing Portugal , helping them come from 2 -- 1 down against Northern Ireland to win 4 -- 2 . Later in the month , the players scored hat - tricks on the same Champions League matchday for the first time ; Ronaldo scored three against Galatasaray as Real Madrid won 6 -- 1 , while a day later Messi scored a hat - trick against Ajax as Barcelona won 4 -- 0 . This latest accomplishment was said to `` defy the accepted wisdom that football is a team game '' . On November 19 , 2013 , Ronaldo scored all four of Portugal 's goals in the two - legged play - off against Sweden which ensured Portugal 's place at 2014 FIFA World Cup . His hat - trick in the second - leg made him tied for Portugal 's all - time top goalscorer after equalling Pauleta 's record tally of 47 international goals . The next day , it was announced the voting period for the 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or had been extended , much to the chagrin of Barcelona president Sandro Rosell . At the beginning of 2014 , Ronaldo ended Messi 's reign as the best player in world when he was awarded the 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or . With both players captaining their respective country and therefore receiving the opportunity to vote , neither player voted for the other to decide who would receive the award or for the player who finished third , Franck Ribéry , with Ronaldo instead choosing to vote for Radamel Falcao , Gareth Bale and Mesut Özil , and Messi voting for clubmates Andrés Iniesta , Xavi and Neymar . In the second El Clásico of the season on 23 March 2014 , Messi became the all - time top scorer in the fixture after he scored a hat - trick , including two penalty kicks , as Barcelona defeated Real Madrid 4 -- 3 , while Ronaldo also scored a goal from the penalty spot which initially put Real Madrid 3 -- 2 in front ; it was a match described as `` astonishing '' , `` thrilling '' and `` the best Clasico in recent years '' . 2014 -- 15 ( edit ) At the start of the season , the race to beat Raúl 's Champions League goal scoring record of 71 goals dominated the headlines , with Messi beating Ronaldo to equal the record when he scored against Ajax on 5 November , and beating the record on 25 November with three goals against APOEL in a 4 -- 0 victory . Following this milestone goal , Barcelona manager Luis Enrique claimed Messi was the `` greatest player of all time '' . Ronaldo equalled Raúl 's tally on 26 November when he scored the only goal of the game against Basel . For the second time in the season , the two players faced each other , this time in the shirts of their respective nations at Old Trafford , and was their last meeting before the announcement of the 2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or . The British press called the match an `` international version of the Premier League 's 39th game '' , which claimed that it `` offers unique opportunity for a new seam of support to become embroiled in the Ronaldo v Messi arguments '' . Portugal defeated Argentina 1 -- 0 , although neither Ronaldo nor Messi appeared on the score sheet . On 3 November , in a 4 -- 0 victory over Granada , Ronaldo made league history when he scored his 17th league goal of the season in just 10 games ; the record was previously held by Isidro Lángara , who scored 16 goals in the first ten games of the 1935 -- 36 season for Real Oviedo . On 22 November , Messi equalled , and then went past , Telmo Zarra 's goalscoring record of 251 when he scored a hat - trick against Sevilla . Luis Enrique praised him following the achievement , saying that he is `` one - of - a-kind and we 'll never see anyone like him ever again and we are privileged to have him and be able to watch him '' . On 6 December , Ronaldo overtook Zarra 's record of 22 La Liga hat - tricks , which he jointly held with Alfredo Di Stéfano , when he scored three against Celta Vigo . The goals meant he became the quickest player to reach 200 La Liga goals , accomplishing the feat in just 178 games , surpassing Zarra 's record of 219 games to reach the milestone . The following day , Messi responded by scoring his third hat - trick in his four games , his 21st La Liga hat - trick in total . The continuous record breaking was said be down to the pairs ' `` spellbinding skill , relentless application , athletic charisma '' , while journalist Sid Lowe said that this latest accomplishment `` probably does n't count as a story any more '' . On 12 January 2015 , Ronaldo won his second consecutive Ballon d'Or , garnering 37.66 % of the votes , ahead of Messi with 15.76 % . Both players again refused to vote for each other ; Ronaldo voted for Real Madrid teammates Sergio Ramos , Gareth Bale and Karim Benzema , while Messi voted for teammates from both club and country , picking Ángel Di María , Andrés Iniesta and Javier Mascherano . Both players were praised for their accomplishments throughout 2014 , with neither player clearly being the world 's best a `` tribute simply to the status of both men '' , while Ronaldo was declared a `` truly worthy recipient '' , having scored 61 goals to Messi 's 58 , and it was declared that the time had come to finally give Ronaldo the respect he deserves within the confines of the rivalry . On 5 April , Ronaldo scored five times in one game for the first time in his career , including an eight - minute hat - trick , in a 9 -- 1 defeat of Granada in La Liga . He followed this up on 8 April with a goal against Rayo Vallecano in a 2 -- 0 victory ; his 300th Real Madrid goal . 10 days later , he became the second player in the history of football to score 50 or more goals in a season on five occasions , when he scored the third goal in a 3 -- 1 victory against Málaga , while earlier in the day , Messi scored his 400th Barcelona goal in a 2 -- 0 win against Valencia . 2015 -- 16 ( edit ) On 30 September 2015 , Ronaldo scored a brace ( 2 goals ) during a Champions League match against Swedish side Malmö to surpass 500 career goals and become Real Madrid 's joint all - time top goalscorer , equalling Raúl 's record of 323 goals . He surpassed that record with a goal against Levante on 17 October 2015 . The 2015 -- 16 season started with Ronaldo scoring five goals against Espanyol to overtake Raúl 's La Liga tally for Real Madrid , before scoring twice against Malmö in the Champions League to equal Raúl 's overall total of 323 goals , the first of which was his 500th career goal . Raúl described Ronaldo as `` incredible '' . Ronaldo surpassed Raúl 's overall goalscoring record on 17 October 2015 , scoring the second goal in a 3 -- 0 La Liga win for Real Madrid at home against Levante to take his overall tally to 324 goals . On 8 December 2015 , Ronaldo set a Champions League record of 11 goals in the group stage after scoring four goals against Malmö . His four - goal haul equalled a club record in the competition , jointly held by Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , and Hugo Sánchez . On 17 February 2016 , Messi scored his 300th La Liga goal in a 1 -- 3 away win against Sporting Gijon . By scoring four goals in a 7 -- 1 home win over Celta Vigo on 5 March , Ronaldo arrived at 252 goals in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer in history behind Messi . Ronaldo scored a hat - trick against Wolfsburg to send his club into the Champions League semi-finals despite a 2 -- 0 first - leg defeat . The treble took his tally in the competition to 16 goals , making him the top scorer for the fourth consecutive season and the fifth overall . Messi finished the 2015 -- 16 season by setting up both goals in Barcelona 's 2 -- 0 extra time win over Sevilla in the 2016 Copa del Rey Final , at the Vicente Calderón Stadium , on 22 May 2016 , as the club celebrated winning the domestic double for the second consecutive season . In total , Messi scored 41 goals and provided 23 assists , as Barcelona 's attacking trio of Messi , Suárez and Neymar ( MSN ) managed a Spanish record of 131 goals throughout the season , breaking the record they had set the previous season . Suffering apparent fitness issues , Ronaldo gave a poorly - received performance in the final against Atlético Madrid , in a repeat of the 2014 final , though his penalty in the subsequent shoot - out secured La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th victory . For the sixth successive year , he ended the season having scored more than 50 goals across all competitions . Awards and records ( edit ) Throughout the existence of the rivalry , the pair have dominated awards ceremonies and broken a multitude of goalscoring records for both club and country , feats which have been described as `` incredible '' , `` ridiculous '' , and `` remarkable '' . The rivalry itself has been described as one about records and reputation of the players , rather than one based in loathing . World 's best player awards ( edit ) Awards ceremonies to crown the world 's best player were held annually since 1956 , when the inaugural Ballon d'Or awarding took place . The Ballon d'Or was presented to the player who had been voted to have performed the best over the previous year , and was established by French journalist Gabriel Hanot . Originally , votes could only be awarded to European players before a 1995 rule change . In the voting for the 2004 Ballon d'Or , Ronaldo received his first votes , finishing in joint 12th with Milan Baroš on 11 points . In 2005 he received three points , and in 2006 received five points , the same year Messi earned his first votes , finishing with three points . The FIFA World Player of the Year was established in 1991 . In the voting for the 2004 FIFA World Player of the Year , Ronaldo received his first votes , finishing 13th with 45 points . In 2005 he received 13 points , and in 2006 received 69 points . Messi received his first votes in 2007 . Both players dominated the voting of both awards from 2007 until the 2010 merging , winning their first trophies in 2008 and 2009 , respectively , and continued to reign in the combined FIFA Ballon d'Or . Ballon d'Or ( edit ) See also : Ballon d'Or Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Points 444 277 255 2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool ) Points 446 281 179 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Points 473 233 170 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) Points 745 316 198 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( PSG ) Points 946 670 361 FIFA World Player of the Year ( edit ) See also : FIFA World Player of the Year Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2007 Kaká ( Milan ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Points 1047 504 426 2008 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Fernando Torres ( Liverpool ) Points 935 678 203 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Points 1073 352 196 The Best FIFA Men ′ s Player ( edit ) See also : The Best FIFA Football Awards Year 1st 2nd 3rd 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Antoine Griezmann ( Atlético Madrid ) Percentage 34.54 % 26.42 % 7.53 % 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( PSG ) Percentage 43.16 % 19.25 % 6.97 % FIFA Ballon d'Or ( edit ) Further information : FIFA Ballon d'Or In 2010 , it was announced that the two awards would be merged into one main award applicable for players worldwide , with an expanded panel of voters . Ronaldo presenting his second FIFA Ballon d'Or to fans at the Santiago Bernabéu before a match against Atlético Madrid on 15 January 2015 . Year 1st 2nd 3rd Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Percentage 22.65 % 17.36 % 16.48 % 2011 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Percentage 47.88 % 21.60 % 9.23 % 2012 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) Percentage 41.17 % 23.68 % 10.91 % 2013 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Franck Ribéry ( Bayern Munich ) Percentage 27.99 % 24.72 % 23.36 % 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) ( Real Madrid ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Manuel Neuer ( Bayern Munich ) Percentage 37.66 % 15.76 % 15.72 % 2015 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) ( Barcelona ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Neymar ( Barcelona ) Percentage 41.33 % 27.76 % 7.86 % Laureus world Sports award for sportsman of the year ( edit ) Further information : Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year The Laureus World Sports Awards is an annual award ceremony honouring remarkable individuals from the world of sports along with the greatest sporting achievements throughout the year . With five and four nominations respectively , Messi and Ronaldo are the only footballers to be nominated on multiple occasions . Messi was also part of the Barcelona side which won the Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year in 2012 , and were runners - up in 2006 , 2007 , 2010 and 2016 . When playing for Manchester United , Ronaldo was part of the team which finished runners - up in 2009 , and in 2015 and 2017 was part of the Real Madrid team which also finished as runners - up . Year Winner Runners - up 2009 Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Lewis Hamilton ( Formula One ) Rafael Nadal ( Tennis ) Michael Phelps ( Swimming ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football ) Valentino Rossi ( Motorcycling ) Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Kenenisa Bekele ( Athletics ) Alberto Contador ( Cycling ) Roger Federer ( Tennis ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Valentino Rossi ( Motorcycling ) 2011 Rafael Nadal ( Tennis ) Kobe Bryant ( Basketball ) Andrés Iniesta ( Football ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Manny Pacquiao ( Boxing ) Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One ) 2012 Novak Djokovic ( Tennis ) Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Cadel Evans ( Cycling ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Dirk Nowitzki ( Basketball ) Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One ) 2013 Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Mo Farah ( Athletics ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Michael Phelps ( Swimming ) Bradley Wiggins ( Cycling ) Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One ) 2014 Sebastian Vettel ( Formula One ) Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Mo Farah ( Athletics ) LeBron James ( Basketball ) Rafael Nadal ( Tennis ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football ) 2015 Novak Djokovic ( Tennis ) Lewis Hamilton ( Formula One ) Renaud Lavillenie ( Athletics ) Rory McIlroy ( Golf ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football ) Marc Márquez ( Motorcycling ) 2016 Novak Djokovic ( Tennis ) Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Stephen Curry ( Basketball ) Lewis Hamilton ( Formula One ) Lionel Messi ( Football ) Jordan Spieth ( Golf ) 2017 Usain Bolt ( Athletics ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Football ) Mo Farah ( Athletics ) Andy Murray ( Tennis ) Stephen Curry ( Basketball ) LeBron James ( Basketball ) European Golden Shoe ( edit ) See also : European Golden Shoe The European Golden Shoe is awarded to the top goalscorer in Europe . It is awarded based on a weighted points system that allows players in tougher leagues to win even if they score fewer goals than a player in a weaker league . Goals scored in the top five leagues according to the UEFA coefficients rankings are multiplied by a factor of two , and goals scored in the leagues ranked six to 21 are multiplied by 1.5 . Since the points system was established in 1996 , Ronaldo and Messi are two of only four players , along with Mário Jardel and Luis Suárez , to score 80 or more points , while Messi is the only player to score 100 points . He was also the first player to win the award three times . Messi received his fourth Golden Boot in 2016 -- 17 season . Ronaldo was the first player to win the award four times . By virtue of being the top scorer in Europe , each also received the Premier League Golden Boot and the Pichichi Trophy in the respective seasons . Season Player Club Goals Points 2007 -- 08 Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 2008 -- 09 Diego Forlán Atlético Madrid 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 2009 -- 10 Lionel Messi Barcelona 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 2010 -- 11 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 2011 -- 12 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) Barcelona 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 2012 -- 13 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) Barcelona 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 2013 -- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) Real Madrid 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Luis Suárez Liverpool 2014 -- 15 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) Real Madrid 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 7001960000000000000 ♠ 96 2015 -- 16 Luis Suárez Barcelona 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 2016 -- 17 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) Barcelona 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 FIFA club world Cup best player ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA Club World Cup awards In every edition of the FIFA Club World Cup , three players are awarded as Golden , Silver and Bronze ball winners . Messi is the only player to have won two Golden Balls , receiving them in the successful campaigns of 2009 and 2011 , and got the Silver Ball in 2015 . Ronaldo received the Silver Ball in his championships in 2008 , 2014 and 2017 , and got his first Golden Ball in 2016 . Edition Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball 2008 Wayne Rooney ( Manchester United ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) Damián Manso ( LDU Quito ) 2009 Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Juan Sebastián Verón ( Estudiantes de La Plata ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) 2011 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) ( Barcelona ) Xavi ( Barcelona ) Neymar ( Santos ) 2014 Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Ivan Vicelich ( Auckland City ) 2015 Luis Suárez ( Barcelona ) Lionel Messi ( Barcelona ) Andrés Iniesta ( Barcelona ) 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Gaku Shibasaki ( Kashima Antlers ) 2017 Luka Modrić ( Real Madrid ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jonathan Urretaviscaya ( Pachuca ) UEFA Champions League top scorers ( edit ) See also : List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers Cristiano Ronaldo is the UEFA Champions league all - time top goalscorer with 113 goals while Messi is second with 97 to his name . The two had broken each other 's record over the course of 2015 , after Messi surpassed the previous record holder , Raúl , in November 2014 . Ronaldo opened a gap in the 2015 -- 16 season when he became the first player to score double figures in the group stage of the Champions League , setting the record at 11 goals . All - time ( edit ) As of 22 November 2017 Player Club Goals Years Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United Real Madrid 114 2003 -- present Lionel Messi Barcelona 97 2005 -- present Raúl Real Madrid Schalke 04 71 1995 -- 2011 Ruud van Nistelrooy PSV Eindhoven Manchester United Real Madrid 56 1998 -- 2009 5 Karim Benzema Lyon Real Madrid 53 2006 -- present Top scorer by season ( edit ) Season Player Club Goals 2007 -- 08 Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 8 2008 -- 09 Lionel Messi Barcelona 9 2009 -- 10 Lionel Messi ( 2 ) Barcelona 8 2010 -- 11 Lionel Messi ( 3 ) Barcelona 12 2011 -- 12 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) Barcelona 14 2012 -- 13 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 12 2013 -- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) Real Madrid 17 2014 -- 15 Neymar Barcelona 10 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 4 ) Real Madrid Lionel Messi ( 5 ) Barcelona 2015 -- 16 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 5 ) Real Madrid 16 2016 -- 17 Cristiano Ronaldo ( 6 ) Real Madrid 12 Records in La Liga ( edit ) All - time ( edit ) As of 10 September 2017 Player Club Goals Years Lionel Messi Barcelona 362 2004 -- present Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 289 2009 -- present Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 251 1940 -- 1955 Hugo Sánchez Atlético Madrid , Real Madrid , Rayo Vallecano 234 1981 -- 1994 5 Raúl Real Madrid 228 1994 -- 2010 Hat - tricks ( edit ) Player Club Hat - tricks Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 32 Lionel Messi Barcelona 28 Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 22 Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 22 5 Edmundo Suárez Valencia , Alcoyano 19 Top scorer by season ( edit ) Key Player won the European Golden Shoe Season Player Club Goals Games Ratio 2009 -- 10 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Barcelona 34 35 0.97 2010 -- 11 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 40 34 1.18 2011 -- 12 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 2 ) Barcelona 50 37 1.35 2012 -- 13 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 3 ) Barcelona 46 32 1.44 2013 -- 14 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Real Madrid 31 30 1.03 2014 -- 15 Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 3 ) Real Madrid 48 35 1.37 2015 -- 16 Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez Barcelona 40 35 1.11 2016 -- 17 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi ( 4 ) Barcelona 37 34 1.09 El Clásico ( edit ) Messi overtook Alfredo Di Stéfano 's record of 18 El Clásico goals when he scored a hat - trick on 23 March 2014 . In the history of the fixture , Ronaldo is the only player to score in six consecutive games . Player Club Goals Years Lionel Messi Barcelona 25 2005 -- Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 18 1953 -- 1963 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 17 2009 -- Raúl Real Madrid 15 1995 -- 2008 5 César Barcelona 14 1945 -- 1954 Francisco Gento Real Madrid 14 1955 -- 1969 Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 14 1959 -- 1964 Player statistics ( edit ) Club statistics As of 26 September 2017 Lionel Messi Season League Cup Europe Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2003 -- 04 15 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 5 2004 -- 05 24 7 0 0 0 0 26 7 2005 -- 06 17 6 6 0 0 25 8 2006 -- 07 26 14 6 0 36 17 2007 -- 08 28 10 0 9 6 0 0 40 16 2008 -- 09 31 23 8 6 12 9 0 0 51 38 2009 -- 10 35 34 11 8 5 53 47 2010 -- 11 33 31 7 7 13 12 55 53 2011 -- 12 37 50 7 11 14 5 6 60 73 2012 -- 13 32 46 5 11 8 50 60 2013 -- 14 31 28 6 5 7 8 0 46 41 2014 -- 15 38 43 6 5 13 10 0 0 57 58 2015 -- 16 33 26 5 5 7 6 49 41 2016 -- 17 34 37 7 5 9 11 52 54 2017 -- 18 15 14 0 0 6 23 18 Total 429 374 62 44 121 97 26 21 638 536 Cristiano Ronaldo Season League Cup Europe Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2002 -- 03 27 0 0 0 33 5 2003 -- 04 29 6 5 0 0 0 40 6 2004 -- 05 33 5 9 8 0 0 0 50 9 2005 -- 06 33 9 6 8 0 0 47 12 2006 -- 07 34 17 8 11 0 0 53 23 2007 -- 08 34 31 11 8 0 49 42 2008 -- 09 33 18 6 12 53 26 2009 -- 10 29 26 0 0 6 7 0 0 35 33 2010 -- 11 34 41 8 7 12 6 0 0 54 53 2011 -- 12 38 46 5 10 10 55 60 2012 -- 13 34 34 7 7 12 12 55 55 2013 -- 14 30 31 6 11 17 0 0 47 51 2014 -- 15 35 48 12 10 5 54 61 2015 -- 16 36 35 0 0 12 16 0 0 48 51 2016 -- 17 29 25 13 12 46 42 2017 -- 18 11 0 0 6 9 20 16 Total 499 376 71 41 152 115 17 12 739 545 International statistics As of 10 September 2017 Lionel Messi Season Tournament Qualifiers Friendlies Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2005 -- 06 0 10 2006 -- 07 6 0 0 10 2007 -- 08 0 0 6 10 2008 -- 09 0 0 8 9 2009 -- 10 5 0 0 11 2010 -- 11 0 0 0 7 11 2011 -- 12 0 0 5 7 9 9 2012 -- 13 0 0 8 5 12 9 2013 -- 14 7 11 7 2014 -- 15 6 0 0 10 2015 -- 16 5 5 10 9 2016 -- 17 0 0 0 5 2017 -- 18 0 0 0 0 Total 36 13 44 21 42 27 122 61 Cristiano Ronaldo Season Tournament Qualifiers Friendlies Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals 2003 -- 04 6 0 0 7 0 13 2004 -- 05 0 0 8 7 0 10 7 2005 -- 06 6 0 5 15 2006 -- 07 0 0 6 5 0 8 5 2007 -- 08 7 0 12 2008 -- 09 0 0 0 7 2009 -- 10 0 0 11 2010 -- 11 0 0 5 2011 -- 12 5 5 5 14 9 2012 -- 13 0 0 6 9 2013 -- 14 7 10 11 2014 -- 15 0 0 5 0 6 5 2015 -- 16 7 0 13 6 2016 -- 17 5 11 10 14 2017 -- 18 0 0 0 0 Total 38 14 65 50 44 15 147 79 Player honours ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Note * : The selection includes results from lower categories . Lionel Messi ( edit ) Team ( s ) Nationals Subtotal Continental World Subtotal Total League Cup Supercup League cup C1 C2 C3 C4 M1 M2 ESP Barcelona -- 20 -- -- -- 10 30 ARG Argentina * -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Total 8 5 7 -- 20 0 0 12 32 Cristiano Ronaldo ( edit ) Team ( s ) Nationals Subtotal Continental World Subtotal Total League Cup Supercup League cup C1 C2 C3 C4 M1 M2 POR Sporting -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 ENG Manchester United 8 -- -- -- -- 10 ESP Real Madrid -- 6 -- -- -- 9 15 POR Portugal * -- -- -- -- 0 -- -- -- -- -- Total 5 5 15 5 0 0 0 12 27 Individual ( edit ) Award Lionel Messi Cristiano Ronaldo Subtotal Best player of the world FIFA World Player of the Year 2009 2008 27 Ballon d'Or 2009 2008 , 2016 , 2017 FIFA Ballon d'Or 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 2013 , 2014 The Best FIFA Men 's Player 2016 , 2017 World Soccer Award for the best player in the world 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 Globe Soccer Awards 2015 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 Best player in Europe of the year Forward of the Year of UEFA 2008 -- 09 2007 -- 08 , 2016 -- 17 10 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year / UEFA Best Player in Europe Award / UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award 2008 - 09 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 2007 - 08 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Best player in the World Cup Golden Ball Brazil 2014 Best Player of the Club World Cup Golden Ball of the Club World Cup 2009 , 2011 2016 14 Silver Ball of the Club World Cup 2015 2008 , 2014 , 2017 Golden Boot of the Club World Cup 2011 2016 , 2017 Most Valuable Player of the Final Match Trophy 2009 , 2011 2016 , 2017 Best player in the league Best game builder in the world according to the IFFHS 2015 , 2016 , 2017 20 Best Player of the Spanish League 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 2013 -- 14 Best Forward of the Spanish League 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 2013 -- 14 Premier League Player of the Season 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Top scorer Golden Shoe 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 29 Top scorer in the world according to the IFFHS 2011 , 2012 2013 , 2014 , 2016 World 's best First Division scorer according to the IFFHS 2012 , 2013 , 2017 2014 , 2015 Champions League scorer 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 League scorer Pichichi Trophy 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 8 Premier League Golden Boot 2007 -- 08 Continental Cup scorer UEFA European Championship 2012 Best goal of the season FIFA Puskás Award 2009 -- 10 Team of the Year FIFPro World XI 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 41 UEFA Team of the Year 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Total 75 77 152 Head - to - head ( edit ) In recent years , it has been said that the rivalry between Real Madrid and Barcelona has been `` encapsulated '' by the individual rivalry between Ronaldo and Messi , with neither player ever participating in a goalless El Clásico . See also : List of El Clásico matches Legend Final Semi-finals No . Date Competition Home team Away team Score Goals scored by the duo 000000002008 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2008 Champions League Barcelona Manchester United 0 -- 0 000000002008 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2008 Champions League Manchester United Barcelona 1 -- 0 000000002009 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2009 Champions League Manchester United Barcelona 0 -- 2 Messi ( 70 ' ) 000000002009 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2009 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 0 5 000000002010 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 2010 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 2 Messi ( 33 ' ) 6 000000002010 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2010 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 5 -- 0 7 000000002011 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2011 Friendly Argentina Portugal 2 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 53 ' ) , Messi ( 83 ' ( pen . ) ) 8 000000002011 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 2011 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 Messi ( 51 ' ( pen . ) ) , Ronaldo ( 81 ' ( pen . ) ) 9 000000002011 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2011 Copa del Rey Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Ronaldo ( 103 ' ) 10 000000002011 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 April 2011 Champions League Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 2 Messi ( 76 ' , 87 ' ) 11 000000002011 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 2011 Champions League Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 12 000000002011 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 2011 Supercopa de España Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 2 Messi ( 45 ' ) 13 000000002011 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 2011 Supercopa de España Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 20 ' ) , Messi ( 53 ' , 88 ' ) 14 000000002011 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 2011 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 3 15 000000002012 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2012 Copa del Rey Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 11 ' ) 16 000000002012 - 01 - 25 - 0000 25 January 2012 Copa del Rey Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 68 ' ) 17 000000002012 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2012 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 73 ' ) 18 000000002012 - 08 - 23 - 0000 23 August 2012 Supercopa de España Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 55 ' ) , Messi ( 70 ' ) 19 000000002012 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 August 2012 Supercopa de España Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 19 ' ) , Messi ( 45 ' ) 20 000000002012 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2012 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 23 ' , 66 ' ) , Messi ( 31 ' , 61 ' ) 21 000000002013 - 01 - 30 - 0000 30 January 2013 Copa del Rey Real Madrid Barcelona 1 -- 1 22 000000002013 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 2013 Copa del Rey Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 3 Ronaldo ( 12 ' , 57 ' ) 23 000000002013 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 2013 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 1 Messi ( 18 ' ) 24 000000002013 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2013 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 25 000000002014 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 2014 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 4 Messi ( 42 ' , 65 ' ( pen . ) , 84 ' ( pen . ) ) , Ronaldo ( 55 ' ( pen . ) ) 26 000000002014 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2014 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 3 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 35 ' ( pen . ) ) 27 000000002014 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 2014 Friendly Argentina Portugal 0 -- 1 28 000000002015 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 March 2015 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Ronaldo ( 31 ' ) 29 000000002015 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 2015 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 0 -- 4 30 000000002016 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 2016 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 2 Ronaldo ( 85 ' ) 31 3 December 2016 La Liga Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 1 32 23 April 2017 La Liga Real Madrid Barcelona 2 -- 3 Messi ( 33 ' , 90 + 2 ' ) 33 13 August 2017 Supercopa de España Barcelona Real Madrid 1 -- 3 Messi ( 77 ' ( pen . ) ) , Ronaldo ( 80 ' ) Results ( edit ) Competition Games played Messi wins Draws Ronaldo wins Messi goals Ronaldo goals La Liga 16 9 10 8 Champions League 5 0 Copa del Rey 5 0 5 Supercopa de España 5 6 Friendly 0 Total official matches 33 15 8 10 20 18 Last updated 13 August 2017 Hat - tricks and more ( edit ) A hat - trick occurs in association football when a player scores three goals in a single game . Ronaldo holds the record of most La Liga hat - tricks with 32 . Messi & Ronaldo both share the record for most UEFA Champions League hat - tricks with seven . Legend Five goals in a match Four goals in a match Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002007 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 2007 La Liga Real Madrid 3 -- 3 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 000000002009 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 2009 Copa del Rey Atlético Madrid 1 -- 3 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain 000000002010 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 2010 La Liga Tenerife 0 -- 5 Estadio Heliodoro Rodríguez López Tenerife , Spain 000000002010 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2010 La Liga Valencia 3 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 5 000000002010 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2010 La Liga Real Zaragoza 2 -- 4 La Romareda Zaragoza , Spain 6 000000002010 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2010 UEFA Champions League Arsenal 4 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 7 000000002010 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 2010 2010 Supercopa de España Sevilla 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 8 000000002010 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2010 La Liga Almería 0 -- 8 Estadio de los Juegos Mediterráneos Almería , Spain 9 000000002011 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2011 Copa del Rey Real Betis 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 10 000000002011 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2011 La Liga Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 11 000000002011 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2011 La Liga Osasuna 8 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 12 000000002011 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 2011 La Liga Atlético Madrid 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 13 000000002011 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2011 La Liga Real Mallorca 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 14 000000002011 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2011 UEFA Champions League Viktoria Plzeň 0 -- 4 Doosan Arena Plzeň , Czech Republic 15 000000002012 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 2012 La Liga Málaga 1 -- 4 La Rosaleda Stadium Málaga , Spain 16 000000002012 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 February 2012 La Liga Valencia 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 17 000000002012 - 02 - 29 - 0000 29 February 2012 International friendly Switzerland 1 -- 3 Stade de Suisse Bern , Switzerland 18 000000002012 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 March 2012 UEFA Champions League Bayer Leverkusen 7 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 19 000000002012 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 March 2012 La Liga Granada 5 -- 3 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 20 000000002012 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2012 La Liga Málaga 4 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 21 000000002012 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2012 La Liga Espanyol 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 22 000000002012 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 2012 International friendly Brazil 4 -- 3 MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , United States 23 000000002012 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2012 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 4 -- 5 Riazor A Coruña , Spain 24 000000002013 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2013 La Liga Osasuna 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 25 000000002013 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2013 International friendly Guatemala 0 -- 4 Estadio Mateo Flores Guatemala City , Guatemala 26 000000002013 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2013 La Liga Valencia 2 -- 3 Mestalla Valencia , Spain 27 000000002013 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2013 UEFA Champions League Ajax 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 28 000000002014 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2014 La Liga Osasuna 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 29 000000002014 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 2014 La Liga Real Madrid 3 -- 4 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 30 000000002014 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 2014 La Liga Sevilla 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 31 000000002014 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 2014 UEFA Champions League APOEL 0 -- 4 GSP Stadium Nicosia , Cyprus 32 000000002014 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 2014 La Liga Espanyol 5 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 33 000000002015 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2015 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 0 -- 4 Riazor A Coruña , Spain 34 000000002015 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2015 La Liga Levante 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 35 000000002015 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 2015 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 36 000000002016 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2016 La Liga Granada 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 37 000000002016 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 2016 Copa del Rey Valencia 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 38 000000002016 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2016 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 1 -- 5 Campo de Fútbol de Vallecas Madrid , Spain 39 000000002016 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 2016 Copa América Centenario Panama 5 -- 0 Soldier Field Chicago , United States 40 000000002016 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2016 UEFA Champions League Celtic 7 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 41 000000002016 - 10 - 19 - 0000 19 October 2016 UEFA Champions League Manchester City 4 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 42 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 2017 La Liga Espanyol 5 -- 0 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 43 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 2017 La Liga Eibar 6 -- 1 Camp Nou Barcelona , Spain 44 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 2017 FIFA World Cup qualification Ecuador 1 -- 3 Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa Quito , Ecuador Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002008 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 2008 Premier League Newcastle United 6 -- 0 Old Trafford Manchester , England 000000002010 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2010 La Liga Mallorca 1 -- 4 Iberostar Stadium Palma , Spain 000000002010 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2010 La Liga Racing Santander 6 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 000000002010 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2010 La Liga Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 5 000000002010 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 2010 Copa del Rey Levante 8 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 6 000000002011 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2011 La Liga Villarreal 4 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 7 000000002011 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2011 La Liga Málaga 7 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 8 000000002011 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2011 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 6 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain 9 000000002011 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2011 La Liga Getafe 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 10 000000002011 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 2011 La Liga Real Zaragoza 0 -- 6 La Romareda Zaragoza , Spain 11 000000002011 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 2011 La Liga Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 12 000000002011 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 2011 La Liga Málaga 0 -- 4 La Rosaleda Stadium Málaga , Spain 13 000000002011 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 2011 La Liga Osasuna 7 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 14 000000002011 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2011 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 6 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain 15 000000002012 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2012 La Liga Levante 4 -- 2 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 16 000000002012 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2012 La Liga Atlético Madrid 1 -- 4 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain 17 000000002012 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 2012 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 18 000000002012 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2012 UEFA Champions League Ajax 1 -- 4 Amsterdam Arena Amsterdam , Netherlands 19 000000002013 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2013 Copa del Rey Celta Vigo 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 20 000000002013 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2013 La Liga Getafe 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 21 000000002013 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2013 La Liga Sevilla 4 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 22 000000002013 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 September 2013 FIFA World Cup qualification Northern Ireland 2 -- 4 Windsor Park Belfast , Northern Ireland 23 000000002013 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2013 UEFA Champions League Galatasaray 1 -- 6 Türk Telekom Arena Istanbul , Turkey 24 000000002013 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2013 La Liga Sevilla 7 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 25 000000002013 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 2013 La Liga Real Sociedad 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 26 000000002013 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2013 FIFA World Cup qualification Sweden 2 -- 3 Friends Arena Stockholm , Sweden 27 000000002014 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 2014 La Liga Deportivo La Coruña 2 -- 8 Riazor A Coruña , Spain 28 000000002014 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 2014 La Liga Elche 5 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 29 000000002014 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 2014 La Liga Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 30 000000002014 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2014 La Liga Celta Vigo 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 31 000000002015 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2015 La Liga Granada 9 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 32 000000002015 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2015 La Liga Sevilla 2 -- 3 Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium Seville , Spain 33 000000002015 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2015 La Liga Espanyol 1 -- 4 Estadi Cornellà - El Prat Barcelona , Spain 34 000000002015 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2015 La Liga Getafe 7 -- 3 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 35 000000002015 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 2015 UEFA European Championship qualification Armenia 2 -- 3 Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium Yerevan , Armenia 36 000000002015 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2015 La Liga Espanyol 0 -- 6 Estadi Cornellà - El Prat Barcelona , Spain 37 000000002015 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 2015 UEFA Champions League Shakhtar Donetsk 4 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 38 000000002015 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 December 2015 UEFA Champions League Malmö 8 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 39 000000002016 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 2016 La Liga Espanyol 6 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 40 000000002016 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2016 La Liga Celta Vigo 7 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 41 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2016 UEFA Champions League Wolfsburg 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 42 000000002016 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 2016 FIFA World Cup qualification Andorra 6 -- 0 Estádio Municipal de Aveiro Aveiro , Portugal 43 000000002016 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2016 La Liga Alavés 1 -- 4 Mendizorrotza Stadium Vitoria - Gasteiz , Spain 44 000000002016 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2016 La Liga Atlético Madrid 0 -- 3 Vicente Calderón Stadium Madrid , Spain 45 000000002016 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Kashima Antlers 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 46 000000002017 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2017 UEFA Champions League Bayern Munich 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 47 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2017 UEFA Champions League Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Madrid , Spain 48 000000002017 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 August 2017 FIFA World Cup qualification Faroe Islands 5 -- 1 Estádio do Bessa Porto , Portugal FIFA World Cup goals ( edit ) Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002006 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2006 2006 FIFA World Cup Serbia and Montenegro 6 -- 0 Veltins - Arena Gelsenkirchen , Germany 000000002014 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 -- 1 Maracanã Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 000000002014 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Iran 1 -- 0 Mineirão Belo Horizonte , Brazil 000000002014 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Nigeria 3 -- 2 Estádio Beira - Rio Porto Alegre , Brazil 5 Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002006 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 2006 2006 FIFA World Cup Iran 2 -- 0 Waldstadion Frankfurt , Germany 000000002010 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2010 2010 FIFA World Cup North Korea 7 -- 0 Cape Town Stadium Cape Town , South Africa 000000002014 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 June 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Ghana 2 -- 1 Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha Brasília , Brazil UEFA Champions League Final goals ( edit ) Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002009 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2009 2009 UEFA Champions League Final Manchester United 2 -- 0 Stadio Olimpico Rome , Italy 000000002011 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 2011 2011 UEFA Champions League Final Manchester United 3 -- 1 Wembley Stadium London , England Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002008 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2008 2008 UEFA Champions League Final Chelsea 1 -- 1 ( 6 -- 5 pen . ) Luzhniki Stadium Moscow , Russia 000000002014 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2014 2014 UEFA Champions League Final Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Estádio da Luz Lisbon , Portugal 000000002017 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 2017 2017 UEFA Champions League Final Juventus 4 -- 1 Millennium Stadium Cardiff , Wales FIFA Club World Cup goals ( edit ) Lionel Messi No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002009 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2009 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Atlante 3 -- 1 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 000000002009 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 2009 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Estudiantes 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 000000002011 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 2011 2011 FIFA Club World Cup Santos 4 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 5 000000002015 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 2015 2015 FIFA Club World Cup River Plate 3 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan Cristiano Ronaldo No . Date Opponent Score Venue 000000002008 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2008 2008 FIFA Club World Cup Gamba Osaka 5 -- 3 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 2016 2016 FIFA Club World Cup América 2 -- 0 International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 000000002016 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2016 2016 FIFA Club World Cup Kashima Antlers 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) International Stadium Yokohama Yokohama , Japan 5 6 000000002017 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 2017 2017 FIFA Club World Cup Al - Jazira 2 -- 1 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 7 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2017 2017 FIFA Club World Cup Grêmio 1 -- 0 Zayed Sports City Stadium Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Personal quotes ( edit ) In 2017 , Messi said : `` No , I have always said it -- and ( Ronaldo ) from his part -- that he is armed with the presence of us both . We try to achieve the best every year for our team , and what is said outside of that , I do n't think is very important . He is a phenomenal player with a lot of quality . All the world knows , and that is why he is one of the best of the world . '' See also ( edit ) Messi ( 2014 film ) Ronaldo ( film ) References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Record for most goals in a UEFA Champions League season . Jump up ^ Record for most goals in a La Liga season . Jump up ^ Includes one goal scored in the 2017 International Champions Cup . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Lionel Messi hails 400 goals for Barcelona and Argentina '' . BBC . 28 September 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 400 - goal milestone and dedicates achievement to Eusébio after Real Madrid win '' . The Daily Telegraph . 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Otway , Jack ( 2 May 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid star Cristiano Ronaldo equals Lionel Messi record in Atletico Madrid win '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( 20 April 2012 ) . `` Barcelona 's Messi v Real Madrid 's Ronaldo '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 10 April 2013 ) . `` Lionel Messi v Cristiano Ronaldo -- world 's greatest players locked in new battle '' . The Independent . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendes , Chris ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's personal duel with Lionel Messi is affecting his performances for Portugal '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` Messi and Ronaldo : 2 Stars in Their Own Universe '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Marcotti , Gabriele ( 18 March 2012 ) . `` The Phenomenon of Messi and Ronaldo '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 28 November 2010 ) . `` The game 's best rivalry '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi v Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Special Two '' . The Times . 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Montague , James ; Pinto , Pedro ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I 'm better than Messi '' . CNN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Kevin ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` Fergie : Ronaldo and Messi are equals '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi blames media for inventing rivalry with Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Telegraph . 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Messi and I are colleagues , work friends `` . Marca . Retrieved 21 November 2014 Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 26 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo versus Lionel Messi pits showman against shy man '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Tim ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : he 's got a god - given talent -- and he knows it '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Michael ( 15 June 2014 ) . `` Crunch time for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Storey , Daniel ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo : The world 's best ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid ask Fifa to retract Sepp Blatter 's ' disrespectful ' comments as Cristiano Ronaldo reacts angrily '' . The Telegraph . 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Sepp Blatter 's apology to Real Madrid '' . BBC . 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo and Madrid hit back at Blatter 's comments '' . ESPN . 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nike vs Adidas Adds Faces to World Cup Sports Marketing Rivalry '' . NBC . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ricadela , Aaron ( 3 June 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo World Cup Ad Goes Global as Web Starts to Trump TV '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben Reynolds ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo first footballer to top Forbes rich list of highest - earning athletes '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Embury - dennis , Tom ( 15 March 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo goes top of the Facebook charts as Real Madrid star overtakes Shakira to become most liked person '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history with 100m followers on Facebook '' . Yahoo . 14 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Facebook fan pages '' . Fan Page List.com . Retrieved 29 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi blames media for inventing rivalry with Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Tim ( 17 January 2005 ) . `` Young guns take centre stage '' . BBC . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Tim ( 3 July 2005 ) . `` Prodigy Messi hailed by Argentina '' . BBC . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Atkin , Ronald ( 16 October 2005 ) . `` The lost boys of Barcelona '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 24 February 2006 ) . `` Messi has all the qualities to take world by storm '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnton , Simon ( 20 April 2010 ) . `` Childhood move to Barcelona was medicine for Lionel Messi '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 6 February 2012 ) . `` Barcelona initially unconvinced that Leo Messi would succeed as a pro '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Tim ( 22 August 2005 ) . `` Messi handles ' new Maradona ' tag '' . BBC . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi -- the new Maradona ? '' . UEFA Official Website. 30 September 2005 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 12 March 2007 ) . `` There 's something about Messi '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Goal hero Messi spares a thought for Maradona '' . ESPN . 19 April 2007 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 20 April 2007 ) . `` The new Diego : Messi scores Maradona 's goal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi emulates Maradona with ' hand of god ' goal '' . ESPN . 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maradona hails Messi as successor '' . BBC . 24 February 2006 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tom ( 24 February 2006 ) . `` Maradona : Messi is my successor '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi smashes scoring record with hat - trick '' . BBC . 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Gangoso , Eduard ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` Seventh Champions League hat - trick for Leo Messi '' . FC Barcelona Official Website . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores 5 goals in CL '' . ESPN . 8 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi nets 500th career goal vs. Valencia '' . ESPN FC. 17 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Messi Sparks High Drama in the Lowlands '' . FIFA . July 2005 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Messi 's debut dream turns sour '' . ESPN . 18 August 2005 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi , Neuer Heralded as Brazil 2014 's Best '' . FIFA. 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BeIN Sports : Messi habría rechazado el MVP del torneo '' ( BeIN Sports : Messi reportedly rejects MVP award for tournament ) ( in Spanish ) . AS.com. 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi allegedly refuses best player award at Copa America as trophy removed from ceremony '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Sets Copa América Assists Record , Thrills Gillette Stadium '' . NESN. 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I enjoy watching Messi '' . 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Justin ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` George Best On Ronaldo 's Debut For Man Utd '' . Sabotage Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United tie up title treble '' . Sky Sports . 17 May 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 12 May 2008 ) . `` Why Ronaldo made the difference '' . BBC . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 13 January 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo piles on the pain for limp Newcastle '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 6 -- 0 Newcastle '' . BBC . 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mourinho : `` Cristiano is like Zidane , a one - off '' `` . Marca. 12 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours '' . UEFA Official Website. 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 25 May 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners '' . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League final facts and figures '' . UEFA Official Website. 25 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` Four - goal Lionel Messi gives Pep Guardiola perfect Barcelona send - off '' . The Guardian . 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores hat - trick for Argentina against Brazil '' . BBC . 9 June 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores his 21st hat - trick for Barcelona in thrilling 5 -- 4 win over Deportivo La Coruna '' . The Telegraph . 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 15 June 2013 ) . `` Lionel Messi overtakes Diego Maradona with hat - trick to become third - highest goal scorer for Argentina '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores hat - trick as Barcelona beat Valencia in thriller '' . BBC . 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores hat - trick as Barcelona beat Ajax 4 -- 0 '' . Sky Sports . 18 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hanlon , Tim ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi scores hat - trick in 7 -- 0 Barcelona win '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi hat - trick settles Clasico on record - breaking night '' . ESPN . 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi breaks La Liga goalscoring record vs. Sevilla '' . ESPN . 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores hat - trick in Barcelona 's victory over Apoel Nicosia '' . The Guardian . 25 November 2014 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magical Messi nets Barcelona derby hat - trick '' . RTÉ Sport. 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi nets stunning hat - trick in rout of Deportivo '' . The Guardian . 18 January 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi hat - trick helps Barcelona thrash Levante 5 -- 0 '' . Sky Sports . 15 February 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi hat trick sees Barcelona top of La Liga '' . ESPN . 8 March 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi 's hat trick guides Barcelona 's win over local rivals Espanyol '' . ESPN FC. 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 13 January 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo piles on the pain for limp Newcastle '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo treble keeps Real in title hunt '' . CNN . 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores four in Real Madrid victory '' . BBC . 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rampant Madrid hit eight past Levante '' . CNN . 23 December 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo and Kaka keep Real Madrid 's title hopes alive '' . CNN . 9 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 's hat trick revs Real Madrid 's 7 -- 0 rout of Malaga '' . USA Today . 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 4 as Madrid thrash Sevilla '' . CNN . 8 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo blasts hat - trick to put Barcelona 's La Liga title party on ice '' . The Telegraph . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Orr , James ( 29 August 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo 's hat - trick helps Real hit six '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real go top in Spain '' . CNN . 22 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo treble as Madrid thrash Osasuna '' . CNN . 6 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo treble as Real Madrid move clear '' . CNN . 17 December 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's sixth hat - trick of the season sees Real Madrid open 10 - point lead over Barcelona in La Liga '' . The Telegrapg. 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 12 April 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo crushes Atlético dreams to keep Real Madrid rolling '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits hat - trick as Real Madrid sink Deportivo La Coruña '' . The Guardian . 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Tynan , Gordon ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs another Real Madrid hat - trick '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid thrash Celta Vigo '' . The Guardian . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo fires warning to former club Manchester United '' . CNN . 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick sees Portugal beat Northern Ireland 4 -- 2 '' . Sky Sports . 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hat - trick as Real Madrid hit six '' . BBC . 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 31 October 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo forced to go it alone in pursuit of greatness at Real Madrid '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo nets hat - trick in Real Madrid rout of Real Sociedad '' . The Independent . 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unstoppable Ronaldo fires Portugal to Brazil '' . ESPN . 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid Rolls to Win as Ronaldo Scores Three '' . The New York Times . 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores four and Gareth Bale hits one in rout '' . The Telegraph . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo claims hat - trick in rout of Athletic Bilbao '' . The Guardian . 5 October 2014 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores record 23rd hat - trick as Real Madrid register their 18th consecutive win '' . The Telegraph . 6 December 2014 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores five including eight - minute hat trick in Real Madrid blitz '' . The Guardian . 5 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo nets hat trick as Real Madrid hold on to beat Sevilla '' . ESPN . 2 May 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores hat trick but Real Madrid come up short for title '' . ESPN . 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores a hat - trick as Real beat city rivals '' . Sky Sports . 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's hat trick just enough for Portugal to defeat Armenia '' . ESPN . 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo fires five to become Real Madrid 's record La Liga scorer '' . ESPN . 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo treble sees injury - hit hosts through '' . beIN Sports . 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 6 -- 0 Espanyol : Cristiano Ronaldo scores a perfect hat - trick -- 5 things we learned '' . Mirror Online . 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits four in Portugal 's 6 -- 0 rout of nine - man Andorra '' . The Guardian . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` European Qualifiers -- Portugal - Faroe Islands '' . The Guardian . 31 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi . Messi vs. Ronaldo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Messi -- Ronaldo_rivalry&oldid = 815851971 '' Categories : International association football rivalries Association football records and statistics Football rivalries in Spain Cristiano Ronaldo Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Қазақша नेपाली Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 16 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who scored the most goals ronaldo or messi | [] | [] |
4632652702425983833 | X-ray | X-ray - wikipedia X-ray Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the nature , production , and uses of the radiation . For the method of imaging , see Radiography . For imaging in a medical context , see Radiology . For other meanings , see X-ray ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with X-wave or X-band . X-rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum , with wavelengths shorter than visible light . Different applications use different parts of the X-ray spectrum . X-rays make up X-radiation , a form of electromagnetic radiation . Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers , corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz ( 3 × 10 Hz to 3 × 10 Hz ) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV . X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays . In many languages , X-radiation is referred to with terms meaning Röntgen radiation , after the German scientist Wilhelm Röntgen , who usually is credited as its discoverer , and who had named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation . Spelling of X-ray ( s ) in the English language includes the variants x-ray ( s ) , xray ( s ) , and X ray ( s ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Discovery 1.2 Early research 1.3 Wilhelm Röntgen 1.4 Advances in radiology 1.5 Hazards discovered 1.6 20th century and beyond 2 Energy ranges 2.1 Soft and hard X-rays 2.2 Gamma rays 3 Properties 4 Interaction with matter 4.1 Photoelectric absorption 4.2 Compton scattering 4.3 Rayleigh scattering 5 Production 5.1 Production by electrons 5.2 Production by fast positive ions 6 Detectors 7 Medical uses 7.1 Projectional radiographs 7.2 Computed tomography 7.3 Fluoroscopy 7.4 Radiotherapy 8 Adverse effects 9 Other uses 10 Visibility 11 Units of measure and exposure 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Discovery ( edit ) Wilhelm Röntgen German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen is usually credited as the discoverer of X-rays in 1895 , because he was the first to systematically study them , though he is not the first to have observed their effects . He is also the one who gave them the name `` X-rays '' ( signifying an unknown quantity ) though many others referred to these as `` Röntgen rays '' ( and the associated X-ray radiograms as , `` Röntgenograms '' ) for several decades after their discovery and even to this day in some languages , including Röntgen 's native German . Hand mit Ringen ( Hand with Rings ) : print of Wilhelm Röntgen 's first `` medical '' X-ray , of his wife 's hand , taken on 22 December 1895 and presented to Ludwig Zehnder of the Physik Institut , University of Freiburg , on 1 January 1896 X-rays were found emanating from Crookes tubes , experimental discharge tubes invented around 1875 , by scientists investigating the cathode rays , that is energetic electron beams , that were first created in the tubes . Crookes tubes created free electrons by ionization of the residual air in the tube by a high DC voltage of anywhere between a few kilovolts and 100 kV . This voltage accelerated the electrons coming from the cathode to a high enough velocity that they created X-rays when they struck the anode or the glass wall of the tube . Many of the early Crookes tubes undoubtedly radiated X-rays , because early researchers noticed effects that were attributable to them , as detailed below . Wilhelm Röntgen was the first to systematically study them , in 1895 . The discovery of X-rays stimulated a veritable sensation . Röntgen 's biographer Otto Glasser estimated that , in 1896 alone , as many as 49 essays and 1044 articles about the new rays were published . This was probably a conservative estimate , if one considers that nearly every paper around the world extensively reported about the new discovery , with a magazine such as Science dedicating as many as 23 articles to it in that year alone . Sensationalist reactions to the new discovery included publications linking the new kind of rays to occult and paranormal theories , such as telepathy . Early research ( edit ) Pulyui 's X-ray images The earliest known experimenter with X-rays was actuary William Morgan . In 1785 he presented a paper to the Royal Society of London describing the effects of passing electrical currents through a partially evacuated glass tube , the first X-ray tube . This work was further extended by Humphry Davy and his assistant Michael Faraday . In 1876 , Eugen Goldstein proved that they came from the cathode , and named them cathode rays ( Kathodenstrahlen ) . Both William Crookes ( in the 1880s ) and German physicist Johann Hittorf , a co-inventor and early researcher of the Crookes tube , found that paper wrapped photographic plates placed near the tube became unaccountably fogged or flawed by shadows , although they had not been exposed to light . Neither found the cause nor investigated this effect . In 1877 Ukrainian - born Ivan Pulyui , a lecturer in experimental physics at the University of Vienna , constructed various designs of vacuum discharge tube to investigate their properties . He continued his investigations when appointed professor at the Prague Polytechnic and in 1886 he found that sealed photographic plates became dark when exposed to the emanations from the tubes . Early in 1896 , just a few weeks after Röntgen published his first X-ray photograph , Pulyui published high - quality X-ray images in journals in Paris and London . Although Pulyui had studied with Röntgen at the University of Strasbourg in the years 1873 -- 75 , his biographer Gaida ( 1997 ) asserts that his subsequent research was conducted independently . Taking an X-ray image with early Crookes tube apparatus , late 1800s . The Crookes tube is visible in center . The standing man is viewing his hand with a fluoroscope screen . The seated man is taking a radiograph of his hand by placing it on a photographic plate . No precautions against radiation exposure are taken ; its hazards were not known at the time . X-rays were generated and detected by Fernando Sanford ( 1854 -- 1948 ) , the foundation Professor of Physics at Stanford University , in 1891 . From 1886 to 1888 he had studied in the Hermann Helmholtz laboratory in Berlin , where he became familiar with the cathode rays generated in vacuum tubes when a voltage was applied across separate electrodes , as previously studied by Heinrich Hertz and Philipp Lenard . His letter of January 6 , 1893 ( describing his discovery as `` electric photography '' ) to The Physical Review was duly published and an article entitled Without Lens or Light , Photographs Taken With Plate and Object in Darkness appeared in the San Francisco Examiner . Starting in 1888 , Philipp Lenard , a student of Heinrich Hertz , conducted experiments to see whether cathode rays could pass out of the Crookes tube into the air . He built a Crookes tube ( later called a `` Lenard tube '' ) with a `` window '' in the end made of thin aluminum , facing the cathode so the cathode rays would strike it . He found that something came through , that would expose photographic plates and cause fluorescence . He measured the penetrating power of these rays through various materials . It has been suggested that at least some of these `` Lenard rays '' were actually X-rays . Hermann von Helmholtz formulated mathematical equations for X-rays . He postulated a dispersion theory before Röntgen made his discovery and announcement . It was formed on the basis of the electromagnetic theory of light . However , he did not work with actual X-rays . In 1894 Nikola Tesla noticed damaged film in his lab that seemed to be associated with Crookes tube experiments and began investigating this radiant energy of `` invisible '' kinds . After Röntgen identified the X-ray Tesla began making X-ray images of his own using high voltages and tubes of his own design , as well as Crookes tubes . Wilhelm Röntgen ( edit ) 1896 plaque published in `` Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpetrière '' , a medical journal . In the left a hand deformity , in the right same hand seen using radiography . The authors designated the technique as Röntgen photography . On November 8 , 1895 , German physics professor Wilhelm Röntgen stumbled on X-rays while experimenting with Lenard and Crookes tubes and began studying them . He wrote an initial report `` On a new kind of ray : A preliminary communication '' and on December 28 , 1895 submitted it to Würzburg 's Physical - Medical Society journal . This was the first paper written on X-rays . Röntgen referred to the radiation as `` X '' , to indicate that it was an unknown type of radiation . The name stuck , although ( over Röntgen 's great objections ) many of his colleagues suggested calling them Röntgen rays . They are still referred to as such in many languages , including German , Hungarian , Danish , Polish , Swedish , Finnish , Estonian , Russian , Japanese , Dutch , and Norwegian . Röntgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery . There are conflicting accounts of his discovery because Röntgen had his lab notes burned after his death , but this is a likely reconstruction by his biographers : Röntgen was investigating cathode rays from a Crookes tube which he had wrapped in black cardboard so that the visible light from the tube would not interfere , using a fluorescent screen painted with barium platinocyanide . He noticed a faint green glow from the screen , about 1 meter away . Röntgen realized some invisible rays coming from the tube were passing through the cardboard to make the screen glow . He found they could also pass through books and papers on his desk . Röntgen threw himself into investigating these unknown rays systematically . Two months after his initial discovery , he published his paper . Röntgen discovered their medical use when he made a picture of his wife 's hand on a photographic plate formed due to X-rays . The photograph of his wife 's hand was the first photograph of a human body part using X-rays . When she saw the picture , she said `` I have seen my death . '' Advances in Radiology ( edit ) A simplified diagram of a water - cooled X-ray tube In 1895 , Thomas Edison investigated materials ' ability to fluoresce when exposed to X-rays , and found that calcium tungstate was the most effective substance . Around March 1896 , the fluoroscope he developed became the standard for medical X-ray examinations . Nevertheless , Edison dropped X-ray research around 1903 , even before the death of Clarence Madison Dally , one of his glassblowers . Dally had a habit of testing X-ray tubes on his hands , and acquired a cancer in them so tenacious that both arms were amputated in a futile attempt to save his life . The first use of X-rays under clinical conditions was by John Hall - Edwards in Birmingham , England on 11 January 1896 , when he radiographed a needle stuck in the hand of an associate . On 14 February 1896 Hall - Edwards was also the first to use X-rays in a surgical operation . In early 1896 , several weeks after Röntgen 's discovery , Ivan Romanovich Tarkhanov irradiated frogs and insects with X-rays , concluding that the rays `` not only photograph , but also affect the living function '' . The first medical X-ray made in the United States was obtained using a discharge tube of Pulyui 's design . In January 1896 , on reading of Röntgen 's discovery , Frank Austin of Dartmouth College tested all of the discharge tubes in the physics laboratory and found that only the Pulyui tube produced X-rays . This was a result of Pulyui 's inclusion of an oblique `` target '' of mica , used for holding samples of fluorescent material , within the tube . On 3 February 1896 Gilman Frost , professor of medicine at the college , and his brother Edwin Frost , professor of physics , exposed the wrist of Eddie McCarthy , whom Gilman had treated some weeks earlier for a fracture , to the X-rays and collected the resulting image of the broken bone on gelatin photographic plates obtained from Howard Langill , a local photographer also interested in Röntgen 's work . In 1901 , U.S. President William McKinley was shot twice in an assassination attempt . While one bullet only grazed his sternum , another had lodged somewhere deep inside his abdomen and could not be found . A worried McKinley aide sent word to inventor Thomas Edison to rush an X-ray machine to Buffalo to find the stray bullet . It arrived but was n't used . While the shooting itself had not been lethal , gangrene had developed along the path of the bullet , and McKinley died of septic shock due to bacterial infection six days later . Hazards discovered ( edit ) With the widespread experimentation with x ‐ rays after their discovery in 1895 by scientists , physicians , and inventors came many stories of burns , hair loss , and worse in technical journals of the time . In February 1896 , Professor John Daniel and Dr. William Lofland Dudley of Vanderbilt University reported hair loss after Dr. Dudley was X-rayed . A child who had been shot in the head was brought to the Vanderbilt laboratory in 1896 . Before trying to find the bullet an experiment was attempted , for which Dudley `` with his characteristic devotion to science '' volunteered . Daniel reported that 21 days after taking a picture of Dudley 's skull ( with an exposure time of one hour ) , he noticed a bald spot 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) in diameter on the part of his head nearest the X-ray tube : `` A plate holder with the plates towards the side of the skull was fastened and a coin placed between the skull and the head . The tube was fastened at the other side at a distance of one - half inch from the hair . '' In August 1896 Dr. HD . Hawks , a graduate of Columbia College , suffered severe hand and chest burns from an x-ray demonstration . It was reported in Electrical Review and led to many other reports of problems associated with x-rays being sent in to the publication . Many experimenters including Elihu Thomson at Edison 's lab , William J. Morton , and Nikola Tesla also reported burns . Elihu Thomson deliberately exposed a finger to an x-ray tube over a period of time and suffered pain , swelling , and blistering . Other effects were sometimes blamed for the damage including ultraviolet rays and ( according to Tesla ) ozone . Many physicians claimed there were no effects from x-ray exposure at all . On August 3 , 1905 at San Francisco , California , Elizabeth Fleischman , American woman X-ray pioneer , died from complications as a result of her work with X-rays . 20th Century and beyond ( edit ) A patient being examined with a thoracic fluoroscope in 1940 , which displayed continuous moving images . This image was used to argue that radiation exposure during the X-ray procedure would be negligible . The many applications of X-rays immediately generated enormous interest . Workshops began making specialized versions of Crookes tubes for generating X-rays and these first - generation cold cathode or Crookes X-ray tubes were used until about 1920 . Crookes tubes were unreliable . They had to contain a small quantity of gas ( invariably air ) as a current will not flow in such a tube if they are fully evacuated . However , as time passed , the X-rays caused the glass to absorb the gas , causing the tube to generate `` harder '' X-rays until it soon stopped operating . Larger and more frequently used tubes were provided with devices for restoring the air , known as `` softeners '' . These often took the form of a small side tube which contained a small piece of mica , a mineral that traps relatively large quantities of air within its structure . A small electrical heater heated the mica , causing it to release a small amount of air , thus restoring the tube 's efficiency . However , the mica had a limited life , and the restoration process was difficult to control . In 1904 , John Ambrose Fleming invented the thermionic diode , the first kind of vacuum tube . This used a hot cathode that caused an electric current to flow in a vacuum . This idea was quickly applied to X-ray tubes , and hence heated - cathode X-ray tubes , called `` Coolidge tubes '' , completely replaced the troublesome cold cathode tubes by about 1920 . In about 1906 , the physicist Charles Barkla discovered that X-rays could be scattered by gases , and that each element had a characteristic X-ray spectrum . He won the 1917 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery . In 1912 , Max von Laue , Paul Knipping , and Walter Friedrich first observed the diffraction of X-rays by crystals . This discovery , along with the early work of Paul Peter Ewald , William Henry Bragg , and William Lawrence Bragg , gave birth to the field of X-ray crystallography . The Coolidge X-ray tube was invented during the following year by William D. Coolidge . It made possible the continuous emissions of X-rays . X-ray tubes similar to this are still in use in 2012 . Chandra 's image of the galaxy cluster Abell 2125 reveals a complex of several massive multimillion - degree - Celsius gas clouds in the process of merging . The use of X-rays for medical purposes ( which developed into the field of radiation therapy ) was pioneered by Major John Hall - Edwards in Birmingham , England . Then in 1908 , he had to have his left arm amputated because of the spread of X-ray dermatitis on his arm . From the 1920s through to the 1950s , x-ray machines were developed to assist in the fitting of shoes and were sold to commercial shoe stores . Concerns regarding the impact of frequent or poorly controlled use were expressed in the 1950s , leading to the practise 's eventual end that decade . The X-ray microscope was developed during the 1950s . The Chandra X-ray Observatory , launched on July 23 , 1999 , has been allowing the exploration of the very violent processes in the universe which produce X-rays . Unlike visible light , which gives a relatively stable view of the universe , the X-ray universe is unstable . It features stars being torn apart by black holes , galactic collisions , and novae , and neutron stars that build up layers of plasma that then explode into space . An X-ray laser device was proposed as part of the Reagan Administration 's Strategic Defense Initiative in the 1980s , but the only test of the device ( a sort of laser `` blaster '' or death ray , powered by a thermonuclear explosion ) gave inconclusive results . For technical and political reasons , the overall project ( including the X-ray laser ) was de-funded ( though was later revived by the second Bush Administration as National Missile Defense using different technologies ) . Dog hip xray posterior view Phase - contrast x-ray image of spider Phase - contrast X-ray imaging refers to a variety of techniques that use phase information of a coherent x-ray beam to image soft tissues . It has become an important method for visualizing cellular and histological structures in a wide range of biological and medical studies . There are several technologies being used for x-ray phase - contrast imaging , all utilizing different principles to convert phase variations in the x-rays emerging from an object into intensity variations . These include propagation - based phase contrast , talbot interferometry , refraction - enhanced imaging , and x-ray interferometry . These methods provide higher contrast compared to normal absorption - contrast x-ray imaging , making it possible to see smaller details . A disadvantage is that these methods require more sophisticated equipment , such as synchrotron or microfocus x-ray sources , X-ray optics , and high resolution x-ray detectors . Energy ranges ( edit ) Soft and hard X-rays ( edit ) X-rays with high photon energies ( above 5 -- 10 keV , below 0.2 -- 0.1 nm wavelength ) are called hard X-rays , while those with lower energy are called soft X-rays . Due to their penetrating ability , hard X-rays are widely used to image the inside of objects , e.g. , in medical radiography and airport security . The term X-ray is metonymically used to refer to a radiographic image produced using this method , in addition to the method itself . Since the wavelengths of hard X-rays are similar to the size of atoms they are also useful for determining crystal structures by X-ray crystallography . By contrast , soft X-rays are easily absorbed in air ; the attenuation length of 600 eV ( ~ 2 nm ) X-rays in water is less than 1 micrometer . Gamma rays ( edit ) There is no consensus for a definition distinguishing between X-rays and gamma rays . One common practice is to distinguish between the two types of radiation based on their source : X-rays are emitted by electrons , while gamma rays are emitted by the atomic nucleus . This definition has several problems : other processes also can generate these high - energy photons , or sometimes the method of generation is not known . One common alternative is to distinguish X - and gamma radiation on the basis of wavelength ( or , equivalently , frequency or photon energy ) , with radiation shorter than some arbitrary wavelength , such as 10 m ( 0.1 Å ) , defined as gamma radiation . This criterion assigns a photon to an unambiguous category , but is only possible if wavelength is known . ( Some measurement techniques do not distinguish between detected wavelengths . ) However , these two definitions often coincide since the electromagnetic radiation emitted by X-ray tubes generally has a longer wavelength and lower photon energy than the radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei . Occasionally , one term or the other is used in specific contexts due to historical precedent , based on measurement ( detection ) technique , or based on their intended use rather than their wavelength or source . Thus , gamma - rays generated for medical and industrial uses , for example radiotherapy , in the ranges of 6 -- 20 MeV , can in this context also be referred to as X-rays . Properties ( edit ) Ionizing radiation hazard symbol X-ray photons carry enough energy to ionize atoms and disrupt molecular bonds . This makes it a type of ionizing radiation , and therefore harmful to living tissue . A very high radiation dose over a short period of time causes radiation sickness , while lower doses can give an increased risk of radiation - induced cancer . In medical imaging this increased cancer risk is generally greatly outweighed by the benefits of the examination . The ionizing capability of X-rays can be utilized in cancer treatment to kill malignant cells using radiation therapy . It is also used for material characterization using X-ray spectroscopy . Attenuation length of X-rays in water showing the oxygen absorption edge at 540 eV , the energy dependence of photoabsorption , as well as a leveling off at higher photon energies due to Compton scattering . The attenuation length is about four orders of magnitude longer for hard X-rays ( right half ) compared to soft X-rays ( left half ) . Hard X-rays can traverse relatively thick objects without being much absorbed or scattered . For this reason , X-rays are widely used to image the inside of visually opaque objects . The most often seen applications are in medical radiography and airport security scanners , but similar techniques are also important in industry ( e.g. industrial radiography and industrial CT scanning ) and research ( e.g. small animal CT ) . The penetration depth varies with several orders of magnitude over the X-ray spectrum . This allows the photon energy to be adjusted for the application so as to give sufficient transmission through the object and at the same time provide good contrast in the image . X-rays have much shorter wavelengths than visible light , which makes it possible to probe structures much smaller than can be seen using a normal microscope . This property is used in X-ray microscopy to acquire high resolution images , and also in X-ray crystallography to determine the positions of atoms in crystals . Interaction with matter ( edit ) X-rays interact with matter in three main ways , through photoabsorption , Compton scattering , and Rayleigh scattering . The strength of these interactions depends on the energy of the X-rays and the elemental composition of the material , but not much on chemical properties , since the X-ray photon energy is much higher than chemical binding energies . Photoabsorption or photoelectric absorption is the dominant interaction mechanism in the soft X-ray regime and for the lower hard X-ray energies . At higher energies , Compton scattering dominates . Photoelectric absorption ( edit ) The probability of a photoelectric absorption per unit mass is approximately proportional to Z / E , where Z is the atomic number and E is the energy of the incident photon . This rule is not valid close to inner shell electron binding energies where there are abrupt changes in interaction probability , so called absorption edges . However , the general trend of high absorption coefficients and thus short penetration depths for low photon energies and high atomic numbers is very strong . For soft tissue , photoabsorption dominates up to about 26 keV photon energy where Compton scattering takes over . For higher atomic number substances this limit is higher . The high amount of calcium ( Z = 20 ) in bones together with their high density is what makes them show up so clearly on medical radiographs . A photoabsorbed photon transfers all its energy to the electron with which it interacts , thus ionizing the atom to which the electron was bound and producing a photoelectron that is likely to ionize more atoms in its path . An outer electron will fill the vacant electron position and produce either a characteristic photon or an Auger electron . These effects can be used for elemental detection through X-ray spectroscopy or Auger electron spectroscopy . Compton scattering ( edit ) Compton scattering is the predominant interaction between X-rays and soft tissue in medical imaging . Compton scattering is an inelastic scattering of the X-ray photon by an outer shell electron . Part of the energy of the photon is transferred to the scattering electron , thereby ionizing the atom and increasing the wavelength of the X-ray . The scattered photon can go in any direction , but a direction similar to the original direction is more likely , especially for high - energy X-rays . The probability for different scattering angles are described by the Klein -- Nishina formula . The transferred energy can be directly obtained from the scattering angle from the conservation of energy and momentum . Rayleigh scattering ( edit ) Rayleigh scattering is the dominant elastic scattering mechanism in the X-ray regime . Inelastic forward scattering gives rise to the refractive index , which for X-rays is only slightly below 1 . Production ( edit ) Whenever charged particles ( electrons or ions ) of sufficient energy hit a material , X-rays are produced . Production by electrons ( edit ) Characteristic X-ray emission lines for some common anode materials . Anode material Atomic number Photon energy ( keV ) Wavelength ( nm ) 74 59.3 67.2 0.0209 0.0184 Mo 42 17.5 19.6 0.0709 0.0632 Cu 29 8.05 8.91 0.154 0.139 Ag 47 22.2 24.9 0.0559 0.0497 Ga 31 9.25 10.26 0.134 0.121 In 49 24.2 27.3 0.0512 0.455 Spectrum of the X-rays emitted by an X-ray tube with a rhodium target , operated at 60 kV . The smooth , continuous curve is due to bremsstrahlung , and the spikes are characteristic K lines for rhodium atoms . X-rays can be generated by an X-ray tube , a vacuum tube that uses a high voltage to accelerate the electrons released by a hot cathode to a high velocity . The high velocity electrons collide with a metal target , the anode , creating the X-rays . In medical X-ray tubes the target is usually tungsten or a more crack - resistant alloy of rhenium ( 5 % ) and tungsten ( 95 % ) , but sometimes molybdenum for more specialized applications , such as when softer X-rays are needed as in mammography . In crystallography , a copper target is most common , with cobalt often being used when fluorescence from iron content in the sample might otherwise present a problem . The maximum energy of the produced X-ray photon is limited by the energy of the incident electron , which is equal to the voltage on the tube times the electron charge , so an 80 kV tube can not create X-rays with an energy greater than 80 keV . When the electrons hit the target , X-rays are created by two different atomic processes : Characteristic X-ray emission ( X-ray fluorescence ) : If the electron has enough energy it can knock an orbital electron out of the inner electron shell of a metal atom , and as a result electrons from higher energy levels then fill up the vacancy and X-ray photons are emitted . This process produces an emission spectrum of X-rays at a few discrete frequencies , sometimes referred to as the spectral lines . The spectral lines generated depend on the target ( anode ) element used and thus are called characteristic lines . Usually these are transitions from upper shells into K shell ( called K lines ) , into L shell ( called L lines ) and so on . Bremsstrahlung : This is radiation given off by the electrons as they are scattered by the strong electric field near the high - Z ( proton number ) nuclei . These X-rays have a continuous spectrum . The intensity of the X-rays increases linearly with decreasing frequency , from zero at the energy of the incident electrons , the voltage on the X-ray tube . So the resulting output of a tube consists of a continuous bremsstrahlung spectrum falling off to zero at the tube voltage , plus several spikes at the characteristic lines . The voltages used in diagnostic X-ray tubes range from roughly 20 kV to 150 kV and thus the highest energies of the X-ray photons range from roughly 20 keV to 150 keV . Both of these X-ray production processes are inefficient , with a production efficiency of only about one percent , and thus most of the electric power consumed by the tube is released as waste heat . When producing a usable flux of X-rays , the X-ray tube must be designed to dissipate the excess heat . Short nanosecond bursts of X-rays peaking at 15 - keV in energy may be reliably produced by peeling pressure - sensitive adhesive tape from its backing in a moderate vacuum . This is likely to be the result of recombination of electrical charges produced by triboelectric charging . The intensity of X-ray triboluminescence is sufficient for it to be used as a source for X-ray imaging . A specialized source of X-rays which is becoming widely used in research is synchrotron radiation , which is generated by particle accelerators . Its unique features are X-ray outputs many orders of magnitude greater than those of X-ray tubes , wide X-ray spectra , excellent collimation , and linear polarization . Production by fast positive ions ( edit ) X-rays can also be produced by fast protons or other positive ions . The proton - induced X-ray emission or particle - induced X-ray emission is widely used as an analytical procedure . For high energies , the production cross section is proportional to Z Z , where Z refers to the atomic number of the ion , Z to that of the target atom . An overview of these cross sections is given in the same reference . Detectors ( edit ) Main article : X-ray detector X-ray detectors vary in shape and function depending on their purpose . Imaging detectors such as those used for radiography were originally based on photographic plates and later photographic film , but are now mostly replaced by various digital detector types such as image plates and flat panel detectors . For radiation protection direct exposure hazard is often evaluated using ionization chambers , while dosimeters are used to measure the radiation dose a person has been exposed to . X-ray spectra can be measured either by energy dispersive or wavelength dispersive spectrometers . Medical uses ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) X-ray . A chest radiograph of a female , demonstrating a hiatus hernia Since Röntgen 's discovery that X-rays can identify bone structures , X-rays have been used for medical imaging . The first medical use was less than a month after his paper on the subject . Up to 2010 , 5 billion medical imaging examinations had been conducted worldwide . Radiation exposure from medical imaging in 2006 made up about 50 % of total ionizing radiation exposure in the United States . Projectional radiographs ( edit ) Main article : Projectional radiography An arm radiograph , demonstrating broken ulna and radius with implanted internal fixation . Projectional radiography is the practice of producing two - dimensional images using x-ray radiation . Bones contain much calcium , which due to its relatively high atomic number absorbs x-rays efficiently . This reduces the amount of X-rays reaching the detector in the shadow of the bones , making them clearly visible on the radiograph . The lungs and trapped gas also show up clearly because of lower absorption compared to tissue , while differences between tissue types are harder to see . Projectional radiographs are useful in the detection of pathology of the skeletal system as well as for detecting some disease processes in soft tissue . Some notable examples are the very common chest X-ray , which can be used to identify lung diseases such as pneumonia , lung cancer , or pulmonary edema , and the abdominal x-ray , which can detect bowel ( or intestinal ) obstruction , free air ( from visceral perforations ) and free fluid ( in ascites ) . X-rays may also be used to detect pathology such as gallstones ( which are rarely radiopaque ) or kidney stones which are often ( but not always ) visible . Traditional plain X-rays are less useful in the imaging of soft tissues such as the brain or muscle . Dental radiography is commonly used in the diagnoses of common oral problems , such as cavities . In medical diagnostic applications , the low energy ( soft ) X-rays are unwanted , since they are totally absorbed by the body , increasing the radiation dose without contributing to the image . Hence , a thin metal sheet , often of aluminium , called an X-ray filter , is usually placed over the window of the X-ray tube , absorbing the low energy part in the spectrum . This is called hardening the beam since it shifts the center of the spectrum towards higher energy ( or harder ) x-rays . To generate an image of the cardiovascular system , including the arteries and veins ( angiography ) an initial image is taken of the anatomical region of interest . A second image is then taken of the same region after an iodinated contrast agent has been injected into the blood vessels within this area . These two images are then digitally subtracted , leaving an image of only the iodinated contrast outlining the blood vessels . The radiologist or surgeon then compares the image obtained to normal anatomical images to determine whether there is any damage or blockage of the vessel . Computed tomography ( edit ) Head CT scan ( transverse plane ) slice - -- a modern application of medical radiography Computed tomography ( CT scanning ) is a medical imaging modality where tomographic images or slices of specific areas of the body are obtained from a large series of two - dimensional X-ray images taken in different directions . These cross-sectional images can be combined into a three - dimensional image of the inside of the body and used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various medical disciplines . Fluoroscopy ( edit ) Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique commonly used by physicians or radiation therapists to obtain real - time moving images of the internal structures of a patient through the use of a fluoroscope . In its simplest form , a fluoroscope consists of an X-ray source and a fluorescent screen , between which a patient is placed . However , modern fluoroscopes couple the screen to an X-ray image intensifier and CCD video camera allowing the images to be recorded and played on a monitor . This method may use a contrast material . Examples include cardiac catheterization ( to examine for coronary artery blockages ) and barium swallow ( to examine for esophageal disorders ) . Radiotherapy ( edit ) The use of X-rays as a treatment is known as radiation therapy and is largely used for the management ( including palliation ) of cancer ; it requires higher radiation doses than those received for imaging alone . X-rays beams are used for treating skin cancers using lower energy x-ray beams while higher energy beams are used for treating cancers within the body such as brain , lung , prostate , and breast . Adverse effects ( edit ) Abdominal radiograph of a pregnant woman , a procedure that should be performed only after proper assessment of benefit versus risk Deformity of hand due to an X-ray burn . These burns are accidents . X-rays were not shielded when they were first discovered and used , and people received radiation burns . Diagnostic X-rays ( primarily from CT scans due to the large dose used ) increase the risk of developmental problems and cancer in those exposed . X-rays are classified as a carcinogen by both the World Health Organization 's International Agency for Research on Cancer and the U.S. government . It is estimated that 0.4 % of current cancers in the United States are due to computed tomography ( CT scans ) performed in the past and that this may increase to as high as 1.5 - 2 % with 2007 rates of CT usage . Experimental and epidemiological data currently do not support the proposition that there is a threshold dose of radiation below which there is no increased risk of cancer . However , this is under increasing doubt . It is estimated that the additional radiation will increase a person 's cumulative risk of getting cancer by age 75 by 0.6 -- 1.8 % . The amount of absorbed radiation depends upon the type of X-ray test and the body part involved . CT and fluoroscopy entail higher doses of radiation than do plain X-rays . To place the increased risk in perspective , a plain chest X-ray will expose a person to the same amount from background radiation that people are exposed to ( depending upon location ) every day over 10 days , while exposure from a dental X-ray is approximately equivalent to 1 day of environmental background radiation . Each such X-ray would add less than 1 per 1,000,000 to the lifetime cancer risk . An abdominal or chest CT would be the equivalent to 2 -- 3 years of background radiation to the whole body , or 4 -- 5 years to the abdomen or chest , increasing the lifetime cancer risk between 1 per 1,000 to 1 per 10,000 . This is compared to the roughly 40 % chance of a US citizen developing cancer during their lifetime . For instance , the effective dose to the torso from a CT scan of the chest is about 5 mSv , and the absorbed dose is about 14 mGy . A head CT scan ( 1.5 mSv , 64mGy ) that is performed once with and once without contrast agent , would be equivalent to 40 years of background radiation to the head . Accurate estimation of effective doses due to CT is difficult with the estimation uncertainty range of about ± 19 % to ± 32 % for adult head scans depending upon the method used . The risk of radiation is greater to a fetus , so in pregnant patients , the benefits of the investigation ( X-ray ) should be balanced with the potential hazards to the fetus . In the US , there are an estimated 62 million CT scans performed annually , including more than 4 million on children . Avoiding unnecessary X-rays ( especially CT scans ) reduces radiation dose and any associated cancer risk . Medical X-rays are a significant source of man - made radiation exposure . In 1987 , they accounted for 58 % of exposure from man - made sources in the United States . Since man - made sources accounted for only 18 % of the total radiation exposure , most of which came from natural sources ( 82 % ) , medical X-rays only accounted for 10 % of total American radiation exposure ; medical procedures as a whole ( including nuclear medicine ) accounted for 14 % of total radiation exposure . By 2006 , however , medical procedures in the United States were contributing much more ionizing radiation than was the case in the early 1980s . In 2006 , medical exposure constituted nearly half of the total radiation exposure of the U.S. population from all sources . The increase is traceable to the growth in the use of medical imaging procedures , in particular computed tomography ( CT ) , and to the growth in the use of nuclear medicine . Dosage due to dental X-rays varies significantly depending on the procedure and the technology ( film or digital ) . Depending on the procedure and the technology , a single dental X-ray of a human results in an exposure of 0.5 to 4 mrem . A full mouth series of X-rays may result in an exposure of up to 6 ( digital ) to 18 ( film ) mrem , for a yearly average of up to 40 mrem . Other uses ( edit ) Other notable uses of X-rays include Each dot , called a reflection , in this diffraction pattern forms from the constructive interference of scattered X-rays passing through a crystal . The data can be used to determine the crystalline structure . X-ray crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of X-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analysed to reveal the nature of that lattice . A related technique , fiber diffraction , was used by Rosalind Franklin to discover the double helical structure of DNA . X-ray astronomy , which is an observational branch of astronomy , which deals with the study of X-ray emission from celestial objects . X-ray microscopic analysis , which uses electromagnetic radiation in the soft X-ray band to produce images of very small objects . X-ray fluorescence , a technique in which X-rays are generated within a specimen and detected . The outgoing energy of the X-ray can be used to identify the composition of the sample . Industrial radiography uses X-rays for inspection of industrial parts , particularly welds . Using X-ray for inspection and quality control : the differences in the structures of the die and bond wires reveal the left chip to be counterfeit . Authentication and quality control , X-ray is used for authentication and quality control of packaged items . Industrial CT ( computed tomography ) is a process which uses X-ray equipment to produce three - dimensional representations of components both externally and internally . This is accomplished through computer processing of projection images of the scanned object in many directions . Paintings are often X-rayed to reveal underdrawings and pentimenti , alterations in the course of painting or by later restorers . Many pigments such as lead white show well in radiographs . X-ray spectromicroscopy has been used to analyse the reactions of pigments in paintings . For example , in analysing colour degradation in the paintings of van Gogh Airport security luggage scanners use X-rays for inspecting the interior of luggage for security threats before loading on aircraft . Border control truck scanners use X-rays for inspecting the interior of trucks . X-ray fine art photography of needlefish by Peter Dazeley X-ray art and fine art photography , artistic use of X-rays , for example the works by Stane Jagodič X-ray hair removal , a method popular in the 1920s but now banned by the FDA . Shoe - fitting fluoroscopes were popularized in the 1920s , banned in the US in the 1960s , banned in the UK in the 1970s , and even later in continental Europe . Roentgen stereophotogrammetry is used to track movement of bones based on the implantation of markers X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a chemical analysis technique relying on the photoelectric effect , usually employed in surface science . Radiation implosion is the use of high energy X-rays generated from a fission explosion ( an A-bomb ) to compress nuclear fuel to the point of fusion ignition ( an H - bomb ) . Visibility ( edit ) While generally considered invisible to the human eye , in special circumstances X-rays can be visible . Brandes , in an experiment a short time after Röntgen 's landmark 1895 paper , reported after dark adaptation and placing his eye close to an X-ray tube , seeing a faint `` blue - gray '' glow which seemed to originate within the eye itself . Upon hearing this , Röntgen reviewed his record books and found he too had seen the effect . When placing an X-ray tube on the opposite side of a wooden door Röntgen had noted the same blue glow , seeming to emanate from the eye itself , but thought his observations to be spurious because he only saw the effect when he used one type of tube . Later he realized that the tube which had created the effect was the only one powerful enough to make the glow plainly visible and the experiment was thereafter readily repeatable . The knowledge that X-rays are actually faintly visible to the dark - adapted naked eye has largely been forgotten today ; this is probably due to the desire not to repeat what would now be seen as a recklessly dangerous and potentially harmful experiment with ionizing radiation . It is not known what exact mechanism in the eye produces the visibility : it could be due to conventional detection ( excitation of rhodopsin molecules in the retina ) , direct excitation of retinal nerve cells , or secondary detection via , for instance , X-ray induction of phosphorescence in the eyeball with conventional retinal detection of the secondarily produced visible light . Though X-rays are otherwise invisible , it is possible to see the ionization of the air molecules if the intensity of the X-ray beam is high enough . The beamline from the wiggler at the ID11 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is one example of such high intensity . Units of measure and exposure ( edit ) The measure of X-rays ionizing ability is called the exposure : The coulomb per kilogram ( C / kg ) is the SI unit of ionizing radiation exposure , and it is the amount of radiation required to create one coulomb of charge of each polarity in one kilogram of matter . The roentgen ( R ) is an obsolete traditional unit of exposure , which represented the amount of radiation required to create one electrostatic unit of charge of each polarity in one cubic centimeter of dry air . 1 roentgen = 2.58 × 10 C / kg . However , the effect of ionizing radiation on matter ( especially living tissue ) is more closely related to the amount of energy deposited into them rather than the charge generated . This measure of energy absorbed is called the absorbed dose : The gray ( Gy ) , which has units of ( joules / kilogram ) , is the SI unit of absorbed dose , and it is the amount of radiation required to deposit one joule of energy in one kilogram of any kind of matter . The rad is the ( obsolete ) corresponding traditional unit , equal to 10 millijoules of energy deposited per kilogram. 100 rad = 1 gray . The equivalent dose is the measure of the biological effect of radiation on human tissue . For X-rays it is equal to the absorbed dose . The Roentgen equivalent man ( rem ) is the traditional unit of equivalent dose . For X-rays it is equal to the rad , or , in other words , 10 millijoules of energy deposited per kilogram. 100 rem = 1 Sv . The sievert ( Sv ) is the SI unit of equivalent dose , and also of effective dose . For X-rays the `` equivalent dose '' is numerically equal to a Gray ( Gy ) . 1 Sv = 1 Gy . For the `` effective dose '' of X-rays , it is usually not equal to the Gray ( Gy ) . Radiation related quantities view ‧ talk ‧ edit Quantity Name Symbol Unit Year SI Quantity Activity ( A ) curie Ci 3.7 × 10 s 1953 3.7 × 10 Bq becquerel Bq s SI rutherford Rd 10 s 1946 1,000,000 Bq Exposure ( X ) röntgen esu / 0.001293 g of air 1928 2.58 × 10 C / kg Fluence ( Φ ) ( reciprocal area ) m 1962 SI Absorbed dose ( D ) erg erg ⋅ g 1950 1.0 × 10 Gy rad rad 100 erg ⋅ g 1953 0.010 Gy gray Gy J ⋅ kg SI Dose equivalent ( H ) röntgen equivalent man rem 100 erg ⋅ g 1971 0.010 Sv sievert Sv J ⋅ kg × W 1977 SI See also ( edit ) Medical portal Physics portal Abnormal reflection Backscatter X-ray Detective quantum efficiency High - energy X-rays N ray Neutron radiation NuSTAR Radiographer Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering ( RIXS ) Small - angle X-ray scattering ( SAXS ) X-ray absorption spectroscopy X-ray marker X-ray nanoprobe X-ray reflectivity X-ray vision X-ray welding Macintyre 's X-Ray Film -- 1896 documentary radiography film The X-Rays -- 1897 British short silent comedy film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` X-Rays '' . 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Jump up ^ Frame , Paul . `` Wilhelm Röntgen and the Invisible Light '' . Tales from the Atomic Age . Oak Ridge Associated Universities . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Als - Nielsen , Jens ; Mcmorrow , Des ( 2001 ) . Elements of Modern X-Ray Physics . John Wiley & Sons Ltd , . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 49858 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to X-ray . Look up x-ray in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 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-6092886682650589682 | Celebrity Big Brother 1 (UK) | Celebrity Big Brother 1 ( UK ) - wikipedia Celebrity Big Brother 1 ( UK ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the UK television series . For other uses , see Celebrity Big Brother 1 ( disambiguation ) . Celebrity Big Brother Series 1 ( 2001 ) ( show ) Housemates Name Entered Exited Jack Day 1 Day 8 Claire Day 1 Day 8 Keith Day 1 Day 8 Anthea Day 1 Day 6 Vanessa Day 1 Day 4 Chris Day 1 Day 2 Winner Runner - up Evicted Celebrity Big Brother 1 , also referred to as Celebrity Big Brother 2001 , was the first series of the British reality television show Celebrity Big Brother . The show is based on an originally Dutch TV series of the same name created by producer John de Mol in 1997 . In honour of Comic Relief , six celebrities entered the Big Brother house . The series premiered on 9 March 2001 , and lasted for a total of eight days . It concluded on 16 March 2001 when comedian Jack Dee was crowned the winner . The series revolved around a group of celebrities living in a custom built house with no contact with the outside world . Each week , the housemates are required to nominate two people for eviction . The two or more people with the most votes were nominated to leave the House . The viewers then decided which of the nominees should leave , with the selected person leaving during a live show . This process continued until only three housemates remained , at which time the public voted for which of them should win the series . Unlike the original show , Celebrity Big Brother saw the housemates competing for charity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Broadcasts 1.2 Prizes 2 House 3 Format 4 Housemates 5 Summary 6 Nominations table 6.1 Notes 7 References Production ( edit ) Broadcasts ( edit ) The series premiered on 9 March 2001 , on Channel 4 . The contestants were recorded 24 hours a day with cameras fixed around the house , and had to wear portable microphones . Channel 4 broadcast a daily highlights show , and from the second day on there was a live eviction show hosted by Davina McCall , where the evicted housemate was interviewed . In the nightly highlight episodes , viewers are shown various highlights of a specific day in the house . Due to the length of the series , the psychologists featured in the main series did not return for Celebrity Big Brother 1 , but did continue to appear in the main series . The series ended on 16 March , lasting for a total of 8 days . Initially , Celebrity Big Brother was meant to be a one - time series , but due to the success it was later brought back as an annual event , airing while the main series was completed . Celebrity Big Brother 1 was the first season in the UK edition of Big Brother to feature a live premiere , something that would be used from Big Brother 3 onward . Prizes ( edit ) The six celebrities in the game are competing for charity , rather than a grand prize for themselves . While in the house , the housemates attempted to complete various tasks assigned by Big Brother in exchange for a grocery budget , which they used to buy food and luxuries ; this included buying things such as alcohol and cigarettes . Celebrity Big Brother 1 , much like the main series , did not feature luxury competitions or prizes throughout the season . House ( edit ) For the first season , Celebrity Big Brother used the house that was used in Big Brother 1 , which was located in Bow , London near the 3 Mills Studios . The House remained relatively unchanged from its appearance in the debut season . A living room was featured in the house , with blue walls lining it and the kitchen , which featured a stove and sink , along with the fridge . The house featured two nearly identical bedrooms , one for the men and one for the women . Each room featured five beds , with matching sheets and furniture . There was a shower room and toilet in the house as well . Housemates could communicate with producers in the room known was the `` Diary Room '' . The Diary Room for the first season featured a simple design , being a small chair with a white background . Future seasons of the series would feature more elaborate Diary Rooms . The Diary Room was where nominations took place , and where housemates could reveal their thoughts . As seen in the third week , housemates could be seen by a medical professional in the Diary Room if necessary . The outside of the house featured a chicken coop with various chickens inside , from which the housemates collect eggs . Unlike other editions of the show , Big Brother 1 did not feature a swimming pool or hot tub for the housemates to use . There was also a garden in the backyard , which featured a vegetable patch which the housemates could use . Various two way mirrors are in the house , with a camera crew behind them . There are also various cameras and microphones throughout the house , providing the housemates with no privacy . Format ( edit ) Big Brother is a game show in which a group of contestants , called housemates , live in isolation from the outside world in a custom built `` house '' , which includes everyday facilities such as a fully equipped kitchen , garden , two bedrooms , and a bathroom . The house is also a television studio with cameras and microphones in most of the rooms to record the activities of the housemates . The only place where housemates can escape the company of the other contestants is the Diary Room , where they are encouraged to voice their true feelings . Not all Diary Room footage is broadcast due to the privacy of the contestants . Each week all housemates nominate two of their fellow contestants for potential eviction . Failure to do so may result in a punishment , such as a reduction in the prize fund . The two , or more , housemates with the highest number of nominations face a public vote conducted by phone , with the contestant receiving the most votes being evicted from the house . The last contestant remaining in the house is declared the winner and will earn money for a charity . Big Brother host Davina McCall returned for Celebrity Big Brother to host the live premiere and eviction episodes . The eviction episodes remain largely unchanged from that of the main series . Over the duration of the series , the Housemates are given a series of tasks by Big Brother which test them in many ways . They are also put to the test by their own ideals , prejudices and opinions against other people from different walks of life ; something that has survived from the original `` social experiment '' of Big Brother 1 . They live in the communal House and share cooking and cleaning chores among themselves , which usually provides plenty of tension . Housemates are forbidden to sleep during daylight hours ( unless unwell ) - Big Brother plays the wake - up call persistently in the morning if housemates do not wake up and will play an alarm clock noise into the house if a housemate falls asleep during the day . Housemates must also live by the fundamental rules of Big Brother ; if the rules are broken it can result in formal warnings , various punishments or even a housemate 's removal from the House . They must wash their own clothes by hand , and they have to make their own bread from scratch . Each week Big Brother sets the Housemates a task in order to determine the shopping budget for the following week . They must work together to win the tasks in order to win a luxury shopping budget which changed based on the amount of people remaining in the house . If all food runs out in the House , Big Brother provides emergency rations of chickpeas and rice . Housemates are responsible for their own shopping and decide which items the budget will allow them to have . Only a small percentage of the overall budget can be spent on alcohol . Housemates ( edit ) Main article : List of Celebrity Big Brother 1 housemates ( UK ) Celebrity Age on entry Occupation Anthea Turner 40 TV presenter Chris Eubank 34 Professional boxer Claire Sweeney 29 Actress and singer Jack Dee 39 Comedian Keith Duffy 26 Singer Vanessa Feltz 39 Journalist and broadcaster Summary ( edit ) On Day 1 , Anthea , Chris , Claire , Jack , Keith and Vanessa entered the Big Brother house . In a special twist , each Housemate made their nominations live on the launch episode . Every Housemate except for Vanessa had one vote cast against them . Ultimately , Chris and Anthea were selected as the first nominees of the season , with Anthea receiving three nominations and Chris receiving five , meaning everyone chose to nominate him . The first task , which began on Day 2 , was for the housemates to customize a pair of pants for one of their fellow housemates . Later , the housemates performed a fashion show with their creations . Big Brother decided that they passed this task and , as a reward , Big Brother played Westlife 's Comic Relief song into the house . During the day , Vanessa and Chris had an argument about parenting . This caused Vanessa to start shouting at Chris because of his actions towards her . That night , Chris was evicted from the house , having received 66 % of the public vote to evict him . Following the eviction , the Housemates made their second round of nominations . This time , everyone excluding Claire received a nomination . Jack and Vanessa were announced as the new set of nominees , with Jack being nominated by everyone in the house and Vanessa receiving three nominations . After the nominations were announced , Vanessa took the news quite badly and began writing all over the kitchen table using chalk . The task on Day 3 had housemates memorize 10 facts about each other . Housemates were then each asked 3 questions at random later in the day . The Housemates passed this task , and gained £ 18 worth more shopping . The task on Day 4 was for the celebrity housemates to make a topiary model . Housemates passed this task , and won a film to watch . That night , Vanessa became the second evicted celebrity from the house , receiving 71 % of the public vote . In the third and final set of nominations , every Housemate received at least one nomination against them . The final nominations were announced as a three way tie between Anthea , Jack , and Keith . This made it Anthea and Jack 's second time being nominated , while it was Keith 's first time as a nominee . This also made Claire the only Housemate to make it to the finale this season without being nominated for eviction once . Claire also received the last amount of nominations in the game total , only getting three nominations total . The task on Day 5 was for housemates to write and perform an original song about their time in the house . Housemates passed the task and won a takeaway dinner . On Day 6 , Housemates participated in a task which involved them taking part in an assault course . The Housemates completed the task in 3 minutes and 5 seconds , thus passing the task . That night , Anthea was evicted from the house , having received 52 % of the public vote . While she was leaving the house , Jack ran outside to greet his wife , and was sent back inside . The Housemate 's task on Day 7 was for each of them to take care of baby simulators called `` Juanita '' to test their parenting skills . Housemates passed and won a Wild West themed party . On Day 8 , the final task was for housemates to paint their favorite view of the house , with the Housemates presenting these later in the day . That night , it was announced that Jack was the winner of Celebrity Big Brother 1 , with Claire coming in second and Keith coming in third . Nominations table ( edit ) Day 2 Day 4 Day 6 Day 8 Final Nominations received Jack Anthea , Chris Vanessa , Anthea Anthea , Keith Winner ( Day 8 ) 8 Claire Anthea , Chris Vanessa , Jack Jack , Keith Runner - up ( Day 8 ) Keith Chris , Jack Jack , Vanessa Anthea , Claire Third place ( Day 8 ) 6 Anthea Chris , Keith Keith , Jack Jack , Keith Evicted ( Day 6 ) 6 Vanessa Chris , Jack Keith , Jack Evicted ( Day 4 ) Chris Claire , Anthea Evicted ( Day 2 ) 5 Nomination note none Against public vote Anthea , Chris Jack , Vanessa Anthea , Jack , Keith Claire , Jack , Keith Evicted Chris 66 % to evict Vanessa 71 % to evict Anthea 52 % to evict Keith 16 % ( out of 3 ) Claire 41 % ( out of 2 ) Jack 59 % to win Notes ( edit ) ^ 1 : The public were voting for the Housemate they wanted to win rather than to evict . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carman , John ( 5 July 2000 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Watches Their Every Movement '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 19 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Andrew ( 23 July 2000 ) . `` Let 's bomb them '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ 3 Mills Studios Archived 2 December 1998 at the Wayback Machine . Coordinates : 51 ° 31 ′ 39 '' N 0 ° 0 ′ 11 '' W / 51.52750 ° N 0.00306 ° W / 51.52750 ; - 0.00306 Big Brother ( UK ) Big Brother Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Housemates 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Winners Craig Phillips Brian Dowling Kate Lawler Cameron Stout Nadia Almada Anthony Hutton Pete Bennett Brian Belo Rachel Rice Sophie Reade Josie Gibson Aaron Allard - Morgan Luke Anderson Sam Evans Helen Wood Chloe Wilburn Jason Burrill Isabelle Warburton Other housemates Anna Nolan Nick Bateman Helen Adams Jade Goody Alison Hammond Jon Tickle Michelle Bass Derek Laud Aisleyne Horgan - Wallace Richard Newman Nikki Grahame Imogen Thomas Sam and Amanda Marchant Ziggy Lichman Chanelle Hayes Thaila Zucchi Sam Pepper JJ Bird Louise Cliffe Jemma Palmer Deana Uppal Zoe Birkett Pauline Bennett Eileen Daly Jayne Connery Laura Carter Lateysha Grace Andrew Tate Sue Evans Rebecca Jane Celebrity Big Brother Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Winners Jack Dee Mark Owen Bez Chantelle Houghton Shilpa Shetty Ulrika Jonsson Alex Reid Paddy Doherty Denise Welch Julian Clary Rylan Clark Charlotte Crosby Jim Davidson Gary Busey Katie Price James Hill Scotty T Stephen Bear Coleen Nolan Sarah Harding Other housemates Celebrity Big Brother housemates Special Teen Panto Celebrity Hijack Ultimate Related articles List of shows Elementfour Celebrity Big Brother racism controversy Dead Set `` Bad Wolf '' Comic Relief and Sport Relief Founders Richard Curtis Lenny Henry Telethons Comic Relief 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Sport Relief 2012 2014 2016 Related programmes Blackadder : The Cavalier Years Celebrity Big Brother 1 Comic Relief Does The Apprentice Comic Relief Does Fame Academy series 1 series 2 Doctor Who : The Curse of Fatal Death Famous , Rich and Hungry `` From Raxacoricofallapatorius with Love '' Glee Club Let 's Sing and Dance Let 's Play Darts Only Fools on Horses Rich , Famous and in the Slums Robbie the Reindeer `` Hooves of Fire '' `` Space '' / `` Time '' Spider - Plant Man Sport Relief Does The Apprentice Sport Relief 's Top Dog Top Gear of the Pops Top Ground Gear Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebrity_Big_Brother_1_(UK)&oldid=806581919 '' Categories : 2001 British television seasons Celebrity Big Brother ( UK ) seasons Comic Relief Channel 4 reality television programmes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 23 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the first ever celebrity big brother | [
"The series premiered on 9 March 2001, and lasted for a total of eight days. It concluded on 16 March 2001 when comedian Jack Dee was crowned the winner. The series revolved around a group of celebrities living in a custom built house with no contact with the outside world. Each week, the housemates are required to nominate two people for eviction. The two or more people with the most votes were nominated to leave the House. The viewers then decided which of the nominees should leave, with the selected person leaving during a live show. This process continued until only three housemates remained, at which time the public voted for which of them should win the series. Unlike the original show, Celebrity Big Brother saw the housemates competing for charity."
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"Jack Dee"
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-6235639078719701647 | Davis Mountains | Davis Mountains - wikipedia Davis Mountains Jump to : navigation , search For the Texas wine region around the Davis Mountains , see Texas Davis Mountains AVA . Davis Mountains Limpia Mountains View from Remington Ridge Highest point Peak Baldy Peak atop Mount Livermore Elevation 8,378 ft ( 2,554 m ) Coordinates 30 ° 38 ′ N 104 ° 10 ′ W / 30.633 ° N 104.167 ° W / 30.633 ; - 104.167 Coordinates : 30 ° 38 ′ N 104 ° 10 ′ W / 30.633 ° N 104.167 ° W / 30.633 ; - 104.167 Geography Country United States State Texas Geology Age of rock Paleogene Type of rock Igneous The Davis Mountains , originally known as Limpia Mountains , are a range of mountains in West Texas , located near Fort Davis , after which they are named in honor to Jefferson Davis . They are a popular site for camping and hiking and the region includes Fort Davis National Historic Site and Davis Mountains State Park . The historical and architectural value of the fort , along with the rugged natural environment of the park are a significant destination for tourism in Texas . Summit of Mount Locke Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin , geology and vegetation 2 Conservation 3 Facilities 4 Texas Separatist Standoff 5 Climate 6 References 7 External links Origin , geology and vegetation ( edit ) The mountains are of volcanic origin composed of strata associated with eruptions of the Trans - Pecos Texas volcanic field 35 million years ago . The highest peak in the Davis Mountains is Mount Livermore at 8,382 feet , and is the fourth highest peak in Texas . Vegetation in the mountain range is similar to some other sky island ranges in west Texas , New Mexico , Arizona , and northern Mexico , and includes montane grasslands , pine - oak woodlands and isolated stands of ponderosa pine forest at higher elevations . Conservation ( edit ) Since 1996 , The Nature Conservancy has acquired 33,000 acres ( 130 km2 ) in the mountain range , along with conservation easements on 70,000 acres ( 280 km2 ) more . This parcel is open to the public at specified times . Facilities ( edit ) McDonald Observatory is accessed by Spur 78 from State Highway 118 . Spur 78 is the highest state maintained road in Texas at 6,791 feet near the summit of Mt . Locke where the older telescopes of the observatory are located . Spur 77 branches off from Spur 78 providing access to the newer research equipment atop Mt . Fowlkes . Rolling hills in the Davis Mountains Texas separatist standoff ( edit ) The Texas separatist organization known as the Republic of Texas has its origins in the Davis Mountains . On April 27 , 1996 , the leader of the group , Rick McLaren , staged an attack on his neighbor 's house and demanded that he cede his property to the Republic of Texas . This led to 300 state troopers surrounding his house with him , his five followers , his wife , and the victims of the attack inside for close to a week . Ultimately , one follower was shot in the standoff and McLaren was arrested and imprisoned for the equivalent of a life sentence . Climate ( edit ) ( hide ) Climate data for Mount Locke weather station , Texas . ( Elevation 6,150 ft ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 80 ( 27 ) 79 ( 26 ) 88 ( 31 ) 94 ( 34 ) 96 ( 36 ) 104 ( 40 ) 100 ( 38 ) 104 ( 40 ) 96 ( 36 ) 94 ( 34 ) 82 ( 28 ) 80 ( 27 ) 104 ( 40 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 53.5 ( 11.9 ) 56.9 ( 13.8 ) 63.7 ( 17.6 ) 71.4 ( 21.9 ) 78.6 ( 25.9 ) 84.5 ( 29.2 ) 82.7 ( 28.2 ) 81.3 ( 27.4 ) 76.6 ( 24.8 ) 70.5 ( 21.4 ) 61.2 ( 16.2 ) 54.4 ( 12.4 ) 69.6 ( 20.9 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 32.0 ( 0 ) 33.9 ( 1.1 ) 38.2 ( 3.4 ) 45.2 ( 7.3 ) 52.4 ( 11.3 ) 58.2 ( 14.6 ) 58.9 ( 14.9 ) 58.4 ( 14.7 ) 54.4 ( 12.4 ) 48.0 ( 8.9 ) 38.7 ( 3.7 ) 33.6 ( 0.9 ) 46.0 ( 7.8 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 10 ( − 23 ) − 6 ( − 21 ) ( − 16 ) 11 ( − 12 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 36 ( 2 ) 40 ( 4 ) 40 ( 4 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 13 ( − 11 ) 8 ( − 13 ) − 2 ( − 19 ) − 10 ( − 23 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.68 ( 17.3 ) 0.49 ( 12.4 ) 0.40 ( 10.2 ) 0.50 ( 12.7 ) 1.63 ( 41.4 ) 2.49 ( 63.2 ) 3.83 ( 97.3 ) 3.69 ( 93.7 ) 2.95 ( 74.9 ) 1.61 ( 40.9 ) 0.61 ( 15.5 ) 0.60 ( 15.2 ) 19.46 ( 494.3 ) Source : The Western Regional Climate Center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ar / Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains , Trans - Pecos Texas '' , doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1994 ) 106 < 1359 : AACAVO > 2.3.CO ; 2 Geological Society of America Bulletin November 1994 v. 106 no . 11 p. 1359 - 1376 , accessed September 13 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Davis Mountains Preserve '' . The Nature Conservancy http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/texas/placesweprotect/davis-mountains-preserve.xml . External link in website = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Branson , Hailey . `` Today in Texas History : Long live Republic of Texas ! Separatist group standoff in mountains begins '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Davis Mountains . Davis Mountains from the Handbook of Texas Online Davis Mountains and Indian Lodge - December 5 , 2007 - Houston Chronicle Davis Mountains photographs , hosted by the Portal to Texas History Davis Mountains State Park - Texas Parks and Wildlife Davis Mountains Preserve - Nature Conservancy U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Davis Mountains Mountains of Texas Chisos Mountains Emory Peak Franklin Mountains North Franklin Mountain Guadalupe Mountains Bush Mountain El Capitan Guadalupe Peak Hueco Mountains Cerro Alto Mountain Llano Uplift Packsaddle Mountain Others Bachelor Peak Bare Butte Beach Mountains Carpenter Mountain Castle Peak Chalk Mountains Chinati Mountains Christmas Mountains Cusseta Mountain Davis Mountains Delaware Mountains Double Mountains Granite Mountain Greenwood Mountain Hairy Knob Las Moras Mountain Needle Peak ( Brewster County ) Needle Peak ( Presidio County ) Palo Pinto Mountains Rattlesnake Point Round Top Mountain Sierra del Carmen Sierra Vieja Slipdown Mountain Tackett Mountain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davis_Mountains&oldid=801441794 '' Categories : Mountain ranges of Texas Landforms of Jeff Davis County , Texas Protected areas of Jeff Davis County , Texas Nature Conservancy preserves West Texas Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using web citations with no URL Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Čeština Deutsch فارسی Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 18 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are the davis mountains located in texas | [
"The Davis Mountains, originally known as Limpia Mountains, are a range of mountains in West Texas, located near Fort Davis, after which they are named in honor to Jefferson Davis. They are a popular site for camping and hiking and the region includes Fort Davis National Historic Site and Davis Mountains State Park. The historical and architectural value of the fort, along with the rugged natural environment of the park are a significant destination for tourism in Texas.[citation needed]"
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"in West Texas, located near Fort Davis"
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-687165051270103225 | List of multiple Olympic medalists | List of multiple Olympic medalists - wikipedia List of multiple Olympic medalists Jump to : navigation , search The page lists various individuals who have won multiple Olympic medals at either the Summer Olympic Games or the Winter Olympic Games . As of August 13 , 2016 , American swimmer Michael Phelps has won the most Olympic medals with 28 medals ( 23 gold , 3 silver , 2 bronze ) . He is also the most decorated Olympian in individual events , with 16 medals ( 13 gold , 2 silver , 1 bronze ) . Norwegian biathlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen is the most decorated Winter Olympian , with 13 medals ( 8 gold , 4 silver , and 1 bronze ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Olympic medals over career 1.1 Timeline 2 List of most career medals in individual events 3 Athletes with medals in different disciplines 3.1 In the Summer and Winter Games 3.2 In the Summer Games 3.2. 1 Swimming and water polo 3.2. 2 Others in Summer Games 3.3 In the Winter Games 3.3. 1 Cross-country skiing and Nordic combined 3.3. 2 Others in Winter Games 4 See also 5 References List of Olympic medals over career ( edit ) This is a list of multiple Olympic medalists , listing people who have won seven or more Olympic medals . Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included . It includes top - three placings in 1896 and 1900 , before medals were awarded for top - three placings . When an athlete has won medals for more than one nation , for simplicity only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here . The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games when they won medals . See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed . In those instances where more than one athlete has the same number of total medals , the first tiebreaker is the number of gold medals , then the number of silver medals . Where two or more athletes have exactly the same number of gold , silver and bronze medals , the ranking is shown as a tie and the athletes are shown in order by career years and name . No . Athlete Nation Sport Years Games Gender Gold Silver Bronze Total Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 23 28 Latynina , Larisa Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 9 5 18 Andrianov , Nikolai Nikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1980 Summer 7 5 15 Bjorndalen , Ole Einar Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998 -- 2014 Winter 8 13 5 Shakhlin , Boris Boris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 7 6 Mangiarotti , Edoardo Edoardo Mangiarotti Italy Fencing 1936 -- 1960 Summer 6 5 7 Ono , Takashi Takashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952 -- 1964 Summer 5 8 Nurmi , Paavo Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920 -- 1928 Summer 9 0 12 9 Fischer , Birgit Birgit Fischer East Germany Germany Canoeing 1980 -- 2004 Summer 8 0 Dahlie , Bjorn Bjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 8 0 11 Kato , Sawao Sawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 8 Thompson , Jenny Jenny Thompson United States Swimming 1992 -- 2004 Summer 8 13 Lochte , Ryan Ryan Lochte United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 6 14 Torres , Dara Dara Torres United States Swimming 1984 -- 2008 Summer 15 Nemov , Alexei Alexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996 -- 2000 Summer 6 16 Coughlin , Natalie Natalie Coughlin United States Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 5 17 Spitz , Mark Mark Spitz United States Swimming 1968 -- 1972 Summer 9 11 18 Biondi , Matt Matt Biondi United States Swimming 1984 -- 1992 Summer 8 19 Caslavska , Vera Věra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1960 -- 1968 Summer 7 0 20 Chukarin , Viktor Viktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 7 21 Osburn , Carl Carl Osburn United States Shooting 1912 -- 1924 Summer 5 22 Lewis , Carl Carl Lewis United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 9 0 10 23 Gerevich , Aladar Aladár Gerevich Hungary Fencing 1932 -- 1960 Summer 7 24 Werth , Isabell Isabell Werth Germany Equestrian 1992 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 25 Bjorgen , Marit Marit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002 -- 2014 Winter 6 26 Nakayama , Akinori Akinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer 6 27 Scherbo , Vitaly Vitaly Scherbo Unified Team Belarus Gymnastics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 6 0 28 Keleti , Agnes Ágnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 5 Hall Jr. , Gary Gary Hall Jr . United States Swimming 1996 -- 2004 Summer 5 29 Astakhova , Polina Polina Astakhova Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 5 30 Smetanina , Raisa Raisa Smetanina Soviet Union Unified Team Cross-country skiing 1976 -- 1992 Winter 5 31 Dityatin , Alexander Alexander Dityatin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 6 32 Belmondo , Stefania Stefania Belmondo Italy Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 2002 Winter 5 33 Almsick , Franziska Franziska van Almsick Germany Swimming 1992 -- 2004 Summer 0 6 34 Van Innis , Hubert Hubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900 -- 1920 Summer 6 0 9 Yegorova , Lyubov Lyubov Yegorova Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1994 Winter 6 0 Felix , Allyson Allyson Felix United States Athletics 2004 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 37 Vezzali , Valentina Valentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 6 38 Comaneci , Nadia Nadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 5 40 Pechstein , Claudia Claudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 2006 Winter 5 41 Tsukahara , Mitsuo Mitsuo Tsukahara Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 5 42 Popov , Alexander Alexander Popov Unified Team Russia Swimming 1992 -- 2000 Summer 5 0 43 Jernberg , Sixten Sixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956 -- 1964 Winter Tourischeva , Ludmilla Ludmilla Tourischeva Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 45 Grunsven , Anky Anky van Grunsven Netherlands Equestrian 1992 -- 2012 Summer 5 Jones , Leisel Leisel Jones Australia Swimming 2000 -- 2012 Summer 5 47 Gaudini , Giulio Giulio Gaudini Italy Fencing 1928 -- 1936 Summer 48 Swahn , Alfred Alfred Swahn Sweden Shooting 1908 -- 1924 Summer 49 Voronin , Mikhail Mikhail Voronin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer 6 50 Savolainen , Heikki Heikki Savolainen Finland Gymnastics 1928 -- 1952 Summer 6 51 Titov , Yuri Yuri Titov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 5 52 Ottey , Merlene Merlene Ottey Jamaica Athletics 1980 -- 2000 Summer 0 6 54 Ewry , Ray Ray Ewry United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 8 0 0 8 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008 -- 2016 Summer 8 0 0 55 Fredriksson , Gert Gert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 6 56 Klimke , Reiner Reiner Klimke United Team of Germany West Germany Equestrian 1964 -- 1988 Summer 6 0 Ahn Hyun - Soo Viktor Ahn South Korea Russia Short track speed skating 2006 - 2014 Winter 6 0 58 Ritola , Ville Ville Ritola Finland Athletics 1924 -- 1928 Summer 5 0 59 Lipa , Elisabeta Elisabeta Lipă Romania Rowing 1984 -- 2000 Summer 5 60 Wiggins , Bradley Bradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2000 -- 2016 Summer 5 Adrian , Nathan Nathan Adrian United States Swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 62 Carlberg , Vilhelm Vilhelm Carlberg Sweden Shooting 1908 -- 1924 Summer 0 Fraser , Dawn Dawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 Ender , Kornelia Kornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 65 Olsen , Otto Otto Olsen Norway Shooting 1920 -- 1924 Summer Miez , Georges Georges Miez Switzerland Gymnastics 1924 -- 1936 Summer Gross , Rico Ricco Groß Germany Biathlon 1992 -- 2006 Winter Wüst , Ireen Ireen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006 - 2014 Winter 69 Matthes , Roland Roland Matthes East Germany Swimming 1968 -- 1976 Summer Schmitt , Allison Allison Schmitt United States Swimming 2008 - 2016 Summer Kulakova , Galina Galina Kulakova Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1972 -- 1980 Winter Aamodt , Kjetil Andre Kjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992 -- 2006 Winter Fischer , Sven Sven Fischer Germany Biathlon 1994 -- 2006 Winter Bruijn , Inge Inge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer Lezak , Jason Jason Lezak United States Swimming 2000 -- 2012 Summer 76 Trillini , Giovanna Giovanna Trillini Italy Fencing 1992 -- 2008 Summer 77 Kovacs , Katalin Katalin Kovács Hungary Canoeing 2000 -- 2012 Summer 5 0 78 Ducret , Roger Roger Ducret France Fencing 1920 -- 1928 Summer Cattiau , Philippe Philippe Cattiau France Fencing 1920 -- 1936 Summer Enke , Karin Karin Enke East Germany Speed skating 1980 -- 1988 Winter Niemann - Stirnemann , Gunda Gunda Niemann - Stirnemann Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 1998 Winter Thomas , Petria Petria Thomas Australia Swimming 1996 -- 2004 Summer 83 Campbell - Brown , Veronica Veronica Campbell - Brown Jamaica Athletics 2000 - 2016 Summer 84 Babashoff , Shirley Shirley Babashoff United States Swimming 1972 -- 1976 Summer 6 0 85 Oneill , Susie Susie O'Neill Australia Swimming 1992 -- 2000 Summer 86 Korondi , Margit Margit Korondi Hungary Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer Muratova , Sofia Sofia Muratova Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1960 Summer Sautin , Dmitri Dmitri Sautin Unified Team Russia Diving 1992 -- 2008 Summer Ohno , Apolo Apolo Ohno United States Short track speed skating 2002 -- 2010 Winter 90 Hoy , Chris Chris Hoy Great Britain Cycling 2000 -- 2012 Summer 6 0 7 Kenny , Jason Jason Kenny Great Britain Cycling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 92 Kovacs , Pal Pál Kovács Hungary Fencing 1936 -- 1960 Summer 6 0 93 Endo , Yukio Yukio Endo Japan Gymnastics 1960 -- 1968 Summer 5 0 Peirsol , Aaron Aaron Peirsol United States Swimming 2000 -- 2008 Summer 5 0 95 Lee , Willis Augustus Willis Augustus Lee United States Shooting 1920 Summer 5 Thunberg , Clas Clas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924 -- 1928 Winter 5 Winkler , Hans Gunter Hans Günter Winkler United Team of Germany West Germany Equestrian 1956 -- 1976 Summer 5 Jager , Tom Tom Jager United States Swimming 1984 -- 1992 Summer 5 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1996 Summer 5 Lazutina , Larisa Larisa Lazutina Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 5 Wu , Minxia Minxia Wu China Diving 2004 - 2016 Summer 5 102 Gaudin , Lucien Lucien Gaudin France Fencing 1920 -- 1928 Summer 0 Patzaichin , Ivan Ivan Patzaichin Romania Canoeing 1968 -- 1984 Summer 0 104 Liberg , Einar Einar Liberg Norway Shooting 1908 -- 1924 Summer Ballangrud , Ivar Ivar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928 -- 1936 Winter 106 Daniels , Charles Charles Daniels United States Swimming 1904 -- 1908 Summer Spooner , Lloyd Lloyd Spooner United States Shooting 1920 Summer Kitajima , Kosuke Kosuke Kitajima Japan Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer Trickett , Libby Libby Trickett Australia Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 110 Hakulinen , Veikko Veikko Hakulinen Finland Cross-country skiing 1952 -- 1960 Winter 111 Mantyranta , Eero Eero Mäntyranta Finland Cross-country skiing 1960 -- 1968 Winter Szewinska , Irena Irena Szewińska Poland Athletics 1964 -- 1976 Summer Andersson , Agneta Agneta Andersson Sweden Canoeing 1984 -- 1996 Summer Hoogenband , Pieter Pieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer Kramer , Sven Sven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 2006 - 2014 Winter 117 Strickland , Shirley Shirley Strickland Australia Athletics 1948 -- 1956 Summer Amanar , Simona Simona Amânar Romania Gymnastics 1996 - 2000 Summer Gottwald , Felix Felix Gottwald Austria Nordic combined 2002 -- 2010 Winter 119 Kirvesniemi , Marja - Liisa Marja - Liisa Kirvesniemi Finland Cross-country skiing 1984 -- 1994 Winter 0 Valbe , Yelena Yelena Välbe Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 0 121 Marzi , Gustavo Gustavo Marzi Italy Fencing 1928 -- 1936 Summer 5 0 Gorokhovskaya , Maria Maria Gorokhovskaya Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 Summer 5 0 123 Beard , Amanda Amanda Beard United States Swimming 1996 -- 2004 Summer Khorkina , Svetlana Svetlana Khorkina Russia Gymnastics 1996 -- 2004 Summer Coventry , Kirsty Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe Swimming 2004 -- 2008 Summer 125 Ujlaki - Rejto , Ildiko Ildikó Újlaky - Rejtő Hungary Fencing 1960 -- 1976 Summer Janz , Karin Karin Janz East Germany Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer 128 Miller , Shannon Shannon Miller United States Gymnastics 1992 -- 1996 Summer Di Centa , Manuela Manuela Di Centa Italy Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter Mustafina , Aliya Aliya Mustafina Russia Gymnastics 2012 -- 2016 Summer Timeline ( edit ) This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most medals won . Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included . It includes top - three placings in 1896 and 1900 , before medals were awarded for top - three placings . All record - holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games . Medal count Date Athlete Nation Sport Record medal event Earlier medal events 6 April 1896 James Connolly United States Athletics Triple jump G -- Alexandre Tuffère France Triple jump S Ioannis Persakis Greece Triple jump B Robert Garrett United States Athletics Discus G Panagiotis Paraskevopoulos Greece Discus S Sotirios Versis Greece Discus B 7 April 1896 Robert Garrett United States Athletics Long jump S See above James Connolly United States Long jump B Robert Garrett United States Athletics Shot put G 1896 -- 1 G , 2 S 9 April 1896 Carl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics Vault G 1896 -- 1 G , 2 G Hermann Weingärtner Germany Vault B 1896 -- 1 G , 2 G Gymnastics Pommel horse S 5 Rings S 6 Horizontal bar G 16 July 1900 Robert Garrett United States Athletics Standing triple jump B 1896 -- 1 G , 2 S , 3 G , 4 S 1900 -- 5 B 3 September 1904 Ray Ewry United States Athletics Standing triple jump G 1900 -- 1 G , 2 G , 3 G 1904 -- 4 G , 5 G 7 20 July 1908 Athletics Standing long jump G 8 23 July 1908 Standing high jump G 29 July 1920 Carl Osburn United States Shooting Team 300 m / 600 m military rifle , prone G 1912 -- 1 B , 2 S , 3 S , 4 G 1920 -- 5 B , 6 S , 7 G 9 30 July 1920 300 m military rifle , standing G 10 31 July 1920 Team free rifle G 11 27 June 1924 Shooting 600 m free rifle S 3 August 1928 Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 5000 m S 1920 -- 1 S , 2 G , 3 G , 4 G 1924 -- 5 G , 6 G , 7 G , 8 G , 9 G 1928 -- 10 G 12 4 August 1928 3000 m steeplechase S 2 September 1960 Edoardo Mangiarotti Italy Fencing Team foil S 1936 -- 1 G 1948 -- 2 S , 3 S , 4 B 1952 -- 5 S , 6 S , 7 G , 8 G 1956 -- 9 G , 10 G , 11 B 13 9 September 1960 Team épée G 21 October 1964 Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics Team G 1956 -- 1 G , 2 B , 3 G , 4 G , 5 G , 6 S 1960 -- 7 G , 8 G , 9 S , 10 S , 11 B , 12 G 14 All - around S 15 22 October 1964 Vault S 16 Uneven bars B 17 23 October 1964 Balance beam B 18 Floor exercise G 31 July 2012 Michael Phelps United States Swimming 200 m butterfly S 2004 -- 1 G , 2 B , 3 B , 4 G , 5 G , 6 G , 7 G , 8 G 2008 -- 9 G , 10 G , 11 G , 12 G , 13 G , 14 G , 15 G , 16 G 2012 -- 17 S 19 4 × 200 m freestyle G 20 2 August 2012 200 m individual medley G 21 3 August 2012 100 m butterfly G 22 4 August 2012 4 × 100 m medley relay G 23 7 August 2016 4 × 100 m freestyle relay G 24 9 August 2016 200 m butterfly G 25 4 × 200 m freestyle relay G 26 11 August 2016 200 m individual medley G 27 12 August 2016 100 m butterfly S 28 13 August 2016 4 × 100 m medley relay G Legend : G = Gold , S = Silver , B = Bronze . List of most career medals in individual events ( edit ) This list contains only medals won in individual events , no relays or team events count for this section . No . Athlete Nation Sport Years Games Sex Gold Silver Bronze Total Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 13 16 Latynina , Larisa Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 6 5 14 Andrianov , Nikolai Nikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1980 Summer 6 12 Shakhlin , Boris Boris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 6 10 5 Ono , Takashi Takashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952 -- 1964 Summer 6 Nemov , Alexei Alexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996 -- 2000 Summer 5 7 Nurmi , Paavo Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920 -- 1928 Summer 6 0 9 Dahlie , Bjorn Bjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 6 0 9 Chukarin , Viktor Viktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 5 Kato , Sawao Sawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 5 Bjorndalen , Ole Einar Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998 -- 2014 Winter 5 12 Scherbo , Vitaly Vitaly Scherbo Unified Team Belarus Gymnastics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 5 0 13 Ewry , Ray Ray Ewry United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 8 0 0 8 14 Caslavska , Vera Věra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1960 -- 1968 Summer 7 0 Lewis , Carl Carl Lewis United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 7 0 16 Nakayama , Akinori Akinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer Pechstein , Claudia Claudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 2006 Winter 18 Dityatin , Alexander Alexander Dityatin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 19 Comaneci , Nadia Nadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 7 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1996 Summer 5 21 Bjørgen , Marit Marit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002 -- 2014 Winter 22 Jernberg , Sixten Sixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956 -- 1964 Winter Wüst , Ireen Ireen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2014 Winter 24 Voronin , Mikhail Mikhail Voronin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer Smetanina , Raisa Raisa Smetanina Soviet Union Unified Team Cross-country skiing 1976 -- 1992 Winter Coventry , Kirsty Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe Swimming 2004 -- 2008 Summer 27 Lochte , Ryan Ryan Lochte United States Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 28 Ottey , Merlene Merlene Ottey Jamaica Athletics 1980 -- 2000 Summer 0 5 Athletes with medals in different disciplines ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . In the Summer and Winter Games ( edit ) Athlete ( Nation ) Summer Games Winter Games Ref Year Medal Event Year Medal Event Eddie Eagan ( USA ) 1920 Antwerp 01 ! Gold Boxing ( light heavyweight ) 1932 Lake Placid 01 ! Gold Bobsleigh ( four - man ) Jacob Tullin Thams ( NOR ) 1936 Berlin 02 ! Silver Sailing ( 8 - metre ) 1924 Chamonix 01 ! Gold Ski jumping ( individual large hill ) Christa Luding - Rothenburger ( GDR ) 1988 Seoul 02 ! Silver Cycling ( sprint ) 1984 Sarajevo 01 ! Gold Speed skating ( 500 m ) 1988 Calgary 01 ! Gold Speed skating ( 1000 m ) 02 ! Silver Speed skating ( 500 m ) 1992 Albertville 03 ! Bronze Speed skating ( 500 m ) Clara Hughes ( CAN ) 1996 Atlanta 03 ! Bronze Cycling ( road race ) 2002 Salt Lake City 03 ! Bronze Speed skating ( 5000 m ) 2006 Turin 02 ! Silver Speed skating ( team pursuit ) 03 ! Bronze Cycling ( time trial ) 01 ! Gold Speed skating ( 5000 m ) 2010 Vancouver 03 ! Bronze Speed skating ( 5000 m ) Lauryn Williams ( USA ) 2004 Athens 02 ! Silver Athletics ( 100 m ) 2014 Sochi 02 ! Silver Bobsleigh ( two - woman ) 2012 London 01 ! Gold Athletics ( 4 × 100 m relay ) Gillis Grafström became the first person to win a medal in the same event in Summer and Winter Olympics , winning figure skating golds at the 1920 Olympics and at the first Winter Olympics in 1924 . Eddie Eagan became the first person to win a medal in the Winter Olympics and in the Summer Olympics in different events . He is the only Summer and Winter medalist to win gold medals in different events . Christa Luding - Rothenburger is the only person to win medals at the Winter and Summer Games in the same year . ( This feat is no longer possible due to the staggering of the Winter and Summer Olympic years ) . She is also the first person to win medals in successive Winter and Summer Games or vice versa . Clara Hughes is the first person to win multiple medals in both Summer and Winter Games and holds the highest number of medals of any Olympian to win medals in both the Summer and Winter Games . In the Summer Games ( edit ) Swimming and water polo ( edit ) Paul Radmilovic ( GBR ) Johnny Weissmuller ( USA ) Gérard Blitz ( BEL ) Tim Shaw ( USA ) Others in Summer Games ( edit ) Morris Kirksey ( USA ) ( athletics and rugby ) Edwin Flack ( AUS ) ( athletics and tennis ) Karch Kiraly ( USA ) ( indoor volleyball and beach volleyball ) Otto Herschmann ( AUT ) ( swimming and fencing ) Carl Schuhmann ( GER ) ( gymnastics and wrestling ) Rebecca Romero ( GBR ) ( cycling and rowing ) Roswitha Krause ( GER ) ( swimming and handball ) Walter W. Winans ( USA ) ( shooting and sculpture ) Alfréd Hajós ( HUN ) ( swimming and architecture ) Conn Findlay ( USA ) ( rowing and sailing ) Daniel Norling ( SWE ) ( gymnastics and equestrian ) Fritz Hofmann ( GER ) ( gymnastics and athletics ) Oswald Holmberg ( SWE ) ( gymnastics and tug of war ) Gustaf Dyrssen ( SWE ) ( modern pentathlon and fencing ) In the Winter Games ( edit ) Cross-country skiing and Nordic combined ( edit ) Thorleif Haug ( NOR ) Johan Grøttumsbråten ( NOR ) Thoralf Strømstad ( NOR ) Oddbjørn Hagen ( NOR ) Others in Winter Games ( edit ) Anfisa Reztsova ( URS ) ( biathlon and cross-country skiing ) Susi Erdmann ( GER ) ( luge and bobsleigh ) Gerda Weissensteiner ( ITA ) ( luge and bobsleigh ) Eric Flaim ( USA ) ( long track speedskating and short track speedskating ) See also ( edit ) List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event List of multiple Olympic gold medalists List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event List of multiple Winter Olympic medallists List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games All - time Olympic Games medal table Leonidas of Rhodes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Coubertin , Pierre de ; Timoleon J. Philimon ; N.G. Politis ; Ch . Anninos ( 1897 ) . `` Second Part : The Olympic Games in 1896 '' ( PDF ) . The Olympic Games , B.C. 776 -- A.D. 1896 ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . IOC official Olympic reports . translated by A. v. K. London : Grevel . pp. 55 -- 81 ( passim ) . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . ( note : the source gives dates in the Julian calendar ; this table uses the Gregorian calendar ) Jump up ^ `` Eddie Eagan '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jacob Tullin Thams '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christa Rothenburger - Luding '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clara Hughes '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam ( 19 February 2014 ) . `` Canada Catches U.S. in Final Bobsled Run '' . New York Times . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . `` Olympic Medal Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . `` databaseOlympics.com '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 18 March 2007 . Retrieved 20 March 2007 . See also references in the articles on each athlete . ( hide ) Olympics and Paralympics statistics Medalists and medal tables Lists of Olympic medalists Lists of Paralympic medalists All - time Olympic Games medal table All - time Paralympic Games medal table Multiple medalists Multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games in one event at Winter Olympics Multiple gold medalists Multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games in one event Multiple Paralympic gold medalists at a single Games Other statistics Olympic medals in different sports at Summer and Winter Olympics Most appearances at Olympic Games Medal sweeps in Olympic athletics Athletes at both the Summer and Winter Olympics Ties for medals at the Olympics Olympic medalist families Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_multiple_Olympic_medalists&oldid=800280690 '' Categories : Lists of Olympic medalists Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with hCards Incomplete lists from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 15 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has won the most medals in the summer olympics | [
"As of August 13, 2016, American swimmer Michael Phelps has won the most Olympic medals with 28 medals (23 gold, 3 silver, 2 bronze). He is also the most decorated Olympian in individual events, with 16 medals (13 gold, 2 silver, 1 bronze). Norwegian biathlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen is the most decorated Winter Olympian, with 13 medals (8 gold, 4 silver, and 1 bronze)."
] | [
"American swimmer Michael Phelps"
] |
522830166859817692 | List of McDonald's products | List of McDonald 's products - wikipedia List of McDonald 's products Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . 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Throughout its history , McDonald 's has added and removed different items to and from its menu . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beef burgers 2 Chicken 3 Fish 4 Pork 5 Other products 6 Breakfast 7 Beverages 8 Desserts 9 Former items 9.1 Burgers 9.2 Sauces 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Beef burgers ( edit ) All beef patties are seasoned , consisting primarily of salt and minced pepper . Hamburger ( formerly known as the Junior Burger in some countries ) and cheeseburger -- a 1.6 - ounce ( 45 g ) ground beef patty , with 0.125 ounces ( 3.5 g ) ketchup , mustard , a single dill pickle , re-hydrated onions , on a toasted bun . At one time early in McDonald 's history , the pickle was removed from the sandwich . In all , or much , of the New York City area , it is served without mustard . It is also sold as a double or triple , which adds an extra pickle slice for each beef patty added . A triple burger and a bacon double cheeseburger are optional items and are not always available in all restaurants or markets . In Australia , the average serving size for a Cheeseburger is 110 grams . The hamburger and the cheeseburger are the company 's original grilled burger offerings , having been served as part of the 1948 menu . Big Mac -- a signature product that was introduced in 1968 . Two 1.6 - ounce ( 45 g ) ( approx . uncooked weight ) beef patties , special Big Mac sauce , lettuce , cheese , pickles , and diced onions on a sesame seed bun , with an additional middle bun ( called a `` club layer '' ) separating the beef patties . The Grand Mac , its bigger - size counterpart , was added in December 2016 . Quarter Pounder -- a 4.25 - ounce ( 120.5 g ) ( originally 4 - ounce ( 113.4 g ) until 2015 ) ( approx . uncooked weight ) ground beef patty with ketchup , mustard , chopped onions , pickle , and two slices of cheese . As with burgers made with the smaller 1.6 - ounce patties , the Quarter Pounder is prepared without mustard in all or a large portion of the New York City region . It was invented by Al Bernardin , a franchise owner and former McDonald 's Vice President of product development , at his McDonald 's in Fremont , California , in 1971 . In some markets unfamiliar with Imperial measurements ( such as France ) , it is known as a Royal Cheese , or variants thereof , such as McRoyale . It is also available as the Double Quarter Pounder with Cheese , which includes another patty of the same proportions . In 2013 , McDonald 's expanded the sandwich into a line with three additional variants to make them smaller versions of the Angus Burgers , which was renamed the Taste - Crafted Burgers in 2016 in West Coast markets and later expanded to other U.S. markets in January 2017 , the latest added being the Signature Sriracha , reinstated in July through September , which was replaced by Sweet Barbecue Bacon by May . Big N ' Tasty / Big Tasty -- the Big N ' Tasty , introduced in 1997 , was a 4 - ounce ( 113 g ) beef patty with ketchup , cheese , mayonnaise with a grill diced onions , pickles , leaf lettuce , and tomatoes . It was devised to resemble Burger King 's Whopper sandwich . It is also known as the Big Xtra in Slovenia and most of Canada ; the McXtra in Quebec , Canada ; the McFeast Deluxe in Australia ; the Big Tasty ( without the ' N ' ) in Brazil , Bulgaria , France , Germany , Italy ( without ketchup ) , Ireland , The Netherlands , Poland , Russia , Sweden , the United Kingdom ; the Quarter Pounder Deluxe in South Africa ; and the McNifica ( a play on Spanish magnifica , ' wonderful ' ) in Mexico and Latin America . The Big Tasty configuration is somewhat different , consisting of a third - pound ( 150 g ) beef patty , sesame seed bun , lettuce , tomatoes , onions , Emmental cheese , and Big Tasty sauce ( which has a smoke flavor ) . The Big Tasty Bacon variant also contains strips of bacon . This variant was sold in the US until 2009 ; it is now sold internationally only . Double Cheeseburger -- two 1.6 - ounce ( 45 g ) ground beef patties , with 0.125 ounces ( 3.5 g ) ketchup , mustard ( except in all or much of the New York City area ) , two slices of dill pickle , re-hydrated onions , and two pieces of cheese on a toasted bun . The double cheeseburger was offered as a promotional item in the 1950s , and was added to the regular menu in 1965 . An official variant is offered in the U.S. state of New Mexico , called the Green Chile Double Cheeseburger , topped with roasted green New Mexico chile peppers . The McDouble McDouble -- similar to a Double Cheeseburger , but with just one slice of cheese . Reintroduced as a permanent dollar - menu item in December 2008 -- had been a short - term product in 1997 , advertised with `` Eddie the Echo . '' The original McDouble did not have cheese and was garnished with lettuce and tomatoes rather than the pickles and onions on the 2008 version . Bacon McDouble -- a sandwich that is similar to the McDouble , but it has two pieces of Applewood smoked bacon added to it . This sandwich was added to the U.S. `` Dollar Menu & More '' in November 2013 . Daily Double -- similar to the McDouble , however , the toppings are slightly different . The Daily Double is made with a little bit of lettuce , tomato , slivered onions , and mayonnaise . It also has only one slice of cheese , like the McDouble , rather than the two slices that are on the double cheeseburger . In 2011 and 2012 , the item was test marketed in various regional locations . McFeast -- a hamburger with lettuce , tomato , pickles and mayonnaise , in most markets from April 1977 . The name McFeast lives on though in Scandinavian countries , where a McFeast has been served since the mid-1980s in Sweden and was later introduced to the rest of the Nordic countries ; the McFeast in Sweden contains a quarter pounder patty , lettuce , modified mayonnaise with lemon juice , onion and tomato . In the rest of the countries , the McFeast also contains ketchup , but not in Sweden . The same burger was sold under the name Mega Feast in New Zealand for several years during the 1990s , but has since been discontinued . The McFeast Deluxe was sold in Australia until the late 1990s and contained : mustard , ketchup , large onions , McFeast Deluxe sauce , lettuce , a tomato slice , regular cheese and a quarter pounder patty served in a Quarter Pounder / McChicken Bun . It returned to the Australian menu in 2009 and in August 2011 using the same ingredients , however , contained McChicken sauce in place of the original ' McFeast Deluxe ' sauce . The McFeast has been sold in Germany and Austria since the 1990s , named `` Hamburger Royal TS '' ( T for `` Tomate '' ( tomato ) ; S for `` Salat '' , the German word for lettuce ) . It contains a quarter - pounder patty , lettuce , tomatoes , onions , cheese and the McChicken mayo sauce . For special occasions , it is sold in Germany as a `` McFresh '' which also contains cucumber slices . Ranger Burger and Super Ranger . 1955 Burger -- this burger inspired by 1955 ( according to the official site ) contains beef , bacon , lettuce , tomatoes , caramelized onions , ketchup and McDonald 's smoky sauce ( barbecue ) . Named after the year the fast - food chain was incorporated by Ray Kroc , the burger is popular in European markets , including Spain , Italy and Germany . It was released in 2011 and re-released in 2013 in the UK . BBQ Ranch Burger -- a very sweet hamburger containing one all - beef patty , cheddar cheese , BBQ Ranch sauce , and tortilla strips , added to the U.S. `` Dollar Menu and More '' in November 2013 . McSpicy Burger -- a very spicy chicken breast , lettuce , cheese and hot sauce - laced mayo , served as the McSpicy Shake Shake Meal , complete with fries . Bacon Clubhouse -- a burger consisting of one quarter - pound patty , lettuce , tomato , and special sauce served on an `` artisan roll '' . This core item was added to the menu the week of March 12 , 2014 . Jalapeño Double -- similar to the McDouble , except it contains two types of jalapeño peppers , pickled and crispy , plus a slice of white cheddar cheese between the two burger patties , and buttermilk ranch sauce , added to the Dollar Menu in April 2014 . Triple Cheeseburger -- similar to the Double Cheeseburger , except it contains three burger patties , with a slice of American cheese between each patty , plus ketchup , mustard ( except in all or much of the New York City area ) , onion , and dill pickle . This was added to the Dollar Menu in December 2014 . ChiTown Classic -- a regional offering that was one of two finalists out of 100s of entries in the `` Chicagoland Burger Build Off '' competition to develop a breakfast - dinner mashup burger in 2015 . The burger was placed on the menu on Chicago area locations starting Mid-November until December 27 , 2015 . The burger adds breakfast 's Canadian bacon and applewood smoked bacon . Chicken ( edit ) McChicken -- a mildly spicy chicken sandwich , offered in a spicier variant as the Hot n ' Spicy in some markets . Made from 100 % ground white meat chicken , mayonnaise , and shredded lettuce , on a toasted bun . A full - size version was introduced in 1980 , later removed , and reintroduced in 1988 . In some markets , it is not spicy , and in others , a cajun spiced version is also offered . It remains one of the biggest sellers , just behind the Big Mac . The larger sandwich was replaced with the Crispy Chicken Deluxe in 1996 , and brought back in 1998 in the current smaller size , and marketed as the Cajun ( Style ) McChicken . In Australia , the average serving size for a McChicken is 185 grams . In Canada , it remains a full - size sandwich , while the US ' smaller version is sold as the Junior Chicken . Premium chicken sandwiches -- the Premium line was added in July 2005 . The Classic was a rebranding of the Crispy Chicken and Chicken McGrill sandwiches , themselves rebrandings of the Deluxe chicken line in 1998 , with mayonnaise , leaf lettuce , and a tomato slice . The Ranch BLT contains ranch sauce instead of mayonnaise and includes bacon . The Club is similar to the Classic with added bacon and a piece of Swiss cheese . In Latin America , the Classic and the Club are sold , but a honey mustard chicken sandwich is sold in place of the BLT . All were served on a whole - grain roll , with either a grilled or crispy chicken breast . On March 20 , 2014 , the Premium Crispy Chicken Bacon Clubhouse and Premium Grilled Chicken Bacon Clubhouse were added to the line - up ( alongside the beef variant of the sandwich ) on a new artisan roll . In February 2015 the Ranch BLT and Club were removed from the menu . The standard crispy offering was renamed to the Premium Crispy Chicken Deluxe ( later the Buttermilk Crispy Chicken Sandwich in August 2015 ) and it was upgraded to sit on the artisan roll introduced with the Bacon Clubhouse . In the first week of April 2015 , McDonald 's replaced the Premium Grilled Chicken sandwich with the Artisan Grilled Chicken . Like the Taste - Crafted Burgers , the Taste - Crafted Chicken sandwiches were introduced in 2016 , in West Coast markets , and in all other U.S. markets in January 2017 . Signature Sriracha was the latest to be added in June 2016 , reinstated in July through September 2017 ; it was replaced by Sweet Barbecue Bacon in May 2017 . Southern Style Chicken Sandwich -- a southern - style fried chicken breast filet , on a steamed bun , dressed with butter and two pickles . Nearly identical to a Chick - fil - A chicken sandwich . Discontinued at many franchises in early 2015 . Snack Wrap -- a wrap made with white meat chicken breast ( crispy or grilled ) , lettuce , shredded Cheddar cheese and Monterey Jack cheese , and a sauce ( Spicy Buffalo , Ranch , Honey mustard , Chipotle barbecue , or Salsa Roja , the breakfast sauce on the McSkillet ) , wrapped in a soft flour tortilla . It was launched on July 1 , 2006 . Chipotle BBQ is the most recent flavor . Available in the United States , The Netherlands , United Kingdom , Canada , Australia and Brazil . There is also a Mac Snack Wrap which features the fixings of the Big Mac , but without the bun and wrapped in a tortilla shell , and uses one half of a piece of quarter meat . Premium Chicken Wrap -- in 2013 , McDonald 's in the U.S. introduced a larger wrap that it has had success with in parts of Europe . It comes in three variants : Sweet Chilli Chicken , Chicken & Bacon , and Chicken & Ranch . Chicken Fajita -- chicken , cheese , red and green bell peppers , and diced onions in a flour tortilla . Comes with Picante sauce packets on request , which are available in mild and spicy . Available in only a few markets . Chicken McNuggets -- introduced in 1983 as a replacement for the McChicken , these are small chicken chunks served with dipping sauces of barbecue , sweet n ' sour , honey , and hot mustard . Available in 4 , 6 , 10 ( originally 9 ) , or 20 pieces . Up until 2003 , they were a combination of white and dark meat , now they are made with only white meat . In 2011 , five new dipping sauces were introduced and added to the line - up : sweet chilli , honey mustard , spicy buffalo , and creamy ranch . With the addition of these new dipping sauces , McDonald 's began phasing out the Hot Mustard sauce , and by February 2014 , it had been discontinued in most U.S. markets . McArabia -- there are two versions of the McArabia : grilled chicken , and grilled kofta ( beef with spices ) . Both are served with lettuce , tomatoes , onions , and garlic mayonnaise in addition to two small patties of grilled chicken or kofta , all wrapped in an Arabian - style pita bread . McDonald 's has performed a rather large advertising campaign for the McArabia since its introduction in 2003 , largely focusing on the Arabian - themed nature of the sandwich , and it appears to have worked well . The McArabia has been very well received throughout Southwestern Eurasia . The same product is also introduced in Malaysia with `` Chicken Foldover '' as an alternative name . ( Premium ) Crispy Chicken Deluxe -- a sandwich made with a crispy chicken breast , tomato slices , and lettuce . It was first sold in 1996 and had its name changed to the Crispy Chicken Sandwich in 1998 . It was replaced with a Premium chicken sandwich in July 2005 , and was then brought back in 2015 under the original name with the added prefix Premium . The only other change is that it is now sold on an artisan roll instead of the potato bun that characterized the original Crispy Chicken Deluxe . By August 2015 it was renamed the Buttermilk Crispy Chicken Sandwich . This is part of the Taste - Crafted Chicken sandwiches introduced in 2016 . Grilled Chicken Deluxe -- this sandwich has the same ingredients as the Premium Crispy Chicken Deluxe , but has a marinated , grilled chicken breast at its centre . It has been sold under various names since 1996 , when it was introduced as the Grilled Chicken Deluxe , and had its name changed to the Chicken McGrill in 1998 . It was replaced with a Premium chicken sandwich in July 2005 , which was in turn replaced with the Artisan Grilled Chicken in 2015 . It is also available in India , and has at times been available in Canada . Artisan Grilled Chicken -- in the first week of April 2015 , McDonald 's introduced a redesigned grilled chicken patty , replacing the Premium Grilled Chicken sandwich , which contains `` less ingredients '' , and those that remain can be found in consumer 's `` own kitchens '' . The sandwich sits atop the artisan roll first seen with the Bacon Clubhouse , and is the last of the full - size chicken sandwiches to switch to this bun . It is part of the Taste - Crafted Chicken sandwiches menu introduced in 2016 . Maharaja Mac - In India , McDonald 's does not serve beef in its burgers . Instead , it has created a large Big Lac style chicken burger called the `` Chicken Maharaja Mac '' , with a chicken patty and vegetable garnishings . Chicken McBites - `` poppable '' pieces of chicken that are made from chicken breasts . Tasty Basket - Available only in Italy , the Tasty Basket consists of 30 pieces of chicken , which includes the Chicken McNugget , Chicken McBites , and chicken wings . Buttermilk Crispy Tenders - previously known as Chicken Selects , was reinstated in U.S. restaurants in September 2017. . Fish ( edit ) Filet - O - Fish -- a fish fillet with tartar sauce and a half slice of cheese , on a steamed bun . It was introduced in Cincinnati in 1962 when it was discovered that many Roman Catholics chose to eat at Frisch 's Big Boy on Fridays and during Lent , as it offered a fish sandwich so they could go without meat . This was replaced with the Fish Filet Deluxe in 1996 and brought back in 1998 albeit a larger fish patty . During the Easter period in Hawaii and Guam , a Double Filet - O - Fish meal is offered with two pieces of fish on one bun . Fish McBites -- similar to the Chicken McBites , these are small pieces of flaky whitefish dipped in batter and fried until golden brown , and served with tartar sauce for dipping . They were taken off the menu at the end of March 2013 . Pork ( edit ) The McRib McRib -- a sandwich featuring boneless pork with barbecue sauce , slivered onions , and pickles . First seen in test - market stores near interstate highways around Milwaukee and Madison , Wisconsin , in the late 1970s ( along with early tests of personal - sized pizza ) the McRib was more widely released in 1981 , but pulled from the menu in 1985 . It is released annually in the U.S. as a limited time promotion in some locations . Since 2005 , the McRib has reappeared in late October staying on the menu for 10 weeks . The McRib was released in Canada as a promotional sandwich from March 18 through April 8 , 2008 , and again in summer 2011 . The McRib is presently on some European menus ( e.g. , Germany , where it has been standard since or even before 1990 ) . Other products ( edit ) McDonald 's introduced salads to its menu in 1987 . Since that time , they have restructured their salad lines several times . In the U.S. , the newest salad offerings are part of the McDonald 's Premium line . First introduced in 2003 , the Premium Salads all are a mixture of iceberg lettuce and a special lettuce assortment ( romaine , etc . ) , with cherry tomatoes and different toppings to differentiate them ; additionally , all salads can be topped with warm grilled or crispy chicken . All of its salads are part of McDonald 's move towards creating a healthier image . The Happy Meal / Mighty Kids Meal -- McDonald 's capitalized on Burger Chef 's Funmeal concept of a children 's meal when it introduced the first Happy Meal in 1979 . The meal includes an entrée , a side dish , a beverage and a toy . Happy meals include a tiny order fries ( far less than a small order of fries ) and fruit , optional sauce for fries , and a choice of nuggets , a single patty burger , or wraps . An additional product , Pasta Zoo was discontinued in 2008 . The Mighty Kids Meal contains more food than the Happy Meal , less than the adult meal , and still contains a toy . The toy is usually a product tie - in with a movie or popular television show . In mid-February 2012 , McDonald 's has introduced the Happy Meals / Mighty Kids Meals so that they now come with either a Hamburger , Cheeseburger , 4 piece Chicken McNuggets , McDouble or the 6 - piece Chicken McNuggets with a smaller version of the small fry for the Happy Meal or a small fry for a Mighty Kids Meal . All kids meals now come with fries , apple slices and a toy . The apple slices have been reduced from 8 slices to only 4 and no longer come with caramel dipping sauce . In the U.S. , the traditional entrée is a choice of hamburger , cheeseburger , or a four - piece order of Chicken McNuggets ( or a double cheeseburger or six - piece order of Chicken McNuggets for the Mighty Kids Meals ) ; the sides are fries and sliced apples . Milk , chocolate milk , boxed apple juice , and the traditional soda are choices for drinks . Some U.S. franchises also include a small cellophane package of McDonaldland cookies . In 2009 , McDonald 's offered a Happy Meal Wrap , but it was discontinued later that year due to low sales . In the UK , the entrée is a choice of hamburger , cheeseburger , four Chicken McNuggets , three fish fingers , or a Chicken wrap ; the sides are a choice of fries , carrot sticks or sliced apples and grapes . Organic milk , Tropicana orange juice , apple and blackcurrant Robinsons Fruit Shoot , milkshakes , water and the traditional soda are the choices for drinks . In New Zealand and Australia , the entrée is a choice of hamburger , cheeseburger , three or six - piece order of Chicken McNuggets , five or ten Chicken McBites or a crispy or seared Chicken Snack Wrap ; the sides are a choice of french fries or apple slices . Thickshake , boxed chocolate milk , apple or water pop tops , orange juice , and the traditional soda are choices for drinks . In Canada , the entrée is a choice of hamburger , cheeseburger , four - piece Chicken McNuggets , grilled cheese , or chicken snack wraps ; the sides are a choice of fries or apple slices with caramel dip . Milk , chocolate milk , boxed apple juice , orange juice , and the traditional soda are choices for drinks . In Belgium , the entrée is a choice of hamburger , cheeseburger , four - piece order of Chicken McNuggets , McFish or a Ketchup Wrap . McDonald 's line of larger chicken sandwiches ( The Classic , Club , Ranch BLT and Southwest ) , which are part of the McDonald 's Premium line were introduced in July 2005 as part of McDonald 's menu revamp . The Classic includes Lettuce , Tomato , and Mayo . The Club also has Lettuce Tomato and Mayo , but also comes with Swiss cheese and bacon . The Ranch BLT comes with a creamy ranch sauce , bacon , lettuce and tomato . The Grand Chicken Burger : Large chicken patty with two layers of cheese , tomatoes , lettuce and sauce The Southwest comes with a southwest style ancho chilli sauce , lettuce , tomato , and spicy pepper jack cheese . All four can be chosen with either crispy or grilled chicken and all are served on a wheat ciabatta bun . Deli Choices is a line of deli - style sandwiches that are sold internationally . It is targeted at health - conscious customers and is available in Australia , Austria , Canada , Germany , and Britain , and is testing in the United States . It is similar to the McHero sandwich , sold in parts of the United States . McDonald 's sells French fries as its primary side order . Until 1967 , McFries were never frozen , but were cut on - site from potatoes and immediately fried . In some international locations , they sell potato wedges , a type of French fry that is thick cut and wedge - shaped and fried onion pieces that are similar to onion rings . McDonald 's McFries . Many McDonald 's locations in discount stores offer freshly popped popcorn and soft pretzels in addition to the normal menu . In PA stores , only soft pretzels are offered as a side option . Denali Mac -- a burger that looks like the Big Mac , but it uses two quarter - pound beef patties . Sold only in Alaska , named after Denali ( formerly Mount McKinley ) . McLobster in 2015 . McLobster -- a lobster roll served in a hot dog bun with `` lobster sauce '' and shredded lettuce , introduced in 1993 . The product had supply issues and was not very profitable nationally . Recently , it was only available in Atlantic Canada and New England region in the summer , when lobster is inexpensive . In the 2010s , McDonald 's had short - term reintroductions in Canada and Italy . McCrab -- in response to the McLobster , McDonald 's along the eastern coast of the Delmarva Peninsula ( comprising parts of Delaware , Maryland and Virginia ) developed the McCrab sandwich , a McDonald 's version of the Chesapeake crabcake . Poutine -- originally only to be found in French - Canadian communities , poutine is now found on the menu at most McDonald 's ' across Canada . Brownie Melt -- similar to a Cinnamelt , it is a rich chocolate brownie with chocolate and white frosting . McRice -- Most McDonald 's restaurants in countries in Asia serve the product due to popular demand . It is normal rice . McSpaghetti -- was launched in the late 1970s as a part of McD 's dinner menu which included a number of Italian dishes . The dish is still available international such as in the Philippines where it is popular and is generally served with McNuggets . Angus Snack Wrap -- wrap with Angus burger introduced to the U.S. market on August 9 , 2010 . Angus Snack wraps are available three ways : Deluxe ( lettuce , tomato , onions , pickles , American cheese , mayo , mustard ) ; Bacon & Cheese ( onions , pickles , American cheese , ketchup , mustard , a strip of bacon ) ; and Mushroom & Swiss ( sauteed mushrooms , Swiss cheese , mayo ) . The Angus Wrap uses 1 / 2 of a regular Angus burger pattie . The McVeggie burger -- a vegetarian burger on a whole wheat bun . Available in India , Slovenia , Greece and Portugal . A special version is available in Cheung Chau branch in Hong Kong during the Cheung Chau Bun Festival . Veggie Clubhouse - first sandwich with a quinoa pattie . The McBean burger -- a vegan burger where the patties are made with cannellini beans , kidney beans , onions , carrots and green peppers . Available in Sweden . The menu in India has numerous unique items , all of which contain neither beef nor pork : Chicken Maharaja Mac -- like a Big Mac , but with two pressed spiced chicken patties instead of beef , served with a mustard sauce Paneer Salsa Wrap ( paneer is an Indian unsalted white cheese ) . Chicken Mexican Wrap McAloo Tikki -- breaded potato patty with onion and tomato on a plain bun ( `` aloo '' is `` potato '' ) . Available at select stores in India , Greece , and Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista , FL . Chicken McGrill Georgie Pie -- a meat pie sold in New Zealand and Australia . The brand was also the name of a New Zealand - based chain that was bought by McDonald 's New Zealand in 1996 , and was revived as part of the McDonald 's menu in 2013 due to popular demand . Garlic fries were tested in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2016 , using locally grown garlic from Gilroy , California Veggie Crunch Burger - The vegetarian burger was launched in the Singapore market on 6 September 2016 . Its patty is made with a mixture of unto 7 types of vegetables , including green peas , carrots , tomatoes , capsicum , beans etc . However , its dressings contain garlic and eggs . The patty is fried in the same oil used for frying apple pies so it does not come in contact with meat products . The burger has received good reviews . Mc Aaloo Tikki Burger - In India , since McDonald 's does not serve beef or pork in any of its products , it has created a few vegetarian options to suit the 85 % vegetarian populace . Thus , the cheeseburger is recast as a vegetarian option and served as an `` Aaloo Tikki Burger '' containing a potato patty and a slice of cheese . Veg Maharaja Mac - A vegetarian version of the Big Mac sold at Mc Donalds India , containing patties made of potato , corn , peas and cheese . Maharaja is a Hindi word meaning emperor . Breakfast ( edit ) McDonald 's introduced breakfast foods in 1972 . An Egg McMuffin McDonald 's primary breakfast offerings are breakfast sandwiches . McMuffins are McDonald 's signature breakfast sandwich , first sold at select restaurants in 1972 as the Egg McMuffin , five years before breakfast officially went into effect , it consists of a fried egg , back bacon ( called Canadian bacon in the U.S. ) and American cheese on a toasted English muffin . Sausage or bacon McMuffins are also available . A Chicken McMuffin is offered in South Africa . McDonald 's offers a line of breakfast sandwiches : bagels , biscuits , and a special type of maple flavored pancake called McGriddles . All can all be ordered with sausage , ham or bacon , with an optional choice of cheese and / or egg . Regional meat offerings include fried chicken , steak , spam and bacon . They are an internationally famous sandwich and as such have been well received , though Morgan Spurlock criticized the item near the end of his 2004 documentary Super-Size Me with the following quote : `` McDonald 's joined right in , sponsoring events and creating premium salads to show how health - conscious they had become . At the same time , however , they masterminded one of their fattest sandwiches to date : the McGriddle . A pancake - wrapped cake press that won my heart in Texas , but can pack as much fat as a Big Mac , and contains more sugar than a pack of McDonaldland cookies . '' His doctor also informed him that consumption of the item could be a risk factor for high blood cholesterol . The McDonald 's Hamdesal is a new breakfast sandwich which consists of a slice of ham on pandesal , which can be ordered plain , with eggs or with cheese . This sandwich is currently available in the Philippines . There are two styles of breakfast burritos available . The Sausage Burrito , introduced in 1991 , is made with a flour tortilla , sausage , American cheese , eggs , onions , and peppers . The new McSkillet wrap burrito adds potatoes and salsa . Chicken and steak variants of the McSkillet exists in limited areas . Additional breakfast items include hotcakes ; several breakfast platters come with eggs , hash browns and meats or breads . Biscuits and gravy are available in parts of the southern U.S. Oatmeal was added to the breakfast menu on December 27 , 2010 , after it test - marketed well in Washington , D.C. and some parts of Maryland . In the test market areas , oatmeal started selling in late January 2010 . A few American regional variations exist , in Hawaii and Guam McDonald 's offers local breakfast items such as Spam , Portuguese sausage and fresh cut pineapple . And in New Mexico , there is a breakfast burrito on the menu , with both bacon and sausage varieties , called the Green Chile Sunrise Burrito . In the UK , McDonald 's offers the standard McMuffin , Double McMuffin , bacon rolls , toasted bagels with jam or Philadelphia cream cheese , hash browns , Oatso Simple porridge , bagels with egg , cheese and bacon or sausage , and a range of wraps , that consist of sausage & egg , bacon & egg , or cheese & egg , or you have the option to have the full wrap called the Breakfast Wrap which consists of sausage , bacon , egg , hash browns ( potato rösti ) , cheese and an optional sauce , either ketchup or brown sauce . Since October 2015 , McDonald 's offers breakfast all day in Australia , Canada , Mexico ( Tijuana , Baja California Norte only ) , New Zealand & USA . However , the full breakfast menu wo n't be available at all hours . Only certain items , such as sausage burritos or hotcakes will be available beyond the usual 10 : 30 A.M. cutoff weekdays or 11 weekends . All US restaurants expanded its all - day menu to add Biscuit sandwiches , Egg McMuffins & McGriddles in late September 2016 . Since February 2016 , breakfast bowls were added to the breakfast menu , available in some US restaurants . Beverages ( edit ) Beverages purveyed by McDonald 's varies regionally . McDonald 's primary soft drink supplier is the Coca - Cola Company , except in restaurants which fall under an overall contract with PepsiCo such as the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport , Luxor Las Vegas , Staples Center and the University of Maryland , College Park Student Union . In the U.S. and Canada , Cadbury - Schweppes supplies Dr Pepper . S&D Coffee , Gavina and Kraft supply McDonald 's Premium Roast Coffee for McDonald 's U.S. restaurants besides the New England area . Green Mountain Coffee Roasters supplies Newman 's Own branded coffee for McDonald 's New England area restaurants . Hot and iced tea ( supplied by S&D Coffee in the U.S. ) , hot chocolate , various juices and other regional beverages are available in various markets . The McCafe is an umbrella term for lattes , espresso , iced coffee , hot chocolate , mocha , malts , smoothies , and other drinks that are sold in several markets worldwide . Shakes are available in all U.S. McDonald 's and many global markets Permanent flavors are vanilla , strawberry , and chocolate ; regional or seasonal flavors include Caramel , Coffee , Cherry , Eggnog ( during Christmas ) , Banana , Pumpkin ( during Halloween ) , Strawberry Banana , Lime , Mango Raspberry , Honeycomb , Arctic Orange ( sherbet ) , Orange Cream , Shamrock Shake ( a green , spearmint Limited Time Offer shake for St. Patrick 's Day ) , Chocolate Mint , and Rolo ( available only in Canada and the UK . This flavoured milkshake was also available in the Republic of Ireland during the summer of 2007 for a limited time only ) . In June 1975 , 13 months before the celebration of the United States Bicentennial , McDonald 's introduced a blueberry - flavored shake in order to advertise `` Red , White , and Blueberry Shakes '' for independence day celebrations , and lasting through August of that year . The run was repeated in summer 1976 , but not since . In the U.S. , starting in February 2010 , `` Triple Thick Shakes '' were rebranded under the McCafe name , along with the addition of whipped cream , and a cherry on top , and a significant reduction in size . In Canada , McDonald 's milkshakes are still sold under the `` Triple Thick '' name . Beer of different brands ( varies locally ) is available at McDonald 's in Belgium , Czech Republic , France , Germany , Greece , Italy , Lithuania , Portugal , Romania , Slovenia , and Spain . Irn - Bru is available in some Scottish McDonald 's locations . Inca Kola is available in every Peruvian McDonald 's location . McDonald 's also offers 1 % milk , 1 % chocolate milk , and apple juice , most often as replacements for fountain drinks in Happy Meals . As of 2009 , McDonald 's Australia and New Zealand began offering Frozen Coke as part of their menu . It is available in small , medium or large sizes . Frozen Coke is a fixed menu item , with new flavors introduced multiple times a year , such as Frozen Fanta Sour Grape , Frozen Fanta Bubblegum and Frozen Sprite . Over summer , flavoured syrups have become available , for use with Frozen Sprite . In the 2013 / 2014 summer , Bubblegum , Pineapple , Wild Grape , Fairy Floss and Apple were available . Desserts ( edit ) McDonald 's apple pies A soft serve ice cream product is available in several forms , including sundaes , cones ( either vanilla or chocolate ) , and as the primary ingredient in the McFlurry . As with many other formulations of soft serve , cellulose gum is utilized as an extender and thickener . In Australia , the price of soft serve was 30 cents when it was introduced nearly 20 years ago . The McFlurry is a soft - serve ice cream dessert that has pieces of candy or cookies mixed into it . The McFlurry was first integrated into the menu at a Bathurst , New Brunswick , Canada franchisee in 1995 and in the United States in 1998 . The flavors are crushed Oreo , M&M 's Minis , Reese 's , or Mars , Incorporated candy bars like Snickers , Twix , Galaxy , etc. , Cadbury 's candy bars like Twirl , Wispa , Creme Egg , Crunchie etc. , Nestlé candy bars like Yorkie , Smarties , Drifter , Rolo , Butterfinger , etc . McDonald 's also does limited time only flavors , e.g. for Shrek the Third it released the Ogre - Load flavor . In Australia , they had a special range for their 40 years in Australia celebration . The flavors were double choc fudge , bubblegum squash , strawberry crumble and caramel cookie . Also in Malaysia , a unique flavor called FuseofmyLife is offered to customers . The mixing blade for the dessert is actually a specially designed spoon with a hollow handle that attaches to the mixer spindle ( except in Australia and New Zealand where the staff mix it by hand ) . The blade is used once then given to the customer to use as an eating utensil . Originally test marketed in Hawaii in 1997 , it is now available in most of its markets . McDonaldland cookies are traditionally available and are similar to animal crackers , except the shapes of the cookies are of Ronald McDonald , Grimace , Birdie the Early Bird , and the Hamburglar , among other McDonaldland characters . In fact , they are manufactured by Keebler , and are just re-branded animal crackers ( Elfin Crackers or Our Family Animal Crackers ) . In Australia , the McDonaldland Cookies are manufactured by Arnotts and are sold in McDonald 's restaurants for $1 . Freshly baked cookies manufactured by Nestlé are available in some markets . Among the cookies offered are sugar , oatmeal raisin , or chocolate chip . McDonald 's pies are actually turnovers , and come in apple or , in some markets , cherry and other seasonal or limited - time - only flavors such as pumpkin pie , smores , sweet potato and Holiday pie , and in Hawaii , taro , haupia , banana , and ( introduced in 2017 ) guava . In Canada , in the 1970s , blueberry was standard , as was the Great Fruit Pie . During some seasonal promotions , cherry and strawberry are an available pie flavor in Canada ; also , newly featured is Blueberry Maple and Peach . In Thailand , Hawaii and Guam , taro pie is featured occasionally . Other regional flavors include coconut ( also known as haupia in Hawaii ) and tuna ( all in Guam as limited - time ) , and corn in Japan . In Mexico , Guatemala , Panama , and Costa Rica , cheese pie is available all year round . In Cyprus , strawberry and custard pies are available all year round also , along with the apple one . In Brazil , banana pies are available . In Russia , apricot pies are also available . McDonald 's Cinnamon Melts Cinnamon Melts -- a popular cinnamon roll type item with cream cheese icing . Brownie melts -- Similar to the Cinnamon melt , only chocolate flavored with fudge and cream cheese icing on top . Available only in selected markets . The Fruit and Yogurt Parfait -- a mix of frozen strawberries and blueberries and vanilla yogurt , sold with a package of granola topping . Smoothies are available in some locations in either Blueberry Pomegranate , Strawberry Banana , or Mango - Pineapple flavors . In the test market areas , smoothies were introduced in 2009 . In 2012 , McDonald 's Australia and New Zealand began offering a ' McFloat ' . It contained Frozen Coke and / or the promotional frozen beverage , a small amount of soft serve and a lot of ice . In Australia , the Frozen Coke ' McSpider ' has also been purveyed , which consists of frozen Coke and soft serve ice cream . Former items ( edit ) Burgers ( edit ) Angus burgers -- Four types : the Angus Deluxe ( American cheese , sliced red onions and sliced red tomatoes , iceberg lettuce , pickles , mustard , and mayonnaise ) ; Angus Mushroom and Swiss ( sautéed mushrooms , Swiss cheese and mayonnaise ) ; Angus Bacon and Cheese ( bacon , American cheese , sliced red onions , mustard , ketchup and pickles ) ; and the Angus Chipotle BBQ Bacon ( chipotle sauce , red onions , pickles , bacon , and American cheese ) . In Australia and New Zealand , there are three Angus burgers sold ; The Grand Angus ( which is a clone of the Angus Deluxe ) and the Mighty Angus ( which resembles the Angus Cheese and Bacon , but with no pickles and mayonnaise and onion relish replacing the ketchup and mustard ) . For a limited time only , the Angus The Third , similar to the Grand Angus , but with no mustard and made with a tomato chili relish and only one slice of cheese . Also , for a limited time , Angus the Great was sold , a clone of the Angus Mushroom and Swiss . In October 2012 , an Angus version of the Cheddar Bacon Onion ( CBO ) Sandwich was made available , consisting of a horseradish - like sauce , grilled caramelized onions , bacon and cheddar cheese . In May 2013 , McDonald 's stopped selling the Angus burger . Two years later the third - pound burgers returned ( known as Sirloin Third Pound Burgers ) , but as a limited - time promotion . It comes in three sandwiches : Bacon & Cheese , Lettuce & Tomato , and Steakhouse . The Angus Burgers are still available in Canada and some markets in Latin America . Arch Deluxe -- An attempt to produce a `` luxury '' hamburger , promoted by a high - profile advertising campaign ( introduced in 1996 ) , today considered one of the most expensive failures in McDonald 's history . It featured a honey mustard - type sauce , quarter - pound beef patty on a potato roll , with leaf lettuce , tomato , red onion , and cheese ; peppered bacon was also offered for an extra charge . The Arch Deluxe was accompanied with three other burgers at the time , the Crispy Chicken Deluxe ( later renamed the Crispy Chicken Sandwich ) , the Grilled Chicken Deluxe ( later renamed the Chicken McGrill ) , and the Fish Filet Deluxe ( since discontinued along with the Arch Deluxe itself ) . Barry Burger -- A double bacon cheeseburger with onions and barbecue sauce named after football player Barry Sanders , sold mainly in his home state of Kansas . BBQ Chicken -- A toasted bun featuring shredded chicken and zesty BBQ sauce . Beef Wennington -- A burger solely offered in the Chicago area in 1998 -- 99 , named after former Chicago Bulls player Bill Wennington . It featured a single patty topped with cheese , onions , barbecue sauce and a slice of Canadian bacon . Chopped Beefsteak Sandwich -- test - marketed in various markets across the United States in 1980 as part of a McDonald 's `` Dinner Menu '' , offered only after 4 : 00 p.m. The Chopped Beefsteak Sandwich was essentially an elongated hamburger of a different quality served on a short French roll , similar to a sub or hero roll . Packets of steak sauce ( A1 sauce in Chicago ) were available for the sandwich . Big 33 or McJordan Special -- A quarter - pound burger with bacon and special barbecue sauce named after basketball players Larry Bird and Michael Jordan , respectively . Boselli Burger -- Jacksonville , Florida , franchises also featured the Triple - Double Burger in 1998 , named after Jacksonville Jaguars tackle Tony Boselli . Bratwurst -- For a few years during the 1990s and in 2002 , Johnsonville brand bratwurst on a hot dog - like roll was sold in some US markets for a limited time each fall . A few locations in Eastern Wisconsin , which is the major market for the Sheboygan County - based company still offer bratwursts on a seasonal basis . Buffalo Ranch McChicken ( also the Hot ' n Spicy ) . Catfish Sandwich -- A sandwich made with a catfish patty , lettuce , and tangy sauce and sold on a McRib - style bun . Sold at McDonald 's locations in Kentucky , Tennessee , Alabama , Arkansas , and Mississippi for a brief period in March 1991 . Cheddar Melt -- a quarter pound beef patty smothered with grilled onions ( sauteed in butter and teriyaki ) , then topped with cheddar cheese sauce on a light rye bun , offered in 1988 , the 1990s , 2004 , and 2007 . They are still available in Brazil under the name Cheddar McMelt . Chicken Fajitas -- The Chicken Fajitas consisted of a small soft tortilla , a grilled vegetable medley , and grilled chicken . The fajita was in the traditional thin wrapping paper . These are still available in British Columbia , Saskatchewan , Nova Scotia , Newfoundland ( at certain locations ) , Alberta ( at select locations in the Edmonton area ) and at all non-Walmart McDonalds in Ontario . Chicken McBites -- popcorn chicken breast with `` home - style seasoning '' offered through April 20 , 2012 , in 3 - ounce , 5 - ounce and 10 - ounce versions . Dipping sauces include Ranch , Sweet n ' Sour , Tangy BBQ , Chipotle BBQ , Honey Mustard , Spicy Buffalo , and Sweet Chili . Chicken Parmesan Sandwich -- A chicken breast covered in bread crumbs and topped with tomato sauce and mozzarella on a toasted bun . Chicken Platter -- A grilled chicken burger served with lettuce and tomato on the HotCakes tray . Chicken Selects Chicken Selects -- McDonald 's version of chicken strips . They were introduced in early 1998 and offered again as a permanent part of the menu in late October 2003 . They are sold in 3 - , 5 - , or 10 - piece sizes and include choices of spicy buffalo , creamy ranch , honey mustard , and chipotle barbecue dipping sauces ; sauce selections in the UK are smokey barbecue , sour cream and sweet chili sauce . Sold in the United States , Canada , Israel and the UK . Available in Australia under the name Chicken McDippers . McDonald 's stopped selling Chicken Selects in the United States in February 2013 , but they returned to the menu on 25 February 2015 , for a limited engagement and were renamed Chicken Select Tenders . Since September 2017 , they were reinstated & known as Buttermilk Crispy Tenders . Chicken Selects are still sold at McDonald 's restaurants in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Corn Dog McNuggets -- For a brief time in 1991 , McDonald 's locations in Richmond , Virginia offered a multi-pack of mini corn dogs without sticks . They were offered again in 2002 as the `` Mini Corn Dogs '' . Cuban Sandwich -- Roast pork and ham sandwich on a long roll with Swiss cheese , mustard , and pickles . One of several Hispanic - inspired menu items briefly sold at South Florida units in 2001 . Derby Burger -- A single patty hamburger with American Cheese , lettuce , tomato , ketchup , mayonnaise , and bacon . It was a regional item sold in the mid-1990s in Louisville , Kentucky only during the spring to coincide with the Kentucky Derby . Discontinued in the early 2000s ( decade ) . Diet Coke Float and Coke Float -- In 1991 McDonald 's ran a limited time promotion selling a float made with Diet Coke or Coke with low - fat soft - serve frozen yogurt in a collectable Coke bell glass . It sold for $1.59 with 40 cents from every sale donated to Ronald McDonald Children 's Charities . Dinner Menu -- After testing pasta in the South in 1989 , McDonald 's began testing a pasta - based menu at 40 units across Rochester , New York , in September 1991 , including lasagna , fettuccine alfredo , and spaghetti with meatballs . In the early 1990s , a new Dinner Menu was tested for 6 -- 12 months at two locations in New York and Tennessee . It consisted of the pizza mentioned below but also included lasagna , spaghetti , fettuccine alfredo , and roasted chicken as entrees . The side dishes included mashed potatoes with gravy and a vegetable medley . For the dessert , it included a brownie à la mode or peanut butter pie . Eggs Benedict McMuffin -- Canadian style bacon , egg , special breakfast sauce , and American cheese on a toasted English muffin . Fried Roast Beef Sandwich -- In 1968 this product was launched targeting adults . Sold with a package of McDonald 's BBQ sauce on the side using the slogan `` McDonald 's is my kind of place '' ; it was inspired by a franchisee 's version of an Arby 's sandwich . The sandwich failed due to the costs of getting roast beef slicers ; no matter how many sandwiches they could sell , it would never turn a profit . Grilled Cheese Happy Meal -- There was a Happy Meal introduced during the early part of the 2000s ( decade ) that contained a grilled cheese sandwich . It was discontinued the same summer it was released but is still sold in some Canadian markets . Grilled Chicken Flatbread Sandwich -- Grilled chicken strips , lettuce , tomato , grilled onions , pepper jack cheese , and a creamy herb sauce served wrapped in a heated flatbread . Served briefly in June 2002 , and again from December 27 , 2002 , until February 9 , 2003 . Happy Meal Breakfast -- The Happy Meal Breakfast was a meal that was smaller than the traditional breakfast that lasted from the 1980s to 2009 . It was discontinued by the advice of the Nutrition department at the Corporate Headquarters in Oak Brook , Illinois , but is still sold in Hong Kong . Home Fried Chicken -- During 1968 McDonald 's sold deep fried chicken ( similar to KFC ) . Targeting parents who could not choose between burgers and chicken , McDonald 's delivered home fried chicken served with distinct packaging . The white chicken meat was sold in light gold packages ( for adults ) and catering to the children -- the dark chicken meat was sold in dark foil packages . TV slogan was ... `` so everyone can have just what they want ... McDonald 's Strives to Reunite the American Family '' ( note the US was struggling with domestic civil unrest due to the combined social upheaval of the Vietnam War and the civil rights movement ) Hot dogs -- In 1937 , hot dogs were the first things sold in McDonald 's . Then in CEO Ray Kroc 's 1977 autobiography , he prohibited the company from selling hot dogs , regardless of potential demand , as he regarded them as unhygienic ; however , hot dogs were reintroduced in 1995 at some Midwestern located stores ( at the option of the franchise - holder ) as a summer item . UK stores sold hot dogs during 2002 on the McChoice menu ( later PoundSaver ) and as a seasonal menu item in the summer of 1999 . Also , at least one American restaurant offered Oscar Mayer hot dogs at some time , notably in Bethel Park , Pennsylvania , and McDonald 's locations at Toronto Metro Zoo and SkyDome in Toronto offered hot dogs until 1999 . Starting in the year 2007 , a few McDonald 's began selling Hot Dogs in central Pennsylvania due to popular demand from local sports fans . They can be found at 12 locations as of 2011 . In Tokyo locations , hot dogs were available from 1990 until 2004 , and have been reintroduced one more for 2009 , dubbed the `` McHot Dog '' . McDonald 's locations in Chile also sold hot dogs for a brief period in 2004 . Hot Ham ' N Cheese -- Sliced ham , American cheese , lettuce and tomato on a triple split , sesame seed bun with a choice of mayonnaise or honey mustard sauce . Hulaburger -- A Ray Kroc invention , it featured a slice of pineapple instead of meat . Originally intended for Roman Catholics who are not allowed to eat meat on Fridays during Lent . It was test - marketed in 1963 alongside the Filet - O - Fish sandwich , with the highest seller being added to the menu full - time ( the Filet - O - Fish , a creation of an Ohio franchiser , won ) . Italian Doubles -- A limited summer promotion in Canada in 1989 . Two regular patties on a hamburger bun with 1 slice of mozzarella cheese & marinara sauce . Kiwiburger -- In the 1990s , New Zealand sold a burger reflecting their national icon the Kiwi . It was a single beef patty hamburger , with egg ( identical to the egg in McMuffins ) , cheese , lettuce , tomato , beetroot , onions , ketchup ( `` tomato sauce '' ) and American mustard . It came in distinctive packaging with 46 classic Kiwi quotes , Kiwiana , and Kiwi sporting icons , which were also used in promotions of the burger . Complications with the cooking of the egg and the use of certain ingredients , that no other McDonald 's burger had , saw the Kiwiburger discontinued . It has occasionally returned to the menu for limited times since . McChicken LT ( McDonald 's Chicken Lettuce and Tomato ) was the chicken version of the McDLT featuring the same two - sided container as the McDLT except the packaging was yellow instead of white . It was introduced about the same time as the McDLT in the mid-1980s . The chicken was a grilled , unbreaded chicken breast placed on the heel of the bun in one of the compartments . The toppings were shredded lettuce , tomato and mayonnaise assembled on the top half of the bun in the other compartment . Cheese was an optional addition for an extra US $0.10 . The grilled chicken breast was then basted with a brushing of melted butter . As with the McDLT , the consumer would finalize preparation of the sandwich by combining the hot and cool sides just prior to eating . The McChicken LT was discontinued in the Fall of 1987 . McDLT -- The McDLT ( McDonald 's Lettuce and Tomato ) was sold in a novel form of packaging . The McDLT was introduced in the fall of 1984 as the Lettuce and Tomato Special . The meat and bottom half of the bun were prepared separately from the lettuce , tomato , American cheese , pickles , sauces , and top half of the bun . Both were then packaged into a specially designed two - sided styrofoam container . The consumer was then expected to finalize preparation of the sandwich by combining the hot and cool sides just prior to eating . It was discontinued between December 1990 and January 1991 due to environmental concerns with styrofoam . McDonald 's Own Chocolaty Chip Cookie - mini-chocolate chip cookies which came in a small rectangular box . McDonaldland Cookies - cookies shaped like the McDonald 's characters . originally came in a white box with a handle and later smaller rectangular boxes with cartoon images . McDouble Cruncher -- two patties with a slice of cheese , chipotle BBQ sauce and crispy onions . McGrilled Chicken Classic -- A sandwich featuring a grilled chicken breast portion that was introduced in September 1993 and was produced before being replaced by the Grilled Chicken Deluxe / Chicken McGrill . McLean Deluxe -- A lower - calorie Quarter Pounder - type sandwich ( introduced in 1991 ) containing 90 % lean beef and 10 % water with carrageenan , a seaweed extract , to hold the water and beef together . This item was otherwise identical to the Big N ' Tasty and the McDLT . McRye -- a hamburger on rye bread sold in Finland in late 1990s . McSoup -- Campbell 's Soup sold at McDonald 's available in Broccoli & Cheese and Chicken Noodle . ( This product is only sold in winter months in select markets ) . McStuffin -- a pocket sandwich available with various fillings . McStuffins were sold for a short time in 1993 and were discontinued that same year due to not having a lot of popularity . McWraps -- Inspired in the Mexican burritos Chicken Caesar , Chicken and Garden Salad wraps served toasted in a thick herb flatbread . McWraps is still offered in some parts of Europe ( for instance in Denmark and Croatia ) . Mighty Wings -- deep - fried spicy chicken wings . McDonald 's began selling these in 1990 as an optional item and stopped selling them in 2003 . They are still sold in China , Spain , Samoa , and the U.S. Virgin Island of St Croix as of March 6 , 2010 . Also sold as McWings in Pakistan , they were discontinued for a while but relaunched . On September 9 , 2013 , McDonald 's brought the Mighty Wings back to its menus in all of its American restaurants as a limited time offer available until November 2013 . The Mighty Wings did not sell well its second time around in the U.S. The main problems cited with the Mighty Wings was the price point versus the amount purchased . Compared with competitors , the pricing was determined to be too high , but McDonald 's stated that due to overruns in purchasing , the company could not sell them at lower prices without losing money . On February 24 , 2014 , McDonald 's decided to put them back on the menu for a limited engagement to liquidate the remaining inventory at a lower price in all U.S. locations . Mozzarella sticks - 3 fried cheese sticks with marinara sauce on the side . Was on the Dollar Menu & More menu from December 2015 to March 2016 . Onion Nuggets -- introduced at the same time as the Beefsteak Sandwich as the side item for the Dinner Menu . Onion Nuggets were chopped onions shaped into small solid pieces , dipped in batter and deep - fried . Philly Cheesesteak -- Slices of steak and Swiss cheese with onions . Served until August 2007 at Australian and American McDonald 's . This sandwich is still available in Canada , made with cheese spread and green bell pepper . Pizza / Mcpizza -- McDonald 's has also attempted pizza at various times , with an apple - pie -- like McPizza and more conventional McDonald 's Pizza . A line of personal - sized pizzas was first seen in the late 1970s in test - market stores near interstate highways around Milwaukee and Madison . In Canada ( c. 1992 -- 99 ) , the pizza originally began as a family - sized pizza that was brought out to the table by an employee and placed on a raised rack in the centre of the table . Later it was scaled down to a personal - sized pizza . However , variations have found their way into some international markets such as India ( the pie - like `` Pizza McPuff '' ) . McDonald 's also test marketed a 14 - inch , round , traditional - style pizza in Evansville , Indiana , and nearby Owensboro , Kentucky , in 1989 . By 1991 , the McDonald 's test markets for pizza had grown to over 500 McDonald 's locations before the pizza test was placed on hold . Pizza was discontinued in most restaurants by 2000 . The reason for eliminating the pizza from the menu was that the time to cook a pizza took 11 minutes , and McDonald 's wanted to keep its reputation for fast service . As of March 2017 , two McDonald 's locations , one in Pomeroy , Ohio , and the other in Spencer , West Virginia still offer the family style McPizza . Roast Beef on a Roll -- A roast beef sandwich made just like the Arby 's roast beef sandwich . Sold in 1968 . Root Beer Float -- A combination of vanilla soft - serve ice cream and root beer . Salad Shakers -- A salad of lettuce , croutons and other vegetables in a tall dome - shaped plastic container . Salad Shakers were introduced in the spring of 2000 and are still available in the Netherlands . Son of Mac -- Also known as the Mini Mac or Baby Mac , a version with only one patty and no centre roll piece . It sold as a Baby Mac in New Zealand , was sold in Australia , now discontinued . Served by some stores in the United States under the moniker `` Mac Jr '' . It 's still sold in places in Canada , known as the `` kid 's mac '' . Southern Fried - Chicken -- Was sold in Australia up until mid-1986 . This was available as a 2 piece ( or 3 piece ) pack including French Fries . This was replaced by the current McNugget range , as the nuggets became cheaper to produce and safer to cook . Spanish Omelet Bagel -- existed during the mid to late 2000s , discontinued . Spicy Chicken -- Chicken breast with spicy breading introduced in 2006 . ( Still offered in some U.S. markets . ) Strawberry Shortcake McFlurry -- Vanilla soft - serve ice cream with strawberry topping and Vanilla Cookie pieces mixed together . Superhero Burger -- Featuring 3 patties , yellow American cheese , white American cheese , tomato , lettuce , onion , and mayo all laid out on an elongated bun like a hero sandwich . The burger was released as part of the `` Taste of the Month '' series that McDonald 's ran in 1995 where they had a new burger every month . The Superhero Burger was also tied into the promo campaign for the film Batman Forever and the ads for it featured Batman and the Batmobile . Torta -- In 2000 , the company released their own version of tortas , a Mexican sandwich , in southern California on a trial basis . Triple Ripple -- A mixed cone with strawberry , vanilla , and chocolate , topped with a plastic top . Triple - Double Burger -- A burger featuring 3 beef patties and 2 slices of cheese , served on the same 6 inch ( 15.2 cm ) sesame seed roll as the McRib . It was originally marketed as the Superhero Burger to promote the release of the 1995 film Batman Forever . It was also sold under the names of local sports stars in at least five markets in the 1990s and in the Cleveland area in the early 2000s ( decade ) : The Hockey Hero burger , in Canada . The Jason Kidd Burger -- Downtown Phoenix , Arizona , franchises had a Limited Time Offer burger named after NBA player Jason Kidd , while he played for the Phoenix Suns . The Michael Dean Perry burger , for the then Cleveland Browns star . The Rory Sparrow burger was sold in the Sacramento area . It was named after the Sacramento Kings star . Thome Triple was sold in the Cleveland , Ohio area . It was named after Cleveland Indians first baseman Jim Thome Upside Down Iced Tea -- A new cup tested at select locations in the southeast United States in the late 1990s . It featured an ice compartment at top of the cup to keep the beverage cold . It was quickly discontinued . Sauces ( edit ) Szechuan Sauce , or Mulan Sauce created to promote the 1998 Disney film , Mulan . The sauces were first sold on June 16 , 1998 . It was thrust back into the cultural spotlight almost twenty years later after being referenced numerous times in The Rickshank Rickdemption , the Season 3 premiere of Adult Swim animated comedy Rick and Morty . On October 7 , 2017 , McDonald 's served Szechuan sauce , months after it was referenced several times in the Season 3 premiere , `` The Rickshank Rickdemption '' . The sauce is also slated to return in the winter of 2017 due to popular demand . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of Burger King products References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10 - K McDONALD 'S CORPORATION '' ( PDF ) . 1 March 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Love , John F. ( 1995 ) . McDonald 's : Behind the Arches ( Revised ed . ) . New York : Bantam Books . ISBN 0553347594 . ^ Jump up to : Buiso , Gary ( 2012 - 12 - 02 ) . `` More burning questions about NYC answered '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Menu : Our Full McDonald 's Food Menu '' . McDonald 's . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Artz , Matthew ( December 31 , 2009 ) . `` Fremont 's ' hamburger king ' dead at 81 '' . Oakland Tribune . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ACCUEIL '' . McDonald 's France . Jump up ^ AP Newswire ( July 2 , 1997 ) . `` McDonald 's hoping new burger a Whopper stopper '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , Venessa ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` After Year of Flubs , McDonald 's Loses Its Taste for Novelty '' . Bloomberg Business . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 麥當勞 意 想不到 嘅 嚐試 '' . Wayback Machine . 2012 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Product Nutrition '' . McDonalds.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's 1955 Burger Review '' . Burger Lad. 2013 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ John Reynolds ( 2011 - 08 - 25 ) . `` McDonald 's cooks up ' no - nonsense ' 1955 burger for the UK '' . Marketingmagazine.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Little , Katie ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` McDonald 's breakfast burger mashup debuts '' . CNBC . NBC News . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` McDonalds - Artisan Grilled Chicken '' . News.mcdonalds.com. 2015 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.aef.com/images/diversity/burrell/snack_wrap_case_study.pdf Jump up ^ `` North County News - San Diego Union Tribune '' . Nctimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ McDonald 's Australia reveals new Chicken Menu Jump up ^ `` Promotions '' . MacPride.Net . Kaufman Enterprises . 2005 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2009 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicken Maharaja Mac '' . McDonalds India . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicken McBites '' . Mcdonalds.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tasty Basket 30 pezzi '' ( in Italian ) . McDonald 's Italia. 2012 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Clark , Paul ( February 20 , 2007 ) . `` No fish story : Sandwich saved his McDonald 's '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fish McBites fail to spark McDonald 's sales '' . Associated Press . March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Daniel ( September 25 , 2002 ) . `` Can McDonald 's Shape Up ? '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` History of McDonald 's '' . Mcdonalds.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Velasco , Schuyler ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` 10 fast foods that have disappeared : McLobster '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spencer Ross . `` A connoisseur 's guide to downtown poutine - a & e '' . Web.archive.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Velasco , Schuyler ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` 10 fast foods that have disappeared : 4 . McSpaghetti '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Forays of a Finance Foodie : McDonald 's Steps Up Their Style : New Product Preview Day ! ( New York ) '' . Financefoodie.com. 2010 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` McDonalds Testing Garlic Fries '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Olivia B. ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) . `` McDonald 's Is Testing Garlic Fries '' . Time . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Harding , Luke ( 28 December 2000 ) . `` Give me a Big Mac - but hold the beef '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maharaja Mac - Veg and Chicken options '' . McDonalds India . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ mcdonalds.com.ph . `` Ourfood '' . McDonalds . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's : You Deserve A Hash Brown All Day '' . NPR.org. 2015 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ snopes ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` McDonald 's Shakes : snopes.com '' . snopes . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Thick Milkshake ® '' . McDonalds.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's USA -- USA Core Menu Items by Ingredients '' . McDonald 's Corporation . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Nutrition Calculator '' ( PDF ) . McDonald 's . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Why do n't you mix the mcflurry anymore like you used to ? '' . December 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A McFlurry of tasty ideas '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . August 13 , 1998 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steve McFlurry USPTO trademark information '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . December 19 , 1997 . Retrieved September 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Large Frozen McSpider Coke '' . McDonald 's AU . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` McShakeup '' . The Huffington Post . March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Candice Choi , AP . `` McDonald 's cuts Angus burgers from menu '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` R.I.P. McDonald 's Angus Third Pounder '' . The Huffington Post . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Jane . `` 5 . The Hula Burger - 5 Failed McDonald 's Menu Items '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Elliott Harris . `` Beefing up his role -- Bulls ' Wennington latest burger celebrity '' . Chicago Sun - Times . March 8 , 1998 . Sports , 14 . Jump up ^ Times , The ( 1998 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Jaguars : Advertising war games have definitely begun 08 / 16 / 98 '' . Jacksonville.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Press - Courier '' . McDonalds testing catfish. 14 February 1991 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McD brings back Cheddar Melt '' . Nation 's Restaurant News Find Articles at BNET . Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Unveils Chicken McBites '' . Los Angeles Times . January 25 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's USA - USA Core Menu Items by Ingredients '' . Web.archive.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's chicken snack a hit '' . Azcentral.com. 2007 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ February 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Bid Adieu To Chicken Selects As McDonald 's Makes Room On The Menu For Newer Items '' . Consumerist . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Baertlein , Lisa ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` McDonald 's dropping Fruit & Walnut Salad , Chicken Selects in U.S. '' . Reuters . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mcdonald 's Tries Adding Hispanic Fare To Fast Food - tribunedigital - orlandosentinel '' . Orlando Sentinel. 2001 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Floats offered at McDonalds '' . Beaver County Times . 22 May 1991 . p. 14 . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McGrath , Jane . `` 5 . The Hula Burger - 5 Failed McDonald 's Menu Items '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Jane . `` 5 . The Hula Burger - 5 Failed McDonald 's Menu Items '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Kiwi Burger television advertisement -- New Zealand Film Archive '' . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US4653685 ( A ) '' . Espacenet . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Jane . `` 5 . The Hula Burger - 5 Failed McDonald 's Menu Items '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chaudhry , Rajan ( July 31 , 1989 ) . `` McPizza ? McDonald 's widens pizza test : pizza operators gird for assault '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Findarticles.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Prewitt , Milford ( October 7 , 1991 ) . `` McDonald 's developing separate dinner menu , puts pizza test on hold '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Findarticles.com . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pemberton , Becky ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Ohio and West Virginia McDonald 's are still selling MCPIZZA '' . Daily Mail Online . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jae - Ha ( June 21 , 1998 ) . `` Beyond Asian stereotypes '' . Chicago Sun - Times : 18 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Richard ; Orwall , Bruce ( March 5 , 1998 ) . `` New Mission for Mickey Mouse , Mickey D '' . The Wall Street Journal : B1 . For ' Mulan , ' the chain is contemplating serving plum or Szechwan sauce with its Chicken McNuggets . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Har , Janie ( June 19 , 1998 ) . `` Movie tie - in holds nugget of debate '' . Scripps Howard News Service . Both the Chicken McNuggets , offered with a `` Szechwan '' dipping sauce , and `` Mulan '' Happy Meals debuted Tuesday . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia . `` Rick and Morty fans are bidding more than $4,500 on Szechuan sauce ( update ) '' . Polygon. 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonald 's ( @ McDonalds ) ( 8 October 2017 ) . `` You spoke . We 've listened . Lots more # SzechuanSauce and locations . Details soon . And that 's the wayyy the news goes ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 -- via Twitter . External links ( edit ) Media related to McDonald 's products at Wikimedia Commons `` McPizza ! -- Tasting the elusive McDonald 's Pizza '' . Science Tortilla ( YouTube ) . March 14 , 2015 . -- Video on a taste test of a McPizza from one of the two locations still selling it . McGrath , Jane . `` 5 Failed McDonald 's Menu Items '' . HowStuffWorks , Inc . 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3162655219020663163 | Compromise of 1877 | Compromise of 1877 - wikipedia Compromise of 1877 A political cartoon by Joseph Keppler depicts Roscoe Conkling as a character Mephistopheles ( the Devil ) while Rutherford B. Hayes strolls off with the prize of the `` Solid South '' depicted as a woman . The caption quotes Goethe : `` Unto that Power he doth belong Which only doeth Right while ever willing Wrong . '' The Compromise of 1877 was an informal , unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election . It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South , and formally ended the Reconstruction Era . Through the Compromise , Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina , Florida and Louisiana . The compromise involved Democrats who controlled the House of Representatives allowing the decision of the Electoral Commission to take effect . The outgoing president , Republican Ulysses S. Grant , removed the soldiers from Florida . As president , Hayes removed the remaining troops from South Carolina and Louisiana . As soon as the troops left , many white Republicans also left , and the `` Redeemer '' Democrats took control . They already dominated other state governments in the South . What was exactly agreed is somewhat contested as the documentation is insufficient . Black Republicans felt betrayed as they lost power and were subject to discrimination and harassment to suppress their voting . By 1905 , most black men were effectively disenfranchised by state legislatures in every southern state . Contents 1 Terms of compromise 2 Results 3 Interpretations 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Terms of compromise ( edit ) The compromise essentially stated that Southern Democrats would acknowledge Hayes as president , but only on the understanding that Republicans would meet certain demands . The following elements are generally said to be the points of the compromise : The removal of all U.S. military forces from the former Confederate states . At the time , U.S. troops remained in only Louisiana , South Carolina , and Florida , but the Compromise completed their withdrawal from the region . The appointment of at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes ' cabinet . ( David M. Key of Tennessee was appointed as Postmaster General . ) The construction of another transcontinental railroad using the Texas and Pacific in the South ( this had been part of the `` Scott Plan , '' proposed by Thomas A. Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad ; he had initiated negotiations resulting in the final compromise ) . Legislation to help industrialize the South and restore its economy following Reconstruction and the Civil War . The right to deal with blacks without northern interference . In exchange , Democrats would accept the Republican Hayes as president by not employing the filibuster during the joint session of Congress needed to confirm the election . Results ( edit ) After the Compromise , a few Democrats complained loudly that Tilden had been cheated . There was talk of forming armed units that would march on Washington , but President Grant was ready for that . He tightened military security , and nobody marched on Washington . Hayes was peacefully inaugurated . Points 1 and 2 of the compromise took effect . Hayes had already announced his support for the restoration of `` home rule , '' which would involve federal troop removal , before the election . It was not unusual , nor unexpected , for a president , especially one so narrowly elected , to select a cabinet member favored by the other party . Points 3 and 4 were never enacted ; it is possible there was no firm agreement about them . Whether by informal deal or simply reassurances already in line with Hayes 's announced plans , talks with Southern Democrats satisfied the worries of many . This prevented a Congressional filibuster that had threatened to extend resolution of the election dispute beyond Inauguration Day 1877 . Interpretations ( edit ) C. Vann Woodward ( 1951 ) argued for an economic interpretation , saying that emerging business and industry interests of the New South found common ground with Republican businessmen , particularly with the railroads . They met secretly at Wormley 's Hotel in Washington to forge a compromise with aid to internal improvements : bridges , canals and railroads wanted by the South . However , Peskin notes that no serious federal effort was made after Hayes took office to fund a railroad or provide other federal aid for improvements . An opposing interest group representing the Southern Pacific actually thwarted Scott 's proposed Texas and Pacific scheme , and ultimately ran its own line to New Orleans . Some historians , such as Allan Peskin , argue that the assurances offered to some Southern Democrats to prevent a filibuster were not a compromise but a foregone conclusion , as Tilden did not command sufficient support . Peskin admits that Woodward 's interpretation had become almost universally accepted in the nearly quarter century since he had published it . As not all terms of the agreement were met , Peskin believes there was really no deal between the North and South in 1877 . He also suggests that Northern Democrats were more significant in quashing the filibuster than those from the South . For instance , Samuel J. Randall ( D - Pennsylvania ) was Speaker of the House and prevented the filibuster . He was more interested in ensuring that the Radical state government in Louisiana was abandoned than in any southern railroad . Vincent DeSantis argues that the Republican Party abandoned Southern blacks to the rule of the racist Democratic Party in order to gain the support of Democrats for Hayes ' presidency . In any case , Reconstruction ended . The dominance of the Democratic Party in the South was cemented with the ascent of the `` Redeemer '' governments that displaced the Republican governments . After 1877 , support for white supremacy generally caused whites to vote for Democrats and the region became known as the `` Solid South . '' Until the end of the 19th century , black Republicans continued to elect numerous candidates to local office , although Democrats controlled most state representative and statewide seats , except for a brief period of fusion governments supported by Republicans and Populists . The majority of white voters supported national Democratic candidates well into the 20th century before shifting to the Republican Party . This later shift to the Republican party followed the 1964 Civil Rights Act , which was introduced by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson and supported by most Republicans and northern Democrats . Democratic groups worked to suppress black voting by intimidation and fraud but , after regaining power again at the turn of the 20th century , passed constitutions and laws to disenfranchise blacks ( as well as many poor whites ) in states such as Alabama and others . As there was no change in congressional apportionment , southern whites accrued great power by controlling all the seats of the region based on states ' total populations . In The Mexicanization of American Politics : The United States ' Transnational Path from Civil War to Stabilization ( 2012 ) , Downs rejects the idea that this was an era of easy reconciliation and political stability . Instead he shows many Americans feared `` Mexicanization '' of politics , whereby force would be used to settle a presidential election , as force had been used to settle certain state elections in the South . Downs explores how Mexicanization was roundly rejected and stability was achieved . Whatever deals may or may not have taken place on the side , in formal legal terms , the election of 1876 was not decided by such acts , but by the official vote of Congress to accept the recommendations of the Electoral Commission they themselves had set up as a way out of the election impasse . The expectation in setting up the committee had been that its decisions would be accepted by Congress . It was only when certain Democrats disagreed with the commission 's decisions in favor of Hayes that this arrangement was jeopardized . This Democratic group threatened a filibuster ( opposed by Republicans and Congressional Democratic leadership as well ) that would prevent the agreed - upon vote from taking place . Discussions of the points in the alleged compromise were related to persuading key Democrats against accepting a filibuster . The very threat of a filibuster -- a measure used by a minority to prevent a vote -- indicates that there were already sufficient votes for accepting the commission 's recommendations . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Les Benedict , `` Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876 - 1877 : A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1980 ) : 489 - 524 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jones , Stephen A. ; Freedman , Eric ( 2011 ) . Presidents and Black America . CQ Press . p. 218 . ISBN 9781608710089 . In an eleventh - hour compromise between party leaders - considered the `` Great Betrayal '' by many blacks and southern Republicans ... Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann ( 1966 ) . Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Donald Richard Deskins ; Hanes Walton ; Sherman C. Puckett ( 2010 ) . Presidential Elections , 1789 - 2008 : County , State , and National Mapping of Election Data . U of Michigan Press . p. 211 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward ( 1991 ) . Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction . Oxford UP . pp. 200 -- 2 ` . Jump up ^ Downs , 2012 Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward ( 1991 ) . Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction . Oxford UP . pp. 200 -- 2 ` . ^ Jump up to : Allan Peskin , `` Was There a Compromise of 1877 ? '' , The Journal of American History Vol. 60 , No. 1 ( Jun. , 1973 ) , pp. 63 - 75 , via JSTOR Jump up ^ Vincent P. DeSantis , `` Rutherford B. Hayes and the Removal of the Troops and the End of Reconstruction , '' in J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson , eds. , Region , Race , and Reconstruction : Essays in Honor of C. Van Woodward ( New York , 1982 ) , 417 - 50 Jump up ^ Michael Les Benedict , `` Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876 - 1877 : A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1980 ) : 489 - 524 . Further reading ( edit ) Benedict , Michael Les . `` Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876 - 1877 : A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1980 ) : 489 - 524 . in JSTOR Clendenen , Clarence C. ( October 1969 ) . `` President Hayes ' `` Withdrawal '' of the Troops : An Enduring Myth `` . The South Carolina Historical Magazine . 70 ( 4 ) : 240 -- 250 . DeSantis , Vincent P. `` Rutherford B. Hayes and the Removal of the Troops and the End of Reconstruction '' in Region , Race and Reconstruction edited by Morgan Kousser and James McPherson . ( Oxford University Press , 1982 ) pp. 417 -- 50 . Downs , Gregory P. ( 2012 ) . `` The Mexicanization of American Politics : The United States ' Transnational Path from Civil War to Stabilization '' . The American Historical Review . 117 ( 2 ) : 387 -- 409 . doi : 10.1086 / ahr. 117.2. 387 . Frantz , Edward O . The Door of Hope : Republican Presidents and the First Southern Strategy , 1877 -- 1933 ( University Press of Florida . 2011 ) Peskin , Allan ( 1973 ) . `` Was There a Compromise of 1877 '' . The Journal of American History . 60 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 75 . doi : 10.2307 / 2936329 . ISSN 1936 - 0967 . JSTOR 2936329 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Polakoff , Keith Ian . The Politics of Inertia : The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction ( 1973 ) Riddleberger , Patrick W. ( 1960 ) . `` The Radicals ' Abandonment of the Negro During Reconstruction '' . The Journal of Negro History . 45 ( 2 ) : 88 -- 102 . doi : 10.2307 / 2716572 . JSTOR 2716572 -- via JSTOR . Simpson , Brooks D. `` Ulysses S. Grant and the Electoral Crisis of 1876 - 1877 , '' Hayes Historical Journal ( 1992 ) 11 # 2 pp 5 -- 22 . Woodward , C. Vann ( 1951 ) . Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction . Oxford University Press . External links ( edit ) Samueltilden.com : History of Samuel J. Tilden website Rbhayes.org : R.B. Hayes Presidential Library Southernspaces.org : `` Corporations , Corruption , and the Modern Lobby : A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South in Washington , D.C. '' -- by Richard White in Southern Spaces ( 16 April 2009 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compromise_of_1877&oldid=866238242 '' Categories : United States presidential election , 1876 Reconstruction Era Political history of the United States African - American history History of the Southern United States 1877 in the United States Rutherford B. Hayes Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Pages with login required references or sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Lietuvių 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 04 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the government withdraw troops from the south | [
"The Compromise of 1877 was an informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era. Through the Compromise, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. The compromise involved Democrats who controlled the House of Representatives allowing the decision of the Electoral Commission to take effect. The outgoing president, Republican Ulysses S. Grant, removed the soldiers from Florida. As president, Hayes removed the remaining troops from South Carolina and Louisiana. As soon as the troops left, many white Republicans also left, and the \"Redeemer\" Democrats took control. They already dominated other state governments in the South. What was exactly agreed is somewhat contested as the documentation is insufficient.[1]\n"
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6867699636663844014 | Society | Society - wikipedia Society This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 7 August 2018 . For other uses , see Society ( disambiguation ) . Anthropology Outline History Types ( show ) Archaeological Biological Cultural Linguistic Social Archaeological ( show ) Aerial Aviation Battlefield Biblical Bioarchaeological Environmental Ethnoarchaeological Feminist Forensic Maritime Paleoethnobotanical Zooarchaeological Biological ( show ) Anthrozoological Biocultural Evolutionary Forensic Molecular Neurological Nutritional Palaeoanthropological Primatological Social Cultural ( show ) Applied Art Cognitive Cyborg Development Digital Ecological Environmental Economic Political economy Historical Feminist Institutional Kinship Legal Media Medical Museums Musical Political Psychological Public Religion Symbolic Transpersonal Urban Visual Linguistic ( show ) Anthropological Descriptive Ethnological Ethnopoetical Historical Semiotic Sociological Research framework ( show ) Anthropometry Ethnography ( online ) Ethnology Cross-cultural comparison Participant observation Holism Reflexivity Thick description Cultural relativism Ethnocentrism Emic and etic Key concepts ( show ) Culture Development Ethnicity Evolution ( sociocultural ) Gender Kinship and descent Meme Prehistory Race Society Value Colonialism / Postcolonialism Key theories ( show ) Actor -- network theory Alliance theory Cross-cultural studies Cultural materialism Culture theory Diffusionism Feminism Historical particularism Boasian anthropology Functionalism Interpretive Performance studies Political economy Practice theory Structuralism Post-structuralism Systems theory Lists ( show ) Anthropologists by nationality Anthropology by year Bibliography Journals List of indigenous peoples Organizations Anthropology portal Sociology History Outline Portal Main theories Structural functionalism Conflict theory Symbolic interactionism Utilitarianism Methods Quantitative Qualitative Historical Comparative Mathematical Computational Ethnography Ethnomethodology Network analysis Positivism Critical theory Subfields and other major theories Conflict Criminology Social constructionism Culture Development Deviance Demography Education Economic Environmental Family Feminist sociology Gender Health Immigration Industrial Inequality Knowledge Law Literature Medical Military Organizational Political Race and ethnicity Religion Rural Science Social change Social movements Social psychology in sociology Stratification Science and technology Technology Terrorism Urban Browse Bibliography By country Index Journals Organizations People Timeline A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction , or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory , typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations . Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships ( social relations ) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions ; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent of members . In the social sciences , a larger society often exhibits stratification or dominance patterns in subgroups . Insofar as it is collaborative , a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would not otherwise be possible on an individual basis ; both individual and social ( common ) benefits can thus be distinguished , or in many cases found to overlap . A society can also consist of like - minded people governed by their own norms and values within a dominant , larger society . This is sometimes referred to as a subculture , a term used extensively within criminology . More broadly , and especially within structuralist thought , a society may be illustrated as an economic , social , industrial or cultural infrastructure , made up of , yet distinct from , a varied collection of individuals . In this regard society can mean the objective relationships people have with the material world and with other people , rather than `` other people '' beyond the individual and their familiar social environment . Contents 1 Etymology and usage 2 Conceptions 2.1 In political science 2.2 In sociology 3 Types 3.1 Pre-industrial 3.1. 1 Hunting and gathering 3.1. 2 Pastoral 3.1. 3 Horticultural 3.1. 4 Agrarian 3.1. 5 Feudal 3.2 Industrial 3.3 Post-industrial 4 Contemporary usage 4.1 Western 4.2 Information 4.3 Knowledge 4.4 Other uses 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links Etymology and usage ( edit ) A half - section of the 12th - century South Tang Dynasty version of Night Revels of Han Xizai , original by Gu Hongzhong . The painting portrays servants , musicians , monks , children , guests , and hosts all in a single social environment . It serves as an in - depth look into the Chinese social structure of the time . The term `` society '' came from the Latin word societas , which in turn was derived from the noun socius ( `` comrade , friend , ally '' ; adjectival form socialis ) used to describe a bond or interaction between parties that are friendly , or at least civil . Without an article , the term can refer to the entirety of humanity ( also : `` society in general '' , `` society at large '' , etc . ) , although those who are unfriendly or uncivil to the remainder of society in this sense may be deemed to be `` antisocial '' . However , the Scottish economist , Adam Smith taught instead that a society `` may subsist among different men , as among different merchants , from a sense of its utility without any mutual love or affection , if only they refrain from doing injury to each other . '' Used in the sense of an association , a society is a body of individuals outlined by the bounds of functional interdependence , possibly comprising characteristics such as national or cultural identity , social solidarity , language , or hierarchical structure . Conceptions ( edit ) Society , in general , addresses the fact that an individual has rather limited means as an autonomous unit . The great apes have always been more ( Bonobo , Homo , Pan ) or less ( Gorilla , Pongo ) social animals , so Robinson Crusoe - like situations are either fictions or unusual corner cases to the ubiquity of social context for humans , who fall between presocial and eusocial in the spectrum of animal ethology . Cultural relativism as a widespread approach or ethic has largely replaced notions of `` primitive '' , better / worse , or `` progress '' in relation to cultures ( including their material culture / technology and social organization ) . According to anthropologist Maurice Godelier , one critical novelty in society , in contrast to humanity 's closest biological relatives ( chimpanzees and bonobos ) , is the parental role assumed by the males , which supposedly would be absent in our nearest relatives for whom paternity is not generally determinable . In political science ( edit ) Societies may also be structured politically . In order of increasing size and complexity , there are bands , tribes , chiefdoms , and state societies . These structures may have varying degrees of political power , depending on the cultural , geographical , and historical environments that these societies must contend with . Thus , a more isolated society with the same level of technology and culture as other societies is more likely to survive than one in closer proximity to others that may encroach on their resources . A society that is unable to offer an effective response to other societies it competes with will usually be subsumed into the culture of the competing society . In Sociology ( edit ) The social group enables its members to benefit in ways that would not otherwise be possible on an individual basis . Both individual and social ( common ) goals can thus be distinguished and considered . Ant ( formicidae ) social ethology . Sociologist Peter L. Berger defines society as `` ... a human product , and nothing but a human product , that yet continuously acts upon its producers . '' According to him , society was created by humans but this creation turns back and creates or molds humans every day . Canis lupus social ethology Sociologist Gerhard Lenski differentiates societies based on their level of technology , communication , and economy : ( 1 ) hunters and gatherers , ( 2 ) simple agricultural , ( 3 ) advanced agricultural , ( 4 ) industrial , and ( 5 ) special ( e.g. fishing societies or maritime societies ) . This is similar to the system earlier developed by anthropologists Morton H. Fried , a conflict theorist , and Elman Service , an integration theorist , who have produced a system of classification for societies in all human cultures based on the evolution of social inequality and the role of the state . This system of classification contains four categories : Hunter - gatherer bands ( categorization of duties and responsibilities ) . Tribal societies in which there are some limited instances of social rank and prestige . Stratified structures led by chieftains . Civilizations , with complex social hierarchies and organized , institutional governments . In addition to this there are : Humanity , humankind , upon which rest all the elements of society , including society 's beliefs . Virtual society , a society based on online identity , which is evolving in the information age . Over time , some cultures have progressed toward more complex forms of organization and control . This cultural evolution has a profound effect on patterns of community . Hunter - gatherer tribes settled around seasonal food stocks to become agrarian villages . Villages grew to become towns and cities . Cities turned into city - states and nation - states . Many societies distribute largess at the behest of some individual or some larger group of people . This type of generosity can be seen in all known cultures ; typically , prestige accrues to the generous individual or group . Conversely , members of a society may also shun or scapegoat members of the society who violate its norms . Mechanisms such as gift - giving , joking relationships and scapegoating , which may be seen in various types of human groupings , tend to be institutionalized within a society . Social evolution as a phenomenon carries with it certain elements that could be detrimental to the population it serves . Some societies bestow status on an individual or group of people when that individual or group performs an admired or desired action . This type of recognition is bestowed in the form of a name , title , manner of dress , or monetary reward . In many societies , adult male or female status is subject to a ritual or process of this type . Altruistic action in the interests of the larger group is seen in virtually all societies . The phenomena of community action , shunning , scapegoating , generosity , shared risk , and reward are common to many forms of society . Types ( edit ) Societies are social groups that differ according to subsistence strategies , the ways that humans use technology to provide needs for themselves . Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history , anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources , prestige , or power . Virtually all societies have developed some degree of inequality among their people through the process of social stratification , the division of members of a society into levels with unequal wealth , prestige , or power . Sociologists place societies in three broad categories : pre-industrial , industrial , and postindustrial . Pre-industrial ( edit ) Main article : Pre-industrial society In a pre-industrial society , food production , which is carried out through the use of human and animal labor , is the main economic activity . These societies can be subdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food . These subdivisions are hunting and gathering , pastoral , horticultural , agricultural , and feudal . Hunting and gathering ( edit ) Main article : Hunter - gatherer society San people in Botswana start a fire by hand . The main form of food production in such societies is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals . Hunter - gatherers move around constantly in search of food . As a result , they do not build permanent villages or create a wide variety of artifacts , and usually only form small groups such as bands and tribes . However , some hunting and gathering societies in areas with abundant resources ( such as people of tlingit ) lived in larger groups and formed complex hierarchical social structures such as chiefdom . The need for mobility also limits the size of these societies . They generally consist of fewer than 60 people and rarely exceed 100 . Statuses within the tribe are relatively equal , and decisions are reached through general agreement . The ties that bind the tribe are more complex than those of the bands . Leadership is personal -- charismatic -- and used for special purposes only in tribal society . There are no political offices containing real power , and a chief is merely a person of influence , a sort of adviser ; therefore , tribal consolidations for collective action are not governmental . The family forms the main social unit , with most members being related by birth or marriage . This type of organization requires the family to carry out most social functions , including production and education . Pastoral ( edit ) Main article : Pastoral society Pastoralism is a slightly more efficient form of subsistence . Rather than searching for food on a daily basis , members of a pastoral society rely on domesticated herd animals to meet their food needs . Pastoralists live a nomadic life , moving their herds from one pasture to another . Because their food supply is far more reliable , pastoral societies can support larger populations . Since there are food surpluses , fewer people are needed to produce food . As a result , the division of labor ( the specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities ) becomes more complex . For example , some people become craftworkers , producing tools , weapons , and jewelry . The production of goods encourages trade . This trade helps to create inequality , as some families acquire more goods than others do . These families often gain power through their increased wealth . The passing on of property from one generation to another helps to centralize wealth and power . Over time emerge hereditary chieftainships , the typical form of government in pastoral societies . Horticultural ( edit ) Main article : Horticulturalist society Fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots that have been cleared from the jungle or forest provide the main source of food in a horticultural society . These societies have a level of technology and complexity similar to pastoral societies . Some horticultural groups use the slash - and - burn method to raise crops . The wild vegetation is cut and burned , and ashes are used as fertilizers . Horticulturists use human labor and simple tools to cultivate the land for one or more seasons . When the land becomes barren , horticulturists clear a new plot and leave the old plot to revert to its natural state . They may return to the original land several years later and begin the process again . By rotating their garden plots , horticulturists can stay in one area for a fairly long period of time . This allows them to build semipermanent or permanent villages . The size of a village 's population depends on the amount of land available for farming ; thus villages can range from as few as 30 people to as many as 2000 . As with pastoral societies , surplus food leads to a more complex division of labor . Specialized roles in horticultural societies include craftspeople , shamans ( religious leaders ) , and traders . This role specialization allows people to create a wide variety of artifacts . As in pastoral societies , surplus food can lead to inequalities in wealth and power within horticultural political systems , developed because of the settled nature of horticultural life . Agrarian ( edit ) Main article : Agrarian society Ploughing with oxen in the 15th century Agrarian societies use agricultural technological advances to cultivate crops over a large area . Sociologists use the phrase agricultural revolution to refer to the technological changes that occurred as long as 8,500 years ago that led to cultivating crops and raising farm animals . Increases in food supplies then led to larger populations than in earlier communities . This meant a greater surplus , which resulted in towns that became centers of trade supporting various rulers , educators , craftspeople , merchants , and religious leaders who did not have to worry about locating nourishment . Greater degrees of social stratification appeared in agrarian societies . For example , women previously had higher social status because they shared labor more equally with men . In hunting and gathering societies , women even gathered more food than men . However , as food stores improved and women took on lesser roles in providing food for the family , they increasingly became subordinate to men . As villages and towns expanded into neighboring areas , conflicts with other communities inevitably occurred . Farmers provided warriors with food in exchange for protection against invasion by enemies . A system of rulers with high social status also appeared . This nobility organized warriors to protect the society from invasion . In this way , the nobility managed to extract goods from `` lesser '' members of society . Cleric , knight and peasant ; an example of feudal societies Feudal ( edit ) Main article : Feudal society Feudalism was a form of society based on ownership of land . Unlike today 's farmers , vassals under feudalism were bound to cultivating their lord 's land . In exchange for military protection , the lords exploited the peasants into providing food , crops , crafts , homage , and other services to the landowner . The estates of the realm system of feudalism was often multigenerational ; the families of peasants may have cultivated their lord 's land for generations . Industrial ( edit ) Main article : Industrial societies Between the 15th and 16th centuries , a new economic system emerged that began to replace feudalism . Capitalism is marked by open competition in a free market , in which the means of production are privately owned . Europe 's exploration of the Americas served as one impetus for the development of capitalism . The introduction of foreign metals , silks , and spices stimulated great commercial activity in European societies . Industrial societies rely heavily on machines powered by fuels for the production of goods . This produced further dramatic increases in efficiency . The increased efficiency of production of the industrial revolution produced an even greater surplus than before . Now the surplus was not just agricultural goods , but also manufactured goods . This larger surplus caused all of the changes discussed earlier in the domestication revolution to become even more pronounced . Once again , the population boomed . Increased productivity made more goods available to everyone . However , inequality became even greater than before . The breakup of agricultural - based feudal societies caused many people to leave the land and seek employment in cities . This created a great surplus of labor and gave capitalists plenty of laborers who could be hired for extremely low wages . Postindustrial ( edit ) Main article : Post-industrial society Post-industrial societies are societies dominated by information , services , and high technology more than the production of goods . Advanced industrial societies are now seeing a shift toward an increase in service sectors over manufacturing and production . The United States is the first country to have over half of its work force employed in service industries . Service industries include government , research , education , health , sales , law , and banking . Contemporary usage ( edit ) The term `` society '' is currently used to cover both a number of political and scientific connotations as well as a variety of associations . Western ( edit ) Main article : Western world The development of the Western world has brought with it the emerging concepts of Western culture , politics , and ideas , often referred to simply as `` Western society '' . Geographically , it covers at the very least the countries of Western Europe , North America , Australia , and New Zealand . It sometimes also includes Eastern Europe , South America , and Israel . The cultures and lifestyles of all of these stem from Western Europe . They all enjoy relatively strong economies and stable governments , allow freedom of religion , have chosen democracy as a form of governance , favor capitalism and international trade , are heavily influenced by Judeo - Christian values , and have some form of political and military alliance or cooperation . Information ( edit ) World Summit on the Information Society , Geneva Main article : Information society Although the concept of information society has been under discussion since the 1930s , in the modern world it is almost always applied to the manner in which information technologies have impacted society and culture . It therefore covers the effects of computers and telecommunications on the home , the workplace , schools , government , and various communities and organizations , as well as the emergence of new social forms in cyberspace . One of the European Union 's areas of interest is the information society . Here policies are directed towards promoting an open and competitive digital economy , research into information and communication technologies , as well as their application to improve social inclusion , public services , and quality of life . The International Telecommunications Union 's World Summit on the Information Society in Geneva and Tunis ( 2003 and 2005 ) has led to a number of policy and application areas where action is envisaged . Knowledge ( edit ) Main article : Knowledge society The Seoul Cyworld control room As access to electronic information resources increased at the beginning of the 21st century , special attention was extended from the information society to the knowledge society . An analysis by the Irish government stated , `` The capacity to manipulate , store and transmit large quantities of information cheaply has increased at a staggering rate over recent years . The digitisation of information and the associated pervasiveness of the Internet are facilitating a new intensity in the application of knowledge to economic activity , to the extent that it has become the predominant factor in the creation of wealth . As much as 70 to 80 percent of economic growth is now said to be due to new and better knowledge . '' The Second World Summit on the Knowledge Society , held in Chania , Crete , in September 2009 , gave special attention to the following topics : business and enterprise computing ; technology - enhanced learning ; social and humanistic computing ; culture , tourism and technology ; e-government and e-democracy ; innovation , sustainable development , and strategic management ; service science , management and engineering ; intellectual and human capital development ; ICTs for ecology and the green economy ; future prospects for the knowledge society ; and technologies and business models for the creative industries . Other uses ( edit ) Scheme of sustainable development : at the confluence of three constituent parts . ( 2006 ) People of many nations united by common political and cultural traditions , beliefs , or values are sometimes also said to form a society ( such as Judeo - Christian , Eastern , and Western ) . When used in this context , the term is employed as a means of contrasting two or more `` societies '' whose members represent alternative conflicting and competing worldviews . Some academic , professional , and scientific associations describe themselves as societies ( for example , the American Mathematical Society , the American Society of Civil Engineers , or the Royal Society ) . In some countries , e.g. the United States , France , and Latin America , the term `` society ' is used in commerce to denote a partnership between investors or the start of a business . In the United Kingdom , partnerships are not called societies , but co-operatives or mutuals are often known as societies ( such as friendly societies and building societies ) . See also ( edit ) Society portal Book : Society Civil society Consumer society Community ( outline ) Culture ( outline ) High society ( group ) Mass society Open society Outline of society Professional society Religion ( outline ) Scientific society Secret societies Sociobiology Social actions Social capital Social cohesion Societal collapse Social contract Social disintegration Social order Social solidarity Social structure Social work Structure and agency Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Briggs 2000 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Maurice Godelier , Métamorphoses de la parenté , 2004 Jump up ^ Jack Goody . `` The Labyrinth of Kinship '' . New Left Review . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Berger , Peter L. ( 1967 ) . The Scared Canopy : Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion . Garden City , NYC : Doubleday & Company , Inc. p. 3 . Jump up ^ Lenski , G. 1974 . Human Societies : An Introduction to Macrosociology . Jump up ^ Effland , R. 1998 . The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations Archived 15 May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive . Jump up ^ John P McKay , Bennett D Hill , John Buckler , Clare Haru Crowston and Merry E Wiesner - Hanks : Western Society : A Brief History . Palgrave Macmillan , 2009 . Archived 1 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Information Society . Indiana University . Archived 7 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Information Society Policies at a Glance . From Europa.eu . Archived 24 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ WSIS Implementation by Action Line . From ITU.int . Archived 26 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Building the Knowledge Society . Report to Government , December 2002 . Information Society Commission , Ireland Archived 21 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Second World Summit on the Knowledge Society . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Archived 30 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) Effland , R. 1998 . The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations Mesa Community College . Jenkins , Richard ( 2002 ) . Foundations of Sociology . London : Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 96050 - 5 . Lenski , Gerhard E. ( 1974 ) . Human Societies : An Introduction to Macrosociology . New York : McGraw - Hill , Inc . ISBN 0 - 07 - 037172 - 5 . Raymond Williams , Keywords : A Vocabulary of Culture and Society . Fontana , 1976 . Althusser , Louis and Balibar , Étienne . Reading Capital . London : Verso , 2009 . Bottomore , Tom ( ed ) . A Dictionary of Marxist Thought , 2nd ed . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing , 1991 . 45 -- 48 . Calhoun , Craig ( ed ) , Dictionary of the Social Sciences Oxford University Press ( 2002 ) Hall , Stuart . `` Rethinking the Base and Superstructure Metaphor '' . Papers on Class , Hegemony and Party . Bloomfield , J. , ed . London : Lawrence & Wishart , 1977 . Chris Harman . `` Base and Superstructure '' . International Socialism 2 : 32 , Summer 1986 , pp. 3 -- 44 . Harvey , David . A Companion to Marx 's Capital . London : Verso , 2010 . Larrain , Jorge . Marxism and Ideology . Atlantic Highlands , NJ : Humanities Press , 1983 . Lukács , Georg . History and Class Consciousness . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , 1972 . Postone , Moishe . Time , Labour , and Social Domination : A Reinterpretation of Marx 's Critical Theory . Cambridge ( England ) : Cambridge University Press , 1993 . Williams , Raymond . Marxism and Literature . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1977 . Briggs , Asa ( 2000 ) . The Age of Improvement ( 2nd ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 36959 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Look up Society in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Society . Society at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Definition of Society from the OED . Lecture notes on `` Defining Society '' from East Carolina University . Internet Modern History Sourcebook : Industrial Revolution The Day the World Took Off Six - part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question `` Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did . '' BBC History Home Page : Industrial Revolution National Museum of Science and Industry website : machines and personalities Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living by Clark Nardinelli - the debate over whether standards of living rose or fell . 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-7944699985829421081 | Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo | Aye mere watan ke logo - Wikipedia Aye mere watan ke logo Jump to : navigation , search `` Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo '' Song by Lata Mangeshkar Language Hindi English title O ' people of my country Written Pradeep Released 27 January 1963 ( 1963 - 01 - 27 ) Venue National Stadium , New Delhi Genre Patriotic song Label Saregama Composer ( s ) C. Ramchandra Lyricist ( s ) Kavi Pradeep `` Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo '' ( Hindi : ऐ मेरे वतन के लोगों ; `` O ' people of my country '' ) is a Hindi patriotic song written by Kavi Pradeep , composed by C. Ramchandra , and performed by ( ) ) . The song commemorates Indian soldiers who died during the Sino - Indian War in 1962 . The song was first performed live by Mangeshkar on 27 January 1963 at the National Stadium in New Delhi in the presence of President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , on account of Republic Day ( 26 January ) 1963 , which was just two months after the end of the war . The song is often rendered at patriotic occasions in India , and is one of the most prominent patriotic songs alongside Jana Gana Mana ( the national anthem ) , Vande Mataram ( the national song ) , and Sare Jahan se Accha . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and composition 2 First performance 3 Reception and legacy 4 Lyrics 5 References 6 External links Writing and composition ( edit ) Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo was written by Kavi Pradeep to commemorate the Indian soldiers who died during the Sino - Indian War . Pradeep was deeply moved by accounts of casualties of the war . In late 1962 , while taking a walk along Mahim beach in Mumbai , Pradeep received a sudden bout of inspiration . He borrowed a pen from a fellow walker , and wrote the opening stanza of the song on a foil that he ripped out from his cigarette pack . A few weeks later , Pradeep was approached by producer Mehboob Khan to write a song for a fund - raiser scheduled to be held the National Stadium in New Delhi . Pradeep accepted the offer , but did not reveal any details about the song he intended to write . He recruited music director C. Ramchandra to write the music , and Lata Mangeshkar to perform the song . According to Pradeep 's daughter , Mitul , `` Due to some misunderstanding between Ramchandra and Lata - didi , it was to be sung by Asha Bhosale . However , my father felt nobody except Lata - didi could do justice to it . He even personally convinced her and she agreed to sing it . But with a rider - Mr Pradeep must be present at the rehearsals ! '' According to Mangeshkar , `` I suggested we format the song into a duet with me and my sister Asha ( Bhosle ) . Pradeepji wanted it to be a solo . I insisted that we do it as a duet . In fact , Asha had even rehearsed for the song . Then , days before we were to fly to Delhi , she came to me and said , ' Didi , I 'm not coming to Delhi . ' I tried to convince her to change her mind arguing that her name had even been printed in the newspapers as one of the singers . But she was adamant . Composer - singer Hemant Kumar had actually orchestrated the whole project . I told Hemantda about Asha 's decision to not accompany us to Delhi to perform the song . Hemantda also tried to convince Asha . Lekin who nahin manee ( But she did n't relent ) . Then it was left to me to rehearse alone for the song . '' First performance ( edit ) In January 2013 , Lata Mangeshkar told a TV channel that initially she had declined to sing the song as she had not enough time to rehearse it . `` It was Pradeepji , ( Kavi Pradeep ) the poet , who wrote the immortal lyrics , who came to me and asked me to sing the song . I declined , because there was no time to rehearse . You see , at that time I was working round - the - clock . To give special attention to one song seemed impossible . But Pradeepji insisted , '' Lata said , admitting that she was very nervous before the performance . Kavi Pradeep , the man who penned lyrics of the song , could n't witness the event . `` My regret is that Pradeepji had not been called for the Republic Day function where I sang the song . If he was there , he would have seen with his own eyes what impact ' Ae mere watan ke logo ' had , '' Lata told . The song was first performed live on 27 January 1963 , by Lata Mangeshkar at an event at the National Stadium in New Delhi in the presence of President S. Radhakrishnan and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , on account of Republic Day ( 26 January ) 1963 , which was just two months after the end of the war . Mangeshkar sang two songs at the event , opening with the bhajan ( devotional song ) Allah tero naam followed by Ae mere watan ke logon . The performance of the latter song moved Nehru to tears . `` Those who do n't feel inspired by Aye mere watan ke logo do n't deserve to be called a Hindustani '' , said Nehru , who was visibly moved by the song . The event raised ₹ 2 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 1.2 crore or US $180,000 in 2016 ) for the Army Welfare Fund . The song 's lyricist , Pradeep , was not invited to the performance . Pradeep performed the song for Nehru on 21 March 1963 at a function at R.M. High School in Mumbai . He also presented Nehru with the original handwritten lyrics of the song . The song received rave appreciation from across the country . Reception and legacy ( edit ) All of the artists and technicians involved with the song -- including singers , musicians , music director , lyricist , recording studio , sound recordist -- pledged the royalty of the song in perpetuity to the War Widows Fund . Per Pradeep 's last wishes , royalties for sale of records of the song were to be donated to war widows . In 2005 , the Bombay High Court asked the music company HMV to indicate a lump sum payable to the Army Welfare Fund for the disabled and war widows from the song 's royalty proceeds . Brigadier Chitranjan Sawant , who served in the Sino - Indian War , stated that the song inspired soldiers to withstand the difficult situations they were in . Recalling the song in 2013 , Mangeshkar stated that she never expected the song to be so successful saying , `` Since it was not part of a film , I thought it would have a limited impact . Ae mere watan ke logon became my signature tune . No show of mine , no concert or event is complete until I sing it . '' She also stated that Pradeep was always sure of the song 's success saying , `` Only Pradeepji had faith in the song . He had prophesied to me , ' Lata , tum dekhna yeh gaana bahot chalega . Log hamesha ke liye issey yaad rakhenge ( You 'll see this song will endure . People will always remember it ) . Lyrics ( edit ) Hindi transliteration Ae mere watan ke logon , tum khub lagaa lo naara Yeh shubh din hai hum sab kaa , lehra lo tiranga pyara Par mat bhulo seema par , viron ne hai praan gavaye Kuchh yaad unhe bhi kar lo Kuchh yaad unhe bhi kar lo Jo laut ke ghar naa aaye - ( 2 ) Ae mere watan ke logon , zara aankh me bhar lo paani , Jo shaheed huye hain unki , zara yaad karo qurbaani ( x2 ) Tum bhool naa jao unko , isliye suno ye kahaani Jo shaheed huye hain unki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Jab ghayal huwa himalaya , khatre me padi azaadi Jab tak thi saans lade woh - ( 2 ) , phir apni lash bichha di , Sangeen pe dhar kar maatha , so gaye amar balidaani Jo shaheed huye hain unki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Jab desh me thi diwali , who khel rahe the holi Jab hum baithe the gharo me - ( 2 ) , who jhel rahe the goli The dhanya jawan who aapane , thee dhanya who unaki jawani Jo shaheed huye hain unaki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Koi Sikh koi jaath maratha - 2 , koi Gurkha koyi madrasi ( x2 ) Sarhad par marnewala - 2 , har veer tha bharatvasi Jo khoon gira parvat par , who khoon tha Hindustani Jo shaheed huye hain unaki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Thi khun se lat - pat kaya , phir bhi banduk uthaake Das das ko ek ne maara , phir gir gaye hosh gawake Jab anth samay aaya toh - 2 , keh gaye ke ab marte hain Khush rehna desh ke pyaro - 2 , ab hum toh safar karte hain ( x2 ) Kya log the who diwaane , kya log the who abhimani Jo shaheed huye hain unaki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Tum bhul naa jaao unko , iss liye kahi yeh kahani Jo shaheed huye hain unaki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Jay hind , jay hind ki sena - ( 2 ) Jay hind , jay hind , jay hind English translation O people of my country ! Let us shout slogans ! This auspicious day belongs to all of us , so hoist our beloved Tiranga ! But let us not forget , that at the border , brave warriors , have lost their lives . Give a thought to them Let us also remember Those who did not return home . ( x2 ) ( O ' people of my country ! Fill your eyes with tears ! Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! ) ( x2 ) And lest you forget them , listen to this story : Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! When the Himalayas were injured and our freedom was threatened , They fought until their last breath ( x2 ) , and then they laid down their bodies . With their faces on their bayonets , the immortal martyrs went to sleep . Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! When our country was celebrating Diwali , they were playing Holi ( with their blood ) . While we sat safely in our homes , they were braving bullets . Blessed were those young men , blessed was their youth ! Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! Some were Sikh , some Jaat , and Maratha , ( x2 ) , some were Gurkhas , some Madrasi ( x2 ) ! All those who died at the front ( x2 ) , each one of them was Indian ! ( x2 ) The blood shed on the mountains , that blood was Indian . Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! Their bodies were drenched in blood , yet , they picked up their guns . And each killed ten , then they fell unconscious . And in their final moments ( x2 ) , they said : `` We are dying now . ( Be happy , beloved countrymen ! We 're going on our journey ! `` ) ( x2 ) How wonderful were those warriors ! How great were those people ! Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! And so I told you this story , for you must not forget them . Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! Jai Hind ! Glory to the Indian Army ! ( x2 ) Jai Hind ! ( x3 ) saif References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Patriotic song ' Ae Mere Watan Ke Logon ' turns 50 '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Did n't know Ae mere watan ke logon would become a rage ' '' . Rediff . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aye mere watan ke logo : India 's most favourite patriotic song turns 51 '' . One India . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar : I had declined ' Ae mere watan ke logon ' '' . News18. 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Unforgettable songs of national fervour '' . Hindustan Times . 14 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ER Ramachandran 's Blog : Khans ' ' intolerance ' & Bollywood 's contribution over the years to India 's unity '' . News18 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriotic song Aye mere watan ke logon turns 50 '' . Hindustan Times . 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Aijazuddin , F.S. `` Pigeons need not fly across the Indo - Pak border ! '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special Programme - Aye Mere Watan Ke Logon '' . Youtube.com . Rajya Sabha TV . 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Aye mere watan ... ' legal battle ends Screen , September 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Aye Mere Watan ... no longer sweet for HMV ! '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the man who added life to I - Day parades with his golden voice for over 30 yrs '' . dna. 15 August 2015 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo on YouTube Rajya Sabha TV program on the 50th anniversary of the song ( hide ) Lata Mangeshkar Singles `` Aa Jaane Jaan '' ( 1969 ) `` Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo '' ( 1963 ) `` Buddha Mil Gaya '' ( 1964 ) `` Chadti Jawani Meri Chaal Mastani '' ( 1971 ) `` Didi Tera Devar Deewana '' ( 1994 ) `` Dil To Hai Dil '' ( 1978 ) `` Kabhi Kabhie Mere Dil Mein '' ( 1976 ) `` Kesariya Balam '' `` Kuchh Na Kaho '' `` Main Naahin Maakhan Khaayo '' `` Mile Sur Mera Tumhara '' `` Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya '' ( 1960 ) `` Saagara Pran Talamalala '' People Deenanath Mangeshkar ( father ) Hridaynath Mangeshkar ( brother ) Meena Khadikar ( sister ) Asha Bhosle ( sister ) Usha Mangeshkar ( sister ) Other List of songs by Lata Mangeshkar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aye_Mere_Watan_Ke_Logo&oldid=811432004 '' Categories : Lata Mangeshkar songs Indian patriotic songs Hindi songs 1963 songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use Indian English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Articles containing Hindi - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 15 : 49 . 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-3608164520410059139 | Unchained Melody | Unchained Melody - wikipedia Unchained Melody Jump to : navigation , search `` Unchained Melody '' is a 1955 song with music by Alex North and lyrics by Hy Zaret . North used the music as a theme for the little - known prison film Unchained ( 1955 ) , hence the song title . Todd Duncan sang the vocals for the film soundtrack . It has since become a standard and one of the most recorded songs of the 20th century , most notably by the Righteous Brothers . According to the song 's publishing administrator , over 1,500 recordings of `` Unchained Melody '' have been made by more than 670 artists , in multiple languages . In 1955 , three versions of the song ( by Les Baxter , Al Hibbler , and Roy Hamilton ) charted in the Billboard Top 10 in the United States , and four versions ( by Al Hibbler , Les Baxter , Jimmy Young , and Liberace ) appeared in the Top 20 in the United Kingdom simultaneously , an unbeaten record for any song . The song and `` Do They Know It 's Christmas '' are the only songs to reach number one in four different recordings in the UK . Of the hundreds of recordings made , it was the July 1965 version by the Righteous Brothers , performed as a solo by Bobby Hatfield , that became a jukebox standard for the late 20th century . This version achieved a second round of great popularity when it was featured in the film Ghost ( 1990 ) . In 2004 , it finished at number 27 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of song 2 Early versions 2.1 Charts 2.2 Les Baxter 2.3 Roy Hamilton 2.4 Jimmy Young 2.5 Al Hibbler 3 The Righteous Brothers version 3.1 Recording 3.2 Re-recording and re-release 3.3 Reception 3.4 Charts 3.5 Certifications 4 Robson & Jerome version 4.1 Charts 4.2 Certifications 5 Gareth Gates version 5.1 Charts 5.2 Certifications 6 Other notable versions 6.1 Country charts 7 Impact 7.1 Popularity 7.2 Accolades 7.3 In popular culture 8 References 9 External links Origin of song ( edit ) In 1954 , North was contracted to compose the score for the prison film Unchained ( released in 1955 ) . North composed and recorded the score , and then was asked to write a song based upon the movie 's theme . North asked Hy Zaret to write the lyrics , but Zaret initially declined , saying he was too busy painting his house . North was able to convince him to take the job , and together they wrote `` Unchained Melody . '' Zaret refused the producer 's request to include the word `` unchained '' in his lyrics . The song eventually became known as the `` Unchained Melody '' even though the song does not actually include the word `` unchained '' . Instead , Zaret chose to focus on someone who pines for a lover he has not seen in a `` long , lonely time '' . The film centered around a man who contemplates either escaping from prison to live life on the run or completing his sentence and returning to his wife and family . The song has an unusual harmonic device as the bridge ends on the tonic chord rather than the more usual dominant chord . With Todd Duncan singing the vocals , the song was nominated for an Oscar in 1955 , but the Best Song award went to the hit song `` Love Is a Many - Splendored Thing '' . Early versions ( edit ) Todd Duncan sang the vocals for the film soundtrack . He performs an abbreviated version in the film , playing one of the prisoners . Lying on a bed , he sings it accompanied by another prisoner on guitar while others listen sadly . Bandleader Les Baxter released a version ( Capitol Records catalog number 3055 ) which reached number 1 on the US charts and number 10 in the UK . The words `` unchain me '' are sung repeatedly at the beginning and the lyrics are sung by a choir . Billboard ranked this version as the No. 5 song of 1955 . Al Hibbler followed close behind with a vocal version ( Decca Records catalog number 29441 ) , and it reached number 3 on the Billboard charts and number 2 in the UK chart listings . He was quickly followed by Jimmy Young , whose version hit number 1 on the British charts . Jimmy Young also later re-recorded another version of his 1955 charttopper in early 1964 and that version charted at number 43 in the UK . Two weeks after Young 's version entered the top 10 of the British charts in June 1955 Liberace would score a number 20 hit ( Philips PB 430 ) . Roy Hamilton 's version ( Epic Records catalog number 9102 ) reached number one on the R&B Best Sellers list and number 6 on the pop chart . June Valli recorded the song on March 15 , 1955 and it was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20 - 6078 , with the flip side `` Tomorrow '' , and took it to number 29 . Harry Belafonte sang it at the 1956 Academy Awards , where it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song of 1955 . Belafonte had also made a recording of the song for RCA Victor Records , which was released as catalog number 20 - 6784 in 1955 , with the flip side `` A-Roving '' . Perry Como recorded the song in 1955 as did his RCA Victor labelmate top country crooner Eddy Arnold , and English jazz musician Cliff Townshend of The Squadronaires ( father of The Who guitarist Pete Townshend ) also released a popular version in 1956 as did American rock n roll star Gene Vincent in the same year . In 1963 , an uptempo , doo - wop version by Vito & the Salutations reached Billboard Hot 100 at No. 66 , and this version was used in the soundtrack for Goodfellas in 1990 . Charts ( edit ) Les Baxter ( edit ) Chart ( 1955 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 United Kingdom ( Record Mirror ) 10 United States ( Billboard Hot 100 ) Roy Hamilton ( edit ) Chart ( 1955 ) Peak position United States ( Billboard Hot 100 ) 6 United States ( Billboard R&B Singles Chart ) Jimmy Young ( edit ) Chart ( 1955 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) United Kingdom ( Record Mirror ) Al Hibbler ( edit ) Chart ( 1955 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) United Kingdom ( Record Mirror ) United States ( Billboard Hot 100 ) United States ( Billboard R&B Singles Chart ) The Righteous Brothers version ( edit ) `` Unchained Melody '' Single by The Righteous Brothers from the album Just Once in My Life A-side `` Hung on You '' Released July 17 , 1965 Format 7 '' Recorded March 2 , 1965 , Radio Recorders , Hollywood CA Genre Blue - eyed soul Length 3 : 36 Label Philles Songwriter ( s ) Music : Alex North Lyrics : Hy Zaret Producer ( s ) Bill Medley ( uncredited ) The Righteous Brothers singles chronology `` Just Once in My Life '' ( 1964 ) `` Unchained Melody '' ( 1965 ) `` Ebb Tide '' ( 1965 ) `` Just Once in My Life '' ( 1964 ) `` Hung On You / Unchained Melody '' ( 1965 ) `` Ebb Tide '' ( 1965 ) The best - known version of `` Unchained Melody '' was recorded by the duo The Righteous Brothers for Philles Records in 1965 . The lead vocal was performed solo by Bobby Hatfield , who later recorded other versions of the song credited solely to him . According to his singing partner Bill Medley , they had agreed to do one solo piece each per album . Both wanted to do `` Unchained Melody '' for their fourth album , but Hatfield won the coin toss . `` Unchained Melody '' was originally released as the ' B ' side of the single `` Hung On You '' as the follow - up single to `` Just Once in My Life '' . However , `` Hung On You '' failed to interest radio DJs who instead chose to play the ' B ' side `` Unchained Melody '' . According to Medley , producer Phil Spector , who would deliberately place a throwaway song that was n't meant to be played on the ' B ' side , was incensed that the DJs chose to play the ' B ' side and started calling radio stations to stop them playing `` Unchained Melody '' . However , this failed to stop the success of the song , and the song reached number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 14 in the UK in 1965 . Recording ( edit ) `` Unchained Melody '' Bobby Hatfield changed the tune to the line `` I need your love '' for the climax of the song , a change found in many subsequent versions Problems playing this file ? See media help . There is some uncertainty over who produced the song as Spector took the credit as the producer on many tracks and ' B ' sides that were produced by Medley . However , Medley , who had produced the duo before they signed with Spector and Philles , consistently stated that he produced this recording . Spector was primarily interested in producing singles and `` Unchained Melody '' was originally intended to be an album cut . Medley said : `` Phil came to me and asked me to produce the Righteous Brothers albums because he would have taken too long and it would have cost too much money . '' By Medley 's account , Spector only claimed production credit after it supplanted `` Hung On You '' as the hit . Early copies of the single did not credit a producer for `` Unchained Melody '' and only credited Spector as producer of the original single `` Hung On You '' . Later pressings of the single credited Spector as the producer . Hatfield made a change to the song during the recording sessions . Hatfield initially recorded a couple of takes of the song as it was written , but returned later for another session , changing the melody for the `` I need your love '' line in the final verse , and sang it much higher instead . Hatfield then said he could do another take better , to which Medley replied : `` No , you ca n't . '' Medley played the Wurlitzer piano on the song and he noted that `` if I knew that it was gon na be a hit I certainly would have brought in a better piano player . '' Re-recording and re-release ( edit ) `` Unchained Melody '' reappeared on the Billboard charts in 1990 after The Righteous Brothers ' recording was used in the box office blockbuster film Ghost . Two versions charted in the US that year -- the original and a new recording . According to Medley , he was interested in having the original recording released due to the renewed interest in the song , but was told that there were issues with the licensing . Although Hatfield was no longer in the same condition vocally than when he first recorded the song , they decided to re-record the song for Curb Records . The re-recorded version was released as both a cassette single and a vinyl single . It received minimal airplay but recorded excellent sales , peaking at number 19 . The re-recorded version was certified Platinum by the RIAA on January 10 , 1991 , and received a Grammy Award nomination . The 1965 original Righteous Brothers recording was reissued by oldies - reissue label Eric Records , under licensing from Polydor Records ( which had acquired the rights years earlier ) . The original version received a lot of airplay , and topped the U.S. adult contemporary chart for two weeks in 1990 . However , sales were minimal in the US since it was only available as a 45 RPM single and the song peaked at number 13 . For eight weeks , both versions were on the Billboard Hot 100 simultaneously and the Righteous Brothers became the first act to have two versions of the same songs in the Top 20 at the same time . This re-released song reached number 1 in the UK where it stayed for four weeks , becoming the UK 's top selling single of 1990 . As of 2017 , it has sold 1.17 million copies . The 1990 reissue also reached number 1 in Australia , Austria , Ireland , the Netherlands , and New Zealand . Due to the success of their re-recording , The Righteous Brothers also re-recorded other songs and released them as part of a budget - priced CD compilation by Curb Records . For the original recordings , Polydor had licensed the CD rights to Rhino Records for a premium - priced 1989 compilation of Righteous Brothers hits from various labels ; later in 1990 , it issued its own regular - priced Righteous Brothers greatest hits CD that included the recording . Reception ( edit ) The Righteous Brothers ' cover of `` Unchained Melody '' is now widely considered the definitive version of the song . Hatfield 's vocal in particular is highly praised ; it has been described as `` powerful , full of romantic hunger , yet ethereal , '' and a `` vocal tour de force '' , although his re-recording was noted as `` fudging only a bit on the highest notes '' . The production of their original recording has been described as `` epic '' , and that with `` Hatfield 's emotion - packed tenor soaring to stratospheric heights , it 's a record designed to reduce anyone separated from the one they loved to a `` pile of mush '' . '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Lever Hit Parades ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1990 -- 91 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 13 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 1,167,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Robson & Jerome version ( edit ) `` Unchained Melody '' Single by Robson & Jerome from the album Robson & Jerome Released 8 May 1995 Format CD single , cassette single Recorded 1995 Length 3 : 17 Label BMG Records Songwriter ( s ) Alex North , Hy Zaret Producer ( s ) Mike Stock , Matt Aitken Robson & Jerome singles chronology `` Unchained Melody '' / `` White Cliffs of Dover '' ( 1995 ) `` I Believe '' / `` Up on the Roof '' ( 1995 ) `` Unchained Melody '' / `` White Cliffs of Dover '' ( 1995 ) `` I Believe '' / `` Up on the Roof '' ( 1995 ) The version by Robson & Jerome is notable as the best - selling single of 1995 in the UK . It also launched the singing career of Robson & Jerome , and became the biggest hit in the UK for Simon Cowell , marking his beginning as an important figure in the music industry . In November 1994 , in an episode of the UK television drama series Soldier Soldier , actors Robson Green and Jerome Flynn performed `` Unchained Melody '' as an impromptu duo The Unrighteous Brothers after the entertainment failed to appear for a friend 's wedding . Their performance triggered a strong response from the audience who attempted to find a recording of the song that was then unavailable . Simon Cowell was alerted to the interest shown by the public , and pursued the two reluctant actors for the next four months to record the song , to the extent that Robson Green threatened legal action to stop Cowell harassing them . The actors were eventually persuaded to sign a recording contract with Cowell and record a Righteous Brothers - type version of the song as a duo . The recording was produced by Mike Stock and Matt Aitken . It was later revealed by Stock that the vocals were `` assisted '' and with parts sung by other session singers . It was released as a double A-sided single with `` White Cliffs of Dover '' , a popular song during World War II , included in recognition of the 50th anniversary of VE day , the date of the single release . The video released for `` Unchained Melody '' also incorporated clips from the 1945 film Brief Encounter . Their recording immediately reached number 1 in the UK , selling 314,000 copies in its first week , at that time the fastest - selling debut single in UK chart history . It stayed at the top of the chart for seven weeks . It became the best selling single of 1995 , and one of the country 's all - time biggest - selling singles ( No. 9 in November 2012 ) , with 1.87 million copies sold . The self - titled album they released later in the year also became the best - selling album of 1995 , and although they decided to quit the following year , they would eventually sell 7 million copies of albums and 5 million copies of the 3 singles released . Simon Cowell , who before this was known largely as a creator of novelty records with television characters such as the puppets Zig and Zag and action characters Power Rangers , then came to the attention of the media for his ability to create hit records . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,872,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Gareth Gates version ( edit ) `` Unchained Melody '' Single by Gareth Gates from the album What My Heart Wants to Say Released March 18 , 2002 Format CD single Recorded A-side Studios , Stockholm , Sweden ( 2002 ) Genre Pop Length 3 : 54 Label BMG , S Records Songwriter ( s ) Alex North , Hy Zaret Producer ( s ) Steve Mac Gareth Gates singles chronology `` Unchained Melody '' ( 2002 ) `` Anyone of Us ( Stupid Mistake ) '' ( 2002 ) `` Unchained Melody '' ( 2002 ) `` Anyone of Us ( Stupid Mistake ) '' ( 2002 ) Gareth Gates first performed `` Unchained Melody '' as a contestant in the first series of the UK singing competition television show Pop Idol , which included Simon Cowell as one of the judges . Gates reprised the song in the final as his personal choice , but the competition was won by Will Young . Gates was signed by Cowell , and as the runner - up , Gates released the song as his first single three weeks after the winner had released his single , the double A-sided `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' . Gates ' cover of `` Unchained Melody '' was released together with his versions of the same two songs as the winner 's single , and became one of the fastest - selling singles in the UK , selling around 328,000 copies in the first day of release . It reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in its first week of release with sales of 850,000 copies , and stayed at the top of the chart for four weeks . It became the second best - selling song in the UK in 2002 , as well as that of the decade of 2000s , after the single by the winner Will Young . It has sold 1.35 million copies in the UK as of 2017 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 / 2003 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 17 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 18 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,348,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Other notable versions ( edit ) Spike Milligan and Peter Sellers of The Goons recorded a parody of the song , produced by George Martin , on June 29 , 1955 . It would have been the first single by the Goons , however , EMI refused to release it , fearing a lawsuit from its music publisher . It prompted Spike Milligan to move to Decca Records which released other works from the Goons . The Goons later released an album titled Unchained Melodies with Decca , but without the actual song . The single was later released in 1990 , and the song was then included in other album releases , such as a compilation album also titled unchained Melodies . In 1979 , George Benson recorded a version for the Warner Bros. Records album Livin ' Inside Your Love . The single peaked at number 27 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary ( chart ) . In 1981 , a live version performed by the band Heart peaked at number 83 on the Billboard Hot 100 . This version was later included on the 2006 compilation album Love Songs . In 1986 , Leo Sayer released a version of the song with a contemporary reworking of the `` wall of sound '' production technique that included an unusual electric guitar solo near the climax . The single charted in the UK at No. 54 . U2 covered the song as a B - side to their 1989 single , `` All I Want Is You '' , and included in their compilation album The Best of 1980 -- 1990 . They have performed the song live many times , including one captured on their 1993 concert film Zoo TV : Live from Sydney . Bono and The Edge also performed the song together with `` One '' for the charity 46664 Concert in tribute to Nelson Mandela held in Cape Town in 2003 . Cyndi Lauper was nominated for a 2005 Grammy award for `` Best Instrumental Composition Accompanying a Vocal '' for her interpretation of the song , which appears on her 2003 studio album At Last . In 2006 , singer Barry Manilow covered the song on his album The Greatest Songs of the Fifties and was released as a single . The song reached number 20 on the Adult Contemporary chart . Country Charts ( edit ) Different versions of the song have made the Hot Country Songs charts . Joe Stampley ( number 41 , 1975 ) Elvis Presley ( number 6 , 1978 ) On June 21 , 1977 , Elvis Presley performed the song at a show in Rapid City , South Dakota . The performance , described as `` the last great moment of his career '' , was recorded for his last television special two months before his death in August 1977 . A single , based on this recording , was released in March 1978 . It reached No. 6 in the country charts of both the US and Canada , and was certified Gold by Music Canada on July 10 , 1986 . Another live version recorded earlier in April 1977 in Ann Arbor , Michigan was included in his last album Moody Blue . Ronnie McDowell ( number 26 , 1991 ) LeAnn Rimes ( number 3 , 1997 ) LeAnn Rimes ' cover was originally released in November 1996 as a B - side track on a promotional single `` Put a Little Holiday in Your Heart '' that was only available at Target stores on the purchase of her first album Blue . It was also released as a single to radio and included in the compilation album Unchained Melody : The Early Years . The song reached No. 3 on both the Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts in the US , and No. 3 in the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . It was ranked No. 64 on the 1997 Year End Country Songs chart in the US , and No. 49 in Canada 's Year End Country Tracks chart . Impact ( edit ) Popularity ( edit ) `` Unchained Melody '' was the only song to have reached No. 1 in the UK in four different recordings on the official chart until it was joined by the charity single `` Do They Know It 's Christmas '' in its fourth re-recording in 2014 . It is the only song to have sold over a million by three separate acts in the UK -- Robson and Jerome ( 1.87 million ) , Gareth Gates ( 1.35 million ) , the Righteous Brothers ( 1.17 million ) . The song has been number 1 on lists of love songs featured on the United Kingdom 's Channel 4 and Five . The song has been covered by many artists ; according to the song 's publishing administrator , over 1,500 recordings of `` Unchained Melody '' have been made by more than 670 artists in multiple languages . Its popularity also meant that the song is one of the highest grossing songs for its copyright holders , estimated in 2012 to be the fifth biggest earners of royalties according to the BBC 's list of The Richest Songs in the World at £ 18 million . Accolades ( edit ) The song was nominated in 1955 for an Oscar for best original song from the film Unchained . The re-recorded version by The Righteous Brothers was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1991 in the best pop performance by a duo or group category , and their original version was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2000 . In 1992 , the song was given an award by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) as the year 's most - performed song . ASCAP also announced it to be one of the 25 most - performed songs and musical works of the 20th century in 1999 , and the most - performed love song of the 1950s in 2003 . In 2001 , the song was ranked at No. 138 in the list of Songs of the Century released by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts . In 2004 , Rolling Stone placed the Righteous Brothers version of the song at number 365 on their list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . It was placed first in Magic 1278 's 500 greatest songs of all time . It was also listed in 2004 at No. 27 in the list of the 100 top movie songs of all time in American Film institute 's centenary AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of songs in American cinema . In 2007 , the Songwriters Hall of Fame honored `` Unchained Melody '' with a Towering Song award that is presented to creators of a song `` that has influenced the culture in a unique way over many years . '' In popular culture ( edit ) The use of the Righteous Brothers ' cover of `` Unchained Melody '' in the film Ghost resurrected the song 's popularity , and the scene where the song was played also became widely recreated or parodied in popular culture , in films such as The Naked Gun 21⁄2 : The Smell of Fear , and numerous television shows including Glee , Family Guy , Community , Saturday Night Live , Two and a Half Men , 30 Rock and Wallace and Gromit 's A Matter of Loaf and Death . The song was also used in the musical adaptation of the film Ghost the Musical . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Robert Rodriguez , The 1950s ' Most Wanted : The Top 10 Book of Rock & Roll Rebels , Brassey 's , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Stephen ( November 6 , 2003 ) . `` Entertainment Brothers in good company with hits '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unchained Meldoy '' . Unchained Melody Publishing LLC . ^ Jump up to : `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . 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The audio linked from that page includes snippets of various artists performing the song . ^ Jump up to : Douglas Martin ( July 3 , 2007 ) . `` Hy Zaret , 99 , Tin Pan Alley Lyricist , Is Dead '' . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Lyricist behind Unchained Melody dies `` , CBC Arts '' . CBC . July 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the song , MPL Communications '' . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2006 . Retrieved February 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 30 -- 1955 '' . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 17 -- The Soul Reformation : More on the evolution of rhythm and blues . Part 3 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 243 . 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Jump up ^ Cristina Everett ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking the top parodies of Ghost 's pottery wheel scene '' . EW . Jump up ^ Andrew Gans and Adam Hetrick ( September 14 , 2013 ) . `` Unchained Melodies : National Tour of Ghost The Musical Kicks Off Sept. 14 '' . Playbill . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Publishing administrator for `` Unchained Melody '' Biography of Hy Zaret `` Cashbox charts 1955 Cash Box Top Singles of 1955 '' . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 . Music video on official Vevo channel on YouTube Robson & Jerome 's version Music video on official Vevo channel on YouTube Gareth Gates ' version Preceded by `` My Babe '' by Little Walter and His Jukes Billboard R&B Best Sellers in Stores number - one single ( Roy Hamilton version ) May 21 , 1955 -- June 4 , 1955 Succeeded by `` Ai n't That a Shame '' by Fats Domino Preceded by `` The Ballad of Davy Crockett '' by Bill Hayes , Fess Parker , and Ernie Ford Cash Box best selling record chart number 1 record ( Les Baxter & Orchestra / Al Hibbler / Roy Hamilton versions ) May 21 , 1955 ( seven weeks ) Succeeded by ( We 're Gonna ) Rock Around the Clock Preceded by `` Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White '' by Eddie Calvert UK number - one single ( Jimmy Young version ) 1955 Succeeded by `` Dreamboat '' by Alma Cogan Preceded by `` Oh Girl '' by Paul Young Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single ( The Righteous Brothers version ) October 13 -- 20 , 1990 Succeeded by `` Love Takes Time '' by Mariah Carey Preceded by `` A Little Time '' by The Beautiful South UK number - one single ( The Righteous Brothers version ) October 28 , 1990 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ice Ice Baby '' by Vanilla Ice Preceded by `` Groove Is in the Heart '' by Deee - Lite Australian ARIA Singles Chart number - one single ( The Righteous Brothers version ) November 24 , 1990 -- January 12 , 1991 Preceded by `` Without You '' by Debbie Gibson Japanese Oricon International Singles Chart number - one single ( The Righteous Brothers version ) November 5 , 1990 December 3 , 1990 -- December 17 , 1990 Succeeded by `` Last Christmas '' by Wham ! Preceded by `` Dreamer '' by Livin ' Joy UK number - one single ( Robson & Jerome version ) May 14 , 1995 ( 7 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Boom Boom Boom '' by The Outhere Brothers Preceded by `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' by Will Young UK number - one single ( Gareth Gates version ) March 24 -- April 20 , 2002 Succeeded by `` The Hindu Times '' by Oasis Links to related articles Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related articles Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Category The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield Bill Medley Singles `` Little Latin Lupe Lu '' ( 1963 ) `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1964 , 1969 , 1977 , 1988 ) `` Just Once in My Life '' ( 1965 ) `` Unchained Melody '' ( 1965 , 1990 ) `` Ebb Tide '' ( 1965 ) `` Georgia on My Mind '' ( 1966 ) `` ( You 're My ) Soul and Inspiration '' ( 1966 , 1992 ) `` He '' ( 1966 ) `` He Will Break Your Heart '' ( 1966 ) `` On this Side of Goodbye '' ( 1966 ) `` ( There 'll Be Bluebirds Over ) The White Cliffs of Dover '' ( 1966 ) `` Rock and Roll Heaven '' ( 1974 ) `` Dream On '' ( 1974 ) Portal : Biography Portal : Rock music Elvis Presley singles discography 1950s 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960s 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come From '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro ! '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970s 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Book Category Portal WikiProject Leo Sayer Studio albums Silverbird Just a Boy Another Year Endless Flight Thunder in My Heart Leo Sayer Here Living in a Fantasy World Radio Have You Ever Been in Love Cool Touch Compilation albums The Very Best of Leo Sayer All the Best Soundtrack albums All This and World War II Lake Freeze -- The Raccoons Songtrack Singles `` The Show Must Go On '' `` One Man Band '' `` Moonlighting '' `` You Make Me Feel Like Dancing '' `` When I Need You '' `` How Much Love '' `` Thunder in My Heart '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You ( Though I Try ) '' `` Raining in My Heart '' `` More Than I Can Say '' `` Orchard Road '' `` Till You Come Back to Me '' `` Unchained Melody '' Related topics Le Chaînon manquant The Raccoons on Ice Book Air Supply Russell Hitchcock Graham Russell Frank Esler - Smith Rex Goh Studio albums Air Supply The Whole Thing 's Started Love & Other Bruises Life Support Lost in Love The One That You Love Now and Forever Air Supply Hearts in Motion The Christmas Album The Earth Is ... The Vanishing Race News from Nowhere The Book of Love Yours Truly Across the Concrete Sky Mumbo Jumbo Live & compilations Greatest Hits Making Love ... The Very Best of Air Supply Greatest Hits Live ... Now and Forever Forever Love : 36 Greatest Hits Singles `` Lost in Love '' `` All Out of Love '' `` Every Woman in the World '' `` The One That You Love '' `` Here I Am ( Just When I Thought I Was Over You ) '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Even the Nights Are Better '' `` Two Less Lonely People in the World '' `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' `` Lonely Is the Night '' `` Without You '' `` Unchained Melody '' Related articles Discography Harry Maslin Book Commons category Gareth Gates Albums What My Heart Wants to Say Go Your Own Way Pictures of the Other Side Singles `` Unchained Melody '' `` Anyone of Us ( Stupid Mistake ) '' `` Suspicious Minds '' `` What My Heart Wants to Say '' `` Spirit in the Sky '' `` Sunshine '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Changes '' `` Angel on My Shoulder '' Related articles Discography Pop Idol ( series 1 ) Sony Records 19 Will Young The Kumars 5th Story Ronnie McDowell Notable singles `` Wandering Eyes '' `` Older Women '' `` Watchin ' Girls Go By '' `` I Just Cut Myself '' `` Step Back '' `` Personally '' `` You 're Gonna Ruin My Bad Reputation '' `` You Made a Wanted Man of Me '' `` I Dream of Women Like You '' `` I Got a Million of ' Em '' `` In a New York Minute '' `` Love Talks '' `` All Tied Up '' `` It 's Only Make Believe '' `` Suspicion '' `` Sea of Heartbreak '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Love Me Tender '' Related articles Discography Epic Records MCA Records Curb Records LeAnn Rimes singles Discography Blue `` Blue '' `` One Way Ticket ( Because I Can ) '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` The Light in Your Eyes '' You Light Up My Life : Inspirational Songs `` How Do I Live '' `` You Light Up My Life '' `` On the Side of Angels '' Sittin ' on Top of the World `` Commitment '' `` Nothin ' New Under the Moon '' LeAnn Rimes `` Big Deal '' `` Crazy '' God Bless America `` God Bless America '' Twisted Angel `` Life Goes On '' `` Suddenly '' Greatest Hits `` This Love '' This Woman `` Nothin ' ' bout Love Makes Sense '' `` Probably Would n't Be This Way '' `` Something 's Gotta Give '' `` Some People '' Whatever We Wanna `` And It Feels Like '' `` Everybody 's Someone '' ( with Brian McFadden ) Family `` Nothin ' Better to Do '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with Bon Jovi ) `` Good Friend and a Glass of Wine '' `` What I Cannot Change '' Lady & Gentlemen `` Swingin ' '' `` Crazy Women '' `` Give '' Remnants `` The Story '' `` Long Live Love '' `` Love Is Love Is Love '' Guest singles `` Written in the Stars '' ( with Elton John ) `` Cattle Call '' ( with Eddy Arnold ) `` Last Thing on My Mind '' ( with Ronan Keating ) `` Just Stand Up ! '' Soundtracks `` Looking Through Your Eyes '' `` I Need You '' `` Ca n't Fight the Moonlight '' `` But I Do Love You '' `` We Can '' George Benson Discography Studio albums The New Boss Guitar of George Benson It 's Uptown The George Benson Cookbook Giblet Gravy Shape of Things to Come Goodies Tell It Like It Is The Other Side of Abbey Road Beyond the Blue Horizon White Rabbit Body Talk Bad Benson Good King Bad Benson & Farrell Breezin ' In Flight Livin ' Inside Your Love Give Me the Night In Your Eyes Pacific Fire I Got a Woman and Some Blues 20 / 20 While the City Sleeps ... Collaboration Twice the Love Big Boss Band That 's Right Standing Together Absolute Benson Irreplaceable Givin ' It Up Songs and Stories Guitar Man Inspiration : A Tribute to Nat King Cole Live albums In Concert - Carnegie Hall Weekend in L.A. Compilations Space The George Benson Collection Main Singles `` This Masquerade '' ( 1976 ) `` Breezin ' '' ( 1976 ) `` The Greatest Love of All '' ( 1977 ) `` On Broadway '' ( 1978 ) `` Love Ballad '' ( 1979 ) `` Give Me the Night '' ( 1980 ) `` Love X Love '' ( 1980 ) `` Never Give Up on a Good Thing '' ( 1981 ) `` Turn Your Love Around '' ( 1981 ) `` Inside Love ( So Personal ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Lady Love Me ( One More Time ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Feel Like Makin ' Love '' ( 1983 ) `` In Your Eyes '' ( 1983 ) `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( 1985 ) `` Shiver '' ( 1986 ) `` Teaser '' ( 1986 ) `` Let 's Do It Again ( 1988 ) Book : George Benson Susan Boyle Discography Studio albums I Dreamed a Dream ( 2009 ) The Gift ( 2010 ) Someone to Watch Over Me ( 2011 ) Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs from the Stage ( 2012 ) Home For Christmas ( 2013 ) Hope ( 2014 ) A Wonderful World ( 2016 ) Singles `` Wild Horses '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` Perfect Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' `` Enjoy the Silence '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' `` You 'll See '' Featured singles `` Everybody Hurts '' `` A Mother 's Prayer '' Other songs `` Who I Was Born to Be '' Television Britain 's Got Talent I Dreamed a Dream : The Susan Boyle Story ( 2009 ) Susan Boyle : An Unlikely Superstar ( 2011 ) Theatre I Dreamed a Dream ( musical ) Concert tours Susan Boyle in Concert ( 2013 -- 14 ) Related articles Syco Music Columbia Records Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Barry Manilow singles 1970s `` Mandy '' ( 1974 ) `` Sandra '' ( 1974 ) `` It 's a Miracle '' ( 1975 ) `` Could It Be Magic '' ( 1975 ) `` I Write the Songs '' ( 1975 ) `` Tryin ' to Get the Feeling Again '' ( 1976 ) `` This One 's for You '' ( 1976 ) `` Weekend in New England '' ( 1976 ) `` Looks Like We Made It '' ( 1977 ) `` Daybreak '' ( 1977 ) `` It 's Just Another New Year 's Eve '' ( 1977 ) `` Ca n't Smile Without You '' ( 1978 ) `` Even Now '' ( 1978 ) `` Copacabana '' ( 1978 ) `` Ready to Take a Chance Again '' ( 1978 ) `` Somewhere in the Night '' ( 1978 ) `` Ships '' ( 1979 ) `` When I Wanted You '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` I Do n't Want to Walk Without You '' ( 1980 ) `` Bermuda Triangle '' ( 1980 ) `` I Made It Through the Rain '' ( 1980 ) `` Lonely Together '' ( 1981 ) `` The Old Songs '' ( 1981 ) `` Somewhere Down the Road '' ( 1981 ) `` Let 's Hang On ! '' ( 1982 ) `` Oh Julie '' ( 1982 ) `` Memory '' ( 1982 ) `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' ( 1982 ) `` Read ' Em and Weep '' ( 1983 ) `` When October Goes '' ( 1984 ) `` Run to Me '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm Your Man '' ( 1986 ) `` Keep Each Other Warm '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` If I Can Dream '' ( 1990 ) `` I 'd Really Love to See You Tonight '' ( 1997 ) 2000s `` River '' ( 2003 ) `` Unchained Melody '' ( 2006 ) `` Love Is a Many - Splendored Thing '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' ( 2012 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) Roy Hamilton Singles `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Ebb Tide '' `` Hurt '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` So Long '' `` Do n't Let Go '' `` Pledging My Love '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unchained_Melody&oldid=802354699 '' Categories : 1955 singles 1965 singles 1990 singles 1995 singles 1996 singles 2002 singles Songs with music by Alex North Songs written by Hy Zaret Barry Manilow songs Cyndi Lauper songs Elvis Presley songs Gareth Gates songs Harry Belafonte songs Heart ( band ) songs Joe Stampley songs LeAnn Rimes songs Leo Sayer songs Perry Como songs Ricky Nelson songs The Righteous Brothers songs Buzz Clifford songs Robson & Jerome songs Ronnie McDowell songs U2 songs Song recordings produced by Phil Spector Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Pop ballads Songs written for films Curb Records singles Philles Records singles Sony BMG singles 1955 songs Roy Hamilton songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from February 2015 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 17 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang i need your love in ghost | [
"In 1955, three versions of the song (by Les Baxter, Al Hibbler, and Roy Hamilton) charted in the Billboard Top 10 in the United States,[4] and four versions (by Al Hibbler, Les Baxter, Jimmy Young, and Liberace) appeared in the Top 20 in the United Kingdom simultaneously, an unbeaten record for any song.[5][6] The song and \"Do They Know It's Christmas\" are the only songs to reach number one in four different recordings in the UK.[7][8] Of the hundreds of recordings made, it was the July 1965 version by the Righteous Brothers, performed as a solo by Bobby Hatfield, that became a jukebox standard for the late 20th century. This version achieved a second round of great popularity when it was featured in the film Ghost (1990). In 2004, it finished at number 27 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema."
] | [
"Bobby Hatfield"
] |
-7513363973899195256 | Dawes Act | Dawes Act - wikipedia Dawes Act Not to be confused with Dawes Plan . This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality . Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dawes Act Other short titles Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 Long title An Act to provide for the allotment of lands in severalty to Indians on the various reservations , and to extend the protection of the laws of the United States and the Territories over the Indians , and for other purposes . Nicknames General Allotment Act of 1887 Enacted by the 49th United States Congress Effective February 8 , 1887 Citations Public law 49 - 119 Statutes at Large 24 Stat. 388 Codification Titles amended 25 U.S.C. : Indians U.S.C. sections created 25 U.S.C. ch. 9 § 331 et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the Senate by Henry L. Dawes ( R -- MA ) Signed into law by President Grover Cleveland on February 8 , 1887 Poster The Dawes Act of 1887 ( also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 ) , authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians . Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship . The Dawes Act was amended in 1891 , in 1898 by the Curtis Act , and again in 1906 by the Burke Act . The Act was named for its creator , Senator Henry Laurens Dawes of Massachusetts . The objectives of the Dawes Act were to abolish tribal and communal land ownership of the tribes into individual land ownership rights in order to transfer lands under Indian control to white settlers and stimulate assimilation of them into mainstream American society , and thereby lift individual Native Americans out of poverty . Individual household ownership of land and subsistence farming on the European - American model was seen as an essential step . The act provided that the government would classify as `` excess '' those Indian reservation lands remaining after allotments , and sell those lands on the open market , allowing purchase and settlement by non-Native Americans . The Dawes Commission , set up under an Indian Office appropriation bill in 1893 , was created to try to persuade the Five Civilized Tribes to agree to allotment plans . ( They had been excluded from the Dawes Act by their treaties . ) This commission registered the members of the Five Civilized Tribes on what became known as the Dawes Rolls . The Curtis Act of 1898 amended the Dawes Act to extend its provisions to the Five Civilized Tribes ; it required abolition of their governments , allotment of communal lands to people registered as tribal members , and sale of lands declared surplus , as well as dissolving tribal courts . This completed the extinguishment of tribal land titles in Indian Territory , preparing it to be admitted to the Union as the state of Oklahoma . During the ensuing decades , the Five Civilized Tribes sold off 90 million acres of former communal lands to non-Natives . In addition , many individuals , unfamiliar with land ownership , became the target of speculators and criminals , were stuck with allotments that were too small for profitable farming , and lost their household lands . Tribe members also suffered from the breakdown of the social structure of the tribes . During the Great Depression , the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration supported passage on June 18 , 1934 of the US Indian Reorganization Act ( also known as the Wheeler - Howard Law ) . It ended land allotment and created a `` New Deal '' for Indians , renewing their rights to reorganize and form their self - governments . The first page of the Dawes Act The second page of the Dawes Act Contents 1 The Indian Problem 2 Provisions of the Dawes Act 2.1 Dawes Act 1891 Amendments 2.2 Provisions of the Curtis Act 2.3 Provisions of the Burke Act 3 Effects 3.1 Fractionation 4 Criticisms 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links The Indian problem ( edit ) During the 1850s , the United States federal government 's attempt to exert control over the Native Americans expanded . Numerous new European immigrants were settling on the eastern border of the Indian territories , where most of the Native American tribes were situated . Conflicts between the groups increased as they competed for resources and operated according to different cultural systems . Many European Americans did not believe that members of the two racial societies could coexist within the same communities . Searching for a quick solution to their problem , William Medill the Commissioner of Indian Affairs , proposed establishing `` colonies '' or `` reservations '' that would be exclusively for the natives , similar to those which some native tribes had created for themselves in the east . It was a form of removal whereby the US government would uproot the natives from their current locations to positions to areas in the region beyond the Mississippi River ; this would enable settlement by European Americans in the Southeast in turn opening up new placement for the new white settlers and at the same time protecting them from the corrupt `` evil '' ways of the subordinate natives . The new policy intended to concentrate Native Americans in areas away from encroaching settlers , but it caused considerable suffering and many deaths . During the nineteenth century , Native American tribes resisted the imposition of the reservation system and engaged with the United States Army in what were called the Indian Wars in the West for decades . Finally defeated by the US military force and continuing waves of encroaching settlers , the tribes negotiated agreements to resettle on reservations . Native Americans ended up with a total of over 155 million acres ( 630,000 km ) of land , ranging from arid deserts to prime agricultural land . The Reservation system , though forced upon Native Americans , was a system that allotted each tribe a claim to their new lands , protection over their territories , and the right to govern themselves . With the Senate supposedly being able to intervene only through the negotiation of treaties , they adjusted their ways of life and tried to continue their traditions . The traditional tribal organization , a defining characteristic of Native Americans as a social unit , became apparent to the non-native communities of the United States and created a mixed stir of emotions . The tribe was viewed as a highly cohesive group , led by a hereditary , chosen chief , who exercised power and influence among the members of the tribe by aging traditions . The tribes were seen as strong , tight - knit societies led by powerful men who were opposed to any change that weakened their positions . Many white Americans feared them and sought reformation . The Indians ' failure to adopt the `` Euroamerican '' lifestyle , which was the social norm in the United States at the time , was seen as both unacceptable and uncivilized . By the end of the 1880s , a general consensus seem to have been reached among many US stakeholders that the assimilation of Native Americans into American culture was top priority ; it was the time for them to leave behind their tribal landholding , reservations , traditions and ultimately their Indian identities . On February 8 , 1887 , the Dawes Allotment Act was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland . Responsible for enacting the division of the tribal resevations into plots of land for individual households , the Dawes Act was created by reformers to achieve six goals : breaking up of tribes as a social unit , encouraging individual initiatives , furthering the progress of native farmers , reducing the cost of native administration , securing parts of the reservations as Indian land , and opening the remainder of the land to white settlers for profit . The Act facilitated assimilation ; they would become more `` Euro - Americanized '' as the government allotted the reservations . Native Americans held specific ideologies pertaining to tribal land , to them the land and earth were things to be valued and cared for , it represented things that produced and sustained life , it embodied their existence and identity , and created an environment of belonging . In opposition to their white counterparts , they did not see it from an economic standpoint . But , many natives began to believe they had to adapt to the majority culture in order to survive . They would have to embrace these beliefs and surrender to the forces of progress . They were to adopt the values of the dominant society and see land as real estate to be bought and developed ; they learned how to use their land effectively in order to become prosperous farmers . As they were inducted as citizens of the country , they would shed their uncivilized discourses and ideologies , and exchange them for ones that allowed them to become industrious self - supporting citizens , and finally rid themselves of their `` need '' for government supervision . Provisions of the Dawes Act ( edit ) The important provisions of the Dawes Act were : A head of family would receive a grant of 160 acres ( 65 ha ) , a single person or orphan over 18 years of age would receive a grant of 80 acres ( 32 ha ) , and persons under the age of 18 would receive 40 acres ( 16 ha ) each ; the allotments would be held in trust by the U.S. Government for 25 years ; Eligible Indians had four years to select their land ; afterward the selection would be made for them by the Secretary of the Interior . Every member of the bands or tribes receiving a land allotment is subject to laws of the state or territory in which they reside . Every Indian who receives a land allotment `` and has adopted the habits of civilized life '' ( lived separate and apart from the tribe ) is bestowed with United States citizenship `` without in any manner impairing or otherwise affecting the right of any such Indian to tribal or other property '' . The Secretary of Interior could issue rules to assure equal distribution of water for irrigation among the tribes , and provided that `` no other appropriation or grant of water by any riparian proprietor shall be authorized or permitted to the damage of any other riparian proprietor . '' The Dawes Act did not apply to the territory of the : Cherokee , Creek , Choctaw , Chickasaw , Seminole , Miami , and Peoria in Indian Territory Osage , Sac , and Fox , in the Oklahoma Territory any of the reservations of the Seneca Nation of New York , or a strip of territory in the State of Nebraska adjoining the Sioux Nation Provisions were later extended to the Wea , Peoria , Kaskaskia , Piankeshaw , and Western Miami tribes by act of 1889 . Allotment of the lands of these tribes was mandated by the Act of 1891 , which amplified the provisions of the Dawes Act . Dawes Act 1891 Amendments ( edit ) In 1891 the Dawes Act was amended : Allowed for pro-rata distribution when the reservation did not have enough land for each individual to receive allotments in original quantities , and provided that when land is only suitable for grazing purposes , such land be allotted in double quantities Established criteria for inheritance Does not apply to Cherokee Outlet Provisions of the Curtis Act ( edit ) The Curtis Act of 1898 extended the provisions of the Dawes Act to the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory . It did away with their self - government , including tribal courts . In addition to providing for allotment of lands to tribal members , it authorized the Dawes Commission to make determination of members when registering tribal members . Provisions of the Burke Act ( edit ) The Burke Act of 1906 amended the sections of the Dawes Act dealing with US Citizenship ( Section 6 ) and the mechanism for issuing allotments . The Secretary of Interior could force the Indian Allottee to accept title for land . US Citizenship was granted unconditionally upon receipt of land allotment ( the individual did not need to move off the reservation to receive citizenship ) . Land allotted to Indians was taken out of Trust and subject to taxation . The Burke Act did not apply to any Indians in Indian Territory . Effects ( edit ) A 1911 ad offering `` allotted Indian land '' for sale The Dawes Act had a negative effect on American Indians , as it ended their communal holding of property ( with crop land often being privately owned by families or clans ) , by which they had ensured that everyone had a home and a place in the tribe . The act `` was the culmination of American attempts to destroy tribes and their governments and to open Indian lands to settlement by non-Indians and to development by railroads '' . Land owned by Indians decreased from 138 million acres ( 560,000 km ) in 1887 to 48 million acres ( 190,000 km ) in 1934 . Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado was one of the most outspoken opponents of allotment . In 1881 , he said that allotment was a policy `` to despoil the Indians of their lands and to make them vagabonds on the face of the earth '' . Teller also said , the real aim ( of allotment ) was `` to get at the Indian lands and open them up to settlement . The provisions for the apparent benefit of the Indians are but the pretext to get at his lands and occupy them ... If this were done in the name of Greed , it would be bad enough ; but to do it in the name of Humanity ... is infinitely worse . The amount of land in native hands rapidly depleted from some 150 million acres ( 610,000 km ) to a small 78 million acres ( 320,000 km ) by 1900 . The remainder of the land once allotted to appointed natives was declared surplus and sold to non-native settlers as well as railroad and other large corporations ; other sections were converted into federal parks and military compounds . The concern shifted from encouraging private native landownership to satisfying the white settlers ' demand for larger portions of land . By dividing reservation lands into privately owned parcels , legislators hoped to complete the assimilation process by forcing Indians to adopt individual households , and strengthen the nuclear family and values of economic dependency strictly within this small household unit . Given the conditions on the Great Plains , the land granted to most allottees was not sufficient for economic viability of farming . Division of land among heirs upon the allottees ' deaths quickly led to land fractionalization . Most allotment land , which could be sold after a statutory period of 25 years , was eventually sold to non-Native buyers at bargain prices . Additionally , land deemed to be `` surplus '' beyond what was needed for allotment was opened to white settlers , though the profits from the sales of these lands were often invested in programs meant to aid the American Indians . Over the 47 years of the Act 's life , Native Americans lost about 90 million acres ( 360,000 km ) of treaty land , or about two - thirds of the 1887 land base . About 90,000 Native Americans were made landless . In 1906 the Burke Act ( also known as the forced patenting act ) amended the GAA to give the Secretary of the Interior the power to issue allottees a patent in fee simple to people classified `` competent and capable '' . The criteria for this determination is unclear but meant that allottees deemed `` competent '' by the Secretary of the Interior would have their land taken out of trust status , subject to taxation , and could be sold by the allottee . The allotted lands of Indians determined to be incompetent by the Secretary of the Interior were automatically leased out by the federal government . The act reads : ... the Secretary of the Interior may , in his discretion , and he is hereby authorized , whenever he shall be satisfied that any Indian allottee is competent and capable of managing his or her affairs at any time to cause to be issued to such allottee a patent in fee simple , and thereafter all restrictions as to sale , encumbrance , or taxation of said land shall be removed . The use of competence opens up the categorization , making it much more subjective and thus increasing the exclusionary power of the Secretary of Interior . Although this act gives power to the allottee to decide whether to keep or sell the land , given the harsh economic reality of the time , and lack of access to credit and markets , liquidation of Indian lands was almost inevitable . It was known by the Department of Interior that virtually 95 % of fee patented land would eventually be sold to whites . The allotment policy depleted the land base , ending hunting as a means of subsistence . According to Victorian ideals , the men were forced into the fields ( but the Indians thought this made them take on what in their society had traditionally been the woman 's role , and the women were relegated to the domestic sphere ) . This Act imposed a patriarchal nuclear household onto many matrilineal Native societies , in which women had controlled property and descent . Native gender roles and relations quickly changed with this policy , since communal living had shaped the social order of Native communities . Women were no longer the caretakers of the land and they were no longer valued in the public political sphere . Even in the home , the Native woman was dependent on her husband . Before allotment , women divorced easily and had important political and social status , as they were usually the center of their kin network . Under the Dawes Act , to receive the full 160 acres ( 0.65 km ) , women had to be officially married . In 1926 , Secretary of the Interior Hubert Work commissioned a study of federal administration of Indian policy and the condition of Indian people . Completed in 1928 , The Problem of Indian Administration -- commonly known as the Meriam Report after the study 's director , Lewis Meriam -- documented fraud and misappropriation by government agents . In particular , the Meriam Report found that the General Allotment Act had been used to illegally deprive Native Americans of their land rights . After considerable debate , Congress terminated the allotment process under the Dawes Act by enacting the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 ( `` Wheeler - Howard Act '' ) . However , the allotment process in Alaska , under the separate Alaska Native Allotment Act , continued until its revocation in 1971 by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act . Despite termination of the allotment process in 1934 , effects of the General Allotment Act continue into the present . For example , one provision of the Act was the establishment of a trust fund , administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs , to collect and distribute revenues from oil , mineral , timber , and grazing leases on Native American lands . The BIA 's alleged improper management of the trust fund resulted in litigation , in particular the case Cobell v. Kempthorne ( settled in 2009 for $3.4 billion ) , to force a proper accounting of revenues . Fractionation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For nearly one hundred years , the consequences of federal Indian allotments have developed into the problem of fractionation . As original allottees die , their heirs receive equal , undivided interests in the allottees ' lands . In successive generations , smaller undivided interests descend to the next generation . Fractionated interests in individual Indian allotted land continue to expand exponentially with each new generation . Today , there are approximately four million owner interests in the 10,000,000 acres ( 40,000 km ) of individually owned trust lands , a situation the magnitude of which makes management of trust assets extremely difficult and costly . These four million interests could expand to 11 million interests by the year 2030 unless an aggressive approach to fractionation is taken . There are now single pieces of property with ownership interests that are less than 0.0000001 % or 1 / 9 millionth of the whole interest , which has an estimated value of . 004 cent . The economic consequences of fractionation are severe . Some recent appraisal studies suggest that when the number of owners of a tract of land reaches between ten and twenty , the value of that tract drops to zero . Highly fractionated land is for all practical purposes worthless . In addition , the fractionation of land and the resultant ballooning number of trust accounts quickly produced an administrative nightmare . Over the past 40 years , the area of trust land has grown by approximately 80,000 acres ( 320 km ) per year . Approximately 357 million dollars is collected annually from all sources of trust asset management , including coal sales , timber harvesting , oil and gas leases and other rights - of - way and lease activity . No single fiduciary institution has ever managed as many trust accounts as the Department of the Interior has managed over the last century . Interior is involved in the management of 100,000 leases for individual Indians and tribes on trust land that encompasses approximately 56,000,000 acres ( 230,000 km ) . Leasing , use permits , sale revenues , and interest of approximately $226 million per year are collected for approximately 230,000 individual Indian money ( IIM ) accounts , and about $530 million per year are collected for approximately 1,400 tribal accounts . In addition , the trust currently manages approximately $2.8 billion in tribal funds and $400 million in individual Indian funds . Under current regulations , probates need to be conducted for every account with trust assets , even those with balances between one cent and one dollar . While the average cost for a probate process exceeds $3,000 , even a streamlined , expedited process costing as little as $500 would require almost $10,000,000 to probate the $5,700 in these accounts . Unlike most private trusts , the federal government bears the entire cost of administering the Indian trust . As a result , the usual incentives found in the commercial sector for reducing the number of small or inactive accounts do not apply to the Indian trust . Similarly , the United States has not adopted many of the tools that states and local government entities have for ensuring that unclaimed or abandoned property is returned to productive use within the local community . Fractionation is not a new issue . In the 1920s , the Brookings Institution conducted a major study of conditions of the American Indian and included data on the impacts of fractionation . This report , which became known as the Meriam Report , was issued in 1928 . Its conclusions and recommendations formed the basis for land reform provisions that were included in what would become the IRA . The original versions of the IRA included two key titles , one dealing with probate and the other with land consolidation . Because of opposition to many of these provisions in Indian Country , often by the major European - American ranchers and industry who leased land and other private interests , most were removed while Congress was considering the bill . The final version of the IRA included only a few basic land reform and probate measures . Although Congress enabled major reforms in the structure of tribes through the IRA and stopped the allotment process , it did not meaningfully address fractionation as had been envisioned by John Collier , then Commissioner of Indian Affairs , or the Brookings Institution . In 1922 , the General Accounting Office ( GAO ) conducted an audit of 12 reservations to determine the severity of fractionation on those reservations . The GAO found that on the 12 reservations for which it compiled data , there were approximately 80,000 discrete owners but , because of fractionation , there were over a million ownership records associated with those owners . The GAO also found that if the land were physically divided by the fractional interests , many of these interests would represent less than one square foot of ground . In early 2002 , the Department of the Interior attempted to replicate the audit methodology used by the GAO and to update the GAO report data to assess the continued growth of fractionation ; it found that it increased by more than 40 % between 1992 and 2002 . As an example of continuing fractionation , consider a real tract identified in 1987 in Hodel v. Irving , 481 U.S. 704 ( 1987 ) : Tract 1305 is 40 acres ( 160,000 m ) and produces $1,080 in income annually . It is valued at $8,000 . It has 439 owners , one - third of whom receive less than $. 05 in annual rent and two - thirds of whom receive less than $1 . The largest interest holder receives $82.85 annually . The common denominator used to compute fractional interests in the property is 3,394,923,840,000 . The smallest heir receives $. 01 every 177 years . If the tract were sold ( assuming the 439 owners could agree ) for its estimated $8,000 value , he would be entitled to $. 000418 . The administrative costs of handling this tract are estimated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs at $17,560 annually . Today , this tract produces $2,000 in income annually and is valued at $22,000 . It now has 505 owners but the common denominator used to compute fractional interests has grown to 220,670,049,600,000 . If the tract were sold ( assuming the 505 owners could agree ) for its estimated $22,000 value , the smallest heir would now be entitled to $. 00001824 . The administrative costs of handling this tract in 2003 are estimated by the BIA at $42,800 . Fractionation has become significantly worse . As noted above , in some cases the land is so highly fractionated that it can never be made productive . With such small ownership interests , it is nearly impossible to obtain the level of consent necessary to lease the land . In addition , to manage highly fractionated parcels of land , the government spends more money probating estates , maintaining title records , leasing the land , and attempting to manage and distribute tiny amounts of income to individual owners than is received in income from the land . In many cases , the costs associated with managing these lands can be significantly more than the value of the underlying asset . Criticisms ( edit ) Angie Debo 's , And Still the Waters Run : The Betrayal of the Five Civilized Tribes ( 1940 ) , claimed the allotment policy of the Dawes Act ( as later extended to apply to the Five Civilized Tribes through the Dawes Commission and the Curtis Act of 1898 ) was systematically manipulated to deprive the Native Americans of their lands and resources . Ellen Fitzpatrick claimed , Debo 's book `` advanced a crushing analysis of the corruption , moral depravity , and criminal activity that underlay white administration and execution of the allotment policy '' . See also ( edit ) Act for the Protection of the People of Indian Territory ( Curtis Act ) , 1898 Forced Fee Patenting Act ( Burke Act ) , 1906 Nelson Act of 1889 , Minnesota 's version of the Dawes Act Americanization of Native Americans Aboriginal title in the United States Competency Commission Land run Diminishment Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` General Allotment Act ( or Dawes Act ) , Act of Feb. 8 , 1887 ( 24 Stat. 388 , ch. 119 , 25 USCA 331 ) , Acts of Forty - ninth Congress - Second Session , 1887 '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawes Act ( 1887 ) '' . OurDocuments.gov . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Thirties in America : Indian Reorganization Act '' Archived 2013 - 08 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , Salem Press , Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sandweiss , Martha A. , Carol A. O ' Connor , and Clyde A. Milner II . The Oxford History of The American West , New York : Oxford University Press , 1994 . p. 174 . Print . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Janet . The Dispossession of the American Indian , Indianapolis : Indiana University Press , 1991 . p. 1 Jump up ^ Carlson , Leonard A. Indians , Bureaucrats , and Land , Westport , Connecticut : 1981 . p. 6 . Print . Jump up ^ Carlson , Leonard A. Indians , Bureaucrats , and Land , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Leonard A. Indians , Bureaucrats , and Land , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Leonard A. Indians , Bureaucrats , and Land . Westport , Connecticut : 1981 . p. 79 - 80 Jump up ^ Sandweiss , Martha A. , Carol A. O ' Connor , and Clyde A. Milner II . The Oxford History of The American West . New York : Oxford University Press , 1994 . p. 174 Jump up ^ Carlson , Leonard A. Indians , Bureaucrats , and Land , Westport , Connecticut : 1981 . p. 79 Jump up ^ McDonnell , Janet . The Dispossession of the American Indian . Indianapolis : Indiana University Press , 1991 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Janet . The Dispossession of the American Indian . Indianapolis : Indiana University Press , 1991 . p. 2 . Print . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Janet . The Dispossession of the American Indian . Indianapolis : Indiana University Press , 1991 . p. 3 . Print . Jump up ^ Otis , D.S. The Dawes Act and the Allotment of Indian Lands . Norman : U. of OK Press , 1973 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Originally published in 1934 . Jump up ^ Dawes Act Sec. 6 Jump up ^ Dawes Act Sec. 7 Jump up ^ Dawes Act Sec. 8 Jump up ^ act of 1889 , March 2 , ch. 422 ( post , p. 344 ) Jump up ^ Otis , pp. 177 -- 188 Jump up ^ `` Dawes Severalty Act Amendments of 1891 ( Statutes at Large 26 , 794 -- 96 , NADP Document A1891 ) '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dawes Amendment Sec 1 and Sec 2 Jump up ^ Dawes Amendment Sec. 4 Jump up ^ Dawes Amendment Sec. 5 Jump up ^ `` Burke Act ( 34 Stat. 182 ) Chapter 2348 , May 8 , 1906 . ( H.R. 11946 . ) ( Public , No. 149 . ) '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Terry L. Anderson , Property Rights Among Native Americans Jump up ^ Kidwell , Clara Sue . `` Allotment '' , Oklahoma Historical Society 's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . ( retrieved 29 December 2009 ) Jump up ^ Gunn , Steven J. Major Acts of Congress : Indian General Allotment Act ( Dawes Act ) ( 1887 ) . accessed 21 May 2011 Jump up ^ Otis , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Churchill , Ward . Struggle for Land : Native North American Resistance to Genocide , Ecocide and Colonization . San Francisco : City Lights Books , 2002 . p. 48 . Print . Jump up ^ Gibson , Arrell M. Gibson . `` Indian Land Transfers . '' Handbook of North American Indians : History of Indian -- White Relations , Volume 4 . Wilcomb E. Washburn and William C. Sturtevant , eds . Washington DC : Smithsonian Institution , 1988 . Pages 226 -- 29 Jump up ^ Case DS , Voluck DA ( 2002 ) . Alaska Natives and American Laws ( 2nd ed . ) . Fairbanks , AK : University of Alaska Press . pp. 104 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 889963 - 08 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bartecchi D ( 2007 - 02 - 19 ) . `` The History of `` Competency '' as a Tool to Control Native American Lands `` . Pine Ridge Project . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Robertson , 2002 Jump up ^ Listing for And Still the Waters Run at Princeton University Press website ( retrieved January 9 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Ellen Fitzpatrick , History 's Memory : Writing America 's Past , 1880 -- 1980 ( Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01605 - X , p. 133 , excerpt available online at Google Books . Further reading ( edit ) Debo , Angie . And Still the Waters Run : The Betrayal of the Five Civilized Tribes ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1940 ; new edition , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1984 ) , ISBN 0 - 691 - 04615 - 8 . Olund , Eric N. ( 2002 ) . `` Public Domesticity during the Indian Reform Era ; or , Mrs. Jackson is induced to go to Washington . '' Gender , Place , and Culture 9 : 153 - 166 . Stremlau , Rose . ( 2005 ) . `` To Domesticate and Civilize Wild Indians '' : Allotment and the Campaign to Reform Indian Families , 1875 - 1887 . Journal of Family History 30 : 265 - 286 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Dawes Act Dawes Act of 1887 : full text from the Native American Documents Project Dawes Act ( 1887 ) Information & Videos - Chickasaw.TV Wheeler - Howard Act ( Indian Reorganization Act ) 1934 Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory Rights of Native Americans in the United States Case law Johnson v. M'Intosh ( 1823 ) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) Fellows v. Blacksmith ( 1857 ) New York ex rel . Cutler v. Dibble ( 1858 ) Standing Bear v. Crook ( D. Neb . 1879 ) Ex parte Crow Dog ( 1883 ) Elk v. Wilkins ( 1884 ) Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy ( 1896 ) Talton v. Mayes ( 1896 ) Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock ( 1903 ) United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. ( 1941 ) Tee - Hit - Ton Indians v. United States ( 1955 ) Williams v. Lee ( 1959 ) Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation ( 1960 ) Menominee Tribe v. 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M'Intosh ( 1823 ) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) Taney Court Fellows v. Blacksmith ( 1857 ) New York ex rel . Cutler v. Dibble ( 1858 ) 1890 -- 1950 Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy ( 1896 ) United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. ( 1941 ) Warren Court Tee - Hit - Ton Indians v. United States ( 1955 ) Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation ( 1960 ) Burger Court Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida ( 1974 ) Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe ( 1979 ) County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State ( 1985 ) South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe ( 1986 ) Rehnquist Court Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho ( 1997 ) Idaho v. United States ( 2001 ) City of Sherrill v. 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-7956311947670054591 | Three-Fifths Compromise | Three - Fifths Compromise - wikipedia Three - Fifths Compromise Jump to : navigation , search The Three - Fifths Compromise was a compromise reached between state delegates during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention . The debate was over whether , and if so , how , slaves would be counted when determining a state 's total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes . The issue was important , as this population number would then be used to determine the number of seats that the state would have in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years . The effect was to give the southern states a third more seats in Congress and a third more electoral votes than if slaves had been ignored , but fewer than if slaves and free persons had been counted equally , allowing the slaveholder interests to largely dominate the government of the United States until 1861 . The compromise was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Enactment 2 Impact before the Civil War 3 After the Civil War 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography Enactment ( edit ) Part of a series on Slavery Contemporary ( show ) Child labour Conscription Debt Forced marriage Bride buying Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Peonage Penal labour Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical ( show ) Antiquity Ancient Rome Babylonia Ancient Greece Topics and practices Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Arab slave trade Ghilman Mamluk Saqaliba Aztec Blackbirding Byzantine Empire Coolie Corvée labor Field slaves in the United States House slaves Kholop Medieval Europe Panyarring Thrall Serfs History Russia Slave market Slave raiding Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region ( show ) Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Slavery on the Barbary Coast Barbary slave trade Slave Coast Angola Chad Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Somalia South Africa Sudan Seychelles North and South America Americas indigenous U.S. Natives Brazil Lei Áurea Canada Caribbean Barbados Code Noir Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek Latin America Puerto Rico Trinidad United States colonial maps female partus penal labor Slave codes interregional Human trafficking Virgin Islands Central , East , and South Asia Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan China Booi Aha Laogai India Debt bondage Chukri System Japan comfort women South Korea Yankee princess North Korea Vietnam Australia and Oceania Blackbirding in Australia Human trafficking in Australia Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe Britain Denmark Dutch Republic Germany in World War II Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain colonies Sweden North Africa and West Asia Iran Libya Human trafficking in the Middle East Ottoman Empire Yemen Religion ( show ) Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam 21st century Judaism Bahá'í Faith Opposition and resistance ( show ) Timeline Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Compensated emancipation Freedman manumission Freedom suit Abolitionists Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Related ( show ) Common law Indentured servitude Unfree labour Fugitive slaves laws Great Dismal Swamp maroons List of slaves owners Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave catcher Slave patrol Slave Route Project Treatment in U.S. breeding court cases Washington Jefferson Adams Lincoln 40 acres Freedmen 's Bureau bit Emancipation Day The Convention had unanimously accepted the principle that representation in the House of Representatives would be in proportion to the relative state populations . However , since slaves could not vote , leaders in slave states would thus have the benefit of increased representation in the House and the Electoral College . Delegates opposed to slavery proposed that only free inhabitants of each state be counted for apportionment purposes , while delegates supportive of slavery , on the other hand , opposed the proposal , wanting slaves to count in their actual numbers . The compromise that was finally agreed upon -- of counting `` all other persons '' as only three - fifths of their actual numbers -- reduced the representation of the slave states relative to the original proposals , but improved it over the Northern position . An inducement for slave states to accept the Compromise was its tie to taxation in the same ratio , so that the burden of taxation on the slave states was also reduced . The Three - Fifths Compromise is found in Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 of the United States Constitution , which reads : Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers , which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons , including those bound to Service for a Term of Years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three fifths of all other Persons . The three - fifths ratio originated with a 1783 amendment proposed to the Articles of Confederation . The amendment was to have changed the basis for determining the wealth of each state , and hence its tax obligations , from real estate to population , as a measure of ability to produce wealth . The proposal by a committee of the Congress had suggested that taxes `` shall be supplied by the several colonies in proportion to the number of inhabitants of every age , sex , and quality , except Indians not paying taxes '' . The South immediately objected to this formula since it would include slaves , who were viewed primarily as property , in calculating the amount of taxes to be paid . As Thomas Jefferson wrote in his notes on the debates , the southern states would be taxed `` according to their numbers and their wealth conjunctly , while the northern would be taxed on numbers only '' . After proposed compromises of one - half by Benjamin Harrison of Virginia and three - fourths by several New Englanders failed to gain sufficient support , Congress finally settled on the three - fifths ratio proposed by James Madison . But this amendment ultimately failed , falling two states short of the unanimous approval required for amending the Articles of Confederation ( only New Hampshire and New York were opposed ) . A contentious issue at the 1787 Constitutional Convention was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress or would instead be considered property and , as such , not be considered for purposes of representation . Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation , but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population . Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation , but not in determining representation . The proposed ratio was , however , a ready solution to the impasse that arose during the Constitutional Convention . In that situation , the alignment of the contending forces was the reverse of what had obtained under the Articles of Confederation . In amending the Articles , the North wanted slaves to count for more than the South did because the objective was to determine taxes paid by the states to the federal government . In the Constitutional Convention , the more important issue was representation in Congress , so the South wanted slaves to count for more than the North did . Much has been said of the impropriety of representing men who have no will of their own ... They are men , though degraded to the condition of slavery . They are persons known to the municipal laws of the states which they inhabit , as well as to the laws of nature . But representation and taxation go together ... Would it be just to impose a singular burden , without conferring some adequate advantage ? -- Alexander Hamilton Impact before the Civil War ( edit ) The Three - Fifths Compromise gave a disproportionate representation of slave states in the House of Representatives relative to the voters in free states until the American Civil War . In 1793 , for example , Southern slave states had 47 of the 105 members but would have had 33 , had seats been assigned based on free populations . In 1812 , slave states had 76 out of 143 instead of the 59 they would have had ; in 1833 , 98 out of 240 instead of 73 . As a result , Southern states had disproportionate influence on the presidency , the speakership of the House , and the Supreme Court in the period prior to the Civil War . Along with this must be considered the number of slave and free states , which remained mostly equal until 1850 , safeguarding the Southern bloc in the Senate as well as Electoral College votes . Historian Garry Wills has postulated that without the additional slave state votes , Jefferson would have lost the presidential election of 1800 . Also , `` slavery would have been excluded from Missouri ... Jackson 's Indian removal policy would have failed ... the Wilmot Proviso would have banned slavery in territories won from Mexico ... the Kansas - Nebraska bill would have failed . '' While the Three - Fifths Compromise could be seen to favor Southern states because of their large slave populations , for example , the Connecticut Compromise tended to favor the Northern states ( which were generally smaller ) . Support for the new Constitution rested on the balance of these sectional interests . After the Civil War ( edit ) Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) later superseded Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 and explicitly repealed the compromise . It provides that `` representatives shall be apportioned ... counting the whole number of persons in each State , excluding Indians not taxed . '' A later provision of the same clause reduced the Congressional representation of states who denied the right to vote to adult male citizens , but this provision was never effectively enforced . ( The Thirteenth Amendment , passed in 1865 , had already eliminated almost all persons from the original clause 's jurisdiction by banning slavery ; the only remaining persons subject to it were those sentenced for a crime to penal servitude , which the amendment excluded from the ban . ) After the Reconstruction Era came to an end in 1877 , however , the former slave states subverted the objective of these changes by using various strategies to disenfranchise their black citizens , while obtaining the benefit of apportionment of representatives on the basis of the total populations . These measures effectively gave white Southerners even greater voting power than they had in the antebellum era , inflating the number of Southern Democrats in the House of Representatives as well as the number of votes they could exercise in the Electoral College in the election of the president . The disenfranchisement of black citizens eventually attracted the attention of Congress , and in 1900 some members proposed stripping the South of seats , related to the number of people who were barred from voting . In the end , Congress did not act to change apportionment , largely because of the power of the Southern bloc . The Southern bloc comprised Southern Democrats voted into office by white voters and constituted a powerful voting bloc in Congress until the 1960s . Their representatives , re-elected repeatedly by one - party states , controlled numerous chairmanships of important committees in both houses on the basis of seniority , giving them control over rules , budgets and important patronage projects , among other issues . Their power allowed them to defeat federal legislation against racial violence and abuses in the South . See also ( edit ) United States portal Section 127 of the Australian Constitution , excluding Aboriginal people from the census for purposes of determining allocation of seats in Parliament ; repealed in 1967 . Slave Trade Acts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` We Hold These Truths to be Self - evident ; '' An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Roots of Racism & slavery in America Kenneth N. Addison ; Introduction p. xxii Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman , `` How The Proslavery Constitution Led To The Civil War '' , Rutgers Law Journal Volume 43 Fall / Winter 2013 Number 3 , p405 Jump up ^ Wills pg. 51 Jump up ^ Hannis Taylor ( 1911 ) . The Origin and Growth of the American Constitution : An Historical Treatise . Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Wills pp. 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ Wills pg 53 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Elliot , ed. ( 1866 ) . The Debates In The Several State Conventions On The Adoption Of The Federal Constitution , As Recommended By The General Convention At Philadelphia , In 1787 . J.B. Lippincott & Co . Washington : Taylor & Maury . p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : Wills pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Banning , Lance ( August 31 , 2004 ) . `` Three - Fifths Historian '' . The Claremont Institute . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Walter ( January 1 , 2006 ) . `` Fourteenth Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of African - American Culture and History . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Committee At Odds on Reapportionment , The New York Times , December 20 , 1900 , accessed March 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , Constitutional Commentary , Vol. 17 , 2000 , p. 10 , accessed 10 Mar 2008 Bibliography ( edit ) Wills , Garry ( 2003 ) . `` Negro President '' : Jefferson and the Slave Power . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 34398 - 9 . Walton , Hanes , Jr. ; Smith , Robert C. ( 2006 ) . American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Pearson Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 29237 - 5 . Wiencek , Henry ( 2004 ) . An Imperfect God : George Washington , His Slaves , and the Creation of America . New York : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 52951 - 5 . Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-Fifths_Compromise&oldid=826360065 '' Categories : Drafting of the United States Constitution Slavery in the United States History of African - American civil rights History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) 1787 in the United States 1787 in American politics Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 18 : 06 . 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-2420420863927863432 | Pacific Islands | Pacific islands - wikipedia Pacific islands Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with List of islands in the Pacific Ocean . ( Discuss ) Proposed since January 2018 . For the video game , see Pacific Islands ( video game ) . Three of the major groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean . The Pacific Islands are the islands of the Pacific Ocean . Three major groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean are Polynesia , Micronesia and Melanesia . Depending on the context , Pacific Islands may refer to countries and islands with common Austronesian origins , islands once or currently colonized , or Oceania . The indigenous inhabitants of the Pacific Islands are referred to as Pacific Islanders . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name ambiguity 2 Pacific islands by area ( over 10,000 square kilometers ) 3 List of islands 3.1 Pacific islands by region 3.1. 1 Antarctica 3.1. 2 Asia 3.1. 3 North America 3.1. 4 Oceania 3.1. 5 South America 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References Name ambiguity ( edit ) In English , the umbrella term Pacific Islands may take on several meanings . Sometimes it refers to only those islands covered by the continent of Oceania . In some common uses , the term `` Pacific Islands '' refers to the islands of the Pacific Ocean once colonized by the British , French , Dutch , United States , and Japanese , such as the Pitcairn Islands , Taiwan , and Borneo . In other uses it may refer to islands with Austronesian heritage like Taiwan , Indonesia , Micronesia , Polynesia , Myanmar islands , which found their genesis in the Neolithic cultures of the island of Taiwan . There are many other islands located within the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean that are not considered part of Oceania . These islands include the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador ; the Aleutian Islands in Alaska , United States ; Vancouver Island in Canada ; the Russian islands of Sakhalin and Kuril Islands ; the island nation of Taiwan and other islands of the Republic of China ; the Philippines ; islands in the South China Sea , which includes the disputed South China Sea Islands ; most of the islands of Indonesia ; and the island nation of Japan , which comprises the Japanese Archipelago . Pacific islands by area ( over 10,000 square kilometers ) ( edit ) This list includes all islands found in the geographic Pacific Ocean , with an area larger than 10,000 square kilometers . Name Area ( km ) Country / Countries Population Population density Notes New Guinea 785,753 Indonesia & Papua New Guinea 7,500,000 9.544 Honshu 227,960 Japan 103,000,000 451.8 Sulawesi 174,600 Indonesia 18,455,000 105.7 South Island 145,836 New Zealand 1,038,600 7.122 North Island 111,583 New Zealand 3,393,900 30.42 Luzon 109,965 Philippines 48,520,000 441.2 Mindanao 104,530 Philippines 25,281,000 241.9 Tasmania 90,758 Australia 514,700 5.671 Hokkaido 77,981 Japan 5,474,000 70.2 Sakhalin 72,493 Russia 580,000 8.001 Taiwan 35,883 Taiwan 23,000,000 641 Kyushu 35,640 Japan 13,231,000 371.2 Hainan 35,400 People 's Republic of China 8,900,000 251.4 New Britain 35,145 Papua New Guinea 513,926 14.62 Vancouver Island 31,285 Canada 759,366 24.27 Shikoku 18,800 Japan 4,141,955 220.3 New Caledonia 16,648 France 208,709 12.54 Palawan 12,189 Philippines 430,000 35.28 Viti Levu 10,531 Fiji 600,000 56.97 Hawaii 10,434 United States of America 185,079 17.74 List of islands ( edit ) Main article : List of islands in the Pacific Ocean Pacific islands by region ( edit ) Antarctica ( edit ) List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands Asia ( edit ) List of islands of Asia North America ( edit ) List of islands of North America List of islands of Central America List of islands of Canada , section British Columbia List of islands of Mexico List of islands of the United States Oceania ( edit ) List of islands of Australia List of islands of France , section Pacific Ocean List of islands of Hawaii List of islands of Kiribati List of islands of the Marshall Islands List of islands of New Zealand List of islands of the Pitcairn Islands List of islands of the Solomon Islands List of islands of Tonga List of islands of Tuvalu List of islands of the United States , section Insular areas List of islands of Vanuatu South America ( edit ) List of islands of South America List of islands of Chile List of islands of Colombia List of islands of Ecuador List of islands of Peru See also ( edit ) List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands List of island countries List of islands by area List of islands in the Arctic Ocean List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean List of islands in the Indian Ocean List of islands in the Pacific Ocean Lists of islands ( islands around the world ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ D'Arcy , Paul ( March 2006 ) . The People of the Sea : Environment , Identity , and History in Oceania . University Of Hawai'i Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3297 - 1 . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Rapaport , Moshe ( April 2013 ) . The Pacific Islands : Environment and Society , Revised Edition . University of Hawai'i Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 6584 - 9 . JSTOR j. ctt6wqh08 . This is the only contemporary text on the Pacific Islands that covers both environment and sociocultural issues and will thus be indispensable for any serious student of the region . Unlike other reviews , it treats the entirety of Oceania ( with the exception of Australia ) and is well illustrated with numerous photos and maps , including a regional atlas . -- via JSTOR ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Wright , John K. ( July 1942 ) . `` Pacific Islands '' . Geographical Review . 32 ( 3 ) : 481 -- 486 . doi : 10.2307 / 210391 . JSTOR 210391 . -- via JSTOR ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Blundell , David ( January 2011 ) . `` Taiwan Austronesian Language Heritage Connecting Pacific Island Peoples : Diplomacy and Values '' ( PDF ) . IJAPS. 7 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 91 . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . References ( edit ) William Collins Sons & Co Ltd ( 1983 ) , Collins Atlas of the World ( revised 1995 ed . ) , London W6 8JB : HarperCollins , ISBN 0 - 00 - 448227 - 1 Countries and territories of Oceania Sovereign states Entire Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu In part Chile Easter Island Juan Fernández Islands Indonesia West Papua Papua Japan Bonin Islands Minami - Tori - Shima United States Hawaii Palmyra Atoll Associated states of New Zealand Niue Cook Islands Dependencies and other territories Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Coral Sea Islands Norfolk Island United States American Samoa Baker Island Guam Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island New Zealand Tokelau France French Polynesia New Caledonia Wallis and Futuna United Kingdom Pitcairn Islands Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire NDL : 00572514 VIAF : 252978326 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islands&oldid=843012223 '' Categories : Islands of the Pacific Ocean Lists of islands by ocean Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles to be merged from January 2018 All articles to be merged Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Català Cymraeg Español Esperanto فارسی Fiji Hindi Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Македонски 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Română Русский Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 07 : 41 . 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565682737207179323 | Battle of Bunker Hill | Battle of Bunker Hill - wikipedia Battle of Bunker Hill For a list of numerous places and things that are named after this battle , see Bunker Hill . Battle of Bunker Hill Part of the American Revolutionary War Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill by John Trumbull Date June 17 , 1775 Location Charlestown , Massachusetts 42 ° 22 ′ 34.9 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 38.8 '' W / 42.376361 ° N 71.060778 ° W / 42.376361 ; - 71.060778 Coordinates : 42 ° 22 ′ 34.9 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 38.8 '' W / 42.376361 ° N 71.060778 ° W / 42.376361 ; - 71.060778 Result British victory Territorial changes The British capture Charlestown Peninsula Belligerents United Colonies Connecticut Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Great Britain Commanders and leaders William Prescott Israel Putnam Joseph Warren † John Stark William Howe Thomas Gage Sir Robert Pigot James Abercrombie † Henry Clinton Samuel Graves John Pitcairn † Strength ~ 2,400 3,000 + Casualties and losses 115 killed , 305 wounded , 30 captured ( 20 POWs died ) Total : 450 19 officers killed 62 officers wounded 207 soldiers killed 766 soldiers wounded Total : 1,054 Boston campaign 1774 -- 1776 Powder Alarm Suffolk Resolves Lexington and Concord Boston Thompson 's War Chelsea Creek Machias Bunker Hill Gloucester Falmouth Knox artillery train Dorchester Heights The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17 , 1775 , during the Siege of Boston in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War . The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown , Massachusetts , which was peripherally involved in the battle . It was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops , though the majority of combat took place on the adjacent hill which later became known as Breed 's Hill . On June 13 , 1775 , the leaders of the colonial forces besieging Boston learned that the British were planning to send troops out from the city to fortify the unoccupied hills surrounding the city , which would give them control of Boston Harbor . In response , 1,200 colonial troops under the command of William Prescott stealthily occupied Bunker Hill and Breed 's Hill . During the night , the colonists constructed a strong redoubt on Breed 's Hill , as well as smaller fortified lines across the Charlestown Peninsula . By daybreak of June 17 , the British became aware of the presence of colonial forces on the Peninsula and mounted an attack against them that day . Two assaults on the colonial positions were repulsed with significant British casualties ; the third and final attack carried the redoubt after the defenders ran out of ammunition . The colonists retreated to Cambridge over Bunker Hill , leaving the British in control of the Peninsula . The battle was a tactical , though somewhat Pyrrhic victory for the British , as it proved to be a sobering experience for them , involving many more casualties than the Americans had incurred , including a large number of officers . The battle had demonstrated that inexperienced militia were able to stand up to regular army troops in battle . Subsequently , the battle discouraged the British from any further frontal attacks against well defended front lines . American casualties were comparatively much fewer , although their losses included General Joseph Warren and Major Andrew McClary , the final casualty of the battle . The battle led the British to adopt a more cautious planning and maneuver execution in future engagements , which was evident in the subsequent New York and New Jersey campaign , and arguably helped rather than hindered the American forces . Their new approach to battle was actually giving the Americans greater opportunity to retreat if defeat was imminent . The costly engagement also convinced the British of the need to hire substantial numbers of foreign mercenaries to bolster their strength in the face of the new and formidable Continental Army . Contents 1 Geography 2 British planning 3 Prelude to battle 3.1 Fortification of Breed 's Hill 3.2 British preparations 3.3 Colonists reinforce their positions 4 British assault 5 Aftermath 6 Political consequences 7 Analysis 7.1 Disposition of Colonial forces 7.2 Disposition of British forces 8 `` The whites of their eyes '' 9 Notable participants 10 Commemorations 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Geography 1775 map of the Boston area ( contains some inaccuracies ) Boston , situated on a peninsula , was largely protected from close approach by the expanses of water surrounding it , which were dominated by British warships . In the aftermath of the battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19 , 1775 , the colonial militia , a force of about 15,000 men , had surrounded the town , and effectively besieged it . Under the command of Artemas Ward , they controlled the only land access to Boston itself ( the Roxbury Neck ) , but , lacking a navy , were unable to even contest British domination of the waters of the harbor . The British troops , a force of about 6,000 under the command of General Thomas Gage , occupied the city , and were able to be resupplied and reinforced by sea . In theory , they were thus able to remain in Boston indefinitely . However , the land across the water from Boston contained a number of hills , which could be used to advantage . If the militia could obtain enough artillery pieces , these could be placed on the hills and used to bombard the city until the occupying army evacuated it or surrendered . It was with this in mind that the Knox Expedition , led by Henry Knox , later transported cannon from Fort Ticonderoga to the Boston area . The Charlestown Peninsula , lying to the north of Boston , started from a short , narrow isthmus ( known as the Charlestown Neck ) at its northwest and extended about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) southeastward into Boston Harbor . Bunker Hill , with an elevation of 110 feet ( 34 m ) , lay at the northern end of the peninsula . Breed 's Hill , at a height of 62 feet ( 19 m ) , was more southerly and nearer to Boston . The town of Charlestown occupied flats at the southern end of the peninsula . At its closest approach , less than 1,000 feet ( 305 m ) separated the Charlestown Peninsula from the Boston Peninsula , where Copp 's Hill was at about the same height as Breed 's Hill . While the British retreat from Concord had ended in Charlestown , General Gage , rather than immediately fortifying the hills on the peninsula , had withdrawn those troops to Boston the day after that battle , turning the entire Charlestown Peninsula into a no man 's land . The Battle of Bunker Hill , by Howard Pyle , 1897 British planning Throughout May , in response to orders from Gage requesting support , the British received reinforcements , until they reached a strength of about 6,000 men . On May 25 , three generals arrived on HMS Cerberus : William Howe , John Burgoyne , and Henry Clinton . Gage began planning with them to break out of the city , finalizing a plan on June 12 . This plan began with the taking of the Dorchester Neck , fortifying the Dorchester Heights , and then marching on the colonial forces stationed in Roxbury . Once the southern flank had been secured , the Charlestown heights would be taken , and the forces in Cambridge driven away . The attack was set for June 18 . On June 13 , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress was notified , by express messenger from the Committee of Safety in Exeter , New Hampshire , that a New Hampshire gentleman `` of undoubted veracity '' had , while visiting Boston , overheard the British commanders making plans to capture Dorchester and Charlestown . On June 15 , the Massachusetts Committee of Safety decided that additional defenses needed to be erected . General Ward directed General Israel Putnam to set up defenses on the Charlestown Peninsula , specifically on Bunker Hill . Prelude to battle Fortification of Breed 's Hill Array of American forces for the Battle of Bunker Hill On the night of June 16 , colonial Colonel William Prescott led about 1,200 men onto the peninsula in order to set up positions from which artillery fire could be directed into Boston . This force was made up of men from the regiments of Prescott , Putnam ( the unit was commanded by Thomas Knowlton ) , James Frye , and Ebenezer Bridge . At first , Putnam , Prescott , and their engineer , Captain Richard Gridley , disagreed as to where they should locate their defense . Some work was performed on Bunker Hill , but Breed 's Hill was closer to Boston and viewed as being more defensible . Arguably against orders , they decided to build their primary redoubt there . Prescott and his men , using Gridley 's outline , began digging a square fortification about 130 feet ( 40 m ) on a side with ditches and earthen walls . The walls of the redoubt were about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) high , with a wooden platform inside on which men could stand and fire over the walls . The works on Breed 's Hill did not go unnoticed by the British . General Clinton , out on reconnaissance that night , was aware of them , and tried to convince Gage and Howe that they needed to prepare to attack the position at daylight . British sentries were also aware of the activity , but most apparently did not think it cause for alarm . Then , in the early predawn , around 4 a.m. , a sentry on board HMS Lively spotted the new fortification , and notified her captain . Lively opened fire , temporarily halting the colonists ' work . Aboard his flagship HMS Somerset , Admiral Samuel Graves awoke , irritated by the gunfire that he had not ordered . He stopped it , only to have General Gage countermand his decision when he became fully aware of the situation in the morning . He ordered all 128 guns in the harbor , as well as batteries atop Copp 's Hill in Boston , to fire on the colonial position , which had relatively little effect . The rising sun also alerted Prescott to a significant problem with the location of the redoubt -- it could easily be flanked on either side . He promptly ordered his men to begin constructing a breastwork running down the hill to the east , deciding he did not have the manpower to also build additional defenses to the west of the redoubt . British preparations When the British generals met to discuss their options , General Clinton , who had urged an attack as early as possible , preferred an attack beginning from the Charlestown Neck that would cut off the colonists ' retreat , reducing the process of capturing the new redoubt to one of starving out its occupants . However , he was outvoted by the other three generals . Howe , who was the senior officer present and would lead the assault , was of the opinion that the hill was `` open and easy of ascent and in short would be easily carried . '' General Burgoyne concurred , arguing that the `` untrained rabble '' would be no match for their `` trained troops '' . Orders were then issued to prepare the expedition . Boston campaign 1774 -- 1776 Powder Alarm Suffolk Resolves Lexington and Concord Boston Thompson 's War Chelsea Creek Machias Bunker Hill Gloucester Falmouth Knox artillery train Dorchester Heights When General Gage surveyed the works from Boston with his staff , Loyalist Abijah Willard recognized his brother - in - law Colonel Prescott . `` Will he fight ? '' asked Gage . `` ( A ) s to his men , I can not answer for them ; '' replied Willard , `` but Colonel Prescott will fight you to the gates of hell . '' Prescott lived up to Willard 's word , but his men were not so resolute . When the colonists suffered their first casualty , Asa Pollard of Billerica , a young private killed by cannon fire , Prescott gave orders to bury the man quickly and quietly , but a large group of men gave him a solemn funeral instead , with several deserting shortly thereafter . It took six hours for the British to organize an infantry force and to gather up and inspect the men on parade . General Howe was to lead the major assault , drive around the colonial left flank , and take them from the rear . Brigadier General Robert Pigot on the British left flank would lead the direct assault on the redoubt , and Major John Pitcairn led the flank or reserve force . It took several trips in longboats to transport Howe 's initial forces ( consisting of about 1,500 men ) to the eastern corner of the peninsula , known as Moulton 's Point . By 2 p.m. , Howe 's chosen force had landed . However , while crossing the river , Howe noted the large number of colonial troops on top of Bunker Hill . Believing these to be reinforcements , he immediately sent a message to Gage , requesting additional troops . He then ordered some of the light infantry to take a forward position along the eastern side of the peninsula , alerting the colonists to his intended course of action . The troops then sat down to eat while they waited for the reinforcements . The first British attack on Bunker Hill ; shaded areas are hills Colonists reinforce their positions Prescott , seeing the British preparations , called for reinforcements . Among the reinforcements were Joseph Warren , the popular young leader of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety , and Seth Pomeroy , an aging Massachusetts militia leader . Both of these men held commissions of rank , but chose to serve as infantry . Prescott ordered the Connecticut men under Captain Knowlton to defend the left flank , where they used a crude dirt wall as a breastwork , and topped it with fence rails and hay . They also constructed three small v - shaped trenches between this dirt wall and Prescott 's breastwork . Troops that arrived to reinforce this flank position included about 200 men from the 1st and 3rd New Hampshire regiments , under Colonels John Stark and James Reed . Stark 's men , who did not arrive until after Howe landed his forces ( and thus filled a gap in the defense that Howe could have taken advantage of , had he pressed his attack sooner ) , took positions along the breastwork on the northern end of the colonial position . When low tide opened a gap along the Mystic River to the north , they quickly extended the fence with a short stone wall to the water 's edge . Colonel Stark placed a stake about 100 feet ( 30 m ) in front of the fence and ordered that no one fire until the regulars passed it . Just prior to the action , further reinforcements arrived , including portions of Massachusetts regiments of Colonels Brewer , Nixon , Woodbridge , Little , and Major Moore , as well as Callender 's company of artillery . Behind the colonial lines , confusion reigned . Many units sent toward the action stopped before crossing the Charlestown Neck from Cambridge , which was under constant fire from gun batteries to the south . Others reached Bunker Hill , but then , uncertain about where to go from there , milled around . One commentator wrote of the scene that `` it appears to me there never was more confusion and less command . '' While General Putnam was on the scene attempting to direct affairs , unit commanders often misunderstood or disobeyed orders . British assault The second British attack on Bunker Hill By 3 p.m. , the British reinforcements , which included the 47th Foot and the 1st Marines , had arrived , and the British were ready to march . Brigadier General Pigot 's force , gathering just south of Charlestown village , were taking casualties from sniper fire , and Howe asked Admiral Graves for assistance in clearing out the snipers . Graves , who had planned for such a possibility , ordered incendiary shot fired into the village , and then sent a landing party to set fire to the town . The smoke billowing from Charlestown lent an almost surreal backdrop to the fighting , as the winds were such that the smoke was kept from the field of battle . Pigot , commanding the 5th , 38th , 43rd , 47th , and 52nd regiments , as well as Major Pitcairn 's Marines , were to feint an assault on the redoubt . However , they continued to be harried by snipers in Charlestown , and Pigot , when he saw what happened to Howe 's advance , ordered a retreat . General Howe led the light infantry companies and grenadiers in the assault on the American left flank , expecting an easy effort against Stark 's recently arrived troops . His light infantry were set along the narrow beach , in column , in order to turn the far left flank of the colonial position . The grenadiers were deployed in the middle . They lined up four deep and several hundred across . As the regulars closed , John Simpson , a New Hampshire man , prematurely fired , drawing an ineffective volley of return fire from the regulars . When the regulars finally closed within range , both sides opened fire . The colonists inflicted heavy casualties on the regulars , using the fence to steady and aim their muskets , and benefit from a modicum of cover . With this devastating barrage of musket fire , the regulars retreated in disarray , and the militia held their ground . The regulars reformed on the field and marched out again . This time , Pigot was not to feint ; he was to assault the redoubt , possibly without the assistance of Howe 's force . Howe , instead of marching against Stark 's position along the beach , marched instead against Knowlton 's position along the rail fence . The outcome of the second attack was much the same as the first . One British observer wrote , `` Most of our Grenadiers and Light - infantry , the moment of presenting themselves lost three - fourths , and many nine - tenths , of their men . Some had only eight or nine men a company left ... '' Pigot did not fare any better in his attack on the redoubt , and again ordered a retreat . Meanwhile , in the rear of the colonial forces , confusion continued to reign . General Putnam tried , with only limited success , to send additional troops from Bunker Hill to Breed 's Hill to support the men in the redoubt and along the defensive lines . The third and final British attack on Bunker Hill The British rear was also in some disarray . Wounded soldiers that were mobile had made their way to the landing areas , and were being ferried back to Boston , and the wounded lying on the field of battle were the source of moans and cries of pain . General Howe , deciding that he would try again , sent word to General Clinton in Boston for additional troops . Clinton , who had watched the first two attacks , sent about 400 men from the 2nd Marines and the 63rd Foot , and then followed himself to help rally the troops . In addition to the new reserves , he also convinced about 200 of the wounded to form up for the third attack . During the interval between the second and third assaults , General Putnam continued trying to direct troops toward the action . Some companies , and leaderless groups of men , moved toward the action ; others retreated . John Chester , a Connecticut captain , seeing an entire company in retreat , ordered his company to aim muskets at that company to halt its retreat ; they turned about and headed back to the battlefield . The third assault , concentrated on the redoubt ( with only a feint on the colonists ' flank ) , was successful , although the colonists again poured musket fire into the British ranks , and it cost the life of Major Pitcairn . The defenders had run out of ammunition , reducing the battle to close combat . The British had the advantage once they entered the redoubt , as their troops were equipped with bayonets on their muskets while most of the colonists were not . Colonel Prescott , one of the last colonists to leave the redoubt , parried bayonet thrusts with his normally ceremonial sabre . It is during the retreat from the redoubt that Joseph Warren was killed . The retreat of much of the colonial forces from the peninsula was made possible in part by the controlled retreat of the forces along the rail fence , led by John Stark and Thomas Knowlton , which prevented the encirclement of the hill . Their disciplined retreat , described by Burgoyne as `` no flight ; it was even covered with bravery and military skill '' , was so effective that most of the wounded were saved ; most of the prisoners taken by the British were mortally wounded . General Putnam attempted to reform the troops on Bunker Hill ; however the flight of the colonial forces was so rapid that artillery pieces and entrenching tools had to be abandoned . The colonists suffered most of their casualties during the retreat on Bunker Hill . By 5 p.m. , the colonists had retreated over the Charlestown Neck to fortified positions in Cambridge , and the British were in control of the peninsula . Aftermath The Bunker Hill Monument Ralph Farnham , one of the last survivors The British had taken the ground but at a great loss ; they had suffered 1,054 casualties ( 226 dead and 828 wounded ) , with a disproportionate number of these officers . The casualty count was the highest suffered by the British in any single encounter during the entire war . General Clinton , echoing Pyrrhus of Epirus , remarked in his diary that `` A few more such victories would have shortly put an end to British dominion in America . '' British dead and wounded included 100 commissioned officers , a significant portion of the British officer corps in North America . Much of General Howe 's field staff was among the casualties . Major Pitcairn had been killed , and Lieutenant Colonel James Abercrombie fatally wounded . General Gage , in his report after the battle , reported the following officer casualties ( listing lieutenants and above by name ) : 1 lieutenant colonel killed 2 majors killed , 3 wounded 7 captains killed , 27 wounded 9 lieutenants killed , 32 wounded 15 sergeants killed , 42 wounded 1 drummer killed , 12 wounded The colonial losses were about 450 , of whom 140 were killed . Most of the colonial losses came during the withdrawal . Major Andrew McClary was technically the highest ranking colonial officer to die in the battle ; he was hit by cannon fire on Charlestown Neck , the last person to be killed in the battle . He was later commemorated by the dedication of Fort McClary in Kittery , Maine . A serious loss to the Patriot cause , however , was the death of Dr. Joseph Warren . He was the President of Massachusetts ' Provincial Congress , and he had been appointed a Major General on June 14 . His commission had not yet taken effect when he served as a volunteer private three days later at Bunker Hill . Only thirty men were captured by the British , most of them with grievous wounds ; twenty died while held prisoner . The colonials also lost numerous shovels and other entrenching tools , as well as five out of the six cannon they had brought to the peninsula . Political consequences When news of the battle spread through the colonies , it was reported as a colonial loss , as the ground had been taken by the enemy , and significant casualties were incurred . George Washington , who was on his way to Boston as the new commander of the Continental Army , received news of the battle while in New York City . The report , which included casualty figures that were somewhat inaccurate , gave Washington hope that his army might prevail in the conflict . We have ... learned one melancholy truth , which is , that the Americans , if they were equally well commanded , are full as good soldiers as ours . A British officer in Boston , after the battle The Massachusetts Committee of Safety , seeking to repeat the sort of propaganda victory it won following the battles at Lexington and Concord , commissioned a report of the battle to send to England . Their report , however , did not reach England before Gage 's official account arrived on July 20 . His report unsurprisingly caused friction and argument between the Tories and the Whigs , but the casualty counts alarmed the military establishment , and forced many to rethink their views of colonial military capability . King George 's attitude toward the colonies hardened , and the news may have contributed to his rejection of the Continental Congress ' Olive Branch Petition , the last substantive political attempt at reconciliation . Sir James Adolphus Oughton , part of the Tory majority , wrote to Lord Dartmouth of the colonies , `` the sooner they are made to Taste Distress the sooner will ( Crown control over them ) be produced , and the Effusion of Blood be put a stop to . '' About a month after receiving Gage 's report the Proclamation of Rebellion would be issued in response ; this hardening of the British position would also lead to a hardening of previously weak support for the rebellion , especially in the southern colonies , in favor of independence . Gage 's report had a more direct effect on his own career . His dismissal from office was decided just three days after his report was received , although General Howe did not replace him until October 1775 . Gage wrote another report to the British Cabinet , in which he repeated earlier warnings that `` a large army must at length be employed to reduce these people '' , that would require `` the hiring of foreign troops '' . Analysis Much has been written in the wake of this battle over how it was conducted . Both sides made strategic and tactical missteps which could have altered the outcome of the battle . While hindsight often gives a biased view , some things seem to be apparent after the battle that might reasonably have been within the reach of the command of the day . Years after the battle , and after Israel Putnam was dead , General Dearborn published an account of the battle in Port Folio magazine , accusing General Putnam of inaction , cowardly leadership and failing to supply reinforcements during the battle , which subsequently sparked a long lasting and major controversy among veterans of the war , various friends , family members and historians . People were shocked by the rancor of the attack , and this prompted a forceful response from defenders of Putnam , including such notables as John and Abigail Adams . Historian Harold Murdock wrote that Dearborn 's account `` abounds in absurd misstatements and amazing flights of imagination . '' The Dearborn attack received considerable attention because at the time he was in the middle of considerable controversy himself . He had been relieved of one of the top commands in the War of 1812 due to his mistakes . He had also been nominated to serve as Secretary of War by President Monroe , but was rejected by the United States Senate ( which was the first time that the Senate had voted against confirming a presidential cabinet choice ) . Disposition of colonial forces A historic map of Bunker Hill featuring military notes The colonial forces , while nominally under the overall command of General Ward , with General Putnam and Colonel Prescott leading in the field , often acted quite independently . This was evident in the opening stages of the battle , when a tactical decision was made that had strategic implications . After deliberating with General Putnam and Colonel Gridley , Colonel Prescott and his staff , apparently in contravention of orders , decided to fortify Breed 's Hill rather than Bunker Hill . The fortification of Breed 's Hill was more provocative ; it would have put offensive artillery closer to Boston . It also exposed the forces there to the possibility of being trapped , as they probably could not properly defend against attempts by the British to land troops and take control of Charlestown Neck . If the British had taken that step , they might have had a victory with many fewer casualties . While the front lines of the colonial forces were generally well managed , the scene behind them , especially once the action began , was significantly disorganized , due at least in part to a poor chain of command . Only some of the militias operated directly under Ward 's and Putnam 's authority , and some commanders also disobeyed orders , staying at Bunker Hill rather than joining in the defense on the third British assault . Several officers were subjected to court martial and cashiered . Colonel Prescott was of the opinion that the third assault would have been repulsed , had his forces in the redoubt been reinforced with either more men , or more supplies of ammunition and powder . Disposition of British forces The British leadership , for its part , acted slowly once the works on Breed 's Hill were spotted . It was 2 p.m. when the troops were ready for the assault , roughly ten hours after the Lively first opened fire . This leisurely pace gave the colonial forces time to reinforce the flanking positions that had been poorly defended . Gage and Howe decided that a frontal assault on the works would be a simple matter , when an encircling move ( gaining control of Charlestown Neck ) , would have given them a more resounding victory . ( This move would not have been without risks of its own , as the colonists could have made holding the Neck expensive with fire from the high ground in Cambridge . ) But the British leadership was excessively optimistic , believing that `` two regiments were sufficient to beat the strength of the province '' . View of the Attack on Bunker 's Hill with the Burning of Charlestown , by Lodge Once in the field , Howe , rather than focusing on the redoubt , opted ( twice ) to dilute the force attacking the redoubt with a flanking maneuver against the colonial left . It was only with the third attack , when the flank attack was merely a feint , and the main force ( now also reinforced with additional reserves ) squarely targeted the redoubt , that the attack succeeded . Following the taking of the peninsula , the British arguably had a tactical advantage that they could have used to press into Cambridge . General Clinton proposed this to Howe ; having just led three assaults with grievous casualties , he declined the idea . The colonial military leaders eventually recognized Howe as a tentative decision - maker , to his detriment ; in the aftermath of the Battle of Long Island ( 1776 ) , he again had tactical advantages that might have delivered Washington 's army into his hands , but again refused to act . Historian John Ferling maintains that had General Gage used the Royal Navy to secure the narrow neck to the Charleston peninsula , cutting the Americans off from the mainland , he could have achieved a far less costly victory , but he was motivated by revenge over patriot resistance at the Battles of Lexington and Concord and relatively heavy British losses , and also felt that the colonial militia were completely untrained and could be overtaken with little effort , opting for a frontal assault . `` The whites of their eyes '' The famous order `` Do n't fire until you see the whites of their eyes '' was popularized in stories about the battle of Bunker Hill . It is uncertain as to who said it there , since various histories , including eyewitness accounts , attribute it to Putnam , Stark , Prescott , or Gridley , and it may have been said first by one , and repeated by the others . It was also not an original statement . The idea dates originally to the general - king Gustavus Adolphus ( 1594 -- 1632 ) who gave standing orders to his musketeers : `` never to give fire , till they could see their own image in the pupil of their enemy 's eye '' . Gustavus Adolphus 's military teachings were widely admired and imitated and caused this saying to be often repeated . It was used by General James Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham , when his troops defeated Montcalm 's army on September 13 , 1759 . The earliest similar quote came from the Battle of Dettingen on June 27 , 1743 , where Lieutenant - Colonel Sir Andrew Agnew of Lochnaw warned his Regiment , the Royal Scots Fusiliers , not to fire until they could `` see the white of their e'en . '' The phrase was also used by Prince Charles of Prussia in 1745 , and repeated in 1755 by Frederick the Great , and may have been mentioned in histories the colonial military leaders were familiar with . Whether or not it was actually said in this battle , it was clear that the colonial military leadership were regularly reminding their troops to hold their fire until the moment when it would have the greatest effect , especially in situations where their ammunition would be limited . Notable participants According to the John Trumbull painting , this flag of New England was carried by the colonists during the battle . This flag , known as the Bunker Hill flag , is also associated with the battle . A significant number of notable people fought in this battle . Henry Dearborn and William Eustis , for example , went on to distinguished military and political careers ; both served in Congress , the Cabinet , and in diplomatic posts . Others , like John Brooks , Henry Burbeck , Christian Febiger , Thomas Knowlton , and John Stark , became well known for later actions in the war . Stark became known as the `` Hero of Bennington '' for his role in the 1777 Battle of Bennington . Free African - Americans also fought in the battle ; notable examples include Barzillai Lew , Salem Poor , and Peter Salem . Another notable participant was Daniel Shays , who later became famous for his army of protest in Shays ' Rebellion . Israel Potter was immortalized in Israel Potter : His Fifty Years of Exile , a novel by Herman Melville . Colonel John Paterson commanded the Massachusetts First Militia , served in Shays ' Rebellion , and became a congressman from New York . Lt. Col. Seth Read , who served under John Paterson at Bunker Hill , went on to settle Geneva , New York and Erie , Pennsylvania , and was said to have been instrumental in the phrase E pluribus unum being added to U.S. coins . George Claghorn of the Massachusetts militia was shot in the knee at Bunker Hill and went on after the war to become the master builder of the USS Constitution , a.k.a. `` Old Ironsides '' , which is the oldest naval vessel in the world that is still commissioned and afloat . Commemorations John Trumbull 's painting , The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill ( displayed in lede ) , was created as an allegorical depiction of the battle and Warren 's death , not as an actual pictorial recording of the event . The painting shows a number of participants in the battle including a British officer , John Small , among those who stormed the redoubt , yet came to be the one holding the mortally wounded Warren and preventing a fellow redcoat from bayoneting him . He was friends of Putnam and Trumbull . Other central figures include Andrew McClary who was the last man to fall in the battle . The Bunker Hill Monument is an obelisk that stands 221 feet ( 67 m ) high on Breed 's Hill . On June 17 , 1825 , the fiftieth anniversary of the battle , the cornerstone of the monument was laid by the Marquis de Lafayette and an address delivered by Daniel Webster . ( When Lafayette died , he was buried next to his wife at the Cimetière de Picpus under soil from Bunker Hill , which his son Georges sprinkled over him . ) The Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge was specifically designed to evoke this monument . There is also a statue of William Prescott showing him calming his men down . Bunker Hill clipper ship The National Park Service operates a museum dedicated to the battle near the monument , which is part of the Boston National Historical Park . A cyclorama of the battle was added in 2007 when the museum was renovated . In nearby Cambridge , a small granite monument just north of Harvard Yard bears this inscription : `` Here assembled on the night of June 16 , 1775 , 1200 Continental troops under command of Colonel Prescott . After prayer by President Langdon , they marched to Bunker Hill . '' See footnote for picture . ( Samuel Langdon , a Congregational minister , was Harvard 's 11th president . ) Another small monument nearby marks the location of the Committee of Safety , which had become the Patriots ' provisional government as Tories left Cambridge . These monuments are on the lawn to the west of Harvard 's Littaeur Center , which is itself the west of Harvard 's huge Science Center . See footnote for map . Statue of William Prescott in Charlestown , Massachusetts Bunker Hill Day , observed every June 17 , is a legal holiday in Suffolk County , Massachusetts ( which includes the city of Boston ) , as well as Somerville in Middlesex County . Prospect Hill , site of colonial fortifications overlooking the Charlestown Neck , is now in Somerville , which was previously part of Charlestown . State institutions in Massachusetts ( such as public institutions of higher education ) in Boston also celebrate the holiday . However , the state 's FY2011 budget requires that all state and municipal offices in Suffolk County be open on Bunker Hill Day and Evacuation Day . On June 16 and 17 , 1875 , the centennial of the battle was celebrated with a military parade and a reception featuring notable speakers , among them General William Tecumseh Sherman and Vice President Henry Wilson . It was attended by dignitaries from across the country . Celebratory events also marked the sesquicentennial ( 150th anniversary ) in 1925 and the bicentennial in 1975 . Over the years the Battle of Bunker Hill has been commemorated on four U.S. Postage stamps . Issue of 1959 Issue of 1975 Issue of 1968 Issue of 1968 Left stamp depicts Battle of Bunker Hill battle flag and Monument Left - center , depicts John Trumbull 's painting of the battle Right - center depicts detail of Trumbull 's painting Right depicts image of Bunker Hill battle flag See also United States Army portal American Revolutionary War portal List of American Revolutionary War battles List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War Dr. John Hart , Regimental Surgeon of Col Prescott 's Regiment who treated the wounded at Bunker Hill Royal Welch Fusiliers USS Bunker Hill Notes Jump up ^ In 1822 Dearborn wrote an anonymous plea in the Boston Patriot to urge the purchase the site of the Bunker Hill battlefield which was currently listed for sale . References Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 122 counts 1,400 in the night - time fortification work . Frothingham is unclear on the number of reinforcements arriving just before the battle breaks out . In a footnote on p. 136 , as well as on p. 190 , he elaborates the difficulty in getting an accurate count . Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 90 says the initial force requested was 1,550 , but Howe requested and received reinforcements before the battle began . Frothingham p. 137 puts the total British contingent likely to be over 3,000 . Furthermore , according to Frothingham p. 148 , additional reinforcements arrived from Boston after the second attack was repulsed . Frothingham , p. 191 notes the difficulty in attaining an accurate count of British troops involved . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 104 Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 191 , 194 . Jump up ^ Borneman , Walter R. American Spring : Lexington , Concord , and the Road to Revolution , p. 350 , Little , Brown and Company , New York , Boston , London , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 22102 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 85 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 85 -- 87 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 87 -- 95 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Clinton , p. 19 . General Clinton 's remark is an echoing of Pyrrhus of Epirus 's original sentiment after the Battle of Heraclea , `` one more such victory and the cause is lost '' . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Bunker Hill '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Although the British eventually won the battle , it was a Pyrrhic victory that lent considerable encouragement to the revolutionary cause . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 94 -- 95 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ 18th century Boston was a peninsula . Primarily in the 19th century , much land around the peninsula was filled , giving the modern city its present geography . See the history of Boston for details . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 72 New Hampshire 1,200 , Rhode Island 1,000 , Connecticut 2,300 , Massachusetts 11,500 Jump up ^ Alden , p. 178 Jump up ^ Visitors to Boston , upon seeing the nearby hills , may conclude that they are too low . The hills were once higher , but were lowered by excavations to obtain landfill used to expand Boston in the 19th century . Jump up ^ Martin , James Kirby ( 1997 ) . Benedict Arnold : Revolutionary Hero . New York : New York University Press . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5560 - 0 . OCLC 36343341 . Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 91 has an historic map showing elevations . Jump up ^ French , p. 220 Jump up ^ French , p. 249 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 119 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 47 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ French , p. 255 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 84 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 102 , 245 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 123 -- 124 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 135 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 87 -- 88 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 115 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 125 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 127 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 117 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 120 -- 121 Jump up ^ Wood , p. 54 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 122 ^ Jump up to : Graydon , p. 424 Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 84 ^ Jump up to : Frothingham , p. 133 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 139 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p 143 Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 93 Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 96 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 147 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 92 -- 93 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 152 -- 153 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 160 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 152 Jump up ^ Fusillers , Mark Urban p38 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 141 -- 142 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 161 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 162 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 146 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 92 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 163 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 164 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 92 -- 95 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 165 -- 166 Jump up ^ Chidsey p. 99 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 150 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 151 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 181 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 237 Jump up ^ Brooks , pp. 183 -- 184 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 145 , 196 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 387 -- 389 lists the officer casualties by name , as well as this summary Jump up ^ Bardwell , p. 76 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 150 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 255 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 94 -- 96 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 207 -- 208 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 209 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 208 -- 209 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , p. 211 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 213 Jump up ^ Scheer , p. 64 ^ Jump up to : Cray , 2001 Jump up ^ Purcell , 2010 , pp. 164 - 168 Jump up ^ Ketchum , Richard M. The Battle for Bunker Hill , p. 178 , The Cresset Press , London , England , 1963 . Jump up ^ Murdock , Harold . Bunker Hill , Notes and Queries on a Famous Battle , Kessinger Publishing , LLC , 2010 . ISBN 1163174912 , Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , pp. 191 -- 92 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 131 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 19 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 87 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Frothingham , p. 155 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ French , pp. 274 -- 276 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 153 Jump up ^ French , pp. 263 -- 265 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 156 Jump up ^ French , p. 277 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 148 Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 152 -- 153 Jump up ^ Jackson , p. 20 Jump up ^ Ferling , 2015 , p. 127 - 129 Jump up ^ Lewis , John E. , ed . The Mammoth Book of How it Happened . London : Robinson , 1998 . Print . P. 179 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert Ernest . Major General Israel Putnam : Hero of the American Revolution , p. 97 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Joannis Schefferi , `` Memorabilium Sueticae Gentis Exemplorum Liber Singularis '' ( 1671 ) p. 42 Jump up ^ R. Reilly , The Rest to Fortune : The Life of Major - General James Wolfe ( 1960 ) , p. 324 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 679 Jump up ^ Winsor , p. 85 Jump up ^ French , pp. 269 -- 270 Jump up ^ Abbatt , p. 252 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 132,165 Jump up ^ Woodson , p. 204 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 260 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 95 Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 257 Jump up ^ Melville Jump up ^ Biographical Directory of the United States Jump up ^ Buford , 1895 , Preface Jump up ^ Marvin , p. 425 , 436 Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Coppers 1787 -- 1788 : Introduction '' . University of Notre Dame . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` e pluribus unum FAQ # 7 '' . www.treas.gov . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , O. Keith ( 30 January 2002 ) . `` Individual Summary for COL . GEORGE CLAGHORN '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ HMS Victory is the oldest commissioned vessel by three decades ; however , Victory has been in dry dock since 1922 . `` HMS Victory Service Life '' . HMS Victory website . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bunce , p. 336 Jump up ^ Hayward , p. 322 Jump up ^ Clary Jump up ^ MTA Bridges Jump up ^ Bunker Hill Museum Jump up ^ McKenna Jump up ^ `` Album Archive '' . Picasaweb.google.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Committee of Safety ( American Revolution ) Jump up ^ `` Harvard University Campus Map '' . Map.harvard.edu . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MA List of legal holidays Jump up ^ Somerville Environmental Services Guide Jump up ^ University of Massachusetts , Boston , observed holidays Jump up ^ Bunker Hill Day closings Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth of Massachusetts FY2011 Budget , Outside Section 5 '' . Mass.gov . July 14 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See the Centennial Book for a complete description of the events . Jump up ^ Sesquicentennial celebration Jump up ^ New York Times , June 15 , 1975 Jump up ^ Scotts 2008 United States stamp catalogue Bibliography Major sources Most of the information about the battle itself in this article comes from the following sources . Brooks , Victor ( 1999 ) . The Boston Campaign . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58097 - 007 - 9 . OCLC 42581510 . Chidsey , Donald Barr ( 1966 ) . The Siege of Boston . Boston , MA : Crown . OCLC 890813 . Frothingham , Jr , Richard ( 1851 ) . History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington , Concord , and Bunker Hill , Second Edition . Boston , MA : Charles C. Little and James Brown . OCLC 2138693 . French , Allen ( 1911 ) . The Siege of Boston . New York : McMillan . OCLC 3927532 . Ketchum , Richard ( 1999 ) . Decisive Day : The Battle of Bunker Hill . New York : Owl Books . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41897 - 3 . OCLC 24147566 . ( Paperback : ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6099 - 5 ) Philbrick , Nathaniel . Bunker Hill : A City , a Siege , a Revolution ( New York : Viking , 2013 ) Minor sources Specific facts not necessarily covered by the major sources come from the following sources . Buford , Mary Hunter ( 1895 ) . Seth Read , Lieut. - Col. Continental Army ; Pioneer at Geneva , New York , 1787 , and at Erie , Penn. , June , 1795 . His Ancestors and Descendants . Boston , Mass . pp. 167 Pages on CD in PDF Format . Bunce , Oliver Bell ( 1870 ) . The romance of the revolution : being true stories of the adventures , romantic incidents , hairbreath escapes , and heroic exploits of the days of ' 76 . Philadelphia : Porter & Coates . OCLC 3714510 . Abbatt , William ( ed ) ( 1883 ) . The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries , volume 8 . A.S. Barnes . OCLC 1590082 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Alden , John R ( 1989 ) . A History of the American Revolution . Da Capo . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80366 - 6 . Anderson , William ( 1863 ) . The Scottish Nation : Or , The Surnames , Families , Literature , Honours , and Biographical History of the People of Scotland , volume 2 . Fullarton . OCLC 1290413 . Bardwell , John D ( 2005 ) . Old Kittery . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 2476 - 4 . Clinton , Henry ( 1954 ) . Willcox , William B. , ed . The American Rebellion : Sir Henry Clinton 's Narrative of His Campaigns , 1775 -- 1782 . Yale University Press . OCLC 1305132 . Graydon , Alexander ( 1846 ) . Littell , John Stockton , ed . Memoirs of His Own Time : With Reminiscences of the Men and Events of the Revolution . Philadelphia : Lindsay & Blakiston . OCLC 1557096 . Ferling , John ( 2015 ) . Whirlwind , The American Revolution and the War That Won it . Bloomsbury Press , New York , London . Hayward , John ( 1854 ) . A Gazetteer of the United States of America . self published . OCLC 68756962 . Jackson , Kenneth T ; Dunbar , David S ( 2005 ) . Empire City : New York Through the Centuries . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 10909 - 3 . Melville , Herman ( 1855 ) . Israel Potter : his fifty years of exile . G. Routledge . OCLC 13065897 . Richards , Leonard L ( 2003 ) . Shays 's Rebellion : The American Revolution 's Final Battle . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1870 - 1 . Scheer , George F ; Rankin , Hugh F ( 1987 ) . Rebels and Redcoats : The American Revolution Through the Eyes of Those Who Fought and Lived It . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80307 - 9 . Winsor , Justin ; Jewett , Clarence F ( 1882 ) . The Memorial History of Boston : Including Suffolk County , Massachusetts , 1630 -- 1880 , Volume 3 . James R. Osgood . OCLC 4952179 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2002 ) . The American Revolution : A History . Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7041 - 1 . Woodson , Carter Godwin ; Logan , Rayford Whittingham ( 1917 ) . The Journal of Negro History , Volume 2 . Association for the Study of Negro Life and History . OCLC 1782257 . Cray , Robert E. ( 2001 ) . Bunker Hill Refought : Memory Wars and Partisan Conflicts , 1775 - 1825 ( PDF ) . Historical Journal of Massachusetts . `` Congressional bio of John Patterson '' . Biographical Directory of the United States . Commemorations Various commemorations of the battle are described in the following sources . `` Charles River Bridges '' . Massachusetts Turnpike Authority . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . `` Massachusetts List of Legal Holidays '' . Massachusetts Secretary of State . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . `` Environmental Guide 2008 '' ( PDF ) . City of Somerville , Massachusetts . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . `` UMass Boston Holidays observed '' . University of Massachusetts , Boston . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . `` Bunker Hill Day Closings '' . Boston Globe . June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . Winsor , Justin ( 1875 ) . Celebration of the centennial anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill . Boston , MA : Boston City Council . OCLC 2776599 . Celebration of the sesquicentennial anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill , June 17 , 1925 . Boston , MA : City of Boston . 1925 . OCLC 235594934 . `` Bunker Hill Museum '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Clary , David ( 2007 ) . Adopted Son : Washington , Lafayette , and the Friendship that Saved the Revolution . New York City : Bantam Books . pp. 443 -- 448 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80435 - 5 . OCLC 70407848 . Kifner , John ( July 15 , 1975 ) . `` Not Unusual Occurrence : British Take Bunker Hill '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . ( ProQuest document number : 118450359 ) McKenna , Kathleen ( June 10 , 2007 ) . `` On Bunker Hill , a boost in La Fayette profile '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Further reading Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) . The real History of the American Revolution . Sterling Publishing Company , New York . Beck , Derek W. ( 2016 ) . The War Before Independence : 1775 - 1776 . Sourcebooks , Inc. , 480 pages Doyle , Peter ( 1998 ) . Bunker Hill . Charlottesville , VA : Providence Foundation . ISBN 1 - 887456 - 08 - 2 . OCLC 42421560 . Drake , Samuel Adams ( 1875 ) . Bunker Hill : the story told in letters from the battle field by British Officers Engaged . Boston : Nichols and Hall . Elting , John R. ( 1975 ) . The Battle of Bunker 's Hill . Monmouth Beach , NJ : Phillip Freneau Press . ISBN 0 - 912480 - 11 - 4 . OCLC 2867199 . Ferling , John ( 2007 ) . Almost a Miracle . Oxford University Press . Fast , Howard ( 2001 ) . Bunker Hill . New York : ibooks inc . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 2384 - 4 . OCLC 248511443 . Lanning , Michael Lee ( 2008 ) . The American Revolution 100 . Source Books , Naperville , Illinois . O'Brien , Michael J. ( 1968 ) . The Irish at Bunker Hill : Evidence of Irish Participation in the Battle of 17 June 1775 . Irish University Press . Ristow , W. Walter ( 1979 ) . Cartography of the Battle of Bunker Hill . Swett , S ( 1826 ) . History of Bunker Hill Battle , With a Plan , Second Edition . Boston , MA : Munroe and Francis . OCLC 3554078 . This book contains printings of both Gage 's official account and that of the Massachusetts Congress . Commager , Henry Steele ; Morris , Richard B. ( 1958 ) . The Spirit of 76 . Harper & Row Publishers , New York , London . , eBook , Vol 2 External links Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bunker Hill . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Bunker Hill . Boston National Historical Park official website Bunker Hill Museum website About the battle Library of Congress page about the battle Bunker Hill Web Exhibit of the Massachusetts Historical Society SAR Sons of Liberty Chapter list of colonial fallen at Bunker Hill SAR Sons of Liberty Chapter description of the battle The Battle of Bunker Hill : Now We Are at War , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan TheAmericanRevolution.org description of the battle BritishBattles.com description of the battle Animated History of the Battle of Bunker Hill `` Bunker Hill '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . About people in the battle Israel Putnam Website Genealogy of Captain Samuel Cherry , who fought at Bunker Hill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bunker_Hill&oldid=855961881 '' Categories : Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States History of Boston Charlestown , Boston Massachusetts in the American Revolution 1775 in the Thirteen Colonies Conflicts in 1775 1775 in Massachusetts History of the Royal Marines Military history of New England Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Use mdy dates from May 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 00 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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-3961153514664938323 | Dust Bowl | Dust Bowl - Wikipedia Dust Bowl Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Dust Bowl ( disambiguation ) . Map of states and counties affected by the Dust Bowl between 1935 and 1938 originally prepared by the Soil Conservation Service . The most severely affected counties are colored . A farmer and his two sons during a dust storm in Cimarron County , Oklahoma , April 1936 . Iconic photo taken by Arthur Rothstein . The Dust Bowl , also known as the Dirty Thirties , was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s ; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion ( the Aeolian processes ) caused the phenomenon . The drought came in three waves , 1934 , 1936 , and 1939 -- 1940 , but some regions of the high plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years . With insufficient understanding of the ecology of the plains , farmers had conducted extensive deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains during the previous decade ; this had displaced the native , deep - rooted grasses that normally trapped soil and moisture even during periods of drought and high winds . The rapid mechanization of farm equipment , especially small gasoline tractors , and widespread use of the combine harvester contributed to farmers ' decisions to convert arid grassland ( much of which received no more than 10 inches ( 250 mm ) of precipitation per year ) to cultivated cropland . During the drought of the 1930s , the unanchored soil turned to dust , which the prevailing winds blew away in huge clouds that sometimes blackened the sky . These choking billows of dust -- named `` black blizzards '' or `` black rollers '' -- traveled cross country , reaching as far as the East Coast and striking such cities as New York City and Washington , D.C. On the Plains , they often reduced visibility to 3.3 feet ( 1.0 m ) or less . Associated Press reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in Boise City , Oklahoma , to witness the `` Black Sunday '' black blizzards of April 14 , 1935 ; Edward Stanley , Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press coined the term `` Dust Bowl '' while rewriting Geiger 's news story . While the term `` the Dust Bowl '' was originally a reference to the geographical area affected by the dust , today it is usually used to refer to the event , as in `` It was during the Dust Bowl '' . The drought and erosion of the Dust Bowl affected 100,000,000 acres ( 400,000 km ) that centered on the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma and touched adjacent sections of New Mexico , Colorado , and Kansas . The Dust Bowl forced tens of thousands of poverty - stricken families to abandon their farms , unable to pay mortgages or grow crops , and losses reached US $ 25 million per day by 1936 ( equivalent to US $440,000,000 in 2017 ) . Many of these families , who were often known as `` Okies '' because so many of them came from Oklahoma , migrated to California and other states to find that the Great Depression had rendered economic conditions there little better than those they had left . The Dust Bowl has been the subject of many cultural works , notably the novel The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) by John Steinbeck , the folk music of Woody Guthrie , and photographs depicting the conditions of migrants by Dorothea Lange . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographic characteristics and early history 2 Drought and dust storms 3 Human displacement 3.1 United States 3.2 Characteristics of migrants 4 U.S. government response 5 Long - term economic impact 6 Influence on the arts and culture 7 Aggregate changes in agriculture and population on the Plains 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Geographic characteristics and early History A dust storm approaches Stratford , Texas , in 1935 . The Dust Bowl area lies principally west of the 100th meridian on the High Plains , characterized by plains which vary from rolling in the north to flat in the Llano Estacado . Elevation ranges from 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) in the east to 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) at the base of the Rocky Mountains . The area is semiarid , receiving less than 20 inches ( 510 mm ) of rain annually ; this rainfall supports the shortgrass prairie biome originally present in the area . The region is also prone to extended drought , alternating with unusual wetness of equivalent duration . During wet years , the rich soil provides bountiful agricultural output , but crops fail during dry years . The region is also subject to high winds . During early European and American exploration of the Great Plains , this region was thought unsuitable for European - style agriculture ; explorers called it the Great American Desert . The lack of surface water and timber made the region less attractive than other areas for pioneer settlement and agriculture . The federal government encouraged settlement and development of the Plains for agriculture via the Homestead Act of 1862 , offering settlers 160 - acre ( 65 ha ) plots . With the end of the Civil War in 1865 and the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 , waves of new migrants and immigrants reached the Great Plains , and they greatly increased the acreage under cultivation . An unusually wet period in the Great Plains mistakenly led settlers and the federal government to believe that `` rain follows the plow '' ( a popular phrase among real estate promoters ) and that the climate of the region had changed permanently . While initial agricultural endeavors were primarily cattle ranching , the adverse effect of harsh winters on the cattle , beginning in 1886 , a short drought in 1890 , and general overgrazing , led many landowners to increase the amount of land under cultivation . Recognizing the challenge of cultivating marginal arid land , the United States government expanded on the 160 acres ( 65 ha ) offered under the Homestead Act -- granting 640 acres ( 260 ha ) to homesteaders in western Nebraska under the Kinkaid Act ( 1904 ) and 320 acres ( 130 ha ) elsewhere in the Great Plains under the Enlarged Homestead Act ( 1909 ) . Waves of European settlers arrived in the plains at the beginning of the 20th century . A return of unusually wet weather seemingly confirmed a previously held opinion that the `` formerly '' semiarid area could support large - scale agriculture . At the same time , technological improvements such as mechanized plowing and mechanized harvesting made it possible to operate larger properties without increasing labor costs . The combined effects of the disruption of the Russian Revolution , which decreased the supply of wheat and other commodity crops , and World War I increased agricultural prices ; this demand encouraged farmers to dramatically increase cultivation . For example , in the Llano Estacado of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas , the area of farmland was doubled between 1900 and 1920 , then tripled again between 1925 and 1930 . The agricultural methods favored by farmers during this period created the conditions for large - scale erosion under certain environmental conditions . The widespread conversion of the land by deep plowing and other soil preparation methods to enable agriculture eliminated the native grasses which held the soil in place and helped retain moisture during dry periods . Furthermore , cotton farmers left fields bare during winter months , when winds in the High Plains are highest , and burned the stubble as a means to control weeds prior to planting , thereby depriving the soil of organic nutrients and surface vegetation . Drought and Dust storms A dust storm ; Spearman , Texas , April 14 , 1935 `` Heavy black clouds of dust rising over the Texas Panhandle , Texas '' , c. 1936 . After fairly favourable climatic conditions in the 1920s with good rainfall and relatively moderate winters , which permitted increased settlement and cultivation in the Great Plains , the region entered an unusually dry era in the summer of 1930 . During the next decade , the northern plains suffered four of their seven driest calendar years since 1895 , Kansas four of its twelve driest , and the entire region south to West Texas lacked any period of above - normal rainfall until record rains hit in 1941 . When severe drought struck the Great Plains region in the 1930s , it resulted in erosion and loss of topsoil because of farming practices at the time . The drought dried the topsoil and over time it became friable , reduced to a powdery consistency in some places . Without the indigenous grasses in place , the high winds that occur on the plains picked up the topsoil and created the massive dust storms that marked the Dust Bowl period . The persistent dry weather caused crops to fail , leaving the plowed fields exposed to wind erosion . The fine soil of the Great Plains was easily eroded and carried east by strong continental winds . On November 11 , 1933 , a very strong dust storm stripped topsoil from desiccated South Dakota farmlands in just one of a series of severe dust storms that year . Beginning on May 9 , 1934 , a strong , two - day dust storm removed massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst such storms of the Dust Bowl . The dust clouds blew all the way to Chicago , where they deposited 12 million pounds of dust . Two days later , the same storm reached cities to the east , such as Cleveland , Buffalo , Boston , New York City , and Washington , D.C. That winter ( 1934 -- 1935 ) , red snow fell on New England . On April 14 , 1935 , known as `` Black Sunday '' , 20 of the worst `` black blizzards '' occurred across the entire sweep of the Great Plains , from Canada south to Texas . The dust storms caused extensive damage and turned the day to night ; witnesses reported that they could not see five feet in front of them at certain points . Denver - based Associated Press reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in Boise City , Oklahoma that day . His story about Black Sunday marked the first appearance of the term Dust Bowl ; it was coined by Edward Stanley , Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press , while rewriting Geiger 's news story . Spearman and Hansford County have been literaly ( sic ) in a cloud of dust for the past week . Ever since Friday of last week , there has n't been a day pass but what the county was beseieged ( sic ) with a blast of wind and dirt . On rare occasions when the wind did subside for a period of hours , the air has been so filled with dust that the town appeared to be overhung by a fog cloud . Because of this long seige of dust and every building being filled with it , the air has become stifling to breathe and many people have developed sore throats and dust colds as a result . '' -- Spearman Reporter , 21 March 1935 Much of the farmland was eroded in the aftermath of the Dust Bowl . In 1941 , a Kansas agricultural experiment station released a bulletin that suggested reestablishing native grasses by the `` hay method '' . Developed in 1937 to speed up the process and increase returns from pasture , the `` hay method '' was originally supposed to occur in Kansas naturally over 25 -- 40 years . After much data analysis , the causal mechanism for the droughts can be linked to ocean temperature anomalies . Specifically , Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperatures appear to have had an indirect effect on the general atmospheric circulation , while Pacific sea surface temperatures seem to have had the most direct influence . Human displacement This catastrophe intensified the economic impact of the Great Depression in the region . United States Buried machinery in a barn lot ; Dallas , South Dakota , May 1936 In 1935 , many families were forced to leave their farms and travel to other areas seeking work because of the drought ( which at that time had already lasted four years ) . The abandonment of homesteads and financial ruin resulting from catastrophic topsoil loss led to widespread hunger and poverty . Dust Bowl conditions fomented an exodus of the displaced from Texas , Oklahoma , and the surrounding Great Plains to adjacent regions . More than 500,000 Americans were left homeless . Over 350 houses had to be torn down after one storm alone . The severe drought and dust storms had left many homeless , others had their mortgages foreclosed by banks , and others felt they had no choice but to abandon their farms in search of work . Many Americans migrated west looking for work . Parents packed up `` jalopies '' with their families and a few personal belongings , and headed west in search of work . Some residents of the Plains , especially in Kansas and Oklahoma , fell ill and died of dust pneumonia or malnutrition . `` Broke , baby sick , and car trouble ! '' - Dorothea Lange 's 1937 photo of a Missouri migrant family 's jalopy stuck near Tracy , California . The Dust Bowl exodus was the largest migration in American history within a short period of time . Between 1930 and 1940 , approximately 3.5 million people moved out of the Plains states ; of those , it is unknown how many moved to California . In just over a year , over 86,000 people migrated to California . This number is more than the number of migrants to that area during the 1849 Gold Rush . Migrants abandoned farms in Oklahoma , Arkansas , Missouri , Iowa , Nebraska , Kansas , Texas , Colorado , and New Mexico , but were often generally referred to as `` Okies '' , `` Arkies '' , or `` Texies '' . Terms such as `` Okies '' and `` Arkies '' came to be known in the 1930s as the standard terms for those who had lost everything and were struggling the most during the Great Depression . Not all migrants traveled long distances ; some simply went to the next town or county . So many families left their farms and were on the move that the proportion between migrants and residents was nearly equal in the Great Plains states . Characteristics of migrants A migratory family from Texas living in a trailer in an Arizona cotton field Historian James N. Gregory examined Census Bureau statistics and other records to learn more about the migrants . Based on a 1939 survey of occupation by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of about 116,000 families who arrived in California in the 1930s , he learned that only 43 percent of southwesterners were doing farm work immediately before they migrated . Nearly one - third of all migrants were professional or white - collar workers . The poor economy displaced more than just farmers as refugees to California ; many teachers , lawyers , and small business owners moved west with their families during this time . After the Great Depression ended , some moved back to their original states . Many others remained where they had resettled . About one - eighth of California 's population is of Okie heritage . Us government response The greatly expanded participation of government in land management and soil conservation was an important outcome from the disaster . Different groups took many different approaches to responding to the disaster . To identify areas that needed attention , groups such as the Soil Conservation Service generated detailed soil maps and took photos of the land from the sky . To create shelterbelts to reduce soil erosion , groups such as the United States Forestry Service 's Prairie States Forestry Project planted trees on private lands . Finally , groups like the Resettlement Administration , which later became the Farm Security Administration , encouraged small farm owners to resettle on other lands , if they lived in dryer parts of the Plains . During President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's first 100 days in office in 1933 , his administration quickly initiated programs to conserve soil and restore the ecological balance of the nation . Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes established the Soil Erosion Service in August 1933 under Hugh Hammond Bennett . In 1935 , it was transferred and reorganized under the Department of Agriculture and renamed the Soil Conservation Service . It is now known as the Natural Resources Conservation Service ( NRCS ) . As part of New Deal programs , Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act in 1936 , requiring landowners to share the allocated government subsidies with the laborers who worked on their farms . Under the law , `` benefit payments were continued as measures for production control and income support , but they were now financed by direct Congressional appropriations and justified as soil conservation measures . The Act shifted the parity goal from price equality of agricultural commodities and the articles that farmers buy to income equality of farm and non-farm population . '' Thus , the parity goal was to re-create the ratio between the purchasing power of the net income per person on farms from agriculture and that of the income of persons not on farms that prevailed during 1909 -- 1914 . To stabilize prices , the government paid farmers and ordered more than six million pigs to be slaughtered . It paid to have the meat packed and distributed to the poor and hungry . The Federal Surplus Relief Corporation ( FSRC ) was established to regulate crop and other surpluses . FDR in an address on the AAA commented , Let me make one other point clear for the benefit of the millions in cities who have to buy meats . Last year the Nation suffered a drought of unparalleled intensity . If there had been no Government program , if the old order had obtained in 1933 and 1934 , that drought on the cattle ranges of America and in the corn belt would have resulted in the marketing of thin cattle , immature hogs and the death of these animals on the range and on the farm , and if the old order had been in effect those years , we would have had a vastly greater shortage than we face today . Our program -- we can prove it -- saved the lives of millions of head of livestock . They are still on the range , and other millions of heads are today canned and ready for this country to eat . '' The FSRC diverted agricultural commodities to relief organizations . Apples , beans , canned beef , flour and pork products were distributed through local relief channels . Cotton goods were later included , to clothe the needy . In 1935 , the federal government formed a Drought Relief Service ( DRS ) to coordinate relief activities . The DRS bought cattle in counties which were designated emergency areas , for $14 to $20 a head . Animals determined unfit for human consumption were killed ; at the beginning of the program , more than 50 percent were so designated in emergency areas . The DRS assigned the remaining cattle to the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation ( FSRC ) to be used in food distribution to families nationwide . Although it was difficult for farmers to give up their herds , the cattle slaughter program helped many of them avoid bankruptcy . `` The government cattle buying program was a blessing to many farmers , as they could not afford to keep their cattle , and the government paid a better price than they could obtain in local markets . '' President Roosevelt ordered the Civilian Conservation Corps to plant a huge belt of more than 200 million trees from Canada to Abilene , Texas to break the wind , hold water in the soil , and hold the soil itself in place . The administration also began to educate farmers on soil conservation and anti-erosion techniques , including crop rotation , strip farming , contour plowing , terracing , and other improved farming practices . In 1937 , the federal government began an aggressive campaign to encourage farmers in the Dust Bowl to adopt planting and plowing methods that conserved the soil . The government paid reluctant farmers a dollar an acre to practice the new methods . By 1938 , the massive conservation effort had reduced the amount of blowing soil by 65 % . The land still failed to yield a decent living . In the fall of 1939 , after nearly a decade of dirt and dust , the drought ended when regular rainfall finally returned to the region . The government still encouraged continuing the use of conservation methods to protect the soil and ecology of the Plains . At the end of the drought , the programs which were implemented during these tough times helped to sustain a positive relationship between America 's farmers and the federal government . The President 's Drought Committee issued a report in 1935 covering the government 's assistance to agriculture during 1934 through mid-1935 : it discussed conditions , measures of relief , organization , finances , operations , and results of the government 's assistance . Numerous exhibits are included in this report . Long - term economic Impact In many regions , more than 75 % of the topsoil was blown away by the end of the 1930s . Land degradation varied widely . Aside from the short - term economic consequences caused by erosion , there were severe long - term economic consequences caused by the Dust Bowl . By 1940 , counties that had experienced the most significant levels of erosion had a greater decline in agricultural land values . The per - acre value of farmland declined by 28 % in high - erosion counties and 17 % in medium - erosion counties , relative to land value changes in low - erosion counties . Even over the long - term , the agricultural value of the land often failed to recover to pre-Dust Bowl levels . In highly eroded areas , less than 25 % of the original agricultural losses were recovered . The economy adjusted predominantly through large relative population declines in more - eroded counties , both during the 1930s and through the 1950s . The economic effects persisted , in part , because of farmers ' failure to switch to more appropriate crops for highly eroded areas . Because the amount of topsoil had been reduced , it would have been more productive to shift from crops and wheat to animals and hay . During the Depression and through at least the 1950s , there was limited relative adjustment of farmland away from activities that became less productive in more - eroded counties . Some of the failure to shift to more productive agricultural products may be related to ignorance about the benefits of changing land use . A second explanation is a lack of availability of credit , caused by the high rate of failure of banks in the Plains states . Because banks failed in the Dust Bowl region at a higher rate than elsewhere , farmers could not get the credit they needed to buy capital to shift crop production . In addition , profit margins in either animals or hay were still minimal , and farmers had little incentive in the beginning to change their crops . Patrick Allitt recounts how fellow historian Donald Worster responded to his return visit to the Dust Bowl in the mid-1970s when he revisited some of the worst afflicted counties : Capital - intensive agribusiness had transformed the scene ; deep wells into the aquifer , intensive irrigation , the use of artificial pesticides and fertilizers , and giant harvesters were creating immense crops year after year whether it rained or not . According to the farmers he interviewed , technology had provided the perfect answer to old troubles , such of the bad days would not return . In Worster 's view , by contrast , the scene demonstrated that America 's capitalist high - tech farmers had learned nothing . They were continuing to work in an unsustainable way , devoting far cheaper subsidized energy to growing food than the energy could give back to its ultimate consumers . In contrast with Worster 's pessimism , historian Mathew Bonnifield argued that the long - term significance of the Dust Bowl was `` the triumph of the human spirit in its capacity to endure and overcome hardships and reverses . '' Influence on the arts and culture Florence Owens Thompson seen in the photo Destitute Pea Pickers in California . Mother of Seven Children . by Dorothea Lange The crisis was documented by photographers , musicians , and authors , many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government . For instance , the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis . Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression . She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families . Among her most well - known photographs is Destitute Pea Pickers in California . Mother of Seven Children , which depicted a gaunt - looking woman , Florence Owens Thompson , holding three of her children . This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost . Decades later , Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast . Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl `` Okie . '' The work of independent artists was also influenced by the crises of the Dust Bowl and the Depression . Author John Steinbeck , borrowing closely from field notes taken by Farm Security Administration worker and author Sanora Babb , wrote The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) about migrant workers and farm families displaced by the Dust Bowl . Babb 's own novel about the lives of the migrant workers , Whose Names Are Unknown , was written in 1939 but was eclipsed and shelved in response to the success of the Steinbeck 's work , and was finally published in 2004 . Many of the songs of folk singer Woody Guthrie , such as those on his 1940 album Dust Bowl Ballads , are about his experiences in the Dust Bowl era during the Great Depression when he traveled with displaced farmers from Oklahoma to California and learned their traditional folk and blues songs , earning him the nickname the `` Dust Bowl Troubadour '' . Migrants also influenced musical culture wherever they went . Oklahoma migrants , in particular , were rural Southwesterners who carried their traditional country music to California . Today , the `` Bakersfield Sound '' describes this blend , which developed after the migrants brought country music to the city . Their new music inspired a proliferation of country dance halls as far south as Los Angeles . The 2014 science fiction film Interstellar features a ravaged 21st - century America which is again scoured by dust storms ( caused by a worldwide pathogen affecting all crops ) . Along with inspiration from the 1930s crisis , director Christopher Nolan features interviews from the 2012 documentary The Dust Bowl to draw further parallels . In 2017 , Americana recording artist Grant Maloy Smith released the album Dust Bowl -- American Stories , which was inspired by the history of the Dust Bowl . In a review , the music magazine No Depression wrote that the album 's lyrics and music are `` as potent as Woody Guthrie , as intense as John Trudell and dusted with the trials and tribulations of Tom Joad -- Steinbeck and The Grapes of Wrath . '' Aggregate changes in agriculture and population on the Plains The change in the total value of agricultural land and revenue was quite similar over the twentieth century . Agricultural land and revenue boomed during World War I , but fell during the Great Depression and the 1930s . The land and revenue began increasing again in 1940 , and has been increasing since then . From 1910 to the 1940s , total farmland increased and remained constant until 1970 when it slightly declined . During this time , total population increased steadily , but there was a slight dip in trend from 1930 to 1960 . See also U.S. Route 66 ( notable Dust Bowl migration route to California ) 1936 North American heat wave Great Plains Shelterbelt Ogallala Aquifer Notable documentaries The Dust Bowl ( 2012 documentary by Ken Burns ) The Plow That Broke the Plains ( 1936 documentary ) International Palliser 's Triangle ( semiarid area of Canada ) Goyder 's Line ( semiarid area of Australia ) General Desertification Monoculture Semi-arid climate Global warming References ^ Jump up to : `` Drought : A Paleo Perspective -- 20th Century Drought '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The American Experience : Drought '' . PBS . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Black Sunday Dust Storm of 14 April 1935 '' . National Weather Service : Norman , Oklahoma . August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mencken , H.L. ( 1979 ) . Raven I. McDavid , Jr. , ed . The American Language ( One - Volume Abridged ed . ) . New York : Alfred A Knopf . p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 40075 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) . A History of Us : War , Peace and all that Jazz . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509514 - 6 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bust : America - The Story of Us . A&E Television Networks . 2010 . OCLC 783245601 . Jump up ^ `` A History of Drought in Colorado : lessons learned and what lies ahead '' ( PDF ) . Colorado Water Resources Research Institute . February 2000 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Report of the Great Plains Area Drought Committee '' . Hopkins Papers , Franklin D. Roosevelt Library . August 27 , 1936 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Plains : from dust to dust '' . Planning Magazine . December 1987 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Regions at Risk : a comparison of threatened environments . United Nations University Press . 1995 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Drought in the Dust Bowl Years . US : National Drought Mitigation Center . 2006 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Rockies and Plains Average Temperature -- October to March '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Rockies and Plains Precipitation , 1895 -- 2013 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Precipitation 1895 to 2013 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Climate Division 1 ( High Plains ) : Precipitation 1895 -- 2013 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE WEATHER OF 1941 IN THE UNITED STATES '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Francis D ; Beers , Howard W ( January 1937 ) . `` Areas of Intense Drought Distress , 1930 -- 1936 '' ( PDF ) . Research Bulletin . U.S. Works Progress Administration / Federal Reserve Archival System for Economic Research ( FRASER ) . pp. 1 -- 23 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Philip G. ( July 15 , 1935 ) . `` The Drought of 1934 '' ( PDF ) . A Report of The Federal Government 's Assistance to Agriculture . U.S. Drought Coordinating Committee / Federal Reserve Archival System for Economic Research ( FRASER ) . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Surviving the Dust Bowl '' . 1998 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stock , Catherine McNicol ( 1992 ) . Main Street in Crisis : The Great Depression and the Old Middle Class on the Northern Plains , p. 24 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4689 - 9 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bill ( March 21 , 1935 ) . `` Nearly week seige of dust storm in county '' . Spearman Reporter . Spearman , Texas . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hornbeck , Richard ( December 2009 ) . `` The Enduring Impact of the American Dust Bowl : Short and Long - run Adjustments to Environmental Catastrophe '' ( PDF ) . US : National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McLeman , Robert A ; Dupre , Juliette ; Berrang Ford , Lea ; Ford , James ; Gajewski , Konrad ; Marchildon , Gregory ( June 2014 ) . `` What we learned from the Dust Bowl : lessons in science , policy , and adaptation '' . Population and Environment. 35 ( 4 ) : 417 -- 440 . doi : 10.1007 / s11111 - 013 - 0190 - z . Jump up ^ A Cultural History of the United States -- The 1930s . San Diego , California : Lucent Books , Inc. , 1999 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Schama , Simon ; Hobkinson , Sam ( 2008 ) . American Plenty . BBC . OCLC 884893188 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Measured Century : Interview : James Gregory '' . PBS . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Babb , Sanora , Dorothy Babb , and Douglas Wixson . On the Dirty Plate Trail . Edited by Douglas Wixson . Autin , Texas : University of Texas Press , 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ A Cultural History ( 1999 ) , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Worster , Donald ( 1979 ) . Dust Bowl : The Southern Plains in the 1930s . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Worster , Donald . Dust Bowl -- The Southern Plains in the 1930s , New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Worster ( 2004 ) , Dust Bowl , p. 45 , Jump up ^ Gregory , N. James . ( 1991 ) American Exodus : The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Babb , et al. ( 2007 ) , On the Dirty Plate Trail , p. 13 Jump up ^ Steiner , Frederick ( 2008 ) . The Living Landscape , Second Edition : An Ecological Approach to Landscape Planning , p. 188 . Island Press . ISBN 1 - 59726 - 396 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rau , Allan . Agricultural Policy and Trade Liberalization in the United States , 1934 -- 1956 ; a Study of Conflicting Policies . Genève : E. Droz , 1957 . p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` The American Experience / Surviving the Dust Bowl / Timeline '' . Jump up ^ Monthly Catalog , United States Public Documents , By United States Superintendent of Documents , United States Government Printing Office , Published by the G.P.O. , 1938 Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project . Texas . Writers ' Program ( Tex . ) : Writers ' Program Texas . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , James Shannon . Chronicles of Oklahoma . Oklahoma Historical Society . p. 224 . Jump up ^ PBS Timeline of Dust Bowl Jump up ^ A Cultural History ( 1999 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ United States . Agricultural Adjustment Administration and Murphy , Philip G. , ( 1935 ) , Drought of 1934 : The Federal Government 's Assistance to Agriculture `` . Accessed October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hornbeck , Richard ( June 2012 ) . `` The Enduring Impact of the American Dust Bowl : Short - and Long - Run Adjustments to Environmental Catastrophe '' ( PDF ) . American Economic Review . 102 ( 4 ) . pp. 1477 -- 1507 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 102.4. 1477 . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 -- via Harvard University , Department of Economics . Jump up ^ Landon - Lane , John ; Rockoff , Hugh ; Steckel , Richard ( 2009 ) . `` Droughts , Floods , and Financial Distress in the United States '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . p. 6 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patrick Allitt , A Climate of Crisis : America in the Age of Environmentalism ( 2014 ) p 203 Jump up ^ Allitt p 211 , paraphrasing William Cronin 's evaluation of Mathew Paul Bonnifield , Dust Bowl : Men , Dirt and Depression ( 1979 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Destitute Pea Pickers in California : Mother of Seven Children , Age Thirty - two , Nipomo , California . Migrant Mother '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DuBois , Ellen Carol ; Dumenil , Lynn ( 2012 ) . Through Women 's Eyes ( Third ed . ) . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 583 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 67603 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Whose Names Are Unknown : Sanora Babb '' . Harry Ransom Center . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dayton Duncan , preface by Ken Burns ( 2012 ) . `` Biographies : Sanora Babb '' . The Dust Bowl : An Illustrated History . PBS . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ See : Lanzendorfer , Joy , `` The forgotten Dust Bowl novel that rivaled `` The Grapes of Wrath '' , '' Smithsonian.com , 2016 May 23 . `` Sanora Babb , '' The Dust Bowl : a film by Ken Burns , PBS.org ( 2012 ) For the role of Tom Collins of the Farm Security Administration in Steinbeck 's novel , see : John Steinbeck with Robert Demott , ed. , Working Days : The Journals of The Grapes of Wrath , 1938 -- 1941 ( New York , New York : Penguin Books , 1990 ) , pp. xxvii -- xxviii , 33 ( journal entry for 1938 June 24 ) . Jump up ^ Alarik , Scott . Robert Burns unplugged . The Boston Globe , August 7 , 2005 . Retrieved on December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` How Ken Burns ' surprise role in ' Interstellar ' explains the movie '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Hubble ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Kingman gets a mention on Dust Bowl album '' . Kingman Daily Miner . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Apice , John ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Expressive Original Songs Steeped In the Dirt & Reality of the Dust Bowl - Depression Era '' . No Depression . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Bibliography Bonnifield , Mathew Paul . ( 1979 ) Dust Bowl : Men , Dirt and Depression Gregory , James Noble . American exodus : The dust bowl migration and Okie culture in California ( Oxford University Press , 1989 ) Lassieur , Allison. ( 2009 ) The Dust Bowl : An Interactive History Adventure Capstone Press , ISBN 1 - 4296 - 3455 - 3 Reis , Ronald A. ( 2008 ) The Dust Bowl Chelsea House ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9737 - 3 Sylvester , Kenneth M. , and Eric S.A. Rupley , `` Revising the Dust Bowl : High above the Kansas Grassland '' , Environmental History , 17 ( July 2012 ) , 603 -- 33 . Worster , Donald 2004 ( 1979 ) Dust Bowl : The Southern Plains in the 1930s ( 25 . anniversary ed ) Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517489 - 5 Woody Guthrie , ( 1963 ) The ( Nearly ) Complete Collection of Woody Guthrie Folk Songs , Ludlow Music , New York . Alan Lomax , Woody Guthrie , Pete Seeger , ( 1967 ) Hard - Hitting Songs for Hard - Hit People , Oak Publications , New York . Timothy Egan ( 2006 ) The Worst Hard Time , Houghton Mifflin Company , New York , hardcover . ISBN 0 - 618 - 34697 - X . Katelan Janke , ( 1935 ) Survival in the Storm : The Dust Bowl Diary of Grace Edwards , Dalhart , Texas , Scholastic ( September 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 439 - 21599 - 4 . Karen Hesse ( paperback January 1999 ) Out of the Dust , Scholastic Signature . New York First Edition , 1997 , hardcover . ISBN 0 - 590 - 37125 - 8 . Sanora Babb ( 2004 ) Whose Names Are Unknown , University of Oklahoma Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3579 - 3 . Sweeney , Kevin Z. ( 2016 ) . Prelude to the Dust Bowl : Drought in the Nineteenth - Century Southern Plains Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dust Bowl . NASA Explains `` Dust Bowl '' Drought The Dust Bowl photo collection `` The Dust Bowl '' , a PBS television series by filmmaker Ken Burns The Dust Bowl ( EH.Net Encyclopedia ) Black Sunday , April 14 , 1935 , Dodge City , KS The Bibliography of Aeolian Research Surviving the Dust Bowl , Black Sunday ( April 14 , 1935 ) Voices from the Dust Bowl : The Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection , 1940 -- 1941 Library of Congress , American Folklife Center Online collection of archival sound recordings , photographs , and manuscripts YouTube Video : `` The Great Depression , Displaced Mountaineers in Shenandoah National Park , and the Civilian Conservation Corps ( C.C.C. ) '' Farming in the 1930s ( Wessels Living History Farm ) Out of the Dust ( The Modesto Bee ) Africa Data Dissemination Service , part of the Famine Early Warning Systems Network , U.S. Geological Service Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Dust Bowl Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory Dust Bowl Migration Archive at Sonoma State University Library Dust , Drought , and Dreams Gone Dry : Oklahoma Women in the Dust Bowl Oral History Project , Oklahoma Oral History Research Program Voices of Oklahoma interview with Frosty Troy . First person interview conducted on November 30 , 2011 with Frosty Troy talking about the Oklahoma Dust Bowl . Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project . Great Depression Topics Causes Wall Street Crash of 1929 Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act Dust Bowl New Deal Recession of 1937 -- 1938 Effects by area Australia Canada Chile Central Europe France Germany India Japan Latin America Netherlands South Africa United Kingdom United States Cities Commons History of Oklahoma Prior to 19th century Cooper Bison Kill ( 11th millennium BCE ) Spiro Mounds ( 9th -- 15th century CE ) 19th century Louisiana Purchase Arkansas Territory ( 1819 − 1824 ) Comanche -- Mexico Wars ( 1821 -- 1870s ) Cutthroat Gap Massacre ( 1833 ) Indian Removal Indian Territory ( 1834 -- 1907 ) Antelope Hills Expedition ( 1858 ) Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Washita Massacre ( 1868 ) Oklahoma Territory ( 1890 -- 1907 ) Land runs ( 1890s ) 20th century State of Sequoyah ( 1905 ) State of Oklahoma ( 1907 ) Crazy Snake Rebellion ( 1909 ) Green Corn Rebellion ( 1917 ) Osage Indian murders ( 1920s ) Tulsa race riot ( 1921 ) Dust Bowl ( 1930s ) Red River Bridge War ( 1931 ) Oklahoma City bombing ( 1995 ) 21st century OU Bombing ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dust_Bowl&oldid=826401553 '' Categories : Dust Bowl Great Plains Great Depression in the United States 1930s in the United States 1930 in the United States Internal migrations in the United States History of agriculture in the United States History of the American West Environmental disasters in the United States History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Soil in the United States Droughts in the United States Agriculture in the United States Agriculture in Oklahoma Agriculture in Texas Agriculture in Canada 20th - century droughts 1930 natural disasters in the United States Natural disasters in Oklahoma 1930s natural disasters 1930s droughts Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2011 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Чӑвашла Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español فارسی Français Gaeilge ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 22 : 30 . 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"The Dust Bowl, also known as the Dirty Thirties, was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion (the Aeolian processes) caused the phenomenon. The drought came in three waves, 1934, 1936, and 1939–1940, but some regions of the high plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years.[1] With insufficient understanding of the ecology of the plains, farmers had conducted extensive deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains during the previous decade; this had displaced the native, deep-rooted grasses that normally trapped soil and moisture even during periods of drought and high winds. The rapid mechanization of farm equipment, especially small gasoline tractors, and widespread use of the combine harvester contributed to farmers' decisions to convert arid grassland (much of which received no more than 10 inches (250 mm) of precipitation per year) to cultivated cropland.[2]"
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-2093236254714747329 | Epic of Gilgamesh | Epic of Gilgamesh - wikipedia Epic of Gilgamesh Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Epic of Gilgamesh ( disambiguation ) . Ancient Assyrian statue currently in the Louvre believed by some scholars to represent Enkidu , a major character of the Epic of Gilgamesh Part of a series on Ancient Mesopotamian religion Primordial beings ( show ) Abzu and Tiamat Lahmu and Lahamu Anshar and Kishar Mummu Seven gods who decree ( show ) Four primary Anu Enlil Enki Ninhursag Three sky gods Inanna / Ishtar Nanna / Sin Utu / Shamash Other major deities ( show ) Adad Dumuzid / Tammuz Enkimdu Ereshkigal Kingu Geshtinanna Lahar Marduk Nergal Ninurta Minor deities ( show ) Agasaya Anunnaki Asaruludu Ashnan Bel Enbilulu Isimud Lahar Mami / Nintu Mamitu Nabu Namtar Nanshe Nidaba Ningal Ninkasi Ninlil Ninshubur Ninsun Nusku Sarpanit Uttu Demigods and heroes ( hide ) Adapa Enkidu Enmerkar Gilgamesh Lugalbanda Shamhat Siduri Atra - Hasis Spirits and monsters ( show ) Utukku Lamassu / Shedu Asakku Edimmu Siris Anzû Humbaba Asag Hanbi Kur Lamashtu Pazuzu Rabisu Tales ( show ) Atra - Hasis Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta Enûma Eliš Epic of Gilgamesh Related topics Ancient Near Eastern religions Sumerian religion Babylonian religion Royal Epics of Uruk a series in Sumerian Literature Enmerkar of Uruk ( show ) Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta Enmerkar and En - suhgir - ana Lugalbanda of Uruk ( show ) Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird Dumuzid and Gilgamesh of Uruk ( show ) Dumuzid of Uruk tablets Epic of Gilgamesh tablets The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia that is often regarded as the earliest surviving great work of literature . The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about ' Bilgamesh ' ( Sumerian for ' Gilgamesh ' ) , king of Uruk , dating from the Third Dynasty of Ur ( circa 2100 BC ) . These independent stories were later used as source material for a combined epic . The first surviving version of this combined epic , known as the `` Old Babylonian '' version , dates to the 18th century BC and is titled after its incipit , Shūtur eli sharrī ( `` Surpassing All Other Kings '' ) . Only a few tablets of it have survived . The later `` Standard '' version dates from the 13th to the 10th centuries BC and bears the incipit Sha naqba īmuru ( `` He who Saw the Deep '' , in modern terms : `` He who Sees the Unknown '' ) . Approximately two thirds of this longer , twelve - tablet version have been recovered . Some of the best copies were discovered in the library ruins of the 7th - century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal . The first half of the story discusses Gilgamesh , king of Uruk , and Enkidu , a wild man created by the gods to stop Gilgamesh from oppressing the people of Uruk . After Enkidu becomes civilized through sexual initiation with a harlot , he travels to Uruk , where he challenges Gilgamesh to a test of strength . Gilgamesh wins and the two become friends . Together , they make a six - day journey to the legendary Cedar Forest , where they plan to slay the Guardian , Humbaba the Terrible , and cut down the sacred Cedar . Later they kill the Bull of Heaven , which the goddess Ishtar sends to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances . As a punishment for these actions , the gods sentence Enkidu to death . In the second half of the epic , distress about Enkidu 's death causes Gilgamesh to undertake a long and perilous journey to discover the secret of eternal life . He eventually learns that `` Life , which you look for , you will never find . For when the gods created man , they let death be his share , and life withheld in their own hands '' . However , because of his great building projects , his account of Siduri 's advice , and what the immortal man Utnapishtim told him about the Great Flood , Gilgamesh 's fame survived his death . His story has been translated into many languages , and in recent years has featured in works of popular fiction . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Versions 2.1 Standard Akkadian version 2.1. 1 Content of the standard version tablets 2.1. 1.1 Tablet one 2.1. 1.2 Tablet two 2.1. 1.3 Tablet three 2.1. 1.4 Tablet four 2.1. 1.5 Tablet five 2.1. 1.6 Tablet six 2.1. 1.7 Tablet seven 2.1. 1.8 Tablet eight 2.1. 1.9 Tablet nine 2.1. 1.10 Tablet ten 2.1. 1.11 Tablet eleven 2.1. 1.12 Tablet twelve 2.2 Old - Babylonian versions 2.2. 1 Pennsylvania tablet 2.2. 2 Yale tablet 2.2. 3 Philadelphia fragment 2.2. 4 Nippur School Tablet 2.2. 5 Tell Harmal tablets 2.2. 6 Ishchali tablet 2.2. 7 Partial fragment in Baghdad 2.2. 8 Sippar tablet 2.3 Sumerian poems 3 Later influence 3.1 Relationship to the Bible 3.1. 1 Garden of Eden 3.1. 2 Advice from Ecclesiastes 3.1. 3 Noah 's Flood 3.1. 4 Other biblical parallels 3.2 Influence on Homer 3.3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Bibliography 5.2. 1 Translations of Epic 5.2. 2 Analysis of Epic 6 External links History ( edit ) The Deluge tablet of the Gilgamesh epic in Akkadian Distinct sources exist from over a 2000 - year timeframe . The earliest Sumerian poems are now generally considered to be distinct stories , rather than parts of a single epic . They date from as early as the Third Dynasty of Ur ( circa 2100 BC ) . The Old Babylonian tablets ( circa 1800 BC ) , are the earliest surviving tablets for a single Epic of Gilgamesh narrative . The older Old Babylonian tablets and later Akkadian version are important sources for modern translations , with the earlier texts mainly used to fill in gaps ( lacunae ) in the later texts . Although several revised versions based on new discoveries have been published , the epic remains incomplete . Analysis of the Old Babylonian text has been used to reconstruct possible earlier forms of the Epic of Gilgamesh . The most recent Akkadian version ( circa 1200 BC ) , also referred to as the `` standard '' version , consisting of twelve tablets , was edited by Sin - liqe - unninni and was found in the Library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh . `` ... this discovery is evidently destined to excite a lively controversy . For the present the orthodox people are in great delight , and are very much prepossessed by the corroboration which it affords to Biblical history . It is possible , however , as has been pointed out , that the Chaldean inscription , if genuine , may be regarded as a confirmation of the statement that there are various traditions of the deluge apart from the Biblical one , which is perhaps legendary like the rest '' -- The New York Times , front page , 22 December 1872 The Epic of Gilgamesh was discovered by Hormuzd Rassam in 1853 . The central character of Gilgamesh was initially reintroduced to the world as `` Izdubar '' , before the cuneiform logographs in his name could be pronounced accurately . The first modern translation was published in the early 1870s by George Smith . Smith then made further discoveries of texts on his later expeditions , which culminated in his final translation which is given in his book The Chaldaean Account of Genesis ( 1880 ) . The most definitive modern translation is a two - volume critical work by Andrew George , published by Oxford University Press in 2003 . George discusses the state of the surviving material , and provides a tablet - by - tablet exegesis , with a dual language side - by - side translation . In 2004 Stephen Mitchell supplied a controversial version that takes many liberties with the text and includes modernized allusions and commentary relating to the Iraq war of 2003 . The first direct Arabic translation from the original tablets was made in the 1960s by the Iraqi archaeologist Taha Baqir . The discovery of artifacts ( c. 2600 BC ) associated with Enmebaragesi of Kish , mentioned in the legends as the father of one of Gilgamesh 's adversaries , has lent credibility to the historical existence of Gilgamesh . Versions ( edit ) From the diverse sources found , two main versions of the epic have been partially reconstructed : the Standard Akkadian version , or He who saw the deep , and the Old Babylonian version , or Surpassing all other kings . Five earlier Sumerian poems about Gilgamesh have been partially recovered , some with primitive versions of specific episodes in the Akkadian version , others with unrelated stories . Standard Akkadian version ( edit ) The standard version was discovered by Hormuzd Rassam in the library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh in 1853 . It was written in a dialect of Akkadian that was used for literary purposes . This version was compiled by Sin - liqe - unninni sometime between 1300 and 1000 BC from earlier texts . The standard Akkadian version has different opening words , or incipit , from the older version . The older version begins with the words `` Surpassing all other kings '' , while the standard version has `` He who saw the deep '' ( ša nagba īmuru ) , `` deep '' referring to the mysteries of the information brought back by Gilgamesh from his meeting with Uta - Napishti ( Utnapishtim ) about Ea , the fountain of wisdom . Gilgamesh was given knowledge of how to worship the gods , why death was ordained for human beings , what makes a good king , and how to live a good life . The story of Utnapishtim , the hero of the flood myth , can also be found in the Babylonian Epic of Atrahasis . The 12th tablet is a sequel to the original 11 , and was probably added at a later date . It bears little relation to the well - crafted 11 - tablet epic ; the lines at the beginning of the first tablet are quoted at the end of the 11th tablet , giving it circularity and finality . Tablet 12 is a near copy of an earlier Sumerian tale , a prequel , in which Gilgamesh sends Enkidu to retrieve some objects of his from the Underworld , and he returns in the form of a spirit to relate the nature of the Underworld to Gilgamesh . Content of the Standard version tablets ( edit ) ( Based on Andrew George 's translation ) Tablet one ( edit ) The story introduces Gilgamesh , king of Uruk . Gilgamesh , two - thirds god and one - third man , is oppressing his people , who cry out to the gods for help . For the young women of Uruk this oppression takes the form of a droit du seigneur , or `` lord 's right '' , to sleep with brides on their wedding night . For the young men ( the tablet is damaged at this point ) it is conjectured that Gilgamesh exhausts them through games , tests of strength , or perhaps forced labour on building projects . The gods respond to the people 's pleas by creating an equal to Gilgamesh who will be able to stop his oppression . This is the primitive man , Enkidu , who is covered in hair and lives in the wild with the animals . He is spotted by a trapper , whose livelihood is being ruined because Enkidu is uprooting his traps . The trapper tells the sun - god Shamash about the man , and it is arranged for Enkidu to be seduced by Shamhat , a temple prostitute , his first step towards being tamed . After six days and seven nights of continuous lovemaking she takes Enkidu to a shepherd 's camp to learn how to be civilized . Gilgamesh , meanwhile , has been having dreams about the imminent arrival of a beloved new companion . Tablet two ( edit ) Shamhat brings Enkidu to the shepherds ' camp , where he is introduced to a human diet and becomes the night watchman . Learning from a passing stranger about Gilgamesh 's treatment of new brides , Enkidu is incensed and travels to Uruk to intervene at a wedding . When Gilgamesh attempts to visit the wedding chamber , Enkidu blocks his way , and they fight . After a fierce battle , Enkidu acknowledges Gilgamesh 's superior strength and they become friends . Gilgamesh proposes a journey to the Cedar Forest to slay the monstrous demi - god Humbaba in order to gain fame and renown . Despite warnings from Enkidu and the council of elders , Gilgamesh is not deterred . Tablet three ( edit ) The elders give Gilgamesh advice for his journey . Gilgamesh visits his mother , the goddess Ninsun , who seeks the support and protection of the sun - god Shamash for their adventure . Ninsun adopts Enkidu as her son , and Gilgamesh leaves instructions for the governance of Uruk in his absence . Tablet four ( edit ) Gilgamesh and Enkidu journey to the Cedar Forest . Every few days they camp on a mountain , and perform a dream ritual . Gilgamesh has five terrifying dreams about falling mountains , thunderstorms , wild bulls , and a thunderbird that breathes fire . Despite similarities between his dream figures and earlier descriptions of Humbaba , Enkidu interprets these dreams as good omens , and denies that the frightening images represent the forest guardian . As they approach the cedar mountain , they hear Humbaba bellowing , and have to encourage each other not to be afraid . Tablet five ( edit ) Tablet V of the Epic of Gilgamesh Reverse side of the newly discovered tablet V of the Epic of Gilgamesh . It dates back to the old Babylonian period , 2003 -- 1595 BC and is currently housed in the Sulaymaniyah Museum , Iraq The heroes enter the cedar forest . Humbaba , the guardian of the Cedar Forest , insults and threatens them . He accuses Enkidu of betrayal , and vows to disembowel Gilgamesh and feed his flesh to the birds . Gilgamesh is afraid , but with some encouraging words from Enkidu the battle commences . The mountains quake with the tumult and the sky turns black . The god Shamash sends 13 winds to bind Humbaba , and he is captured . The monster pleads for his life , and Gilgamesh pities him . He offers Gilgamesh to be king of the forest , he will cut the trees for him , and be his slave . Enkidu , however , is enraged and asks Gilgamesh to kill the beast , because he knows that Humbaba is lying . Humbaba curses them both and Gilgamesh dispatches him with a blow to the neck . The two heroes cut down many cedars , including a gigantic tree that Enkidu plans to fashion into a gate for the temple of Enlil . They build a raft and return home along the Euphrates with the giant tree and the head of Humbaba . Tablet six ( edit ) Gilgamesh rejects the advances of the goddess Ishtar because of her mistreatment of previous lovers like Dumuzi . Ishtar asks her father Anu to send Gugalanna , the Bull of Heaven , to avenge her . When Anu rejects her complaints , Ishtar threatens to raise the dead who will `` outnumber the living '' and `` devour them '' . Anu becomes frightened , and gives in to her . Ishtar leads Gugalanna to Uruk , and it causes widespread devastation . It lowers the level of the Euphrates river , and dries up the marshes . It opens up huge pits that swallow 300 men . Without any divine assistance , Enkidu and Gilgamesh attack and slay it , and offer up its heart to Shamash . When Ishtar cries out , Enkidu hurls one of the hindquarters of the bull at her . The city of Uruk celebrates , but Enkidu has an ominous dream about his future failure . Tablet seven ( edit ) In Enkidu 's dream , the gods decide that one of the heroes must die because they killed Humbaba and Gugalanna . Despite the protestations of Shamash , Enkidu is marked for death . Enkidu curses the great door he has fashioned for Enlil 's temple . He also curses the trapper and Shamhat for removing him from the wild . Shamash reminds Enkidu of how Shamhat fed and clothed him , and introduced him to Gilgamesh . Shamash tells him that Gilgamesh will bestow great honors upon him at his funeral , and will wander into the wild consumed with grief . Enkidu regrets his curses and blesses Shamhat . In a second dream , however , he sees himself being taken captive to the Netherworld by a terrifying Angel of Death . The underworld is a `` house of dust '' and darkness whose inhabitants eat clay , and are clothed in bird feathers , supervised by terrifying beings . For 12 days , Enkidu 's condition worsens . Finally , after a lament that he could not meet a heroic death in battle , he dies . Tablet eight ( edit ) Gilgamesh delivers a lamentation for Enkidu , in which he calls upon mountains , forests , fields , rivers , wild animals , and all of Uruk to mourn for his friend . Recalling their adventures together , Gilgamesh tears at his hair and clothes in grief . He commissions a funerary statue , and provides grave gifts from his treasury to ensure that Enkidu has a favourable reception in the realm of the dead . A great banquet is held where the treasures are offered to the gods of the Netherworld . Just before a break in the text there is a suggestion that a river is being dammed , indicating a burial in a river bed , as in the corresponding Sumerian poem , The Death of Gilgamesh . Tablet nine ( edit ) Tablet nine opens with Gilgamesh roaming the wild wearing animal skins , grieving for Enkidu . Fearful of his own death , he decides to seek Utnapishtim ( `` the Faraway '' ) , and learn the secret of eternal life . Among the few survivors of the Great Flood , Utnapishtim and his wife are the only humans to have been granted immortality by the gods . Gilgamesh crosses a mountain pass at night and encounters a pride of lions . Before sleeping he prays for protection to the moon god Sin . Then , waking from an encouraging dream , he kills the lions and uses their skins for clothing . After a long and perilous journey , Gilgamesh arrives at the twin peaks of Mount Mashu at the end of the earth . He comes across a tunnel , which no man has ever entered , guarded by two terrible scorpion - men . After questioning him and recognizing his semi-divine nature , they allow him to enter it , and he passes under the mountains along the Road of the Sun . In complete darkness he follows the road for 12 `` double hours '' , managing to complete the trip before the Sun catches up with him . He arrives at the Garden of the gods , a paradise full of jewel - laden trees . Tablet ten ( edit ) Gilgamesh meets alewife Siduri , who assumes that he is a murderer or thief because of his disheveled appearance . Gilgamesh tells her about the purpose of his journey . She attempts to dissuade him from his quest , but sends him to Urshanabi the ferryman , who will help him cross the sea to Utnapishtim . Gilgamesh , out of spontaneous rage , destroys the stone - giants that live with Urshanabi . He tells him his story , but when he asks for his help , Urshanabi informs him that he has just destroyed the only creatures who can cross the Waters of Death , which are deadly to the touch . Urshanabi instructs Gilgamesh to cut down 120 trees and fashion them into punting poles . When they reach the island where Utnapishtim lives , Gilgamesh recounts his story , asking him for his help . Utnapishtim reprimands him , declaring that fighting the common fate of humans is futile and diminishes life 's joys . Tablet eleven ( edit ) Mr. George Smith , the man who transliterated and read the so - called `` Babylonian Flood Story '' of Tablet XI Gilgamesh observes that Utnapishtim seems no different from himself , and asks him how he obtained his immortality . Utnapishtim explains that the gods decided to send a great flood . To save Utnapishtim the god Ea told him to build a boat . He gave him precise dimensions , and it was sealed with pitch and bitumen . His entire family went aboard together with his craftsmen and `` all the animals of the field '' . A violent storm then arose which caused the terrified gods to retreat to the heavens . Ishtar lamented the wholesale destruction of humanity , and the other gods wept beside her . The storm lasted six days and nights , after which `` all the human beings turned to clay '' . Utnapishtim weeps when he sees the destruction . His boat lodges on a mountain , and he releases a dove , a swallow , and a raven . When the raven fails to return , he opens the ark and frees its inhabitants . Utnapishtim offers a sacrifice to the gods , who smell the sweet savor and gather around . Ishtar vows that just as she will never forget the brilliant necklace that hangs around her neck , she will always remember this time . When Enlil arrives , angry that there are survivors , she condemns him for instigating the flood . Ea also castigates him for sending a disproportionate punishment . Enlil blesses Utnapishtim and his wife , and rewards them with eternal life . This account matches the flood story that concludes the Epic of Atra - Hasis ( see also Gilgamesh flood myth ) . The main point seems to be that when Enlil granted eternal life it was a unique gift . As if to demonstrate this point , Utnapishtim challenges Gilgamesh to stay awake for six days and seven nights . Gilgamesh falls asleep , and Utnapishtim instructs his wife to bake a loaf of bread on each of the days he is asleep , so that he can not deny his failure to keep awake . Gilgamesh , who is seeking to overcome death , can not even conquer sleep . After instructing Urshanabi the ferryman to wash Gilgamesh , and clothe him in royal robes , they depart for Uruk . As they are leaving , Utnapishtim 's wife asks her husband to offer a parting gift . Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh that at the bottom of the sea there lives a boxthorn - like plant that will make him young again . Gilgamesh , by binding stones to his feet so he can walk on the bottom , manages to obtain the plant . Gilgamesh proposes to investigate if the plant has the hypothesized rejuvenation ability by testing it on an old man once he returns to Uruk . ' There is a plant that looks like a box - thorn , it has prickles like a dogrose , and will prick one who plucks it . But if you can possess this plant , you 'll be again as you were in your youth ' ' This plant , Ur - shanabi , is the `` Plant of Heartbeat '' , with it a man can regain his vigour . To Uruk - the - sheepfold I will take it , to an ancient I will feed some and put the plant to the test ! ' Unfortunately , when Gilgamesh stops to bathe , it is stolen by a serpent , who sheds its skin as it departs . Gilgamesh weeps at the futility of his efforts , because he has now lost all chance of immortality . He returns to Uruk , where the sight of its massive walls prompts him to praise this enduring work to Urshanabi . Tablet twelve ( edit ) This tablet is mainly an Akkadian translation of an earlier Sumerian poem , Gilgamesh and the Netherworld ( also known as `` Gilgamesh , Enkidu , and the Netherworld '' and variants ) , although it has been suggested that it is derived from an unknown version of that story . The contents of this last tablet are inconsistent with previous ones : Enkidu is still alive , despite having died earlier in the epic . Because of this , its lack of integration with the other tablets , and the fact that it is almost a copy of an earlier version , it has been referred to as an ' inorganic appendage ' to the epic . Alternatively , it has been suggested that `` its purpose , though crudely handled , is to explain to Gilgamesh ( and the reader ) the various fates of the dead in the Afterlife '' and in `` an awkward attempt to bring closure '' , it both connects the Gilgamesh of the epic with the Gilgamesh who is the King of the Netherworld , and is `` a dramatic capstone whereby the twelve - tablet epic ends on one and the same theme , that of `` seeing '' ( = understanding , discovery , etc . ) , with which it began . '' Gilgamesh complains to Enkidu that various of his possessions ( the tablet is unclear exactly what -- different translations include a drum and a ball ) have fallen into the underworld . Enkidu offers to bring them back . Delighted , Gilgamesh tells Enkidu what he must and must not do in the underworld if he is to return . Enkidu does everything which he was told not to do . The underworld keeps him . Gilgamesh prays to the gods to give him back his friend . Enlil and Suen do n't reply , but Ea and Shamash decide to help . Shamash makes a crack in the earth , and Enkidu 's ghost jumps out of it . The tablet ends with Gilgamesh questioning Enkidu about what he has seen in the underworld . Old - Babylonian versions ( edit ) This version of the epic , called in some fragments Surpassing all other kings , is composed of tablets and fragments from diverse origins and states of conservation . It remains incomplete in its majority , with several tablets missing and big lacunae in those found . They are named after their current location or the place where they were found . Pennsylvania tablet ( edit ) Surpassing all other kings Tablet II , greatly correlates with tablets I - II of the Standard version . Gilgamesh tells his mother Ninsun about two dreams he had . His mother explains that they mean that a new companion will soon arrive at Uruk . In the meanwhile the wild Enkidu and the priestess ( here called Shamkatum ) are making love . She tames him in company of the shepherds by offering him bread and beer . Enkidu helps the shepherds by guarding the sheep . They travel to Uruk to confront Gilgamesh and stop his abuses . Enkidu and Gilgamesh battle but Gilgamesh breaks off the fight . Enkidu praises Gilgamesh . Yale tablet ( edit ) Surpassing all other kings Tablet III , partially matches tablets II - III of the Standard version . For reasons unknown ( the tablet is partially broken ) Enkidu is in a sad mood . In order to cheer him up Gilgamesh suggests going to the Pine Forest to cut down trees and kill Humbaba ( known here as Huwawa ) . Enkidu protests , as he knows Huwawa and is aware of his power . Gilgamesh talks Enkidu into it with some words of encouragement , but Enkidu remains reluctant . They prepare , and call for the elders . The elders also protest , but after Gilgamesh talks to them , they agree to let him go . After Gilgamesh asks his god ( Shamash ) for protection and both equip , they leave with the elder 's blessing and counsel . Philadelphia fragment ( edit ) Possibly another version of the contents of the Yale Tablet , practically irrecoverable . Nippur school tablet ( edit ) In the journey to the cedar forest and Huwawa , Enkidu interprets one of Gilgamesh 's dreams . Tell harmal tablets ( edit ) Fragments from two different versions / tablets tell how Enkidu interprets one of Gilgamesh 's dreams on the way to the Forest of Cedar , and their conversation when entering the forest . Ishchali tablet ( edit ) After defeating Huwawa , Gilgamesh refrains from slaying him , and urges Enkidu to hunt Huwawa 's `` seven auras '' . Enkidu convinces him to smite their enemy . After killing Huwawa and the auras , they chop down part of the forest and discover the gods ' secret abode . The rest of the tablet is broken . The auras are not referred to in the standard version , but are in one of the Sumerian poems . Partial fragment in baghdad ( edit ) Partially overlapping the felling of the trees from the Ishchali tablet . Sippar tablet ( edit ) Partially overlapping the Standard version tablets IX -- X . Gilgamesh mourns the death of Enkidu wandering in his quest for immortality . Gilgamesh argues with Shamash about the futility of his quest . After a lacuna , Gilgamesh talks to Siduri about his quest and his journey to meet Utnapishtim ( here called Uta - na'ishtim ) . Siduri attempts to dissuade Gilgamesh in his quest for immortality , urging him to be content with the simple pleasures of life . After one more lacuna , Gilgamesh smashes the `` stone ones '' and talks to the ferryman Urshanabi ( here called Sur - sunabu ) . After a short discussion , Sur - sunabu asks him to carve 300 oars so that they may cross the waters of death without needing the `` stone ones '' . The rest of the tablet is missing . The text on the Old Babylonian Meissner fragment ( the larger surviving fragment of the Sippar tablet ) has been used to reconstruct possible earlier forms of the Epic of Gilgamesh , and it has been suggested that a `` prior form of the story -- earlier even than that preserved on the Old Babylonian fragment -- may well have ended with Siduri sending Gilgamesh back to Uruk ... '' and `` Utnapistim was not originally part of the tale . '' Sumerian poems ( edit ) There are five extant Gilgamesh stories in the form of older poems in Sumerian . These probably circulated independently , rather than being in the form of a unified epic . Some of the names of the main characters in these poems differ slightly from later Akkadian names , e.g. `` Bilgamesh '' is written for Gilgamesh , and there are some differences in the underlying stories ( e.g. in the Sumerian version Enkidu is Gilgamesh 's servant ) : ` The lord to the Living One 's Mountain ` and ` Ho , hurrah ! ` correspond to the Cedar Forest episode ( Standard version tablets II -- V ) . Gilgamesh and Enkidu travel with other men to the Forest of Cedar . There , trapped by Huwawa , Gilgamesh tricks him ( with Enkidu 's assistance in one of the versions ) into giving up his auras , thus losing his power . ` Hero in battle ` corresponds to the Bull of Heaven episode ( Standard version tablet VI ) in the Akkadian version . The Bull 's voracious appetite causes drought and hardship in the land while Gilgamesh feasts . Lugalbanda convinces him to face the beast and fights it alongside Enkidu . ` The envoys of Akka ` has no corresponding episode in the epic , but the themes of whether to show mercy to captives , and counsel from the city elders , also occur in the standard version of the Humbaba story . In the poem , Uruk faces a siege from a Kish army led by King Akka , whom Gilgamesh defeats and forgives . ` In those days , in those far - off days ` , otherwise known as Gilgamesh , Enkidu , and the Netherworld , is the source for the Akkadian translation included as tablet XII in the Standard version , telling of Enkidu 's journey to the Netherworld . It is also the main source of information for the Sumerian creation myth and the story of `` Inanna and the Huluppu Tree '' . ` The great wild bull is lying down ` , a poem about Bilgames ' death , burial and consecration as a semigod , reigning and giving judgement over the dead . After dreaming of how the gods decide his fate after death , Gilgamesh takes counsel , prepares his funeral and offers gifts to the gods . Once deceased , he is buried under the Euphrates , taken off its course and later returned to it . Later influence ( edit ) Relationship to the Bible ( edit ) Further information : Panbabylonism Various themes , plot elements , and characters in the Epic of Gilgamesh have counterparts in the Hebrew Bible , notably the accounts of the Garden of Eden , the advice from Ecclesiastes , and the Genesis flood narrative . Garden of Eden ( edit ) The parallels between the stories of Enkidu / Shamhat and Adam / Eve have been long recognized by scholars . In both , a man is created from the soil by a god , and lives in a natural setting amongst the animals . He is introduced to a woman who tempts him . In both stories the man accepts food from the woman , covers his nakedness , and must leave his former realm , unable to return . The presence of a snake that steals a plant of immortality from the hero later in the epic is another point of similarity . Advice from Ecclesiastes ( edit ) Several scholars suggest direct borrowing of Siduri 's advice by the author of Ecclesiastes . A rare proverb about the strength of a triple - stranded rope ( a triple - stranded rope is not easily broken ) is common to both books . Noah 's flood ( edit ) Andrew George submits that the Genesis flood narrative matches that in Gilgamesh so closely that `` few doubt '' that it derives from a Mesopotamian account . What is particularly noticeable is the way the Genesis flood story follows the Gilgamesh flood tale `` point by point and in the same order '' , even when the story permits other alternatives . In a 2001 Torah commentary released on behalf of the Conservative Movement of Judaism , rabbinic scholar Robert Wexler stated : `` The most likely assumption we can make is that both Genesis and Gilgamesh drew their material from a common tradition about the flood that existed in Mesopotamia . These stories then diverged in the retelling . '' Ziusudra , Utnapishtim and Noah are the respective heroes of the Sumerian , Akkadian and biblical flood legends of the ancient Near East . Other biblical parallels ( edit ) Matthias Henze suggests that Nebuchadnezzar 's madness in the biblical Book of Daniel draws on the Epic of Gilgamesh . He claims that the author uses elements from the description of Enkidu to paint a sarcastic and mocking portrait of the king of Babylon . While not directly discussed in the Epic itself , many of the characters in the Epic also have myths associated with them with close biblical parallels , notably Ninti , the Sumerian goddess of life , was created from Enki 's rib to heal him after he had eaten forbidden flowers . Some scholars suggest that this served as the basis for the story of Eve created from Adam 's rib in the Book of Genesis . Esther J. Hamori , in Echoes of Gilgamesh in Jacob Story , also claims that the myth of Jacob and Esau is paralleled with the wrestling match between Gilgamesh and Enkidu . Influence on Homer ( edit ) Numerous scholars have drawn attention to various themes , episodes , and verses , indicating that the Epic of Gilgamesh had a substantial influence on both of the epic poems ascribed to Homer . These influences are detailed by Martin Litchfield West in The East Face of Helicon : West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth . According to Tzvi Abusch of Brandeis University , the poem `` combines the power and tragedy of the Iliad with the wanderings and marvels of the Odyssey . It is a work of adventure , but is no less a meditation on some fundamental issues of human existence . '' In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : Gilgamesh in popular culture The Epic of Gilgamesh has inspired many works of literature , art , and music , as Theodore Ziolkowski points out in his book Gilgamesh Among Us : Modern Encounters With the Ancient Epic ( 2011 ) . It was only after the First World War that the Gilgamesh epic reached a wide audience , and only after the Second World War that it began to feature in a variety of genres . See also ( edit ) Ancient Near East portal Literature portal Mythology portal List of artifacts in biblical archaeology List of characters in Epic of Gilgamesh Babylonian literature The Book of Giants Cattle in religion Sumerian creation myth Sumerian literature References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Epic of Gilgamesh . '' Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism , edited by Jelena O. Krstovic , vol. 74 , Gale , 2005 . Literature Resource Center . Jump up ^ James Thrower `` The Alternative Tradition : A Study of Unbelief in the Ancient World '' 1980 , Mouton Publishers , The Hague , The Netherlands Jump up ^ Jacobsen , T. ( 1949 ) Mesopotamia : The Good Life . Before Philosophy ; : The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man '' by Frankfort , Wilson and Jacobsen , Penguin Books , Baltimore , Maryland , Chapter VII , p. 226 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Dalley , Stephanie ( ed . ) . Myths from Mesopotamia : Creation , the Flood , Gilgamesh , and Others . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953836 - 2 . Jump up ^ T.C. Mitchell . The Bible in the British Museum , The British Museum Press , 1988 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ George , Andrew R. , trans . & edit . The Epic of Gilgamesh , Penguin Books , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 044919 - 1 Jump up ^ Abusch , T. Gilgamesh 's Request and Siduri 's Denial . Part I : The Meaning of the Dialogue and Its Implications for the History of the Epic . The Tablet and the Scroll ; Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo , 1 -- 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Smith , George ( 3 December 1872 ) . `` The Chaldean Account of the Deluge '' . Sacred-Texts.com . Jump up ^ A book review by the Cambridge scholar , Eleanor Robson , claims that George 's is the most significant critical work on Gilgamesh in the last 70 years . See : http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-04-21.html Jump up ^ Jarman , Mark ( 1 January 2005 ) . Mitchell , Stephen , ed . `` When the Light Came on : The Epic Gilgamesh '' . The Hudson Review . 58 ( 2 ) : 329 -- 34 . JSTOR 30044781 . doi : 10.2307 / 30044781 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 28 ) . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Stephen ( 24 January 2006 ) . Gilgamesh : A New English Version . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6169 - 2 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ George , Andrew , ed. ( 1999 ) . The Epic of Gilgamesh . Penguin Classics . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044919 - 8 . ( introduction ) Jump up ^ The Epic of Gilgamesh by Andrew George , page 98 Jump up ^ Maier , John R. ( 1997 ) . Gligamesh : A reader . Bolchazy - Carducci Publishers . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86516 - 339 - 3 . Jump up ^ Patton , Laurie L. ; Doniger , Wendy ( 1996 ) . Myth and Method . University of Virginia Press . p. 306 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1657 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kovacs , Maureen ( 1989 ) . The Epic of Gilgamesh . University of Stanford Press . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1711 - 3 . Jump up ^ van Driel , G. ; Krispijn , Th . J.H. ; Stol , M. ; Veenhof , K.R. , eds. ( 1982 ) . Zikir Šumim : Assyriological Studies Presented to F.R. Kraus on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6258 - 126 - 9 . Jump up ^ George , Andrew , ed. ( 1999 ) . The Epic of Gilgamesh . Penguin Classics . pp. 101 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044919 - 8 . ( Babylonian Texts of the Early Second Millennium BC ) Jump up ^ Jacobsen , T. Mesopotamia : The Good Life . 4.0 MB Before Philosophy ; The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man '' by Frankfort , Wilson and Jacobsen , 1949 , Penguin Books , Baltimore , Maryland , Chapter VII , p. 226 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Abusch , T. Gilgamesh 's Request and Siduri 's Denial . Part I : The Meaning of the Dialogue and Its Implications for the History of the Epic . 11.05 MB The Tablet and the Scroll ; Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo , 1 -- 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ George , Andrew , ed. ( 1999 ) . The Epic of Gilgamesh . Penguin Classics . pp. 141 -- 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044919 - 8 . ( The Sumerian Poems of Gilgamesh ) Jump up ^ Kramer , Samuel Noah ( 1961 ) , Sumerian Mythology : A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C. : Revised Edition , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania Press , pp. 30 -- 41 , ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1047 - 6 , retrieved 22 June 2017 Jump up ^ Gmirkin , Russell , `` Berossus and Genesis , Manetho and Exodus ... , Continuum , 2006 , p. 103 . See also Blenkinsopp , Joseph , `` Treasures old and new ... '' Eerdmans , 2004 , pp. 93 -- 95 . Jump up ^ e.g. Van Der Torn , Karel , `` Did Ecclesiastes copy Gilgamesh ? '' , BR , 16 / 1 ( Feb 2000 ) , pp. 22ff Jump up ^ George , A.R. ( 2003 ) . The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic : Introduction , Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts . Oxford University Press . pp. 70 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927841 - 1 . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Rendsburg , Gary . `` The Biblical flood story in the light of the Gilgamesh flood account , '' in Gilgamesh and the world of Assyria , eds Azize , J & Weeks , N. Peters , 2007 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Robert Wexler , Ancient Near Eastern Mythology , 2001 Jump up ^ The Madness of King Nebuchadnezzar ... , Leiden , Brill , 1999 Jump up ^ Meagher , Robert Emmet ( 1995 ) . The meaning of Helen : in search of an ancient icon . United States : Bolchazy - Carducci Pubs ( IL ) . ISBN 0 - 86516 - 510 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The East Face of Helicon : West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth '' Oxford ( 1997 ) pp. 334 -- 402 . Jump up ^ Abusch , Tzvi ( Dec 2001 ) . `` The Development and Meaning of the Epic of Gilgamesh : An Interpretive Essay '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 121 ( 4 ) : 614 -- 22 . JSTOR 606502 . doi : 10.2307 / 606502 . Jump up ^ Theodore Ziolkowski . Gilgamesh Among Us : Modern Encounters With the Ancient Epic , Cornell Univ Pr ( December 8 , 2011 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 5035 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Theodore Ziolkowski ( Nov 1 , 2011 ) . `` Gilgamesh : An Epic Obsession '' , Berfrois . Bibliography ( edit ) Translations of Epic ( edit ) Morris Jastrow ( Author ) , Albert Tobias Clay ( Author ) ( 2016 ) . An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic : On the Basis of Recently Discovered Texts . Cambridge Library Collection -- Archaeology . ISBN 978 - 1108081276 . Jastrow , M. ; Clay , A. ( 1920 ) . An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic : On the Basis of Recently Discovered Texts . Sandars , N. K ( 2006 ) . The Epic of Gilgamesh ( Penguin Epics ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 102628 - 6 . : re-print of the Penguin Classic translation ( in prose ) by N.K. Sandars 1960 ( ISBN 0 - 14 - 044100 - X ) without the introduction . Mason , Herbert ( 2003 ) . Gilgamesh : A Verse Narrative . Boston : Mariner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 27564 - 9 . First published in 1970 by Houghton Mifflin ; Mentor Books paperback published 1972 . Kovacs , Maureen Gallery , transl . with intro. ( 1985 ) . The Epic of Gilgamesh . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1711 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Glossary , Appendices , Appendix ( Chapter XII = Tablet XII ) . A line - by - line translation ( Chapters I - XI ) . Ferry , David ( 1993 ) . Gilgamesh : A New Rendering in English Verse . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 52383 - 5 . Jackson , Danny ( 1997 ) . The Epic of Gilgamesh . Wauconda , IL : Bolchazy - Carducci Publishers . ISBN 0 - 86516 - 352 - 9 . Parpola , Simo ( 1997 ) . The Standard Babylonian , Epic of Gilgamesh . Mikko Luuko and Kalle Fabritius . The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project . ISBN 951 - 45 - 7760 - 4 . : ( Volume 1 ) in the original Akkadian cuneiform and transliteration ; commentary and glossary are in English George , Andrew R. , trans . & edit . ( 2000 ) . The Epic of Gilgamesh ; The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian . England : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044721 - 0 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Foster , Benjamin R. , trans . & edit . ( 2001 ) . The Epic of Gilgamesh . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97516 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) George , Andrew R. , trans . & edit . ( 2003 ) . The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic : Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814922 - 0 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Mitchell , Stephen ( 2004 ) . Gilgamesh : A New English Version . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6164 - X . Analysis of Epic ( edit ) Jacobsen , Thorkild ( 1976 ) . The Treasures of Darkness , A History of Mesopotamian Religion . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 01844 - 4 . Tigay , Jeffrey H. ( 1982 ) . The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 7805 - 4 . Kluger , Rivkah ( 1991 ) . The Gilgamesh Epic : A Psychological Study of a Modern Ancient Hero . Daimon . ISBN 3 - 85630 - 523 - 8 . West , Martin Litchfield ( 1991 ) . The East Face of Helicon : West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth . Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815042 - 3 . Best , Robert ( 1999 ) . Noah 's Ark and the Ziusudra Epic . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 0 - 9667840 - 1 - 4 . Damrosch , David ( 2007 ) . The Buried Book : The Loss and Rediscovery of the Great Epic of Gilgamesh . Henry Holt and Co . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 8029 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epic of Gilgamesh . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Epic of Gilgamesh Translations of the legends of Gilgamesh in the Sumerian language can be found in Black , J.A. , Cunningham , G. , Fluckiger - Hawker , E , Robson , E. , and Zólyomi , G. , The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature , Oxford 1998 -- Gilgamesh and Huwawa , version A Gilgamesh and Huwawa , version B Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven Gilgamesh and Aga Gilgamesh , Enkidu and the nether world The death of Gilgamesh The 1901 full text translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh by William Muss - Arnolt An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic by Anonymous at Project Gutenberg , edited by Morris Jastrow , translated by Albert T. Clay Gilgamesh by Richard Hooker ( wsu.edu ) The Epic of Gilgamesh , Complete Academic Translation by R. Campbell Thompson The Epic of Gilgamesh by Kovacs , M.G. He Who Saw Everything : Verse Translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh by Temple , R.K.G. ( hide ) Epic of Gilgamesh Characters Humans Gilgamesh Aga Enmebaragesi Enkidu Shamhat Siduri Utnapishtim Scorpion man Deities Anunnaki Enlil Gugalanna Ishtar ( Inanna ) Ninsun Shamash ( Utu ) Silili Derivative works Literature The Great American Novel ( 1973 ) Gilgamesh the King ( 1984 ) Gilgamesh in the Outback ( 1986 ) Timewyrm : Genesys ( 1991 ) The Sorceress : The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel ( 2009 ) Classical music The Epic of Gilgamesh ( 1955 Czech oratorio ) Gilgamesh ( Kodallı ) ( 1962 -- 1964 Turkish opera ) Gilgamesh ( Saygun ) ( 1970 Turkish opera ) Gilgamesh ( Nørgård ) ( 1972 Danish opera ) Gilgamesh ( Brucci ) ( 1986 Serbian opera ) Stage Turn Left at Gilgamesh Film The Epic of Gilgamesh , or This Unnameable Little Broom ( 1985 ) Television `` Darmok '' `` Demon with a Glass Hand '' `` The Tower of Druaga '' Gilgamesh Comics Gilgamesh II Gilgamesh the immortal Forgotten One Video games The Tower of Druaga Seminal use Literature Bullfighting Zombie Vitis vinifera Other Popular culture Gilgamesh flood myth Uruk Mashu The Preserver of Life Sîn - lēqi - unninni Slaves of the Shinar George Smith VIAF : 183878181 LCCN : n80080430 GND : 4138528 - 7 SUDOC : 02819960X BNF : cb120083188 ( data ) NDL : 00628430 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epic_of_Gilgamesh&oldid=804653053 '' Categories : Epic poems Mesopotamian literature Flood myths Epic of Gilgamesh Hidden categories : Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2011 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 09 : 43 . 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-5502532339471785616 | Jordan Anderson | Jordan Anderson - wikipedia Jordan Anderson Jump to : navigation , search For the NASCAR driver , see Jordan Anderson ( racing driver ) . Jourdon Anderson Author of the 1865 Letter from a Freedman to His Old Master Jourdon Anderson December 1825 Tennessee , United States April 15 , 1907 ( 1907 - 04 - 15 ) ( aged 81 ) Dayton , Ohio , U.S. Cause of death Exhaustion Resting place Woodland Cemetery Nationality American Spouse ( s ) Amanda `` Mandy '' McGregor ( m . 1848 -- 1907 ) Children 11 Jordan Anderson or Jourdon Anderson ( December 1825 -- April 15 , 1907 ) was a African - American former slave noted for a letter he dictated , known as `` Letter from a Freedman to His Old Master '' . It was addressed to his former master , Colonel P.H. Anderson , in response to the Colonel 's request that Mr. Anderson return to the plantation to help restore the farm after the disarray of the war . It has been described as a rare example of documented `` slave humor '' of the period and its deadpan style has been compared to the satire of Mark Twain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 1.1 Letter 1.2 Death 2 Aftermath 3 See also 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External links Life ( edit ) Anderson was born around 1825 somewhere in Tennessee . By age 7 or 8 , he was sold as a slave to General Paulding Anderson of Big Spring in Wilson County , Tennessee , and subsequently passed to the general 's son Patrick Henry Anderson , probably as a personal servant and playmate as the two were of similar age . In 1848 , Jordan Anderson married Amanda ( Mandy ) McGregor . The two eventually would have eleven children together . In 1864 , Union Army soldiers camped on the Anderson plantation and freed Jordan Anderson . He then may have worked at the Cumberland Military Hospital in Nashville before eventually settling in Dayton , Ohio , moving with the help of the surgeon in charge of the hospital , Dr. Clarke McDermont . There he found work as a servant , janitor , coachman , or hostler , until 1894 , when he became a sexton , probably at the Wesleyan Methodist Church ; a position he held until his death . His employer , Valentine Winters , was father - in - law to McDermont . Letter ( edit ) Letter from a Freedman to His Old Master Read by Winston Tharp for LibriVox Audio 00 : 05 : 17 ( full text ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . In July 1865 , a few months after the end of the Civil War , Colonel P.H. Anderson wrote a letter to his former and now freed slave Jordan Anderson asking him to come back and work on the Tennessee plantation which had been left in disarray from the war . Harvest season was approaching with nobody to bring in the crops ; the colonel was making a last - ditch effort to save the farm . On August 7 , from his home in Ohio , Jordan Anderson dictated a letter in response through his abolitionist employer , Valentine Winters , who had it published in the Cincinnati Commercial . The letter became an immediate media sensation with reprints in the New York Daily Tribune of August 22 , 1865 and Lydia Maria Child 's The Freedmen 's Book the same year . In the letter , Jordan Anderson describes his better life in Ohio , and asks his former master to prove his goodwill by paying the back wages he and his wife are owed for many years of slave labor , a total of 52 years combined . He asks if his daughters will be safe and able to have an education , since they are `` good - looking girls '' and Anderson would rather die `` than have my girls brought to shame by the violence and wickedness of their young masters ... how it was with poor Matilda and Catherine . '' The letter concludes , `` Say howdy to George Carter , and thank him for taking the pistol from you when you were shooting at me . '' The people mentioned in the letter are real and include George Carter , who was a carpenter in Wilson County , Tennessee . `` Miss Mary '' and `` Miss Martha '' are Colonel Anderson 's wife , Mary , and their daughter , Martha . The man named `` Henry '' , who had plans to shoot Anderson if he ever got the chance , `` was more than likely Colonel Patrick Henry Anderson 's son , Patrick Henry Jr. , whom everyone called Henry , and who would have been about 18 when Anderson left in 1864 . '' The two daughters , `` poor Matilda and Catherine '' did not travel with Anderson to Ohio and their fate is unknown , it is speculated that whatever befell them was fatal , or they were sold as slaves to other families before Anderson had been freed . V. Winters in the letter was the aforementioned Valentine Winters , a banker in Dayton , and founder of Winters Bank , whom Anderson and his wife felt a respect for since in 1870 they named a son Valentine Winters Anderson . Colonel Anderson , having failed to attract his former slaves back , sold the land for a pittance to try to get out of debt . Two years later he was dead at the age of 44 . Prior to 2006 , historian Raymond Winbush tracked down the living relatives of the Colonel in Big Spring , reporting that they `` are still angry at Jordan for not coming back , '' knowing that the plantation was in serious disrepair after the war . Death ( edit ) Anderson died in Dayton on April 15 , 1907 of `` exhaustion '' at 81 years old , and is buried in Woodland Cemetery , one of the oldest `` garden '' cemeteries in the United States . Amanda died April 12 , 1913 ; she is buried next to him . Aftermath ( edit ) Newspaper print of Anderson 's letter Dr. Valentine Winters Anderson , Jordan Anderson 's son , was a close friend and collaborator with Paul Laurence Dunbar , a noted African - American author . A character called `` Jeremiah Anderson , '' who is asked by his former master to return to the plantation and who refuses , appears in Dunbar 's short story , `` The Wisdom of Silence . '' Michael Johnson , a historian at Johns Hopkins University , investigated the people and places mentioned in order to verify the document 's authenticity . He found that 1860 slave records named a Colonel P.H. Anderson in the right county , and that some of his slaves , although not referred to by name , matched the sexes and ages of those in the letter . Jordan Anderson , his wife , and children also appear in the 1870 census of Dayton ; they are listed as black and born in Tennessee . Roy E. Finkenbine , a professor at the University of Detroit Mercy , is writing a biography of Anderson . See also ( edit ) List of slaves Full text of the letter Further reading ( edit ) `` Social Media Share a History Lesson '' . PEJ New Media Index . Journalism.org . February 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dalton , Curt . `` Jourdon Anderson , Dayton History Books '' . Dayton History Books Online . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Breed , Allen G. ; Italie , Hillel ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` How did ex-slave's letter to master come to be ? '' . Boston Globe . Associated Press . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Freed slave who penned sarcastic letter to old master after he was asked back to farm pictured for first time '' . Daily Mail . Associated Press . 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Slavery & Abolition in the US '' . deila.dickinson.edu . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Trymaine ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` In Rediscovered Letter From 1865 , Former Slave Tells Old Master to Shove It '' . Huffington Post . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Letter from a Freedman to His Old Master Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jordan Anderson Scan of New York Daily Tribune , August 22 , 1865 Newspaper Article found in Cleveland Daily Leader , August 28 , 1865 Jordan Anderson at Find a Grave Works by Jordan Anderson at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) ( hide ) Slave narratives Slave Narrative Collection Captivity narrative Individuals by continent of enslavement Africa Robert Adams ( c. 1790 -- ? ) Francis Bok ( b . 1979 ) James Leander Cathcart ( 1767 -- 1843 ) Ólafur Egilsson ( 1564 -- 1639 ) Hark Olufs ( 1708 -- 1754 ) Mende Nazer ( b . 1982 ) Thomas Pellow ( 1705 -- ? ) Joseph Pitts ( 1663 -- 1735 ? ) Guðríður Símonardóttir ( 1598 -- 1682 ) Europe Lovisa von Burghausen ( 1698 -- 1733 ) Olaudah Equiano ( c. 1745 Nigeria -- 31 March 1797 Eng ) Ukawsaw Gronniosaw ( c. 1705 Bornu -- 1775 Eng ) Roustam Raza ( 1783 -- 1845 ) Brigitta Scherzenfeldt ( 1684 -- 1736 ) North America : Canada Marie - Joseph Angélique ( c. 1710 Portugal -- 1734 Montreal ) North America : Caribbean Juan Francisco Manzano ( 1797 -- 1854 , Cuba ) Esteban Montejo ( 1860 -- 1965 , Cuba ) Mary Prince Venerable Pierre Toussaint ( 1766 Saint - Dominque -- June 30 , 1853 NY ) Marcos Xiorro ( c. 1819 -- ? ? ? , Puerto Rico ) North America : United States Sam Aleckson Jordan Anderson William J. Anderson Jared Maurice Arter Solomon Bayley Polly Berry Henry Bibb Leonard Black Henry `` Box '' Brown John Brown William Wells Brown Peter Bruner ( 1845 KY -- 1938 OH ) Ellen and William Craft Hannah Crafts Lucinda Davis Noah Davis Lucy Delaney Ayuba Suleiman Diallo Frederick Douglass Kate Drumgoold Jordan Winston Early ( 1814 -- after 1894 ) Sarah Jane Woodson Early David George Moses Grandy William Green ( 19th century MD ) William Grimes Josiah Henson Fountain Hughes ( 1848 / 1854 VA -- 1957 ) John Andrew Jackson Harriet Ann Jacobs John Jea Thomas James ( minister ) Paul Jennings ( 1799 -- 1874 ) Elizabeth Keckley Boston King Lunsford Lane J. Vance Lewis Jermain Wesley Loguen Solomon Northup John Parker ( 1827 VA -- 1900 ) William Parker James Robert Moses Roper Omar ibn Said William Henry Singleton Venture Smith Austin Steward ( 1793 VA -- 1860 ) Venerable Pierre Toussaint ( 1766 Saint - Dominque -- 1853 NY ) Harriet Tubman Wallace Turnage Bethany Veney Booker T. Washington Wallace Willis ( 19th century Indian Territory ) Harriet E. Wilson Zamba Zembola ( b.c. 1780 Congo ) See also Treatment of slaves in the US , Exodus narrative in Antebellum America , Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas South America Osifekunde ( c. 1795 Nigeria -- ? Brazil ) Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua ( 1845 -- 1847 , Brazil ) Non-fiction books The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano ( 1789 ) The Narrative of Robert Adams ( 1816 ) American Slavery as It Is ( 1839 ) Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass , an American Slave ( 1845 ) The Life of Josiah Henson ( 1849 ) Twelve Years a Slave ( 1853 ) My Bondage and My Freedom ( 1855 ) Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl ( 1861 ) The Underground Railroad Records ( 1872 ) Life and Times of Frederick Douglass ( 1881 ) Up from Slavery ( 1901 ) The Peculiar Institution ( 1956 ) The Slave Community ( 1972 ) Fiction / novels Oroonoko ( 1688 ) Sab ( 1841 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) The Heroic Slave ( 1852 ) Clotel ( 1853 ) Dred : A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp ( 1856 ) The Bondwoman 's Narrative ( 1853 ? -- 1861 ? ) Our Nig ( 1859 ) Jubilee ( 1966 ) Confessions of Nat Turner ( 1967 ) Roots : The Saga of an American Family ( 1976 ) Underground to Canada ( 1977 ) Kindred ( 1979 ) Dessa Rose ( 1986 ) Beloved ( 1987 ) Middle Passage ( 1990 ) Queen : The Story of an American Family ( 1993 ) Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons ( 1996 ) Ama : A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade ( 2001 ) Walk Through Darkness ( 2002 ) The Known World ( 2003 ) Unburnable ( 2006 ) Copper Sun ( 2006 ) The Book of Negroes ( 2007 ) The Underground Railroad ( 2016 ) Young adult books Amos Fortune , Free Man ( 1951 ) I , Juan de Pareja ( 1965 ) The Slave - girl from Jerusalem ( 2007 ) Essay To a Southern Slaveholder ( 1848 ) A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1853 ) Plays The Escape ; or , A Leap for Freedom ( 1858 ) The Octoroon ( 1859 ) Related African - American literature Caribbean literature Films featuring slavery Songs of the Underground Railroad Book of Negroes ( 1783 ) Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book ( 1847 ) Slave Songs of the United States ( 1867 ) Amazing Grace : An Anthology of Poems about Slavery ( 2002 ) The Hemingses of Monticello ( 2008 ) Documentaries Unchained Memories ( 2003 ) Frederick Douglass and the White Negro ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Anderson&oldid=825584911 '' Categories : 1825 births 1907 deaths People from Dayton , Ohio People from Wilson County , Tennessee American freedmen African - American men American letter writers Burials at Woodland Cemetery and Arboretum People of the Reconstruction Era Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links Use mdy dates from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Čeština Español Esperanto Русский Suomi Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 06 : 38 . 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-4230573671388461497 | Judges of the International Court of Justice | Judges of the International Court of Justice - wikipedia Judges of the International Court of Justice Jump to : navigation , search The first and second lists are of all the permanent judges of the International Court of Justice , the main judicial organ of the United Nations , first chronologically and then by seat . The third list is a list of judges appointed ad hoc by a party to a proceeding before the Court pursuant to Article 31 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Permanent judges 2 Succession of seats 3 Judges sitting ad hoc 4 See also Permanent judges ( edit ) Judges of the International Court of Justice , as of 22 July 2010 ( sortable ) State Judge Terms start Term end President Vice-President El Salvador El Salvador Guerrero , José Gustavo José Gustavo Guerrero 1946 1958 1946 -- 1949 1949 -- 1955 France France Basdevant , Jules Jules Basdevant 1946 1964 1949 -- 1952 1946 -- 1949 Chile Chile Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez 1946 1955 Mexico Mexico Fabela , Isidro Isidro Fabela 1946 1952 USA United States Hackworth , Green Green Hackworth 1946 1961 1955 -- 1958 Poland Poland Winiarski , Bohdan Bohdan Winiarski 1946 1967 1961 -- 1964 Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Zoricic Milovan Zoričić 1946 1958 Belgium Belgium de Visscher Charles De Visscher 1946 1952 UK United Kingdom McNair , Arnold McNair , 1st Baron Arnold McNair , 1st Baron McNair 1946 1955 1952 -- 1955 Norway Norway Klæstad , Helge Helge Klæstad 1946 1961 1958 -- 1961 Egypt Egypt Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha 1946 1965 1955 -- 1958 USSR Soviet Union Krylov Sergei Krylov 1946 1952 Canada Canada Read John Read 1946 1958 China Republic of China Hsu Hsu Mo 1946 1956 Brazil Brazil Azevedo , Philadelpho Philadelpho Azevedo 1946 1951 Brazil Brazil Carneiro Levi Carneiro ( pt ) 1951 1955 India India Rau , Sir Benegal Narsing Sir Benegal Narsing Rau 1952 1953 Uruguay Uruguay Armand - Ugon Enrique Armand - Ugón ( nl ) 1952 1961 USSR Soviet Union Golunsky Sergei Golunsky ( ru ) 1952 1953 USSR Soviet Union Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov 1953 1961 Pakistan Pakistan Zafarullah Khan , Sir Muhammad Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 1954 1964 1961 1973 1970 -- 1973 1958 -- 1961 UK United Kingdom Lauterpacht , Hersch Hersch Lauterpacht 1955 1960 Argentina Argentina Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana ( nl ) 1955 1964 Mexico Mexico Cordova Roberto Córdova 1955 1964 China Republic of China Koo , Wellington Wellington Koo 1957 1967 1964 -- 1967 Greece Greece Spiropoulos , Jean Jean Spiropoulos 1958 1967 Australia Australia Spender Sir Percy Spender 1958 1967 1964 -- 1967 Panama Panama Alfaro , Ricardo Ricardo Alfaro 1959 1964 1961 -- 1964 UK United Kingdom Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice 1960 1973 USSR Soviet Union Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky ( ru ) 1961 1970 1967 -- 1970 Japan Japan Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka 1961 1970 Peru Peru Bustamante y Rivero , José José Bustamante y Rivero 1961 1970 1967 -- 1970 USA United States Jessup , Philip Philip Jessup 1961 1970 Italy Italy Morelli Gaetano Morelli ( it ) 1961 1970 Mexico Mexico Nervo , Luis Padilla Luis Padilla Nervo 1964 1973 Senegal Senegal Forster Isaac Forster ( nl ) 1964 1982 France France Gros André Gros ( nl ) 1964 1982 Lebanon Lebanon Ammoun Fouad Ammoun ( de ) 1965 1976 1970 -- 1976 Philippines Philippines Bengzon , César César Bengzon 1967 1976 Sweden Sweden Petrén Sture Petrén ( sv ) 1967 1976 Poland Poland Lachs , Manfred Manfred Lachs 1967 1993 1973 -- 1976 Nigeria Nigeria Onyeama Charles Onyeama 1967 1976 USA United States Dillard , Hardy Hardy Dillard 1970 1979 Dahomey Benin Ignacio - Pinto , Louis Louis Ignacio - Pinto 1970 1979 Spain Spain de Castro , Federico Federico de Castro 1970 1979 USSR Soviet Union Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov ( nl ) 1970 1985 Uruguay Uruguay Jiménez de Aréchaga , Eduardo Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga 1970 1979 1976 -- 1979 UK United Kingdom Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock 1973 1981 1979 -- 1981 India India Singh , Nagendra Nagendra Singh 1973 1988 1985 -- 1988 1976 -- 1979 Argentina Argentina Ruda , José José Ruda 1973 1991 1988 -- 1991 West Germany West Germany Mosler Hermann Mosler ( de ) 1976 1985 Nigeria Nigeria Elias , Taslim Taslim Elias 1976 1991 1982 -- 1985 1979 -- 1982 Syria Syria Tarazi Salah Tarazi ( nl ) 1976 1980 Japan Japan Oda , Shigeru Shigeru Oda 1976 2003 1991 -- 1994 Italy Italy Ago , Roberto Roberto Ago 1979 1995 Egypt Egypt El - Erian , Abdullah Abdullah El - Erian 1979 1981 Brazil Brazil Sette - Camara José Sette Câmara Filho ( pt ) 1979 1988 1982 -- 1985 USA United States Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter 1979 1980 Syria Syria El - Khani Abdallah El - Khani ( nl ) 1981 1985 USA United States Schwebel , Stephen Stephen Schwebel 1981 2000 1997 -- 2000 1994 -- 1997 UK United Kingdom Jennings Sir Robert Jennings 1982 1995 1991 -- 1994 France France de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière ( nl ) 1982 1985 -- 1987 Senegal Senegal Mbaye , Kéba Kéba Mbaye 1982 1991 1987 -- 1991 Algeria Algeria Bedjaoui , Mohammed Mohammed Bedjaoui 1982 2001 1994 -- 1997 China China Ni Ni Zhengyu ( zh ) 1985 1994 Norway Norway Evensen , Jens Jens Evensen 1985 1994 USSR / Russia Soviet Union / Russia Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov ( ru ) 1985 1994 France France Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume ( fr ) 2005 2000 -- 2003 Guyana Guyana Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen 1988 1997 India India Pathak , Raghunandan Swarup Raghunandan Swarup Pathak 1991 Venezuela Venezuela Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley ( nl ) 1991 1995 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Weeramantry , Christopher Christopher Weeramantry 1991 2000 1997 -- 2000 Madagascar Madagascar Ranjeva , Raymond Raymond Ranjeva 1991 2009 2003 -- 2006 Nigeria Nigeria Ajibola , Bola Bola Ajibola 1991 1994 Hungary Hungary Herczegh Géza Herczegh ( hu ) 1993 2003 China China Shi Shi Jiuyong 1994 2003 -- 2006 2000 -- 2003 Germany Germany Fleischhauer , Carl - August Carl - August Fleischhauer 1994 2003 Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Koroma , Abdul G. Abdul G. Koroma 1994 2012 Russia Russia Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin ( nl ) 1994 2006 Italy Italy Ferrari Bravo , Luigi Luigi Ferrari Bravo 1995 1997 UK United Kingdom Higgins , Rosalyn Rosalyn Higgins 1995 2009 2006 -- 2009 Venezuela Venezuela Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra - Aranguren 2009 Netherlands Netherlands Kooijmans , Pieter Pieter Kooijmans 1997 2006 Brazil Brazil Rezek , Francisco Francisco Rezek 1997 2006 Jordan Jordan Al - Khasawneh Awn Al - Khasawneh 2000 2011 2006 -- 2009 USA United States Buergenthal , Thomas Thomas Buergenthal 2000 Egypt Egypt El Araby , Nabil Nabil El Araby 2001 2006 Japan Japan Owada , Hisashi Hisashi Owada 2003 2009 -- 2012 Germany Germany Simma , Bruno Bruno Simma 2003 2012 Slovakia Slovakia Tomka , Peter Peter Tomka 2003 2012 -- 2015 2009 -- 2012 France France Abraham , Ronny Ronny Abraham 2005 2014 2015 -- New Zealand New Zealand Sir Kenneth Keith 2006 2015 Mexico Mexico Sepúlveda Amor , Bernardo Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor 2006 2015 2012 -- 2015 Morocco Morocco Bennouna , Mohamed Mohamed Bennouna 2006 2024 Russia Russia Skotnikov , Leonid Leonid Skotnikov 2006 2015 Brazil Brazil Trindade , Antônio Augusto Cançado Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade 2009 2018 Somalia Somalia Yusuf , Abdulqawi Ahmed Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf 2009 2018 2015 -- UK United Kingdom Greenwood Sir Christopher Greenwood 2009 2018 China China Xue Xue Hanqin 2012 USA United States Donoghue , Joan E. Joan E. Donoghue Italy Italy Gaja , Giorgio Giorgio Gaja 2012 Uganda Uganda Sebutinde , Julia Julia Sebutinde 2012 India India Bhandari , Dalveer Dalveer Bhandari 2012 Australia Australia Crawford James Crawford 2015 Russia Russia Gevorgian , Kirill Kirill Gevorgian 2015 Jamaica Jamaica Robinson , Patrick Lipton Patrick Lipton Robinson 2015 Succession of seats ( edit ) The Court comprises 15 seats . When the original fifteen judges were elected in 1946 , they drew lots to determine which five would have 3 - year initial terms , which five would have 6 - year initial terms , and which five would have 9 - year initial terms . From then onwards , all terms have been nine years , with five seats being up for election every three years . The seats are numbered according to the length of the initial term and then in order of seniority of the first judge to hold the seat . There are no formal rules for the allocation of seats , other than that no two may be nationals of the same state . In practice , the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have each had a permanent seat on the Court , except between 1967 and 1985 when there was no Chinese judge . The remaining seats have been informally allocated by regional groups in the same way as the fifteen seats on the Security Council . Since 1970 , the conventional allocation is three seats to Asia Pacific , three seats to Africa , two seats to Latin America and the Caribbean , two seats to Eastern Europe and five seats to Western Europe and Others . Seat 1 ( Asia ) Initial term of nine years Guerrero , José Gustavo José Gustavo Guerrero El Salvador El Salvador 1946 -- 1958 Alfaro , Ricardo Ricardo Alfaro Panama Panama 1959 - 1964 Zafarullah Khan , Muhammad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Pakistan 1964 - 1973 Singh , Nagendra Nagendra Singh India India 1973 - 1988 Pathak , Raghunandan Raghunandan Pathak India India 1989 - 1991 Weeramantry , Christopher Christopher Weeramantry Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 1991 - 2000 Al - Khasawneh Awn Al - Khasawneh Jordan Jordan 2000 - 2011 Bhandari , Dalveer Dalveer Bhandari India India 2012 - Seat 2 ( WE&O ) Initial term of nine years Basdevant , Jules Jules Basdevant France France 1946 - 1964 Gros André Gros ( nl ) France France 1964 - 1982 de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière ( nl ) France France 1982 - 1987 Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume ( fr ) France France 1987 - 2005 Abraham , Ronny Ronny Abraham France France 2005 - Seat 3 ( Africa ) Initial term of nine years Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez Chile Chile 1946 - 1955 Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana ( nl ) Argentina Argentina 1955 - 1964 Forster Isaac Forster ( nl ) Senegal Senegal 1964 - 1982 Mbaye , Kéba Kéba Mbaye Senegal Senegal 1982 - 1991 Ranjeva , Raymond Raymond Ranjeva Madagascar Madagascar 1991 - 2009 Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Somalia Somalia 2009 - Seat 4 ( WE&O ) Initial term of nine years McNair , Arnold McNair , 1st Baron Arnold McNair , 1st Baron McNair UK UK 1946 - 1955 Lauterpacht , Hersch Hersch Lauterpacht UK UK 1955 - 1960 Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice UK UK 1960 - 1973 Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock UK UK 1973 - 1981 Jennings Sir Robert Jennings UK UK 1981 - 1995 Higgins , Rosalyn Rosalyn Higgins UK UK 1995 - 2009 Sir Christopher Greenwood Christopher Greenwood UK UK 2009 - Seat 5 ( LA&C ) Initial term of nine years Azevedo , Philadelpho Philadelpho Azevedo Brazil Brazil 1946 - 1951 Carneiro Levi Carneiro ( pt ) Brazil Brazil 1951 - 1955 Cordova Roberto Córdova Mexico Mexico 1955 - 1964 Nervo , Luis Padilla Luis Padilla Nervo Mexico Mexico 1964 - 1973 Ruda , José José Ruda Argentina Argentina 1973 - 1991 Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley ( nl ) Venezuela Venezuela 1991 - 1995 Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra - Aranguren Venezuela Venezuela 1996 - 2009 Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Brazil Brazil 2009 - Seat 6 ( LA&C ) Initial term of six years Fabela , Isidro Isidro Fabela Mexico Mexico 1946 - 1952 Armand - Ugon Enrique Armand - Ugón ( nl ) Uruguay Uruguay 1952 - 1961 Bustamante y Rivero , José José Bustamante y Rivero Peru Peru 1961 - 1970 Jiménez de Aréchaga , Eduardo Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga Uruguay Uruguay 1970 - 1979 Sette - Camara José Sette Câmara Filho ( pt ) Brazil Brazil 1979 - 1988 Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen Guyana Guyana 1988 - 1997 Rezek , Francisco Francisco Rezek Brazil Brazil 1997 - 2006 Sepúlveda Amor , Bernardo Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor Mexico Mexico 2006 - 2015 Robinson , Patrick Lipton Patrick Lipton Robinson Jamaica Jamaica 2015 - Seat 7 ( WE&O ) Initial term of six years Hackworth , Green Green Hackworth USA USA 1946 - 1961 Jessup , Philip Philip Jessup USA USA 1961 - 1970 Dillard , Hardy Hardy Dillard USA USA 1970 - 1979 Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter USA USA 1979 - 1980 Schwebel , Stephen Stephen Schwebel USA USA 1981 - 2000 Buergenthal , Thomas Thomas Buergenthal USA USA 2000 - 2010 Joan E. Donoghue Joan E. Donoghue USA USA 2010 - Seat 8 ( Africa ) Initial term of six years de Visscher Charles De Visscher Belgium Belgium 1946 - 1952 Rau , Benegal Narsing Benegal Narsing Rau India India 1952 - 1953 Zafarullah Khan , Muhammad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Pakistan 1954 - 1961 Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka Japan Japan 1961 - 1970 Ignacio - Pinto , Louis Louis Ignacio - Pinto Dahomey Benin 1970 - 1979 El - Erian , Abdullah Abdullah El - Erian Egypt Egypt 1979 - 1981 Bedjaoui , Mohammed Mohammed Bedjaoui Algeria Algeria 1982 - 2001 El Araby , Nabil Nabil El Araby Egypt Egypt 2001 - 2006 Bennouna , Mohamed Mohamed Bennouna Morocco Morocco 2006 - Seat 9 ( WE&O ) Initial term of six years Klæstad , Helge Helge Klæstad Norway Norway 1946 - 1961 Morelli Gaetano Morelli ( it ) Italy Italy 1961 - 1970 de Castro , Federico Federico de Castro Spain Spain 1970 - 1979 Ago , Roberto Roberto Ago Italy Italy 1979 - 1995 Ferrari Bravo , Luigi Luigi Ferrari Bravo Italy Italy 1995 - 1997 Kooijmans , Pieter Pieter Kooijmans Netherlands Netherlands 1997 - 2006 Keith Sir Kenneth Keith New Zealand New Zealand 2006 - 2015 Crawford James Crawford Australia Australia 2015 - Seat 10 ( Eastern Europe ) Initial term of six years Krylov Sergei Krylov USSR USSR 1946 - 1952 Golunsky Sergei Golunsky ( ru ) USSR USSR 1952 - 1953 Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov USSR USSR 1953 - 1961 Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky ( ru ) USSR USSR 1961 - 1970 Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov ( nl ) USSR USSR 1970 - 1985 Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov ( ru ) USSR / Russia USSR / Russia 1985 - 1994 Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin ( nl ) Russia Russia 1994 - 2006 Skotnikov , Leonid Leonid Skotnikov Russia Russia 2006 - 2015 Gevorgian , Kirill Kirill Gevorgian Russia Russia 2015 - Seat 11 ( Eastern Europe ) Initial term of three years Winiarski , Bohdan Bohdan Winiarski Poland Poland 1946 - 1967 Lachs , Manfred Manfred Lachs Poland Poland 1967 - 1993 Herczegh Géza Herczegh ( hu ) Hungary Hungary 1993 - 2003 Tomka , Peter Peter Tomka Slovakia Slovakia 2003 - Seat 12 ( WE&O ) Initial term of three years Zoricic Milovan Zoričić Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 1946 - 1958 Spiropoulos , Jean Jean Spiropoulos Greece Greece 1958 - 1967 Petrén Sture Petrén ( sv ) Sweden Sweden 1967 - 1976 Mosler Hermann Mosler ( de ) West Germany West Germany 1976 - 1985 Evensen , Jens Jens Evensen Norway Norway 1985 - 1994 Fleischhauer , Carl - August Carl - August Fleischhauer Germany Germany 1994 - 2003 Simma , Bruno Bruno Simma Germany Germany 2003 - 2012 Gaja , Giorgio Giorgio Gaja Italy Italy 2012 - Seat 13 ( Asia ) Initial term of three years Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha Egypt Egypt 1946 - 1965 Ammoun Fouad Ammoun ( de ) Lebanon Lebanon 1965 - 1976 Tarazi Salah Tarazi ( nl ) Syria Syria 1976 - 1980 El - Khani Abdallah El - Khani ( nl ) Syria Syria 1981 - 1985 Ni Ni Zhengyu ( zh ) China China 1985 - 1994 Shi Shi Jiuyong China China 1994 - 2010 Xue Hanqin Xue Hanqin China China 2010 - Seat 14 ( Africa ) Initial term of three years Read John Read Canada Canada 1946 - 1958 Spender , Percy Percy Spender Australia Australia 1958 - 1967 Onyeama Charles Onyeama Nigeria Nigeria 1967 - 1976 Elias , Taslim Taslim Elias Nigeria Nigeria 1976 - 1991 Ajibola , Bola Bola Ajibola Nigeria Nigeria 1991 - 1994 Koroma , Abdul G. Abdul G. Koroma Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 1994 - 2012 Sebutinde , Julia Julia Sebutinde Uganda Uganda 2012 - Seat 15 ( Asia ) Initial term of three years Hsu Hsu Mo China China 1946 - 1956 Koo , Wellington Wellington Koo China China 1957 - 1967 Bengzon , César César Bengzon Philippines Philippines 1967 - 1976 Oda , Shigeru Shigeru Oda Japan Japan 1976 - 2003 Owada , Hisashi Hisashi Owada Japan Japan 2003 - Judges sitting ad hoc ( edit ) Judges sitting ad hoc on the International Court of Justice , as of 22 July 2010 ( sortable ) Judge Nationality Appointing State Case ( s ) including parties years and of initiation to deposition Georges Abi - Saab Egypt Mali Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Republic of Mali ) 1983 -- 1986 Adetobunboh Ademola Nigeria Ethiopia South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Liberia South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Mohsen Aghahosseini Iran Iran Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 ( Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America ) 1989 -- 1996 Roberto Ago Italy Honduras Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 ( Honduras v. Nicaragua ) 1958 -- 1960 Bola Ajibola Nigeria Nigeria Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria : Equatorial Guinea intervening ) 1996 -- 2002 Nigeria Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria ) , Preliminary Objections ( Nigeria v. Cameroon ) 1998 -- 1999 Luis Alayza y Paz Soldán Peru Peru Asylum ( Colombia / Peru ) 1949 -- 1950 Peru Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 Peru Haya de la Torre ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 -- 1951 Awn Shawkat Al - Khasawneh Jordan Nicaragua Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2014 -- present Louise Arbour Canada Chile Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean ( Bolivia v. Chile ) 2014 -- present Enrique Armand - Ugón Uruguay Spain Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) ( New Application : 1962 ) 1962 -- 1970 Antonio de Arruda Ferrer - Correia Portugal Portugal East Timor ( Portugal v. Australia ) 1991 -- 1995 Garfield Barwick Australia Australia Nuclear Tests ( Australia v. France ) 1973 -- 1974 New Zealand Nuclear Tests ( New Zealand v. France ) 1973 -- 1974 Suzanne Bastid France Tunisia Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) ( Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1984 -- 1985 Philémon Beb à Don Cameroon Cameroon Northern Cameroons ( Cameroon v. United Kingdom ) 1961 -- 1963 Mohammed Bedjaoui Algeria Guinea Ahmadou Sadio Diallo ( Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo ) 1998 -- 2012 Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2001 -- 2012 Niger Frontier Dispute ( Benin / Niger ) 2002 -- 2005 Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament ( Marshall Islands v. India ) 2014 -- present Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament ( Marshall Islands v. Pakistan ) 2014 -- present Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament ( Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom ) 2014 -- present Mohamed Bennouna Morocco Benin Frontier Dispute ( Benin / Niger ) 2002 -- 2005 Franklin Berman United Kingdom Liechtenstein Certain Property ( Liechtenstein v. Germany ) 2001 -- 2005 Alphonse Boni Ivory Coast Morocco Western Sahara 1974 -- 1975 Bengt Broms Finland Finland Passage through the Great Belt ( Finland v. Denmark ) 1991 -- 1992 Charles Brower United States Colombia Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2013 -- present Ian Brownlie United Kingdom Liechtenstein Certain Property ( Liechtenstein v. Germany ) 2001 -- 2005 Andreas Bucher Switzerland Switzerland Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters ( Belgium v. Switzerland ) 2009 -- 2011 Sayeman Bula - Bula Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium ) 2000 -- 2002 José Joaquin Caicedo Castilla Colombia Colombia Asylum ( Colombia / Peru ) 1949 -- 1950 Colombia Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 Colombia Haya de la Torre ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 -- 1951 Ian Callinan Australia Australia Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data ( Timor - Leste v. Australia ) 2013 -- 2015 Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Brazil Costa Rica Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2005 -- 2009 Jean - Yves de Cara France Republic of the Congo Certain Criminal Proceedings in France ( Republic of the Congo v. France ) 2003 -- 2010 Paul Carry Switzerland Switzerland Interhandel ( Switzerland v. United States of America ) 1957 -- 1959 Jorge Castañeda Mexico Malta Continental Shelf ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Malta ) 1982 -- 1985 Federico de Castro Spain Spain Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) 1958 -- 1961 Mohamed Ali Currim Chagla India India Right of Passage over Indian Territory ( Portugal v. India ) 1955 -- 1960 Hilary Charlesworth Australia Australia Whaling in the Antarctic ( Australia v. Japan : New Zealand intervening ) 2010 -- 2014 Joseph Chesson Liberia Ethiopia South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Liberia South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Maxwell Cohen Canada Canada Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area ( Canada / United States of America ) 1981 -- 1984 Claude - Albert Colliard France Nicaragua Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua ( Nicaragua v. United States of America ) 1984 -- 1986 Jean - Pierre Cot France Colombia Territorial and Maritime Dispute ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2001 -- 2012 Romania Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea ( Romania v. Ukraine ) 2004 -- 2009 Colombia Aerial Herbicide Spraying ( Ecuador v. Colombia ) 2008 -- 2013 Thailand Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear ( Cambodia v. Thailand ) ( Cambodia v. Thailand ) 2011 -- present Timor - Leste Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data ( Timor - Leste v. Australia ) 2013 -- 2015 Yves Daudet France Burkina Faso Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Niger ) 2010 -- 2013 Bolivia Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean ( Bolivia v. Chile ) 2014 -- present Nicaragua Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2013 -- present Igor Daxner Czechoslovakia Albania Corfu Channel ( United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania ) 1947 -- 1949 Vojin Dimitrijević Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia ) , Preliminary Objections ( Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina ) 2001 -- 2003 Christopher Dugard South Africa Rwanda Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 1999 -- 2001 Rwanda Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( New Application : 2002 ) ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 2002 -- 2006 Malaysia Sovereignty over Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh , Middle Rocks and South Ledge ( Malaysia / Singapore ) 2003 -- 2008 Nicaragua Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2010 -- present Nicaragua Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River ( Nicaragua v. Costa Rica ) 2011 -- present Patrick Ferdinand Duinslaeger Belgium Belgium Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium ) 1999 -- 2004 Bohuslav Ečer Czechoslovakia Albania Corfu Channel ( United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania ) 1947 -- 1949 Ahmed Sadek El - Kosheri Egypt Libya Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America ) 1992 -- 2003 Jens Evensen Norway Tunisia Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1978 -- 1982 Manuel Fernandes Portugal Portugal Right of Passage over Indian Territory ( Portugal v. India ) 1955 -- 1960 Paul - Henning Fischer Denmark Denmark Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen ( Denmark v. Norway ) 1988 -- 1993 Denmark Passage through the Great Belt ( Finland v. Denmark ) 1991 -- 1992 Carl - August Fleischhauer Germany Germany Certain Property ( Liechtenstein v. Germany ) 2001 -- 2005 Yves Fortier Canada Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 Thomas Franck United States Indonesia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan ( Indonesia / Malaysia ) 1998 -- 2002 Giorgio Gaja Italy Italy Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy ) 1999 -- 2004 Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea ( Nicaragua v. Honduras ) 1997 -- 2007 Italy Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy : Greece intervening ) 2008 -- 2012 Walter Ganshof van der Meersch Belgium Belgium Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) 1958 -- 1961 Belgium Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) ( New Application : 1962 ) 1962 -- 1970 Carlos Garcia Bauer Guatemala Guatemala Nottebohm ( Liechtenstein v. Guatemala ) 1951 -- 1955 David Goitein Israel Israel Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 ( Israel v. Bulgaria ) 1957 -- 1959 Julio Diego Gonzáles Campos Spain Honduras Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea ( Nicaragua v. Honduras ) 1999 -- 2007 Paul Guggenheim Switzerland Liechtenstein Nottebohm ( Liechtenstein v. Guatemala ) 1951 -- 1955 Gilbert Guillaume France France Certain Criminal Proceedings in France ( Republic of the Congo v. France ) 2003 -- 2010 Nicaragua Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2005 -- 2009 France Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters ( Djibouti v. France ) 2006 -- 2008 Peru Maritime Dispute ( Peru v. Chile ) 2008 -- 2014 Nicaragua Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2010 -- present Cambodia Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear ( Cambodia v. Thailand ) ( Cambodia v. Thailand ) 2011 -- present Nicaragua Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River ( Nicaragua v. Costa Rica ) 2011 -- present Sead Hodžić Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia ) , Preliminary Objections ( Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina ) 2001 -- 2003 Robert Yewdall Jennings United Kingdom United Kingdom Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom ) 1992 -- 2003 Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga Uruguay Libya Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1978 -- 1982 Libya Continental Shelf ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Malta ) 1982 -- 1985 Libya Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) ( Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1984 -- 1985 Philippe Kirsch Belgium Belgium Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite ( Belgium v. Senegal ) 2009 -- 2012 Milenko Kreća Serbia and Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. France ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Germany ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Netherlands ) 1999 -- 2004 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Portugal ) 1999 -- 2004 FR Yugoslavia Legality of Use of Force ( Yugoslavia v. Spain ) 1999 Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. United Kingdom ) 1999 -- 2004 FR Yugoslavia Legality of Use of Force ( Yugoslavia v. United States of America ) 1999 Serbia Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Croatia v. Serbia ) 1999 -- 2015 Marc Lalonde Canada Canada Fisheries Jurisdiction ( Spain v. Canada ) 1995 -- 1998 Canada Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada ) 1999 -- 2004 Elihu Lauterpacht United Kingdom Bosnia and Herzegovina Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro ) 1993 -- 2007 François Luchaire France Burkina Faso Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Republic of Mali ) 1983 -- 1986 Ahmed Mahiou Algeria Bosnia and Herzegovina Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro ) 1993 -- 2007 Guinea Ahmadou Sadio Diallo ( Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo ) 1998 -- 2012 Bosnia and Herzegovina Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia ) , Preliminary Objections ( Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina ) 2001 -- 2003 Niger Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Niger ) 2010 -- 2013 Auguste Mampuya Kanunka Tshiabo Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Ahmadou Sadio Diallo ( Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo ) 1998 -- 2012 Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( New Application : 2002 ) ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 2002 -- 2006 Jean - Pierre Mavungu Mvubidi - Ngom Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 1999 -- 2001 Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( New Application : 2002 ) ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 2002 -- 2006 Louis Mbanefo Nigeria Ethiopia South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Liberia South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Kéba Mbaye Senegal Senegal Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 ( Guinea - Bissau v. Senegal ) 1989 -- 1991 Cameroon Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria : Equatorial Guinea intervening ) 1996 -- 2002 Cameroon Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria ) , Preliminary Objections ( Nigeria v. Cameroon ) 1998 -- 1999 Thomas Mensah Ghana Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2001 -- 2012 Gaetano Morelli Italy Italy Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 ( Italy v. France , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America ) 1953 -- 1954 Hermann Mosler West Germany West Germany North Sea Continental Shelf ( Federal Republic of Germany / Netherlands ) 1967 -- 1969 Nagendra Singh India India Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council ( India v. Pakistan ) 1971 -- 1972 Johannes Offerhaus Netherlands Netherlands Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants ( Netherlands v. Sweden ) 1957 -- 1958 Francisco Orrego Vicuña Chile Chile Maritime Dispute ( Peru v. Chile ) 2008 -- 2014 Bernard Oxman United States Ukraine Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea ( Romania v. Ukraine ) 2004 -- 2009 Geoffrey Palmer New Zealand New Zealand Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court 's Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests ( New Zealand v. France ) Case 1995 Felipe Paolillo Uruguay El Salvador Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land , Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute ( El Salvador / Honduras : Nicaragua intervening ) ( El Salvador v. Honduras ) 2002 -- 2003 Syed Sharif Uddin Pirzada Pakistan Pakistan Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 ( Pakistan v. India ) 1999 -- 2000 Fausto Pocar Italy Belgium Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters ( Belgium v. Switzerland ) 2009 -- 2011 Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao India Singapore Sovereignty over Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh , Middle Rocks and South Ledge ( Malaysia / Singapore ) 2003 -- 2008 B.P. Jeevan Reddy India India Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 ( Pakistan v. India ) 1999 -- 2000 François Rigaux Belgium Iran Oil Platforms ( Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America ) 1992 -- 2003 Willem Riphagen Netherlands Belgium Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) ( New Application : 1962 ) 1962 -- 1970 Emmanuel Roucounas Greece Greece Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 ( the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece ) 2008 -- 2011 José María Ruda Argentina Qatar Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 Jean Salmon Belgium Burundi Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi ) 1999 -- 2001 Karim Sandjabi Iran Iran Anglo - Iranian Oil Co . ( United Kingdom v. Iran ) 1951 -- 1952 Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor Mexico Mexico Avena and Other Mexican Nationals ( Mexico v. United States ) 2003 -- 2004 José Sette - Camara Brazil Libya Territorial Dispute ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Chad ) 1990 -- 1994 Mohamed Shahabuddeen Guyana Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 Indonesia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan ( Indonesia / Malaysia ) 1998 -- 2002 Bruno Simma Germany Costa Rica Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2014 -- present Leonid Skotnikov Russia Nicaragua Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2013 -- present Krysztof Skubiszewski Poland Portugal East Timor ( Portugal v. Australia ) 1991 -- 1995 Slovakia Gabčíkovo - Nagymaros Project ( Hungary / Slovakia ) 1997 -- present Max Sørensen Denmark Netherlands North Sea Continental Shelf ( Federal Republic of Germany / Netherlands ) ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Denmark North Sea Continental Shelf ( Federal Republic of Germany / Denmark ) ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Jean Spiropoulos Greece Greece Ambatielos ( Greece v. United Kingdom ) 1951 -- 1953 Michel Stassinopoulos Greece Greece Aegean Sea Continental Shelf ( Greece v. Turkey ) 1976 -- 1978 Ninian Stephen Australia Australia East Timor ( Portugal v. Australia ) 1991 -- 1995 Fredrik Julius Christian Sterzel Sweden Sweden Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants ( Netherlands v. Sweden ) 1957 -- 1958 Serge Sur France Senegal Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite ( Belgium v. Senegal ) 2009 -- 2012 Hubert Thierry France Guinea - Bissau Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 ( Guinea - Bissau v. Senegal ) 1989 -- 1991 Santiago Torres Bernárdez Spain Honduras Land , Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute ( El Salvador / Honduras : Nicaragua intervening ) 1986 -- 1992 Qatar Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 Spain Fisheries Jurisdiction ( Spain v. Canada ) 1995 -- 1998 Spain Legality of Use of Force ( Yugoslavia v. Spain ) 1999 Honduras Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea ( Nicaragua v. Honduras ) 1999 -- 2007 Honduras Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land , Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute ( El Salvador / Honduras : Nicaragua intervening ) ( El Salvador v. Honduras ) 2002 -- 2003 Uruguay Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay ( Argentina v. Uruguay ) 2006 -- 2010 Francisco Urrutia Holguin Colombia Nicaragua Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 ( Honduras v. Nicaragua ) 1958 -- 1960 Nicolas Valticos Greece Malta Continental Shelf ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Malta ) 1982 -- 1985 El Salvador Land , Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute ( El Salvador / Honduras : Nicaragua intervening ) 1986 -- 1992 Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 Joe Verhoeven Belgium Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi ) 1999 -- 2001 Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda ) 1999 -- present Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 1999 -- 2001 Raúl Emilio Vinuesa Argentina Argentina Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay ( Argentina v. Uruguay ) 2006 -- 2010 Ecuador Aerial Herbicide Spraying ( Ecuador v. Colombia ) 2008 -- 2013 Michel Virally France Honduras Land , Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute ( El Salvador / Honduras : Nicaragua intervening ) 1986 -- 1992 Budislav Vukas Croatia Croatia Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Croatia v. Serbia ) 1999 -- 2015 Macedonia Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 ( the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece ) 2008 -- 2011 Christopher Gregory Weeramantry Sri Lanka Malaysia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan ( Indonesia / Malaysia ) 1998 -- 2002 J.T. van Wyk South Africa South Africa South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 South Africa South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Chris van den Wyngaert Belgium Belgium Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium ) 2000 -- 2002 Mohamed Yaqub Ali Khan Pakistan Ethiopia South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Liberia South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Pakistan Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War ( Pakistan v. India ) 1973 Abdulqawi Yusuf Somalia Djibouti Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters ( Djibouti v. France ) 2006 -- 2008 Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Ethiopia South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Liberia South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 Pakistan Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War ( Pakistan v. India ) 1973 Jaroslav Žourek Czechoslovakia Bulgaria Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 ( Israel v. Bulgaria ) 1957 -- 1959 Bulgaria Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 ( United States of America v. Bulgaria ) 1957 -- 1960 All Judges ad hoc : http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&p2=5&p3=2&lang=en See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judges of the International Court of Justice . List of International Court of Justice cases Category : International Court of Justice judges Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judges_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice&oldid=796147417 '' Categories : Lists of legal professionals International Court of Justice Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Interlanguage link template link number Interlanguage link template existing link Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français हिन्दी Nederlands Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 20 : 22 . About Wikipedia | indian chief justice of international court of justice | [
"\nIndia India\nSingh, NagendraNagendra Singh\n1973\n1988\n1985–1988\n1976–1979\n"
] | [
"Nagendra Singh"
] |
-6357173402245886124 | President of the Senate | President of the Senate - wikipedia President of the Senate Jump to : navigation , search The President of the Senate is a title often given to the presiding officer of a senate , and is the speaker of other assemblies . The senate president often ranks high in a jurisdiction 's succession for its top executive office : for example , the President of the Senate of Nigeria is second in line for succession to the presidency , after only the Vice President of the Federal Republic , while in France , which has no vice president , the Senate President is first in line to succeed to the Presidential powers and duties . Contents ( hide ) 1 Argentina 2 Australia 3 Barbados 4 Belgium 5 Belize 6 Brazil 7 Burundi 8 Cambodia 9 Canada 10 Chile 11 Colombia 12 Fiji 13 Danzig 14 France 15 Germany 16 Italy 17 Liberia 18 Malaysia 19 Mexico 20 Nigeria 21 Peru 22 Philippines 23 Poland 24 Puerto Rico 25 Romania 26 South Africa 27 Spain 28 Sri Lanka 29 Trinidad and Tobago 30 United States 30.1 U.S. state senates 31 Uruguay 32 See also 33 References Argentina ( edit ) The Argentine Senate is presided over by the Vice-President of the Republic , currently Gabriela Michetti . This was a recent expansion of the Vice-President's powers introduced as part of the 1994 constitutional amendments ( Constitution , Art . 57 ) . The Vice-President may only cast a vote to break a tied Senate vote . Australia ( edit ) Main article : President of the Australian Senate The President of the Australian Senate is a senator , traditionally a member of the governing party or coalition , elected by the Senate at the beginning of each parliament as the first item of business . They are assisted by a Deputy President who is traditionally a member of the largest opposition party . The current president is Scott Ryan , a Liberal senator from Victoria , who has held the office since 13 November 2017 . Barbados ( edit ) Main article : List of Presidents of the Senate of Barbados At the start of every parliamentary session , the Senate of Barbados elects a President and a Vice President , neither of whom may be ministers or parliamentary secretaries . Prior to the January 2008 general election , the positions were held by Sir Fred Gollop and Dame Patricia Symmonds . Belgium ( edit ) Main article : Belgian Senate § Officers See also : List of Presidents of the Belgian Senate The presiding officer of the Belgian Senate is elected by the senators at the beginning of each parliamentary term . The President of the Senate is customarily a member of a majority party with a great deal of political experience . The president presides over the plenary assembly of the Senate , guides and controls debates in the assembly , is responsible for ensuring the democratic functioning of the Senate , maintains order and security in the assembly and for enforcing the Rules of the Senate , and represents the Senate at both the national ( to the other institutions ) and the international level . The President of the Senate , together with the President of the Chamber of Representatives , ranks immediately behind the King in the order of precedence . The elder of the two takes the second place in the order of precedence . The Presidents of the Senate and the Chamber rank above the Prime Minister . Belize ( edit ) The Senate of Belize elects both a president and a vice-president upon first convening after a general election . The person elected president may be a senator ( provided he / she does not concurrently hold a ministerial position ) or a person external to the Senate . The vice-president must be a member of the Senate who does not hold a ministerial portfolio . ( Constitution , section 66 . ) The current President is Andrea Gill , with Juliet Thimbriel as Vice-President . Brazil ( edit ) Main article : President of the Federal Senate ( Brazil ) The current President of Brazil 's Federal Senate is Eunício Oliveira . The President of the Federal Senate is the third in order to succeed the president ( only below the Vice President and the President of the Chamber of Deputies ) . It is also the president of the National Congress , which includes the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies . Burundi ( edit ) The President of the Senate of Burundi , since 17 August 2005 , is Molly Beamer of the CNDD - FDD . The president is assisted in his work by two vice-presidents . Cambodia ( edit ) The Senate of Cambodia is led by a 12 - person permanent commission ( bureau ) , which is in turn chaired by the President of the Senate , currently Say Chhum . He is assisted by a First and a Second Vice-President . The President and Vice-Presidents are elected as the first item of business at the start of every legislative session . Canada ( edit ) While the Speaker of the Canadian Senate , who serves as the presiding officer of the Senate of Canada , is not described as a `` president '' in English , the position is called Président du Sénat in French . He is appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister . Chile ( edit ) Main article : President of the Senate of Chile The President of the Senate of Chile is elected from among the country 's senators . The current holder of the position , since March 2010 , is Jorge Pizarro . Colombia ( edit ) The President of the Senate -- Javier Cáceres Leal for the 2009 -- 10 period -- also serves as the President of the Congress of Colombia . Fiji ( edit ) The members of the former Senate of Fiji ( abolished in 2012 ) used to elect from among their number both a President and Vice-President , whose roles were similar to those of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives , respectively . The last persons to hold those positions were Kinijoji Maivalili ( President ) and Hafiz Khan ( Vice-President ) . The military coup of 5 December 2006 brought their terms to a premature end . Danzig ( edit ) In the Free City of Danzig ( 1920 -- 1939 / 1945 ) , the Senate ( or Senat in German ) was the executive branch , with Senators ( Senatoren ) being the holders of ministerial portfolios . In Danzig the President of the Senate ( Präsident des Senats ) was an office equivalent to that of prime minister in other countries . France ( edit ) The Senate of France elects a president from among its own number . The President of the French Senate stands first in line of succession in case of death or resignation of the President of the Republic , becoming acting president until a presidential election can be held . This most recently occurred with Alain Poher , who was senate president from 1968 to 1992 and who served as interim president on two occasions : following Charles de Gaulle 's resignation in 1969 , and following Georges Pompidou 's death in office in 1974 . Since 2014 , the position has been held by Gérard Larcher of the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) . Germany ( edit ) In the German states of Bremen ( Senate of Bremen ) and Hamburg ( Senate of Hamburg ) , the Senates ( or Senate in German ) are the executive branch , with Senators ( Senatoren ) being the holders of ministerial portfolios . In these Länder , the President of the Senate ( Präsident des Senats ) is an office equivalent to that of minister - president in other German Länder . Italy ( edit ) The Senate of Italy holds its first sitting no later than 20 days after a general election . That session , presided by the oldest senator , proceeds to elect the President of the Senate for the following parliamentary period . On the first two attempts at voting , an absolute majority ( a majority of all senators ) is needed ; if a third round is needed , a candidate can be elected by a majority of the senators present and voting . If this third round fails to produce a winner , a final ballot is held between the two senators with the highest votes in the previous ballot . In the case of a tie , the elder senator is deemed the winner . In addition to overseeing the business of the chamber , chairing and regulating debates , deciding whether motions and bills are admissible , representing the Senate , etc. , the President of the Senate stands in for the President of the Republic when s / he is unable to perform his / her duties . The current President of the Senate is Pietro Grasso . For a historical listing , see : List of Presidents of the Senate of Italy . Liberia ( edit ) While the Vice President of Liberia serves as President of the Senate , the senators also elect from among their number a President pro tempore to lead the chamber 's day - to - day business . Malaysia ( edit ) Main article : President of the Senate of Malaysia The Senate of Malaysia elects a president from its members , who is comparable to the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The position is partisan and has usually been held by a member of the Government party . Mexico ( edit ) The Senate of Mexico , at the beginning of each annual legislative session , elects an Executive Board ( Mesa Directiva ) from among its 128 members . The Executive Board comprises a president , three vice-presidents , and four secretaries , elected by an absolute majority of the Senators . Members of the Executive Board may be re-elected for the following year without restriction . The President of the Executive Board also serves as the President of the Senate . The President of the Senate for the 2015 -- 16 period of sessions is Roberto Gil Zuarth , a National Action Party ( PAN ) senator for Chiapas . Nigeria ( edit ) Main article : President of the Nigerian Senate The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate of Nigeria , elected by its membership . The current President of the Senate is Dr. Bukola Saraki , who represents Kwara State for the APC . Peru ( edit ) Main article : Congress of the Republic of Peru Peru had a bicameral Congress from 1829 until 1992 . The President of the Senate was elected by the Senate members to preside over the sessions for one year . Philippines ( edit ) See President of the Senate of the Philippines Poland ( edit ) See Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland Puerto Rico ( edit ) See : Senate of Puerto Rico # Presidents of the Puerto Rico Senate Romania ( edit ) Main article : President of the Senate of Romania The first session of the Senate is headed by the eldest senator . In that session the senators elect the Standing Bureau of the Romanian Senate . It consists of the President of the Senate , four vice-presidents , four secretaries , and four quaestors . The President of the Standing Bureau also serves as the President of the Senate . The President is elected , by secret ballot , for the duration of the legislative period . The Senate president succeeds temporarily the President of Romania if the latter resigns , is suspended , incapacitated or dies in office . ( He / she continues to be President of the Senate during the ad - interim presidency of the country . He / she acts as President until a new president is elected ) . South Africa ( edit ) The Senate of South Africa was the upper house of Parliament between 1910 and 1981 , and between 1994 and 1997 . During both periods , the Senate was led by a President . For a listing , see : Senate of South Africa # Presidents of the Senate of South Africa ( 1910 - 1980 ) and ( 1994 - 1997 ) Spain ( edit ) Main article : President of the Spanish Senate Sri lanka ( edit ) Main article : President of the Senate of Ceylon The Senate of Ceylon was the upper house of Parliament between 1947 and 1971 . During this periods , the Senate was led by a President . Trinidad and Tobago ( edit ) Main article : President of the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago The President of the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago , who is generally elected from the government benches , chairs debates in the chamber and stands in for the country 's president during periods of absence or illness ( Constitution , section 27 ) . A Vice-President of the Senate is also elected from among the senators . The current President of the Senate is Christine Kangaloo . United states ( edit ) The Vice President of the United States is assigned the responsibility of presiding over the Senate and designated as its president by the United States Constitution . The vice president , as President of the Senate , has the authority ( ex officio , for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate ) to cast a tie - breaking vote . Other than this , the rules of the Senate grant its president very little power ( in contrast to the powerful office of Speaker of the House of Representatives ) . While vice presidents used to regularly preside over the Senate , modern vice presidents have done so only rarely , usually only when swearing in new senators , during joint sessions , announcing the result of a vote on a significant bill or confirmation , or when casting a tie - breaking vote . The Senate chooses a president pro tempore to preside in the vice president 's absence . Modern presidents pro tempore , too , rarely preside over the Senate . In practice , the junior senators of the majority party typically preside in order to learn Senate procedure . Vice presidents have cast 261 tie - breaking votes since the U.S. federal government was established in 1789 . The vice president with the most tie breaking votes is John Adams ( served 1789 -- 1797 ) with 29 . The current Vice President Mike Pence , in office since January 2017 , has made six tie - breaking votes . U.S. state Senates ( edit ) In state governments of the United States , the presiding officer of the state senate ( the upper house ) is a matter decided by the state 's constitution . Some states designate the lieutenant governor as president of the senate , while in other states , the Senate elects its own president . The Tennessee Senate elects a senator Speaker of the Senate , who is given the title of Lieutenant Governor . Similarly , New Hampshire has no lieutenant governor , but the state senate elects a president who is the de facto lieutenant governor , given that in the event of the governor 's death , resignation , or inability to serve , the president of the senate acts as governor until the vacancy is filled . New Jersey previously used the same system , but with the important proviso that the Senate president continued to serve in that position while also serving as acting governor . After Christine Todd Whitman resigned as governor , Donald DiFrancesco spent nearly a year as acting governor . As a result of his tenure , questions were raised about the propriety of such a system , particularly with regard to separation of powers - related issues . A constitutional amendment was enacted in 2005 to create the office of lieutenant governor effective at the 2009 election . Uruguay ( edit ) The Vice President of Uruguay presides over the country 's 30 - member Senate . See also ( edit ) Speaker of the Senate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The President of the Senate '' . Parliament of Australia . October 2009 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2011 . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Gartrell , Adam ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` Scott Ryan resigns from Turnbull ministry to replace Stephen Parry as Senate president '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ : : belizelaw.org - welcome : : Archived 2007 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ L'organisation et le fonctionnement du Snat Archived 2008 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rglement Archived 2008 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ senato.it - Parliament Jump up ^ Pagina oficiala a Senatului României Archived 2008 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Constitution of Trinidad and Tobago - Updated to 2003 Archived 2008 - 04 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 115th Congress - 1st Session '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Senate&oldid=833373396 '' Categories : Legislative speakers Presidents Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 04 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who acts as the president of the senate | [
"The Vice President of the United States is assigned the responsibility of presiding over the Senate and designated as its president by the United States Constitution. The vice president, as President of the Senate, has the authority (ex officio, for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie-breaking vote. Other than this, the rules of the Senate grant its president very little power (in contrast to the powerful office of Speaker of the House of Representatives)."
] | [
"The Vice President of the United States"
] |
5766680935881913594 | Rebecca Latimer Felton | Rebecca Latimer Felton - wikipedia Rebecca Latimer Felton Jump to : navigation , search Rebecca Latimer Felton United States Senator from Georgia In office November 21 , 1922 -- November 22 , 1922 Appointed by Thomas Hardwick Preceded by Thomas Watson Succeeded by Walter George Personal details Rebecca Ann Latimer ( 1835 - 06 - 10 ) June 10 , 1835 Decatur , Georgia , U.S. January 24 , 1930 ( 1930 - 01 - 24 ) ( aged 94 ) Atlanta , Georgia , U.S. Political party Democratic Spouse ( s ) William Felton Alma mater Madison Collegiate Institute and Methodist Female College Rebecca Ann Latimer Felton ( June 10 , 1835 -- January 24 , 1930 ) was an American writer , lecturer , reformer , and politician who became the first woman to serve in the United States Senate , though only serving for one day . She was the most prominent woman in Georgia in the Progressive Era , and was honored by appointment to the Senate . She was sworn in November 21 , 1922 , and served just 24 hours . At 87 years , nine months , and 22 days old , she was the oldest freshman senator to enter the Senate . To date , she is also the only woman to have served as a Senator from Georgia . Her husband William Harrell Felton was a member of the United States House of Representatives and Georgia House of Representatives and she ran his campaigns . She was a prominent society woman ; an advocate of prison reform , women 's suffrage and educational modernization ; a white supremacist and slave owner ; and one of the few prominent women who spoke in favor of lynching . Bartley reports that by 1915 she `` was championing a lengthy feminist program that ranged from prohibition to equal pay for equal work . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Women 's suffrage 3 Racial views 4 Day as a Senator 5 Final years 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Felton was born in Decatur , Georgia on June 10 , 1835 . She was the daughter of Charles Latimer , a prosperous planter , merchant , general store owner . Charles was a Maryland native who moved to DeKalb County in the 1820s , and his wife , Eleanor Swift Latimer , was from Morgan , Georgia . Felton was the oldest of four children ; her sister , Mary Latimer , also became prominent in women 's reforms in the early 20th century . When she was 15 , her father sent her to live with relatives in the town of Madison so she could attend Methodist Female College , from which she graduated at the top of her class at age 17 in 1852 . In 1853 , she married William Harrell Felton at her home and moved to live with him on his plantation just north of Cartersville , Georgia . She gave birth to five children , but only Howard Erwin Felton survived childhood . In the aftermath of the Civil War , unable to rely on slave labor as a means of producing income , Felton and her husband opened a school in Cartersville , where she taught mathematics and music for two years . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) A prominent activist in the women 's suffrage movement in Georgia , Felton found many opponents in anti-suffragist Georgians such as Mildred Lewis Rutherford . During a 1915 debate with Rutherford and other anti-suffragists before the Georgia legislative committee , the chairman allowed each of the anti-suffragists to speak for 45 minutes but demanded Felton stop speaking after 30 minutes . Felton ignored him and spoke for an extra 15 minutes , at one point making fun of Rutherford and implicitly accusing her of hypocrisy . However , the Georgia legislative committee did not pass the suffrage bill . Georgia was later the first state to reject the Nineteenth Amendment when it was proposed in 1919 , and unlike most other states in the Union , Georgia did not allow women to vote in the 1920 presidential election . Felton criticized what she saw as the hypocrisy of Southern men who boasted of superior Southern `` chivalry '' but opposed women 's rights , and she expressed her dislike of the fact that Southern states resisted women 's suffrage longer than other regions of the US . She wrote , in 1915 , that women were denied fair political participation except in the States which have been franchised by the good sense and common honesty of the men of those States -- after due consideration , and with the chivalric instinct that differentiates the coarse brutal male from the gentlemen of our nation . Shall the men of the South be less generous , less chivalrous ? They have given the Southern women more praise than the man of the West -- but judged by their actions Southern men have been less sincere . Honeyed phrases are pleasant to listen to , but the sensible women of our country would prefer more substantial gifts ... Racial views ( edit ) After she got married at age eighteen , Felton and her husband owned slaves before the Civil War , and she was the last member of either house of Congress to have been a slave owner . Felton was a white supremacist . She claimed , for instance , that the more money that Georgia spent on black education , the more crimes blacks committed . For the 1893 World 's Columbian Exhibition , she `` proposed a southern exhibit ' illustrating the slave period , ' with a cabin and ' real colored folks making mats , shuck collars , and baskets -- a woman to spin and card cotton -- and another to play banjo and show the actual life of ( the ) slave -- not the Uncle Tom sort . ' '' She wanted to display `` the ignorant contented darky -- as distinguished from Harriet Beecher Stowe 's monstrosities . '' Felton considered `` young blacks '' who sought equal treatment `` half - civilized gorillas , '' and ascribed to them a `` brutal lust '' for white women . While seeking suffrage for women , she decried voting rights for blacks , arguing that it led directly to the rape of white women . In 1899 , a massive crowd of white Georgians tortured , mutilated , and burned a black man , Sam Hose , who purportedly had killed a white man in self - defense but had not committed the rape of the ( white ) woman whites accused him of . The crowd sold parts of his physical remains as souvenirs . Felton said that any `` true - hearted husband or father '' would have killed `` the beast '' and that Hose was due less sympathy than a rabid dog . Felton also advocated more lynchings of black men , saying that such was `` elysian '' compared to the rape of white women . On at least one occasion , she stated that white Southerners should `` lynch a thousand ( black men ) a week if it becomes necessary '' to `` protect woman 's dearest possession . '' Day as a senator ( edit ) Rebecca L. Felton In 1922 , Governor Thomas W. Hardwick was a candidate for the next general election to the Senate , when Senator Thomas E. Watson died prematurely . Seeking an appointee who would not be a competitor in the coming special election to fill the vacant seat and a way to secure the vote of the new women voters alienated by his opposition to the 19th Amendment , Hardwick chose Felton to serve as senator on October 3 , 1922 . Congress was not expected to reconvene until after the election , so the chances were slim that Felton would be sworn in . However , Walter F. George won the special election despite Hardwick 's ploy . Rather than take his seat immediately when the Senate reconvened on November 21 , 1922 , George allowed Felton to be sworn in . This was due in part to persuasion by Felton and a supportive campaign launched by the women of Georgia . Felton thus became the first woman senator and only woman seated in the Senate from Georgia , and served until George took office on November 22 , 1922 , one day later . Final years ( edit ) Felton was engaged as a writer and lecturer and resided in Cartersville , Georgia . She died in Atlanta , in 1930 . Her remains were interred in the Oak Hill Cemetery in Cartersville . See also ( edit ) Women in the United States Senate Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mrs. Felton Dies . Appointed for One - Day Term From Georgia , She Said She Hoped to See Women in Senate . Active Almost to the Last , She Had Gone to Atlanta at 94 to Attend to School Business '' . The New York Times . January 25 , 1930 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . Mrs. Rebecca Latimer Felton of Cartersville , a pioneer in the fight for woman 's suffrage , for many years a leader in State and national activities and the only woman who ever held a seat in the United States Senate , died at 11 : 45 o'clock tonight at a local hospital . Jump up ^ Jennifer Steinhauer ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Once Few , Women Hold More Power in Senate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Numan Bartley , The Creation of Modern Georgia ( 1983 ) p 121 ^ Jump up to : 1972 - , Feimster , Crystal Nicole , ( 2009 ) . Southern horrors : women and the politics of rape and lynching . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674061859 . OCLC 318876104 . Jump up ^ Phillips LaCavera , Tommie ( October 30 , 2001 ) . `` Among Clarke County 's notable women were first black female education administrator ; vocal opponent of women 's suffrage '' . Athens Banner - Herald . Jump up ^ Grant , Donald L. ; Grant , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . The Way It Was in the South : The Black Experience in Georgia . Athens , Ga. : University of Georgia Press . p. 335 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 2329 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cornerstones of Georgia History , p. 168 Jump up ^ Felton , Rebecca Latimer ( 1919 ) . Country Life in Georgia in the Days of My Youth . Atlanta : Index Printing Company . p. 253 . Jump up ^ McKay , John ( 2011 ) . It Happened in Atlanta : Remarkable Events That Shaped History . Guilford , CT : Morris Book Publishing . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 6439 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Litwack , p. 100 Jump up ^ Litwack , p. 213 Jump up ^ Litwack , p. 221 Jump up ^ Litwack , pp. 282 -- 83 Jump up ^ Litwack , pp. 304 , 313 Jump up ^ Dray , Philip . At the Hands of Persons Unknown : The Lynching of Black America , p. 125 ( Modern Library 2003 ) . Jump up ^ McHenry , Robert ( ed . ) ( 1983 ) . `` Felton , Rebecca Ann Latimer ( 1835 - 1930 ) '' . Famous American Women : A Biographical Dictionary from Colonial Times to the Present ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Dover Publ . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 24523 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ McHenry , Robert ( January 9 , 2008 ) . `` Persons of Color and Gender in National Politics '' . Brittanica Blog . Jump up ^ Mayhead , Molly A. ; Marshall , Brenda DeVore ( 2005 ) . Women 's Political Discourse : A 21st - Century Perspective . Lanham , Md. : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2909 - 0 . References ( edit ) Felton , Rebecca Latimer ( 1919 ) . Country Life in Georgia in the Days of My Youth . Index Print . Litwack , Leon F. ( 1999 ) . Trouble in Mind : Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 70263 - 1 . Scott , Thomas A. ( ed . ) ( 1995 ) . Cornerstones of Georgia History : Documents That Formed the State . Athens : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1743 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Talmage , John E. Rebecca Latimer Felton : Nine Stormy Decades ( 1960 ) Talmage , John E. `` Felton , Rebecca Ann Latimer '' in Edward T. James , ed. , Notable American Women : A biographical dictionary ( 1971 ) 1 : 606 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rebecca Latimer Felton Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rebecca Felton . United States Congress . `` Rebecca Latimer Felton ( id : F000069 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Rebecca Latimer Felton ( 1835 - 1930 ) New Georgia Encyclopedia . U.S. Senate . First woman senator appointed . Retrieved March 1 , 2005 . Uncorrected transcript of interview with Richard Baker , Senate Historian , on C - SPAN Q&A television program , June 12 , 2005 Photograph of Rebecca Latimer Felton in 1927 Vanishing Georgia Collection . Felton Home historical marker Rebecca Latimer Felton historical marker ( 1 ) Historic video of interviews with elderly Americans from 1929 . Felton is included and her interview begins at 8 : 35 U.S. Senate Preceded by Thomas Watson United States Senator ( Class 3 ) from Georgia 1922 Served alongside : William Harris Succeeded by Walter George Honorary titles Preceded by Chauncey Depew Oldest living U.S. Senator 1928 -- 1930 Succeeded by Adelbert Ames United States Senators from Georgia Class 2 Few Jackson Walton Tattnall Baldwin Jones Crawford Bulloch Bibb Troup Forsyth Walker Ware Cobb Prince Troup King Lumpkin Berrien Charlton Toombs H. Miller Norwood B. Hill Barrow A. Colquitt Walsh Bacon West Hardwick Harris Cohen Russell Gambrell Nunn Cleland Chambliss Perdue Class 3 Gunn Jackson Milledge Tait Elliott Berrien Forsyth Cuthbert W. Colquitt Johnson Dawson Iverson J. Hill Gordon Brown Gordon Clay Terrell Smith Watson Felton George Talmadge Mattingly Fowler Coverdell Z . Miller Isakson Georgia Women of Achievement Martha Berry Lucy Craft Laney Juliette Gordon Low Flannery O'Connor Dicksie Bradley Bandy Mary Musgrove Cassandra Pickett Durham Viola Ross Napier Ma Rainey Julia Flisch Carson McCullers Margaret Mitchell Ruth Hartley Mosley Emily Harvie Thomas Tubman 1995 Selena Sloan Butler Anna Colquitt Hunter Hazel Jane Raines Susan Cobb Milton Atkinson Nellie Peters Black Ellen and William Craft Corra Harris Lugenia Burns Hope Rebecca Latimer Felton Mary Ann Harris Gay Nancy Hart Lucy Barrow McIntire 1998 Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans Julia Collier Harris Rhoda Kaufman Carrie Steele Logan 1999 Moina Michael Lillian Smith ( author ) 2000 Sallie Ellis Davis Laura Askew Haygood Ellen Axson Wilson Julia L. Coleman Catherine Evans Whitener 2002 Wessie Gertrude Connell Lula Dobbs McEachern Alice Harrell Strickland 2003 Madeleine Kiker Anthony Helena Maud Brown Cobb Julia Lester Dillon Leila Ross Wilburn Mathilda Beasley Louise Frederick Hays Helen Dortch Longstreet Sarah McLendon Murphy Emily Barnelia Woodward 2005 Alice Woodby McKane Nina Anderson Pape Jeannette Rankin 2006 Eliza Frances Andrews Grace Towns Hamilton Sarah Porter Hillhouse 2007 Margaret O. Bynum Edith Lenora Foster Helen Douglas Mankin Sara Branham Matthews 2008 Elfrida De Renne Barrow Amilee Chastain Graves Susan Dowdell Myrick 2009 Caroline Pafford Miller Jane Hurt Yarn Harriet Powers Mary Ann Lipscomb Celestine Sibley Madrid Williams 2011 Lillian Gordy Carter Mary Francis Hill Coley May duBignon Stiles Howard 2012 Sarah Randolph Bailey Beulah Rucker Oliver Ethel Harpst 2013 Lollie Belle Moore Wylie Mary Gregory Jewett Henrietta Stanley Dull 2014 Rebecca Stiles Taylor Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas Bazoline Estelle Usher 2015 Allie Carroll Hart Frances Freeborn Pauley Nell Kendall Hodgson Woodruff 2016 Sarah Harper Heard Ellamae Ellis League Katie Hall Underwood 2017 Carolyn Mackenzie Carter Clermont Huger Lee Lucile Nix 2018 Ludie Clay Andrews Susie Baker King Taylor Mamie George S. Williams VIAF : 38206627 LCCN : n80010324 ISNI : 0000 0000 2483 1897 SUDOC : 127835687 US Congress : F000069 SNAC : w6f77bdf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rebecca_Latimer_Felton&oldid=827369070 '' Categories : 1835 births 1930 deaths 20th - century American writers 20th - century American women writers American feminists American proslavery activists American suffragists American temperance activists American women writers Appointed United States Senators Burials in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Democratic Party United States Senators Female United States Senators Georgia ( U.S. state ) Democrats People from Decatur , Georgia American slave owners Spouses of members of the United States House of Representatives United States Senators from Georgia ( U.S. state ) American white supremacists Women in Georgia ( U.S. state ) politics Writers from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from June 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 09 : 07 . 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-4672799648698186457 | I Can Only Imagine (film) | I Can Only Imagine ( film ) - wikipedia I Can Only Imagine ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search I Can Only Imagine Theatrical release poster Directed by Erwin Brothers Produced by Cindy Bond Kevin Downes Daryl Lefever Mickey Liddell Pete Shilaimon Raymond Harris Joe Knopp Screenplay by Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Story by Alex Cramer Jon Erwin Brent McCorkle Based on The life story of Bart Millard Starring J. Michael Finley Madeline Carroll Trace Adkins Priscilla Shirer Cloris Leachman Dennis Quaid Music by Brent McCorkle Cinematography Kristopher Kimlin Edited by Andrew Erwin Brent McCorkle Production companies Kevin Downes Productions Mission Pictures International Distributed by Lionsgate Roadside Attractions Release date March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $7 million Box office $83.9 million I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer , Jon Erwin , and Brent McCorkle , based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name , the best - selling Christian single of all time . The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard , the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father ( Dennis Quaid ) . Madeline Carroll , Priscilla Shirer , Cloris Leachman , and Trace Adkins also star . I Can Only Imagine was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 . It has grossed $83 million worldwide against a production budget of $7 million , and is the third highest - grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States . Some critics praised it as inspiring and noted it as an improvement compared to other faith - based films , while others called it flat and by - the - numbers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Coming from a home with an abusive father , 10 - year - old Bart Millard is dropped off at a Christian camp by his mother , where he meets Shannon . Upon his return from camp , Bart finds his mother has left and movers are removing her belongings , leading to a physical confrontation with his father Arthur , who takes custody of him . Years later , Millard is in Lakeside high school and dating Shannon . Hoping to impress his father , he begins playing football . However , he is injured , breaking both ankles and ending his career . In order to make up the credits he would miss from football , he signs up for music class , the only available class left . Initially , Millard is assigned to be a sound technician . After the director catches him singing in the empty auditorium of Lakeside high school , she casts him as Curly , the lead role in the school production of Oklahoma . He does n't tell his father of his role in the play , and while Bart has risen to the singing demands of the part , Arthur subsequently collapses with severe abdominal pain , but refuses to tell Bart or Shannon about his cancer diagnosis . The following morning , Millard voices his frustrations with his father and is assaulted by his father , who smashes a plate over his head . Shannon presses Bart to open up , but he responds by breaking up with her and leaving to seek his fortune in the city after graduation . Millard then connects with the band who would become MercyMe , and eventually attracts the attention of Christian music producer Scott Brickell ( Trace Adkins ) , who coaches Millard and gets them a showcase in Nashville , leading to meetings with Amy Grant ( Nicole DuPort ) and Michael W. Smith ( Jake B. Miller ) . Millard has been unable to reconcile with Shannon , who rejects his invitation to tour with the band to their upcoming Nashville showcase . While the band felt their performance was the best of their career , industry representatives reject the band as not being good enough to sell records . In despair , Millard quits the band . After talking with Brickell , who encourages him to resolve his issues with his father , Millard rejoins the band but asks they wait for him to confront his father and settle the conflict before they play again . Millard returns home and is greeted enthusiastically by his father , who prepares breakfast for him the next morning . His father claims to have become a Christian , but Bart is initially skeptical and rejects his father 's offer to start over . In anger , Arthur takes a baseball bat and hits his old Jeep , which he had hoped to repair with his son . As Bart prepares to leave , he finds out his father has terminal cancer . Bart and his father reconcile and form a deep bond before Arthur dies of his illness . After his father 's funeral , Millard rejoins the band and writes `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists , including Grant , who , deeply moved by the song , asks to record it herself as her next single . The band accepts Grant 's offer . Millard is seated in the audience when Grant intends to unveil the song live in concert . However , Grant decides that Millard should be the one to sing the song , and offers it back to him , calling him to the microphone to sing it before the large audience . Millard 's unexpected performance is wildly applauded and he reunites with Shannon , who had also been in attendance at the concert . The band releases the song as their first single , achieving success on Christian and mainstream radio . Cast ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard Brody Rose as Young Bart Dennis Quaid as Arthur Millard , Bart 's father Cloris Leachman as Meemaw , Bart 's grandmother Madeline Carroll as Shannon , Bart 's girlfriend Taegen Burns as Young Shannon Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell , MercyMe 's manager Priscilla Shirer as Mrs. Fincher , Bart 's teacher Nicole DuPort as Amy Grant Jake B. Miller as Michael W. Smith Mark Furze as Nathan Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) The film was announced in December 2016 . Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017 . Broadway actor J. Michael Finley makes his film debut as Bart Millard . The same month , it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018 . In August 2017 , Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of May 13 , 2018 , I Can Only Imagine has grossed $82.4 million in the United States , and Canada and $1.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $83.5 million , against a production budget of $7 million . It is the third - highest grossing music biopic of all - time in the United States , behind Straight Outta Compton and Walk the Line . The film was released on March 16 , 2018 , alongside Tomb Raider and Love , Simon , and was originally projected to gross $2 -- 4 million from 1,620 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after making $6.2 million on its first day ( including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews ) , weekend estimates were increased to $14 million . It ended up grossing $17.1 million , exceeding expectations and finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and Tomb Raider. 67 % of the opening weekend audience was female while 80 % was over the age of 35 . It was the fourth best - ever opening for a faith - based film , following The Passion of the Christ ( $83.8 million ) , Son of God ( $25.6 million ) and Heaven Is for Real ( $22.5 million ) . In its second weekend the film was added to 624 additional theaters and dropped just 19 % to $13.8 million , again finishing third . It was added to another 395 venues and finished fourth in its third weekend , making $10.4 million ( including $3 million on Easter Sunday ) . The film will be released on DVD , Blu - ray and available at iTunes Store and Google Play Store , June 5 , 2018 . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 70 % based on 23 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` I Can Only Imagine 's message will have the most impact among Christian audiences , but overall , its performances and storytelling represent a notable evolution in faith - based cinema . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100 , based on 7 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score . The Arizona Republic 's James Ward gave the film 4 / 5 stars and wrote , `` Too often faith - based films -- say anything with Kirk Cameron or the terrible God 's Not Dead series -- tend to preach to the choir or hector their audience . The Erwins ' films -- I Can Only Imagine definitely among them -- are more inclusive , charitable of spirit and hopeful , all qualities that are always appreciated , be they rooted in Christian faith or otherwise . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C -- '' saying : `` There 's a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made ; why they all end with links to religious websites ; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart - brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window ... Art can be affirmation , but affirmation can not be art . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anita , Busch ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Picked Up By Lionsgate & Roadside Attractions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff Reports ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` MercyMe hit song turning into Okie production '' . NewsOK . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Faith - Based Film ' I Can Only Imagine ' With Dennis Quaid , Cloris Leachman And Trace Adkins Eyes Spring 2018 Release '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate , Roadside Acquire Faith - Based Drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Biopic - Music Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ In Profit ; ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises -- Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' I Can Only Imagine ' Revives Faith - Based Genre '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Only Imagine Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , James ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Faith - based drama ' I Can Only Imagine ' does n't just preach to the choir '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I Can Only Imagine ' Review : A Christian Rock Biopic Shows Why Faith - Based Films Struggle to Convert Secular Audiences '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website I Can Only Imagine on IMDb I Can Only Imagine at the TCM Movie Database I Can Only Imagine at AllMovie I Can Only Imagine at Box Office Mojo I Can Only Imagine at History vs. Hollywood Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(film)&oldid=843658836 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Drama films based on actual events Films based on actual events Roadside Attractions films Films shot in Oklahoma Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from March 2018 Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 00 . 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740031489250085013 | Bengali language | Bengali language - Wikipedia Bengali language Jump to : navigation , search `` Bangla language '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Bangala language . Bengali Bangla বাংলা `` Bangla '' in Bengali script Pronunciation / bɛŋˈɡɑːli / Bengali pronunciation : ( ˈbaŋla ) Region Bangladesh and India Ethnicity Bengalis Native speakers 189 million In Bangladesh : 163 million ( L1 + L2 ) In India : 92 million ( 2011 census ; L1 + L2 ) Language family Indo - European Indo - Iranian Indo - Aryan Magadhi Prakrit Eastern Zone ( Magadhan ) Bengali - Assamese Bengali Early forms Abahattha অবহট্ট Old Bengali Dialects see Bengali dialects Writing system Eastern Nagari script ( Bengali alphabet ) Bengali Braille Signed forms Bengali signed forms Official status Official language in Bangladesh India ( in West Bengal , Tripura and Barak Valley ) Regulated by Bangla Academy Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi Language codes ISO 639 - 1 bn ISO 639 - 2 ben ISO 639 - 3 ben Glottolog beng1280 Linguasphere 59 - AAF - u Bengali speaking region of South Asia Bengali speakers around the world This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . This article contains Bengali text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . Part of a series on Bengalis Bengali history ( show ) Vanga Kingdom Gangaridai Gauda Kingdom Pala Empire Bengal Sultanate Bengal Subah Bengal Presidency Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Eastern Bengal and Assam Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) East Bengal East Pakistan Bengali homeland ( show ) Bengal Bangladesh West Bengal Tripura Barak Valley Assam Bengali people ( show ) Bangal Ghotis Bengali Muslims Bengali Hindus Bengali Buddhists Bengali Christians Diaspora Bengali culture ( show ) Language Dialects Alphabet Romanisation Literature Poetry Science fiction Novels Folklore Art Music Cinema Theatre Weddings Cuisine Architecture Calendar Bengali Festivals New Year Spring Monsoon Harvest Bengali symbols ( show ) Bangamata Joy Bangla Bengal tiger Bengal cat Bungalow Bengal fire Bengali renaissance Amar Sonar Bangla National symbols of Bangladesh Fish and rice Ilish Chingri malai curry Rasgulla Chomchom Jamdani Ganges Suvarnabhumi Bay of Bengal Politics ( show ) United Bengal Bengali nationalism Bangabhumi Greater Bangladesh Play media A series of picture stories narrated in Bengali Bengali ( / bɛŋˈɡɔːli / ) , also known by its endonym Bangla ( / ˈbɑːŋlɑː / ; বাংলা ( ˈbaŋla ) ( listen ) ) , is an Indo - Aryan language spoken in South Asia . It is the official and most widely spoken language of Bangladesh and second most widely spoken of the 22 scheduled languages of India , behind Hindi . The official and de facto national language of Bangladesh is Modern Standard Bengali ( Literary Bengali ) . It serves as the lingua franca of the nation , with 98 % of Bangladeshis being fluent in Bengali ( including dialects ) as their first language . Within India , Bengali is the official language of the states of West Bengal , Tripura and the Barak Valley in the state of Assam . It is also spoken in different parts of the Brahmaputra valley of Assam . It is also the most widely spoken language in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal . and is spoken by significant minorities in other states including Jharkhand , Bihar , Mizoram , Meghalaya , and Odisha . With approximately 189 million native and 208 million total speakers worldwide , Bengali is usually counted as the seventh most spoken native language in the world by population . Dictionaries from the early 20th century attributed slightly more than half of the Bengali vocabulary to native words ( i.e. , naturally modified Sanskrit words , corrupted forms of Sanskrit words , and loanwords from non-Indo - European languages ) , about 30 percent to unmodified Sanskrit words , and the remainder to foreign words . Dominant in the last group was Persian , which was also the source of some grammatical forms . More recent studies suggest that the use of native and foreign words has been increasing , mainly because of the preference of Bengali speakers for the colloquial style . Bengali literature , with its millennium - old history and folk heritage , has extensively developed since the Bengali renaissance and is one of the most prominent and diverse literary traditions in Asia . Both the national anthems of Bangladesh ( Amar Sonar Bangla ) and India ( Jana Gana Mana ) were composed in Bengali ; furthermore , it is believed by many that the national anthem of Sri Lanka ( Sri Lanka Matha ) was inspired by a Bengali poem written by Rabindranath Tagore , while some even believe the anthem was originally written in Bengali and then translated into Sinhalese . In 1952 , the Bengali Language Movement successfully pushed for the language 's official status in the Dominion of Pakistan . In 1999 , UNESCO recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the language movement in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) . Language is an important element of Bengali identity and binds together a culturally diverse region . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ancient language of Bengal 1.2 Emergence of Bengali 1.3 Middle Bengali 1.4 Modern Bengali 2 Geographical distribution 2.1 Official status 2.2 Dialects 3 Spoken and literary varieties 4 Phonology 4.1 Stress 4.2 Consonant clusters 5 Writing system 5.1 Orthographic depth 5.2 Uses 5.3 Romanisation 6 Grammar 6.1 Word order 6.2 Nouns 6.3 Verbs 7 Vocabulary 8 Sample text 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Silver coin with proto - Bengali script , Harikela Kingdom , circa 9th - 13th century Ancient language of Bengal ( edit ) Sanskrit was spoken in Bengal since the first millennium BCE . During the Gupta Empire , Bengal was a hub of Sanskrit literature . The Middle Indo - Aryan dialects were spoken in Bengal in the first millennium when the region was a part of the Magadha Realm . These dialects were called Magadhi Prakrit . They eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi . Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what are called Apabhraṃśa languages at the end of the first millennium . Emergence of Bengali ( edit ) Along with other Eastern Indo - Aryan languages , Bengali evolved circa 1000 -- 1200 AD from Sanskrit and Magadhi Prakrit . The local Apabhraṃśa of the eastern subcontinent , Purbi Apabhraṃśa or Abahatta ( `` Meaningless Sounds '' ) , eventually evolved into regional dialects , which in turn formed three groups of the Bengali -- Assamese languages , the Bihari languages , and the Odia language . Some argue that the points of divergence occurred much earlier -- going back to even 500 , but the language was not static : different varieties coexisted and authors often wrote in multiple dialects in this period . For example , Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around the 6th century , which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time . Proto - Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty . Middle Bengali ( edit ) Silver Taka from the Sultanate of Bengal , circa 1417 During the medieval period , Middle Bengali was characterized by the elision of word - final অ ô , the spread of compound verbs and Arabic and Persian influences . Bengali was an official court language of the Sultanate of Bengal . Muslim rulers promoted the literary development of Bengali . Bengali became the most spoken vernacular language in the Sultanate . This period saw borrowing of Perso - Arabic terms into Bengali vocabulary . Major texts of Middle Bengali ( 1400 -- 1800 ) include Chandidas ' Shreekrishna Kirtana . Modern Bengali ( edit ) The Central Shaheed Minar in Dhaka commemorates the Bengali Language Movement . UNESCO commemorates the movement as International Mother Language Day The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the dialect spoken in the Nadia region , a west - central Bengali dialect . Bengali presents a strong case of diglossia , with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language . The modern Bengali vocabulary contains the vocabulary base from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali , also tatsamas and reborrowings from Sanskrit and other major borrowings from Persian , Arabic , Austroasiatic languages and other languages in contact with . During this period , the চলিতভাষা Chôlitôbhasha form of Bengali using simplified inflections and other changes , was emerging from সাধুভাষা Sadhubhasha ( Proper form or original form of Bengali ) as the form of choice for written Bengali . In 1948 the Government of Pakistan tried to impose Urdu as the sole state language in Pakistan , starting the Bengali language movement . The Bengali Language Movement was a popular ethno - linguistic movement in the former East Bengal ( today Bangladesh ) , which was a result of the strong linguistic consciousness of the Bengalis to gain and protect spoken and written Bengali 's recognition as a state language of the then Dominion of Pakistan . On the day of 21 February 1952 five students and political activists were killed during protests near the campus of the University of Dhaka . In 1956 Bengali was made a state language of Pakistan . The day has since been observed as Language Movement Day in Bangladesh and was proclaimed the International Mother Language Day by UNESCO on 17 November 1999 , marking Bengali language the only language in the world to be also known for its language movements and people sacrificing their life for their mother language . A Bengali language movement in the Indian state of Assam took place in 1961 , a protest against the decision of the Government of Assam to make Assamese the only official language of the state even though a significant proportion of the population were Bengali - speaking , particularly in the Barak Valley . In 2010 , the parliament of Bangladesh and the legislative assembly of West Bengal proposed that Bengali be made an official UN language . Their motions came after Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina suggested the idea while addressing the UN General Assembly that year . Geographical distribution ( edit ) Bengali language is native to the region of Bengal , which comprises Indian states of West Bengal and the present - day nation of Bangladesh . A Bengali sign in Brick Lane in London , which is home to a large Bengali diaspora Besides the native region it is also spoken by the Bengalis living in Tripura , southern Assam and the Bengali population in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Bengali is also spoken in the neighboring states of Odisha , Bihar , and Jharkhand , and sizable minorities of Bengali speakers reside in Indian cities outside Bengal , including Delhi , Mumbai , Varanasi , and Vrindavan . There are also significant Bengali - speaking communities in the Middle East , the United States , Singapore , Malaysia , Australia , Canada and the United Kingdom and Italy . Official status ( edit ) See also : States of India by Bengali speakers Bengali is national and official language of Bangladesh , and one of the 23 official languages in India . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal , Tripura and in Barak Valley of Assam . Bengali is a second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011 . It is also a recognized secondary language in the City of Karachi in Pakistan . The Department of Bengali in the University of Karachi also offers regular programs of studies at the Bachelors and at the Masters levels for Bengali Literature . The national anthems of both Bangladesh and India were written in Bengali by the Bengali Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore . In 2009 , elected representatives in both Bangladesh and West Bengal called for Bengali language to be made an official language of the United Nations . Dialects ( edit ) Main article : Bengali dialects Regional variation in spoken Bengali constitutes a dialect continuum . Linguist Suniti Kumar Chattopadhyay grouped these dialects into four large clusters -- Rarh , Banga , Kamarupa and Varendra ; but many alternative grouping schemes have also been proposed . The south - western dialects ( Rarh or Nadia dialect ) form the basis of modern standard colloquial Bengali . In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south - eastern Bangladesh ( Barisal , Chittagong , Dhaka and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh ) , many of the stops and affricates heard in West Bengal are pronounced as fricatives . Western alveolo - palatal affricates চ ( tɕɔ ) , ছ ( tɕhɔ ) , জ ( dʑɔ ) correspond to eastern চ ( tsɔ ) , ছ ( tshɔ ~ sɔ ) , জ ( dzɔ ~ zɔ ) . The influence of Tibeto - Burman languages on the phonology of Eastern Bengali is seen through the lack of nasalized vowels and an alveolar articulation of what are categorised as the `` cerebral '' consonants ( as opposed to the postalveolar articulation of West Bengal ) . Some variants of Bengali , particularly Chittagonian and Chakma , have contrastive tone ; differences in the pitch of the speaker 's voice can distinguish words . Rangpuri , Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia are closely related to Western Bengali dialects , but are typically classified as separate languages . Similarly , Hajong is considered a separate language , although it shares similarities to Northern Bengali dialects . During the standardization of Bengali in the 19th century and early 20th century , the cultural center of Bengal was in the city of Kolkata , founded by the British . What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the West - Central dialect of Nadia District , located next to the border of Bangladesh . There are cases where speakers of Standard Bengali in West Bengal will use a different word from a speaker of Standard Bengali in Bangladesh , even though both words are of native Bengali descent . For example , the word salt is নুন nun in the west which corresponds to লবণ lôbôn in the east . Spoken and literary varieties ( edit ) Bengali exhibits diglossia , though some scholars have proposed triglossia or even n - glossia or heteroglossia between the written and spoken forms of the language . Two styles of writing have emerged , involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax : Shadhu - bhasha ( সাধুভাষা `` upright language '' ) was the written language , with longer verb inflections and more of a Pali and Sanskrit - derived Tatsama vocabulary . Songs such as India 's national anthem Jana Gana Mana ( by Rabindranath Tagore ) were composed in Shadhubhasha . However , use of Shadhubhasha in modern writing is uncommon , restricted to some official signs and documents in Bangladesh as well as for achieving particular literary effects . Cholito - bhasha ( চলিতভাষা `` running language '' ) , known by linguists as Standard Colloquial Bengali , is a written Bengali style exhibiting a preponderance of colloquial idiom and shortened verb forms , and is the standard for written Bengali now . This form came into vogue towards the turn of the 19th century , promoted by the writings of Peary Chand Mitra ( Alaler Gharer Dulal , 1857 ) , Pramatha Chaudhuri ( Sabujpatra , 1914 ) and in the later writings of Rabindranath Tagore . It is modeled on the dialect spoken in the Shantipur region in Nadia district , West Bengal . This form of Bengali is often referred to as the `` Nadia standard '' , `` Nadia dialect '' , `` Southwestern / West - Central dialect '' or `` Shantipuri Bangla '' . While most writing is in Standard Colloquial Bengali ( SCB ) , spoken dialects exhibit a greater variety . People in southeastern West Bengal , including Kolkata , speak in SCB . Other dialects , with minor variations from Standard Colloquial , are used in other parts of West Bengal and western Bangladesh , such as the Midnapore dialect , characterised by some unique words and constructions . However , a majority in Bangladesh speak in dialects notably different from SCB . Some dialects , particularly those of the Chittagong region , bear only a superficial resemblance to SCB . The dialect in the Chittagong region is least widely understood by the general body of Bengalis . The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one variety -- often , speakers are fluent in Cholitobhasha ( SCB ) and one or more regional dialects . Even in SCB , the vocabulary may differ according to the speaker 's religion : Hindus are more likely to use words derived from Sanskrit and of Austroasiatic Deshi origin whereas Muslims are more likely to use words of Persian and Arabic origin respectively . For example : Predominantly Hindu usage Predominantly Muslim usage translation নমস্কার nômôshkar আসসালামু আলাইকুম Assalamu - Alaikum hello নিমন্ত্রণ nimôntrôn দাওয়াত daoat invitation জল jôl পানি pani water স্নান snan গোসল gosôl bath দিদি didi আপু apu sister / elder sister দাদা dada ভাই bha'i brother / elder brother মাসী mashi খালা khala maternal aunt কাকা kaka চাচা chacha paternal uncle প্রার্থনা prarthona দো'আ do'a / du'a pray প্রদীপ prodip বাতি bati light Phonology ( edit ) Main article : Bengali phonology Spoken Bengali The phonemic inventory of standard Bengali consists of 29 consonants and 7 vowels , as well as 7 nasalized vowels . The inventory is set out below in the International Phonetic Alphabet ( upper grapheme in each box ) and romanization ( lower grapheme ) . Vowels Front Central Back Close ই ~ ঈ i i উ ~ ঊ u u Close - mid এ ও ʊ ~ o u / o Near - open এ্যা / অ্যা æ or ɛ ê অ ɔ ô Open আ Nasalized Vowels Front Central Back Close ইঁ ~ ঈঁ ĩ ĩ উঁ ~ ঊঁ ũ ũ Close - mid এঁ ẽ ẽ ওঁ õ õ Near - open এ্যাঁ / অ্যাঁ æ̃ অঁ ɔ̃ Open আঁ ã Consonants Labial Dental / Alveolar Retroflex Palatoalveolar Velar Glottal Nasal ম mɔ mô ঞ ~ ণ ~ ন nɔ nô ঙ ~ ং ŋɔ ngô Plosive voiceless প pɔ pô ত t̪ɔ tô ট ʈɔ ṭô চ tʃɔ ~ tsɔ cô / sô ক kɔ kô aspirated ফ phɔ ~ ɸɔ fô থ t̪hɔ thô ঠ ʈhɔ ṭhô ছ tʃhɔ ~ tssɔ chô / ssô খ khɔ khô voiced ব bɔ bô দ d̪ɔ dô ড ɖɔ ḍô জ ~ য dʒɔ ~ dzɔ jô ~ zô গ ɡɔ gô aspirated ভ bɦɔ ~ βɔ vô ধ d̪ɦɔ dhô ঢ ɖɦɔ ḍhô ঝ dʒɦɔ jhô ঘ ɡɦɔ ghô Fricative শ ~ স sɔ şô শ ~ ষ ~ স ʃɔ shô হ hɔ hô Approximant ওয়া wa wa ল lɔ lô য় jɔ yô Rhotic র rɔ rô ড় ~ ঢ় ɽɔ ~ ɽɦɔ rô / rhô Bengali is known for its wide variety of diphthongs , combinations of vowels occurring within the same syllable . Two of these , / oi̯ / and / ou̯ / , are the only ones with representation in script , as ঐ and ঔ respectively . / e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯ / may all form the glide part of a diphthong . The total number of diphthongs is not established , with bounds at 17 and 31 . An incomplete chart is given by Sarkar ( 1985 ) of the following : e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯ ae̯ ai̯ ao̯ au̯ æ æe̯ æo̯ ei̯ eu̯ i ii̯ iu̯ o oe̯ oi̯ oo̯ ou̯ u ui̯ Stress ( edit ) In standard Bengali , stress is predominantly initial . Bengali words are virtually all trochaic ; the primary stress falls on the initial syllable of the word , while secondary stress often falls on all odd - numbered syllables thereafter , giving strings such as in সহযোগিতা shô - hô - jo - gi - ta `` cooperation '' , where the boldface represents primary and secondary stress . Consonant clusters ( edit ) Main article : Bengali consonant clusters Native Bengali words do not allow initial consonant clusters ; the maximum syllabic structure is CVC ( i.e. one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side ) . Many speakers of Bengali restrict their phonology to this pattern , even when using Sanskrit or English borrowings , such as গেরাম geram ( CV. CVC ) for গ্রাম gram ( CCVC ) `` village '' or ইস্কুল iskul ( VC. CVC ) for স্কুল skul ( CCVC ) `` school '' . Writing system ( edit ) Main articles : Bengali alphabet and Bengali Braille An example of handwritten Bengali . Part of a poem written in Bengali ( and with its English translation below each Bengali paragraph ) by Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore in 1926 in Hungary . The Bengali script is an abugida , a script with letters for consonants , diacritics for vowels , and in which an inherent vowel ( অ ô ) is assumed for consonants if no vowel is marked . The Bengali alphabet is used throughout Bangladesh and eastern India ( Assam , West Bengal , Tripura ) . The Bengali alphabet is believed to have evolved from a modified Brahmic script around 1000 CE ( or 10th -- 11th century ) . Note that despite Bangladesh being majority Muslim , it uses the Bengali alphabet rather than an Arabic - based one like the Shahmukhi script used in Pakistan . The Bengali script is a cursive script with eleven graphemes or signs denoting nine vowels and two diphthongs , and thirty - nine graphemes representing consonants and other modifiers . There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms . The letters run from left to right and spaces are used to separate orthographic words . Bengali script has a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the graphemes that links them together called মাত্রা matra . Since the Bengali script is an abugida , its consonant graphemes usually do not represent phonetic segments , but carry an `` inherent '' vowel and thus are syllabic in nature . The inherent vowel is usually a back vowel , either ( ɔ ) as in মত ( mɔt̪ ) `` opinion '' or ( o ) , as in মন ( mon ) `` mind '' , with variants like the more open ( ɒ ) . To emphatically represent a consonant sound without any inherent vowel attached to it , a special diacritic , called the hôsôntô ( ্ ) , may be added below the basic consonant grapheme ( as in ম্ ( m ) ) . This diacritic , however , is not common , and is chiefly employed as a guide to pronunciation . The abugida nature of Bengali consonant graphemes is not consistent , however . Often , syllable - final consonant graphemes , though not marked by a hôsôntô , may carry no inherent vowel sound ( as in the final ন in মন ( mon ) or the medial ম in গামলা ( ɡamla ) ) . A consonant sound followed by some vowel sound other than the inherent ( ɔ ) is orthographically realized by using a variety of vowel allographs above , below , before , after , or around the consonant sign , thus forming the ubiquitous consonant - vowel typographic ligatures . These allographs , called কার kar , are diacritical vowel forms and can not stand on their own . For example , the graph মি ( mi ) represents the consonant ( m ) followed by the vowel ( i ) , where ( i ) is represented as the diacritical allograph ি ( called ই - কার i - kar ) and is placed before the default consonant sign . Similarly , the graphs মা ( ma ) , মী ( mi ) , মু ( mu ) , মূ ( mu ) , মৃ ( mri ) , মে ( me ~ mæ ) , মৈ ( moj ) , মো ( mo ) and মৌ ( mow ) represent the same consonant ম combined with seven other vowels and two diphthongs . In these consonant - vowel ligatures , the so - called `` inherent '' vowel ( ɔ ) is first expunged from the consonant before adding the vowel , but this intermediate expulsion of the inherent vowel is not indicated in any visual manner on the basic consonant sign ম ( mɔ ) . The vowel graphemes in Bengali can take two forms : the independent form found in the basic inventory of the script and the dependent , abridged , allograph form ( as discussed above ) . To represent a vowel in isolation from any preceding or following consonant , the independent form of the vowel is used . For example , in মই ( moj ) `` ladder '' and in ইলিশ ( iliɕ ) `` Hilsa fish '' , the independent form of the vowel ই is used ( cf . the dependent form ি ) . A vowel at the beginning of a word is always realized using its independent form . In addition to the inherent - vowel - suppressing hôsôntô , three more diacritics are commonly used in Bengali . These are the superposed chôndrôbindu ( ঁ ) , denoting a suprasegmental for nasalization of vowels ( as in চাঁদ ( tɕãd ) `` moon '' ) , the postposed ônusbar ( ং ) indicating the velar nasal ( ŋ ) ( as in বাংলা ( baŋla ) `` Bengali '' ) and the postposed bisôrgô ( ঃ ) indicating the voiceless glottal fricative ( h ) ( as in উঃ ! ( uh ) `` ouch ! '' ) or the gemination of the following consonant ( as in দুঃখ ( dukhːɔ ) `` sorrow '' ) . The Bengali consonant clusters ( যুক্তব্যঞ্জন juktôbênjôn ) are usually realized as ligatures , where the consonant which comes first is put on top of or to the left of the one that immediately follows . In these ligatures , the shapes of the constituent consonant signs are often contracted and sometimes even distorted beyond recognition . In the Bengali writing system , there are nearly 285 such ligatures denoting consonant clusters . Although there exist a few visual formulas to construct some of these ligatures , many of them have to be learned by rote . Recently , in a bid to lessen this burden on young learners , efforts have been made by educational institutions in the two main Bengali - speaking regions ( West Bengal and Bangladesh ) to address the opaque nature of many consonant clusters , and as a result , modern Bengali textbooks are beginning to contain more and more `` transparent '' graphical forms of consonant clusters , in which the constituent consonants of a cluster are readily apparent from the graphical form . However , since this change is not as widespread and is not being followed as uniformly in the rest of the Bengali printed literature , today 's Bengali - learning children will possibly have to learn to recognize both the new `` transparent '' and the old `` opaque '' forms , which ultimately amounts to an increase in learning burden . Bengali punctuation marks , apart from the downstroke । daṛi -- the Bengali equivalent of a full stop -- have been adopted from western scripts and their usage is similar . Unlike in western scripts ( Latin , Cyrillic , etc . ) where the letter - forms stand on an invisible baseline , the Bengali letter - forms instead hang from a visible horizontal left - to - right headstroke called মাত্রা matra . The presence and absence of this matra can be important . For example , the letter ত tô and the numeral ৩ `` 3 '' are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the matra , as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র trô and the independent vowel এ e . The letter - forms also employ the concepts of letter - width and letter - height ( the vertical space between the visible matra and an invisible baseline ) . There is yet to be a uniform standard collating sequence ( sorting order of graphemes to be used in dictionaries , indices , computer sorting programs , etc . ) of Bengali graphemes . Experts in both Bangladesh and India are currently working towards a common solution for this problem . Orthographic depth ( edit ) The Bengali script in general has a comparatively shallow orthography , i.e. , in most cases there is a one - to - one correspondence between the sounds ( phonemes ) and the letters ( graphemes ) of Bengali . But grapheme - phoneme inconsistencies do occur in certain cases . One kind of inconsistency is due to the presence of several letters in the script for the same sound . In spite of some modifications in the 19th century , the Bengali spelling system continues to be based on the one used for Sanskrit , and thus does not take into account some sound mergers that have occurred in the spoken language . For example , there are three letters ( শ , ষ , and স ) for the voiceless alveolo - palatal sibilant ( ɕɔ ) , although the letter স retains the voiceless alveolar sibilant ( sɔ ) sound when used in certain consonant conjuncts as in স্খলন ( skhɔlɔn ) `` fall '' , স্পন্দন ( spɔndɔn ) `` beat '' , etc . The letter ষ also retains the voiceless retroflex sibilant ( ʂɔ ) sound when used in certain consonant conjuncts as in কষ্ট ( kɔʂʈɔ ) `` suffering '' , গোষ্ঠী ( ɡoʂʈhi ) `` clan '' , etc . Similarly , there are two letters ( জ and য ) for the voiced alveolo - palatal affricate ( dʑɔ ) . Moreover , what was once pronounced and written as a retroflex nasal ণ ( ɳɔ ) is now pronounced as an alveolar ( nɔ ) when in conversation ( the difference is seen heard when reading ) ( unless conjoined with another retroflex consonant such as ট , ঠ , ড and ঢ ) , although the spelling does not reflect this change . The near - open front unrounded vowel ( æ ) is orthographically realized by multiple means , as seen in the following examples : এত ( æt̪ɔ ) `` so much '' , এ্যাকাডেমী ( ækademi ) `` academy '' , অ্যামিবা ( æmiba ) `` amoeba '' , দেখা ( d̪ækha ) `` to see '' , ব্যস্ত ( bæst̪ɔ ) `` busy '' , ব্যাকরণ ( bækɔrɔn ) `` grammar '' . Another kind of inconsistency is concerned with the incomplete coverage of phonological information in the script . The inherent vowel attached to every consonant can be either ( ɔ ) or ( o ) depending on vowel harmony ( স্বরসঙ্গতি ) with the preceding or following vowel or on the context , but this phonological information is not captured by the script , creating ambiguity for the reader . Furthermore , the inherent vowel is often not pronounced at the end of a syllable , as in কম ( kɔm ) `` less '' , but this omission is not generally reflected in the script , making it difficult for the new reader . Many consonant clusters have different sounds than their constituent consonants . For example , the combination of the consonants ক্ ( k ) and ষ ( ʂɔ ) is graphically realized as ক্ষ and is pronounced ( kkhɔ ) ( as in রুক্ষ ( rukkhɔ ) `` rugged '' ) or ( kkho ) ( as in ক্ষতি ( kkhot̪i ) `` loss '' ) or even ( kkhɔ ) ( as in ক্ষমতা ( kkhɔmɔt̪a ) `` power '' ) , depending on the position of the cluster in a word . The Bengali writing system is , therefore , not always a true guide to pronunciation . Uses ( edit ) The script used for Bengali , Assamese and other languages is known as Bengali - Assamese or Eastern Nagari script . The script is known as the Bengali alphabet for Bengali and its dialects and the Assamese alphabet for Assamese language with some minor variations . Other related languages in the nearby region also make use of the Bengali alphabet like the Meitei language in the Indian state of Manipur , where the Meitei language has been written in the Bengali alphabet for centuries , though the Meitei script has been promoted in recent times . Romanisation ( edit ) Main article : Romanisation of Bengali There are various ways of Romanisation systems of Bengali created in recent years which have failed to represent the true Bengali phonetic sound . The Bengali alphabet has often been included with the group of Brahmic scripts for romanisation where the true phonetic value of Bengali is never represented . Some of them are the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration or IAST system ( based on diacritics ) , `` Indian languages Transliteration '' or ITRANS ( uses upper case alphabets suited for ASCII keyboards ) , and the National Library at Kolkata romanization . In the context of Bengali romanisation , it is important to distinguish transliteration from transcription . Transliteration is orthographically accurate ( i.e. the original spelling can be recovered ) , whereas transcription is phonetically accurate ( the pronunciation can be reproduced ) . Although it might be desirable to use a transliteration scheme where the original Bengali orthography is recoverable from the Latin text , Bengali words are currently Romanized on Wikipedia using a phonemic transcription , where the true phonetic pronunciation of Bengali is represented with no reference to how it is written . Grammar ( edit ) Main article : Bengali grammar Bengali nouns are not assigned gender , which leads to minimal changing of adjectives ( inflection ) . However , nouns and pronouns are moderately declined ( altered depending on their function in a sentence ) into four cases while verbs are heavily conjugated , and the verbs do not change form depending on the gender of the nouns . Word order ( edit ) As a head - final language , Bengali follows subject -- object -- verb word order , although variations to this theme are common . Bengali makes use of postpositions , as opposed to the prepositions used in English and other European languages . Determiners follow the noun , while numerals , adjectives , and possessors precede the noun . Yes - no questions do not require any change to the basic word order ; instead , the low ( L ) tone of the final syllable in the utterance is replaced with a falling ( HL ) tone . Additionally , optional particles ( e.g. কি - ki , না - na , etc . ) are often encliticized onto the first or last word of a yes - no question . Wh - questions are formed by fronting the wh - word to focus position , which is typically the first or second word in the utterance . Nouns ( edit ) Nouns and pronouns are inflected for case , including nominative , objective , genitive ( possessive ) , and locative . The case marking pattern for each noun being inflected depends on the noun 's degree of animacy . When a definite article such as - টা - ṭa ( singular ) or - গুলা - gula ( plural ) is added , as in the tables below , nouns are also inflected for number . In most of the Bengali grammar books , cases are divided in to 6 categories and an additional possessive case ( possessive form is not recognized as a type of case by Bengali grammarian ) . But in term of usages , cases are generally grouped in to only 4 categories . Singular noun inflection Animate Inanimate Nominative ছাত্রটি chatrô - ṭa the student জুতাটা juta - ṭa the shoe Objective ছাত্রটিকে chatrô - ṭa - ke the student জুতাটা juta - ṭa the shoe Genitive ছাত্রটির chatrô - ṭa - r the student 's জুতাটার juta - ṭa - r the shoe 's Locative -- জুতাটায় juta - ṭa - y on / in the shoe Plural noun inflection Animate Inanimate Nominative ছাত্ররা / ছাত্রগণ chatrô - ra the students জুতাগুলা / জুতোগুলো juta - gula / juto - gulo the shoes Objective ছাত্রদের ( কে ) chatrô - der ( ke ) the students জুতাগুলা / জুতোগুলো juta - gula / juto - gulo the shoes Genitive ছাত্রদের chatrô - der the students ' জুতাগুলা / জুতোগুলোর juta - gula / juto - gulo - r the shoes ' Locative -- জুতাগুলা / জুতোগুলোতে juta - gula / juto - gulo - te on / in the shoes When counted , nouns take one of a small set of measure words . Similar to Japanese , the nouns in Bengali can not be counted by adding the numeral directly adjacent to the noun . The noun 's measure word ( MW ) must be used between the numeral and the noun . Most nouns take the generic measure word - টা - ṭa , though other measure words indicate semantic classes ( e.g. - জন - jôn for humans ) . There is also the classifier - khana , and its diminutive form - khani , which only attach to nouns which are flat , long , square , or thin . These are the least common of the classifiers . Measure words Bengali Bengali transliteration Literal translation English translation নয়টা গরু Nôy - ṭa goru Nine - MW cow Nine cows কয়টা বালিশ Kôy - ṭa balish How many - MW pillow How many pillows অনেকজন লোক Ônek - jôn lok Many - MW person Many people চার - পাঁচজন শিক্ষক Car - pãc - jôn shikkhôk Four - five - MW teacher Four or five teachers Measuring nouns in Bengali without their corresponding measure words ( e.g. আট বিড়াল aṭ biṛal instead of আটটা বিড়াল aṭ - ṭa biṛal `` eight cats '' ) would typically be considered ungrammatical . However , when the semantic class of the noun is understood from the measure word , the noun is often omitted and only the measure word is used , e.g. শুধু একজন থাকবে । Shudhu êk - jôn thakbe . ( lit . `` Only one - MW will remain . '' ) would be understood to mean `` Only one person will remain . '' , given the semantic class implicit in - জন - jôn . In this sense , all nouns in Bengali , unlike most other Indo - European languages , are similar to mass nouns . Verbs ( edit ) There are two classes of verbs : finite and non-finite . Non-finite verbs have no inflection for tense or person , while finite verbs are fully inflected for person ( first , second , third ) , tense ( present , past , future ) , aspect ( simple , perfect , progressive ) , and honor ( intimate , familiar , and formal ) , but not for number . Conditional , imperative , and other special inflections for mood can replace the tense and aspect suffixes . The number of inflections on many verb roots can total more than 200 . Inflectional suffixes in the morphology of Bengali vary from region to region , along with minor differences in syntax . Bengali differs from most Indo - Aryan Languages in the zero copula , where the copula or connective be is often missing in the present tense . Thus , `` he is a teacher '' is সে শিক্ষক se shikkhôk , ( literally `` he teacher '' ) . In this respect , Bengali is similar to Russian and Hungarian . Romani grammar is also the closest to Bengali grammar . Vocabulary ( edit ) Sources of modern literary Bengali words 67 % native 25 % Sanskrit reborrowings 8 % indigenous and foreign loans Main article : Bengali vocabulary Bengali has as many as 100,000 separate words , of which 50,000 are considered Tadbhavas , 21,100 are Tatsamas and the remainder loanwords from Austroasiatic and other foreign languages . However , these figures do not take into account the large proportion of archaic or highly technical words that are very rarely used . Furthermore , different dialects use more Persian and Arabic vocabulary especially in different areas of Bangladesh and Muslim majority areas of West Bengal also Hindus use more Sanskrit vocabulary than Muslims and while standard Bengali is based on the Nadia dialect of spoken in the Hindu majority states of West Bengal , about 90 % of Bengalis in Bangladesh ( cca. 148 million ) and 27 % of Bengalis in West Bengal and 10 % in Assam ( cca. 36 million ) are Muslim and speak a more `` persio - arabised '' version of Bengali instead of the more Sanskrit influenced Standard Nadia dialect . The productive vocabulary used in modern literary works , in fact , is made up mostly ( 67 % ) of tadbhavas , while tatsamas comprise only 25 % of the total . Loanwords from non-Indic languages comprise the remaining 8 % of the vocabulary used in modern Bengali literature . Because of centuries of contact with Europeans , Turkic peoples , and Persians , Bengali has absorbed numerous words from foreign languages , often totally integrating these borrowings into the core vocabulary . The most common borrowings from foreign languages come from three different kinds of contact . After close contact with several indigenous Austroasiatic languages , and later the Mughal invasion whose court language was Persian , numerous Chagatai , Arabic , and Persian words were absorbed into the lexicon . Later , East Asian travelers and lately European colonialism brought words from Portuguese , French , Dutch , and most significantly English during the colonial period . Sample text ( edit ) The following is a sample text in Bengali of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Bengali in the Bengali alphabet ধারা ১ : সমস্ত মানুষ স্বাধীনভাবে সমান মর্যাদা এবং অধিকার নিয়ে জন্মগ্রহণ করে । তাঁদের বিবেক এবং বুদ্ধি আছে ; সুতরাং সকলেরই একে অপরের প্রতি ভ্রাতৃত্বসুলভ মনোভাব নিয়ে আচরণ করা উচিত । Bengali in phonetic Romanization Dhara êk : Sômôstô manush shadhinbhabe sôman môrjada ebông ôdhikar niye jônmôgrôhôn kôre . Tãder bibek ebông buddhi achhe ; sutôrang sôkôleri êke ôpôrer prôti bhratrittôsulôbh mônobhab niye achôrôn kôra uchit . Bengali in the International Phonetic Alphabet d̪ɦara æk ʃɔmɔst̪ɔ manuʃ ʃad̪ɦinbɦabe ʃɔman mɔrdʒad̪a ebɔŋ ɔd̪ɦikar nie̯e dʒɔnmɔɡrɔhɔn kɔre t̪ãd̪er bibek ebɔŋ budd̪ɦːi atʃhe sut̪ɔraŋ sɔkɔleri æke ɔpɔrer prɔt̪i bɦrat̪rit̪ːɔsulɔbɦ mɔnobɦab nie̯e atʃɔrɔn kɔra utʃit̪ Gloss Clause 1 : All human free - manner - in equal dignity and right taken birth - take do . Their reason and intelligence exist ; therefore everyone - indeed one another 's towards brotherhood - ly attitude taken conduct do should . Translation Article 1 : All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They possess conscience and reason . Therefore , everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other . See also ( edit ) Bengali portal Bengal portal Book : Bengali Bangla Academy Bengali numerals Bengali - language newspapers Sylheti language Chittagonian language Rangpuri language Bengali dialects Languages of Bangladesh Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bengali '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Languages of India '' . Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . 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Jump up ^ Rabbani , AKM Golam ( 7 November 2017 ) . `` Politics and Literary Activities in the Bengali Language during the Independent Sultanate of Bengal '' . Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics. 1 ( 1 ) : 151 -- 166 . Retrieved 7 November 2017 -- via www.banglajol.info . Jump up ^ Eaton , Richard M. ( 1993 ) . The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier , 1204 -- 1760 . University of California . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20507 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bengali Language at Cornell '' . Department of Asian Studies . Cornell University . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Ray , S Kumar . `` The Bengali Language and Translation '' . Translation Articles . Kwintessential . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Hanne - Ruth ( 2012 ) . Bengali ( Paperback with corrections . ed . ) . Amsterdam : John Benjamins Pub. Co. p. 3 . ISBN 9789027238191 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bengali ' should be UN language ' '' . News.bbc.co.uk. 22 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 November 2017 -- via news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Kuwait restricts recruitment of male Bangladeshi workers Dhaka Tribune '' . www.dhakatribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bahrain : Foreign population by country of citizenship , sex and migration status ( worker / family dependent ) ( selected countries , January 2015 ) - GLMM '' . GLMM. 2015 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/download/voting/voteform.pdf Jump up ^ http://blls.sg Bangla Language and Literary Society , Singapore Jump up ^ `` Languages of India '' . Ethnologue Report . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ NIC , Assam State Centre , Guwahati , Assam . `` Language '' . Government of Assam . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 20 . 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Jump up ^ Subir Bhaumik ( 22 December 2009 ) . `` Bengali ' should be UN language ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Bangla language in Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 2003 ^ Jump up to : Morshed , Abul Kalam Manjoor . `` Dialect '' . Banglapedia . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hajong '' . The Ethnologue Report . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Huq , Mohammad Daniul . `` Chalita Bhasa '' . Banglapedia . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Bengali ( Banglar itihash ) '' . Bengal Telecommunication and Electric Company . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Huq , Mohammad Daniul . `` Sadhu Bhasa '' . Banglapedia . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Huq , Mohammad Daniul . `` Alaler Gharer Dulal '' . Banglapedia . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Ray , Hai & Ray 1966 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Ray , Hai & Ray 1966 , p. 80 Jump up ^ `` A Bilingual Dictionary of Words and Phrases ( English - Bengali ) '' . Bengali-dictionary.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Shabdkosh.com . `` light - Meaning in Bengali - light in Bengali - Shabdkosh অভিধান : English Bengali Dictionary and Translation '' . Shabdkosh.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( Masica 1991 , pp. 116 ) Jump up ^ Sarkar , Pabitra ( 1985 ) . Bangla diswar dhoni . Bhasa . Jump up ^ ( Masica 1991 , pp. 125 ) Jump up ^ Escudero Pascual Alberto ( 23 October 2005 ) . `` Writing Systems / Scripts '' ( PDF ) . Primer to Localization of Software . it46.se . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Bangalah in Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 2003 Jump up ^ `` banglasemantics.net '' . banglasemantics.net . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Learning International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration '' . Sanskrit 3 -- Learning transliteration . Gabriel Pradiipaka & Andrés Muni . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ITRANS -- Indian Language Transliteration Package '' . Avinash Chopde . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Annex - F : Roman Script Transliteration '' ( PDF ) . Indian Standard : Indian Script Code for Information Interchange -- ISCII . Bureau of Indian Standards. 1 April 1999 . p. 32 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( Bhattacharya 2000 , pp. 16 ) Jump up ^ `` Bengali '' . UCLA Language Materials project . University of California , Los Angeles . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Boyle David , Anne ( 2015 ) . Descriptive grammar of Bangla . De Gruyter . pp. 141 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Among Bengali speakers brought up in neighbouring linguistic regions ( e.g. Hindi ) , the lost copula may surface in utterances such as she shikkhôk hocche . This is viewed as ungrammatical by other speakers , and speakers of this variety are sometimes ( humorously ) referred as `` hocche - Bangali '' . Jump up ^ Hübschmannová , Milena ( 1995 ) . `` Romaňi čhib -- romština : Několik základních informací o romském jazyku '' . Bulletin Muzea romské kultury . Brno : Muzeum romské kultury ( 4 / 1995 ) . Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině , marvárštině , pandžábštině atd. , v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem , s bengálštinou . Jump up ^ Tatsama in Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 2003 Jump up ^ Tadbhaba in Asiatic Society of Bangladesh 2003 Jump up ^ Byomkes Chakrabarti A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali , K.P. Bagchi & Co. , Kolkata , 1994 , ISBN 81 - 7074 - 128 - 9 Jump up ^ Das , Khudiram ( 1998 ) . Santhali Bangla Samashabda Abhidhan . Kolkata , India : Paschim Banga Bangla Akademi . Jump up ^ http://professorkhudiramdas.com/files/ebooks/Bangla-santali-vasa-samporko-by-khudiram-das.pdf Jump up ^ Das , Khudiram . Bangla Santali Bhasa Samporko ( eBook ) . References ( edit ) Alam , M ( 2000 ) . `` Bhasha Shourôbh : Bêkorôn O Rôchona ( The Fragrance of Language : Grammar and Rhetoric ) '' . S.N. Printers , Dhaka . Ali , Shaheen Sardar ; Rehman , Javaid ( 2001 ) . Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities of Pakistan : Constitutional and Legal Perspectives . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1159 - 7 . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh ( 2003 ) . `` Banglapedia , the national encyclopedia of Bangladesh '' . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh , Dhaka . Bhattacharya , T ( 2000 ) . `` Bengali '' . In Gary , J. and Rubino. C. Encyclopedia of World 's Languages : Past and Present ( Facts About the World 's Languages ) ( PDF ) . WW Wilson , New York . ISBN 0 - 8242 - 0970 - 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 June 2006 . Bonazzi , Eros ( 2008 ) . `` Bengali '' . Dizionario Bengali . Avallardi ( Italy ) . ISBN 978 - 88 - 7887 - 168 - 7 . Cardona , George ; Jain , Danesh ( 2007 ) . The Indo - Aryan Languages . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 79711 - 9 . Chakraborty , Byomkes , A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali , K.P. Bagchi & Co. , Kolkata , 1994 , ISBN 81 - 7074 - 128 - 9 . Chatterji , SK ( 1921 ) . `` Bengali Phonetics '' . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies . 2 : 1 . doi : 10.1017 / S0041977X0010179X . Chatterji , SK ( 1926 ) . `` The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language '' . Calcutta Univ . Press . Chisholm , H ( 1910 ) . Hugh Chisholm , ed . The Encyclopædia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . Cambridge , England ; New York : At the University Press . OCLC 266598 . Ferguson , CA ; Chowdhury , M ( 1960 ) . `` The Phonemes of Bengali '' . Language . 36 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 410622 . Haldar , Gopal ( 2000 ) . Languages of India . National Book Trust , India . ISBN 81 - 237 - 2936 - 7 . Hayes , B ; Lahiri , A ( 1991 ) . `` Bengali intonational phonology '' . Natural Language & Linguistic Theory . Springer Science . 9 : 47 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00133326 . Keith , Arthur Berriedale ( 1998 ) . The Sanskrit Drama . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0977 - 7 . Klaiman , MH ( 1987 ) . `` Bengali '' . In Bernard Comrie . The World 's Major Languages . Croon Helm , London and Sydney . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506511 - 5 . Masica , C ( 1991 ) . `` The Indo - Aryan Languages '' . Cambridge Univ . Press . Radice , W ( 1994 ) . Teach Yourself Bengali : A Complete Course for Beginners . NTC / Contemporary Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8442 - 3752 - 3 . Ray , P ; Hai , MA ; Ray , L ( 1966 ) . `` Bengali language handbook '' . Center for Applied Linguistics , Washington . ASIN B000B9G89C . Sen , D ( 1996 ) . `` Bengali Language and Literature '' . International Centre for Bengal Studies , Calcutta . Shah , Natubhai ( 1998 ) . Jainism : The World of Conquerors . Sussex Academic Press . ISBN 1 - 898723 - 31 - 1 . Tagore , Rabindranath ; Das , Sisir Kumar ( 1996 ) . The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore . Sahitya Akademi . ISBN 81 - 260 - 0094 - 5 . Wilson , A.J. ; Dalton , D. ( 1982 ) . The States of South Asia : Problems of National Integration . Essays in Honour of W.H. Morris - Jones . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1183 - 6 . Bonazzi , E ( 2008 ) . Grammatica Bengali . Bologna : Libreria Bonomo Editrice . ISBN 978 - 88 - 6071 - 017 - 8 . Shaw , Rameswar Sadharan Bhasabigna O Bangal Bhasa , Pustak Bipani , Kolkata , 1997 . Haldar , Narayan Bengali Bhasa Prsanga : Banan Kathan Likhanriti , Pustak Bipani , Kolkata , 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Thompson , Hanne - Ruth ( 2012 ) . Bengali . Volume 18 of London Oriental and African Language Library . John Benjamins Publishing . ISBN 9027273138 . Dasgupta , Probal ( 2003 ) . Bangla . In George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain , ( eds ) The Indo - Aryan languages . London / New York : Routledge , 351 - 390 . External links ( edit ) Bangla edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia Find more aboutBengali languageat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Bengali language at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Bangla Academy The South Asian Literary Recordings Project , The Library of Congress . Bengali Authors . 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-6292035570248076047 | Chibiusa | Chibiusa - wikipedia Chibiusa Sailor Chibi Moon Sailor Moon character Chibiusa in her Super Sailor Chibi Moon form as seen in the anime . First appearance Sailor Moon chapter # 13 : `` Conclusion and Commencement , Petite Étrangere '' ( 1993 ) Created by Naoko Takeuchi Voiced by Japanese : Kae Araki Misato Fukuen ( Sailor Moon Crystal ) English : Sandy Fox ( English Viz Media Dub ) Tracey Hoyt ( English DiC Dub ) Stephanie Beard ( English CWi Dub ) Profile Nickname ( s ) Chibiusa Aliases Princess Usagi Small Lady Serenity ( birth name ) Usagi Tsukino ( adopted name ) Chibiusa Tsukino ( side story ) Black Lady Usagi Kecil ( Indonesian name ) Relatives Tsukino family Neo-Queen Serenity ( mother ) King Endymion ( father ) Affiliations Sailor Soldiers Sailor Quartet Black Moon Clan ( as Black Lady ) Chibiusa ( ちびうさ , Chibiusa or `` Chibi - usa '' , renamed `` Rini '' in some English adaptations ) is a fictional character in the Sailor Moon manga series created by Naoko Takeuchi . She is also one of the main characters of the series . She is introduced in Chapter 13 , `` Conclusion and Commencement , Petite Étrangere '' , first published in Nakayoshi on February 3 , 1993 . She is a small child from the 30th century who travels to the past to seek help from the Sailor Soldiers . She later returns , a few years older , in order to train as a Soldier herself -- Sailor Chibi Moon ( セーラー ちび ムーン , Sērā Chibi Mūn ) , translated as `` Sailor Mini Moon '' in the DIC and Cloverway English adaptations . Chibiusa 's birth name and official title is Princess Usagi Small Lady Serenity ( うさぎ S ( スモール ) L ( レディ ) セレニティ , Hime Usagi Sumōru Redi Sereniti ) . She is adopted as a member of her mother 's family , using the alias Usagi Tsukino , in the 20th century . She is given her nickname to differentiate from the older Usagi Tsukino , Sailor Moon . The nickname is a combination of chibi ( meaning small person or small child ) and her given name , Usagi . Contents 1 Profile 1.1 Age 1.2 Relationships 1.3 Personality 2 Aspects and forms 2.1 Sailor Chibi Moon 2.2 Princess Usagi Small Lady Serenity 2.3 Black Lady 3 Special powers and items 3.1 Luna - P 3.2 Key of Space - Time 3.3 Pink Moon Rod 3.4 Holy Grail 3.5 Pegasus artifacts 3.6 Pink Moon Crystal 4 Development 5 Actresses 6 Reception and influence 7 See also 8 References Profile ( edit ) Author Naoko Takeuchi describes Chibiusa as a precocious person who likes pulling pranks . She is the daughter of Neo-Queen Serenity and King Endymion . Her real name is the same as her mother 's , but is called Chibiusa in Japanese to avoid confusion between the two . Her name in several English - language versions of Sailor Moon , Rini , is a diminutive of `` Serena '' , the name of her mother . She is known for having pink hair put into a unique style that resembles rabbit ears on top of her head . Chibiusa 's hair is apparently truly pink , and not just colored that way for stylistic purposes ; its color is stated in the manga 's first Picture Diary and in the poem about her in the Sailor Stars CD single . Age ( edit ) Exposure to the Silver Crystal renders all of Crystal Tokyo 's inhabitants functionally immortal , and her frequent time traveling further complicates approximation of her age . Chibiusa is 5 years old approximate in both civil registration and physical appearance ; however , she possesses a degree of intellectual maturity that is normally non-existent in a 5 - year - old girl . In act 20 of the manga , it 's stated that she is chronologically 900 years old , which lends credibility to her apparent wisdom , maturity , and rather serious personality over her teenage biological mother Usagi ( in the 20th century ) . Her youthful appearance attributed to the fact that her physical body inexplicably halted its natural aging process when she was five . The reason for this is assumed to be caused by having not `` awakened '' as a Sailor Guardian , which eventually occurred when she first became Sailor Chibi Moon . The candles on a birthday cake in one memory indicate that she is about five years old when first introduced . By the time of the Dream story arc , she claims to be 902 . In Sailor Moon Crystal , it is stated clearly that she is 900 years old . She seems to be the equivalent of a 7 or 8 year old when she returns later . In the manga , after the Infinity Dream story arc , its mentioned she is in second grade ; in the Stars story arc , she is in sixth grade ; in the Sailor Moon Parallel story arc , she is in the ninth grade . Relationships ( edit ) Chibiusa 's affections come into conflict . Despite being self - aware of the fact that Usagi Tsukino and Mamoru Chiba are her biological parents , she does not immediately identify them as such , instead suspiciously viewing them as strangers who look like them . There is evidence that Chibiusa has a hard time identifying Usagi and Mamoru as being her parents since she sees such a sharp contrast in personality between their present and future selves . However , it is worth mentioning their forms King Endymion and Neo Queen Serenity are far in the future , leaving enough time to mature . She also reacts differently toward Usagi and Mamoru than she does towards King Endymion and Neo-Queen Serenity , being more respectful to the latter but more spontaneous to the former ; it is not clear if she prefers one set over the other . However , she always calls her teenage father Mamoru as Mamo - chan ( in the 20th century ) , an affectionate nickname by Usagi , and has an innocent crush on him , much to Usagi 's fury . In the anime , she often picks on Usagi for being clumsy more . In the Sailor Moon Super S : The Movie , she describes Usagi as `` a klutz , a ditz , and a crybaby ; '' however , there are many instances where Usagi and Chibiusa show their love and concern for one another , such as when Sailor Moon breaks down crying after Mistress 9 takes Chibiusa 's pure heart crystal , or when she dives off a balcony to save her . Nevertheless , the two often bicker , often behaving more like sisters than mother and daughter ; however , in the manga , although both bicker towards one another , Chibiusa is shown to have an admiration for Usagi . At times , a mother and daughter relationship is established between the two , shown in various everyday actions such as Usagi holding Chibiusa 's hand to cross the street , etc . In Sailor Moon Crystal , Usagi talks to Chibiusa as in a mix of motherly and sister fashion . Before Usagi 's discovery of Chibiusa 's real identity , Chibiusa was kept under surveillance by Usagi - believing that Chibiusa may possibly be an enemy . Throughout the progression of the Black Moon Arc , Usagi slowly comes to understand Chibiusa 's motives and reasons for her actions - until her feelings towards Chibiusa is replaced from anguish and jealousy , to love and sympathy . A contrast in the beginning and end of Sailor Moon Crystal 's Black Moon Arc is shown , in which Usagi expresses her rage upon Chibiusa 's arrival , whilst in the latter as the season ends Usagi is shown to be tearfully enjoying Chibiusa 's return . Personality ( edit ) Chibiusa started out socially awkward , she quickly became popular with her classmates . In the manga , she once became president of her class . Her initial shyness could be attributed to the fact that she was teased in the 30th - century for not having any Soldier powers . As the manga progresses , she gradually matures , becoming more comfortable with herself and more confident with her Soldier abilities . Because her dream in the manga is to become a beautiful lady , her actions often are based around this . She tries to be a perfectionist and starts off trying to do everything alone and for herself . This view evolves as she realizes what maturity really is and what it really means to be an adult . In the original anime , she is more judgmental and does not mature as much as her manga counterpart . But she does in Sailor Moon Crystal and gets along better with Usagi . Chibiusa 's dream is to one day become a real lady , to have her own prince , and to be friends with everyone she knows . Meanwhile , she is a fairly ordinary little girl ; she likes the colour pink and red , pudding , pancakes , and rabbits . Her favorite school subject is drawing , while her least favorites are language classes . Her least favorite food is listed in the manga as carrots , just like Usagi , but they both eat them in the anime . Chibiusa hates taking care of the house and is afraid of such things as thunder and lightning , ghosts , vampires , dentists , and needles . She also likes to collect things with rabbits on them , and belongs to the Gardening Committee at school . She is very short when she first appears , but grows slightly taller as she gets older . Aspects and forms ( edit ) As a character with different incarnations , special powers , transformations and a long lifetime virtually spanned between the 20th and the 30th centuries , Chibiusa gains multiple aspects and aliases as the series progresses . Sailor Chibi Moon ( edit ) Usagi `` Chibiusa '' Tsukino in her 20th century casual wear , as drawn by Naoko Takeuchi . Sailor Chibi Moon is Chibiusa 's identity as a Sailor Soldier . Her uniforms resemble Sailor Moon 's , colored primarily in cherry blossom pink and red , with a prominent motif of small hearts , joined later by crescent moons and stars . Due to her small stature , certain details of her uniforms are slightly abbreviated . She is given various titles throughout the series , including Princess Soldier , Apprentice Soldier , and Soldier in Training . As the daughter of Sailor Moon and Tuxedo Mask , she exhibits traits of both parents in battle . Her personality is no different from when she is a civilian , although certain powers are unavailable to her in that form . In the manga Sailor Chibi Moon 's powers are significant , able to destroy and kill enemies . She attacks in tandem with Sailor Moon , often combining attacks with her , and combining one with Tuxedo Mask . Late in the series , it is heavily implied that she will marry her own prince in the future , Helios . She also develops and matures as a Sailor Soldier throughout the manga , assisted by her own guardians , the Sailor Quartet , and eventually saving Sailor Moon 's life . In the anime she is made into more of a comic character that has little to no effect on her enemies . She uses mainly distraction techniques and plays a side role , instead of a role that is directly useful to the Sailor Soldiers . While her powers are specifically based on Sailor Moon 's in words , they are more like that of her father 's -- distractions rather than effective attacks . She links her powers with her parents ' in the movies , but not in the TV series . It is clear , though , that she does have some true raw power , as seen in Episode 81 , and in the final battle sequences where she uses the Silver Crystal . However , when she uses her powers as a regular character this rarely comes into play . Her powers in the musicals are based on both her anime and manga incarnations . In Last Dracul she heads to the enemy hideout alone only to have her attacks fail ; In the revised version of Transylvania no Mori she laments that a phrase from a game similar to Red light Green light is more useful than her most powerful attack when dealing with the Sammael Quartet . Conversely , in the same musicals she is able to combine her powers with Sailor Moon for multiple powerful attacks that damage / heal enemies . It is only in the fourth season of the anime that she gains a more relevant role as Pegasus gives her a new compact to become Super Sailor Chibi Moon for the first time , and she becomes the only one able to summon him to give assistance to Sailor Moon in performing the attacks that defeat the enemies ' minions . As she grows stronger , Sailor Chibi Moon gains additional power , and at key points her uniform changes to reflect this . The first change is first seen in act 33 of the manga , when the Holy Chalice of the future allows her to turn into Super Sailor Chibi Moon ( or Super Sailor Mini Moon in the English anime ) . Later , Pegasus gives her a compact which lets her transform without the Grail . In episode 128 of the anime , this gift is what causes her to become Super Sailor Chibi Moon for the first time . A third , manga - only form appears in act 42 , unnamed but analogous to Eternal Sailor Moon ( sans wings ) . Princess Usagi Small Lady Serenity ( edit ) Princess Usagi Small Lady Serenity ( プリンセス ・ うさぎ S ( スモール ) L ( レディ ) セレニティ , Purinsesu Usagi Sumōru Redi Sereniti ) , official name and title is often shortened by her parents and family friends to Small Lady ( スモール ・ レディ , Sumōru Redi ) , this is the name that Chibiusa is known by in her 30th century timeline . In the manga , this form appears more frequently and receives more explanation . It is the name given to her by her parents so she often uses this to identify herself in the future . The only other character to use it , besides the royal family and its friends and allies , is Diana , who periodically calls her by Small Lady and uses honorific endings to indicate that Chibiusa is a princess . Her princess form also appears in Artbooks IV and the Materials Collection , in which she is drawn among the other Sailor Soldiers in their specific gowns . She wears a light pink gown unique from all the others . In the anime , Chibiusa changes into her princess form when she needs more power than her Soldier or civilian forms allow , similar to how her parents can become Prince Endymion and Princess Serenity when they need more power . In this form , she wears a dress and jewelry identical to that of Princess Serenity , albeit smaller . This happens twice , during the final battles of the second and fourth series . Like her mother , Chibiusa grows a pair of functioning , angelic wings during the SuperS climax . She does this after Usagi , as Serenity , grabs her while they are falling , and the two of them collide with Pegasus . It is unknown if she grew the wings on her own or with Usagi 's or Pegasus ' help . The Chibiusa of the future , Small Lady , is also shown in her princess dress when she is not transformed , so this form is not exclusive to power - ups . In the anime , it is not told where she got the name from , but again it is only used by the royal family and friends . She mainly goes by Chibiusa , even to the point where in the 20th century she asks Setsuna to call her Chibiusa instead of Small Lady . In act 40 of the manga , it is stated that when she is old enough she will become Princess Lady Serenity . This form is shown in Artbooks IV and V and in Helios ' dreams . In the end , when the enemy is defeated and Helios has departed on the back of the `` real '' Pegasus , Chibiusa thinks to herself that when she has grown up , he will become her `` prince . '' This older future form is never shown or mentioned in the anime , though an older Chibiusa is shown in episode 158 when she and Usagi switch ages . Black Lady ( edit ) Chibiusa as Black Lady During the Black Moon Clan arc , Chibiusa was lost in a space - time storm and then found by Wiseman who then preyed on her frustration and despondencies to turn her into his agent Black Lady ( ブラック ・ レディ , Burakku Redi ) . Infused with the energies of the Malefic Black Crystal , causing the Black Moon insignia to on her head , Black Lady resembles Chibiusa as an adult in an organdy and satin dress , Black Crystal earrings , and hair longer than Usagi 's . Obsessively in love with Mamoru , Black Lady abducted Tuxedo Mask when he entered the space - time storm after Chibiusa and turned him into her servant . In the anime reboot Sailor Moon Crystal , Black Lady was also present as a shadowy silhouette to insult Rubeus as Wiseman kills him . She later reveals herself to Demand and Safir after the Malefic Black Crystal Reactor had a meltdown , taking the two to Wiseman . Black Lady later confronts the Sailor Guardians directly to take their Silver Crystal , discarding her birthright while summoning additional chucks of Malefic Back Crystal to speed up 30th Century Earth 's destruction . But when Sailor Pluto sacrificed herself to prevent Demand from accidentally destroying the universe with the two Silver Crystals , Black Lady emotionally broke down upon remembering her friendship with Pluto . Black Lady 's anguished crying awakened the future Silver Crystal 's power , shattering Wiseman 's spell over her as she reverts to her original form and reawakens as Sailor Chibi Moon . In the original anime , weaponizing Luna - P rather than discard the toy when it recognized her , Black Lady 's memories were greatly distorted to have her assumed that she was unloved by both her parents and gave her motivation to kill them and the Sailor Guardians . But Black Lady is purified back to Chibiusa when Sailor Moon assumed the appearance of Neo-Queen Serenity and embraced her . Black Lady also appears in the Sailor Moon musicals Tanjou ! Ankoku no Princess Black Lady and its revision Tanjou ! Ankoku no Princess Black Lady ( Kaiteiban ) - Wakusei Nemesis no Nazo - . Black Lady appears as a boss in the Sailor Moon : Another Story video game even though Chibiusa is present . Special powers and items ( edit ) Luna - P ( edit ) From Chibiusa 's first appearance , her primary tool is the cat - faced rubber ball called Luna - P ( alternately called `` Lunaball '' or `` Luna Sphere '' in the DiC anime ) . Luna - P is a mechanical object strongly resembling Luna , which Chibiusa regards as her closest friend and which acts as her guardian . It can be used as a communication device , particularly with Sailor Pluto , and can be transformed into other objects Chibiusa may need by use of a special phrase , such as `` Luna - P Transform '' in the manga , or `` Luna - P Kitty Magic '' in the anime . While the manga and Crystal depicted her knocking Luna - P away , Black Lady overwrites the toy 's programming with the Black Crystal 's power to use as a weapon in the original anime . Key of space - time ( edit ) Chibiusa travels through time at various points in the series using the Key of Space - Time given to her by Sailor Pluto ( in the manga , she stole it ) . She time - travels by holding up the key and shouting , `` Time Guardian ! Tear apart the sky , and open the space - time door to me ! I call the true name of the almighty god of time , the time guardian 's father ! Chronos ! Reveal to me the path of light ! '' Pink Moon Rod ( edit ) Sailor Chibi Moon using the Pink Moon Rod to perform Pink Sugar Heart Attack in Sailor Moon Crystal . Chibiusa is not shown using unassisted powers until she transforms into a Sailor Soldier by activating a special device and shouting a certain phrase . Originally this is `` Moon Prism Power , Make - up ! '' , In the manga , her becoming a Soldier at the end of the second story arc is shown , whereas in the anime it happens off - screen and is not revealed until partway into the third arc . She does not initially have a full anime transformation sequence . In the manga , Sailor Chibi Moon 's first act as a Sailor Soldier is to use the Moon Rod of the future ( analogous to Sailor Moon 's rod of the present ) to perform a double `` Moon Princess Halation '' with Sailor Moon , destroying Death Phantom . During the third story arc , she uses her own Moon Rod ( called the Pink Moon Stick in the anime ) in conjunction with her first solo power , `` Pink Sugar Heart Attack '' . This is a reasonably effective attack in the manga , but is nearly useless in the anime and is mainly used for comedic effect . It often lacks sufficient range to hit a monster or fails to initiate at all . The damage it deals can be strong enough to shatter glass . Holy Grail ( edit ) At the end of the manga 's third arc , she assists Super Sailor Moon by briefly upgrading to Super form herself using the Holy Grail of the future . Neither is able to maintain this form under her own strength until the fourth story arc , when they are empowered by Pegasus to take on Super forms whenever they need to via `` Moon Crisis , Make - up ! '' In the anime , this is the first time Chibiusa takes on her Super form , and throughout the fourth series she and Sailor Moon share a single transformation sequence . Pegasus artifacts ( edit ) Sailor Chibi Moon is strengthened significantly in the fourth story arc by Pegasus , who takes refuge in the Golden Mirror of her dreams . He grants her a new transformation ( shared with Usagi , in the anime ) , and gives her two special items with which to contact him : the Stallion Reve , for simple communication , and the Crystal Carillon to summon him in battle . Using the latter , fashioned from her old Pink Moon Stick and retaining all its powers , she summons Pegasus by shouting `` Twinkle Yell ! '' This allows Sailor Moon to power up and make her final blow . Furthermore , in the anime only , Sailor Chibi Moon is given the Golden Crystal , which she uses to call on the power of dreams . In the manga , Chibiusa is also briefly entrusted with the Deep Aqua Mirror , Sailor Neptune 's Talisman , and can use it to teleport to Neptune 's location . Together with Tuxedo Mask , she performs `` Pink Sugar Tuxedo Attack , '' and continues to occasionally join Sailor Moon in one - off power - ups of the latter 's attacks , including `` Rainbow Double Moon Heart Ache '' and `` Double Starlight Honeymoon Therapy Kiss '' . Only one of these is used in the anime : `` Moon Gorgeous Meditation , '' which is only ever shown as a joint power , using the Kaleido Moon Scopes , which are given to them by Mamoru in the manga and Pegasus in the anime . She also uses several comedic one - offs , including fending off a vampire with `` Garlic Attack '' jump - kicking with Sailor Moon , and amplifying the sound of her crying to a deafening level with her hair - pieces . Pink Moon Crystal ( edit ) At the end of the fourth arc , in the manga only , the Silver Crystal of the future evolves into Chibiusa 's own Pink Moon Crystal , and she gains the ability to transform into her third , most powerful Soldier form . When she returns from the future in the final story arc with her guardians , the Sailor Quartet , they perform `` Pink Ladies Freezing Kiss '' together . Development ( edit ) Adding in Usagi 's child to the Sailor Moon storyline , as well as her name , Chibiusa for a chibi ( little ) Usagi , was the idea of Naoko Takeuchi 's editor , Fumio Osano . Takeuchi has stated that she did not think much about how Chibiusa 's hair would look , besides it having odango like Usagi 's hair and being pink ; and that she used a Chibiusa doll for reference on the hair . The first appearance of Chibiusa as a Sailor Soldier is in a side story , a year and a half before Sailor Chibi Moon made her debut in the manga . In the first Picture Diary , Chibiusa is rescued by Sailors Moon and Venus and dreams that night about becoming a `` soldier of love and justice '' herself . She calls herself `` Sailor Chibiusa Moon '' and appears in a uniform slightly different from the one she wears later , most notably including a cape . Takeuchi struggled with a name for Black Lady , initially calling her `` the Black Queen '' and retaining her childlike appearance . Takeuchi also noted that the leg - slit on Black Lady 's dress was even more revealing in the anime than in the manga , something which shocked her as she had wondered if the slit was going too far in her drawings of Black Lady . Actresses ( edit ) In the original Japanese anime series , Chibiusa is voiced by Kae Araki . Misato Fukuen provides her voice in Sailor Moon Crystal . In the DIC English - language adaptation , the voice of `` Rini '' is provided first by Tracey Hoyt ( in the R series and movies ) and then by Stephanie Beard ( in the S and SuperS series ) . Liz Wartenberg Brown provided the voice of Wicked Lady . In the English Viz dub , Chibiusa 's voice is provided by Sandy Fox in both her normal and `` Black Lady '' forms . In the stage musicals , Chibiusa was frequently double - cast , and has been played by 16 actresses : Ai Miyakawa , Mao Kawasaki , Tamaki Dia Shirai , Natsumi Takenaka , Ayano Gunji , Arisu Izawa , Kasumi Takabatake , Noël Miyazaki , Aisha Yamamoto , Nanami Ota , Mao Ono , Mina Horita , Moe Osaki , Airi Kanda and Kokoro Kuge . Years later , Mao Kawasaki went on to portray her evil adult form , Black Lady . This character was also played by Shion Nakamaru and Yui Ito . Ayano Gunji , the longest running Chibiusa actress , stated that the manga and anime of Sailor Moon was # 1 , and she was happy to watch the show . She also stated she became even happier when she was able to wear Chibi Moon 's costume , and wanted to live actively like Chibiusa . Chibiusa does not appear in the live - action series . Reception and influence ( edit ) The Japanese official Sailor Moon character popularity poll listed Chibiusa , Sailor Chibi Moon , Princess Lady Serenity , and Black Lady as separate entities . In 1993 , with fifty choices , Chibiusa was the most popular character , Black Lady was the thirteenth most popular , and Luna - P , an item of Chibiusa 's , was the seventeenth most popular character . In 1994 , with fifty one choices , Sailor Chibi Moon was the second most popular character , Chibiusa was the eighth most popular , and Luna - P was the twenty sixth most popular character . In early 1996 , with fifty one choices , Sailor Chibi Moon was again the second most popular character , Chibiusa was the eleventh most popular , and Princess Lady Serenity , an older form of Small Lady , was the twenty fourth most popular character . Despite this , Chibiusa has been described by Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy as `` unpopular '' even among Japanese audiences , at least in the anime . See also ( edit ) Moon in art and literature References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1993 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Act 19 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178764 - 0 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( September 1995 ) . `` Act 13 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 5 ( original ) . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178820 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Takeuchi , Naoko ( September 1999 ) . Bishoujo Senshi Sailormoon Volume V Original Picture Collection . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 324521 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Takeuchi , Naoko ( November 6 , 1993 ) . `` Picture Diary '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 5 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178764 - 0 . Jump up ^ Araki , Kae . Sailor Stars CD single . CODC - 1087 / 1996.12. 21 Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( October 1999 ) . Materials Collection . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 324521 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Birth of Black Lady , The Queen of Darkness '' . Sailor Moon . Series 2 . Episode 85 . Tokyo . February 12 , 1994 . Toei . Asahi . ^ Jump up to : Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1996 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Chibiusa Picture Diary Hammer Price Shrine '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 17 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178849 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seeking Friends ! Mini Moon 's Actions '' . Sailor Moon . Series 3 . Episode 104 . Tokyo . August 20 , 1994 . Toei . Asahi . Jump up ^ `` Shadows of Destruction ! The Awakening of the Messiah of Silence '' . Sailor Moon . Series 3 . Episode 123 . Tokyo . January 28 , 1995 . Toei . Asahi . Jump up ^ `` Dreams Forever ! Light Throughout the Sky '' . Sailor Moon . Series 4 . Episode 166 . Tokyo . March 2 , 1996 . Toei . Asahi . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1995 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Act 34 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 12 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178814 - 0 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( April 5 , 1994 ) . `` Act 22 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 6 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178772 - 1 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( September 6 , 1995 ) . `` Act 35 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 12 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178814 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1995 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Act 35 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 12 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178814 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sailor Moon . Series 4 . Episode 135 . Tokyo . May 20 , 1995 . Toei . Asahi . Jump up ^ `` Defeat Rubeus ! The Battle in Space '' . Sailor Moon . Series 2 . Episode 74 . Tokyo . November 13 , 1993 . Toei . Asahi . Jump up ^ `` Serena 's Parental Love ? A Curry Triangle Relationship '' . Sailor Moon . Series 2 . Episode 66 . Tokyo . August 21 , 1993 . Toei . Asahi . in this episode of the anime Usagi uses carrots as an ingredient for curry , which she and Chibiusa later eat , so this may be a manga - only fact . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1995 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Back of volume '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 10 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178806 - X . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1993 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Act 16 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 4 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178753 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` In Search of the Silver Crystal ! Chibiusa 's Secret '' . Sailor Moon . Series 2 . Episode 64 . Tokyo . July 31 , 1993 . Toei . Asahi . ^ Jump up to : `` Supers Special 3 : Chibiusa 's Adventure , the Dreaded Vampire Castle '' . Sailor Moon . Series 4 . Episode 128 . Tokyo . April 4 , 1995 . Toei . Asahi . Jump up ^ `` A Dentist of Terror ? Pallapalla 's House '' . Sailor Moon . Series 4 . Episode 153 . Tokyo . November 18 , 1995 . Toei . Asahi . Jump up ^ `` Venus Minako 's Nurse Mayhem '' . Sailor Moon . Series 2 . Episode 78 . Tokyo . December 18 , 1993 . Toei . Asahi . ^ Jump up to : `` The Arrival of the Tiny Pretty Soldier '' . Sailor Moon . Series 3 . Episode 103 . Tokyo . August 6 , 1994 . Toei . Asahi . ^ Jump up to : Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1996 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Act 42 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 15 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178835 - 3 . Jump up ^ Erroneously referred as Super Sailor Chibi Moon in the all - cast picture of Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon Volume V Original Picture Collection . Jump up ^ `` The Final Battle Between Light and Darkness ! Love Sworn to the Future '' . Sailor Moon . Series 2 . Episode 88 . Tokyo . March 5 , 1994 . Toei . Asahi . `` Dreams Forever ! Light Throughout the Sky '' . Sailor Moon . Series 4 . Episode 166 . Tokyo . March 2 , 1996 . Toei . Asahi . Jump up ^ `` Shadow of Silence ! ? The Pale Glimmer of a Firefly '' . Sailor Moon . Series 3 . Episode 115 . Tokyo . November 26 , 1994 . Toei . Asahi . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1995 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Act 35 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 12 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178814 - 0 . Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1996 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Act 40 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 14 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178826 - 4 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( July 5 , 1996 ) . `` Act 42 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 15 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178835 - 3 . Jump up ^ First used in manga Act 16 and anime Episode 60 . In the dubbed anime , the special phrase is `` Kitty Magic ! '' as seen in the same episode , numbered 54 . Jump up ^ She arrives at the beginning of the second story arc and unsuccessfully attempts to go home in the middle . She does go home at the end , only to return for the third story arc . She departs again at the end of the fourth arc , but in the anime returns once more near the end of the fifth . Jump up ^ In the anime , uses the Prism Moon Compact . First used in manga Act 25 and anime Episode 103 . In the English versions , Chibiusa does not say ' Make up ' when transforming , although it is sometimes replaced with `` Transform ! '' . In some cases she says `` Mini Prism Power '' . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1994 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Act 23 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 7 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178781 - 0 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko . `` Act 28 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 8 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178790 - X . Jump up ^ Episode 118 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( June 6 , 1995 ) . `` Act 33 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 10 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178806 - X . Uses `` Crisis , Make - up ! '' Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( September 6 , 1995 ) . `` Act 34 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 12 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178814 - 0 . `` Protect a Mother 's Dream ! The New Attack for Double Moon '' . Sailor Moon . Series 4 . Episode 130 . Tokyo . March 18 , 1995 . Toei . Asahi . Uses the Pink Moon Compact . In the English version it is called Moon Cosmic Dream Action `` Dreams Take Fight '' . Sailor Moon . Series 4 . Episode 121 . September 26 , 2000 . YTV . YTV. , or in Supers movie Super Moon Crisis Power . Jump up ^ Sailor Moon Supers : The Movie . Jump up ^ First seen in manga Act 34 and anime Episode 131 . In the English version it is called `` Twinkle Bell '' or `` Crystal Twinkle Bell '' . In episode 153 of the anime Chibi Moon is shown to be able to use Super Sonic Odango an attack which supersonic waves emmit out of her Odangos in time of a crisis situation or when shes completely defenseless . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko . `` Act 39 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 8 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178790 - X . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1995 - 07 - 06 ) . `` The Lover of Princess Kayuga '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 11 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178809 - 4 ... Also seen in the stage musicals . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1995 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Act 33 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 10 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178806 - X . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1996 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Chibiusa 's Picture Diary 4 : Story of the Hammer Price Shrine '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 17 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178849 - 3 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( July 6 , 1994 ) . `` Act 34 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 7 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178781 - 0 . and in Sailor Moon Supers : The Movie . The English version did not change its name except in the first two appearances , where the attack was not named in the original . In those first two appearances , the attack was called `` Moon Super Moon Target '' and `` Super Moon Target '' respectively ; after the third episode to feature the attack , however , it was consistently named `` Moon Gorgeous Meditation '' just as in the original . Jump up ^ `` Double Sailor Kick '' and `` Double Sailor Moon Kick , '' seen in Episodes 107 and 143 . Jump up ^ Chou Onpa ( 超 音波 , chō onpa , `` super sound waves '' ) . Used in the third Picture Diary and in Episode 153 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1996 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Act 42 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 15 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178835 - 3 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1996 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Act 48 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 17 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178849 - 3 . Transformation with Pink Moon Crystal Power occurs . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1997 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Act 49 '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 18 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178858 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Volume 3 '' . Kurozuki.com. 2003 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Takeuchi , Naoko ( August 1994 ) . Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon Volume II Original Picture Collection . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 324508 - X . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1993 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Chibiusa 's Picture Diary '' . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 5 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178764 - 0 . Jump up ^ Doi , Hitoshi ; Ross TenEyck ( 1996 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Sailor Stars episode 174 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Viz Media Welcomes the English Voice Cast of Sailor Moon , Jojo 's Bizarre Adventure and Boruto at Anime Expo 2017 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` eternal. legend '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sailor Moon Musicals , 1999 Kaguya Shima Densetsu Fan Kansha Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1994 - 07 - 06 ) . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 7 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178781 - 0 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1995 - 06 - 06 ) . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 10 . Kodansha . pp. 138 -- 139 . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178806 - X . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Naoko ( 1996 - 07 - 05 ) . Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Volume 15 . Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 06 - 178835 - 3 . Jump up ^ Clements , Jonathan ; McCarthy , Helen ( 2001 - 09 - 01 ) . The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 ( 1st ed . ) . Berkeley , California : Stone Bridge Press . p. 338 . ISBN 1 - 880656 - 64 - 7 . OCLC 47255331 . Sailor Moon by Naoko Takeuchi Media Chapters Codename : Sailor V Sailor Moon episodes Season 1 SuperS Sailor Stars films SuperS Sailor Moon Crystal episodes Live - action series Musicals Video games Collectible card game Music Soundtracks `` Moonlight Densetsu '' `` Kaze mo Sora mo Kitto ... '' `` Moon Pride '' Characters Protagonists Sailor Moon Tuxedo Mask Sailor Mercury Sailor Mars Sailor Jupiter Sailor Venus Chibiusa Sailor Pluto Sailor Uranus Sailor Neptune Sailor Saturn Antagonists Dark Kingdom Black Moon Clan Death Busters Dead Moon Circus Shadow Galactica Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chibiusa&oldid=852104538 '' Categories : Japanese superheroes Comics characters introduced in 1993 Child superheroes Sailor Soldiers Moon in fiction Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 17 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-6550640435239249321 | Museum of Modern Art | Museum of Modern Art - Wikipedia Museum of Modern Art Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the museum in New York City . For other museums , see Museum of Modern Art ( disambiguation ) . Museum of Modern Art Location of MoMA in Manhattan Established November 7 , 1929 ; 87 years ago ( 1929 - 11 - 07 ) Location 11 West 53rd Street New York , NY 10019 Coordinates 40 ° 45 ′ 41 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 40 '' W / 40.761484 ° N 73.977664 ° W / 40.761484 ; - 73.977664 Visitors 3.1 million ( 2013 ) Ranked 13th globally ( 2013 ) Director Glenn D. Lowry Public transit access Subway : Fifth Avenue / 53rd Street ( E M trains ) Bus : M1 , M2 , M3 , M4 , M5 , M7 , M10 , M20 , M50 , M104 Website www.moma.org The Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA / ˈmoʊmə / ) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City , on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues . MoMA has been important in developing and collecting modernist art , and is often identified as one of the largest and most influential museums of modern art in the world . MoMA 's collection offers an overview of modern and contemporary art , including works of architecture and design , drawing , painting , sculpture , photography , prints , illustrated books and artist 's books , film , and electronic media . The MoMA Library includes approximately 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs , over 1,000 periodical titles , and over 40,000 files of ephemera about individual artists and groups . The archives holds primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Heckscher and other buildings ( 1929 -- 39 ) 1.2 53rd Street ( 1939 -- present ) 1.2. 1 1930s and 1940s 1.2. 2 1958 fire 1.2. 3 Recent history 1.2. 4 Expansion from 1983 to present 2 Exhibition houses 3 Artworks 3.1 Selected collection highlights 3.2 Film 3.3 Library 3.4 Architecture and design 4 Management 4.1 Attendance 4.2 Admission 4.3 Finances 5 Key people 5.1 Officers and the board of trustees 5.1. 1 Board of trustees 5.2 Directors 5.3 Chief curators 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Heckscher and other buildings ( 1929 -- 39 ) ( edit ) The idea for The Museum of Modern Art was developed in 1929 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller ( wife of John D. Rockefeller , Jr . ) and two of her friends , Lillie P. Bliss and Mary Quinn Sullivan . They became known variously as `` the Ladies '' , `` the daring ladies '' and `` the adamantine ladies '' . They rented modest quarters for the new museum in the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue ( corner of Fifth Avenue and 57th Street ) in Manhattan , and it opened to the public on November 7 , 1929 , nine days after the Wall Street Crash . Abby had invited A. Conger Goodyear , the former president of the board of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo , New York , to become president of the new museum . Abby became treasurer . At the time , it was America 's premier museum devoted exclusively to modern art , and the first of its kind in Manhattan to exhibit European modernism . One of Abby 's early recruits for the museum staff was the noted Japanese - American photographer Soichi Sunami ( at that time best known for his portraits of modern dance pioneer Martha Graham ) , who served the museum as its official documentary photographer from 1930 until 1968 . Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees . Sachs , the associate director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University , was referred to in those days as a collector of curators . Goodyear asked him to recommend a director and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr , Jr. , a promising young protege . Under Barr 's guidance , the museum 's holdings quickly expanded from an initial gift of eight prints and one drawing . Its first successful loan exhibition was in November 1929 , displaying paintings by Van Gogh , Gauguin , Cézanne , and Seurat . First housed in six rooms of galleries and offices on the twelfth floor of Manhattan 's Heckscher Building , on the corner of Fifth Avenue and 57th Street , the museum moved into three more temporary locations within the next ten years . Abby 's husband was adamantly opposed to the museum ( as well as to modern art itself ) and refused to release funds for the venture , which had to be obtained from other sources and resulted in the frequent shifts of location . Nevertheless , he eventually donated the land for the current site of the museum , plus other gifts over time , and thus became in effect one of its greatest benefactors . During that time it initiated many more exhibitions of noted artists , such as the lone Vincent van Gogh exhibition on November 4 , 1935 . Containing an unprecedented sixty - six oils and fifty drawings from the Netherlands , as well as poignant excerpts from the artist 's letters , it was a major public success due to Barr 's arrangement of the exhibit , and became `` a precursor to the hold van Gogh has to this day on the contemporary imagination '' . 53rd Street ( 1939 -- present ) ( edit ) 1930s and 1940s ( edit ) The museum also gained international prominence with the hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939 -- 40 , held in conjunction with the Art Institute of Chicago . In its range of presented works , it represented a significant reinterpretation of Picasso for future art scholars and historians . This was wholly masterminded by Barr , a Picasso enthusiast , and the exhibition lionized Picasso as the greatest artist of the time , setting the model for all the museum 's retrospectives that were to follow . Boy Leading a Horse was briefly contested over ownership with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum . In 1941 , MoMA hosted the ground - breaking exhibition , Indian Art of the United States ( curated by Frederic Huntington Douglas and Rene d'Harnoncourt ) , that changed the way American Indian arts were viewed by the public and exhibited in art museums . The entrance to The Museum of Modern Art When Abby Rockefeller 's son Nelson was selected by the board of trustees to become its flamboyant president in 1939 , at the age of thirty , he became the prime instigator and funder of its publicity , acquisitions and subsequent expansion into new headquarters on 53rd Street . His brother , David Rockefeller , also joined the museum 's board of trustees in 1948 and took over the presidency when Nelson was elected Governor of New York in 1958 . David subsequently employed the noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign the museum garden and name it in honor of his mother , the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden . He and the Rockefeller family in general have retained a close association with the museum throughout its history , with the Rockefeller Brothers Fund funding the institution since 1947 . Both David Rockefeller , Jr. and Sharon Percy Rockefeller ( wife of Senator Jay Rockefeller ) currently sit on the board of trustees . In 1937 , MoMA had shifted to offices and basement galleries in the Time - Life Building in Rockefeller Center . Its permanent and current home , now renovated , designed in the International Style by the modernist architects Philip L. Goodwin and Edward Durell Stone , opened to the public on May 10 , 1939 , attended by an illustrious company of 6,000 people , and with an opening address via radio from the White House by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . 1958 fire ( edit ) On April 15 , 1958 , a fire on the second floor destroyed an 18 foot long Monet Water Lilies painting ( the current Monet water lilies was acquired shortly after the fire as a replacement ) . The fire started when workmen installing air conditioning were smoking near paint cans , sawdust , and a canvas dropcloth . One worker was killed in the fire and several firefighters were treated for smoke inhalation . Most of the paintings on the floor had been moved for the construction although large paintings including the Monet were left . Art work on the 3rd and 4th floors were evacuated to the Whitney Museum of American Art which abutted it on the 54th Street side . Among the paintings that were moved was A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte which had been on loan by the Art Institute of Chicago . Visitors and employees above the fire were evacuated to the roof and then jumped to the roof of an adjoining townhouse . Recent history ( edit ) In 1969 , the MoMA was at the center of a controversy over its decision to withdraw funding from the iconic anti-war poster And babies . In 1969 , the Art Workers Coalition ( AWC ) , a group of New York City artists who opposed the Vietnam War , in collaboration with Museum of Modern Art members Arthur Drexler and Elizabeth Shaw , created an iconic protest poster called And babies . The poster uses an image by photojournalist Ronald L. Haeberle and references the My Lai Massacre . The Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA ) had promised to fund and circulate the poster , but after seeing the 2 by 3 foot poster MoMA pulled financing for the project at the last minute . MoMA 's Board of Trustees included Nelson Rockefeller and William S. Paley ( head of CBS ) , who reportedly `` hit the ceiling '' on seeing the proofs of the poster . The poster was included shortly thereafter in MoMA 's Information exhibition of July 2 to September 20 , 1970 , curated by Kynaston McShine . Another famous controversary involved Pablo Picasso 's painting Boy Leading a Horse , 1905 -- 06 , gifted to MoMA by William S. Paley in 1964 . Ownership of Boy Leading a Horse was contested between the MoMA and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum . Expansion from 1983 to present ( edit ) Stairs in the Museum of Modern Art Cross-section of the Museum of Modern Art In 1983 the Museum more than doubled its gallery and increased curatorial department by 30 percent , and added an auditorium , two restaurants and a bookstore in conjunction with the construction of the 56 - story Museum Tower adjoining the museum . In 1997 , the Japanese architect Yoshio Taniguchi beat out ten other international architects to win the competition to execute the redesign of the museum . MoMA 's midtown location underwent extensive renovations in the early 2000s , closing on May 21 , 2002 , and reopening to the public in a building redesigned by Taniguchi along with Kohn Pedersen Fox , on November 20 , 2004 . Severud Associates was the structural engineering firm chosen for this project . From June 29 , 2002 , until September 27 , 2004 , a portion of its collection was on display in what was dubbed MoMA QNS , a former Swingline staple factory in Long Island City , Queens . The expansion , including an increase in MoMA 's endowment to cover operating expenses , cost $858 million in total . The project nearly doubled the space for MoMA 's exhibitions and programs and features 630,000 square feet ( 59,000 m ) of new and redesigned space . The Peggy and David Rockefeller Building on the western portion of the site houses the main exhibition galleries , and The Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Education and Research Building , after Lewis B. Cullman and Dorothy Cullman , on the eastern portion provides over five times more space for classrooms , auditoriums , teacher training workshops , and the museum 's expanded Library and Archives . These two buildings frame the enlarged Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden . The architecture of the renovation is controversial . At its opening , some critics thought that Taniguchi 's design was a fine example of contemporary architecture , while many others were extremely displeased with certain aspects of the design , such as the flow of the space . The Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Education and Research Building marked the culmination of the Taniguchi project , providing significantly increased space for MoMA 's wide - ranging educational and research activities . The building also features an entrance for school groups , a 125 - seat auditorium , an orientation center , workshop space for teacher training programs , study centers , and a large lobby with double - height views into the Sculpture Garden . Museum of Modern Art is selling its last vacant parcel of land in Midtown for $125 million to Hines Development , an international real estate developer based in Houston . Hines in turn announced plans to build 53W53 , a skyscraper to be as tall as the Empire State Building . In 2009 , the New York City Department of City Planning said the building could only be built if it was 200 feet shorter than the original plan . As of March 2015 , foundation works are ongoing . In 2011 , the museum acquired the American Folk Art Museum which adjoined its property to the east for $31.2 million . Two years later , it later announced in April that it planned to demolish the folk museum . After much protest , architecture firm Diller Scofidio + Renfro was hired to evaluate whether the folk art building could be incorporated into a renovation . In early 2014 , the museum unveiled Diller Scofidio + Renfro 's plans for a redesign of its building , featuring a retractable glass wall , new gallery space and the opening of its entire first floor , including the sculpture garden , free to the public . In particular , the proposed expansion would give the museum 15,500 square feet of new gallery space in the former site of the American Folk Art Museum and 39,000 in 53W53 . Construction on the project is scheduled to be finished by 2018 or 2019 . Exhibition houses ( edit ) The MoMA occasionally has sponsored and hosted temporary exhibition houses , which have reflected seminal ideas in architectural history . 1949 : exhibition house by Marcel Breuer 1950 : exhibition house by Gregory Ain 1955 : Japanese Exhibition House by Junzo Yoshimura , reinstalled in Philadelphia , PA in 1957 -- 58 and known now as Shofuso Japanese House and Garden 2008 : Prefabricated houses planned by : Kieran Timberlake Architects Lawrence Sass Jeremy Edmiston and Douglas Gauthier Leo Kaufmann Architects Richard Horden Artworks ( edit ) Pablo Picasso , Les Demoiselles d'Avignon , 1907 Claude Monet , Reflections of Clouds on the Water - Lily Pond , c. 1920 See also : List of works in the Museum of Modern Art § Department of Painting and Sculpture Considered by many to have the best collection of modern Western masterpieces in the world , MoMA 's holdings include more than 150,000 individual pieces in addition to approximately 22,000 films and 4 million film stills . ( Access to the collection of film stills ended in 2002 , and the collection is mothballed in a vault in Hamlin , Pennsylvania . ) The collection houses such important and familiar works as the following : Francis Bacon , Painting ( 1946 ) Umberto Boccioni , The City Rises Paul Cézanne , The Bather Marc Chagall , I and the Village Giorgio de Chirico , The Song of Love Salvador Dalí , The Persistence of Memory Max Ernst , Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale Paul Gauguin , Te aa no areois ( The Seed of the Areoi ) Albert Gleizes , Portrait of Igor Stravinsky , 1914 Jasper Johns , Flag Frida Kahlo , Self - Portrait With Cropped Hair Roy Lichtenstein , Drowning Girl René Magritte , The Empire of Lights Kazimir Malevich , White on White 1918 Henri Matisse , The Dance Jean Metzinger , Landscape , 1912 -- 14 Piet Mondrian , Broadway Boogie - Woogie Claude Monet , Water Lilies triptych Barnett Newman , Broken Obelisk Barnett Newman , Vir Heroicus Sublimis ( Man , Heroic and Sublime ) Pablo Picasso , Les Demoiselles d'Avignon Jackson Pollock , One : Number 31 , 1950 Henri Rousseau , The Dream , 1910 Henri Rousseau , The Sleeping Gypsy Vincent van Gogh , The Starry Night Andy Warhol , Campbell 's Soup Cans Andrew Wyeth , Christina 's World Selected collection highlights ( edit ) Paul Cézanne , The Bather , 1885 -- 87 Vincent van Gogh , The Starry Night , 1889 Vincent van Gogh , The Olive Trees with the Alpilles in the Background , 1889 Paul Gauguin , Te aa no areois ( The Seed of the Areoi ) , 1892 Henri Rousseau , La Bohémienne endormie ( The Sleeping Gypsy -- Zingara che dorme ) , 1897 Henri Matisse , The Dance I , 1909 Henri Rousseau , The Dream , 1910 Henri Matisse , L'Atelier Rouge , 1911 Georges Braque , 1911 -- 12 , Man with a Guitar ( L'Homme à la guitare , Figure ) , oil on canvas , 116.2 × 80.9 cm Umberto Boccioni , 1913 , Dynamism of a Soccer Player , 1913 , oil on canvas , 193.2 × 201 cm Henri Matisse , View of Notre - Dame , 1914 Giorgio De Chirico , Love Song , 1914 Kazimir Malevich , Suprematist Composition : White on White , 1918 It also holds works by a wide range of influential European and American artists including Georges Braque , Marcel Duchamp , Walker Evans , Helen Frankenthaler , Alberto Giacometti , Arshile Gorky , Hans Hofmann , Edward Hopper , Paul Klee , Franz Kline , Willem de Kooning , Dorothea Lange , Fernand Léger , Roy Lichtenstein , Morris Louis , René Magritte , Aristide Maillol , Joan Miró , Henry Moore , Kenneth Noland , Georgia O'Keeffe , Jackson Pollock , Robert Rauschenberg , Auguste Rodin , Mark Rothko , David Smith , Frank Stella , and hundreds of others . MoMA developed a world - renowned art photography collection first under Edward Steichen and then under Steichen 's hand - picked successor John Szarkowski , which included photos by Todd Webb . The department was founded by Beaumont Newhall in 1940 . Under Szarkowski , it focused on a more traditionally modernist approach to the medium , one that emphasized documentary images and orthodox darkroom techniques . Film ( edit ) In 1932 , museum founder Alfred Barr stressed the importance of introducing `` the only great art form peculiar to the twentieth century '' to `` the American public which should appreciate good films and support them . '' Museum Trustee and film producer John Hay Whitney became the first chairman of the Museum 's Film Library from 1935 to 1951 . The collection Whitney assembled with the help of film curator Iris Barry was so successful that in 1937 the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences commended the Museum with an award `` for its significant work in collecting films ... and for the first time making available to the public the means of studying the historical and aesthetic development of the motion picture as one of the major arts . '' The first curator and founder of the Film Library was Iris Barry , a British film critic and author , whose three decades of pioneering work in collecting films and presenting them in coherent artistic and historical contexts gained recognition for the cinema as the major new art form of our century . Barry and her successors have built a collection comprising some eight thousand titles today , concentrating on assembling an outstanding collection of the important works of international film art , with emphasis being placed on obtaining the highest - quality materials . The exiled film scholar Siegfried Kracauer worked at the MoMA film archive on a psychological history of German film between 1941 and 1943 . The result of his study , From Caligari to Hitler : A Psychological History of the German Film ( 1947 ) , traces the birth of Nazism from the cinema of the Weimar Republic and helped lay the foundation of modern film criticism . Under the Museum of Modern Art Department of Film , the film collection includes more than 25,000 titles and ranks as one of the world 's finest museum archives of international film art . The department owns prints of many familiar feature - length movies , including Citizen Kane and Vertigo , but its holdings also contains many less - traditional pieces , including Andy Warhol 's eight - hour Empire , Fred Halsted 's gay pornographic L.A. Plays Itself ( screened before a capacity audience on April 23 , 1974 ) , various TV commercials , and Chris Cunningham 's music video for Björk 's All Is Full of Love . Library ( edit ) The MoMA library is located in Midtown Manhattan , with offsite storage in Long Island City , Queens . The non-circulating collection documents modern and contemporary art including painting , sculpture , prints , photography , film , performance , and architecture from 1880 -- present . The collection includes 300,000 books , 1,000 periodicals , and 40,000 files about artists and artistic groups . There are over 10,000 artist books in the collection . The libraries are open by appointment to all researchers . The library 's catalogue is called `` Dadabase '' . Dadabase includes records for all of the material in the library , including books , artist books , exhibition catalogue , special collections materials , and electronic resources . The Museum of Modern Art 's collection of artist books includes works by Ed Ruscha , Marcel Broodthaers , Susan Bee , Carl Andre , and David Horvitz . Additionally , the library has subscription electronic resources along with Dadabase . These include journal databases ( such as JSTOR and Art Full Text ) , auction results indexes ( ArtFact and Artnet ) , the ARTstor image database , and WorldCat union catalog . Architecture and design ( edit ) See also : List of works in the Museum of Modern Art § Department of Architecture and Design MoMA 's Department of Architecture and Design was founded in 1932 as the first museum department in the world dedicated to the intersection of architecture and design . The department 's first director was Philip Johnson who served as curator between 1932 -- 34 and 1946 -- 54 . The collection consists of 28,000 works including architectural models , drawings and photographs . One of the highlights of the collection is the Mies van der Rohe Archive . It also includes works from such legendary architects and designers as Frank Lloyd Wright , Paul László , the Eameses , Isamu Noguchi , and George Nelson . The design collection contains many industrial and manufactured pieces , ranging from a self - aligning ball bearing to an entire Bell 47D1 helicopter . In 2012 , the department acquired a selection of 14 video games , the basis of an intended collection of 40 which is to range from Pac - Man ( 1980 ) to Minecraft ( 2011 ) . Management ( edit ) Attendance ( edit ) MoMA has seen its average number of visitors rise to 2.5 million from about 1.5 million a year before its new granite and glass renovation . In 2009 , the museum reported 119,000 members and 2.8 million visitors over the previous fiscal year . MoMA attracted its highest - ever number of visitors , 3.09 million , during its 2010 fiscal year ; however , attendance dropped 11 percent to 2.8 million in 2011 . The museum was open every day since its founding in 1929 , until 1975 , when it closed one day a week ( originally Wednesdays ) to reduce operating expenses . In 2012 , it again opened every day , including Tuesday , the one day it has traditionally been closed . Admission ( edit ) MoMA 's reopening brought controversy as its admission cost increased from US $12 to US $20 , making it one of the most expensive museums in the city ; however , it has free entry on Fridays after 4 : 00 pm . Also , many New York area college students receive free admission to the museum . Finances ( edit ) A private non-profit organization , MoMA is the seventh - largest U.S. museum by budget ; its annual revenue is about $145 million ( none of which is profit ) . In 2011 , the museum reported net assets ( basically , a total of all the resources it has on its books , except the value of the art ) of just over $1 billion . Unlike most museums , the museum eschews government funding , instead subsisting on a fragmented budget with a half - dozen different sources of income , none larger than a fifth . Before the economic crisis of late 2008 , the MoMA 's board of trustees decided to sell its equities in order to move into an all - cash position . An $858 million capital campaign funded the 2002 -- 04 expansion , with David Rockefeller donating $77 million in cash . In 2005 , Rockefeller pledged an additional $100 million toward the museum 's endowment . In 2011 , Moody 's Investors Service , a bond rating agency , rated $57 million worth of new debt in 2010 with a positive outlook and echoed their Aa2 bond credit rating for the underlying institution . The agency noted that MoMA has `` superior financial flexibility with over $332 million of unrestricted financial resources , '' and has had solid attendance and record sales at its retail outlets around the city and online . Some of the challenges that Moody 's noted were the reliance that the museum has on the tourist industry in New York for its operating revenue , and a large amount of debt . The museum at the time had a 2.4 debt - to - operating revenues ratio , but it was also noted that MoMA intended to retire $370 million worth of debt in the next few years . Standard & Poor 's raised its long - term rating for the museum as it benefited from the fundraising of its trustees . After construction expenses for the new galleries are covered , the Modern estimates that some $65 million will go to its $650 million endowment . MoMA spent $32 million to acquire art for the fiscal year ending in June 2012 . MoMA employs about 815 people . The museum 's tax filings from the past few years suggest a shift among the highest paid employees from curatorial staff to management . The museum 's director Glenn D. Lowry earned $1.6 million in 2009 and lives in a rent - free $6 million apartment above the museum . Key people ( edit ) Officers and the board of trustees ( edit ) Currently , the board of trustees includes 46 trustees and 15 life trustees . Even including the board 's 14 `` honorary '' trustees , who do not have voting rights and do not play as direct a role in the museum , this amounts to an average individual contribution of more than $7 million . The Founders Wall was created in 2004 , when MoMA 's expansion was completed , and features the names of actual founders in addition to those who gave significant gifts ; about a half - dozen names have been added since 2004 . For example , Ileana Sonnabend 's name was added in 2012 , even though she was only 15 when the museum was established in 1929 . Honorary chairman -- David Rockefeller Honorary chairman -- Ronald S. Lauder Chairman emeritus -- Robert B. Menschel President emerita -- Agnes Gund President emeritus -- Donald B. Marron Chairman -- Jerry I. Speyer Co-Chairman -- Leon D. Black President -- Marie - Josée Kravis Vice chairmen : Sid R. Bass Mimi Haas Marlene Hess Richard E. Salomon Director -- Glenn D. Lowry Treasurer -- Richard E. Salomon Assistant treasurer -- James Gara Secretary -- Patty Lipshultz Board of trustees ( edit ) Board of trustees : Wallis Annenberg Sid R. Bass Lawrence B. Benenson Leon D. Black Clarissa Alcock Bronfman Patricia Phelps de Cisneros Edith Cooper Paula Crown David Dechman Anne Dias Glenn Dubin John Elkann Laurence D. Fink Kathleen Fuld Howard Gardner Mimi Haas Alexandra A. Herzan Marlene Hess Jill Kraus Marie - Josée Kravis Ronald S. Lauder Thomas H. Lee Michael Lynne Khalil Gibran Muhammad Philip S. Niarchos James G. Niven Peter Norton Maja Oeri Michael S. Ovitz David Rockefeller Jr . Sharon Percy Rockefeller Richard E. Salomon Marcus Samuelsson Anna Marie Shapiro Anna Deavere Smith Jerry I. Speyer Ricardo Steinbruch Daniel Sundheim Alice M. Tisch Edgar Wachenheim III Gary Winnick Life trustees : Eli Broad Douglas S. Cramer Joel S. Ehrenkranz Gianluigi Gabetti Agnes Gund Barbara Jakobson Werner H. Kramarsky June Noble Larkin Donald Marron Robert B. Menschel Peter G. Peterson Emily Rauh Pulitzer David Rockefeller Jeanne C. Thayer Joan Tisch Honorary trustees : Lin Arison Jan Cowles Lewis B. Cullman H.R.H. Duke Franz of Bavaria Maurice R. Greenberg Wynton Marsalis Richard E. Oldenburg Richard Rogers Ted Sann Gilbert Silverman Yoshio Taniguchi Eugene V. Thaw Directors ( edit ) Alfred H. Barr , Jr. ( 1929 -- 43 ) No director ( 1943 -- 9 ; the job was handled by the chairman of the museum 's coordination committee and the director of the Curatorial Department ) Rene d'Harnoncourt ( 1949 -- 68 ) Bates Lowry ( 1968 -- 69 ) John Brantley Hightower ( 1970 -- 2 ) Richard Oldenburg ( 1972 -- 95 ) Glenn D. Lowry ( 1995 -- present ) Chief curators ( edit ) Klaus Biesenbach , director of MoMA PS1 and chief curator at large ( 2009 -- present ) Barry Bergdoll , chief curator of architecture and design ( 2007 -- 13 ) Sabine Breitwieser , chief curator of media and performance art ( 2010 -- 3 ) Christophe Cherix , chief curator of prints and illustrated books ( 2010 -- 3 ) , drawings and prints ( 2013 -- present ) Stuart Comer , chief curator of media and performance art ( 2014 -- present ) Cornelia Butler , chief curator of drawings ( 2006 -- 13 ) Quentin Bajac , chief curator of photography ( 2012 -- present ) Rajendra Roy , chief curator of film ( 2007 -- present ) Martino Stierli , chief curator of architecture and design ( 2015 -- present ) Ann Temkin , chief curator of painting and sculpture ( 2008 -- present ) See also ( edit ) New York City portal Alfred H. Barr , Jr . Rene d'Harnoncourt List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City Dorothy Canning Miller Sam Hunter John D. Rockefeller , Jr . Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Talk to Me ( exhibition ) The Family of Man exhibit ( 1955 ) WikiProject MoMA References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Top 100 Art Museum Attendance , The Art Newspaper , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kleiner , Fred S. ; Christin J. Mamiya ( 2005 ) . `` The Development of Modernist Art : The Early 20th Century '' . Gardner 's Art through the Ages : The Western Perspective . Thomson Wadsworth . p. 796 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 00478 - 2 . The Museum of Modern Art in New York City is consistently identified as the institution most responsible for developing modernist art ... the most influential museum of modern art in the world . Jump up ^ Museum of Modern Art -- New York Art World Archived February 23 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` MoMA '' . Jump up ^ `` MoMA '' . Jump up ^ `` The Museum of Modern Art '' . The Art Story . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ First modern art museum featuring European works in Manhattan -- Michael FitzGerald , Making Modernism : Picasso and the Creation of the Market for Twentieth - Century Art . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 1995. p. 120 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Camera Club from Kathy Muir '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Roberta ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Picasso , Completely Himself in 3 Dimensions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Origins of MoMA and first successful loan exhibition -- see John Ensor Harr and Peter J. Johnson , The Rockefeller Century : Three Generations of America 's Greatest Family , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1988 . pp. 217 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Carter B. Horsley . `` The Crown Building ( formerly the Heckscher Building ) '' . The City Review . ^ Jump up to : Bernice Kert , Abby Aldrich Rockefeller : The Woman in the Family . New York : Random House , 1993 . Jump up ^ MoMA 's international prominence through the Picasso retrospective of 1939 -- 40 -- see FitzGerald , op . cit . ( pp. 243 -- 62 ) Jump up ^ Carol Vogel , Two Museums Go to Court Over the Right to Picassos , The New York Times , 8 December 2007 Jump up ^ `` Art : Beautiful Doings '' . TIME.com . May 22 , 1939 . Jump up ^ the making of : movies , art , &c. , by greg allen . greg.org ( September 2 , 2010 ) . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ M. Paul Holsinger , `` And Babies '' in War and American Popular Culture , Greenwood Press , 1999 , pg. 363 ^ Jump up to : Francis Frascina . Art , politics , and dissent : aspects of the art left in sixties America , pgs. 175 - 186 + discuss the creation of the poster . Jump up ^ Peter Howard Selz , Susan Landauer . Art of engagement : visual politics in California and beyond , pg. 46 . Jump up ^ Kenneth R. Allan , `` Understanding Information , '' ed . Michael Corris , Conceptual Art , Theory , Myth , and Practice ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) , 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ `` Two Museums Go to Court Over the Right to Picassos '' . The New York Times . December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ NY Times Artsbeat , Judge Rebukes Museums for Secret Picasso Settlement Jump up ^ Museum of Modern Art Expansion . Pcparch.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carol Vogel ( January 3 , 2007 ) , MoMA to Gain Exhibition Space by Selling Adjacent Lot for $125 Million New York Times . Jump up ^ Updike , John ( November 15 , 2004 ) . `` Invisible Cathedral '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Nothing in the new building is obtrusive , nothing is cheap . It feels breathless with unspared expense . It has the enchantment of a bank after hours , of a honeycomb emptied of honey and flooded with a soft glow . Jump up ^ Smith , Roberta ( November 1 , 2006 ) . `` Tate Modern 's Rightness Versus MoMA 's Wrongs '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . The museum 's big , bleak , irrevocably formal lobby atrium ... is space that the Modern could ill afford to waste , and such frivolousness continues in its visitor amenities : the hard - to - find escalators and elevators , the too - narrow glass - sided bridges , the two - star restaurant on prime garden real estate where there should be an affordable cafeteria ... Yoshio Taniguchi 's MoMA is a beautiful building that plainly does n't work . Jump up ^ Rybczynski , Witold ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` Street Cred : Another Way of Looking at the New MOMA '' . Slate.com . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ MoMA Builds . MoMA ( November 20 , 2004 ) . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` MoMA to Buy Building Used by Museum of Folk Art '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MoMA 's $31.2 M purchase of American Folk Art Museum closes . Therealdeal.com ( August 4 , 2011 ) . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Friendly Fire on the Culture Front ? Why the Museum of Modern Art is Making a Fatal Mistake '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pogrebin , Robin ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` A Grand Redesign of MoMA Does Not Spare a Notable Neighbor '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Denzer , Anthony ( 2008 ) . Gregory Ain : The Modern Home as Social Commentary . Rizzoli Publications . ISBN 0 - 8478 - 3062 - 4 . Jump up ^ MoMA Announces Selection of Five Architects to Display Prefabricated Homes Outside Museum in Summer 2008 Jump up ^ Pogrebin , Robin ( January 8 , 2008 ) . `` Is Prefab Fab ? MoMA Plans a Show '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved May 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ William E. Jones , introduction to Cruising the Movies , South Pasadena , California , Semiotext ( e ) , 2015 , ISBN 9781584351719 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Webb , 94 , Peripatetic Photographer '' . The New York Times . April 22 , 2000 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Roberta ( October 12 , 1991 ) . `` Peter Galassi Is Modern 's Photo Director '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of MoMA Film Collection '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Museum of Modern Art , New York , Harry N. Abrams , Incorporated , New York , 1997 , p. 527 Jump up ^ `` MoMA '' . Jump up ^ `` Arcade -- New York Art Resources Consortium -- Artists ' Books '' . Jump up ^ `` MoMA '' . ^ Jump up to : Broome , Beth : A Landmark Acquisition for MoMA 's Architecture and Design Department in the Architectural Record , November 4 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : MoMA : Architecture and Design , retrieved November 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ MOMA : Philip Johnson Papers in The Museum of Modern Art Archives , 1995 Jump up ^ `` Frank Lloyd Wright Exhibition Set to Open at MoMA '' . Jump up ^ Robert Sullivan . `` -- Vogue '' . Vogue . Jump up ^ `` Frank Lloyd Wright and the City : Density vs. Dispersal '' . The Museum of Modern Art . Jump up ^ `` Frank Lloyd Wright '' . The Museum of Modern Art . Jump up ^ Antonelli , Paola ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Video Games : 14 in the Collection , for Starters '' . MoMA . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Erica Orden ( June 29 , 2010 ) , MoMA Attendance Hits Record High Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Philip Boroff ( January 12 , 2012 ) , MoMA Visitors Fall , Met Museum 's Rise , Led by Blockbusters Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Carol Vogel ( September 25 , 2012 ) , MoMA Plans to Be Open Every Day New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Philip Boroff ( August 10 , 2009 ) , Museum of Modern Art 's Lowry Earned $1.32 Million in 2008 -- 2009 Bloomberg . ^ Jump up to : Arianne Cohen ( June 3 , 2007 ) , A Museum New York Magazine . Jump up ^ Carol Vogel ( April 13 , 2005 ) , MoMA to Receive Its Largest Cash Gift New York Times . Jump up ^ Katya Kazakina ( April 11 , 2012 ) , S&P Raises Museum of Modern Art 's Debt Rating on Management Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Robin Pogrebin ( July 22 , 2013 ) , ( Qatar Uses Its Riches to Buy Art Treasures ) New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Hugh Eakin ( November 7 , 2004 ) , MoMA 's Funding : A Very Modern Art , Indeed New York Times . Jump up ^ Philip Boroff ( August 1 , 2011 ) , MoMA Raises Admission to $25 , Paid Director Lowry $1.6 Million Bloomberg . Jump up ^ `` Plum Benefit to Cultural Post : Tax - Free Housing , '' Kevin Flynn and Stephanie Strom , August 9 , 2010 , New York Times . Jump up ^ Patricia Cohen ( November 28 , 2012 ) , MoMA Gains Treasure That Met Also Coveted New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Promoted to Director Of Modern Art Museum '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A.H. Barr Jr . Retires at Modern Museum ; Director Since 1929 to Devote His Full Time to Writing on Art '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Allan , Kenneth R. `` Understanding Information , '' in Conceptual Art : Theory , Myth , and Practice . Ed . Michael Corris . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2004 . pp. 144 -- 168 . Barr , Alfred H ; Sandler , Irving ; Newman , Amy ( 1986 - 01 - 01 ) . Defining modern art : selected writings of Alfred H. Barr , Jr . New York : Abrams . ISBN 0810907151 . Bee , Harriet S. and Michelle Elligott . Art in Our Time . A Chronicle of the Museum of Modern Art , New York 2004 , ISBN 0 - 87070 - 001 - 4 . Fitzgerald , Michael C. Making Modernism : Picasso and the Creation of the Market for Twentieth - Century Art . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 1995 . Geiger , Stephan . The Art of Assemblage . The Museum of Modern Art , 1961 . Die neue Realität der Kunst in den frühen sechziger Jahren , ( Diss . University Bonn 2005 ) , München 2008 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 88960 - 098 - 1 . Harr , John Ensor and Peter J. Johnson . The Rockefeller Century : Three Generations of America 's Greatest Family . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1988 . Kert , Bernice . Abby Aldrich Rockefeller : The Woman in the Family . New York : Random House , 1993 . Lynes , Russell , Good Old Modern : An Intimate Portrait of the Museum of Modern Art , New York : Athenaeum , 1973 . Reich , Cary . The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller : Worlds to Conquer 1908 -- 1958 . New York : Doubleday , 1996 . Rockefeller , David . Memoirs . New York : Random House , 2002 . Schulze , Franz . Philip Johnson : Life and Work . Chicago : University Of Chicago Press , 1996 . Staniszewski , Mary Anne . The Power of Display . A History of Exhibition Installations at the Museum of Modern Art , MIT Press 1998 , ISBN 0 - 262 - 19402 - 3 . Wilson , Kristina . The Modern Eye : Stieglitz , MoMA , and the Art of the Exhibition , 1925 -- 1934 . New Haven : Yale University Press , 2009 . Glenn Lowry . The Museum of Modern Art in this Century . 2009 Paperback : 50 pages . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Museum of Modern Art ( New York City ) . Official website Jeffers , Wendy ( November 2004 ) . `` Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Patron of the modern '' . Magazine Antiques. 166 ( 55 ) : 118 . 14873617 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 -- via EBSCOhost . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . New York Times , 2007 : Donors Sweetened Director 's Pay At MoMA , Prompting Questions Controversy over the compensation package of MoMA 's Director , Glenn D. Lowry . Taniguchi and the New MOMA Museum Conservation Lab Renovation MoMA Exhibition History List ( 1929 -- Present ) Museums in Manhattan Financial District and Battery Park ( Below Chambers St ) Castle Clinton China Institute Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport Lower Manhattan ( Chambers - 14th Sts ) Asian American Arts Centre Drawing Center Eldridge Street Synagogue FusionArts Museum International Center of Photography Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant 's House Museum Museum of Chinese in America New Museum New York City Fire Museum The Theatre Museum Ukrainian Museum Whitney Museum of American Art Chelsea , Flatiron , Gramercy ( 14th - 34th Sts ) Center for Jewish History International Print Center New York John J. 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Mossman Lock Museum Madame Tussauds Morgan Library & Museum Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Modern Art New York Public Library Main Branch New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Scandinavia House United Nations Art Collection Upper West Side ( 59th - 125th Sts west of 5th Av ) American Folk Art Museum American Museum of Natural History Rose Center for Earth and Space Children 's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New York Public Library for the Performing Arts New - York Historical Society Nicholas Roerich Museum Rose Museum Upper East Side and East Harlem ( 59th - 125th Sts along or east of 5th Av ) Asia Society El Museo del Barrio Frick Collection Gracie Mansion Grolier Club Guggenheim Museum Jewish Museum Met Breuer Metropolitan Museum of Art Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Museum of Motherhood Museum of the City of New York National Academy Museum and School Upper Manhattan ( Above 125th St ) American Academy of Arts and Letters The Cloisters Dyckman House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center Morris -- Jumel Mansion National Jazz Museum in Harlem National Track and Field Hall of Fame Neue Galerie New York Yeshiva University Museum Studio Museum in Harlem Islands Ellis Island Statue of Liberty Defunct Chelsea Art Museum Dahesh Museum of Art Forbes Galleries Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art Museum of Primitive Art See also : Museum Mile Popular visitor attractions in New York City Times Square ( 35M ) Central Park ( 20M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 5.2 M ) High Line ( 5M ) Statue of Liberty ( 4.24 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 4M ) Empire State Building ( 4M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.67 M ) See also : Tourism in New York City Academy Honorary Award 1928 -- 1950 Warner Bros. / Charlie Chaplin ( 1928 ) Walt Disney ( 1932 ) Shirley Temple ( 1934 ) D.W. Griffith ( 1935 ) The March of Time / W. Howard Greene and Harold Rosson ( 1936 ) Edgar Bergen / W. Howard Greene / Museum of Modern Art Film Library / Mack Sennett ( 1937 ) J. Arthur Ball / Walt Disney / Deanna Durbin and Mickey Rooney / Gordon Jennings , Jan Domela , Devereaux Jennings , Irmin Roberts , Art Smith , Farciot Edouart , Loyal Griggs , Loren L. Ryder , Harry D. Mills , Louis Mesenkop , Walter Oberst / Oliver T. Marsh and Allen Davey / Harry Warner ( 1938 ) Douglas Fairbanks / Judy Garland / William Cameron Menzies / Motion Picture Relief Fund ( Jean Hersholt , Ralph Morgan , Ralph Block , Conrad Nagel ) / Technicolor Company ( 1939 ) Bob Hope / Nathan Levinson ( 1940 ) Walt Disney , William Garity , John N.A. Hawkins , and the RCA Manufacturing Company / Leopold Stokowski and his associates / Rey Scott / British Ministry of Information ( 1941 ) Charles Boyer / Noël Coward / Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( 1942 ) George Pal ( 1943 ) Bob Hope / Margaret O'Brien ( 1944 ) Republic Studio , Daniel J. Bloomberg , and the Republic Studio Sound Department / Walter Wanger / The House I Live In / Peggy Ann Garner ( 1945 ) Harold Russell / Laurence Olivier / Ernst Lubitsch / Claude Jarman Jr. ( 1946 ) James Baskett / Thomas Armat , William Nicholas Selig , Albert E. Smith , and George Kirke Spoor / Bill and Coo / Shoeshine ( 1947 ) Walter Wanger / Monsieur Vincent / Sid Grauman / Adolph Zukor ( 1948 ) Jean Hersholt / Fred Astaire / Cecil B. DeMille / The Bicycle Thief ( 1949 ) Louis B. Mayer / George Murphy / The Walls of Malapaga ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Gene Kelly / Rashomon ( 1951 ) Merian C. Cooper / Bob Hope / Harold Lloyd / George Mitchell / Joseph M. Schenck / Forbidden Games ( 1952 ) 20th Century - Fox Film Corporation / Bell & Howell Company / Joseph Breen / Pete Smith ( 1953 ) Bausch & Lomb Optical Company / Danny Kaye / Kemp Niver / Greta Garbo / Jon Whiteley / Vincent Winter / Gate of Hell ( 1954 ) Samurai I : Musashi Miyamoto ( 1955 ) Eddie Cantor ( 1956 ) Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers / Gilbert M. `` Broncho Billy '' Anderson / Charles Brackett / B.B. Kahane ( 1957 ) Maurice Chevalier ( 1958 ) Buster Keaton / Lee de Forest ( 1959 ) Gary Cooper / Stan Laurel / Hayley Mills ( 1960 ) William L. Hendricks / Fred L. Metzler / Jerome Robbins ( 1961 ) William J. Tuttle ( 1964 ) Bob Hope ( 1965 ) Yakima Canutt / Y . Frank Freeman ( 1966 ) Arthur Freed ( 1967 ) John Chambers / Onna White ( 1968 ) Cary Grant ( 1969 ) Lillian Gish / Orson Welles ( 1970 ) Charlie Chaplin ( 1971 ) Charles S. Boren / Edward G. Robinson ( 1972 ) Henri Langlois / Groucho Marx ( 1973 ) Howard Hawks / Jean Renoir ( 1974 ) Mary Pickford ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Margaret Booth ( 1977 ) Walter Lantz / Laurence Olivier / King Vidor / Museum of Modern Art Department of Film ( 1978 ) Hal Elias / Alec Guinness ( 1979 ) Henry Fonda ( 1980 ) Barbara Stanwyck ( 1981 ) Mickey Rooney ( 1982 ) Hal Roach ( 1983 ) James Stewart / National Endowment for the Arts ( 1984 ) Paul Newman / Alex North ( 1985 ) Ralph Bellamy ( 1986 ) Eastman Kodak Company / National Film Board of Canada ( 1988 ) Akira Kurosawa ( 1989 ) Sophia Loren / Myrna Loy ( 1990 ) Satyajit Ray ( 1991 ) Federico Fellini ( 1992 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1993 ) Michelangelo Antonioni ( 1994 ) Kirk Douglas / Chuck Jones ( 1995 ) Michael Kidd ( 1996 ) Stanley Donen ( 1997 ) Elia Kazan ( 1998 ) Andrzej Wajda ( 1999 ) Jack Cardiff / Ernest Lehman ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Sidney Poitier / Robert Redford ( 2001 ) Peter O'Toole ( 2002 ) Blake Edwards ( 2003 ) Sidney Lumet ( 2004 ) Robert Altman ( 2005 ) Ennio Morricone ( 2006 ) Robert F. Boyle ( 2007 ) Lauren Bacall / Roger Corman / Gordon Willis ( 2009 ) Kevin Brownlow / Jean - Luc Godard / Eli Wallach ( 2010 ) James Earl Jones / Dick Smith ( 2011 ) D.A. Pennebaker / Hal Needham / George Stevens Jr. ( 2012 ) Angela Lansbury / Steve Martin / Piero Tosi ( 2013 ) Jean - Claude Carrière / Hayao Miyazaki / Maureen O'Hara ( 2014 ) Spike Lee / Gena Rowlands ( 2015 ) Jackie Chan / Lynn Stalmaster / Anne V. Coates / Frederick Wiseman ( 2016 ) Charles Burnett / Owen Roizman / Donald Sutherland / Agnès Varda ( 2017 ) Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 41 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 40 '' W / 40.761484 ° N 73.977664 ° W / 40.761484 ; - 73.977664 VIAF : 128460224 LCCN : n79021281 ISNI : 0000 0001 2308 2510 GND : 1007559 - 8 SUDOC : 026549867 BNF : cb11877649t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum_of_Modern_Art&oldid=805415819 '' Categories : Museum of Modern Art ( New York ) Art museums in New York City Contemporary art galleries in the United States Modern art museums in the United States Museums in Manhattan Museums of American art Institutions founded by the Rockefeller family Art museums established in 1929 1929 establishments in New York ( state ) Buildings and structures completed in 1937 Buildings and structures completed in 2004 Edward Durell Stone buildings Kohn Pedersen Fox buildings Philip Johnson buildings Midtown Manhattan Modernist architecture in New York City Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2017 Use American English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using New York City Subway service templates Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages containing links to subscription - only content Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 07 : 06 . 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-9054657535155656199 | Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system | Brazilian jiu - jitsu ranking system - Wikipedia Brazilian jiu - jitsu ranking system Main article : Brazilian jiu - jitsu See also : Gracie jiu - jitsu ranking system The Brazilian jiu - jitsu ranking system is a means of signifying a practitioner 's increasing levels of technical knowledge and practical skill within the art of Brazilian jiu - jitsu . Colored belts that are worn as part of the uniform are awarded to the practitioner . While the ranking system 's structure shares its origins with the judo ranking system and that of all colored martial arts belts , the Brazilian jiu - jitsu ranking system grew to incorporate unique aspects and themes . The system has minor differences from Judo in areas such as a division between youths and adults and the issuance of stripes and degrees . Some distinct differences have become synonymous with the art , such as a marked informality in promotional criteria , a focus on a competitive demonstration of skill , and a conservative approach to promotion . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Adult belt ranks 2.1 White belt 2.2 Blue belt 2.3 Purple belt 2.4 Brown belt 2.5 Black belt 2.6 Red / Black belt ( Coral belt ) 2.7 Red / White belt ( Coral belt ) 2.8 Red belt 3 Promotion criteria 3.1 Formal testing 3.2 Competitions 4 Stripes / degrees 5 Extra-promotional 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) In 1907 , Kanō Jigorō , the founder of judo , introduced the use of belts ( obi ) and gi ( judogi ) in the martial arts , replacing the practice of training in formal kimonos . In 1914 , Kanō 's pupil Mitsuyo Maeda arrived in Brazil , a journey which led to the development of Brazilian jiu - jitsu . At the time Kanō used only white and black belts , with white representing the beginner , as a color of purity and simplicity , and black being the opposite , representing one who is filled with knowledge . Some believe that Mikonosuke Kawaishi was the first to introduce additional colors in 1935 when he began teaching Judo in Paris , ten years after Carlos Gracie opened his academy in Brazil . Kawaishi thought that a more structured system of colored belts would provide the student with visible rewards to show progress , increasing motivation and retention . Since then , Brazilian jiu - jitsu , judo , and many other martial arts have adopted the use of colored belts to denote students ' progression in the arts . The first official belt ranking system was created in 1967 by the Jiu - Jitsu Federation of Guanabara . Much of the current criteria and modern belt ranks were implemented by the Sport Jiu Jitsu International Federation ( SJJIF ) and International Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu Federation . Adult belt ranks ( edit ) White belt ( edit ) White belt is the beginning rank for all Brazilian jiu - jitsu students . White belt is the first belt within Brazilian jiu - jitsu . The rank is held by any practitioner new to the art and has no prerequisite . Some instructors and other high - level practitioners think that a white belt 's training should emphasize escapes and defensive positioning since a white belt will often fight from inferior positions , especially when training with more experienced practitioners . Most academies will additionally require that a white belt level practitioner works to obtain a well - rounded skills set , with a knowledge of basic offensive moves , such as common submissions and guard passes . Blue belt ( edit ) The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a blue belt for a minimum of two years . Blue belt is most often the second adult rank in the Brazilian jiu - jitsu . At the blue belt level , students gain a wide breadth of technical knowledge and undertake hundreds of hours of mat time to learn how to implement these moves efficiently . Blue belt is often the rank at which the student learns a large number of techniques . Not all Brazilian jiu - jitsu schools or regulatory bodies award the blue belt as the second adult belt . Although many Brazilian jiu - jitsu organizations adhere to the IBJJF standard of awarding the yellow , orange , and green belt exclusively as part of a youth belt system ( under 16 years of age ) , some supplement the time between white belt and blue belt with one or more belts of these colors . The IBJJF requires that a practitioner be at least 16 years old to receive a blue belt , thereby officially entering into the adult belt system . Purple belt ( edit ) The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a purple belt for a minimum of 18 months . Purple belt is the intermediate adult ranking in Brazilian jiu - jitsu . The purple belt level practitioner has gained a large amount of knowledge , and purple belts are generally considered qualified to help instruct lower - ranked students . The IBJJF requires students to be at least 16 years old and recommends they have spent a minimum of two years ranked as a blue belt to be eligible for a purple belt , with slightly different requirements for those graduating directly from the youth belts . Brown belt ( edit ) The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a brown belt for a minimum of one year . Aside from the exceptional belts awarded at the highest levels , brown belt is the highest ranking color belt in Brazilian jiu - jitsu . Brown belt typically requires at least five years of dedicated training to achieve . It is often thought of as a time for refining techniques . The IBJJF requires that students be at least 18 years old and recommends they have spent a minimum of 18 months as a purple belt to be eligible for a brown belt . Black belt ( edit ) The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a black belt for a minimum of 5 + years . As with many other martial arts , the black belt is the highest common belt within Brazilian jiu - jitsu , denoting an expert level of technical and practical skills . Brazilian jiu - jitsu black belts are often addressed within the art as professor , although some schools and organizations reserve this honorific for more senior black belts holders . The IBJJF requires that a student be at least 19 years old and recommends they have spent a minimum of 1 year ranked as a brown belt to be eligible for a black belt . The black belt itself has six different degrees of expertise . Red / black belt ( coral belt ) ( edit ) The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a black & red belt for a minimum of 7 years . When a Brazilian jiu - jitsu black belt reaches the seventh degree , he or she is awarded an alternating red - and - black belt similar to the one earned at the sixth degree in Judo . This belt is commonly known as a coral belt . Coral belts are very experienced practitioners , most of whom have made a large impact on Brazilian jiu - jitsu , and are often addressed within the art by the title master . Red / white belt ( coral belt ) ( edit ) The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a white & red belt for a minimum of 10 years . The International Brazilian jiu - jitsu Federation in 2013 , amended the graduation guidelines with respect to the transition between seventh degree and eighth degree black belt . In short , a practitioner who has achieved the rank of 8th degree black belt will wear a red and white belt , which is also commonly called a coral belt . Red belt ( edit ) The 9th degree red belt is the highest rank awarded to any currently living practitioner of Brazilian jiu - jitsu . According to Renzo and Royler Gracie , in Brazilian jiu - jitsu the red belt is reserved `` for those whose influence and fame takes them to the pinnacle of the art '' . It is awarded in lieu of a ninth and tenth degree black belt . If a practitioner receives his or her black belt at 19 years old , the earliest they could expect to receive a ninth degree red belt would be at the age of 67 . Brazilian jiu - jitsu red belt holders are often addressed within the art by the title grandmaster . The 10th degree was given only to the pioneers of Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu , the Gracie brothers : Carlos , Oswaldo , George , Gaston and Helio . Promotion criteria ( edit ) Few published guidelines or standards determine when a practitioner is ready for promotion ; the criterion is generally determined by individual instructors and / or academies . The IBJJF maintains an extensive graduation system that takes into account time - in - grade and membership standing , but makes no mention of specific performance or skill requirements . When instructors or academies comment on the criteria for promotion , the most widely accepted measures are the amount of technical and conceptual knowledge a practitioner can demonstrate , and ; performance in grappling ( randori ) within the academy and / or competition . Technical and conceptual knowledge are judged by the number of techniques a student can perform , and the level of skill with which they are performed in live grappling , allowing smaller and older practitioners to be recognized for their knowledge , although they may not be the strongest fighters in the school . Brazilian jiu - jitsu is a distinctly individual sport , and practitioners are encouraged to adapt the techniques to their body type , strategic preferences , and level of athleticism . The ultimate criterion for promotion is the ability to execute the techniques successfully , rather than strict stylistic compliance . Formal testing ( edit ) Brazilian jiu - jitsu has had an informal approach to belt promotions , in which one or more instructors subjectively agree that a given student is ready for the next rank . In recent years some academies have moved toward a more systematic , formal testing approach , especially true for lower ranked students , where the decision to promote is arguably the least contentious . One of the first instructors to publicly publish formal testing criteria was Roy Harris , who has formalized his promotion tests from white belt to black belt . Formal testing is now becoming commonplace in many Gracie Academies and organizations such as Alliance . Some Gracie systems have introduced formal online testing where the student can upload his or her qualification videos to qualify for promotion . Formal tests are generally based around the same elements as a normal promotion , such as the student 's technical and conceptual knowledge and the ability to apply those techniques against a resisting opponent . Some tests take other aspects , such as a student 's personal character or a basic knowledge of the history of the art , into account . Formal testing may require the payment of testing fees and a require a minimum of pre-testing private lessons with the instructor . Competitions ( edit ) Students are generally encouraged to compete , as this can help them gain experience . Competition allows instructors to gauge students ' abilities while grappling with a fully resisting opponent , and it is common for a promotion to follow a good competition performance . In most academies , competing is not essential for promotion , but in a minority of schools , competing is not only endorsed but is required . Stripes / degrees ( edit ) A blue belt with three stripes . In addition to the belt system , many academies award stripes as a form of intra-belt recognition of progress and skill . The cumulative number of stripes earned serves as an indication of the student 's skill level relative to others within the same belt rank . Stripes may consist of small pieces of cloth sewn onto the sleeve of the belt , or simple pieces of tape applied to it . Although the exact application , such as the number of stripes allowed for each belt , varies between institutions , the IBJJF sets out a general system under which four stripes can be added before the student may be considered for promotion to the next bjj belt . Stripes are only used for ranks prior to black belt . After black belt is achieved , the markings are known as degrees and are awarded formally . Time - in - grade and skill level are both important factors . Stripes are not used in every academy and , where they are used , they may not be applied consistently . Extra-promotional ( edit ) A tradition practiced in some Brazilian jiu - jitsu schools immediately after a promotion , is known as `` running the gauntlet '' ( `` passar no corredor '' in Portuguese ) . This generally follows one of two basic patterns . The newly promoted student is hit on their back with belts -- once by each of their fellow practitioners -- as he or she walks or runs past ( `` faixada '' in Portuguese ) , or he or she may be thrown by each instructor and sometimes also by each student in the academy of equal or higher grade . Advocates for the custom argue that `` running the gauntlet '' serves as a method of team building and reinforces camaraderie between classmates . Other initiation customs may involve being hip - tossed by the instructor in a controlled manner . See also ( edit ) List of Brazilian jiu - jitsu practitioners Jiu - Jitsu Federation of Rio de Janeiro Black belt ( martial arts ) Sandbagging ( grappling ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Camargo , Bruno . `` IBJJF Graduation system '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gracie , Renzo & Royler ( 2001 ) . Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu : Theory and Technique . Invisible Cities Press Llc . p. 304 . ISBN 1 - 931229 - 08 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Ohlenkamp , Neil ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` The Judo Rank System '' . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Comprehensive History of Gracie Jiu - Jitsu '' . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Riberiro , Saulo ( 2008 ) . Jiu - Jitsu University . Victory Belt Publishing . p. 368 . ISBN 0 - 9815044 - 3 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Roy ( February 7 , 2006 ) . `` Harris International Blue Belt Requirements '' . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alliance Belt Requirements '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` IBJJF Graduation System '' ( PDF ) . A poster issued by the IBJJF as a visual summary of belt rank information . p. 8 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Roy ( October 12 , 2005 ) . `` Progression in Brazilian jiu - jitsu '' . Retrieved October 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Leduc , Josh . `` BJJ Green Belt '' . BJJ Today . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sistema de faixas '' . Federacao Mineira De jiu - jitsu . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Five Rings Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu '' ( PDF ) . A BJJ school 's schedule showing different classes for adult yellow , orange , and green belts . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Matt ( February 13 , 2007 ) . `` Exploring the map '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` General System of Graduation '' ( PDF ) . p. 8 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Federation Belt Rankings '' . 2000 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recommended Standardized Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu Belt Structure '' ( PDF ) . March 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` BJJ Belt Faq '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Day With A Brazilian jiu - jitsu Coral Belt '' . May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Moreira BJJ '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IBJJF GENERAL SYSTEM OF GRADUATION '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RED AND WHITE CORAL BELT ARCHIVES '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IBJJF GENERAL SYSTEM OF GRADUATION '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Tookie belt requirements '' . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` History & Ranking '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` BJJ Promotions Through Tennessee BJJ Club '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian jiu - jitsu FAQ '' . Retrieved October 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Hudson '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , Roy ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Belt Promotions '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Training Programs '' . 2011 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SBG Belt Testing '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Royce Gracie Jiu - Jitsu Network Official Belt Ranking System '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Elyse ( May 11 , 2009 ) . `` Jiu Jitsu , Anthropology , Societies , Rituals '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burosh , Matt ( June 2009 ) . `` Becoming a black belt '' . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_jiu-jitsu_ranking_system&oldid=833980494 '' Categories : Brazilian jiu - jitsu Martial arts ranking Hidden categories : Use American English from November 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 09 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what level is purple belt in jiu jitsu | [
"Purple belt is the intermediate adult ranking in Brazilian jiu-jitsu.[1] The purple belt level practitioner has gained a large amount of knowledge, and purple belts are generally considered qualified to help instruct lower-ranked students."
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"intermediate adult ranking"
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-5512786261343732250 | The Winds of Winter | The Winds of Winter - wikipedia The Winds of Winter Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the episode of the television series , see The Winds of Winter ( Game of Thrones ) . The Winds of Winter Author George R.R. Martin Country United States Language English Series A Song of Ice and Fire Genre Fantasy Publisher Bantam Spectra / US Voyager Books / UK Preceded by A Dance with Dragons Followed by A Dream of Spring The Winds of Winter is the forthcoming sixth novel in the epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin . Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1,500 + manuscript pages each . They will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and the Others will appear in The Winds of Winter . Martin has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter 's final release date . In 2014 , estimates based on extrapolation of Martin 's writing pace predicted the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018 . In January 2017 , Martin announced that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released `` this year '' , referring to 2017 . However , he also noted that he believed the same thing would occur the previous year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Viewpoint characters 3 Background and publication 3.1 Chapters 3.2 Publication date 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The Winds of Winter will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and the Others will appear in the book . The previous installment , A Dance with Dragons , covered less story than Martin intended , excluding at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliffhangers . Martin intends to resolve these storylines `` very early '' in The Winds of Winter , saying `` I 'm going to open with the two big battles that I was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle at Meereen -- the battle of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' A Victarion Greyjoy chapter will begin five minutes after the end of A Dance with Dragons , taking place on the eve of the Iron Islanders ' arrival in Slaver 's Bay . Arianne Martell sample chapters that Martin released on his website showed her heading for Griffin 's Roost to see the young man who is calling himself Aegon . Viewpoint characters ( edit ) George R.R. Martin has confirmed that the following characters have point - of - view chapters in The Winds of Winter : Sansa Stark : One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010 , and one sample chapter titled Alayne appeared on Martin 's website in April 2015 . Arya Stark : One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010 , and one sample chapter titled Mercy appeared on Martin 's website in March 2014 . Arianne Martell : Two chapters were removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010 . One sample chapter appeared on Martin 's website in January 2013 , and was read at Harbour Front Literaturfestival in June 2015 . Martin read from both chapters at MystiCon in February 2016 . In May 2016 , Martin replaced the sample Sansa Stark chapter titled Alayne on his website from 2015 with the first Arianne Martell chapter he has read from at MystiCon . Aeron Greyjoy : One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in July 2010 . A chapter titled The Forsaken was read in May 2016 at Balticon . It was written in , or before , 2011 but there was no confirmation that this was the chapter removed from A Dance with Dragons . Theon Greyjoy : One sample chapter appeared on Martin 's website in December 2011 . It also appears as a teaser chapter at the end of the UK paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons ( part two ) . Victarion Greyjoy : Portions of one chapter were first read at TIFF Bell Lightbox in March 2012 . Tyrion Lannister : One chapter was read at Eastercon in April 2012 , and another one at Worldcon in August 2013 , the second of which was later published in the official iOS app on March 20 , 2014 . Barristan Selmy : One chapter was released as a teaser at the end of the 2013 U.S. paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons . In 2013 Martin read from 2 chapters at Boskone . George R.R. Martin confirmed that there are no new viewpoint characters intended for The Winds of Winter . Martin confirmed that Areo Hotah and Melisandre will return as viewpoints but did not state which novel their chapters will appear in , and that Bran Stark will appear in the novel , but did not elaborate if as a viewpoint . In addition , he teased at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con that Jeyne Westerling , Robb Stark 's widow , will appear in the prologue chapter , but did not reveal who will be the POV character . Background and publication ( edit ) Chapters ( edit ) The Winds of Winter was originally intended , in the very early stages of the series , to be the final installment of A Song of Ice and Fire ( then conceived as a trilogy ) . Following his expansion of the series , Martin eventually concluded it would be succeeded by one final novel , A Dream of Spring . By June 2010 , Martin had finished four chapters for The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , and Arianne Martell . In July 2010 , he added an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that had been moved from A Dance with Dragons to The Winds of Winter , accumulating around 100 completed manuscript pages . Following the publication of A Dance with Dragons in the summer of 2011 , Martin announced his return to writing the series in January 2012 , having spent the intervening time on his U.S. and overseas book publicity tours and attending various conventions . He continued to work , with his two co-authors Elio Garcia and Linda Antonsson , on the planned illustrated series companion guide The World of Ice & Fire concordance and Westeros history , which at one time he wanted to have completed by the end of 2011 . He also worked on a Westeros story , the fourth Tales of Dunk and Egg novella , that will eventually find anthology publication elsewhere . A year after that eventual publication , the story and the three previously published Dunk and Egg tales will be collected and published in the U.S. by Bantam Spectra as a stand - alone fix - up novel . In December 2011 , Martin posted a Theon Greyjoy viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter ; he also announced that another sample chapter would be included at the end of the North American paperback version of A Dance with Dragons , which was originally expected to be released in summer 2012 , but was released on October 29 , 2013 . ( International paperback editions of A Dance with Dragons published a year earlier did not include a new , as yet unpublished sample chapter . ) In the first quarter of 2012 , Martin read new chapters of other characters at public events , including the chapters of Victarion Greyjoy and Tyrion Lannister . Martin continued work editing anthologies and completing a large , highly detailed series atlas The Lands of Ice and Fire , which was published in October 2012 . Martin published another sample chapter from Arianne Martell 's POV on his website in January 2013 . On March 27 , ten days before the Game of Thrones season four premiere , Martin posted a chapter on his website , titled Mercy . Martin said the new chapter is actually an old one , though never published nor publicly read . In April 2015 , Martin posted a Sansa Stark viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter titled Alayne . In May 2016 , Martin replaced this chapter with an Arianne Martell chapter he had read from at Mysticon , and an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that was removed from A Dance with Dragons was read at Balticon . As of June 2016 , a total of 11 chapters from The Winds of Winter have been either read publicly or published as a sample chapter . The point of view characters with released material are Victarion , Aeron , Tyrion , Barristan , Arianne , Theon , Mercy ( Arya ) , and Alayne ( Sansa ) . Several websites , including Goodreads , have dedicated entire discussion panels to any material that has been released from The Winds of Winter , including plot twists , theories , and speculations . At Guadalajara International Book Fair 2016 , George R.R. Martin gave some clues about the dark nature of The Winds of Winter : ... `` I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places ... Things get worse before they get better , so things are getting worse for a lot of people . '' Publication date ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be massive works of 1,500 + manuscript pages each . He does not intend to separate characters by geography again , as he was forced to do because of the unpublishable length of A Feast for Crows ' original manuscript . But , as Martin stated in a 2011 interview , `` Three years from now when I 'm sitting on 1,800 pages of manuscript with no end in sight , who the hell knows '' . In April 2011 , shortly before the publication of A Dance with Dragons which took him six years to write , Martin hoped that `` the last two books will go a little quicker than this one has '' and estimated that it would take `` three years to finish the next one at a good pace '' . By October 2012 , 400 pages of the sixth novel had been written , although Martin considered only the first 200 as `` really finished '' , the rest still needing revisions . In April 2013 , Martin estimated that he had a quarter of the book . In the past , Martin has angered some of his fan base for repeatedly estimating his publication dates too optimistically ; therefore , he has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter 's final release date . Ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' . In 2012 , Martin had acknowledged his concerns about the final novel , A Dream of Spring , not being completed by the time Game of Thrones catches up in its story line to the novels . In January 2014 , Martin 's UK publisher , Jane Johnson , declared on Twitter that the book would `` certainly '' not be published before 2015 . In September 2014 Johnson stated that the book was `` not a 2015 release '' , a statement she repeated in January 2015 . In April 2015 , Martin commented on his blog that The Winds of Winter will not be eligible for the 2016 Hugo Award which is awarded for science fiction or fantasy works of the previous year but he also said he would like to have it published before the sixth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones ( which would cover material from the book ) aired in 2016 . In Autumn 2015 , statements made by the Spanish editor and the Polish translator of the novel indicated that it was expected to be published in 2016 . In early January 2016 , Martin confirmed on his Live Journal that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season of the HBO show . He added that there was `` a lot still left to write '' and that completion of the book was `` months away still ... if the writing goes well '' . Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones but one of the showrunners , David Benioff , claimed that while certain key elements would be the same , the show would diverge from the book in many respects . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he had dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . In September 2014 , Walt Hickey of FiveThirtyEight and Christopher Ingraham of the Washington Post estimated the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018 , based on extrapolation of Martin 's writing pace . On January 10 , 2017 , Martin announced on his blog in a response to a comment that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released `` this year '' , referring to 2017 . However , he also noted that he believed the same thing would occur the previous year . He confirmed on his blog that he was still working on The Winds of Winter as of July 22 , 2017 , being `` still months away '' from finishing the book . He also indicated that it may not be published until 2018 or later . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` George R.R. Martin Webchat Transcript '' . empireonline.com. April 2012 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` George R.R. Martin Talks Season Two , ' The Winds of Winter , ' and Real - World Influences for ' A Song of Ice and Fire ' '' . SmarterTravel . March 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` The Fantasy King '' . ew.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hickey , Walt . `` Predicting When ' Game of Thrones ' Author George R.R. Martin Will Come Out With His Next Book '' . Fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ingraham , Christopher ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Predict when George R.R. Martin will finish ' Game of Thrones ' , using the magic of geometry '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : George R.R. Martin ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Doom , Despair , Defeat '' . Not a Blog . Archived from the original on 15 August 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Winds of Winter release date : ' I think this year ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Winds of Winter : release date , news , plot , chapters and returning characters '' . NME. 2017 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2012 ) . In Conversation With ... George R.R. Martin on Game of Thrones Part 3 -- TIFF Bell Lightbox . TIFF Bell Lightbox . Event occurs at 30 : 50 min . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Arianne '' . George R.R. Martin . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from the Winds of Winter - George R.R. Martin '' . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( June 27 , 2010 ) . `` Dancing in Circles '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Excerpt from the Winds of Winter - George R.R. Martin '' . georgerrmartin.com . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Winds Of Winter ' Chapter -- George RR Martin Releases ' Game Of Thrones ' Excerpt - Hollywood Life '' . Hollywood Life . Jump up ^ `` The Winds of Winter : Mercy '' . georgerrmartin.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2015 ) . George R.R. Martin reads TWoW Arianne @ Harbour Front Literaturfestival 2015 Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin Reads Winds of Winter Chapters At Mysticon '' . Winter is Coming . ^ Jump up to : `` A Taste of This , A Taste of That '' . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( July 31 , 2010 ) . `` Dancing '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Things We Learned From the New Winds of Winter Chapter '' . Jump up ^ `` The Winds of Winter : Theon Chapter '' . georgerrmartin.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin surprises Song of Ice and Fire fans with free chapter of next book '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` EasterCon -- Eat , Drink and talk SFF ! '' . harpervoyagerbooks.com. April 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terry ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Winds of Winter : Read a new excerpt from George R.R. Martin 's next Game of Thrones novel '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Winds of Winter Chapter Coming Out Today '' . Tor.com . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` The Dragons Are Here '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Much of George R.R. Martin 's The Winds of Winter is Out So Far ? '' . March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. `` A Taste of This , A Taste of That '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. `` A Taste of This , A Taste of That '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ JUEGOS DE TRONOS de George R.R Martin en la FIL de Guadalajara 2016 Event occurs at 27 : 22 Jump up ^ `` Conventions and Cancellations '' . GRRM Not A Blog. April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin teases the prologue and plotlines of ' The Winds of Winter ' '' . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Rachael ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Sex , Fantasy , and A Dance With Dragons '' . theatlantic.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gevers , Nick ( December 2000 ) . `` Sunsets of High Renown -- An Interview with George R.R. Martin '' . infinityplus.co.uk . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Interview approved by GRRM . ) Jump up ^ Harte , Bryant ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` An Interview with George R.R. Martin , Part I '' . indigo.ca . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kepler , Adam W. ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Treat '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Dance with Dragons by George R.R. Martin '' . Random House . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Dance with Dragons : A Song of Ice and Fire : Book Five '' . amazon.de . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R ( April 8 , 2012 ) . George R.R. Martin Interview . Eastercon . Event occurs at 58 : 00 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lands of Ice and Fire ( A Game of Thrones ) '' . randomhouse.ca . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` George RR Martin on Winds of Winter : Things are getting worse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Watch Martin 's full Q&A above . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` EW interview : George R.R. Martin talks A Dance With Dragons '' . ew.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Just Write It ! A fantasy author and his impatient fans . '' . newyorker.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Guxens , Adrià ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : `` Trying to please everyone is a horrible mistake '' `` . adriasnews.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Game of Thrones - George R.R. Martin Interview . YouTube . April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Bryant ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Martin Talks ' Game Of Thrones , ' ' The Winds Of Winter ' '' . Airlock Alpha . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jane ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Twitter / JaneJohnsonBakr : @ bonefish914 Certainly not this year . '' . Twitter . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Johnson on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Jane Johnson on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Alison Flood . `` George RR Martin 's The Winds of Winter : no plans for publication in 2015 '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Reading for Rockets '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' author George R.R. Martin determined to finish book by 2016 - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Winds of Winter release date : Book to be out before Game of Thrones Season 6 '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` The Winds of Winter release date 2016 : George RR Martin 's next book might finally be coming '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jesús Baratheon . `` Alejo Cuervo ( Gigamesh ) : `` Está previsto que Vientos de Invierno salga en 2016 ( también en español ) '' `` . Los Siete Reinos . Jump up ^ `` Relacja z konwentu Kapitularz 2015 '' . Pieśń lodu i ognia - Gra o tron . Jump up ^ Christopher Hooton ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` The Winds of Winter release date news : Polish translator slip suggests late 2015 / early 2016 for next George RR Martin book '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Last Year ( Winds of Winter ) '' . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' showrunners : Season 6 wo n't spoil the books - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : `` I am not writing anything until I deliver WINDS OF WINTER '' `` . Winter is Coming . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://grrm.livejournal.com/544709.html External links ( edit ) Official website of author George R.R. Martin George R.R. 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-6949651088506871530 | Oops!... I Did It Again (song) | Oops ! ... I Did It Again ( song ) - wikipedia Oops ! ... I Did It Again ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' Single by Britney Spears from the album Oops ! ... I Did It Again B - side `` Deep in My Heart '' Released March 27 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 27 ) Format Cassette single CD single 12 '' Recorded November 1999 Cheiron Studios ( Stockholm ) Battery Studios ( New York ) Genre Teen pop dance - pop Length 3 : 31 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Max Martin Rami Producer ( s ) Max Martin Rami Britney Spears singles chronology `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' ( 1999 ) `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( 2000 ) `` Lucky '' ( 2000 ) `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' ( 1999 ) `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( 2000 ) `` Lucky '' ( 2000 ) Music video `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' on YouTube `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' is a song by American singer Britney Spears , from her second album of the same name . It was released on March 27 , 2000 , by Jive Records as the lead single from the album . The song was written and produced by Max Martin and Rami Yacoub . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' is a song that lyrically speaks of a female who views love as a game , and she decides to use that to her advantage by playing with her lover 's emotions . Its bridge features a dialogue which references the blockbuster film Titanic ( 1997 ) . Upon its release , `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' received positive reviews from music critics , who noted similarities to her debut single `` ... Baby One More Time '' . It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance during the 2001 ceremony . Commercially , the track peaked at number nine on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . It went to the top of more than 15 countries , and remains one of the best - selling singles of all time , with over 4 million copies sold . An accompanying music video was directed by Nigel Dick . It depicts Spears on Mars , where she addresses an astronaut who has fallen in love with her . She is dressed in a red catsuit . It went on to receive three nominations at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards . Spears has performed the track during her Oops ! ... I Did It Again Tour , Dream Within a Dream Tour , The Onyx Hotel Tour and Britney : Piece of Me . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Cover versions and usage in media 7 Track listings and formats 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 References Background and composition ( edit ) `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' A 22 - second sample of `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' by Britney Spears , in which she sings about playing with her lover 's emotions and claims `` I 'm not that innocent '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After attaining huge success with her debut album ... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) and its singles `` ... Baby One More Time '' , `` Sometimes '' , `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' , `` Born to Make You Happy '' , and `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' , Spears recorded much of her follow - up record Oops ! ... I Did It Again ( 2000 ) in November 1999 at the Cheiron Studios in Stockholm , Sweden . Its title track was written and produced by Max Martin and Rami Yacoub , while background vocals were provided by Martin and Nana Hedin . The track was released on March 27 , 2000 , by JIVE Records as the lead single from the record . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' is a song that lasts for a duration of three minutes and thirty seconds . It is composed in the key of C ♯ minor and is set in time signature of common time , with a moderate tempo of 94 beats per minute . The song has a basic sequence of C ♯ m -- A-G ♯ as its chord progression , and features a vocal range spanning from C ♯ to C ♯ . Lyrically , the track discusses a female who toys with her lover 's emotions , who mistakes Spears ' flirtatiousness with a serious romantic interest . During its bridge , Spears delivers a spoken - word dialogue that references the blockbuster film Titanic ( 1997 ) . Critical reception ( edit ) Upon its release , `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' received generally favorable reviews from music critics . Writing for Entertainment Weekly , David Browne called it `` ludicrously derivative '' of Spears ' debut single `` ... Baby One More Time '' , and commented that it `` amounts to nothing so much as a jailbait manifesto '' . Lennat Mak of the Asian division of MTV complimented the song as `` a perfect 10 on the `` wow '' scale , with the wacky `` Jack - Rose '' dialogue `` , referencing the Titanic spoken lyrics . A reviewer from NME compared the structure of the recording to 1980s - style riffs of Michael Jackson and further described the track as a `` harder , carbon copy '' of `` ... Baby One More Time '' that is `` easily as good as her breakthrough single '' . Robert Christgau recognized `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' and Spears ' rendition of `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' as his `` choice cuts '' from the parent album , Writing for Rolling Stone , Rob Sheffield compared the track musically to Barbra Streisand 's `` Woman in Love '' and lyrically to The Smiths ' `` I Started Something I Could n't Finish '' , and complimented it for being `` terrific '' and displaying `` a violently ambivalent sexual confusion her audience can relate to '' . Andy Battaglia of Salon described the track as a `` sweetly sadistic companion piece to the masochism lite lurking beneath her debut ' ... Baby One More Time ' '' . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2001 ceremony , but lost to `` I Try '' by Macy Gray . The track was additionally nominated for the Favorite Song at the 2001 Kids ' Choice Awards broadcast on Nickelodeon , but lost to `` Who Let the Dogs Out ? '' by the Baha Men . Chart performance ( edit ) Spears performing `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' at Dream Within a Dream Tour . In the United States , `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' peaked at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 . It additionally peaked at numbers 1 and 27 on the Billboard Pop Songs and Adult Pop Songs component charts . In Canada , the track topped the Canadian Hot 100 for six weeks . It topped the singles charts in both Australia and New Zealand , and was certified platinum in the former country for reaching sales of 70,000 copies . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' enjoyed success throughout Europe , and peaked atop the European Hot 100 Singles chart . It also peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart , and was certified Gold for exceeding sales of 400,000 copies . As of June 2015 , the song has sold 476,000 copies in the country . The song reached number two in Austria , where it was additionally recognized with platinum certification for sales of 15,000 units . It respectively peaked at numbers one and three on the Wallonia and Flanders charts in Belgium , and also respectively reached numbers one and two in Denmark and Finland . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' reached number four in France , and number two in both Germany and Ireland . In Germany , the single additionally received a gold certification , signifying sales of 250,000 units . It additionally topped singles charts in Italy , the Netherlands , Norway , Spain , Sweden , and Switzerland . The song was awarded gold certifications in the Netherlands and Switzerland , respectively marking sales of 40,000 and 15,000 copies , and attained platinum certification in Sweden for reaching sales of 20,000 units . Music video ( edit ) Spears dances around wearing a red jumpsuit while surrounded by dancers in futuristic outfits during the music video . An accompanying music video for `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' was directed by Nigel Dick and was filmed on March 17 -- 18 , 2000 in Universal City , California . During its production , Spears was struck in the head by a falling camera and began bleeding . Spears ' mother Lynne ( who was present ) suggested that she might have suffered from a concussion , though she received four stitches and continued work after resting for four hours . Spears created the concept for the clip , commenting that `` ( she wanted ) to be on Mars , dancing on Mars '' and `` ( wanted ) to be in a red jumpsuit '' . The final product premiered on April 10 , 2000 , on an episode of MTV 's Making the Video . The music video begins with a brief scene of an astronaut on Mars uncovering a stone slate featuring the cover of the album Oops ! ... I Did It Again . A scientist back on Earth sees it through a video transmitter and says , `` Cute . What is it ? '' As the astronaut replies , `` Oh , it 's cute alright . It could n't be ... '' , the ground begins to shake as a large stage rises from the ground . Spears then descends from a platform onto a stage in a red catsuit as the track begins to play . As she continues to sing and dance , she suspends the astronaut mid-air above her . Interspersed throughout the video are scenes of Spears wearing a short white top and skirt , lying barefoot on a white web pad with dancers on the ground around her . During its bridge , Spears does a flip in the air to where the astronaut is and appears in a white jacket , short black leather skirt , and leather boots . As a symbol of his love for her , the astronaut gifts Spears with the Heart of the Ocean , the blue diamond from the blockbuster film Titanic ( 1997 ) . She questions that she `` thought the old lady ( Rose ) dropped it into the ocean in the end '' , to which he responds , `` Well , baby , I went down and got it for you '' . Spears comments `` Oh , you should n't have '' and walks away , the astronaut shrugs and leaves . The video concludes as Spears and her performers continue to dance . At the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards , the music video for `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' was nominated for the Best Female Video , Best Dance Video , the Best Pop Video , and the Viewer 's Choice . However , she lost in each of the four categories . Live performances ( edit ) Spears ( left ) and her dancers during The Onyx Hotel Tour , 2004 . The first performance of `` Oops I Did It Again '' was on March 8 , 2000 , during the Crazy 2k Tour in Pensacola , Florida . In May 2000 , Spears performed `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' during several television performances , including All That , The Rosie O'Donnell Show , Saturday Night Live , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Total Request Live , and the two - hour concert special Britney Live . The following month , she appeared in an additional television special , titled Britney Spears in Hawaii . In collaboration with McDonald 's , Spears and ' N Sync filmed a commercial for the fast food chain , where they lip - synced to `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' and `` Bye Bye Bye '' , respectively . On September 7 , Spears performed `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' and her rendition of `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' by The Rolling Stones at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards , where she notably tore off her black suit to unveil a more provocative , flesh - colored piece . Entertainment Weekly included the performance on its end - of - the - decade `` best - of '' list , describing `` the pre-breakdown pop tart , then just 19 years old , writhing and shaking her moneymaker in nude - colored rhinestone spandex '' to be `` pure kitsch bliss '' . Spears has performed `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' on three of her eight concert tours . She premiered the song on the Crazy 2k Tour and later included the track as the encore to her Oops ! ... I Did It Again Tour in 2000 , where it was performed with special effects involving fire . In 2002 , it was featured as the opening to her Dream Within a Dream Tour in 2002 . In 2004 , Spears sang `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' during The Onyx Hotel Tour , held in support of her fourth studio album In the Zone . The track was reworked with `` ... Baby One More Time '' as a jazz - style performance . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' would not be performed by Spears for nine years until it was included on the setlist of her Las Vegas residency show Britney : Piece of Me at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino . Cover versions and usage in Media ( edit ) Since its release , `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' has been covered on numerous occasions . In 2001 , German singer Max Raabe recorded a cabaret version of the song with Palast Orchester for their album Super Hits . Finnish melodic death metal band Children of Bodom also recorded a cover of the song for their album Skeletons in the Closet ( 2009 ) , while Rochelle released three eurodance hi - NRG renditions of the track . Richard Thompson covered the song on his album 1000 Years of Popular Music ( 2006 ) , and in addition included a medieval - style version titled `` Marry , Ageyn Hic Hev Donne Yt '' . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' has been featured on several television series . In 2004 , it was included on the soundtrack for the sitcom Will & Grace . Irish pop rap duo Jedward performed the song live during the sixth series of the British version of The X Factor in 2009 . During the episode `` Britney / Brittany '' for Glee in 2010 , Brittany Pierce ( portrayed by Heather Morris ) mimicked Spears as she danced in a red catsuit while performing her later single `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' . The song itself was later performed by Rachel Berry ( portrayed by Lea Michele ) during the episode `` Britney 2.0 '' in 2012 . While of tour with her band The Scene , Selena Gomez covered `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' during their We Own the Night Tour in 2011 . In February , 2013 , the song was used as a `` lip sync for your life '' on Season 5 , episode 4 of RuPaul 's Drag Race ; resulting in a double - elimination of Drag Race contestants Honey Mahogany and Vivienne Pinay . Cover versions of the song appear on the video games Dance Dance Revolution Extreme 2 ( 2005 ) , Karaoke Revolution Volume 3 ( 2004 ) , and Just Dance 4 ( 2012 ) , while Spears ' original version is included on Singstar as DLC and her own video game Britney 's Dance Beat . In 2005 , the comedy website Super Master Piece released parody version of `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' titled `` Oops I Did It Again ! : The Original '' , which they jokingly labeled as the original recording by Louis Armstrong on April 1932 in Chicago , Illinois ; their version was actually recorded by Shek Baker . The track has also been parodied under the title `` Oops ! I Farted Again '' by producer Bob Rivers . In 2013 , it was reported that `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' and `` ... Baby One More Time '' have been used by the British Navy to scare off pirates near Somalia . The song was featured in Fox animated series The Simpsons episode `` Dude , Where 's My Ranch ? '' . Track listings and formats ( edit ) European CD single `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 31 `` Deep in My Heart '' -- 3 : 34 European , Australian and Japanese CD maxi single `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 31 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 29 `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' ( Ospina 's Millennium Funk Mix ) -- 3 : 29 `` Deep in My Heart '' -- 3 : 34 UK CD maxi single `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 31 `` Deep in My Heart '' -- 3 : 34 `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' ( Ospina 's Millennium Funk Mix ) -- 3 : 29 UK cassette single `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 31 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 29 `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' ( Ospina 's Millennium Funk Mix ) -- 3 : 29 CD maxi single -- Remixes `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 31 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Rodney Jerkins Remix ) -- 3 : 07 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Ospina 's Crossover Mix ) -- 3 : 15 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Riprock ' n ' Alex G. Oops ! We Remixed Again ! ) ( Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 54 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Ospina 's Deep Club Mix ) -- 6 : 05 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Riprock ' n ' Alex G. Oops ! We Remixed Again ! ) ( Club Mix ) -- 4 : 52 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Ospina 's Instrumental Dub ) -- 6 : 05 12 '' vinyl `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Rodney Jerkins Remix ) -- 3 : 07 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Music Breakdown Mix ) -- 3 : 16 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Ospina 's Crossover Mix ) -- 3 : 15 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Jack D. Elliot Club Mix ) -- 6 : 24 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Riprock ' n ' Alex G. Oops ! We Remixed Again ! ) -- 4 : 52 `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( Ospina 's Deep Edit ) -- 3 : 24 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Oops ! ... I Did It Again . Britney Spears -- lead vocals , background vocals Max Martin -- songwriting , producer , mixing , programming , keyboard , background vocals Rami Yacoub -- songwriting , producer , mix engineer , programming , keyboard John Amatiello -- pro tools engineer Esbjörn Öhrwall -- guitar Johan Carlberg -- guitar Thomas Lindberg -- bass guitar Nana Hedin -- background vocals Chatrin Nyström -- crowd noise Jeanette Stenhammar -- crowd noise Johanna Stenhammar -- crowd noise Charlotte Björkman -- crowd noise Therese Ancker -- crowd noise Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( ABPD ) 7 Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Adult Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 27 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Rank Australia ( ARIA ) 35 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 31 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 15 Italy ( FIMI ) 34 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Taiwan ( Hito Radio ) 25 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 55 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Gold 40,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 476,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone 2000s portal Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States March 27 , 2000 Mainstream radio JIVE Austria April 25 , 2000 CD single Bertelsmann Germany Switzerland United Kingdom May 1 , 2000 Austria June 14 , 2000 CD single ( Remixes ) Germany Switzerland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears - ... Baby One More Time '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Oops ! ... I Did It Again ( Media notes ) . Britney Spears . JIVE Records . 2000 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Making BRITstory '' . BritneySpears.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again - Britney Spears : Credits '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears : `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' Sheet Music `` . Music Notes . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears - Oops ! ... I Did It Again Lyrics '' . Metrolyrics . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David Browne ( May 19 , 2000 ) . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lennat Mak . `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again ( JIVE / Zomba ) '' . MTV Asia . Viacom . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2006 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NME Album Reviews - Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' . NME . IPC Media . May 29 , 2000 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Christgau : CG : Britney Spears '' . RobertChristgau.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone : Britney Spears : Oops ! ... I Did It Again : Music Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media , LLC . June 8 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andy Battalgia ( June 19 , 2000 ) . `` Sharps & Flats '' . Salon . Salon Media Group . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brian Hiatt ; Teri vanHorn ( January 3 , 2001 ) . `` Dr. Dre , Beyoncé Lead Grammy Nominees '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Macy Gray : Awards '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eric Schumacher - Rasmussen ( January 24 , 2001 ) . `` Britney , ' NSYNC Top Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Noms '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Winners : Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Nickelodeon . Viacom . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Britney Spears : Awards : Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Britney Spears - Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2000 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears - Chart history '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears : Artist : Official Charts '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` British single certifications -- Britney Spears -- Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Enter Oops ! ... I Did It Again in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears : her biggest selling singles and albums revealed '' . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austrian single certifications -- Britney Spears -- Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Enter Britney Spears in the field Interpret . Enter Oops ! ... I Did It Again in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen ^ Jump up to : `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Britney Spears ; ' Oops ! ... I Did It Again ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutch single certifications -- Britney Spears -- Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Britney Spears ; ' Oops ! ... I Did It Again ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2000 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tina Johnson ; Robert Mancini ( March 28 , 2000 ) . `` Britney Spears Suffers Head Injury On Video Set '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jocelyn Vena ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` Britney Spears Fought For ' Oops ! ... I Did It Again ' Red Catsuit '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Britney Spears - Oops ! ... I Did It Again . JIVE Records . YouTube . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards : The nominations '' . BBC News . BBC . July 26 , 2000 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Video Music Awards '' . MTV . Viacom . September 7 , 2000 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Gill ( April 20 , 2000 ) . `` Britney Spears Has A `` Heart To Heart '' With Mom `` . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Craig Rosen ( April 24 , 2000 ) . `` Britney Spears In Hawaii To Tape Tv Special '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sorelle Saidman ( June 12 , 2000 ) . `` Britney Spears , ' NSYNC Shoot For McDonald 's '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David Basham ( September 7 , 2000 ) . `` Britney , Eminem , ' NSYNC Get Wild , Weird For VMA Sets '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( December 28 , 2013 ) . `` Britney Spears ' Hits - Filled ' Piece of Me ' Show Opens In Las Vegas : Live Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Max Raabe und Palast Orchester News , Bilder , Konzerte und Videos 2011 - Superhits '' . Palast Orchester . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thom Jurek . `` Skeletons in the Closet Children of Bodom '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rochelle - Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' . Almighty Records . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaelangelo Matos ( October 9 , 2006 ) . `` Low Ebb '' . Seattle Weekly . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Thompsons ' Marry , Ageyn Hic Hev Done yt cover of Britney Spears 's Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Britney Spears -- Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . August 17 , 2000 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Britney Spears -- Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears -- Chart history '' European Hot 100 for Britney Spears . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears : Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Britney Spears -- Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Britney Spears Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 22 , 2000 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Britney Spears -- Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 20 , 2000 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Britney Spears -- Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Britney Spears -- Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' . VG - lista . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Music Control '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romanian Top 100 : Top of the Year 2000 '' ( in Romanian ) . Romanian Top 100 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Britney Spears -- Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Britney Spears -- Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Britney Spears -- Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears '' . billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2000 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2000 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . 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If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Britney on tour and closer to Prince William '' . canoe.ca . Jump up ^ `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again : Amazon.de : Musik '' . amazon.de . Jump up ^ `` Oops ! I Did It Again : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again - Remixes : Amazon.de : Musik '' . amazon.de . ( hide ) Britney Spears songs Discography ... Baby One More Time `` ... Baby One More Time '' `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' `` Sometimes '' `` Born to Make You Happy '' `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' `` The Beat Goes On '' Oops ! ... I Did It Again `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' `` Stronger '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' `` Do n't Let Me Be the Last to Know '' `` Lucky '' `` You Got It All '' Britney `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' `` Overprotected '' `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Anticipating '' `` Boys '' In the Zone `` Me Against the Music '' `` Toxic '' `` Outrageous '' `` Everytime '' Greatest Hits : My Prerogative `` My Prerogative '' `` ( I 've Just Begun ) Having My Fun '' `` Do Somethin ' '' Blackout `` Gimme More '' `` Piece of Me '' `` Radar '' `` Break the Ice '' Circus `` Womanizer '' `` Circus '' `` Out from Under '' `` Kill the Lights '' `` Shattered Glass '' `` If U Seek Amy '' `` Unusual You '' `` Mmm Papi '' `` Radar '' The Singles Collection `` 3 '' Femme Fatale `` Till the World Ends '' `` Hold It Against Me '' `` Inside Out '' `` I Wanna Go '' `` ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful '' `` Big Fat Bass '' `` Criminal '' Britney Jean `` Alien '' `` Work Bitch '' `` Perfume '' `` Passenger '' Glory `` Make Me ... 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'' `` Slumber Party '' Collaborations `` Hands '' `` Pretty Girls '' `` S&M '' `` Scream & Shout '' `` SMS ( Bangerz ) '' `` Tom 's Diner '' `` What 's Going On '' Other songs `` And Then We Kiss '' `` My Only Wish ( This Year ) '' `` Ooh La La '' `` Someday ( I Will Understand ) '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oops!..._I_Did_It_Again_(song)&oldid=805547133 '' Categories : 2000 singles Britney Spears songs Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Romania Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Jive Records singles Song recordings produced by Max Martin Songs written by Max Martin Music videos directed by Nigel Dick Songs written by Rami Yacoub Song recordings produced by Rami Yacoub RPM Top Singles number - one singles 2000 songs Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Webarchive template webcite links CS1 errors : invisible characters CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 02 : 42 . 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-6367409581271171533 | Jeanne Cooper | Jeanne Cooper - wikipedia Jeanne Cooper Jeanne Cooper Cooper in 1964 Wilma Jeanne Cooper ( 1928 - 10 - 25 ) October 25 , 1928 Taft , California , U.S. May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) ( aged 84 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Occupation Actress Years active 1953 -- 2013 Spouse ( s ) Harry Bernsen , Jr. ( m . 1954 ; div. 1977 ) Children 3 , including Corbin Bernsen Wilma Jeanne Cooper ( October 25 , 1928 -- May 8 , 2013 ) was an American actress , best known for her role as Katherine Chancellor on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless ( 1973 -- 2013 ) . At the time of her death , she was eighth on the all - time list of longest - serving soap opera actors in the United States . She was the mother of actor Corbin Bernsen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Film and television work 2.2 The Young and the Restless 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Awards and nominations 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Selected television works 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Cooper was born in Taft , California , to Albert Troy Cooper , and his wife , the former Sildeth Evelyn Moore . She was the youngest of three siblings . The family lived in Kern County for several years , first in Taft until 1942 and then moving to Bakersfield . Her mother died August 21 , 1944 , and her father died April 11 , 1986 . Career ( edit ) Film and television work ( edit ) Cooper began her career in the 1950s , appearing as a supporting player in films with stars like Maureen O'Hara , Glenn Ford , Tony Curtis , and Henry Fonda . Her first film role was as Myra in the 1953 western film , The Redhead from Wyoming . She later appeared in small roles in The Man from the Alamo , Over-Exposed , 5 Steps to Danger , Rock All Night , House of Women , 13 West Street , The Intruder , Black Zoo , The Glory Guys , Tony Rome , The Boston Strangler and Kansas City Bomber . Cooper was a fixture on episodic television throughout the 1950s and 1970s . In 1956 , she was cast as Mrs. Hinton in `` The Rabbi Davis Story '' of the religious anthology series , Crossroads . That same year , she portrayed Louise Douglas in `` Girl Bandit '' of Broderick Crawford 's syndicated crime drama , Highway Patrol . She also appeared in the Wagon Train episode titled `` The Whipping '' and in the Cheyenne episode titled `` Top Hand '' . In 1957 , she starred in one of the early episodes of two different western series , NBC 's Tales of Wells Fargo , in the role of the woman bandit Belle Starr , and on ABC 's Maverick ; in 1959 , she portrayed Duchess in a second Tales of Wells Fargo episode , `` Clay Allison '' . In 1958 , she was cast in the episode `` Wheel of Fortune '' of the NBC western series , Jefferson Drum , starring Jeff Richards as a newspaper publisher . Also in 1958 , Cooper appeared as Lucy in `` Sundown at Bitter Creek '' of the CBS western anthology series , Dick Powell 's Zane Grey Theater . In 1960 , she again played Belle Starr in an episode of the TV series `` Bronco '' titled `` Shadow of Jesse James '' . Cooper made five guest appearances during the nine - year run of CBS 's Perry Mason , beginning with the role of Laura Beaumont in the 1958 episode , `` The Case of the Corresponding Corpse . '' In the final season of the show , she made her fifth and final appearance as defendant Miriam Fielding in the 1966 episode , `` The Case of the Vanishing Victim . '' In 1962 , Cooper earned her first Emmy nomination for her performance in Ben Casey . After a turn as a regular on NBC 's Bracken 's World . She also appeared in The Twilight Zone , Hawaii Five - O , Mannix , Ironside , Storefront Lawyers , The Silent Force , Touched by an Angel , Gunsmoke , The Untouchables , and many other series . In 1965 , Cooper appeared in the ABC network 's western television series , The Big Valley , as Elaine Baxter Jason , a mercantile store owner and an old friend of series character Victoria Barkley ( Barbara Stanwyck ) . In another episode she appears as the money - hungry aunt of Heath ( Lee Majors ) . Her husband was portrayed in the episode by John Anderson , who years later became known as MacGyver 's grandfather , Harry Jackson . The Young and the Restless ( edit ) Cooper is best known for her role as Katherine Chancellor on the daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless . Her character has broken ground in the daytime medium ; Katherine has endured several bouts with alcoholism , ischemic stroke , and the loss of many men in her life ( four late husbands , and a child given away after birth ) . In 1984 , Katherine ( and Cooper ) also had a facelift on national television ( Cooper had pitched the idea of having a live facelift to CBS executives , who agreed to write the facelift into the show for Katherine Chancellor ) . For many years , the story of Katherine 's bitter rivalry with character Jill Foster Abbott has been a mainstay of the show ( in real life , Cooper and Jill 's portrayer , Jess Walton , were close friends ) . It was revealed in 2003 that Jill was Katherine 's daughter born out of wedlock , but developments in 2009 cast doubt upon that assertion and the long bitter enemies were found not to be mother and daughter after all . Cooper received ten Daytime Emmy nominations , nine for Outstanding Lead Actress and one for Outstanding Supporting Actress , and two Primetime Emmy nominations . She received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Daytime Emmys in 2004 . For her contributions to television , Cooper received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , which is located at 6801 Hollywood Blvd . She won the 2008 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series . This was her first competitive win ; she had first been nominated in 1989 . Cooper 's character , Katherine , was thought to have died in a November 2008 episode . It was , however , her look - alike , Marge , who died , and Katherine had experienced memory issues due to the car accident that took Marge 's life . Cooper had to take a medical leave in October 2011 and her part on the soap was temporarily recast with veteran actress Michael Learned . However , the next month , she confirmed she was returning to the set . She returned as part of the show on December 23 , 2011 . She filmed her last scene on the show in March on the same day as the Young and the Restless 40th anniversary and this scene aired on May 3 , 2013 , five days before her death . A tribute episode of The Young and the Restless in honor of Jeanne Cooper made up of clips , cast memories and interviews was shown on May 28 on the CBS network . Her character , Katherine , died offscreen a few months later after a long , worldwide trip . Personal life ( edit ) Cooper married television producer Harry Bernsen , Jr. , and they were together for 23 years before divorcing . In Jeanne Cooper 's book ( released on July 31 , 2012 ) , she makes it known that after their divorce , she and ex-husband Harry Bernsen very rarely saw each other ( only when family functions dictated ) and they were not close or even friends before his death on May 31 , 2008 . The Bernsens had three children , all of whom are actors : Corbin Bernsen of L.A. Law fame ( born September 7 , 1954 ) , whose mother Cooper portrayed twice on that series ; Collin Bernsen , born March 30 , 1958 ; and Caren Bernsen , born August 17 , 1960 . Death ( edit ) In 2013 , shortly after a round of promotion for the Y&R 40th anniversary , Cooper became ill due to an infection . Cooper died on May 8 , 2013 in a Los Angeles hospital . In addition to infection , Cooper had been a heavy smoker most of her adult life and suffered from Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . Her final Y&R scene was filmed Tuesday , March 26 , 2013 ( the exact date of Y&R 's 40th anniversary ) and aired on Friday , May 3 , 2013 . `` Mom passed this morning '' , her son , Corbin Bernsen , revealed on Twitter the day of her death . `` She was in peace and without fear . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Emmy Award 1962 -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series -- Ben Casey ( Nominated ) 1987 -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series -- L.A. Law ( Nominated ) 1989 -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series - The Young and the Restless ( Nominated ) 1990 -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series - The Young and the Restless ( Nominated ) 1991 -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series - The Young and the Restless ( Nominated ) 1992 -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series - The Young and the Restless ( Nominated ) 1999 -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series - The Young and the Restless ( Nominated ) 2000 -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series - The Young and the Restless ( Nominated ) 2004 -- Lifetime Achievement Award 2005 -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series - The Young and the Restless ( Nominated ) 2007 -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series - The Young and the Restless ( Nominated ) 2008 -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series - The Young and the Restless ( Won ) 2009 -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series - The Young and the Restless ( Nominated ) Hollywood Walk of Fame 1993 -- Star on the Walk of Fame at 6801 Hollywood Blvd . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1953 The Redhead from Wyoming Myra The Man from the Alamo Kate Lamar Shadows of Tombstone Marge 1955 The Naked Street Evelyn Shriner Uncredited 1956 The Houston Story Madge Over-Exposed Renee Calling Homicide Darlene Adams Five Steps to Danger Helen Bethke 1957 Rock All Night Mabel Plunder Road Fran Werner 1958 Screaming Mimi Lola Lake in Photo Uncredited Unwed Mother Mrs. Horton 1960 Let No Man Write My Epitaph Fran 1962 13 West Street Mrs. Quinn House of Women Helen Jennings The Intruder Vi Griffin Red Nightmare Helen Donavan 1963 Black Zoo Edna Conrad 1965 The Glory Guys Mrs. Rachael McCabe 1967 Tony Rome Lorna Boyd 1968 The Boston Strangler Cloe 1970 There Was a Crooked Man ... Prostitute 1972 Kansas City Bomber Trainer Vivien 1973 The All - American Boy Nola Bealer 1977 The San Pedro Bums Mrs. McClory 1991 Lethal Justice Clerk Frozen Assets Zach Shepard 's Mother Beyond Suspicion Renata 2002 The Tomorrow Man Jeanine 2005 Carpool Guy Mrs. Lunsford 2009 Donna on Demand Virginia Hart Dead Air Paranoid Caller Selected television works ( edit ) Show Character Duration The Young and the Restless Katherine Chancellor Marge Cotrooke 1973 -- 2013 1989 - 1990 , 2008 , 2009 The Nanny Herself The Bold and the Beautiful Katherine Chancellor 2005 ( guest in two episodes ) Guiding Light Wedding Guest 2009 ( guest star ) Death Valley Days Rachel Barrett in `` A Gift '' with Valentin de Vargas and Harry Lauter 1969 Cheyenne Marie Conover `` Top Hand '' Mary `` Molly '' Spenser `` The Quick and the Deadly '' 1957 1962 The Untouchables Fran Cagle on the episode ' The Case Against Eliot Ness ' - Season 3 , episode # 83 1962 Wagon Train Donna Fuller in the episode ' The Donna Fuller Story ( 1962 ) ' Stoney Burke Loren Schuyler in episode `` Webb of Fear '' 1963 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Mother Fear a.k.a. Yvonne on the episode ' The Children 's Day Affair ' - Season 2 , episode # 41 1965 Perry Mason Laura Beaumont Thelma Hill Ethel Belan Mary Browne Miriam Fielding 1958 1959 1962 1964 1966 The Twilight Zone Barmaid on the episode `` Mr. Denton on Doomsday '' 1959 Gunsmoke Lilly Pitts on the episode `` The Ex-Con '' 1963 Have Gun -- Will Travel ( 1957 - 1963 TV series ) Edna Hardin in the episode `` The Treasure '' 1962 Mr. Novak ( 1963 - 1965 TV series ) Louise Sargent in the episode `` The Boy Without a Country '' 1963 Daniel Boone Amy Barr Addie Ogilvie 1966 1967 The Tall Man Mrs. Elmira Webster on the episode `` The Reversed Blade '' 1961 `` References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jeanne Cooper : Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Troy Cooper ( 1897 - 1986 ) '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeanne Cooper - Biography '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Jeanne Cooper of ' The Young And The Restless ' Talks Controversial On - Air Facelift ( VIDEO ) Jump up ^ The Reliable Source ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) . `` R.I.P. Jeanne Cooper , the soap star who was a facelift pioneer '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raising Cane '' . Soap Opera Weekly . 2007 - 02 - 27 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Longtime ' Young & the Restless ' star Jeanne Cooper dies at 84 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Young and Restless ' star Jeanne Cooper dies at 84 - A&E '' . Boston.com. 2010 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Dzurilla , Christie ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Jeanne Cooper of ' Young and the Restless ' Dies at 84 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jeanne Cooper '' . May 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ June , Daniel . `` ' The Young and the Restless ' Star Jeanne Cooper Dies '' . ^ Jump up to : Jeanne Cooper at emmys.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeanne Cooper . Biography portal California portal Los Angeles portal Film portal Television portal Jeanne Cooper on IMDb Jeanne Cooper bio on The Young and the Restless CBS website Jeanne Cooper Obituary Jeanne Cooper interview video at the Archive of American Television Awards for Jeanne Cooper Daytime Emmy Award Lifetime Achievement Charita Bauer , Larry Haines , Mary Stuart ( 1985 ) Pamela Ilott ( 1986 ) Mark Goodson ( 1990 ) William J. Bell ( 1992 ) Douglas Marland ( 1993 ) Dick Clark ( 1994 ) Betty Corday , Ted Corday ( 1995 ) Phil Donahue ( 1996 ) Fred Rogers ( 1997 ) Oprah Winfrey ( 1998 ) Bob Barker ( 1999 ) Barbara Walters ( 2000 ) Ralph Edwards ( 2001 ) John Cannon ( 2002 ) Art Linkletter ( 2003 ) Rachel Ames , John Clark , Jeanne Cooper , Eileen Fulton , Don Hastings , Anna Lee , Ray MacDonnell , Frances Reid , Helen Wagner , Ruth Warrick ( 2004 ) Merv Griffin ( 2005 ) Caroll Spinney ( 2006 ) Lee Phillip Bell , James Lipton ( 2007 ) Regis Philbin ( 2008 ) Sesame Street ( 2009 ) Agnes Nixon ( 2010 ) Pat Sajak , Alex Trebek ( 2011 ) Bill Geddie ( 2012 ) Monty Hall , Bob Stewart ( 2013 ) Russell Morash ( 2014 ) Betty White ( 2015 ) Sonia Manzano ( 2016 ) Mary Hart ( 2017 ) Susan Seaforth Hayes , Bill Hayes ( 2018 ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elizabeth Hubbard ( 1974 ) Susan Flannery ( 1975 ) Helen Gallagher ( 1976 ) Helen Gallagher ( 1977 ) Laurie Heineman ( 1978 ) Irene Dailey ( 1979 ) Judith Light ( 1980 ) Judith Light ( 1981 ) Robin Strasser ( 1982 ) Dorothy Lyman ( 1983 ) Erika Slezak ( 1984 ) Kim Zimmer ( 1985 ) Erika Slezak ( 1986 ) Kim Zimmer ( 1987 ) Helen Gallagher ( 1988 ) Marcy Walker ( 1989 ) Kim Zimmer ( 1990 ) Finola Hughes ( 1991 ) Erika Slezak ( 1992 ) Linda Dano ( 1993 ) Hillary B. 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( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Constitution of India Original text of the preamble Original title भारतीय संविधान code : hin promoted to code : hi ( IAST : Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna ) code : hin promoted to code : hi Jurisdiction India Ratified November 26 , 1949 ; 68 years ago ( 1949 - 11 - 26 ) Date effective January 26 , 1950 ; 68 years ago ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) System Constitutional parliamentary socialist secular republic Branches Three ( executive , legislature and judiciary ) Chambers Two ( Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha ) Executive Prime minister - led cabinet responsible to the lower house of the parliament Judiciary Supreme court , high courts and district courts Federalism Unitary ( Quasi-federal ) Electoral college Yes , for presidential and vice-presidential elections Entrenchments Amendments 101 Last amended 1 July 2017 ( 101st ) Location Parliament House , New Delhi , India Author ( s ) B.R. Ambedkar and the drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly of India Signatories 284 members of the Constituent Assembly Supersedes Government of India Act 1935 Indian Independence Act 1947 Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The Constitution of India ( IAST : Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna ) is the supreme law of India . The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code , structure , procedures , powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights , directive principles and the duties of citizens . It the longest written constitution of any country on earth . B.R. Ambedkar , chairman of the drafting committee , is widely considered to be its chief architect . It imparts constitutional supremacy ( not parliamentary supremacy , since it was created by a constituent assembly rather than Parliament ) , and was adopted by its people with a declaration in its preamble . Parliament can not override the constitution . It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 , and became effective on 26 January 1950 . The constitution replaced the Government of India Act , 1935 as the country 's fundamental governing document , and the Dominion of India became the republic of India . To ensure constitutional autochthony , its framers repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395 . India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day . The constitution declares India a sovereign , socialist , secular , democratic republic , assuring its citizens justice , equality and liberty , and endeavours to promote fraternity . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Previous legislation 2 Constituent Assembly 2.1 Membership 2.2 Drafting 3 Influence of other constitutions 4 Structure 4.1 Parts 4.2 Schedules 4.3 Appendices 5 Constitution and government 6 Constitution and legislature 6.1 Amendments 6.2 Limitations 7 Constitution and judiciary 7.1 Judicial review 8 Flexibility 9 See also 10 Notes 10.1 Notes on Article 21 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Background Babasaheb Ambedkar , chairman of the drafting committee , presenting the final draft of the Indian constitution to Constituent Assembly president Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949 Most of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947 . The constitution of India repealed the Indian Independence Act 1947 and Government of India Act , 1935 when it became effective on 26 January 1950 . India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic with the constitution . Articles 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 60 , 324 , 366 , 367 , 379 , 380 , 388 , 391 , 392 , 393 and 394 of the constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 , and the remaining articles became effective on 26 January 1950 . Previous legislation The constitution was drawn from a number of sources . Mindful of India 's needs and conditions . its framers borrowed features of previous legislation , such as the Government of India Act 1858 , the Indian Councils Acts of 1861 , 1892 and 1909 , the Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935 , and the Indian Independence Act 1947 . The latter , which led to the creation of India and Pakistan , divided the former Constituent Assembly in two . Each new assembly had sovereign power to draft and enact a new constitution for the separate states . Constituent assembly 1950 Constituent Assembly meeting Main article : Constituent Assembly of India The constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly , which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies . The 389 - member assembly ( reduced to 299 after the partition of India ) took almost three years to draft the constitution , holding eleven sessions over a 165 - day period . Membership B.R. Ambedkar , Sanjay Phakey , Jawaharlal Nehru , C. Rajagopalachari , Rajendra Prasad , Vallabhbhai Patel , Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi , Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar , Sandipkumar Patel , Abul Kalam Azad , Shyama Prasad Mukherjee , Nalini Ranjan Ghosh , and Balwantrai Mehta were key figures in the assembly , which had over 30 representatives of the scheduled classes . Frank Anthony represented the Anglo - Indian community , and the Parsis were represented by H.P. Modi . Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , a Christian assembly vice-president , chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo - Indian Christians . Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community . Judges , such as Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer , Benegal Narsing Rau , K.M. Munshi and Ganesh Mavlankar were members of the assembly . Female members included Sarojini Naidu , Hansa Mehta , Durgabai Deshmukh , Amrit Kaur and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit . The first , two - day president of the assembly was Sachchidananda Sinha ; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president . It met for the first time on 9 December 1946 . Drafting Benegal Narsing Rau , a civil servant who became the first Indian judge in the International Court of Justice and was president of the United Nations Security Council , was appointed as the assembly 's constitutional adviser in 1946 . Responsible for the constitution 's general structure , Rau prepared its initial draft in February 1948 . At the 14 August 1947 meeting of the assembly , committees were proposed . Rau 's draft was considered , debated and amended by the eight - person drafting committee , which was appointed on 29 August 1947 with B.R. Ambedkar as chair . A revised draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the assembly on 4 November 1947 . While deliberating the revised draft constitution , the assembly moved , discussed and disposed off 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 . Before adopting the constitution , the assembly held eleven sessions in 165 days . On 26 November 1949 it adopted the constitution , which was signed by 284 members . The day is celebrated as National Law Day , or Constitution Day . Jawaharlal Nehru signing the constitution The assembly 's final session convened on 24 January 1950 . Each member signed two copies of the constitution , one in Hindi and the other in English . The original constitution is hand - written , with each page decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose . Its calligrapher was Prem Behari Narain Raizada . The constitution was published in Dehradun and photolithographed by the Survey of India . Production of the original constitution took nearly five years . Two days later , on 26 January 1950 , it became the law of India . The estimated cost of the Constituent Assembly was ₹ 6.3 crore ( ₹ 63 million ) . The constitution has had a number of amendments since it was enacted . The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a helium - filled case at the Parliament House in New Delhi . Influence of other constitutions United Kingdom Parliamentary government Concept of single citizenship Rule of law The legislative speaker and their role Legislative procedure United States Bill of Rights Federal structure of government Electoral College Independent judiciary and separation of powers Judicial review President as commander - in - chief of the armed forces Equal protection under law Ireland Directive principles of state policy Australia Freedom of trade between states National legislative power to implement treaties , even on matters outside normal federal jurisdiction Concurrent List Preamble terminology France Ideals of liberté , égalité , fraternité Canada Quasi-federal government -- a federal system with a strong central government Distribution of powers between the central and state governments Residual powers , retained by the central government Soviet Union Fundamental Duties under article 51 - A Mandated planning commission to oversee economic development Other constitutions The emergency provision under article 356 ( from the Weimar Constitution ) Amending the constitution ( from South Africa ) Due process ( from Japan ) Structure The Indian constitution is the world 's longest for a sovereign nation . At its enactment , it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules . At about 145,000 words , it is the second - longest active constitution -- after the Constitution of Alabama -- in the world . The constitution has a preamble and 448 articles , which are grouped into 25 parts . With 12 schedules and five appendices , it has been amended 101 times ; the latest amendment became effective on 1 July 2017 . Parts The constitution 's articles are grouped into the following parts : Preamble , with the words `` socialist '' and `` secular '' added in 1976 by the 42nd amendment Part I -- States and union territories Part II -- Citizenship Part III -- Fundamental Rights Part IV -- Directive Principles of State Policy Part IVA -- Fundamental Duties Part V -- The union Part VI -- The states Part VII -- States in the B part of the first schedule ( repealed ) Part VIII -- Union territories Part IX -- Panchayats Part IXA -- Municipalities Part IXB -- Co-operative societies Part X -- Scheduled and tribal areas Part XI -- Relations between the union and the states Part XII -- Finance , property , contracts and suits Part XIII -- Trade and commerce within India Part XIV -- Services under the union and states Part XIVA -- Tribunals Part XV -- Elections Part XVI -- Special provisions relating to certain classes Part XVII -- Languages Part XVIII -- Emergency provisions Part XIX -- Miscellaneous Part XX -- Amending the constitution Part XXI -- Temporary , transitional and special provisions Part XXII -- Short title , date of commencement , authoritative text in Hindi and repeals Schedules Schedules are lists in the constitution which categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and government policy . First Schedule ( Articles 1 and 4 ) -- Lists India 's states and territories , changes in their borders and the laws used to make that change . Second Schedule ( Articles 59 ( 3 ) , 65 ( 3 ) , 75 ( 6 ) , 97 , 125 , 148 ( 3 ) , 158 ( 3 ) , 164 ( 5 ) , 186 and 221 ) -- Lists the salaries of public officials , judges , and the Comptroller and Auditor General . Third Schedule ( Articles 75 ( 4 ) , 99 , 124 ( 6 ) , 148 ( 2 ) , 164 ( 3 ) , 188 and 219 ) -- Forms of oaths -- Lists the oaths of office for elected officials and judges . Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) -- Details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha ( upper house of Parliament ) by state or union territory . Fifth Schedule ( Article 244 ( 1 ) ) -- Provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes ( areas and tribes requiring special protection ) . Sixth Schedule ( Articles 244 ( 2 ) and 275 ( 1 ) ) -- Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura , and Mizoram . Seventh Schedule ( Article 246 ) -- Central government , state , and concurrent lists of responsibilities Eighth Schedule ( Articles 344 ( 1 ) and 351 ) -- Official languages Ninth Schedule ( Article 31 - B ) -- Validation of certain acts and regulations Tenth Schedule ( Articles 102 ( 2 ) and 191 ( 2 ) ) -- Anti-defection provisions for members of Parliament and state legislatures . Eleventh Schedule ( Article 243 - G ) -- Panchayat Raj ( rural local government ) Twelfth Schedule ( Article 243 - W ) -- Municipalities ( urban local government ) Appendices Appendix I -- The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 Appendix II -- Re-statement , referring to the constitution 's present text , of exceptions and modifications applicable to the state of Jammu and Kashmir Appendix III -- Extracts from the Constitution ( Forty - fourth Amendment ) Act , 1978 Appendix IV -- The Constitution ( Eighty - sixth Amendment ) Act , 2002 Appendix V -- The Constitution ( Eighty - eighth Amendment ) Act , 2003 Constitution and government The executive , legislative and judicial branches of government receive their power from the constitution and are bound by it . With the aid of its constitution , India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature . The President of India is head of the executive branch , under Articles 52 and 53 , with the duty of preserving , protecting and defending the constitution and the law under Article 60 . Article 74 provides for a Prime Minister as head of the Council of Ministers , which aids and advises the president in the performance of their constitutional duties . The council is answerable to the lower house under Article 75 ( 3 ) . The constitution is considered federal in nature , and unitary in spirit . It has features of a federation ( a codified , supreme constitution , a three - tier governmental structure ( central , state and local ) , division of powers , bicameralism and an independent judiciary ) and unitary features such as a single constitution , single citizenship , an integrated judiciary , a flexible constitution , a strong central government , appointment of state governors by the central government , All India Services ( the IAS , IFS and IPS ) and emergency provisions . This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form . Each state and union territory has its own government . Analogous to the president and prime minister , each has a governor or ( in union territories ) a lieutenant governor and a chief minister . Article 356 permits the president to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority if a situation arises in which state government can not be conducted in accordance were constitution . This power , known as president 's rule , was abused as state governments came to be dismissed on flimsy grounds for political reasons . After the S.R. Bommai v. Union of India decision , such a course of action is more difficult since the courts have asserted their right of review . The 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts introduced the system of panchayati raj in rural areas and Nagar Palikas in urban areas . Article 370 gives special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir . Constitution and legislature Main article : Amendment of the Constitution of India See also : List of amendments of the Constitution of India Amendments Amendments are additions , variations or repeal of any part of the constitution by Parliament . The procedure is detailed in Article 368 . An amendment bill must be passed by each house of Parliament by a with a two - thirds majority of its total membership when at least two - thirds are present and vote . Certain amendments pertaining to the constitution 's federal nature must also be ratified by a majority of state legislatures . Unlike ordinary bills in accordance with Article 245 ( except for money bills ) , there is no provision for a joint session of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to pass a constitutional amendment . During a parliamentary recess , the president can not promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers under Article 123 , Chapter III . Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under the legislative powers of parliament were invalidated by Article 368 ( 1 ) in the Twenty - fourth Amendment . By July 2018 , 124 amendment bills had been presented in Parliament ; of these , 101 became Amendment Acts . Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass , the Indian constitution is the world 's most frequently - amended national governing document . The constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many amendments address issues dealt with by statute in other democracies . In 2000 , the Justice Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Commission was formed to examine a constitutional update . The government of India establishes term - based law commissions to recommend legal reforms , facilitating the rule of law . Limitations Main article : Basic structure doctrine In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , the Supreme Court ruled that an amendment can not destroy what it seeks to modify ; it can not tinker with the constitution 's basic structure or framework , which are immutable . Such an amendment will be declared invalid , although no part of the constitution is protected from amendment ; the basic structure doctrine does not protect any one provision of the constitution . According to the doctrine , the constitution 's basic features ( when `` read as a whole '' ) can not be abridged or abolished . These `` basic features '' have not been fully defined , and whether a particular provision of the constitution is a `` basic feature '' is decided by the courts . The Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala decision laid down the constitution 's basic structure : Supremacy of the constitution Republican , democratic form of government Its secular nature Separation of powers Its federal character This implies that Parliament can only amend the constitution to the limit of its basic structure . The Supreme Court or a high court may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated , after a judicial review . This is typical of parliamentary governments , where the judiciary checks parliamentary power . In its 1967 Golak Nath v. State of Punjab decision , the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Punjab could not restrict any fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine . The extent of land ownership and practice of a profession , in this case , were considered fundamental rights . The ruling was overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971 . Constitution and judiciary The judiciary is the final arbiter of the constitution . Its duty ( mandated by the constitution ) is to act as a watchdog , preventing any legislative or executive act from overstepping constitutional bounds . The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of the people ( enshrined in the constitution ) from infringement by any state body , and balances the conflicting exercise of power between the central government and a state ( or states ) . The courts are expected to remain unaffected by pressure exerted by other branches of the state , citizens or interest groups . An independent judiciary has been held as a basic feature of the constitution , which can not be changed by the legislature or the executive . Judicial review Judicial review was adopted by the constitution of India from judicial review in the United States . In the Indian constitution , judicial review is dealt with in Article 13 . The constitution is the supreme power of the nation , and governs all laws . According to Article 13 , All pre-constitutional laws , if they conflict wholly or in part with the constitution , shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the constitution ends the conflict ; the law will again come into force if it is compatible with the constitution as amended ( the Doctrine of Eclipse ) . Laws made after the adoption of the constitution must be compatible with it , or they will be deemed void ab initio . In such situations , the Supreme Court ( or a high court ) determines if a law is in conformity with the constitution . If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency ( and where separation is possible ) , the provision which is inconsistent with the constitution is considered void . In addition to Article 13 , Articles 32 , 226 and 227 provide the constitutional basis for judicial review . Due to the adoption of the Thirty - eighth Amendment , the Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency which infringe fundamental rights under article 32 ( the right to constitutional remedies ) . The Forty - second Amendment widened Article 31C and added Articles 368 ( 4 ) and 368 ( 5 ) , stating that any law passed by Parliament could not be challenged in court . The Supreme Court ruled in Minerva Mills v. Union of India that judicial review is a basic characteristic of the constitution , overturning Articles 368 ( 4 ) , 368 ( 5 ) and 31C . Flexibility According to Granville Austin , `` The Indian constitution is first and foremost a social document , and is aided by its Parts III & IV ( Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy , respectively ) acting together , as its chief instruments and its conscience , in realising the goals set by it for all the people . '' The constitution has deliberately been worded in generalities ( not in vague terms ) to ensure its flexibility . John Marshall , the fourth Chief Justice of the United States , said that a constitution 's `` great outlines should be marked , its important objects designated , and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves . '' A document `` intended to endure for ages to come '' , it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers , but in the existing social and political context . The `` right to life '' guaranteed under Article 21 has been expanded to include a number of human rights , including the right to a speedy trial , ; the right to water ; the right to earn a livelihood , the right to health , and the right to education . At the conclusion of his book , Making of India 's Constitution , retired Supreme Court of India justice Hans Raj Khanna wrote : If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers , no less are we , the people of India , the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions ! A constitution is not a parchment of paper , it is a way of life and has to be lived up to . Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis , its only keepers are the people . '' -- Khanna , Hans Raj ( 2008 ) . Making of India 's constitution ( 2nd ed . ) . Lucknow : Eastern Book Co ( published 1 January 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . OCLC 294942170 . See also India portal Politics portal Constitution Day ( India ) Constitutional economics Constitutionalism History of democracy List of national constitutions Magna Carta Rule according to higher law Uniform civil code Notes Jump up ^ The Constitution of India was originally written in Hindi and English , so , both Hindi and English are its ' original ' languages . ^ Jump up to : The Constitution of Yugoslavia briefly held this position from 1974 until it split up in 1990 . Jump up ^ Although the last article of the constitution is Article 395 , the total number in March 2013 was 465 . New articles added through amendments have been inserted in the relevant location of the original constitution . To not disturb the original numbering , new articles are inserted alphanumerically ; Article 21A , pertaining to the right to education , was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act . Jump up ^ The Constitution was in 22 Parts originally . Part VII & IX ( older ) was repealed in 1956 , whereas newly added Part IVA , IXA , IXB & XIVA by Amendments to the Constitution in different times ( lastly added IXB by the 97th Amendment ) . Jump up ^ By 73rd & 74th Amendment , the lists of administrative subjects of Panchayat raj & Municipality included in the Constitution as Schedule 11 & 12 respectively in the year 1993 . Jump up ^ Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state , administered federally and usually mainly populated by a Scheduled Tribe . Jump up ^ Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous people , identified in the Constitution , who are struggling socioeconomically Jump up ^ Originally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on the ground that they violated fundamental rights . but in a landmark judgement in 2007 , the Supreme Court of India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others that laws included in the 9th schedule can be subject to judicial review if they violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14 , 15 , 19 , 21 or the basic structure of the Constitution ( ( ambiguous ) ) -- I.R. Coelho ( dead ) by L.Rs . v. State of Tamil Nadu and others ( 2007 ) 2 S.C.C. 1 Jump up ^ These lines by Granville Austin from his book The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation at p. 50 , have been authoritatively quoted many times Notes on Article 21 Jump up ^ Art . 21 -- `` No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law '' References Jump up ^ `` Preface , The constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Krithika , R. ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Celebrate the supreme law '' . The Hindu . N. Ram . ISSN 0971 - 751X . OCLC 13119119 . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pylee , Moolamattom Varkey ( 1994 ) . India 's Constitution ( 5th rev. and enl . ed . ) . New Delhi : R. Chand & Company . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 8121904032 . OCLC 35022507 . ^ Jump up to : Nix , Elizabeth ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Which country has the world 's shortest written constitution ? '' . History . A&E Networks . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional supremacy vs parliamentary supremacy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Constitution of India '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 29 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Swaminathan , Shivprasad ( 26 January 2013 ) . `` India 's benign constitutional revolution '' . The Hindu : opinion . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Das , Hari ( 2002 ) . Political System of India ( Reprint ed . ) . New Delhi : Anmol Publications . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 8174884961 . Jump up ^ Aruna Roy & Ors . v. Union of India & Ors . , WP ( Civil ) No. 98 / 2002 ( Supreme Court of India September 12 , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ WP ( Civil ) No. 98 / 2002 ( 12 September 2002 ) . `` Aruna Roy & Ors . v. Union of India & Ors . '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . p. 18 / 30 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Preamble of the Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law & Justice . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commencement '' . ^ Jump up to : Yellosa , Jetling ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Making of Indian Constitution '' . The Hans India . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dhavan , Rajeev ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Document for all ages : Why Constitution is our greatest achievement '' . Hindustan Times . OCLC 231696742 . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Patnaik , Biswaraj ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` BN Rau : The Forgotten Architect of Indian Constitution '' . The Pioneer . Bhubaneswar : Chandan Mitra . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrating Constitution Day '' . The Hindu . Internet Desk . N. Ram . November 26 , 2015 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . OCLC 13119119 . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Some Facts of Constituent Assembly '' . Parliament of India . National Informatics Centre . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . On 29 August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India Jump up ^ On National Law Day , saluting two remarkable judges , Firstpost , 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ PM Modi greets people on Constitution Day , DNA India , 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original unamended constitution of India , January , 1950 '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION ( AMENDMENT ) ACTS '' . India Code Information System . Ministry of Law , Government of India . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bahl , Raghav ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` How India Borrowed From the US Constitution to Draft its Own '' . The Quint . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sridhar , Madabhushi . `` Evolution and Philosophy behind the Indian Constitution ( page 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dr. Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute ( Institute of Administration ) , Hyderabad . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lockette , Tim ( November 18 , 2012 ) . `` Is the Alabama Constitution the longest constitution in the world ? Truth Rating : 4 out of 5 '' . The Anniston Star . Josephine Ayers . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` California 's Constitution is Not the Longest '' . scocablog.com . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of india '' . Ministry of Law and Justice , Govt. of India . Jump up ^ `` Constitution ( Ninety - ninth Amendment ) Act , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . 1 , Law Street . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Baruah , Aparijita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight and Comparison with Other Constitutions . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 177 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 996 - 0 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chishti , Seema ; Anand , Utkarsh ( 30 January 2015 ) . `` Legal experts say debating Preamble of Constitution pointless , needless '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forty - Second Amendment to the Constitution '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 28 August 1976 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Part I Jump up ^ Part II Jump up ^ Part IV Jump up ^ Part V Jump up ^ Part VI Jump up ^ Part VII Jump up ^ Part VIII Jump up ^ Part IX Jump up ^ Part IXA Jump up ^ http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf ^ Jump up to : Menon , N.R. Madhava ( 26 September 2004 ) . `` Parliament and the Judiciary '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ M Laxmikanth. `` 3 '' . Indian Polity ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill Education . p. 3.2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 25 - 906412 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krishnakumar , R. `` ' Article 356 should be abolished ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rajendra Prasad , R.J. `` ' Bommai verdict has checked misuse of Article 356 ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Swami , Praveen . `` Protecting secularism and federal fair play '' . Frontline ( Vol. 14 : : No. 22 : : 1 -- 14 Nov. 1997 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement : A.K. Roy , Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ name = `` amendments '' Jump up ^ Krishnamurthi , Vivek ( 2009 ) . `` Colonial Cousins : Explaining India and Canada 's Unwritten Constitutional Principles '' ( PDF ) . Yale Journal of International Law . 34 ( 1 ) : 219 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kuri 's blog : National Commission to review the working of the Constitution ( NCRWC ) . Kurishravan.blogspot.in ( 23 February 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . p. 568 . ISBN 9788180382536 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : aDvantage . `` Doctrine of Basic Structure -- Constitutional Law '' . www.legalserviceindia.com . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary J. ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 9780674047662 . ^ Jump up to : Dalal , Milan ( 2008 ) . `` India 's New Constitutionalism : Two Cases That Have Reshaped Indian Law '' . Boston College International Comparative Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 258 -- 260 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Pratap Bhanu ( 2002 ) . Hasan , Zoya ; Sridharan , E. ; Sudarshan , R. , eds . Article -- The Inner Conflict of Constitutionalism : Judicial Review and the ' Basic Structure ' ( Book -- India 's Kiving Constitution : Ideas , Practices , Controversies ) ( ( 2006 ) Second Impression ( 2002 ) First ed . ) . Delhi : Permanent Black . p. 187 . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 087 - 4 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , Bishwajit . `` Supreme Court Shows Govt Its LoC '' . the day after ( 1 -- 15 Nov 2015 ) . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ National Comionmission to Review the Working of the Constitution . `` A Consultation Paper on the Financial Autonomy of the Indian Judiciary '' . Chapter 1 . New Delhi ( 26 September 2001 ) . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chakrabarty , Bidyut ( 2008 ) . Indian Politics and Society Since Independence : Events , Processes and Ideology ( First ed . ) . Oxon ( UK ) , New York ( USA ) : Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 40867 - 7 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sorabjee , Soli J. ( 1 November 2015 ) . `` A step in the Wrong Direction '' . The Week . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Venkatesan , V. ( March 10 -- 23 , 2012 ) . `` Three doctrines '' . Frontline . Vol. 29 no . 05 . ISSN 0970 - 1710 . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ Jain , Mahabir Prashad ( 2010 ) . Indian Constitutional Law ( 6th ed . ) . Gurgaon : LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . p. 921 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 621 - 3 . OCLC 650215045 . Jump up ^ Lectures By Professor Parmanad Singh , Jindal Global Law School . Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0674047662 . OCLC 939085793 . Jump up ^ Chandrachud , Chintan ( June 6 , 2015 ) . `` India 's deceptive Constitution '' . The Hindu . N. Ram . ISSN 0971 - 751X . OCLC 13119119 . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , Vikram ( 2010 ) . `` The biographer of the Indian constitution '' . Seminar . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dharmadhikari , Justice D.M. `` Principle of Constitutional Interpretation : Some Reflections '' . ( 2004 ) 4 SCC ( Jour ) 1 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheaton ) 316 , 407 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1819 ) . Text Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheaton ) 316 , 415 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1819 ) . Text Jump up ^ Gaur , K.D. ( 2002 ) . Article -- Law and the Poor : Some Recent Developments in India ( Book -- Criminal Law and Criminology ) . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 564 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 410 - 1 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Narain , Vrinda . `` Water as a Fundamental Right : A Perspective from India '' ( PDF ) . Vermont Law Review . 34 : 917 : 920 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Khosla , Madhav ( 2011 ) . `` Making social rights conditional : Lessons from India '' ( PDF ) . I con ( 2010 ) . 8 ( 4 ) : 761 . doi : 10.1093 / icon / mor005 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Khanna , Hans Raj ( 2008 ) . Making of India 's constitution ( 2nd ed . ) . Lucknow : Eastern Book Co ( published 1 January 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . OCLC 294942170 . Bibliography Khanna , Justice H.R ( 2015 ) . Making of India 's Constitution ( 2nd Edition 2008 , ( Reprinted 2015 ) ed . ) . Eastern Book Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 188 - 6 . Austin , Granville ( 1999 ) . The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9564 - 959 - 8 . Austin , Granville ( 2003 ) . Working a Democratic Constitution : A History of the Indian Experience ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9565 - 610 - 7 . Baruah , Aparajita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight & Comparison . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7629 - 996 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1965 ) . Commentary on the constitution of India : ( being a comparative treatise on the universal principles of justice and constitutional government with special reference to the organic instrument of India ) . 1 -- 2 . S.C. Sarkar & Sons ( Private ) Ltd . Basu , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1981 ) . Shorter Constitution of India . Prentice - Hall of India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87692 - 200 - 2 . Das , Hari Hara ( 2002 ) . Political System of India . Anmol Publications . ISBN 81 - 7488 - 690 - 7 . Dash , Shreeram Chandra ( 1968 ) . The Constitution of India ; a Comparative Study . Chaitanya Pub . House . Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . ISBN 9788180382536 . Ghosh , Pratap Kumar ( 1966 ) . The Constitution of India : How it Has Been Framed . World Press . Jayapalan , N. ( 1998 ) . Constitutional History of India . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . ISBN 81 - 7156 - 761 - 4 . Khanna , Hans Raj ( 1981 ) . Making of India 's Constitution . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . Rahulrai , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Pylee , M.V. ( 1997 ) . India 's Constitution . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0403 - X . Pylee , M.V. ( 2004 ) . Constitutional Government in India . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 2203 - 8 . Sen , Sarbani ( 2007 ) . The Constitution of India : Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Transformations . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568649 - 4 . Sharma , Dinesh ; Singh , Jaya ; Maganathan , R. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . Indian Constitution at Work . Political Science , Class XI . NCERT . `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . 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4849230904258845086 | Compromise of 1850 | Compromise of 1850 - wikipedia Compromise of 1850 Jump to : navigation , search Before the compromise : ( Gold Rush ) California applies to become a free state Texas claims territory as far as the Rio Grande New Mexico resists Texas , applies to become a free state Territorial results of the Compromise : California is admitted as a free state Texas trades some territorial claims for debt relief New Mexico becomes New Mexico Territory with slavery undecided The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850 , which defused a four - year political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired during the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) . The compromise , drafted by Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and brokered by Clay and Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois , reduced sectional conflict . Controversy arose over the Fugitive Slave provision . The Compromise was greeted with relief , but each side disapproved of some of its specific provisions : Texas surrendered its claim to New Mexico as well as its claims north of 36 ° 30 ' . It retained the Texas Panhandle , and the federal government took over the state 's public debt . California was admitted as a free state , with its current boundaries . The South prevented adoption of the Wilmot Proviso that would have outlawed slavery in the new territories , and the new Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory were allowed , under popular sovereignty , to decide whether to allow slavery in their borders . In practice , these lands were generally unsuited to plantation agriculture , and their settlers were uninterested in slavery . The slave trade , but not slavery altogether , was banned in the District of Columbia . A more stringent Fugitive Slave Law was enacted . The Compromise became possible after the sudden death of President Zachary Taylor , who , although a slave owner , wanted to exclude slavery from the Southwest . Whig leader Henry Clay designed a compromise , which failed to pass in early 1850 because of opposition by both pro-slavery southern Democrats , led by John C. Calhoun , and anti-slavery northern Whigs . Upon Clay 's instruction , Douglas then divided Clay 's bill into several smaller pieces and narrowly won their passage , over the opposition of radicals on both sides . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Various proposals 2.1 Final proposed compromise 3 Division of Whigs 4 Debate and results 5 Implications 6 Issues 6.1 Texas 6.2 New Mexico and Utah Territories 6.3 California 6.4 Fugitive Slave Law 6.5 End of slave trade in District of Columbia 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) Free states in early 1850 Slave states ( without Texas ' claims to New Mexico ) Territories ( later state borders , Gadsden Purchase ) Missouri Compromise Line 36 ° 30 ' Soon after the start of the Mexican War , when the extent of the contested territories was still unclear , the question of whether to allow slavery in those territories polarized the Northern and the Southern United States in the most bitter sectional conflict until then . A state the size of Texas attracted interest from both state residents and pro-slavery and anti-slavery camps on a national scale . Texas claimed land north of the 36 ° 30 ' demarcation line for slavery , set by the 1820 Missouri Compromise . The Texas Annexation resolution had required that if any new states were formed out of Texas ' lands , those north of the Missouri Compromise line would become free states . According to historian Mark Stegmaier , `` The Fugitive Slave Act , the abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia , the admission of California as a free state , and even the application of the formula of popular sovereignty to the territories were all less important than the least remembered component of the Compromise of 1850 -- the statute by which Texas relinquished its claims to much of New Mexico in return for federal assumption of the debts . '' Stegmaier also refers to `` the principal Southern demand for a division of California at the line of 35 ° north latitude '' and says that `` Southern extremists made clear that a congressionally mandated division of California figured uppermost on their agenda . '' During the deadlock of four years , the Second Party System broke up , Mormon pioneers settled Utah , the California Gold Rush settled northern California , and New Mexico under a federal military government turned back Texas 's attempt to assert control over territory Texas claimed as far west as the Rio Grande . The eventual compromise preserved the Union but only for another decade . Various proposals ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter Proposals in 1846 to 1850 on the division of the Southwest included the following : The Wilmot Proviso banning slavery in any new territory to be acquired from Mexico , not including Texas , which had been annexed the previous year . It passed the House in August 1846 and February 1847 but not the Senate . Later , an effort failed to attach the proviso to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . The Extension of the Missouri Compromise line was proposed by failed amendments to the Wilmot Proviso by William W. Wick and then Stephen Douglas to extend the Missouri Compromise line ( 36 ° 30 ' parallel north ) west to the Pacific ( south of Carmel - by - the - Sea , California ) to allow the possibility of slavery in most of present - day New Mexico and Arizona , and Southern California . That line was again proposed by the Nashville Convention of June 1850 . Popular sovereignty , developed by Lewis Cass and Douglas as the position of the Democratic Party , was to let each territory decide itself whether to allow slavery . William L. Yancey 's `` Alabama Platform '' , endorsed by the Alabama and the Georgia legislatures and by Democratic state conventions in Florida and Virginia , called for no restrictions on slavery in the territories by the federal government or territorial governments before statehood , opposition to any candidates supporting either the Wilmot Proviso or popular sovereignty , and federal legislation to overrule Mexican anti-slavery laws . Two free states were proposed by Zachary Taylor , who served as President from March 1849 to July 1850 . As President , he proposed that the entire area become two free states , called California and New Mexico but much larger than the ones today . None of the area would be left as an unorganized or organized territory , which would avoid the question of slavery in the territories . Changing Texas 's borders was proposed by Senator Thomas Hart Benton in December 1849 or January 1850 . Texas 's western and northern boundaries would be the 102nd meridian west and the 34th parallel north . Two southern states were proposed by Senator John Bell , with the assent of Texas , in February 1850 . New Mexico would get all Texas land north of the 34th parallel north , including today 's Texas Panhandle , while the area to the south , including the southeastern part of today 's New Mexico , would be divided at the Colorado River of Texas into two Southern states , balancing the admission of California and New Mexico as free states . The first draft of the compromise of 1850 had Texas 's northwestern boundary be a straight , diagonal line from the Rio Grande 20 miles north of El Paso to the Red River ( Mississippi watershed ) at the 100th meridian west , the southwestern corner of today 's Oklahoma . Final proposed Compromise ( edit ) `` The United States Senate , A.D. 1850 '' ( engraving by Peter F. Rothermel ) : Henry Clay takes the floor of the Old Senate Chamber ; Vice President Millard Fillmore presides as John C. Calhoun ( to the right of the Speaker 's chair ) and Daniel Webster ( seated to the left of Clay ) look on . On January 29 , 1850 , Whig Senator Henry Clay gave a speech for compromise on the issues dividing the Union . However , Clay 's specific proposals for achieving a compromise , including his idea for Texas 's boundary , were not adopted in a single bill . Upon Clay 's urging , Senator Stephen A. Douglas , Democrat of Illinois , divided Clay 's bill into several smaller bills and passed each separately . When he instructed Douglas , Clay was nearly dead and unable to guide the congressional debate any further . The Compromise came to coalesce around a plan dividing Texas at its present - day boundaries , creating territorial governments with `` popular sovereignty '' , without the Wilmot Proviso , for New Mexico and Utah , admitting California as a free state , abolishing the slave trade in the District of Columbia , and enacting a new fugitive slave law . The Compromise of 1850 was formally proposed by Clay and guided to passage by Douglas over Northern Whig and Southern Democrat opposition . It was enacted September 1850 with the following terms : California admitted as a free state . Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory organized with slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty . Texas dropped its claim to land north of the 32nd parallel north and west of the 103rd meridian west in favor of New Mexico Territory , and north of the 36 ° 30 ' parallel north and east of the 103rd meridian west which became unorganized territory . Texas 's boundaries were set at their present form . Senator James Pearce of Maryland drafted the final proposal in which Texas ceded its claims to land which later became half of present - day New Mexico , a third of Colorado , and small portions of Kansas , Oklahoma , and Wyoming to the federal government , in return for the assumption of $10 million of the old republic 's debt . El Paso , where Texas had established county government , was left in Texas . Slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia but not slavery itself . The Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened . Division of Whigs ( edit ) Most Northern Whigs , led by William Henry Seward , who delivered his famous `` Higher Law '' speech during the controversy , opposed the Compromise as well because it would apply the Wilmot Proviso to the western territories and because of the pressing of ordinary citizens into duty on slave - hunting patrols . That provision was inserted by Democratic Virginia Senator James M. Mason to entice border - state Whigs , who faced the greatest danger of losing slaves as fugitives but were lukewarm on general sectional issues related to the South on Texas 's land claims . Zachary Taylor avoided the issue as the Whig candidate during the 1848 US presidential election but then as President , he attempted to sidestep the entire controversy by pushing to admit California and New Mexico as free states immediately to avoid the entire territorial process and the Wilmot Proviso question . Taylor was one of the few Southerners to support that idea . Northern Democrats and Southern Whigs supported the Compromise . Southern Whigs , many of whom were from the border states , supported the stronger fugitive slave law . Debate and results ( edit ) An animation showing slave and free states and territories , 1789 -- 1861 On April 17 , a `` Committee of Thirteen '' agreed on the border of Texas as part of Clay 's plan . The dimensions were later changed . That same day , during debates on the measures in the Senate , Vice President Fillmore and Senator Benton verbally sparred , with Fillmore charging that the Missourian was `` out of order , '' During the heated debates , Compromise floor leader Henry S. Foote of Mississippi drew a pistol on Benton . In early June , nine slaveholding Southern states sent delegates to the Nashville Convention to determine their course of action if the compromise passed . While some delegates preached secession , the moderates ruled and proposed a series of compromises , including extending the dividing line designated by the Missouri Compromise of 1820 to the Pacific Coast . The various bills were initially combined into one `` omnibus '' bill . Despite Clay 's efforts , it failed in a crucial vote on July 31 , opposed by southern Democrats and by northern Whigs . He announced on the Senate floor the next day that he intended to pass each individual part of the bill . The 73 - year - old Clay , however , was physically exhausted as the effects of tuberculosis , which would eventually kill him , began to take their toll . Clay left the Senate to recuperate in Newport , Rhode Island , and Stephen A. Douglas wrote the separate bills and guided them through the Senate . The situation had been changed by the sudden death of Taylor and the accession of Vice President Millard Fillmore to the presidency , on July 9 , 1850 . Fillmore , anxious to find a quick solution to the conflict in Texas over the border with New Mexico , which threatened to become armed conflict between Texas militia and the federal soldiers , reversed the administration 's position late in July and threw its support to the compromise measures . The Northern Democrats held together and supported each of the bills and gained enough Whigs or Southern Democrats to pass all of them . They were signed by Fillmore between September 9 and September 20 , 1850 . California was admitted as a free state . It passed the House 150 -- 56 . It passed the Senate 34 -- 18 . The slave trade was abolished ( the sale of slaves , not the institution of slavery ) in the District of Columbia . The Territory of Utah was organized under the rule of popular sovereignty . It passed the House 97 -- 85 . The Territory of New Mexico was organized under the rule of popular sovereignty . It passed the House 108 -- 97 . It passed the Senate 30 -- 20 . A harsher Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the Senate 27 -- 12 , and by the House 109 -- 76 . Texas gave up much of the western land it claimed and received compensation of $10,000,000 to pay off its national debt . Clay was still given much of the credit for success . It quieted the controversy between Northerners and Southerners over the expansion of slavery and delayed secession and civil war for another decade . Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi , who had suggested the creation of the Committee of Thirteen , later said , `` Had there been one such man in the Congress of the United States as Henry Clay in 1860 -- ' 61 there would , I feel sure , have been no civil war . '' Implications ( edit ) Map of free and slave states c. 1856 The Compromise proved widely popular politically , and both parties committed themselves in their platforms to the finality of the Compromise on sectional issues . The strongest opposition in the South occurred in the states of South Carolina , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi , but Unionists soon prevailed , spearheaded by Georgians Alexander Stephens , Robert Toombs , and Howell Cobb and the creation of the Georgia Platform . The peace was broken only by the divisive Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 introduced by Stephen Douglas , which had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise and led directly to the formation of the Republican Party , whose capture of the national government in 1860 led directly to the secession crisis of 1860 -- 1861 . Many historians argue that the Compromise played a major role in postponing the American Civil War for a decade , while the Northwest was growing more wealthy and more populous and was being brought into closer relations with the Northeast . During that decade , the Whig Party had completely broken down , to be replaced with the new Republican Party dominant in the North and the Democrats in the South . Others argue that the Compromise only made more obvious the pre-existing sectional divisions and laid the groundwork for future conflict . They view the Fugitive Slave Law as helping to polarize the US , as shown in the enormous reaction to Harriet Beecher Stowe 's novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin . The passage of the Fugitive Slave Law aroused feelings of bitterness in the North . Furthermore , the Compromise of 1850 led to a breakdown in the spirit of compromise in the United States in the antebellum period , directly before the Civil War . The Compromise exemplifies that spirit , but the deaths of influential senators who worked on the compromise , primarily Henry Clay and Daniel Webster , contributed to the feeling of increasing disparity between the North and South . The delay of hostilities for ten years allowed the free economy of the northern states to continue to industrialize . The southern states , largely based on slave labor and cash crop production , lacked the ability to industrialize heavily . By 1860 , the northern states had added many more miles of railroad , steel production , modern factories , and population to the advantages already possessed in 1850 . The North was better able to supply , equip , and man its armed forces , which would prove decisive in the later stages of the war . Issues ( edit ) Three major types of issues were addressed by the Compromise of 1850 : a variety of boundary issues , the status of territory issues , and the issue of slavery . While capable of analytical distinction , the boundary and territory issues were actually included in the overarching issue of slavery . Pro-slavery and anti-slavery interests were each concerned with both the amount of land on which slavery was permitted and with the number of States in the slave or free camps . Since Texas was a slave state , not only the residents of that state but also both camps on a national scale had an interest in the size of Texas . The general solution that was adopted by the Compromise of 1850 was to transfer a considerable part of the territory claimed by the state to the federal government ; to organize two new territories formally , the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah , which expressly would be allowed to locally determine whether they would become slave or free territories , to add another free state to the Union ( California ) , to adopt a severe measure to recover slaves who had escaped to a free state or free territory ( the Fugitive Slave Law ) ; and to abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia . Texas ( edit ) Proposals for Texas northwestern boundary The independent Republic of Texas won the decisive Battle of San Jacinto ( April 21 , 1836 ) against Mexico and captured Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna . He signed the Treaties of Velasco , which recognized the Rio Grande as the boundary of the Republic of Texas . The treaties were then repudiated by the government of Mexico , which insisted that it was sovereign over Texas and promised to reclaim the lost territories . To the extent that there was a de facto recognition , Mexico treated the Nueces River as its northern boundary control . A huge , largely - unsettled area was between the two rivers . Neither Mexico nor the Republic of Texas had the military strength to assert its territorial claim . On December 29 , 1845 , the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States and became the 28th state . Texas was staunchly committed to slavery , with its constitution making illegal for the legislature to free slaves . With the annexation , the United States inherited the territorial claims of the former Republic of Texas against Mexico . The territorial claim to the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande and Mexican resistance to it both led to the Mexican -- American War . On February 2 , 1848 , the war was concluded by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Among its provisos was the recognition by Mexico of the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande as part of the United States . The Republic of Texas had claimed ownership of the eastern half of present - day New Mexico , along with sections of Colorado , Kansas and Wyoming , but Texas had never effectively controlled the area , which was dominated by hostile Indian tribes ( see Comancheria ) . However , the federal government now controlled the area after 1846 . The Compromise of 1850 solved the problem by setting the present boundaries of Texas , in return for $10 million in federal bonds paid to the State of Texas . The state was heavily burdened with debt , which had been contracted during its struggles as the Republic of Texas . The federal government agreed to pay $10 million of bonds in return for the transfer of a large portion of the claimed area of the state to the territory of the federal government and for the relinquishment of various claims of Texas had on the federal government . ( The bonds bore interest at the rate of 5 % , which interest was collectible by Texas every six months , and the principal was redeemable at the end of fourteen years . ) The Constitution ( Article IV , Section 3 ) does not permit Congress unilaterally to reduce the territory of any state , so the first part of the Compromise of 1850 had to take the form of an offer to the Texas State Legislature , rather than a unilateral enactment . This ratified the bargain and , in due course , the transfer of a large swath of land from the state of Texas to the federal government was accomplished . Texas was allowed to keep the following portions of the disputed land : south of the 32nd parallel and south of the 36 ° 30 ' parallel north and east of the 103rd meridian west . The rest of the disputed land was transferred to the Federal Government . New Mexico and Utah territories ( edit ) New Mexico proposed boundary before Compromise of 1850 The Utah Territory is shown in blue and outlined in black . The boundaries of the provisional State of Deseret are shown with a dotted line . The first law of the Compromise of 1850 also organized the Territory of New Mexico . The second law , also enacted September 9 , 1850 , organized the Territory of Utah . Some of the land had been claimed by the Republic of Texas . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo made no mention of the claims of the Republic of Texas ; Mexico simply agreed to a Mexico - U.S. border south of both the `` Mexican Cession '' and the Republic of Texas claims . Before the Compromise of 1850 , the disputed land had been claimed but never controlled by the state of Texas . Of importance in 1850 was land included in present - day eastern New Mexico . From the Mexican Cession , the New Mexico Territory received most of the present - day state of Arizona , most of the western part of the present - day state of New Mexico , and the southern tip of present - day Nevada ( south of the 37th parallel ) . From Texas , the territory received most of present - day eastern New Mexico , a portion of present - day Colorado ( east of the crest of the Rocky Mountains , west of the 103rd meridian , and south of the 38th parallel ) . From the Mexican Cession , the Utah Territory received present - day Utah , most of present - day Nevada ( everything north of the 37th parallel ) , a major part of present - day Colorado ( everything west of the crest of the Rocky Mountains ) , and a small part of present - day Wyoming . That included the newly founded colony at Salt Lake , of Brigham Young . From Texas , the Utah Territory received most of present - day eastern New Mexico and some of present - day Colorado that is east of the crest of the Rocky Mountains . A key provision of each of the laws respectively organizing the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah was that slavery would be decided by local option , called popular sovereignty . That was an important repudiation of the idea behind the failure to prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico . California ( edit ) Map of Mexico . S. Augustus Mitchell , Philadelphia , 1847 . New California is depicted with a northeastern border at the meridian leading north of the Rio Grande headwaters . California was part the Mexican Cession . After the Mexican War , California was essentially run by military governors . President James K. Polk tried to get Congress to establish a territorial government in California officially , but the increasingly - sectional debates prevented that . The South wanted to extend slave territory to Southern California and to the Pacific Coast , but the North did not . From late 1848 , Americans and foreigners of many different countries rushed into California for the California Gold Rush , exponentially increasing the population . In response to growing demand for a better more representative government , a Constitutional Convention was held in 1849 . The delegates unanimously outlawed slavery . They had no interest in extending the Missouri Compromise Line through California and splitting the state ; the lightly - populated southern half never had slavery and was heavily Hispanic . The third statute of the Compromise of 1850 allowed California to be admitted to the Union , undivided , as a free state on September 9 , 1850 . Fugitive slave law ( edit ) The fourth statute of the Compromise of 1850 , enacted September 18 , 1850 , is informally known as the Fugitive Slave Law , or the Fugitive Slave Act . It bolstered the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 . The new version of the Fugitive Slave Law required federal judicial officials in all states and federal territories , including in those states and territories in which slavery was prohibited , to assist with the return of escaped slaves to their masters actively in the states and territories permitting slavery . Any federal marshal or other official who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave was liable to a fine of $1000 . Law enforcement everywhere in the US had a duty to arrest anyone suspected of being a fugitive slave on no more evidence than a claimant 's sworn testimony of ownership . Suspected slaves could neither ask for a jury trial nor testify on their own behalf . In addition , any person aiding a runaway slave by providing food or shelter was to be subject to six months ' imprisonment and a $1000 fine . Officers capturing a fugitive slave were entitled to a fee for their work . In addition to federal officials , the ordinary citizens of free states could be summoned to join a posse and be required to assist in the capture , custody , and / or transportation of the alleged escaped slave . The law was so rigorously pro-slavery as to prohibit the admission of the testimony of a person accused of being an escaped slave into evidence at the judicial hearing to determine the status of the accused escaped slave . Thus , if a freedman were claimed to be an escaped slave , they could not resist their return to slavery by truthfully telling their own actual history . The Fugitive Slave Act was essential to meet Southern demands . In terms of public opinion in the North , the critical provision was that ordinary citizens were required to aid slave catchers . Many northerners deeply resented that requirement to help slavery personally . Resentment towards the Act continued to heighten tensions between the North and South , which were inflamed further by abolitionists such as Harriet Beecher Stowe . Her book , Uncle Tom 's Cabin , stressed the horrors of recapturing escaped slaves and outraged Southerners . End of slave trade in District of Columbia ( edit ) The fifth law , enacted on September 20 , 1850 , prohibited the slave trade but allowed slavery itself in the District of Columbia . Southerners in Congress were unanimous in opposing that provision , which was seen as a concession to the abolitionists , but they were outvoted . See also ( edit ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin -- a reaction against the Fugitive Slave Law Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 , which reopened the slavery issue References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Holt , The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party ( 2003 ) p. 252 Jump up ^ Joint Resolution of Congress , Mar. 1 , 1845 Jump up ^ Mark J. Stegmaier ( 1996 ) . Texas , New Mexico , and the compromise of 1850 : boundary dispute & sectional conflict . Kent State University Press . Jump up ^ Stegmaier , p. 172 and p. 177 Jump up ^ W.J. Spillman ( January 1904 ) . `` ADJUSTMENT OF THE TEXAS BOUNDARY IN 1850 '' . Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association . 7 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1993 ) pp 730 -- 61 Jump up ^ Texas State Historical Association . `` COMPROMISE OF 1850 '' . The Handbook of Texas . Jump up ^ Compromise of 1850 from the Handbook of Texas Online Jump up ^ Cotton Culture from the Handbook of Texas Online Jump up ^ John M. Taylor , William Henry Seward : Lincoln 's right hand ( 1996 ) p. 85 Jump up ^ Elbert B. Smith , President Zachary Taylor : the hero president ( 2007 ) p. 238 Jump up ^ Eaton ( 1957 ) pp. 192 -- 193 . Remini ( 1991 ) pp. 756 -- 759 Jump up ^ Michael Holt , The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party ( 1999 ) , pp. 529 -- 530 : `` only rapid passage of the omnibus bill appeared to offer a timely escape from the crisis . '' Jump up ^ `` TO PASS S. 169 . ( P. 1772 - 1 ) '' . GovTrack.us. 2014 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Holman Hamilton , Prologue to Conflict ( University of Kentucky Press , 1965 ) , p. 160 Jump up ^ `` ON PASSAGE S. 169 '' . GovTrack.us. 2014 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` TO PASS S. 225 ( 9 STAT. 453 , APP. 9 / 9 / 1850 ) , AN ACT TO ESTABLISH A TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT FOR UTAH . ( P. 1776 - 1 ) '' . GovTrack.us. 2014 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` TO PASS S. 307 . ( P. 1764 - 3 ) '' . GovTrack.us. 2014 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ON PASSAGE OF THE BILL S. 307 . ( P. 1555 - 3 ) '' . GovTrack.us. 2014 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ON ORDERING ENGROSSMENT AND 3RD READING OF THE BILL S. 23 . ( P. 1630 - 2 ) '' . GovTrack.us. 2014 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` TO PASS S. 23 . ( P. 1817 - 1 ) '' . GovTrack.us. 2014 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Remini ( 1991 ) pp. 761 -- 62 Jump up ^ Robert Remini , The House : A History of the House of Representatives ( 2006 ) p. 147 Jump up ^ Holt , Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1850s ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Fox - Genovese , Fruits of Merchant Capital ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Mark J. Stegmaier , Texas , New Mexico , and the Compromise of 1850 : Boundary Dispute and Sectional Crisis ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Hamilton , Holman ( 1957 ) . `` Texas Bonds and Northern Profits : A Study in Compromise , Investment , and Lobby Influence '' . The Mississippi Valley Historical Review . Organization of American Historians. 43 ( 4 ) : 579 -- 94 . doi : 10.2307 / 1902274 . ISSN 0161 - 391X . JSTOR 1902274 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Handbook of Texas Online : Compromise of 1850 '' . Tshaonline.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ California and New Mexico : Message from the President of the United States . By United States . President ( 1849 -- 1850 : Taylor ) , United States . War Dept ( Ex . Doc 17 page 1 ) Google eBook Jump up ^ William Henry Ellison . A self - governing dominion , California , 1849 -- 1860 ( 1950 ) online Jump up ^ `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 - 1875 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Larry Gara , `` The Fugitive Slave Law : A Double Paradox , '' Civil War History , September 1964 , vol. 10 # 3 , pp. 229 -- 240 Jump up ^ David L. Lewis , District of Columbia : A Bicentennial History , ( W.W. Norton , 1976 ) , 54 - 56 . Jump up ^ Damani Davis , `` Slavery and Emancipation in the Nation 'S Capital , '' Prologue , Spring 2010 , vol. 42 # 1 , pp. 52 -- 59 Sources ( edit ) Bell , John Frederick . `` Poetry 's Place in the Crisis and Compromise of 1850 . '' Journal of the Civil War Era 5 # 3 ( 2015 ) : 399 -- 421 . Bordewich , Fergus M. America 's Great Debate : Henry Clay , Stephen A. Douglas , and the Compromise That Preserved the Union ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Foster , Herbert D. ( 1922 ) . `` Webster 's Seventh of March Speech and the Secession Movement , 1850 '' . American Historical Review . 27 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 270 . doi : 10.2307 / 1836156 . Heidler , David S. , and Jeanne T. Heidler . Henry Clay : The Essential American ( 2010 ) , major scholarly biography ; 624 pp . Hamilton , Holman . Prologue to Conflict : The Crisis and Compromise of 1850 ( 1964 ) , the standard historical study Hamilton , Holman ( 1954 ) . `` Democratic Senate Leadership and the Compromise of 1850 '' . The Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 41 ( 3 ) : 403 -- 18 . doi : 10.2307 / 1897490 . ISSN 0161 - 391X . JSTOR 1897490 . Holman Hamilton . Zachary Taylor , Soldier in the White House ( 1951 ) . Holt , Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1850s ( 1978 ) . Holt , Michael F. The Fate of Their Country : Politicians , Slavery Extension , and the Coming of the Civil War ( 2005 ) . Johannsen , Robert W. Stephen A. Douglas ( 1973 ) ( ISBN 0195016203 ) William Aloysius Keleher ( 1951 ) . Turmoil in New Mexico . Santa Fe : Rydal Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 0632 - 6 . Knupfer , Peter B. `` Compromise and Statesmanship : Henry Clay 's Union . '' in Knupfer , The Union As It Is : Constitutional Unionism and Sectional Compromise , 1787 -- 1861 ( 1991 ) , pp. 119 -- 57 . Morrison , Michael A. Slavery and the American West : The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War ( 1997 ) ( ISBN 0807823198 ) Nevins , Allan . Ordeal of the Union ( 1947 ) v 2 , highly detailed narrative Potter , David M. The Impending Crisis , 1848 -- 1861 ( 1977 ) , pp 90 -- 120 ; Pulitzer Prize Remini , Robert . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1991 ) Remini , Robert . At the Edge of the Precipice : Henry Clay and the Compromise That Saved the Union ( 2010 ) 184 pages ; the Compromise of 1850 Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 , vol . i . ( 1896 ) . complegte text online Rozwenc , Edwin C. ed . The Compromise of 1850 . ( 1957 ) convenient collection of primary and secondary documents ; 102 pp . Russel , Robert R. ( 1956 ) . `` What Was the Compromise of 1850 ? '' . The Journal of Southern History . Southern Historical Association . 22 ( 3 ) : 292 -- 309 . doi : 10.2307 / 2954547 . ISSN 0022 - 4642 . JSTOR 2954547 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Sewell , Richard H. Ballots for Freedom : Antislavery Politics in the United States 1837 -- 1860 New York : Oxford University Press , 1976 . Stegmaier , Mark J. ( 1996 ) . Texas , New Mexico , and the Compromise of 1850 : Boundary Dispute & Sectional Crisis . Kent State University Press . Wiltse , Charles M. John C. Calhoun , Sectionalist , 1840 -- 1850 ( 1951 ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Compromise Measures of 1850 . Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850 and related resources from the Library of Congress Texas Library and Archive Commission Page on 1850 Boundary Act Smith , William Roy ( 1911 ) . `` Compromise Measures of 1850 '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Map of North America at the time of the Compromise of 1850 at omniatlas.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compromise_of_1850&oldid=835486422 '' Categories : 31st United States Congress 1850 in American politics 1850 in California 1850 in New Mexico Territory 1850 in Texas 1850 in Utah Territory 1850 in the United States 1850 in law History of the United States ( 1849 -- 65 ) History of United States expansionism Presidency of Millard Fillmore Pre-statehood history of California New Mexico Territory Slavery in the United States United States federal territory and statehood legislation Utah Territory September 1850 events Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 00 : 09 . 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3076744542546768377 | List of One Piece characters | List of One Piece characters - wikipedia List of One Piece characters Jump to : navigation , search The protagonists of One Piece , from top left : Brook , Franky , Usopp ( in his Sogeking alias ) , Nami , Tony Tony Chopper , Nico Robin , Roronoa Zoro , Monkey D. Luffy , and Sanji The One Piece manga and anime series features an extensive cast of characters created by Eiichiro Oda . The series takes place in a fictional universe where vast numbers of pirates , soldiers , revolutionaries , and other adventurers fight each other , using various superhuman and supernatural abilities . The series ' storyline follows the adventures of a group of pirates as they search for the `` One Piece '' treasure . Monkey D. Luffy is the series ' main protagonist , a young pirate who wishes to succeed Gol D. Roger , the deceased King of the Pirates , by finding his treasure , the `` One Piece '' . Throughout the series , Luffy gathers himself a diverse crew , named the Straw Hat Pirates , including : the three - sword - wielding Roronoa Zoro , the thief and navigator Nami , the cowardly marksman and inventor Usopp , the cook and martial artist Sanji , the anthropomorphic reindeer and doctor Tony Tony Chopper , the archaeologist Nico Robin , the cyborg shipwright Franky , the living skeleton musician Brook and the fishman helmsman Jimbei . Together they sail the seas in pursuit of their dreams , encountering other pirates , bounty hunters , criminal organizations , revolutionaries , secret agents and soldiers of the corrupt World Government , and various other friends and foes . The majority of the characters are human , but the cast also includes , among others , giants , mermen / mermaids , and humanoid fishmen Many of the characters possess supernatural abilities gained by eating so - called `` Devil Fruits '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and conception 2 Straw Hat Pirates 2.1 Monkey D. Luffy 2.2 Roronoa Zoro 2.3 Nami 2.4 Usopp 2.5 Vinsmoke Sanji 2.6 Tony Tony Chopper 2.7 Nico Robin 2.8 Franky 2.9 Brook 2.10 Jimbei 3 Other groups and organizations 3.1 Alabasta Kingdom 3.2 Arlong Pirates 3.3 Baroque Works 3.4 Bellamy Pirates 3.5 Blackbeard Pirates 3.6 Black Cat Pirates 3.7 Buggy 's Band of Pirates 3.8 CP9 3.9 CP0 3.10 Dressrosa 3.11 Don Quixote Pirates 3.12 Inhabitants of Fishman Island 3.13 Four Emperors 3.14 Foxy Pirates 3.15 Germa Kingdom 3.16 God 's Army 3.17 Impel Down 3.18 Krieg Pirates 3.19 Kuja 3.20 Mink Tribe 3.21 Navy 3.22 New Fishman Pirates 3.23 Punk Hazard people 3.24 Red - Haired Pirates 3.25 Revolutionary Army 3.26 Seven Warlords of the Sea 3.27 Inhabitants of Skypiea 3.28 Sun Pirates 3.29 Thriller Bark crew 3.30 Wano Country 3.31 Wapol Pirates 3.32 Whitebeard Pirates 3.33 World Government 4 Other characters 4.1 Akainu 4.2 Aokiji 4.3 Arlong 4.4 Bartholomew Kuma 4.5 Blackbeard 4.6 Boa Hancock 4.7 Bon Clay 4.8 Buggy 4.9 Caesar Clown 4.10 Cavendish 4.11 Coby 4.12 Sir Crocodile 4.13 Django 4.14 Dracule Mihawk 4.15 Don Quixote Doflamingo 4.16 Don Quixote Rosinante 4.17 Eneru 4.18 Mr. 3 4.19 Gecko Moria 4.20 Gol D. Roger 4.21 Hatchan 4.22 Helmeppo 4.23 Kizaru 4.24 Monkey D. Dragon 4.25 Monkey D. Garp 4.26 Nefeltari Vivi 4.27 Portgas D. Ace 4.28 Sabo 4.29 Sengoku 4.30 Shanks 4.31 Silvers Rayleigh 4.32 Smoker 4.33 Tashigi 4.34 Trafalgar Law 4.35 Whitebeard 5 Reception 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 One Piece manga 7.2 Other sources Creation and conception ( edit ) Several characters have been stated to be based on actual people , such as : Eustass Kid ( Eustace the Monk and William Kidd ) , X . Drake ( Sir Francis Drake ) , Basil Hawkins ( Basil Ringrose and John Hawkins ) , Capone `` Gang '' Bege ( Al Capone and William Le Sauvage ) , Jewelry Bonney ( Anne Bonny ) , Urouge ( Aruj ) , and Scratchmen Apoo ( Chui A-poo ) . The cross dresser Emporio Ivankov is based on Dr. Frank N. Furter and Norio Imamura . Norio had asked Oda to draw more okama ( homosexual ) characters and became Ivankov 's first voice actor . Oda had created Helmeppo before he created Captain Morgan , Helmeppo 's father . Oda originally named Morgan after `` Chop , '' with the character 's full title being `` Naval Captain Chop '' or `` Sailor Chop '' . `` Sailor '' in Japanese is suihei ( 水兵 ) , and `` Suihei Chop '' is a fighting technique used by Giant Baba , a Japanese wrestler . He created several versions of Morgan before settling on the final design . After an editor told him that Morgan , in Oda 's words , `` looked lame '' , he changed the design to its final style . Straw Hat Pirates ( edit ) The protagonists of the One Piece series are all the members of the Straw Hat Pirates ( 麦わら の 一味 , Mugiwara no Ichimi ) , a crew of nine pirates captained by Monkey D. Luffy . The crew 's number increases throughout the series , as Luffy recruits new members . Once Usopp joins the Straw Hat Pirates , they gain their own ship , the Going Merry , which is later destroyed and replaced by a larger and more powerful vessel , the Thousand Sunny created by their shipwright Franky . Two years later , the Straw Hats gain a new fleet , called the Straw Hat Grand Fleet , consisting of 5,640 pirates from seven different crews ; Luffy objects to the idea of being a fleet commander , and organizes his new army in a way that they may act independently , but when one crew is in trouble , the others must do what they can to help them . Monkey D. Luffy ( edit ) Main article : Monkey D. Luffy Monkey D. Luffy ( モンキー ・ D ・ ルフィ , Monkī Dī Rufi ) is the primary protagonist of the One Piece series . At age seven , he admires and tries to join the pirates of the `` Red Haired '' Shanks . Ridiculed and rejected , he inadvertently eats their treasure , the Paramecia - type Gum - Gum Fruit ( ゴムゴム の 実 , Gomu Gomu no Mi ) , which gives his body the properties of rubber . His reckless efforts ultimately lead him into grave peril causing Shanks to lose an arm while rescuing him . After this , Luffy gives up on joining Shanks , resolving instead to start a crew of his own and become King of the Pirates . Displeased by Shanks spoiling his grandson , Garp takes Luffy to be raised by Curly Dadan and her mountain bandits , who he strong - arms into taking him in . During Luffy 's time there , he becomes a sworn brother with Garp 's other ward Ace , and local runaway noble Sabo . Ten years later , and still wearing Shanks ' treasured head covering , Luffy forms and captains his own pirate crew called The Straw Hat Pirates and sets sail for the Grand Line , quickly gaining infamy as `` Straw Hat '' Luffy ( 麦わら の ルフィ , Mugiwara no Rufi ) . Eventually , after his strength proves insufficient to save Ace from execution , he spends two years on a secluded island , before entering in the New World , learning the use of the three colors of Haki as well as Gear Fourth from Silvers Rayleigh , before heading to the New World . Luffy is voiced by Mayumi Tanaka . In the 4Kids Entertainment English adaptation , he is voiced by Erica Schroeder . In the Funimation Entertainment English adaptation , his voice is supplied by Colleen Clinkenbeard . Roronoa Zoro ( edit ) Main article : Roronoa Zoro Roronoa Zoro ( ロロノア ・ ゾロ , named after François l'Olonnais ) is a swordsman who uses up to three swords simultaneously , holding one in each hand and a third in his mouth . To fulfill a promise to Kuina , his deceased childhood rival , he aims to replace `` Hawk Eye '' Mihawk as the world 's greatest swordsman . Traveling the seas in search of Mihawk and making a living as a bounty hunter , he becomes infamously known as `` Pirate Hunter '' Zoro ( 海賊 狩り の ゾロ , Kaizoku - Gari no Zoro ) . Eventually , he comes into conflict with Helmeppo . To prevent the harm of innocent civilians , Zoro allows himself to be incarcerated temporarily , while Helmeppo plots to have him killed . Zoro is saved from execution by Luffy in exchange for becoming his first crewman . At that point , Zoro makes it clear that he would turn on his captain if he ever stepped between him and his dream . However , Zoro grows fond of his crew and after several defeats in their defense , his priorities change and he convinces Mihawk to take him on as a student . In the anime television series , his voice actor is Kazuya Nakai . In the 4Kids English adaptation , his name is spelled Roronoa Zolo , and he is voiced by Marc Diraison . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice is supplied by Christopher R. Sabat . Nami ( edit ) Main article : Nami ( One Piece ) Adopted and raised by navy seaman turned tangerine farmer Bellemere , Nami ( ナミ ) and her older sister Nojiko , witness their mother being murdered by the infamous Arlong , whose pirate gang occupies their island and extracts tribute from the population . Striking a deal with him , Nami , still a child , but already an accomplished cartographer who dreams of drawing a complete map of the world , joins the pirates , hoping to buy freedom for her village eventually . Growing up as a pirate - hating pirate , drawing maps for Arlong , and stealing treasure from other pirates , Nami becomes an excellent burglar , pickpocket , and navigator with an exceptional ability to forecast weather . After Arlong betrays her , and he and his gang are defeated by the Straw Hat Pirates , Nami joins them in pursuit of her dream and acquires infamy herself as `` Cat Burglar '' Nami ( 泥棒 猫 の ナミ , Dorobō Neko no Nami ) . In the anime television series , Nami is voiced by Akemi Okamura , In the 4Kids English adaptation , she is voiced by Kerry Williams . In the Funimation English adaptation , her voice is provided by Luci Christian . Usopp ( edit ) During his early childhood , Usopp ( ウソップ , Usoppu ) is abandoned by his father , Yasopp , who leaves to join the Red - Haired Pirates . Then , as Banchina ( バンキーナ , Bankīna ) , his mother falls ill , Usopp starts telling tall tales , expressing his hope that his father will return and take them out to sea . Even after his mother dies , Usopp does not blame his father for leaving . Despite his cowardly disposition , he strives to become a great pirate himself . He is a gifted inventor , painter , and sculptor . In combat , he relies primarily on slingshots to fire various kinds of ammunition with great precision . Later in the series , he achieves Observation Haki , while defending his captain . Eventually , he achieves notoriety under his alter - ego `` Sniper King the King of Snipers '' ( 狙撃 の 王様 そげ キング , Sogeki no Ō - sama Sogekingu ) , a hero sniper wearing a golden mask and cape . Still later in the series he is known as `` God '' Usopp In the anime series , his voice actor is Kappei Yamaguchi . Jason Griffith and Sonny Strait provide his voice in the 4Kids and Funimation English adaptations , respectively . In a 2007 Oricon poll , Usopp was voted the 10th most wanted character to receive a spin - off among all respondents , and the 5th most popular among males . In a review of Funimation Entertainment 's second DVD release for Mania Entertainment , Bryce Coulter notes that Usopp `` brings lots of comic relief to the series '' , but also comments that he `` can be downright annoying at times '' . Vinsmoke Sanji ( edit ) While serving as an apprentice cook on a passenger ship , nine - year - old Vinsmoke Sanji ( ヴィン スモーク ・ サンジ , Vinsumōku Sanji ) stands up to a boarding party of pirates led by the infamous `` Red Foot '' Zeff ( 赫 足 の ゼフ , Aka - Ashi no Zefu ) . During the encounter , Sanji is swept into the sea by a massive wave . Zeff jumps in after him because of their common dream of finding the All Blue ( オール ブルー , Ōru Burū ) , a legendary sea , containing every kind of fish in the world . While castaways together , the pirate saves Sanji 's life yet again by giving him all of their food . After their eventual rescue , Sanji stays with Zeff for several years and helps him build a floating restaurant , the Baratie ( バラティエ ) . Zeff in turn makes him a first - rate cook and teaches him his kick - based fighting style . Mirroring Zeff , Sanji will never refuse a starving person a meal , and when fighting only uses his legs , to protect the hands he needs to cook . He also develops an unusual weakness for women , and makes it a principle never to harm one , even if it means his death . Eventually , he becomes infamous under the name of `` Black Leg '' Sanji ( 黒 脚 の サンジ , Kuro Ashi no Sanji ) , and , while training for a period of two years in Emporio Ivankov 's Kamabakka Queendom ( カマバッカ 王国 , Kamabakka Ōkoku ) , develops the Sky Walk ( 空中 歩行 ( スカイ ・ ウォーク ) , Sukai Wōku ) , a variant of the Six Powers ( 六 式 , Rokushiki ) technique Moonwalk ( 月 歩 , Geppo ) , which allows him to essentially run through air . In the Japanese anime television series , he is voiced by Hiroaki Hirata . In the 4Kids English adaptation , he is voiced by David Moo . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice is supplied by Eric Vale . Tony Tony Chopper ( edit ) Tony Tony Chopper ( トニー トニー ・ チョッパー , Tonī Tonī Choppā ) is a doctor and a blue - nosed reindeer . The power of the Zoan - type Human - Human Fruit ( ヒトヒト の 実 , Hito Hito no Mi ) provides him with the ability to transform into a full sized reindeer or a reindeer - human hybrid . A self - developed drug he calls Rumble Ball ( ランブル ・ ボール , Ranburu Bōru ) enables him to perform even more transformations . When complimented , Chopper acts really sad and sometimes yells at the animal who complimented him to stop trying to make him happy . His voice actress is Ikue Ōtani . Kazue Ikura voiced Tony Tony Chopper for episodes 254 - 263 . In the 4Kids and Funimation English adaptations , his voice is supplied by Lisa Ortiz and Brina Palencia , respectively . When creating Chopper , Oda wanted a mascot who is both cute and very weak . An IGN review of the manga praised Chopper 's character as one of the best in the series and said that he was able to be both touching and funny . With Chopper 's back story , Oda wanted to illustrate that one need not be blood - related to be considered family . Nico Robin ( edit ) Growing up in Ohara ( オハラ ) , home of the world 's oldest and largest library , Nico Robin ( ニコ ・ ロビン , Niko Robin ) becomes an archaeologist at the age of eight . At some point she gains the power of the Paramecia - type Flower - Flower Fruit ( ハナハナ の 実 , Hana Hana no Mi ) , which allows her to have temporary copies of parts of her body , including her eyes and ears , which spring up on surfaces near her . Behind her teachers ' backs she acquires from them the outlawed knowledge of how to translate the ancient stones called Ponegliffs ( 歴史 の 本文 ( ポーネグリフ ) , Pōnegurifu , alt . Poneglyphs ) , which are scattered around the world . She comes to share their goal of finding the illusive Real Ponegliff ( 真 の 歴史 の 本文 ( リオ ・ ポーネグリフ ) , Rio Pōnegurifu ) , which is said to tell the world 's lost history . However , the World Government finds out about these efforts and sends a battlefleet to stop them . Only Robin escapes the devastating attack that claims the lives of the island 's entire population , including that of her mother . Called `` Devil Child '' ( 悪魔 の 子 , Akuma no Ko ) , traumatized , and with a bounty on her head , Robin lives a life on the run , unable to trust anyone . To survive , she cooperates with various pirates and other outlaws , until eventually joining forces with Sir Crocodile , leading Baroque Works with him , using the codename `` Ms. All - Sunday '' ( ミス ・ オール サンデー , Misu Ōrusandē ) . and becoming their vice-president . After Baroque Works falls apart , with nowhere else to go , she tags along with the Straw Hat Pirates and grows so fond of them that she gives herself up to the Government in order to save them . Only after they discover her motives , and declare open war on her powerful nemesis to get her back , does she come to realize that she has finally found people who will never sell her out , and becomes a part of the crew . After the two - year period where the Straw Hats are separated , Robin further hones her Devil Fruit powers to the point she can create a full - bodied duplicate of herself . In the anime television series , Robin 's voice actress is Yuriko Yamaguchi . In the 4Kids English adaptation , her Baroque Works codename was changed to Miss Sunday and she is voiced by Veronica Taylor . In the Funimation English adaptation , her voice is supplied by Stephanie Young . Franky ( edit ) The son of pirate parents who abandon him at age ten , Cutty Flam ( カティ ・ フラム , Kati Furamu ) , nicknamed Franky ( フランキー , Furankī ) , is taken in as an apprentice by a shipwright who secretly holds the plans for a devastating ancient weapon . Franky 's recklessness eventually provides an opportunity for World Government agents seeking these plans . Attempting to rescue his master , Franky suffers severe injuries and only survives by rebuilding parts of his body using pieces of scrap metal , turning himself into a cola - powered cyborg with super-human strength . After gaining notoriety as `` Cyborg '' Franky ( サイボーグ フランキー , Saibōgu Furankī ) , and to fulfill his dream of sailing a ship he built around the world , he constructs the Thousand Sunny , a brigantine - rigged sloop - of - war , for the Straw Hat Pirates and joins the crew . In the anime television series , his voice actor is Kazuki Yao . Patrick Seitz provides his voice in the Funimation English adaptation . Brook ( edit ) Already a pirate before the time of Roger , `` Humming '' Brook ( ブルック , Burukku ) first enters the Grand Line as vice-captain of the music - themed Rumbar Pirates . Leaving their pet , the infant whale Laboon at Reverse Mountain , they promise to return after sailing around the world . Instead , they are annihilated , with one exception . The power of the Paramecia - type Revive - Revive Fruit ( ヨミヨミ の 実 , Yomi Yomi no Mi ) allows `` Dead Bones '' Brook to rise again and live a second life as a skeleton . Fifty years later , Brook 's goal is still to fulfill his late crew 's promise , and to that end he joins the Straw Hat Pirates . He is an excellent musician , who says that he can play any instrument , although he is usually seen playing the violin . He can even influence people with his music to the point of making them fall asleep . While separated from the other Straw Hats , and incognito as `` Soul King '' Brook , he gains world fame , filling concert halls with fans . He is also a skilled fencer who uses a shikomizue ( a Japanese cane sword ) in battle . His reduced weight allows him to jump extraordinarily high and to run across water . Eventually , he learns how to use his devil fruit ability to leave his skeleton body and explore his surroundings as a disembodied soul . The idea of a skeleton musician was first conceived by Oda in 2000 , about the time of Laboon 's introduction and more than half a decade before the first appearance of Brook . He is voiced by Chō . Ian Sinclair provides his voice in the Funimation English adaptation . Jimbei ( edit ) Jimbei ( ジンベエ , Jinbee ) is a yakuza-esque whale shark fishman . A master of Fishman Karate ( 魚 人 空手 , Gyojin Karate ) , he is capable of manipulating water as if it were a tangible cloth - an ability more usually associated with merfolk . Jimbei can communicate with fish and enlist the help of whale sharks . After growing up in a rough part of Fishman Island , Jimbei first joins the island 's royal army and later the Sun Pirates ; he becomes captain following the death of Fisher Tiger . In exchange for the World Government granting him Warlord - status , Jimbei eventually disbands the crew . He resigns the position again to side against the Government during its war with the Whitebeard Pirates , the protectors of Fishman Island . Two years later , he turns down an invitation to join the Straw Hat Pirates , stating that he needs to take care of unfinished business before joining them . However , he eventually joined the Straw Hat Pirates after cutting ties with Big Mom during the Whole Cake Island arc . In the Japanese anime television series , Jimbei is initially voiced by Daisuke Gōri , later by Katsuhisa Hōki . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice is supplied by Daniel Baugh . Other groups and organizations ( edit ) Alabasta Kingdom ( edit ) The Alabasta Kingdom ( アラバスタ 王国 , Arabasuta Oukoku ) is a desert climate island in the Grand Line ruled by Nefeltari Vivi 's father , Nefeltari Cobra ( ネフェルタリ ・ コブラ , Neferutari Kobura ) . The nation 's army , the Alabasta Royal Guard , is commanded by Igaram ( イガラム , Igaramu ) , a man who fights with a saxophone that shoots bullets when played , and guns hidden in his hair that fire when he pulls his neck tie . Next in line after Igaram are Chaka and Pell , dubbed the strongest warriors of Alabasta . Other inhabitants include Vivi 's childhood friend , and later rebel leader , Koza and his father Toh - Toh . The Straw Hats are welcomed here thanks to their help saving the kingdom . Arlong Pirates ( edit ) The Arlong Pirates ( アーロン 一味 , Āron Ichimi ) are a pirate crew consisting mostly of fishmen led by Arlong and several officers : Kuroobi , a manta ray fishman who uses `` Fishman Karate '' , Choo , a Japanese whiting fishman who spits water as if firing bullets , as well as Hatchan and Nami , who left the crew following its defeat by the Straw Hat Pirates . Baroque Works ( edit ) Baroque Works ( バロック ・ ワークス , Barokku Wākusu ) is a secret organization of more than two thousand members whose aim is to stage a coup d'état in the Alabasta Kingdom . Using code names , Mr. 0 and Ms. All - Sunday serve as the organization 's president and vice-president respectively . Taking orders directly from them are thirteen male agents , who use the code names Mr. 1 through Mr. 13 , and their female partners , who use code names taken from days of the week or holidays and happy events . Agents Mr. 1 through Mr. 5 , and their partners , are called Officer Agents and entrusted with only the most important of missions . Daz Bones ( ダズ ・ ボーネス , Dazu Bōnesu ) , whose body possesses the qualities of bladed steel , and Pola ( ポーラ , Pōra ) , whose body can grow spikes , work together as Mr. 1 and Ms. Doublefinger ( ミス ・ ダブル フィンガー , Misu Daburufingā , named after New Year 's Day ) Mr. 2 Bon Clay , being a drag queen , serves as his own partner . Mr. 3 works with Ms. Golden Week ( ミス ・ ゴールデンウィーク , Misu Gōruden Wīku , named after the Japanese Golden Week ) , an artist who can manipulate emotions using paint . Mr. 4 , who fights using a four - ton baseball bat , works with Ms. Merry Christmas ( ミス ・ メリー クリスマス , Misu Merī Kurisumasu ) , who can transform into a mole or mole - human hybrid . Mr. 5 can cause explosions with any part of his body , including his mucus and breath . His partner , Ms. Valentine ( ミス ・ バレンタイン , Misu Barentain ) , can change her weight at will . Bellamy Pirates ( edit ) The Bellamy Pirates ( ベラミー 海賊 団 , Beramī Kaizokudan ) is a pirate crew originating from the North Blue , and allies with the Donquixote Pirates . The captain of the crew is Bellamy `` the Hyena '' ( ハイエナ の ベラミー , Haiena no Beramī , named after Samuel Bellamy ) , a blonde - haired man with the power of the Paramecia - type Boing - Boing Fruit ( バネバネ の 実 , Bane Bane no Mi ) , which allows him to turn his legs into springs to bounce off surfaces and gain momentum for his attacks . After his defeat at the hands of Luffy , Doflamingo dismisses Bellamy , who later becomes a fighter in Dressrosa . The crew 's first mate is `` Big Knife '' Sarquiss ( サーキース , Sākīsu , alt . `` Sarkies '' ) , a blue - haired bespectacled man . Other crew members include : Lily , Ross , the navigator Eddy , the chef Hewitt , the sniper Rivers , Mani , and the doctor Muret . Blackbeard Pirates ( edit ) The Blackbeard Pirates ( 黒 ひげ 海賊 団 , Kurohige Kaizokudan ) are a group of very powerful pirates led by Blackbeard . Initially , his crew consists of the marksman Van Augur ( ヴァン ・ オーガー , Van Ōgā ) ; Jesus Burgess ( ジーザス ・ バージェス , Jīzasu Bājesu ) , the crew 's helmsman who possesses immense physical strength ; the exiled policeman Lafitte ( ラ フィット , Rafitto , a name shared by well - known early 19th century pirates Pierre and Jean Lafitte ) ; and the sickly physician Doc Q ( ドク Q , Doku Kyū ) , with his equally sickly horse Stronger ( ストロンガー , Sutorongā ) . Later Blackbeard recruits a number of prisoners from Impel Down : San Juan Wolf ( サン ファン ・ ウルフ , Sanfan Urufu ) , Vasco Shot ( バスコ ・ ショット , Basuko Shotto ) , Catarina Devon ( カタリーナ ・ デボン , Katarīna Debon ) , and Avalo Pizarro ( アバロ ・ ピサロ , Abaro Pisaro ) , as well as the prison 's deposed chief jailer , Shiliew ( シリュウ , Shiryū ) . Black Cat Pirates ( edit ) The Black Cat Pirates are a cat - themed crew of pirates led by Captain Kuro ( クロ , Kuro , lit . `` Black '' ) , nicknamed Kuro the `` Thousand Plans '' ( 百 計 の クロ , Hyakkei no Kuro ) , who is known for his elaborate plans . Wishing to leave his identity behind , and to escape the pirate lifestyle of always being on the run , he becomes butler to Kaya , a childhood friend of Usopp . He considers his crew as nothing but pawns to carry out his plans and , if he so pleases , to die for him . Kuro fights using a pair of gloves equipped with very long , straight , single edged blades . Wearing these , he adopted his signature habit of adjusting his constantly slipping glasses by using only the palm of his hand to avoid cutting his face . Other members of the crew include Jango , and the Meowban Brothers , Siam ( シャム , Shamu ) and Butchie ( ブチ , Buchi ) . Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network praised Kuro as being `` both unspeakably cool and utterly vile '' . Buggy 's band of Pirates ( edit ) Buggy 's Band of Pirates ( バギー 海賊 団 , Bagī Kaizokudan ) is a circus - themed group of pirates led by Buggy the Clown , one of the Seven Warlords after the 2 - year timeskip . His second in command is the beast tamer Mohji ( モージ , Mōji ) , who is usually accompanied by his pet lion Richie ( リッチー , Richī ) . Third in line is the acrobat Cabaji ( カバジ , Kabaji ) . Following Buggy 's escape from Impel Down , the Buggy Pirates are joined by some of his fellow escapees , and from early on , the group is accompanied by Alvida ( アルビダ , Arubida , named after the Scandinavian pirate Awilda ) , a pirate who is out to make Luffy `` her man '' . CP9 ( edit ) Cipher Pol Number 9 ( サイファー ポール ナンバーナイン , Saifā Pōru Nanbā Nain ) , abbreviated as CP9 ( シーピー ナイン , Shī Pī Nain ) , is the secret , ninth unit of the World Government 's intelligence agency Cipher Pol based at Enies Lobby . Specializing in assassination , they utilize a weapon - themed martial art called the Six Powers ( 六 式 , Rokushiki ) . The group is commanded by Spandam ( スパンダム , Supandamu ) , the self - centered son of the group 's previous leader Spandine ( スパンダイン , Supandain ) who is obsessed over moving up in the World Government . Though extremely weak compared to his subordinates , Spandam carries the sword Funkfreed ( ファンク フリード , Fanku Furīdo ) which is capable of transforming into an elephant or an elephant - sword hybrid . Next in command is Rob Lucci ( ロブ ・ ルッチ , Robu Rutchi ) , a man known for ruthlessly and mercilessly enforcing the World Government 's `` justice '' . He can transform into a leopard or leopard - human hybrid and is always accompanied by his pigeon , Hattori ( ハットリ ) . Despite their failure at Enies Lobby to get Nico Robin to the Gates of Justice , Spandam is hospitalized and Lucci is defeated by Luffy , they are eventually promoted to Cipher Pol Aigis 0 ( サイファー ポール イージス ゼロ , Saifā Pōru Ījisu Zero ) , abbreviated as CP - 0 ( シーピーゼロ , Shī Pī Zero ) , the World Government 's elite enforcement unit . Other Devil - Fruit using members of CP9 include the skilled giraffe - human Zoan swordsman Kaku ( カク , Kaku ) , the deceptive wolf - human Zoan martial artist Jabra ( ジャブラ , Jabura ) , Blueno ( ブルーノ , Burūno ) who travels great distances with manifested `` air doors '' , and Califa ( カリファ , Karifa ) whose `` strength - cleaning '' bubbles that turn a person into a slippery mannequin . Its other two members are Kumadori ( クマドリ ) , a man who resembles a kabuki actor and uses an ability called `` Life Return '' to control every cell in his body , and Fukurō ( フクロウ ) , an owl - shaped man with a zipper across his mouth which has to be open in order for him to speak. . CP9 also had a new member in Nero ( ネロ ) , a man with weasel whiskers who had not fully mastered all the Rokushiki skills and was killed by Lucci for his failure . Cp0 ( edit ) Cipher Pol Aigis 0 ( サイファー ポール イージス ゼロ , Saifā Pōru Ījisu Zero ) , abbreviated as CP - 0 ( シーピーゼロ , Shī Pī Zero ) is the elite and most powerful secret unit of the World Government . Not much has been revealed about them so far , however they have been shown to be very feared and influential . Dressrosa ( edit ) Dressrosa ( ドレス ローザ , Doresurōza ) is a kingdom within the New World . Initially it is ruled by the Riku Family ( リク 一族 , Riku Ichizoku ) , led by Riku Dold III ( リク ・ ドルド 3 世 , Riku Dorudo Sansei ) . He has two daughters : Viola ( ヴィオラ , Viora ) , whose ability allows her to see through everything and read the minds of others ; and Scarlett ( スカーレット , Sukāretto ) , who marries Kyros ( キュロス , Kyurosu ) , the best fighter of Dressrosa , and has a daughter , Rebecca ( レベッカ , Rebekka ) . Years later Donquixote Doflamingo stages a mutiny and dethrones King Dold . Other inhabitants include Tank Lepanto ( タンク ・ レパント , Tanku Repanto ) , the former commander of Dressrosa 's Self - Defense Army ; and Gatz ( ギャッツ , Gyattsu ) , the announcer at the Corrida Colosseum . Don Quixote Pirates ( edit ) The Don Quixote Pirates ( ドンキホーテ 海賊 団 , Donkihōte Kaizoku - dan ) , or Don Quixote Family ( ドンキホーテ ファミリー , Donkihōte Famirī ) , are a pirate crew led by Don Quixote Doflamingo . It is divided into three groups , each led by one of the top three officers . Trébol 's Army is led by Trébol ( トレーボル , Torēboru ) , a man who can turn into an adhesive and highly sticky liquid ; Sugar ( シュガー , Shugā ) , a girl who can turn people into toys ; Jora ( ジョーラ , Jōra ) , a woman who transforms things into modern art ; and Violet , who possess the ability to see through everything and read other 's minds , she is also the princess of Dressrosa Viola . Diamante 's Army is led by Diamante ( ディアマンテ , Diamante ) , whose ability allows him to flatten , reform , and fold anything while still retaining its original characteristics . It is made up of Lao G ( ラオ ・ G , Rao Jī ) , an old skilled martial artist ; Machvise ( マッハ バイス , Mahhabaisu ) , a strong man who can change his weight ; Senor Pink ( セニョール ・ ピンク , Senyōru Pinku ) , a man who can swim on the ground or through walls ; and Dellinger ( デリンジャー , Derinjā ) , a boy who possesses both human and Fighter Fish men genes and fights with kicks . Pica 's Army is led by Pica ( ピーカ , Pīka ) , who can absorb , manipulate and merge with stone . It is made up of Baby 5 ( ベビー 5 , Bebī Faibu ) , a girl who can change any part of her body into any kind of weapon ; Buffalo ( バッファロー , Baffarō ) , whose ability allows him to turn into a rotating man ; and Gladius ( グラディウス , Guradiusu ) , a man who can make his own body or any inorganic object he touches rupture and explode . Other crew members are : Caesar Clown , Bellamy , Monet and Vergo ( ヴェルゴ , Verugo ) . Inhabitants of Fishman island ( edit ) Lying on the ocean floor halfway through the Grand Line , Fishman Island is inhabited primarily by fishmen ( 魚 人 , gyojin ) and merefolk ( 人魚 , ningyo ) . The average fishman has ten times the strength of a human , can breathe underwater , and swim very fast . Four Emperors ( edit ) The most powerful pirates in the New World are referred to as the Four Emperors ( 四 皇 , Yonkō ) . Initially the group consists of Shanks , Whitebeard , Kaido ( カイドウ , Kaidō ) , and Big Mom ( ビッグ ・ マム , Biggu Mamu ) , forming a precarious balance of power with The Seven Warlords of the Sea and the Navy Headquarters that keeps the world at peace until Blackbeard 's capture of Ace . This leads to a war between the Whitebeard Pirates and the World Government , and results in Whitebeard 's death . Two years later , Blackbeard is considered to have assumed Whitebeard 's position . Foxy Pirates ( edit ) The Foxy Pirates ( フォクシー 海賊 団 , Fokushī Kaizokudan ) is a crew specializing in a pirate game known as the `` Davy Back Fight '' wherein pirate crews can win crewmen from their opponents . The crew is led by Foxy ( フォクシー , Fokushī ) , nicknamed `` Silver Fox '' ( 銀 ギツネ , Gin Gitsune ) , a cheater and trickster . Though he acts supremely confident most of the time , he is extremely sensitive to insults or criticism . Having eaten the Slow - Slow Fruit ( ノロノロ の 実 , Noro Noro no Mi ) , Foxy can emit microscopic particles from his hands which can temporarily slow down any object , reducing its velocity , while preserving its kinetic energy . Other members of Foxy 's numerous crew include Porche , the crew 's idol , and Hamburg , who occasionally serves as Foxy 's mount . Germa Kingdom ( edit ) The Germa Kingdom ( ジェルマ 王国 , Jeruma Oukoku ) is Sanji 's fatherland . It is ruled by Sanji 's father , Vinsmoke Judge ( ヴィン スモーク ・ ジャッジ , Vinsumōku Jajji ) . God 's Army ( edit ) God 's Army ( 神 の 軍団 , Kami no Gundan ) is the personal army of Eneru , consisting of himself , Kami 's Vassals : Satori , Gedatsu , Shura , and Ohm , and the fifty Enforcers , led by Enforcer Commander Yama . In combat , the Vassals and Enforcers rely heavily on various types of dials . The Vassals and Eneru are also skilled users of the Color of Observation Haki , which they refer to as Mantra . Impel Down ( edit ) Impel Down ( インペル ダウン , Inperu Daun ) is one of three main locations of the World Government and the world 's greatest prison . Chief Warden of Impel Down is Magellan ( マゼラン , Mazeran ) , a man with the ability of the Paramecia - type Venom - Venom Fruit ( ドクドク の 実 , Doku Doku no Mi ) , which allows him to generate and manipulate poison as well as making him immune to any type of poison . However , his ability does not spare him from diarrhea caused by poisoned food . As a result , he spends about ten hours per day in the bathroom relieving himself . Second in charge of Impel Down is the exceedingly ambitious Vice Chief Warden Hannyabal ( ハンニャバル , Hannyabaru ) . He often shows off how tough he is to the prisoners , which earns him admiration among the guards . However , he cares more about his own position than the security of the prison . His weapon of choice is a double bladed naginata . Below Hannyabal stand the Chief Guards Sadie ( サディ , Sadi ) and Saldeath ( サルデス , Sarudesu ) . Sadie is a very sadistic woman who uses a thin , torturing whip in battle . Saldeath wields a trident , which also functions as a flute to direct his subordinates , the Blugori , blue , legless creatures resembling gorillas . Krieg Pirates ( edit ) The Krieg Pirates are a pirate crew led by Don Krieg ( 首領 ( ドン ) ・ クリーク , Don Kurīku ) , nicknamed `` Foul Play '' Krieg ( ダマシ 討ち の クリーク , Damashi Uchi no Kurīku ) , a man well known for his underhanded tactics . Krieg does not care for his crew and bullies them to fear and obey him . He punishes those who fail him and those who show weakness . Krieg wears a gilded suit of steel armor filled with hidden weapons such as guns , bombs , etc . Krieg also uses a weapon called the `` Mighty Battle Spear '' , that is not only a spear , but can release explosions and remain intact . Other crew members include Krieg 's chief commander , Ghin , and the Pearl . Kuja ( edit ) The Kuja ( 九 蛇 ) are a tribe of women living on Amazon Lily ( アマゾン ・ リリー , Amazon Rirī ) , a China - inspired island , where men are forbidden . It is ruled by Boa Hancock , who also captains a group of pirates made up of the strongest fighters of the Kuja , including her two younger sisters who possess the Zoan - type abilities of the Snake - Snake Fruit ( ヘビヘビ の 実 , Hebi Hebi no Mi ) , allowing the middle sister , Boa Sandersonia ( ボア ・ サンダー ソニア , Boa Sandāsonia ) , to transform into an anaconda or anaconda - human hybrid , and the youngest sister , Boa Marigold ( ボア ・ マリー ゴールド , Boa Marīgōrudo ) , to turn into a cobra or cobra - human hybrid . Mink Tribe ( edit ) Mink Tribe ( ミンク 族 , Minku Zoku ) is a tribe of various animals living on a gigantic elephant named `` Zunisha '' as the island is known as `` Zou '' . The Mink Tribe 's city is known as Mokomo Dukedom . The Mokomo Dukedom is led by Inuarashi ( イヌアラシ ) who leads the tribe from dawn to dusk , and Nekomamushi ( ネコマムシ ) who leads tribe from dusk to dawn . The Mink Tribe is loyal to the Wano Country as they shared unbreakable ancestral bonds . The red colored Poneglyph belongs to the Mink Tribe , which proves to be a very useful information to find Raftel. The ruler at night is called Cat Viper or Nekomamushi . The ruler during the day is named Dogstorm or Inuarashi . Navy ( edit ) The Navy ( 海軍 , Kaigun ) , translated as the `` Marines '' in FUNimation 's English dub , are a maritime force under the command of the World Government . Currently the position of fleet admiral , who is the leader of the organization , is occupied by Akainu . The greatest forces are the three admirals , who are currently Kizaru , Fujitora , and Ryokugyu . The corrupted Commander Ax - Hand Morgan ( father of Helmeppo ) was the first high ranking commander of the Navy depicted in the series until stripped of his status when he was defeated by Luffy . New Fishman Pirates ( edit ) The New Fishman Pirates ( 新 魚 人 海賊 団 , Shin - Gyojin Kaizoku - dan ) are a pirate group of fishmen - supremacists led by the great white shark - fishman Hody Jones ( ホーディ ・ ジョーンズ , Hōdi Jōnzu ) . Hody is responsible for assassinating Otohime , the queen of Fishman Island . The pirates eventually make a pact with Vander Decken IX ( バンダー ・ デッケン 九 世 , Bandā Dekken Kyūsei ) , ( another fishman pirate with the power of the Paramecia - type Target - Target Fruit ( マトマト の 実 , Mato - Mato no Mi ) to lock on any target at will , so long as he touches the target first ) , to plot the complete destruction of Fishman Island by initiating a coup d'etat . Jones broadcasts a message to the island , announcing that he will execute Neptune , its current ruler , to take over the kingdom , and then kill the Straw Hat Pirates . However , Luffy eventually teams up with Jimbei , to launch a combined assault on the pirates -- defeating them and saving Fishman Island . Punk Hazard people ( edit ) Punk Hazard ( パンク ハザード 島 , Panku Hazādo - tō ) is an island which is half hot and half cold , because Akainu and Aokiji fought there for the post of fleet admiral . On the island lives Caesar Clown , and his henchmen who have aspects of mythological creatures like centaurs and satyrs , because Trafalgar Law gave them animal parts . Next in line after Caesar is Monet ( モネ , Mone ) , a harpy - like girl with the ability to transform into snow . Brownbeard ( 茶 ひげ , Chahige ) , the leader of the army of centaurs , is pirate who has crocodile legs added by Law . The island is also inhabited by children , kidnapped by Caesar , who are used for his gigantification experiments . Red - Haired Pirates ( edit ) The Red - Haired Pirates ( 赤 髪 海賊 団 , Akagami Kaizokudan ) are led by `` Red - Haired '' Shanks . Other members include : Ben Beckman ( ベン ・ ベックマン , Ben Bekkuman ) , the first mate ; Lucky Roux ( ラッキー ・ ルウ , Rakkī Ruu ) , a large man often seen eating ; and Yasopp ( ヤソップ , Yasoppu ) , a skilled sniper and father of Usopp . Revolutionary Army ( edit ) The `` Revolutionary Army '' ( 革命 軍 , Kakumeigun ) is an army of globally operating revolutionaries , openly aiming to overthrow the World Government . To that end , they incite revolutions in countries around the world . The organization is led by the world 's most wanted man , Monkey D. Dragon ( モンキー ・ D ・ ドラゴン , Monkī Dī Doragon ) , who is known to the public only as Dragon . Also unknown to the public are his family ties ; he is the son of Garp and father of Luffy . Next in command after Dragon is Sabo ( サボ , Sabo ) , Luffy 's brother . Koala ( コアラ , Koara ) is the army 's Substitute Fishman Karate Instructor . Other revolutionaries are : Dragon 's comrade Emporio Ivankov ( エンポリオ ・ イワンコフ , Enporio Iwankofu ) , nicknamed `` Miracle Person '' ( 奇跡 の 人 , Kiseki no Hito ) , who is the queen of the drag queen ( お釜 , okama ) kingdom Kamabakka ( カマバッカ ) , and can inject hormones into a person 's body by making his finger nails into syringes , creating various effects like increased healing abilities , increased vigor , or changing the person 's gender ; Inazuma ( イナズマ ) , , who can turn his hands into giant scissors capable of cutting and deforming almost anything as if it were paper ; and Bartholomew Kuma . Seven Warlords of the Sea ( edit ) The Seven Warlords of the Sea ( 七 武海 , Shichibukai ) , the full title being The Royal Seven Warlords of the Sea ( 王 下 七 武海 , Ōka Shichibukai ) , are a group of up to seven powerful pirates sanctioned by the World Government who hand over a fraction of their loot to the Government . The Government 's idea is to use powerful pirates to fight all the lesser ones . Other pirates consider the Warlords to be `` government dogs '' . For their allegiance , the World Government pardons these pirates for their crimes and removes bounties from their heads . The Seven Warlords are loosely based on the European privateers , government endorsed pirates considered heroes in their homeland and pillagers in others . Initially , the group 's members are : Dracule Mihawk , Crocodile , Gecko Moriah , Jimbei , Boa Hancock , Donquixote Doflamingo , and Bartholomew Kuma . Following the exposure of Baroque Works , Crocodile is replaced by Blackbeard , who soon leaves the group again , along with Jimbei , who resigns to side with Whitebeard against the World Government , and Moriah , who is discarded by the World Government and narrowly escapes an assassination attempt . The three open spots are eventually filled by Trafalgar Law , Buggy the Clown , and Edward Weevil . After Doflamingo 's actions in Dressrosa are exposed , Law and Doflamingo are removed by the World Government . Inhabitants of Skypiea ( edit ) Skypiea ( スカイピア , Sukaipia ) is a land located in the sky above the Grand Line , consisting of Angel Island ( エンジェル 島 , Enjeru Tō ) , one of several solid clouds , and Upper Yard , a lost part of the Grand Line island Jaya , believed by most to have sunk into the ocean . Skypiea is inhabitited by the original inhabitants of Angel Island , including Gan Fall , Pagaya , his daughter Conis ( コニス , Konisu ) and their pet , the `` cloud fox '' Suu ( スー , Sū ) . Also living in Skypiea are the Shandorians , the original inhabitants of Jaya , led by Wyper ( ワイパー , Waipā ) , an extremely violent man who is initially distrustful of outsiders . With the exception of Gan Fall , most of the inhabitants of Skypiea are shown to have bird - like wings on their back . Sun Pirates ( edit ) The Sun Pirates are a band of pirates consisting of fishmen and mermen , led by Fisher Tiger ( フィッシャー ・ タイガー , Fisshā Taigā ) , and later by Jimbei . They attack any pirate ship they see , but no matter who is on it , they never kill directly . Their Sun insignia was created to cover up the mark of the Celestial Dragon 's slave , `` Hoof of the Soaring Dragon '' , since Tiger Fisher bore the mark from being a slave . But he had escaped the World Nobles and during his escape he freed other mermen / fishmen and Boa Hancock and her two sisters . With the Sun insignia , the World Government was unable to claim the slaves due to mass confusion over whether they were Sun Pirates or not . Other members include : Arlong , Aladdin , Macro , Choo , Kuroobi and Hatchan . The group eventually disbands when Jimbei joins the Seven Warlords of the Sea . Thriller Bark crew ( edit ) The crew of the island - sized ship Thriller Bark ( スリラー バーク , Surirā Bāku ) , captained by Gecko Moriah , consists mostly of zombies , numbering in the hundreds , created from corpses -- patched up by Moriah 's subordinate , the medical genius Hogback ( ホグバック , Hogubakku ) -- given unlife in the form of shadows stolen using Moriah 's devil fruit ability . Placed in charge of the zombies are Moriah 's other subordinates , `` Graveyard '' Absalom ( アブサロム , Abusaromu ) , a man augmented by Hogback with various animal parts and capable of turning himself and anything he touches invisible , and `` Ghost Princess '' Perona ( ペローナ , Perōna ) , a woman who can create ghosts with various abilities . Among the zombies created by Hogback and Moriah are Victoria Cindry ( ビクトリア ・ シンドリー , Bikutoria Shindorī ) , a former famous stage actress whom Dr. Hogback was in love with ; Ryuma ( リューマ , Ryūma ) , a samurai from the Wano Country ; Lola ( ローラ , Rōra ) , a warthog - like zombie in love with Absalom ; and Oars ( オーズ , Ōzu ) , a giant formerly feared by all . Wano Country ( edit ) The Wano Country ( ワノ 国 , Wano Kuni ) is a nation in the New World unaffiliated with the World Government . It has its own warriors , the samurai , who are swordsmen so strong that not even the Marines go near them . It was first mentioned by Hogback , as Ryuma was from there . Aside from Ryuma , the only other known residents are Kin'emon of Foxfire ( 狐火 の 錦 え もん , Kitsune - bi no Kin'emon ) and his `` son '' Momonosuke ( モモ の 助 , Momonosuke ) , who met the Straw Hat Pirates in Punk Hazard , and temporarily accompanied them on their journey . The other known samurai is Kanjuro ( カン 十郎 , Kanjūrō ) , Kin'emon's friend , who was kidnapped by the Donquixote Pirates . Wapol Pirates ( edit ) The Wapol Pirates ( ワポル 海賊 団 , Waporu Kaizokudan ) are led by Wapol , the former King of Drum Island . He ate the Paramecia - type Munch - Munch Fruit ( バクバク の 実 , Baku Baku no Mi ) which allows him to eat virtually anything and take on its properties . His crew consists mostly of his former army . His closest underlings are Chess , who is a skilled archer , and Kuromarimo whose fighting style revolves around throwing parts of his Afro hair - cut . Whitebeard Pirates ( edit ) The Whitebeard Pirates ( 白 ひげ 海賊 団 , Shirohige Kaizokudan ) are a group led by Whitebeard and sixteen division commanders , each in charge of one hundred men . Members of the Whitebeard Pirates include the first division commander `` Phoenix '' Marco ( 不死鳥 の マルコ , Fushichō no Maruko ) , who can transform into a phoenix or phoenix - human hybrid and is a skilled user of Haki ; the second division commander `` Fire Fist '' Ace ; the third division commander `` Diamond '' Jozu ( ダイヤモンド ・ ジョズ , Daiyamondo Jozu ) , who can turn parts of his body into diamond ; and Blackbeard who leaves and starts his own crew after murdering the fourth division commander Thatch ( サッチ , Satchi ) . World Government ( edit ) The World Government ( 世界 政府 , Sekai Seifu ) is a global organization , affiliated with over 170 countries from around the world . It is administered by a council of five older men known as the Five Elders ( 五 老 星 , Gorōsei ) . Eight centuries after its foundation by a group of twenty kings , their descendants , the World Nobles ( 世界 貴族 , Sekai Kizoku ) , also known as the Celestial Dragons ( 天竜 人 , Tenryūbito ) , live luxurious lives and abuse their power . Other characters ( edit ) Other major characters of the series are , from left to right and up to down : Blackbeard , Buggy , Sengoku , Aokiji , Mihawk , Shanks , Kuma , Smoker , Whitebeard , Coby , Kaku ( in giraffe - human hybrid form ) , Doflamingo , Bellamy , Dragon , Pandaman , Ace , Lucci ( in leopard - human hybrid form ) with Hattori , Foxy , Arlong , Eneru , Don Krieg , Kuro , Spandam and Wapol . Akainu ( edit ) Sakazuki ( サカズキ ) , better known as Admiral Akainu ( 赤 犬 , lit . `` Red Dog '' ) , is a ruthless naval officer with the ability of the Logia - type Magma - Magma Fruit ( マグマグ の 実 , Magu Magu no Mi ) , which allows him to control , create , or transform into magma . After Sengoku retires , Akainu wins the position of fleet admiral in a duel against Aokiji . His appearance is modeled after Bunta Sugawara . He is voiced at first by Michio Nakao , later by Fumihiko Tachiki . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice is supplied by Andrew Love . Aokiji ( edit ) Kuzan ( クザン ) , better known as Admiral Aokiji ( 青 雉 , lit . `` Blue Pheasant '' ) , is a lazy naval officer with the ability of the Logia - type Chilly - Chilly Fruit ( ヒエヒエ の 実 , Hie Hie no Mi ) , which allows him to freeze objects , to transform into it , or to create it . On his retirement , Sengoku advocates for Aokiji to succeed him as fleet admiral . Aokiji duels with Akainu for the position , but loses . Not wanting to serve under Akainu , he leaves the Navy . Eventually he forms an alliance with the Blackbeard Pirates . Aokiji 's appearance is modeled after Yusaku Matsuda . He is voiced by Takehito Koyasu . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice is initially supplied by Bob Carter , later by Jason Douglas . Arlong ( edit ) `` Saw - Tooth '' Arlong ( ノコギリ の アーロン , Nokogiri no Āron ) is a sawshark fishman and fishmen - supremacist . Growing up in a rough part of Fishman Island , he becomes captain of the Arlong Pirates , who temporarily merge with other fishmen to form the Sun Pirates . Arlong 's powerful jaws have rapidly re-growing teeth capable of rending stone . His favorite weapon is the sword - like Shark Saw ( キリバチ , Kiribachi ) with its six tooth - shaped blades . In the original Japanese series , his voice actor is Jūrōta Kosugi . In the 4Kids English adaptation , he is voiced by David Wills . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice is supplied by Chris Rager . Bartholomew Kuma ( edit ) The `` Tyrant '' ( 暴君 , Bōkun ) , Bartholomew Kuma ( バー ソロ ミュー ・ くま , Bāsoromyū Kuma , kuma ( 熊 ) meaning bear ) , is one of the Seven Warlords of the Sea ; the only one with a reputation for complete obedience to the World Government , when in fact he is an officer of the Revolutionary Army . The power of the Paramecia - type Paw - Paw Fruit ( ニキュニキュ の 実 , Nikyu Nikyu no Mi ) allows his palms to repel anything , from physical objects such as people or air to abstracts such as pain and fatigue . He can use this ability to safely transport himself or others over long distances . Kuma is the model for the Pacifista ( パシフィスタ , Pashifisuta ) , a class of experimental cyborgs created by the Government . Their bodies are made of a substance harder than steel , and they can shoot powerful blasts from their mouths that can melt metal . The other Pacifista look just like Kuma , sharing his towering , bear - like stature , but lack the Paw - Paw Fruit 's ability . Instead , they possess the ability to shoot laser beams from their palms . At some point during his gradual conversion into the human weapon `` PX - 0 '' , Kuma 's personality is destroyed , leaving him a programmable fighting machine under the Government 's control . In the original Japanese series , he is voiced by Hideyuki Hori . Joel McDonald provides his voice in the Funimation English adaptation . Blackbeard ( edit ) Marshall D. Teech ( マーシャル ・ D ・ ティーチ , Māsharu Dī Tīchi ) , better known as Blackbeard ( 黒 ひげ , Kurohige ) , is the captain of the Blackbeard Pirates . As a member of the Whitebeard Pirates , he kills his crew mate Thatch to get hold of the Devil Fruit he has sought for several decades , the Dark - Dark Fruit ( ヤミヤミ の 実 , Yami Yami no Mi ) . It grants him the ability to create and control black holes , which are represented as flowing darkness , as well as the ability to disable the Devil Fruit powers of others , as long as he is touching the person . For betraying Whitebeard 's crew , and the murder of his crewmate , he is pursued by Ace who eventually confronts him . After defeating Ace and turning him in to the World Government , he is appointed Crocodile 's replacement as one of the Seven Warlords of the Sea , a position he promptly abuses to expand his crew with prisoners from Impel Down and resigns once he is finished . After killing Whitebeard with the help of his new crew , Blackbeard somehow adds his former captain 's Devil Fruit ability to his own and manages to take Whitebeard 's place as one of the Four Emperors . The character is based on and named after the historical pirate Edward `` Blackbeard '' Teach . In the Japanese anime television series , his voice actor is Akio Ōtsuka . In its Funimation English adaptation , his voice was supplied by Cole Brown until his death in November 2016 . Boa Hancock ( edit ) Boa Hancock ( ボア ・ ハンコック , Boa Hankokku ) is a member of the all - female Kuja Tribe from the island of Amazon Lily . Sold to the Celestial Dragons during childhood , she and her sisters are force - fed devil fruits and branded as slaves . Eventually freed by Fisher Tiger , the three return to their people . Hancock becomes ruler and is referred to by her subjects as `` Snake Princess '' ( 蛇 姫 , Hebihime ) . Leading the Kuja Pirates , she quickly gains infamy as the `` Pirate Empress '' ( 海賊 女帝 , Kaizoku Jotei ) and is offered membership in the Seven Warlords of the Sea . Despite resenting the World Government for her past enslavement , which she keeps a secret even from her kinswomen , Hancock accepts the position to protect her people . But when called upon to participate in the Government 's war against the Whitebeard Pirates , she initially refuses and only reconsiders after falling in love with Luffy , who enlists her help to infiltrate Impel Down . Hancock is capable of utilizing Haki , including the Color of the Supreme King . The ability of the Paramecia - type Love - Love Fruit ( メロメロ の 実 , Mero Mero no Mi ) allows her to turn anyone charmed by her into stone . In the Japanese anime television series , her voice actress is Kotono Mitsuishi . In the Funimation English adaptation , her voice is supplied by Lydia Mackay . Bon Clay ( edit ) Bentham ( ベンサム , Bensamu ) , better known under his codename `` Mr. 2 Bon Clay '' ( Mr. 2 ボン ・ クレー , Misutā Tsū Bon Kurē ) , is a drag queen ( オカマ , okama ) and a skilled martial artist with the power of the Paramecia - type Clone - Clone Fruit ( マネマネ の 実 , Mane Mane no Mi ) , which allows him to transform into an exact copy of anyone whose face he once touched with his right hand . He has a flamboyant attitude which includes singing and performing ballet moves . He is the only Baroque Works Officer Agent without a female partner , because as a transvestite , he fills both roles himself . Likewise , his code name is a composite of a male Officer Agent 's number , `` Mr. 2 '' , and a female Official Agent 's holiday code name , `` Bon Clay '' , which represents the Bon Festival and year - end festivals . In the original Japanese series , he is voiced by Kazuki Yao . In the 4Kids English adaptation , he is voiced by Kevin Kolack . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice is supplied by Barry Yandell . Buggy ( edit ) Buggy ( バギー , Bagī ) is a pirate with a preference for fighting with knives , a love of cannons , and a prominent red nose . While a junior member of the Roger Pirates , he gets hold of a devil fruit and a treasure map , intending to sell the fruit and search for the treasure , but Shanks accidentally causes him to swallow the fruit and drop the map into the sea , earning Buggy 's resentment . Having consumed the Paramecia - type Chop - Chop Fruit ( バラバラ の 実 , Bara Bara no Mi ) , Buggy can separate his body into levitating parts and control them independently as long as they remain close , and at least one of his feet is on the ground . This ability also makes him immune to cutting attacks which will only separate him into parts . Following the Roger Pirates ' dissolution , Buggy becomes captain of the Buggy Pirates and achieves limited notoriety as `` Buggy the Clown '' ( 道 化 の バギー , Dōke no Bagī ) . Eventually his involvement in the first mass breakout of Impel Down , and the Paramount War , earns him a sizable following of escapees , worldwide infamy as `` The Genius Jester '' ( 千両 道 化 , Senryō Dōke ) , and a seat among the Seven Warlords of the Sea . In the anime series , his voice actor is Shigeru Chiba . In the 4Kids English adaptation , he is voiced by David Wills . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice is supplied by Mike McFarland . Buggy has ranked highly in the Weekly Shonen Jump One Piece Popularity Poll . In the 4th Japanese ( Popularity Poll , Buggy is ranked the 21st-most popular character in One Piece . His best ranking in a fan poll was 7th place in the first poll. and his worst placement was place 30 in the third poll . Various merchandise based on Buggy 's appearance has been created , including action figures and phone straps . Oda said that Buggy is his favorite antagonist , because of all of them he is the easiest to draw . Buggy has received much praise and criticism . Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network said that Luffy 's fight with Buggy `` sets the series ' precedent for battles that are simultaneously tense and hilarious '' . Jacob Hope Chapman of the same site said that seeing Buggy during the Jaya Arc was `` entertaining '' . Bryce Coulter of Mania Entertainment praised Chibi Buggy 's Adventure as one of the best arcs , and Buggy for his `` slap - stick humour '' and `` Voltron-esque combining sequence '' . He was `` disappointed '' that Buggy , Smoker , and the Strawhats did not have a conflict at sea . On Luffy and Buggy 's alliance in Impel Down , Chris Beveridge said , `` the two do make an amusing pairing as their flight through the first level goes on '' . He went on to say , `` he never really cared for Buggy '' , but the Impel Down arc turned him into an `` engaging character '' . He said that he believes that Buggy is being set up as a regular character because he was `` afraid he might lose him '' . Pedro Cortes of Japanator said , `` Buggy is always good for a laugh , so his bit was a welcomed respite from the oppressive marines beating down Luffy and the Whitebeard pirates . '' Caesar Clown ( edit ) Caesar Clown ( シーザー ・ クラウン , Shīzā Kuraun ) is a navy scientist capable of transforming into gas due to Logia type Gas - Gas Fruit ( ガスガス の 実 , Gasu Gasu no Mi ) . He is a former colleague of Dr. Vegapunk , and a leading expert on chemical weapons of mass destruction . He works for Donquixote Doflamingo creating artificial Devil Fruits called Smiles , and using kidnapped children in Punk Hazard for his experiments . He is also a member of the Donquixote Pirates . After his defeat at the hands of Monkey D. Luffy , he is taken to Dressrosa by the Straw Hat Pirates and Trafalgar Law to make a hostage swap with Doflamingo . In the anime series , his voice actor is Ryūsei Nakao . Cavendish ( edit ) Cavendish ( キャ ベン ディッシュ , Kyabendisshu ) also known as the `` Pirate Prince '' or `` Cavendish of the White Horse '' , is a Super Rookie and the captain of the Beautiful Pirates , as well as the 1st division commander of the Straw Hat Grand Fleet . He joined as a gladiator at the Corrida Colosseum to compete for the Mera Mera no Mi . After the final battle against Donquixote Doflamingo , Cavendish pledged his loyalty to Monkey D. Luffy . He suffers from a split personality , changing into a bloodthirsty lunatic known as ' Hakuba ' ( ハクバ ) when his dominant personality sleeps . He is voiced by Akira Ishida . Coby ( edit ) Coby ( コビー , Kobī ) is the first friend Luffy makes on his journey , finding him forced to work as a chore boy on Alvida 's ship . Inspired by Luffy , and with his help , Coby escapes and joins the Navy , where he and Helmeppo pique the interest of Vice Admiral Garp , who takes them under his wing . Eventually , Coby masters the Six Powers skill Shave and begins using Color of Observation Haki . After two years , he became a captain in the Navy . In the original Japanese series , his voice is supplied by Mika Doi . In the 4Kids English adaptation , he is voiced by Kayzie Rogers . In the Funimation English adaptation , his name is spelled Coby , and his voice is supplied by Leah Clark and Micah Solusod as a teenager . Sir Crocodile ( edit ) Sir Crocodile ( サー ・ クロコダイル , Sā Kurokodairu ) , is a pirate with the ability of the Logia - type Sand - Sand Fruit ( スナスナ の 実 , Suna Suna no Mi ) , allowing him to manipulate sand , absorb moisture with his right hand , and , as long as he is not wet , turn his body into sand . He wears a large golden alloy hook in place of a left hand , which contains a potent poison and a dagger underneath . Initially a member of The Seven Warlords of the Sea , his title is revoked when it is discovered that he , under the code name of `` Mr. 0 '' ( ミスター ・ ゼロ , Misutā Zero ) , heads the criminal organization known as Baroque Works . In the original Japanese series , he is voiced by Ryūzaburō Ōtomo . In the 4Kids adaptation , Crocodile is voiced by David Brimmer . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice is supplied by John Swasey . Django ( edit ) Django ( ジャンゴ , Jango ) is a hypnotist with a habit of moonwalking . Introduced as first mate of the Black Cat Pirates , he eventually befriends the Navy officer Fullbody ( フル ボディ , Furubodi ) and joins him in the service . Django 's weapons of choice are chakrams which he uses for throwing , slashing and hypnotizing his enemies . He is voiced by Kazuki Yao in the Japanese version . In the 4Kids English version , he is voiced by Oliver Wyman . In the Funimation English adaptation , his name is spelled `` Jango '' and his voice is supplied by Kenny Green . Dracule Mihawk ( edit ) Dracule `` Hawk - Eye '' Mihawk ( ジュラ キュール ・ ミホーク , Jurakyūru Mihōku ) is one of the Seven Warlords of the Sea and the strongest swordsman in the world . He is a pale - skinned man who travels in a small boat shaped like a coffin . His primary weapon is a Grosse Messer , with a black blade . He trains Zoro for two years , knowing he will only forfeit his pride and ask for guidance in the way of the sword if it means helping another . Takeshi Aono provided his voice in the anime until 2010 , after which he was replaced by Hirohiko Kakegawa . In the 4Kids English adaptation , he is voiced by Wayne Grayson . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice is supplied by John Gremillion . Don Quixote Doflamingo ( edit ) Don Quixote Doflamingo ( ドンキホーテ ・ ド フラミンゴ , Donkihōte Dofuramingo ) is the captain of the Don Quixote Pirates , the usurper king of the island Dressrosa , and formerly one of the Seven Warlords of the Sea . The String - String Fruit ( イトイト の 実 , Ito Ito no Mi ) grants him the ability to control others using movements with his fingers similar to that of a puppeteer . It also grants him the ability to control sharp thin strings from his fingertips that can cut people , create clones of himself , and attach to the clouds in the sky to allow him to fly . He believes that the `` Great Pirate Era '' is nearing its end and a new age is about to begin . He is a broker going under the alias of `` Joker '' . He owns a large auction house at the Sabaody Archipelago where humans and other species are sold as slaves . Eventually , after the Straw Hat Pirates and Dressrosa 's citizens reveal his treacherous deeds , Doflamingo is defeated by Luffy and his title is revoked . He is voiced by Hideyuki Tanaka . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice is supplied by Robert McCollum . Don Quixote Rosinante ( edit ) Don Quixote Rosinante ( ドンキホーテ ・ ロシナンテ , Donkihōte Roshinante ) is the younger brother of Don Quixote Doflamingo , a commander of the Don Quixote Pirates occupying the Hearts Seat under the code name `` Corazon '' ( コラソン , Korason ) , and an undercover agent from the Navy with the rank of commander who reports directly to the then Admiral Sengoku . He ate the Calm - Calm Fruit which grants him the ability to create a wall cancelling all sounds . He also makes use of this ability to make his elder brother believe that he has lost the power of speech after an unknown accident . He is the second person to occupy the Hearts Seat , his predecessor being Vergo . Don Quixote Rocinante is clumsy and is most often seen lighting his feather cloak up while trying to light a cigarette . In the Japanese anime television series , he is voiced by Koichi Yamadera . Eneru ( edit ) Eneru ( エネル ) is the `` God '' of Skypiea . Though `` God '' is traditionally the title only for the island 's ruler , he takes it literally , forcing the population to worship and serve him . The Logia - type Rumble - Rumble Fruit ( ゴロゴロ の 実 , Goro Goro no Mi ) grants him the ability to manipulate , generate , and transform into electricity . He can also use Color of Observation Haki , called Mantra ( マントラ , Mantora ) on Skypiea . Used in conjunction , these abilities extend his hearing over the entire country and allow him to immediately punish those who speak up against him . Eneru 's overly long earlobes reach down to his chest , similar to some depictions of Buddha , and like the god of thunder and storms , Raijin , he wears a ring of drums , showing a tomoe on the drumhead , on his back . In the original Japanese series , Eneru is voiced by Toshiyuki Morikawa . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice actor is J. Michael Tatum . Mr. 3 ( edit ) Galdino ( ギャル ディーノ , Gyarudīno ) , better known under his Baroque Works code name `` Mr. 3 '' ( ミスター ・ スリー , Misutā Surī ) , is a sculptor with the ability of the Paramecia - type Wax - Wax Fruit ( ドルドル の 実 , Doru Doru no Mi ) , which allows him to produce and to manipulate candle wax . He is voiced by Nobuyuki Hiyama in the Japanese version of the franchise . In the English versions of the series , he is voiced by Tom Souhrada in the 4Kids dub , and by Duncan Brannan in the Funimation dub . Gecko Moria ( edit ) Gecko Moria ( ゲッコー ・ モリア , Gekkō Moria , a play on kōmori ( 蝙蝠 ) ) is the captain of the island - sized ship Thriller Bark and a former member of the Seven Warlords of the Sea . The Shadow - Shadow Fruit ( カゲカゲ の 実 , Kage Kage no Mi ) grants him the ability to control his shadow , allowing it to act completely independent from his body , and to control the shadows of others . After his entire crew is annihilated by Kaido , he creates a completely obedient , immortal army of zombies by implanting stolen shadows into corpses . After the battle in Marineford , his Warlord title was revoked . He was to be eliminated by Donquixote Doflamingo but managed to escape . In the Japanese anime television series , his voice actor is Katsuhisa Hōki . In the Funimation English adaptation , he is voiced by Chris Guerrero . Gol D. Roger ( edit ) Gol D. Roger ( ゴール ・ D ・ ロジャー , Gōru Dī Rojā ) , after gaining worldwide infamy as captain of the Roger Pirates , becomes better known as Gold Roger ( ゴールド ・ ロジャー , Gōrudo Rojā ) , the King of the Pirates ( 海賊王 , Kaizoku - Ō ) . Suffering from a terminal disease , he takes his crew on a complete voyage through the Grand Line before disbanding it and turning himself in to the World Government , which claims to have captured him . At his execution , before Rouge gives birth to Roger 's son Ace , and 22 years before the formation of the Straw Hat Pirates , Roger spawns the `` Great Pirate Era '' by announcing that his treasure , the `` One Piece '' , is up for the taking . It is said after Roger 's death that only Whitebeard could match him in a fight , and that he had the ability to hear `` the voice of all things '' , which allowed him and his crew to learn the secret history of the world . He was also the original owner of Luffy 's Straw Hat which fell into the possession of Shanks after his captain 's death . He eventually passed it on to Luffy . He is initially voiced by Chikao Ōtsuka . In the 4Kids adaptation , Roger is voiced by Frederick B. Owens . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice is supplied by Sean Hennigan . Hatchan ( edit ) Hatchan ( はっちゃん ) , often called Hachi ( ハチ ) , is an octopus fishman first introduced as the first mate of the Arlong Pirates . Being half octopus , he can spit large quantities of black ink and use suction pads to stick to walls . He fights using six swords , holding one in each arm - tentacle . After his crew is defeated by the Straw Hat Pirates , he escapes from captivity and opens a floating takoyaki restaurant . He becomes close friends with Camie ( ケイミー , Keimī ) , a kissing gourami mermaid , and Pappag ( パッパグ , Pappagu ) , her pet starfish and master . Hachi later attempts to make things right with the Straw Hat Pirates by bringing them in contact with Silvers Rayleigh . His voice actor is Toshiyuki Morikawa . In the 4Kids and Funimation English adaptations , his voice is supplied by Sean Schemmel and George Manley , respectively . Helmeppo ( edit ) The son of a corrupt Navy captain , Helmeppo ( ヘルメッポ , Herumeppo ) is introduced as a coward , hiding behind his father 's wealth and power . Losing his luxurious life , after his father 's arrest , he reluctantly joins the Navy , where he and Coby become protégés of Garp . He is voiced by Kōichi Nagano in the Japanese version . In the English versions of the series , he is voiced by Sean Schemmel in the 4Kids dub , and by Troy Baker and Mike McFarland in the Funimation dub . Kizaru ( edit ) Borsalino ( ボルサリーノ , Borusarīno ) , better known as Admiral Kizaru ( 黄 猿 , lit . `` Yellow Monkey '' ) , is an easygoing navy officer with the power of the Logia - type Glint - Glint Fruit ( ピカピカ の 実 , Pika Pika no Mi ) , which allows him to turn himself into light , and fire destructive beams . The character 's appearance is modeled after Kunie Tanaka . His voice actor in the Japanese anime television series is Unshō Ishizuka . In its Funimation English adaptation , his voice is supplied by Ray Hurd . Monkey D. Dragon ( edit ) Monkey D. Dragon ( モンキー ・ D ・ ドラゴン , Monkī Dī Doragon ) , commonly known simply as `` Dragon the Revolutionary '' , is the father of the Straw Hat Pirates Captain Monkey D. Luffy and the son of the Marines hero Monkey D. Garp . He is the infamous leader and founder of the Revolutionary Army who has been attempting to overthrow the World Government . Not much is known about his activities , background , history , or power . He is the World Government 's greatest enemy , and is the most dangerous and most wanted man in the world . He is voiced by Hidekatsu Shibata . In the Funimation English version of the series , he is voiced by Bryan Massey . Monkey D. Garp ( edit ) Monkey D. Garp ( モンキー ・ D ・ ガープ , Monkī Dī Gāpu ) , nicknamed Garp the `` Fist '' ( ゲンコツ の ガープ , Genkotsu no Gāpu ) and `` Hero of the Navy '' ( 海軍 の 英雄 , Kaigun no Eiyū ) , is a vice admiral , Monkey D. Dragon 's father and Luffy 's grandfather . He is famous for cornering Gol D. Roger and considered a hero of the Navy . After Roger 's execution , he took care of Roger 's son , Ace , raising him like his own grandson . He has superhuman strength , enough to lift and throw cannonballs like baseball pitches . Garp takes both Coby and Helmeppo under his wing . At the end of the war with Whitebeard , Garp retires from the front line and decides to train the next generation of navy personnel . He is voiced by Hiroshi Naka in the Japanese version of the anime . In the English version of the series , he is voiced by Brian Mathis in the Funimation dub . Nefeltari Vivi ( edit ) Nefeltari Vivi ( ネフェルタリ ・ ビビ , Neferutari Bibi ) , first introduced as Baroque Works agent Ms. Wednesday ( ミス ・ ウェンズデー , Misu Wenzudē ) , is the princess of the Alabasta Kingdom . She is usually accompanied by her closest friend , Karoo ( カルー , Karū ) , an ostrich - sized , duck - like flightless bird . Vivi was ranked as # 82 in a survey conducted by Newtype for favorite anime heroine in 2002 . Her voice actress is Misa Watanabe . In the 4Kids English adaptation , she is voiced by Karen Neil . In the Funimation English adaptation , her name is spelled Vivi Nefertari , and her voice is supplied by Caitlin Glass . Portgas D. Ace ( edit ) Portgaz D. Ace ( ポート ガス ・ D ・ エース , Pōtogasu Dī Ēsu ) , also called `` Fire Fist '' Ace ( 火 拳 の エース , Hiken no Ēsu ) , is the second division commander of the Whitebeard Pirates and Luffy 's older brother . Though it is implied at first that he is the son of Monkey D. Dragon , he is actually the son of Gol D. Roger and Portgaz D. Rouge ( ポート ガス ・ D ・ ルージュ , Pōtogasu Dī Rūju ) . Having eaten the Logia - type Flame - Flame Fruit ( メラメラ の 実 , Mera Mera no Mi ) , Ace is capable of manipulating , creating , and transforming into fire . Ace is also capable of using the Color of the Supreme King . Eventually , after being saved from execution , he shields Luffy from Akainu 's magma attack at the cost of his own life . He is buried on an unnamed island in the New World alongside his captain , Whitebeard . He is voiced by Toshio Furukawa . In the 4Kids English adaptation , his names are changed to Portgaz D. Trace and Trace `` Heat Fist '' , and he is voiced by Jesse Hooker . In the Funimation English adaptation , his name is spelled Portgas D. Ace , and his voice is supplied by Travis Willingham , with Chris Burnett voicing him as a child . Sabo ( edit ) Sabo ( サボ ) is the chief of staff of the Revolutionary Army and sworn brother to Luffy and Ace . Introduced as a noble from the Goa Kingdom years before the series ' present , Sabo leaves his home and family to live in the Gray Terminal . After he and Ace befriend Luffy , the three of them exchange cups of sake and become `` brothers '' . Sabo 's ship is destroyed by a Celestial Dragon . Though he is thought to have been killed in the attack , Sabo survives and is rescued by Monkey D. Dragon , though he suffers from amnesia . At some point he joins the Revolutionary Army and becomes its chief of staff . After reading of Ace 's death in the newspaper , Sabo 's memory returns and , like Luffy , is devastated by his death . Sabo becomes determined to obtain Ace 's Devil Fruit , the Flame - Flame Fruit , in order to inherit Ace 's will . He later finds it as the prize of a tournament on Dressrosa , where he takes Luffy 's place by using Luffy 's alias `` Lucy '' . After winning the tournament , Sabo eats the fruit and battles Admiral Fujitora and Jesus Burgess in an effort to protect Luffy . He is voiced by Tōru Furuya . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice is provided by Vic Mignogna . Sengoku ( edit ) `` Sengoku the Buddha '' ( 仏 の センゴク , Hotoke no Sengoku , Sengoku also being the name of a period in Japanese history ) is a naval officer and contemporary of Roger who eventually rises to the rank of fleet admiral . The ability of the Mystical Zoan - type Human - Human Fruit , Model Buddha ( ヒトヒト の 実 モデル : 大仏 , Hito Hito no Mi , Moderu : Daibutsu ) allows Sengoku to transform into a daibutsu . Following the Paramount War , he retires from the service and , against his recommendation to promote Aokiji , is succeeded by Akainu . Although retired from active duty , Sengoku continues to serve in the Marines as an inspector general . Two years after the war , he is shown to have mellowed considerably due to his lack of responsibilities . It is also revealed that in the past , he took care of the young Donquixote Rosinante after his brother Donquixote Doflamingo murdered their father , Donquixote Homing . He came to care for Rosinante like a son and was devastated by his death while he was working undercover as a member of the Donquixote Pirates . After Doflamingo 's defeat by Luffy , Sengoku learns the truth about the circumstances of Rosinante 's death from Trafalgar Law who Rosinante had given his life to protect . Although Law is a pirate , Sengoku allows him to escape because of his connection to Rosinante . In the Japanese anime television series , he is initially voiced by Takkō Ishimori , later by Tōru Ōkawa . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice is first supplied by Ed Blaylock from Episode 151 to Episode 511 , One Piece Film : Strong World , and One Piece : Film Z , but a new actor will get cast following the former 's passing . Shanks ( edit ) `` Red - Haired '' Shanks ( 赤 髪 の シャンクス , Akagami no Shankusu ) is a swordsman and pirate , capable of using the Supreme King color of Haki . After serving aboard Roger 's ship as an apprentice , alongside Buggy , he founds his own crews , the Red - Haired Pirates . After losing an arm while saving seven - year - old Luffy 's life , and lending him his precious straw hat , which was originally owned by his late captain , Gol D. Roger , Shanks goes on to earn himself a place among the Four Emperors . In the original Japanese series , his voice actor is Shūichi Ikeda . In the 4Kids English adaptation , he is voiced by Tom Souhrada . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice actor is Brandon Potter . Silvers Rayleigh ( edit ) The `` Dark King '' ( 冥王 , Mei - Ō ) Silvers Rayleigh ( シルバー ズ ・ レイリー , Shirubāzu Reirī ) is a swordsman who , after serving as first mate of the Roger Pirates , comes to live on the Sabaody Archipelago as a ship coater and gambler . He is a skilled user of Haki , including the rare Color of the Supreme King and , following the war between the Whitebeard Pirates and the World Government , instructs Luffy in its use . In the anime adaptation , he is voiced by Keiichi Sonobe in Japanese , and by Bruce Carey in the Funimation English dub . Smoker ( edit ) `` White Chase '' Smoker ( 白 猟 の スモーカー , Hakuryō no Sumōkā ) is a naval officer and cigar enthusiast , keeping plenty of cigars strapped to the left side of his jacket while smoking two lit ones . The power of the Logia - type Plume - Plume Fruit ( モクモク の 実 , Moku Moku no Mi ) allows him to manipulate , create , control , and transform into smoke . His weapon is a jutte tipped with sea - prism stone . Two years after the Paramount War , he is promoted to the rank of vice admiral . In the Japanese anime series , he is voiced originally by Ginzō Matsuo , later by Mahito Ōba . In the 4Kids English adaptation , referred to as Chaser the `` Smoke Hunter '' , he is voiced by Rusell Velazquez . In the Funimation English adaptation , where he is called Smoker the `` White Hunter '' , his voice is supplied by Greg Dulcie . Tashigi ( edit ) Tashigi ( た し ぎ , named after the common snipe ) is a naval officer serving as Smoker 's second in command . While adept at sword fighting , she is unusually clumsy . She is very well - versed in the famous katana , knowing their names and origins . Her stated goal is to remove all meitō - named swords with prestigious histories , from the hands of those who would use them for their own ends . By coincidence , she bears a striking resemblance to Kuina , Zoro 's deceased childhood friend , something he is uncomfortable with . Her voice actress is Junko Noda . In the 4Kids and Funimation English adaptations , she is voiced by Priscilla Everett and Monica Rial , respectively . Trafalgar Law ( edit ) The `` Surgeon of Death '' ( 死 の 外科医 , Shi no Gekai ) , Trafalgar D. Water Law ( トラファルガー ・ D ・ ワーテル ・ ロー , Torafarugā Dī Wāteru Rō , named after Edward Low and a play on Waterloo ) , Originates from the north blue . Having eaten the Op - Op Fruit ( オペオペ の 実 , Ope Ope no Mi ) , Law can , within a spherical area around himself , cut and teleport objects as well as perform body swaps . Originally a member of the Donquixote Family , Law makes a name for himself and , following the Paramount War , joins the Seven Warlords of the Sea . Though he enters into an alliance with Luffy and the Straw Hats to take down Kaido , one of the Four Emperors , Law is actually hunting down Donquixote Doflamingo . In the anime series , his voice actor is Hiroshi Kamiya . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice actor is Matthew Mercer . Whitebeard ( edit ) Edward Newgate ( エドワード ・ ニュー ゲート , Edowādo Nyūgēto ) , better known as Whitebeard ( 白 ひげ , Shirohige , named after the historical pirate Edward `` Blackbeard '' Teach ) , is the captain of the Whitebeard Pirates and one of the Four Emperors . He is a very large human who fights with a bisento as his weapon and uses the ability of the Paramecia - type Tremor - Tremor Fruit ( グラグラ の 実 , Gura Gura no Mi ) to create shock waves powerful enough to cause earthquakes and tsunamis . He is regarded as the world 's strongest man and the only one to have matched Gold Roger in combat . He considers all of his crewmen as his sons and protects them with all his might . Eventually , after being badly wounded while fighting to save Ace from execution , he is killed by the Blackbeard Pirates . In the original Japanese series , he is voiced by Kinryu Arimoto . In the Funimation English adaptation , his voice is supplied by R Bruce Elliott . Reception ( edit ) Allen Divers of Anime News Network comments that the male character designs of One Piece are `` often quite varied and unique '' , while the female ones become `` a bit repetitive '' . He also notes that , as the characters are `` defined by what they seek '' , there is little room `` for actual development '' . Todd Douglass , Jr. of DVD Talk simply states that the series ' characters have a lot of `` charm '' . His colleague Carl Kimlinger describes the visual style of One Piece as `` unconventional '' with `` grotesquely exaggerated expressions , simple eyes , big mouths and bigger teeth '' , `` supremely ugly supporting characters and skinny , gangly - limbed main cast '' and comments that `` it 's all amazingly distinctive , utterly appropriate , and surprisingly cool -- in a goofy kind of way '' . He also notes that `` Funimation 's English dub is light - years better than the 4Kids debacle '' , `` unusually accurate , professional , and largely enjoyable , which is far , far more than can be said of the previous dub '' . He laments that Funimation 's version of `` Crocodile loses his sepulchral charisma '' and that `` the original 's fine dance on the edge of mawkish sentimentality is disrupted often enough by less - than - stellar acting '' . He also states that `` Colleen Clinkenbeard 's Luffy is more a generic spunky kid than a personality in his own right , really coming to life only during the action scenes during which she does a fine job of being darned cool . '' Dustin Somner of Blu-ray.com comments that the Japanese and Funimation voice - acting is `` fairly good , but not exceptional '' and sometimes `` overly zany '' . Todd Douglass Jr. of DVD Talk notes `` the daunting cast of characters , both good and bad '' as `` one of the appealing factors '' of the anime , but also comments that `` Some of the voices ( of the 4Kids dub ) were pretty irritating ... with a lot of high - pitches and over exaggerated speech . '' Brigitte Schönhense of Splashcomics comments that the `` brilliant '' ( German : `` genial '' ) flashbacks into the characters ' pasts make them so `` likeable and lovable '' ( German : `` sympathisch und liebenswert '' ) and that they are the manga 's real strength . Mania Entertainment writer Jarred Pine comments that Oda 's characters are `` whacky '' and that his `` bizarre '' character designs create `` wonderful characterizations and personalities '' . He notes the `` well illustrated '' facial expressions and says that `` it 's the whacky characterizations and designs that makes One Piece its own '' . His colleague Bryce Coulter comments that `` One Piece 's bizarre character designs will keep your attention as they can be very random and often memorable . Not the prettiest , but it will definitely capture your attention . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fishmen are humanoids in One Piece whose upper body resembles that of sea creatures . They are contrasted with mermen who have the upper half of a human and the bottom half of a fish . Jump up ^ クロオビ , Kuroobi Jump up ^ チュウ , Chū Jump up ^ Miss Doublefinger is named after the New Year 's Day . Oda has noted that this is 1 / 1 or two fingers , or `` double finger '' . Jump up ^ 神官 , Shinkan Jump up ^ サトリ Jump up ^ ゲダツ Jump up ^ シュラ Jump up ^ オーム , Ōmu Jump up ^ 神 兵 , Shinpei Jump up ^ ヤマ Jump up ^ マントラ , Mantora Jump up ^ The Japanese word kaigun ( 海軍 ) translates as navy in English and as marine in French and Dutch , and as Marine in German . Jump up ^ The normal Japanese word for `` marine '' , kaiheitai ( 海 兵隊 ) , is not used in the original . Jump up ^ 鷹 の 目 の ミホーク , Taka no Me no Mihōku References ( edit ) One Piece manga ( edit ) Entire series Oda , Eiichiro . One Piece. 61 vols . San Francisco : Viz Media , 2003 -- 2012 . Oda , Eiichiro . ワンピース ( One Piece ) ( in Japanese ) . 65 vols . Tokyo : Shueisha , 1997 -- 2012 . Individual volumes Vol. 1 ( ch. 1 -- 8 ) : Romance Dawn . June 2003 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56931 - 901 - 7 . and Romance Dawn -- 冒険 の 夜明け -- ( in Japanese ) . December 1997 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872509 - 3 . Vol. 2 ( ch. 9 -- 17 ) : Buggy the Clown . November 2003 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 057 - 1 . and Versus ! ! バギー 海賊 団 ( in Japanese ) . April 1998 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872544 - 4 . Vol. 3 ( ch. 18 -- 26 ) : Do n't Get Fooled Again . March 2004 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 184 - 4 . and 偽 れ ぬ もの ( in Japanese ) . June 1998 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872569 - 7 . Vol. 4 ( ch. 27 -- 35 ) : The Black Cat Pirates . July 2004 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 337 - 4 . and 三日月 ( in Japanese ) . August 1998 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872594 - 9 . Vol. 5 ( ch. 36 -- 44 ) : For Whom the Bell Tolls . November 2004 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 615 - 3 . and 誰が 為 に 鐘 は 鳴る ( in Japanese ) . October 1998 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872619 - 9 . Vol. 6 ( ch. 45 -- 53 ) : The Oath . March 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 723 - 5 . and 誓い ( in Japanese ) . December 1998 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872642 - 7 . Vol. 7 ( ch. 54 -- 62 ) : The Crap - Geezer . July 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 852 - 2 . and クソジジイ ( in Japanese ) . March 1999 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872683 - 0 . Vol. 8 ( ch. 63 -- 71 ) : I Wo n't Die . October 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0075 - 1 . and 死な ねェ よ ( in Japanese ) . April 1999 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872712 - 7 . Vol. 9 ( ch. 72 -- 81 ) : Tears . January 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0191 - 8 . and 涙 ( in Japanese ) . July 1999 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872735 - 6 . Vol. 10 ( ch. 82 -- 90 ) : OK , Let 's Stand Up !. April 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0406 - 3 . and OK , Let 's Stand Up ! ( in Japanese ) . October 1999 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872773 - 8 . Vol. 11 ( ch. 91 -- 99 ) : The Meanest Man in the East . July 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0663 - 0 . and 東 一 番 の 悪 ( in Japanese ) . December 1999 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872797 - 4 . Vol. 12 ( ch. 100 -- 108 ) : The Legend Begins . October 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0664 - 7 . and 伝説 は 始まっ た ( in Japanese ) . February 2000 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872822 - 3 . Vol. 13 ( ch. 109 -- 117 ) : It 's All Right ! ! ! . January 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0665 - 4 . and 大丈夫 ! ! ! ( in Japanese ) . April 2000 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872863 - 6 . Vol. 14 ( ch. 118 -- 126 ) : Instinct. April 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1091 - 0 . and 本能 ( in Japanese ) . July 2000 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 872888 - 9 . Vol. 15 ( ch. 127 -- 136 ) : Straight Ahead ! ! ! . August 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1092 - 7 . and まっすぐ ! ! ! ( in Japanese ) . September 2000 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873009 - 7 . Vol. 16 ( ch. 137 -- 145 ) : Carrying on His Will . November 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1093 - 4 . and 受け継が れる 意志 ( in Japanese ) . December 2000 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873045 - 5 . Vol. 17 ( ch. 146 -- 155 ) : Hiruluk 's Cherry Blossoms . March 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1511 - 3 . and ヒルルク の 桜 ( in Japanese ) . February 2001 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873073 - 8 . Vol. 18 ( ch. 156 -- 166 ) : Ace Arrives . June 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1512 - 0 . and エース 登場 ( in Japanese ) . April 2001 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873100 - 1 . Vol. 19 ( ch. 167 -- 176 ) : Rebellion . October 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1513 - 7 . and 反乱 ( in Japanese ) . July 2001 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873133 - 9 . Vol. 20 ( ch. 177 -- 186 ) : Showdown at Alubarna . February 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 1514 - 4 . and 決戦 は アルバーナ ( in Japanese ) . September 2001 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873158 - 2 . Vol. 21 ( ch. 187 -- 195 ) : Utopia . June 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2429 - 0 . and 理想 郷 ( in Japanese ) . December 2001 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873194 - 0 . Vol. 22 ( ch. 196 -- 205 ) : Hope ! ! . October 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2430 - 6 . and Hope ! ! ( in Japanese ) . February 2002 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873222 - 0 . Vol. 23 ( ch. 206 -- 216 ) : Vivi 's Adventure . December 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2844 - 1 . and ビビ の 冒険 ( in Japanese ) . April 2002 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873252 - 7 . Vol. 24 ( ch. 217 -- 226 ) : People 's Dreams . January 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2845 - 8 . and 人 の 夢 ( in Japanese ) . July 2002 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873282 - 4 . Vol. 25 ( ch. 227 -- 236 ) : The 100 Million Berry Man . January 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2846 - 5 . and 一 億 の 男 ( in Japanese ) . September 2002 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873313 - 5 . Vol. 26 ( ch. 237 -- 246 ) : Adventure on Kami 's Island . January 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3442 - 8 . and 神 の 島 の 冒険 ( in Japanese ) . December 2002 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873336 - 4 . Vol. 27 ( ch. 247 -- 255 ) : Overture . January 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3443 - 5 . and 序曲 ( in Japanese ) . February 2003 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873379 - 1 . Vol. 28 ( ch. 256 -- 264 ) : Wyper the Berserker . January 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3444 - 2 . and 「 戦 鬼 」 ワイパー ( in Japanese ) . May 2003 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873418 - 7 . Vol. 29 ( ch. 265 -- 275 ) : Oratorio . February 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3445 - 9 . and 聖譚曲 ( in Japanese ) . July 2003 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873480 - 4 . Vol. 30 ( ch. 276 -- 285 ) : Cappricio . February 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3446 - 6 . and 狂想曲 ( in Japanese ) . October 2003 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873502 - 3 . Vol. 31 ( ch. 286 -- 295 ) : We 'll Be Here . February 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3447 - 3 . and ここ に いる ( in Japanese ) . December 2003 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873551 - 1 . Vol. 32 ( ch. 296 -- 305 ) : Love Song . February 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3448 - 0 . and 島 の 歌声 ( in Japanese ) . March 2004 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873571 - 9 . Vol. 33 ( ch. 306 -- 316 ) : Davy Back Fight . February 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3449 - 7 . and Davy Back Fight ! ! ( in Japanese ) . June 2004 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873593 - 1 . Vol. 34 ( ch. 317 -- 327 ) : The City of Water , Water Seven . March 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3450 - 3 . and 「 水 の 都 」 ウォーター セブン ( in Japanese ) . August 2004 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873638 - 9 . Vol. 35 ( ch. 328 -- 336 ) : Captain . March 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3451 - 0 . and 船長 ( in Japanese ) . November 2004 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873667 - 9 . Vol. 36 ( ch. 337 -- 346 ) : The Ninth Justice . March 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3452 - 7 . and 9 番目 の 正義 ( in Japanese ) . February 2005 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873768 - 3 . Vol. 37 ( ch. 347 -- 357 ) : Tom . March 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3453 - 4 . and トム さん ( in Japanese ) . April 2005 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873802 - 4 . Vol. 38 ( ch. 358 -- 367 ) : Rocketman ! ! . March 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3454 - 1 . and ロケット マン ! ! ( in Japanese ) . July 2005 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873839 - 0 . Vol. 39 ( ch. 368 -- 377 ) : Scramble. April 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3455 - 8 . and 争奪 戦 ( in Japanese ) . November 2005 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 873872 - 7 . Vol. 40 ( ch. 378 -- 388 ) : Gear. April 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3456 - 5 . and ギア ( in Japanese ) . December 2005 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874003 - 4 . Vol. 41 ( ch. 389 -- 399 ) : Declaration of War . April 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3457 - 2 . and 宣戦 布告 ( in Japanese ) . April 2006 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874047 - 8 . Vol. 42 ( ch. 400 -- 409 ) : Pirates vs. CP9. April 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3458 - 9 . and 海賊 VS CP9 ( in Japanese ) . July 2006 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874127 - 7 . Vol. 43 ( ch. 410 -- 419 ) : Legend of a Hero. April 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3459 - 6 . and 英雄 伝説 ( in Japanese ) . September 2006 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874149 - 9 . Vol. 44 ( ch. 420 -- 430 ) : Let 's Go Back . May 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3460 - 2 . and 帰 ろう ( in Japanese ) . December 2006 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874287 - 8 . Vol. 45 ( ch. 431 -- 440 ) : You Have My Sympathies . May 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3461 - 9 . and 心中 お 察し する ( in Japanese ) . March 2007 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874314 - 1 . Vol. 46 ( ch. 441 -- 449 ) : Adventure on Ghost Island . May 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3462 - 6 . and ゴースト 島 の 冒険 ( in Japanese ) . July 2007 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874382 - 0 . Vol. 47 ( ch. 450 -- 459 ) : Cloudy , Partly Bony . May 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3463 - 3 . and くもり 時々 ホネ ( in Japanese ) . September 2007 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874411 - 7 . Vol. 48 ( ch. 460 -- 470 ) : Adventures of Oars . May 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3464 - 0 . and オーズ の 冒険 ( in Japanese ) . December 2007 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874442 - 1 . Vol. 49 ( ch. 471 -- 481 ) : Nightmare Luffy . June 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3465 - 7 . and ナイトメア ・ ルフィ ( in Japanese ) . March 2008 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874485 - 8 . Vol. 50 ( ch. 482 -- 491 ) : Arriving Again . June 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3466 - 4 . and 再び 辿り つく ( in Japanese ) . June 2008 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874521 - 3 . Vol. 51 ( ch. 492 -- 502 ) : The 11 Supernovas . June 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3467 - 1 . and 11 人 の 超新星 ( in Japanese ) . September 2008 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874563 - 3 . Vol. 52 ( ch. 503 -- 512 ) : Roger and Rayleigh . June 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3468 - 8 . and ロジャー と レイリー ( in Japanese ) . December 2008 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874602 - 9 . Vol. 53 ( ch. 513 -- 522 ) : Natural Born King . June 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3469 - 5 . and 王 の 資質 ( in Japanese ) . March 2009 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874640 - 1 . Vol. 54 ( ch. 523 -- 532 ) : Unstoppable . July 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3470 - 1 . and もう 誰 に も 止め られ ない ( in Japanese ) . June 2009 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874662 - 3 . Vol. 55 ( ch. 533 -- 541 ) : A Ray of Hope . October 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3471 - 8 . and 地獄 に 仏 ( in Japanese ) . September 2009 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874727 - 9 . Vol. 56 ( ch. 542 -- 551 ) : Thank You . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3850 - 1 . and ありがとう ( in Japanese ) . December 2009 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874761 - 3 . Vol. 57 ( ch. 552 -- 562 ) : Summit Battle . June 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3851 - 8 and 頂上 決戦 ( in Japanese ) . March 2010 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870010 - 6 . Vol. 58 ( ch. 563 -- 573 ) : The Name of This Era is `` Whitebeard '' . September 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3926 - 3 . and この 時代 の 名 を `` 白 ひげ '' と 呼ぶ ( in Japanese ) . June 2010 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870045 - 8 . Vol. 59 ( ch. 574 -- 584 ) : ポート ガス ・ D ・ エース 死す ( in Japanese ) . August 2010 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870083 - 0 . Vol. 60 ( ch. 585 -- 594 ) : 弟 よ ( in Japanese ) . November 2010 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870125 - 7 . Vol. 61 ( ch. 595 -- 603 ) : Romance Dawn : For the New World ( in Japanese ) . February 2011 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870175 - 2 . Vol. 62 ( ch. 604 -- 614 ) : 魚 人 島 の 冒険 ( in Japanese ) . May 2011 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870217 - 9 . Vol. 63 ( ch. 615 -- 626 ) : オトヒメ と タイガー ( in Japanese ) . August 2011 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 870270 - 4 . Other sources ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : One Piece Log Collection : East Blue ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2010 . ^ Jump up to : One Piece : Volume 1 : King of the Pirates ( DVD ) . Viz Media . 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59861 - 000 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : One Piece : Collection 1 ( DVD ) . Funimation Entertainment . 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4210 - 2341 - 0 . Jump up ^ Toei Animation ( October 20 , 1999 ) . `` 俺 は ルフィ ! 海賊王 に なる 男 だ ! '' . One Piece . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Fuji TV . Jump up ^ Toei Animation ( October 9 , 2004 ) . `` I 'm Gonna Be King of the Pirates '' . One Piece . Season 1 . Episode 1 . 4Kids TV . Jump up ^ http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/63193/one-piece-season-5-voyage-six/ Jump up ^ One Piece : Volume 3 : The Teller of Tales ( DVD ) . Viz Media . 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59861 - 002 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` スピン アウト 企画 、 予想 ランキング 1 位 『 デスノート 』 の L ( エル ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . January 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Coulter , Bryce ( October 1 , 2008 ) . `` One Piece Season 1 Part 2 '' . Mania Entertainment . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : One Piece Log Collection : Sanji ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2010 . Jump up ^ One Piece : Volume 5 : King of the Busboys ( DVD ) . Viz Media . 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59861 - 004 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : One Piece Log Collection : Chopper ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2010 . ^ Jump up to : One Piece : Volume 11 : Tony Tony Chopper ( DVD ) . Viz Media . 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59861 - 010 - 9 . Jump up ^ name = `` movie8 '' Jump up ^ `` Meet the Real Pirate King ! '' . Shonen Jump . August 2007 . Jump up ^ Sparrow , A.E. ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` One Piece : Volume 17 Review : Tony Tony Chopper rules ! '' . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fans Chat with Oda Sensei ! '' Shonen Jump ( VIZ ) # 84 . Volume 7 , Issue 12 . December 2009 . 33 . ^ Jump up to : One Piece Log Collection : Grand Line ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2010 . ^ Jump up to : One Piece : Collection 3 ( DVD ) . Funimation Entertainment . 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4210 - 2405 - 9 . Jump up ^ One Piece Log Collection : Water Seven ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anime Matsuri Announces Final Round of Guests '' . Anime News Network . March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 『 尾田 栄一郎 先生 』 その 2 ( `` Master Eiichiro Oda '' Part 2 ) . Manganohi.jp ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha , Shueisha , Shogakukan , Hakusensha . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved November 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ One Piece : 10th シーズン スリラー バーク 篇 : Piece. 01 ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.funimation.com/lee/blog/brooks-english-voice-actor-revealed/7884777 Jump up ^ One Piece : 13th シーズン インペル ダウン 篇 : Piece. 02 ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2011 . Jump up ^ One Piece : 13th シーズン インペル ダウン 篇 : Piece. 04 ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2011 . Jump up ^ Kimlinger , Carl ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` Review : One Piece : DVD -- Season 1 Part 1 Uncut '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ One Piece : Yellow : Grand Elements ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha. 2007 . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 874098 - 0 . Jump up ^ One Piece : 9th シーズン エニエス ロビー 篇 : Piece. 05 ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2008 . Jump up ^ One Piece : 14TH シーズン マリン フォード 編 : Piece. 02 ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2011 . Jump up ^ One Piece Log Collection : Foxy ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2011 . ^ Jump up to : One Piece : The Desert Princess and the Pirates : Adventures in Alabasta ( DVD ) . Funimation Entertainment . 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4210 - 1124 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : One Piece Log Collection : Nami ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2010 . ^ Jump up to : One Piece : Volume 7 : New Crew ( DVD ) . Viz Media . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59861 - 006 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : One Piece : Collection 2 ( DVD ) . Funimation Entertainment . 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4210 - 2404 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : One Piece : 11th シーズン シャボン ディ 諸島 篇 : Piece. 05 ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2011 . ^ Jump up to : One Piece Log Collection : Skypiea ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2011 . Jump up ^ One Piece : 12th シーズン 女 ヶ 島 篇 : Piece. 01 ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2011 . ^ Jump up to : 4Kids Entertainment ( June 17 , 2006 ) . `` Zero '' . One Piece . Episode 72 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : One Piece : Volume 2 : The Circus Comes to Town ( DVD ) . Viz Media . 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59861 - 001 - 7 . Jump up ^ Poll Results : One Piece Manga -- Vol. 43 Page 217 , Results 19 -- 30 Jump up ^ Poll1 -- Volume 7 Chapter 59 page 128 Jump up ^ Poll3 -- Volume 43 pages 214 -- 219 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fans Chat with Oda Sensei ! '' . Shonen Jump . Viz Media . 7 ( 12 ) : 32 . December 2009 . Jump up ^ Kimlinger , Carl ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` DVD Season 1 Part 1 uncut '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Jacob Hope ( September 4 , 2010 ) . `` One Piece Season 3 DVD Part 1 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Bryce ( May 5 , 2009 ) . `` One Piece Season 1 Part 4 '' . Mania Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Bryce ( August 10 , 2009 ) . `` One Piece Season 2 Part 1 '' . Mania Entertainment . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Chris ( October 25 , 2009 ) . `` One Episode # 423 '' . Mania Entertainment . Retrieved October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Chris ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` One Piece Episode # 425 '' . Mania Entertainment . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Bryce ( May 5 , 2009 ) . `` Fighting Friday One Piece episode 471 '' . Mania Entertainment . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ One Piece : 14TH シーズン マリン フォード 編 : Piece. 01 ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2011 . Jump up ^ One Piece : Volume 6 : The Better Swordsman ( DVD ) . Viz Media . 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59861 - 005 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : 6th シーズン 空 島 スカイピア 篇 : Piece. 03 ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2004 . ^ Jump up to : One Piece : Season 3 : First Voyage ( DVD ) . Funimation Entertainment . 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4210 - 2119 - 5 . Jump up ^ One Piece Log Collection : God ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2011 . Jump up ^ One Piece : Season 3 : Second Voyage ( DVD ) . Funimation Entertainment . 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4210 - 2143 - 0 . Jump up ^ One Piece : 10th シーズン スリラー バーク 篇 : Piece. 03 ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2009 . Jump up ^ Newtype USA , Vol 2 -- Issue 4 . April 2003 . Jump up ^ 4Kids Entertainment ( February 11 , 2006 ) . `` Heading For Disaster '' . One Piece . Episode 59 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference FuniEp505 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : One Piece : 11th シーズン シャボン ディ 諸島 篇 : Piece. 04 ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2011 . ^ Jump up to : One Piece : Piece. 12 ( DVD ) ( in Japanese ) . Avex Mode. 2001 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zl7yAi_zTLc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-jY5zpA00Q Jump up ^ Divers , Allen ( February 10 , 2003 ) . `` One Piece manga review '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Todd , Jr . ( February 17 , 2008 ) . `` One Piece : Movie No. 8 '' . DVD talk . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kimlinger , Carl ( February 18 , 2008 ) . `` One Piece : The Desert Princess and the Pirates ( Movie No. 8 ) '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Somner , Dustin ( March 1 , 2009 ) . `` One Piece Movie 8 Blu - ray Review '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Todd , Jr. ( April 16 , 2006 ) . `` One Piece Vol 2 '' . DVD talk . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schönhense , Brigitte ( January 16 , 2003 ) . `` Comic - Besprechung -- One Piece 16 '' ( in German ) . Splashpages . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schönhense , Brigitte ( March 13 , 2003 ) . `` Comic - Besprechung -- One Piece 17 '' ( in German ) . Splashpages . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pine , Jarred ( January 21 , 2006 ) . `` One Piece Vol. # 09 '' . Mania Entertainment . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . One Piece by Eiichiro Oda Manga Volumes Chapters 1 -- 186 187 -- 388 389 -- 594 595 -- 806 807 -- current Anime Episodes First list Season 1 5 6 7 8 Second list Season 9 10 11 12 13 14 Third list Season 15 16 17 18 19 Films One Piece : The Movie One Piece The Movie : Dead End no Bōken One Piece : The Cursed Holy Sword One Piece Movie : The Desert Princess and the Pirates : Adventures in Alabasta One Piece Film : Strong World One Piece Film : Z One Piece Film : Gold Music Discography Video games Become The Pirate King ! Grand Battle ! Set Sail Pirate Crew ! Grand Battle ! 2 Grand Battle ! Rush One Piece Pirates ' Carnival Grand Adventure Unlimited Adventure Unlimited Cruise / SP Grand Collection Pirate Warriors Pirate Warriors 2 Romance Dawn Unlimited World Red Pirate Warriors 3 Treasure Cruise Burning Blood World Seeker Characters Monkey D. Luffy Roronoa Zoro Nami Related Battle Stadium D.O.N Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars J - Stars Victory VS Super Kabuki II : One Piece Tokyo One Piece Tower Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Piece_characters&oldid=841900099 '' Categories : Lists of anime and manga characters One Piece characters One Piece lists Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Pages with reference errors CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2011 Pages with broken reference names CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles containing German - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Română Русский Shqip Basa Sunda Suomi ไทย Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 20 : 15 . 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5994457876959124652 | Jordana Brewster | Jordana Brewster - wikipedia Jordana Brewster Jordana Brewster Brewster at the 2013 PaleyFest panel on the series Dallas ( 1980 - 04 - 26 ) April 26 , 1980 ( age 38 ) Panama City , Panama Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress , model Years active 1995 -- present Spouse ( s ) Andrew Form ( m . 2007 ) Children Website www.jordanabrewster.com Jordana Brewster ( born April 26 , 1980 ) is an American actress and model . She made her acting debut in an episode of All My Children in 1995 and next took on the recurring role as Nikki Munson in As the World Turns , garnering a nomination for Outstanding Teen Performer at the 1997 Soap Opera Digest Award . Her first role in a feature film was in Robert Rodriguez 's horror science fiction The Faculty ( 1998 ) . Her breakthrough came with her role of Mia Toretto in the action film The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) . She reprised the role in its sequels , Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) , Fast Five ( 2011 ) , Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) , and Furious 7 ( 2015 ) . Other film credits include the drama The Invisible Circus ( 2001 ) , the action comedy D.E.B.S. ( 2004 ) and the horror film The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning ( 2006 ) . Brewster starred on the TNT series Dallas from 2012 to 2014 . She also had a five - episode arc as Denise Brown in the first season of the FX true crime anthology series American Crime Story ( 2016 ) . She currently stars as Dr. Maureen Cahill on the Fox buddy cop action dramedy Lethal Weapon ( 2016 -- 2018 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1990s 2.2 2000s 2.3 2010s 3 Media and public image 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Brewster was born in Panama City , Panama . She is the oldest of two daughters . Her mother , Maria João ( née Leal de Sousa ) , is a former swimsuit model from Brazil who appeared on the 1978 cover of Sports Illustrated , and her father , Alden Brewster , is an American investment banker . Her paternal grandfather , Kingman Brewster , Jr. , was an educator , president of Yale University ( 1963 -- 77 ) , and the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom ( 1977 -- 81 ) . Brewster is a direct descendant of Mayflower passengers William Brewster and Edward Doty . She left Panama when she was two months old , relocating to London , where her younger sister was born . She would spend six years , before moving to her mother 's native city of Rio de Janeiro , where she learned to speak Portuguese fluently . She left Brazil at the age of 10 , settling in Manhattan , New York City , where she studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and graduated from the Professional Children 's School . Brewster graduated from Yale University with a B.A. in English in 2003 . Career ( edit ) 1990s ( edit ) Brewster made her debut in daytime soap operas , with a one - time appearance on All My Children as Anita Santos . She next played the recurring role of rebellious daughter Nikki Munson on As the World Turns . From 1995 to 2001 , she appeared in a total of 104 episodes of the soap opera . For her performance , she was nominated for Outstanding Teen Performer at the 1997 Soap Opera Digest Awards . Her first film role was in Robert Rodriguez 's horror science fiction film The Faculty ( 1998 ) , written by Kevin Williamson and co-starring Elijah Wood , Josh Hartnett , and Clea DuVall . In the film about strange occurrences involving the teachers of an Ohio high school , Brewster played a popular vindictive cheerleading captain and an editor in chief of the student paper . The film received mixed reviews , but grossed US $40 million in North America . In 1999 , she appeared opposite Julia Stiles and Jerry O'Connell in a NBC television miniseries entitled The ' 60s , playing a student activist . 2000s ( edit ) Brewster starred with Cameron Diaz and Christopher Eccleston in the independent drama The Invisible Circus ( 2001 ) , portraying a grieving teenage girl who travels to Europe in 1976 in search of answers to the suicide of her older sister . The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and received a limited theatrical release , to a lukewarm response . The New York Times felt that Brewster `` ca n't summon a credible range of emotion '' in her portrayal . Her breakthrough came afterwards in 2001 , when she took on the role of Mia Toretto opposite Vin Diesel and Paul Walker in the street racing action film The Fast and the Furious . As she did not have driver 's license , she took driving lessons during production . Todd McCarthy of Variety , in his review for the film , noted that Brewster did a `` better job here than she did as a searching teen in the recent The Invisible Circus . '' The film was a commercial success , grossing over US $207 million worldwide . Following the release of The Fast and the Furious , Brewster took a break from acting to complete her B.A. in English at Yale from which she graduated in 2003 . She returned to the screen when she played as a lesbian criminal mastermind in the action comedy D.E.B.S. ( 2004 ) . A.V. Club dismissed the development of Brewster on - screen relationship with co-star Sarah Foster , writing that `` D.E.B.S. oscillates between the glib camp smirkiness of its half - hearted action send - up and the thudding earnestness of its romance '' . Released in limited theaters , the film did not find an audience . She starred as the love interest of a high school student in the 1970s in the independent teen drama Nearing Grace ( 2005 ) , which was screened at the Los Angeles Film Festival . Brewster appeared in the drama Annapolis ( 2006 ) , directed by Justin Lin and starring James Franco and Tyrese Gibson . In the film , she played a Midshipman 2nd Class named Ali , and the love interest of a man attending the United States Naval Academy . Annapolis was panned by critics and grossed US $7.7 million in its opening weekend , described as `` uninspired '' by website Box Office Mojo . Brewster next starred in the slasher horror The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning ( 2006 ) , opposite Diora Baird , Taylor Handley and Matt Bomer . The film saw the four actors portray friends driving across Texas who are taken captive by the Hewitt family . Despite largely negative reviews , the film made US $51 million worldwide . For her performance , Brewster was nominated for both Choice Movie Actress : Horror -- Thriller and Choice Movie : Scream at the 2007 Teen Choice Awards . Brewster at Fast & Furious premiere in 2009 Brewster had a four - episode arc between 2008 and 2009 on the NBC television series Chuck , as Jill Roberts , the title character 's ex-girlfriend from Stanford . She returned to the role of Mia Toretto in Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) , the fourth film of The Fast and the Furious franchise . On the growth of her character over the course of the series , Brewster explained in an interview with AskMen.com : `` In the first one I 'm more of a wallflower and it 's much more of a girlfriend - type role , but in ( the new movie ) I 'm more of a woman . She 's far more tough . I deal with the repercussions of living in my brother 's world . '' The film earned negative reviews upon its premiere , but was a box office success , grossing US $363 million globally . 2010s ( edit ) In 2010 , Brewster made a three - episode appearance in Dark Blue , playing an art gallery dealer named Maria , and guest - starred in two episodes of Gigantic . She reprised the role of Mia in the fifth film in the series , Fast Five ( 2011 ) , which making a departure from the street racing theme , revolves around Diesel , Walker and Brewster 's characters as they plan a heist to steal a fortune from a corrupt businessman in Brazil . Critical response towards Fast Five was positive while it earned US $86 million in its North American opening weekend and US $626.1 million worldwide . In 2012 , Brewster starred as Elena Ramos , on Dallas , an updated version of CBS 's original series of the same name ( 1978 -- 1991 ) about the trials and tribulations of a wealthy Texas family . The series was met with an overall positive response and aired until 2014 . She played Mia Toretto for the fourth time in Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) , which follows the remaining wanted fugitives on the heist from Fast Five . The film earned a worldwide total of US $789 million . Her last portrayal of Mia came in the next installment , Furious 7 ( 2015 ) , also the final film appearance of Walker , who died in a single - vehicle collision while filming only half - completed . After Walker 's death , filming was delayed for script rewrites to the story arcs for both Walker and Brewster 's characters , causing them to be retired . The highest - grossing film in the franchise , it grossed US $397.6 million worldwide during its opening weekend and US $1.5 billion worldwide . She next appeared in the independent action drama American Heist ( 2014 ) , as the girlfriend of a man involved in a crime . It screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and premiered in a ten - theater run in North America . Brewster also played a young and flirtatious salesperson named Dusty in the dark comedy Home Sweet Hell ( 2015 ) , released for VOD and selected theaters . In 2016 , she took on the recurring role of Denise Brown , the sister of Nicole Brown Simpson , in The People v. O.J. Simpson , the first season of the true crime anthology series American Crime Story , revolving around the infamous O.J. Simpson murder case . A `` giant fan '' of executive producer Ryan Murphy , she remarked about obtaining the role : `` I heard they were making it and I always felt like my aunt actually really looked a lot like Denise Brown , so my manager and I took a side - by - side photo edit of me and Denise and we fought really hard for it . We just fought to get that show '' . Also in 2016 , she signed on to play the regular role of Dr. Maureen Cahill , a Los Angeles Police Department psychologist , on the FOX buddy cop action dramedy Lethal Weapon and starred in the second season of the ABC anthology crime drama Secrets and Lies as Kate Warner . After not appearing in 2017 's The Fate of the Furious , Brewster will return as Mia Toretto in the upcoming ninth installment of the franchise . Media and public Image ( edit ) In 2002 , Stuff magazine named her the 96th hottest woman in their `` 102 Sexiest Women in the World '' . In 2005 Maxim magazine named her the 54th sexiest woman in the world in their annual Hot 100 . In 2006 , Maxim ranked her at No. 59 on their Hot 100 . In 2009 , she ranked No. 9 on Maxim 's Hot 100 and , to coincide with the release of Fast and Furious , a photographic spread of Brewster in a range of black lingerie in the May 2009 edition of Maxim ( `` Life in the Fast Lane '' ) . In 2011 , Maxim Magazine placed Brewster at spot 11 in their Hot 100 . In June 2016 , the Human Rights Campaign released a video in tribute to the victims of the 2016 Orlando gay nightclub shooting ; in the video , Brewster and others told the stories of the people killed there . Personal Life ( edit ) Brewster lives in Los Angeles with her husband , producer Andrew Form , whom she met on the set of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning , in which Brewster acted . They announced their engagement on November 4 , 2006 . They married in a private ceremony in the Bahamas on May 6 , 2007 . Together , the couple have two sons : Julian ( born September 10 , 2013 ) and Rowan ( born June 9 , 2016 ) . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 The Faculty Delilah Profitt 2001 The Invisible Circus Phoebe 2001 The Fast and the Furious Mia Toretto D.E.B.S. Lucy Diamond 2005 Nearing Grace Grace Chance 2006 Annapolis Ali Halloway 2006 The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning Chrissie 2009 Fast & Furious Mia Toretto 2011 Fast Five Mia Toretto 2013 Fast & Furious 6 Mia Toretto 2014 American Heist Emily VOD and limited release 2015 Home Sweet Hell Dusty VOD and limited release 2015 Furious 7 Mia Toretto TBA Random Acts of Violence Kathy Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1995 All My Children Anita Santos 1 episode 1995 -- 2001 As the World Turns Nikki Munson Regular role , 104 episodes 1999 The ' 60s Sarah Weinstock Miniseries 2007 Mr. and Mrs. Smith Jane Smith Unaired pilot 2008 -- 2009 Chuck Jill Roberts 4 episodes Dark Blue Maria 3 episodes Gigantic Celebrity 2 episodes 2012 -- 2014 Dallas Elena Ramos Main role 2016 American Crime Story Denise Brown Recurring role , 5 episodes 2016 Secrets and Lies Kate Warner Main role ( season 2 ) 2016 -- Lethal Weapon Dr. Maureen Cahill Main role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Awards Recipient Outcome Soap Opera Digest Awards Outstanding Teen Performer As the World Turns Nominated 2007 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Horror The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning Nominated Choice Movie : Scream The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning Nominated 2009 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action Fast & Furious Won 2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action Fast Five Nominated 2012 ALMA Awards Favorite TV Actress Dallas Nominated 2013 NAACP Image Awards Best Supporting Actress in Television Dallas Nominated 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress : Action Furious 7 Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Actress in a New TV Series Lethal Weapon Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jordana Brewster '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jordana Brewster profile '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jordana Brewster on Working With the Late Paul Walker on ' The Fast and the Furious ' '' . Boston Common . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IMDB Jordana Brewster profile '' . IMDB . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jordana Brewster Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All My Children Actors , Past and Present '' . Connecticut Post . April 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About ATWT : Who 's Who in Oakdale Nicole Munson As The World Turns '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 14 Celebs That Appeared on As the World Turns '' . Teen.com . Teen.com. 2014 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Van Gelder ( December 25 , 1998 ) . `` The Faculty ( 1998 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Faculty '' . Jump up ^ `` Faculty '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frame by Frame III : A Filmography of the African Diasporan Image , 1994 - 2004 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In the Groovy '' . People . February 8 , 1999 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Invisible Circus ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ A.O. Scott ( February 2 , 2001 ) . `` Movie Review : Tripping Through Europe On a Quest for Lost Time '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( June 21 , 2001 ) . `` The Fast and the Furious '' . Variety . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jordana Brewster '' . Channel 5 . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` D.E.B.S. '' Sundance Film Festival . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan . `` D.E.B.S. Film Review D.E.B.S. Movie Review The A.V. Club '' . Avclub.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` D.E.B.S. ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2005 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Laura Kern ( October 13 , 2006 ) . `` Nearing Grace ( 2005 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Film Festiva Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 26 , 2006 ) . `` Annapolis Movie Review & Film Summary '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annapolis '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Momma ' Jams , ' Nanny McPhee ' Floats , ' Bubble ' Bursts '' . Box Office Mojo. 2006 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2007 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice nominees announced '' . AOL TV . July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple -- Movie Trailers -- Fast and Furious '' . Apple . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jordana Brewster Interview '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five Moves Away From Super 8 '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas ( 2012 ) - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dallas ' Canceled by TNT '' . Hollywood Reporter. 2014 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` Mia Toretto Furious 7 '' . BD . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` The Weekend Report `` Movie City News '' . Moviecitynews.com. 2015 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deadline , The ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Jordana Brewster 's Next Destination ' North Of Hell ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ March 28 , 2016 , 7 : 00 AM ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Jordana Brewster : I fought to play Denise Brown on `` People v O.J. '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Jordana Brewster of 2006 Hot 100 on Maxim.com Archived July 2 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Hot 100 '' . Maxim.com . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jordana Brewster : Maxim Photo Shoot May ' 09 '' . Maxim.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Details '' . Maxim.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 49 Celebrities Honor 49 Victims of Orlando Tragedy Human Rights Campaign '' . Hrc.org . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Rothaus , Steve ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Pulse Orlando shooting scene a popular LGBT club where employees , patrons ' like family ' '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Us Exclusive : Jordana Brewster Engaged '' . US Weekly . December 8 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2007 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Jordana Brewster Marries Movie Producer '' . People . May 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2008 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jordana Brewster Welcomes Son Rowan via gestational surrogate '' . People . June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jordana Brewster . Jordana Brewster official website Jordana Brewster on IMDb WorldCat Identities BNE : XX1490806 BNF : cb141590065 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 7143 5512 LCCN : no00010828 VIAF : 53688905 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordana_Brewster&oldid=861856610 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people Actresses from New York City American people of Brazilian descent American people of English descent American child actresses American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses Actresses from Rio de Janeiro ( city ) People from Manhattan People from Panama City 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses of Brazilian descent Convent of the Sacred Heart ( NYC ) alumni Yale University alumni Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मैथिली მარგალური Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 डोटेली 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2018 , at 15 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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3298581191518111323 | Samsung Galaxy S8 | Samsung Galaxy S8 - wikipedia Samsung Galaxy S8 Jump to : navigation , search Samsung Galaxy S8 Samsung Galaxy S8+ Samsung Galaxy S8 Active Samsung Galaxy S8 and the S8+ Codename Project Dream Cruiser ( Galaxy S8 Active ) Brand Samsung Galaxy Manufacturer Samsung Electronics Slogan Unbox Your Phone Series Galaxy S Model SM - G950x ( S8 ) SM - G955x ( S8+ ) ( Last letter varies by carrier and international models ) Compatible networks 2G 3G 4G 4G LTE First released 21 April 2017 ; 13 months ago ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Availability by country 21 April 2017 ( show ) South Korea Canada United States Taiwan 28 April 2017 ( show ) Australia Ireland Russia United Kingdom 29 April 2017 ( show ) Singapore 5 May 2017 ( show ) Malaysia India Pakistan Philippines New Zealand Thailand 12 May 2017 ( show ) Brazil 18 May 2017 ( show ) China 25 May 2017 ( show ) Hong Kong 8 June 2017 ( show ) Japan South Africa Units sold 20 + million Predecessor Samsung Galaxy S7 / S7 Edge Successor Samsung Galaxy S9 / S9+ Related Samsung Galaxy Note 8 Samsung Galaxy A8 ( 2018 ) Type ( S8 ) Smartphone ( S8+ ) Phablet Form factor Slate S8 : 148.9 mm × 68.1 mm × 8.0 mm ( 5.86 in × 2.68 in × 0.31 in ) S8+ : 159.5 mm × 73.4 mm × 8.1 mm ( 6.28 in × 2.89 in × 0.32 in ) Weight S8 : 155 g ( 5.5 oz ) S8+ : 173 g ( 6.1 oz ) Operating system Original : Samsung Experience 8.1 on top of Android 7.0 `` Nougat '' , upgradable to 8.0 `` Oreo '' ( without Treble ) with Samsung Experience 9.0 System on chip Global : Exynos 8895 USA / Canada / China / HK / Japan : Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 CPU Exynos : Octa - core ( 4 × 7009230000000000000 ♠ 2.3 GHz M2 Mongoose & 4 × 7009170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 GHz ) Cortex - A53 ( GTS ) Snapdragon : Octa - core ( 4 × 7009235000000000000 ♠ 2.35 GHz Kryo & 4 × 7009190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 GHz Kryo ) GPU Exynos : Mali - G71 MP20 Snapdragon : Adreno 540 Memory 4 or 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 GB LPDDR4X RAM Storage 64 or 7012102400000000000 ♠ 128 GB UFS 2.1 / UFS 2.0 in some devices Removable storage microSDXC , expandable up to 7012204800000000000 ♠ 256 GB Battery Non-removable S8 : 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3000 mAh S8+ : 7003350000000000000 ♠ 3500 mAh Data inputs Sensors : Accelerometer Barometer Fingerprint scanner Iris scanner Geomagnetic sensor Gyroscope Hall sensor Proximity sensor Other : Physical sound volume keys Bixby key Display 2960 × 1440 1440p Super AMOLED capacitive touchscreen display , S8 : 5.8 in ( 150 mm ) , 7002225000000000000 ♠ 225 ppcm ( 572 ppi ) S8+ : 6.2 in ( 160 mm ) , 7002208000000000000 ♠ 208 ppcm ( 7002529000000000000 ♠ 529 ppi ) Rear camera 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 MP ( 6994140000000000000 ♠ 1.4 μm ) , f / 1.7 , OIS , 4K at 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 fps , 1080p at 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 fps , 720p at 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 fps , slow motion 720p at 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 fps Front camera 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 MP , autofocus Website www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/galaxy-s8/ References The Samsung Galaxy S8 , Samsung Galaxy S8+ ( shortened to S8 and S8+ , respectively ) and Samsung Galaxy S8 Active are Android phablet smartphones ( with the S8+ being the phablet smartphone ) produced by Samsung Electronics as their eighth generation of the Samsung Galaxy S series . The S8 and S8+ were unveiled on 29 March 2017 and directly succeed the Samsung Galaxy S7 and S7 edge , with a North American release on 21 April 2017 and international rollout throughout April and May . The S8 Active was announced on 8 August 2017 and is exclusive to certain U.S. cellular carriers . The S8 and S8+ contain upgraded hardware and major design changes over the S7 line , including larger screens with a taller aspect ratio and curved sides on both the smaller and larger models , iris and face recognition , a new suite of virtual assistant features known as Bixby ( along with a new dedicated physical button for launching the assistant ) , a shift from MicroUSB to USB - C charging , and Samsung DeX , a docking station accessory that allows the phones to be used with a desktop interface with keyboard and mouse input support . The S8 Active features tougher materials designed for protection against shock , shatter , water and dust , with a metal frame and a tough texture for improved grip that makes the S8 Active have a rugged design . The Active 's screen measures the same size as the standard S8 model but loses the curved edges in favor of a metal frame . The S8 and S8+ received mostly positive reviews . Their design and form factor received praise , while critics also liked the updated software and camera optimizations . They received criticism for duplicate software apps , lackluster Bixby features at launch , for the placement of the fingerprint sensor on the rear next to the camera . A video published after the phones ' release proved that the devices ' facial and iris scanners can be fooled by suitable photographs of the user . The S8 and S8+ were in high demand at release . During the pre-order period , a record one million units were booked in South Korea , and overall sales numbers were 30 % higher than the Galaxy S7 . However , subsequent reports in May announced sales of over five million units , a notably lower first - month sales number than previous Galaxy S series models . On March 11 , 2018 , Samsung unveiled the successor to the S8 flagship , the Samsung Galaxy S9 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Software 3 Reception 4 Sales 5 Issues 5.1 White balance 5.2 Random restarts 5.3 Insecure facial recognition 5.4 Insecure iris recognition 5.5 SMS message reception failures 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Prior to its official announcement , media outlets reported on rumors and information from industry insiders . In December 2016 , SamMobile reported that the Galaxy S8 would not feature a 3.5 mm headphone jack , later reported to be a false rumor . In January 2017 , The Guardian reported on bigger screens for both of the two phone sizes , with edge - to - edge `` infinity '' displays and very limited bezels , and an iris scanner . Additionally , The Guardian stated that the phones would come with 64 gigabytes of storage and support microSD cards , use USB - C connectors , and feature a `` Bixby '' intelligent personal assistant . Soon after , VentureBeat revealed photos of the phones and additional details , including the lack of physical navigation and home buttons , in which the fingerprint sensor was moved to the back of the phone . Evan Blass tweeted in mid-March about color options for the phones . The Galaxy S8 and S8+ were officially unveiled on 29 March 2017 , with pre-orders beginning 30 March and official U.S. release on 21 April 2017 . Following Best Buy retail listings in March , Samsung opened pre-orders for unlocked U.S. handsets on 9 May 2017 , with availability starting 31 May . The devices have also been released internationally . On 21 April 2017 , they were made available in South Korea , Canada , and Taiwan . On 28 April , they were made available in the United Kingdom , Australia , Ireland , and Russia . followed by Singapore one day later . On 5 May , they were made available in Malaysia . New Zealand , India , the Philippines , and Thailand . followed by Brazil on 12 May . On 25 May , they were made available in China , and Hong Kong . On 8 June , they were made available in Japan . In July 2017 , pictures of the Galaxy S8 Active were leaked on Reddit , and the following month , AT&T `` accidentally '' confirmed its existence through a document in a promotional campaign . It officially became available for pre-order , exclusively through AT&T , on 8 August 2017 , with in - store purchase available 11 August . VentureBeat reported in late September that the device would also become available through T - Mobile in November , and Samsung subsequently confirmed both T - Mobile and Sprint availability in early November . Specifications ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) The Galaxy S8 and S8+ both feature 1440p OLED displays , with an 18.5 : 9 ( 37 : 18 ) aspect ratio taller than the 16 : 9 ratio used by the majority of smartphones ; the S8 has a 5.8 - inch panel , while the S8+ uses a larger 6.2 - inch panel . The displays on both devices curve along the side bezels of the device , with minimal bezels that Samsung markets as an `` Infinity Display '' , and the display panel itself has rounded edges . They use DCI - P3 , offering what screen - testing website DisplayMate describes as the largest native color gamut , highest peak brightness , highest contrast rating in ambient light , highest screen resolution , lowest reflectance , and highest contrast ratio . The S8 features an octa - core Exynos 8895 system - on - chip and 4 GB of RAM ; models in North American and East Asian markets utilize the Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 instead . Both chips are manufactured by Samsung with a 10 nm process . They contain 64 GB of internal storage , expandable via microSD card . The Galaxy S8 is one of the first smartphones to support Bluetooth 5 , supporting new capabilities such as connecting two wireless headphones to the device at once . It is also bundled with Harman AKG earbuds . Both smartphones have improved satellite navigation over the predecessors by including Galileo receivers . In the United States , the S8 and S8+ are available in Midnight Black , Orchid Gray , and Arctic Silver color options , whereas gold and blue are available internationally . The blue option was made available in the U.S. in July 2017 . Unlike past Galaxy S series models , the S8 line does not feature physical navigation keys , electing to use on - screen keys instead . However , unlike other implementations , the home button can still be activated if it is hidden or the screen is off . The S8 's display features pressure sensitivity limited to the home button . To prevent the home button from burn - in damage , its position moves slightly . While The Verge claims that the S8 uses exactly the same 12 - megapixel rear camera as the S7 , though with software improvements , a report from PhoneArena claims that the phones carry new , custom camera modules . The front - facing camera was upgraded to an 8 - megapixel sensor with autofocus . The S8 features fingerprint and iris scanners ; the fingerprint reader is relocated to the rear of the device , to the left of the camera , due to the removal of the physical home button . In addition to an iris scanner , the S8 also features face - scanning as an option to unlock the phone . Face recognition technology had previously been implemented in earlier models since the Galaxy S III . The S8 and S8+ use non-removable 3000 and 3500 mAh batteries respectively ; Samsung stated that it had engineered the batteries to retain their capacity for a longer period of time than previous models . The S8 supports AirFuel Inductive ( formerly PMA ) and Qi wireless charging standards . Due to the recalls of the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 , Samsung said in a press conference it is committed to stricter quality control and safety testing procedures on all of the company 's future products . Samsung also launched a Galaxy S8+ with 128 GB of storage and 6 GB of RAM exclusively in China and South Korea , and a bundle offer in the countries provides both the exclusive model and the Samsung DeX docking station . The unique variant was also released in India in June 2017 . The Galaxy S8 Active features a rugged design and significantly tougher materials to make it shock , shatter , water , and dust resistant . It has a larger battery than either of the regular S8s , at 4000 mAh . Unlike the previous phones in the Active line , the S8 Active does not have tactile buttons , instead using onscreen keys like the regular variants of the S8 . It also no longer has the dedicated action button of previous versions which could be reprogrammed to be a shortcut to favorite apps , with the action button being replaced with the Bixby button . The `` infinity '' edge display of the standard models is removed , replaced with a metal frame and bumpers in the corners to protect from shocks , while the back is fitted with a `` rugged , tough texture for a secure grip '' . Its screen also measures 5.8 inches , the size of the regular S8 , and has quad HD Super AMOLED in 18.5 : 9 aspect ratio . The S8 Active is sold in Meteor Gray , but AT&T also has a Titanium Gold color . The T - Mobile US version of the S8 Active also supports the company 's 600 MHz LTE network that was starting to be rolled out at the time the device was announced . Software ( edit ) The Galaxy S8 launched with the Android 7.0 `` Nougat '' operating system with the proprietary Samsung Experience ( formerly TouchWiz ) user interface and software suite . The software features a suite of assistant functions known as `` Bixby '' , which is designed primarily to interact with Samsung 's bundled applications and other supported services . The feature allows the use of voice commands to perform phone functions , can generate cards shown on a home screen page ( replacing the Flipboard integration formerly featured ) based on a user 's interactions , and perform searches utilizing object recognition via the camera . Bixby supports third - party integration via an SDK . The S8 supports the use of a docking station known as Samsung DeX to access a PC - like desktop environment on an external display , with support for mouse and keyboard input . On 21 April 2017 , coinciding with the phone 's official retail date , reports surfaced that the default music player on the Galaxy S8 would be Google Play Music , continuing a trend that started with the S7 in 2016 . However , for the S8 , Samsung partnered with Google to incorporate additional exclusive features into the app , including the ability to upload up to 100,000 tracks to the service 's cloud storage , an increase from the 50,000 tracks users are normally allowed to upload . Additionally , new users get a three - month free trial to the service , the same as given to users who purchase Google 's own Pixel smartphone . Furthermore , Google stated that more Samsung - exclusive features will be added to the app in the future , and that the Bixby assistant will also be supported by the app . Bixby replaces S Voice , the voice recognition technology previously found in Samsung Galaxy models . In May 2017 , Google announced that the Galaxy S8 and S8+ will support the company 's Daydream virtual reality platform after Samsung rolls out a software update scheduled for mid-2017 . In July 2017 , Verizon began rolling out an update for its devices , with support for Daydream . The Galaxy S8 was one of the first Android phones to support ARCore , Google 's augmented reality engine . In February 2018 , the official Android 8.0 Oreo update began rolling out to the Samsung Galaxy S8 , Samsung Galaxy S8+ , and Samsung Galaxy S8 Active . Reception ( edit ) The S8 Active , released in August 2017 , is a more rugged version of the S8 Besides the phone 's protective case reportedly cracking and peeling away in under 2 months of use , Dan Seifert of The Verge praised the design of the Galaxy S8 , describing it as a `` stunning device to look at and hold '' that was `` refined and polished to a literal shine '' , and adding that it `` truly does n't look like any other phone you might have used before '' . The hardware of the device was described as `` practically flawless '' . Seifert also liked the new software , writing that `` Samsung is known less for polish and more for clumsiness . In a refreshing change of pace , the software on the S8 is , dare I say , good ( sic ) '' . However , he criticized the Bixby assistant , writing that `` in its current state , it does n't do much at all '' , and also criticized the number of duplicate apps . Regarding performance , he wrote that the S8 was `` fast and responsive , but so is virtually every other premium phone you can buy , and the S8 is n't noticeably faster or quicker than a Google Pixel , LG G6 , or iPhone 7 '' . Fellow Verge reporter Vlad Savov felt that the placement of the fingerprint sensor was `` a perplexing decision if we consider it as a deliberate design choice '' , but noted reports from Korea claiming that Samsung had originally intended for the fingerprint reader to be built directly into the screen , but was unable to reach a desirable implementation in time for release . The Verge wrote that `` Samsung 's six - month - old S8 has cutting edge features and design with fewer issues than other Android phones '' like the Google Pixel 2 and LG V30 , and that the `` OLED screen stretches to the edges of the device and curves on its sides in an almost liquid fashion . It makes the S8 look just as fresh today as it did when it debuted '' , and pointing out that the S8 's popularity and carrier support guaranteed plenty of third - party accessories . Chris Velazco of Engadget similarly praised the design , stating that `` from their rounded edges to their precisely formed metal - and - glass bodies , they feel like smaller , sleeker versions of the Galaxy Note 7 '' , and also praised the display as being simply `` awesome '' . Velazco also praised the software , calling Samsung 's added interface `` subtle and thoughtful in its design choices '' . While noting that the Bixby assistant was n't ready yet , he did compliment the promised voice features as being more granular than those offered through Siri or Google Assistant , and wrote that `` With that kind of complexity involved , maybe it 's no surprise this stuff is n't done yet '' . Also praising performance and the camera , though noting that `` The 12 - megapixel sensors on the back have n't changed much since last year . That 's not a bad thing since they were great cameras to start with '' , Velazco summarized his review by writing that the devices `` are n't perfect , but they 're as close as Samsung has ever gotten '' . Brandon Russell of TechnoBuffalo claimed that the camera could not beat Google 's Pixel smartphone . Ron Amadeo of Ars Technica noted that the device 's unusual aspect ratio resulted in pillarboxing when watching 16 : 9 video without zooming or stretching it . He complimented the feel of the S8 , calling it `` perfected '' , but criticized the glass back for being `` more fragile '' and that `` Glossy , slippery glass does n't feel as good in your hand as metal does , either . For the top - tier premium price tag , we 'd prefer Samsung to put in the extra work and use a metal back '' . He criticized the biometric options for unlocking the phones , writing that `` There 's an iris scanner , a fingerprint reader , and face unlock . The problem is none of them are any good '' , and also criticized duplicate apps , writing that `` most of which ca n't be removed and are n't very compelling '' . Additionally , he criticized Bixby , calling it `` an odd addition '' due to the phone 's Google Assistant functionality already present . Prior to the phone 's official announcement , reports suggested that Bixby would support `` 7 - 8 languages '' at launch . Later reports after the phone 's announcement clarified that Bixby would only support Korean and American English languages at its release , though noting that more languages would be coming `` in the following months '' . In mid-April , The Wall Street Journal reported that Bixby would be launched without support for American English . On 19 July 2017 , Samsung announced that Bixby had begun rolling out to Galaxy S8 users in the United States . Sales ( edit ) The Samsung Galaxy S8 and Galaxy S8+ broke pre-order records in South Korea , with more than 720,000 units booked in one week , a notable increase from the 100,000 units of the Galaxy S7 and 200,000 units of the Note 7 . By mid-April , the number had increased to one million pre-orders . On 24 April 2017 , Samsung announced that sales of the Galaxy S8 was its `` best ever '' . Although it did not release specific sales numbers , it announced that sales of the S8 were 30 % higher year - over-year than the Galaxy S7 . Subsequent reports in May announced that Samsung had sold over five million units . Jon Fingas of Engadget wrote that , although Samsung advertised its pre-order records , sales comparisons to other models on the market were difficult due to unannounced sales figures . However , a report from AppleInsider took a comparison look at previous Galaxy S models ' first - month sales , writing that the Galaxy S7 saw 7 - 9 million units shipped in its first month , and the Galaxy S4 sold 10 million . The publication further wrote that `` Each year since reaching Peak Galaxy in 2014 , Samsung has floated the idea that its new model has outpaced sales , shipments ( or sometimes `` preorders '' ) of the previous edition , but in reality Galaxy S sales -- and subsequently Samsung Mobile profits -- have actually never recovered since the Galaxy S4 `` . Issues ( edit ) White balance ( edit ) Prior to the official release , it was reported that some Galaxy S8 displays had a bad white balance , causing them to exhibit a reddish tint . Samsung stated that the Galaxy S8 was `` built with an adaptive display that optimizes the colour range , saturation , and sharpness depending on the environment '' , but noted that the device 's operating system provides settings for manually adjusting the display 's appearance and white balance . On 21 April , Samsung stated that the red tinting was purely a software issue , and would be patched in a future update . The Investor reported that Samsung would replace the affected devices if a software update did not fix the issue . Updates in various regions started rolling out in early May , fixing the issue . Random restarts ( edit ) Reports surfaced at the end of April that some Galaxy S8 devices were `` restarting by themselves '' . Samsung has not yet commented on the issue . Facial recognition screen Insecure facial recognition ( edit ) Shortly after the phone 's unveiling , bloggers produced a video showing that the Galaxy S8 's facial recognition scanner could be tricked to unlock the phone by showing it a photo of the user . In a statement to Business Insider , a Samsung spokesperson stated that `` Facial recognition is a convenient action to open your phone -- similar to the ' swipe to unlock ' action . We offer the highest level of biometric authentication -- fingerprint and iris -- to lock your phone and authenticate access to Samsung Pay or Secure Folder '' . Insecure iris recognition ( edit ) In May 2017 , researchers from the Chaos Computer Club posted a video showing that the S8 's iris recognition system can be fooled with a contact lens and a suitable photograph of an eye . Samsung told BBC News that it was `` aware of the issue '' , and stated that `` If there is a potential vulnerability or the advent of a new method that challenges our efforts to ensure security at any time , we will respond as quickly as possible to resolve the issue '' . SMS message reception failures ( edit ) In October 2017 , Galaxy S8 users reported on Reddit that they were unable to receive SMS messages , with no fix available and without any comment from Samsung . See also ( edit ) Comparison of Samsung Galaxy S smartphones Comparison of smartphones Samsung Galaxy S series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Samsung has shipped over 20 million Galaxy S8 Jump up ^ Galaxy Note 8 & Galaxy S8 Do n't Support Project Treble on Oreo Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 may be a huge hit , but Samsung is already working on the next big thing '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . 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Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hruska , Joel ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` The Samsung Galaxy S8 's display is the best you can buy : DisplayMate '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Michael ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Report : Snapdragon 835 will launch first in Galaxy S8 , others have to wait '' . PC World . International Data Group . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Kane , Sean ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` The Samsung Galaxy S8 is the first phone with Bluetooth 5.0 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 will come bundled with a pair of $99 wired Harman AKG headphones '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Edgar ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Every Galaxy S8 comes with a pair of $99 AKG earbuds '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Carman , Ashley ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's coral blue Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus will be released in the US on July 21st '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Gottsegen , Gordon ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Coral blue Galaxy S8 splashes down July 21 , with deals '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S8 has a pressure - sensitive home button built into the screen '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's home button moves , and there 's a good reason for it '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ LeFebvre , Rob ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's home button shifts to prevent screen burn '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ P. , Daniel ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 and S8+ come with new Sony IMX333 and Samsung camera sensors '' . 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Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Velazco , Chris ( 18 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus review : Redemption is here '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell , Brandon ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's camera could n't beat the Google Pixel '' . TechnoBuffalo . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Ron ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 review : Gorgeous new hardware , same Samsung gimmicks '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ F. , Adnan ( 7 February 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 ′ s Bixby AI assistant will have support for 7 - 8 languages '' . SamMobile . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ F. , Adnan ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` Bixby wo n't have support for British English at launch '' . SamMobile . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Chris ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Bixby , Samsung 's smart AI , launches on the Galaxy S8 but only supports US English and Korean '' . Pocket - lint . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Cipriani , Jason ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 users complain of random restarts '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Carman , Ashley ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's facial scanner can , unsurprisingly , be tricked with a photo '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Ron ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 face recognition already defeated with a simple picture '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Chowdhry , Amit ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung Acknowledges Galaxy S8 Facial Recognition Security Limitations '' . Forbes . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ip , Chris ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 iris scanner can be hacked with aging tech '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung S8 ' eye security ' fooled by photo '' . BBC News . BBC . 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 : Samsung users complain of SMS messages that fail to arrive '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . 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-2169105463500835934 | Dadasaheb Phalke Award | Dadasaheb Phalke award - Wikipedia Dadasaheb Phalke award Dadasaheb Phalke Award National award for contributions to Indian Cinema Awarded for `` outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema '' Sponsored by Directorate of Film Festivals Reward ( s ) Swarna Kamal ( Golden Lotus ) ₹ 1,000,000 ( US $14,000 ) First awarded 1969 Last awarded 2017 Most recent winner Vinod Khanna ( Posthumous ) Highlights Total awarded 49 First winner Devika Rani Dadasaheb Phalke , often credited as `` the father of Indian cinema '' , made India 's first full - length feature Raja Harishchandra ( 1913 ) . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is India 's highest award in cinema . It is presented annually at the National Film Awards ceremony by the Directorate of Film Festivals , an organisation set up by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting . The recipient is honoured for their `` outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema '' and is selected by a committee consisting of eminent personalities from the Indian film industry . As of 2016 , the award comprises a Swarna Kamal ( Golden Lotus ) medallion , a shawl , and a cash prize of ₹ 1,000,000 ( US $14,000 ) . First presented in 1969 , the award was introduced by the Government of India to commemorate Dadasaheb Phalke 's contribution to Indian cinema . Phalke ( 1870 -- 1944 ) , who is popularly known as and often regarded as `` the father of Indian cinema '' , was an Indian film - maker who directed India 's first full - length feature film , Raja Harishchandra ( 1913 ) . The first recipient of the award was actress Devika Rani , who was honoured at the 17th National Film Awards . As of 2017 , there have been 49 awardees . Among those , actor Prithviraj Kapoor ( 1971 ) and actor Vinod Khanna ( 2017 ) are the only posthumous recipients . His actor - filmmaker son , Raj Kapoor , accepted the award on his behalf at the 19th National Film Awards in 1971 and was himself a recipient in 1987 at the 35th National Film Awards ceremony . Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy ( 1974 ) and Bommireddy Nagi Reddy ( 1986 ) ; Raj Kapoor ( 1987 ) and Shashi Kapoor ( 2014 ) ; Lata Mangeshkar ( 1989 ) and Asha Bhosle ( 2000 ) along with Baldev Raj Chopra ( 1998 ) and Yash Chopra ( 2001 ) are the siblings who have won the award . The most recent recipient of the award is actor Vinod Khanna who will be honoured at the 65th National Film Awards ceremony . Khanna has been awarded posthumously . Contents 1 Recipients 2 Explanatory notes 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 Further reading 6 External links Recipients ( edit ) List of award recipients by year Year ( Ceremony ) Image Recipient Film industry Notes 1969 ( 17th ) Devika Rani Hindi Widely acknowledged as `` the first lady of Indian cinema '' , the actress debuted in Karma ( 1933 ) , which was the first Indian English - language film and the first Indian film to feature an on - screen kiss . She also founded the first Indian public limited film company , Bombay Talkies , in 1934 . 1970 ( 18th ) -- Birendranath Sircar Bengali The founder of two production companies , International Filmcraft and New Theatres , Sircar is considered to be one of the pioneers of Indian cinema . He also built two cinema theatres in Calcutta , one for screening Bengali films and one for Hindi films . 1971 ( 19th ) Prithviraj Kapoor Hindi Kapoor began his acting career in theatres and starred in India 's first sound film , Alam Ara ( 1931 ) . He founded Prithvi Theatre , a travelling theatre company in 1944 `` to promote Hindi stage productions '' . 1972 ( 20th ) Pankaj Mullick Bengali Hindi A composer , singer and actor , Mullick began his career providing background music by conducting live orchestras during the screening of silent films . He is best known for Mahishasuramardini , a radio musical composed in 1931 . 1973 ( 21st ) Ruby Myers ( Sulochana ) Hindi One of the highest - paid actresses of her time , Sulochana made her debut with Veer Bala ( 1925 ) and is considered to be `` the first sex symbol of Indian cinema '' . ( 22nd ) -- Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy Telugu The director of fifteen feature films in Telugu , Reddy was the first Indian film personality to be honoured with a Doctor of Letters and also the first to receive the Padma Bhushan , the third - highest civilian award in India . ( 23rd ) Dhirendra Nath Ganguly Bengali Considered one of the founders of Bengali film industry , Ganguly debuted as an actor in Bilat Ferat ( 1921 ) . He established three production companies -- Indo British Film Company ( 1918 ) , Lotus Film Company ( 1922 ) and British Dominion Films Studio ( 1929 ) -- to direct several Bengali films . 1976 ( 24th ) Kanan Devi Bengali Acknowledged as `` the first lady of Bengali cinema '' , Kanan Devi made her acting debut in silent films in the 1920s . She also sang songs written by Rabindranath Tagore and was a producer with her film company , Shrimati Pictures . 1977 ( 25th ) -- Nitin Bose Bengali Hindi A cinematographer , director and screenwriter , Bose is noted for introducing playback singing to Indian cinema in 1935 through his Bengali film Bhagya Chakra and its Hindi remake Dhoop Chhaon . 1978 ( 26th ) -- Raichand Boral Bengali Hindi Considered one of the pioneers of Indian film music , Boral was a music director who , in collaboration with director Nitin Bose , introduced the system of playback singing in Indian cinema . 1979 ( 27th ) Sohrab Modi Hindi An actor and film - maker , Modi is credited with bringing Shakespearean classics to Indian cinema and was noted for his delivery of Urdu dialogue . 1980 ( 28th ) Paidi Jairaj Hindi Telugu Initially having worked as a body double , actor - director Jairaj is known for his portrayal of Indian historical characters and was involved in instituting the Filmfare Awards . 1981 ( 29th ) Naushad Hindi Music director Naushad debuted with Prem Nagar ( 1940 ) , and is credited with introducing the technique of sound mixing to Indian cinema . 1982 ( 30th ) -- L.V. Prasad Telugu Tamil Hindi Actor - director - producer L.V. Prasad has the distinction of acting in the first talkie films produced in three languages : the Hindi Alam Ara , Tamil Kalidas and Telugu Bhakta Prahlada , all released in 1931 . He founded Prasad Studios in 1965 and the Colour Film Laboratory in 1976 . Prasad Studios has produced over 150 film in various Indian languages . ( 31st ) Durga Khote Hindi Marathi Having acted in the first Marathi - language talkie Ayodhyecha Raja ( 1932 ) , Khote is considered a pioneer among women in Indian cinema . She set up two production companies , Fact Films and Durga Khote Productions , which produced short films and documentaries . 1984 ( 32nd ) Satyajit Ray Bengali Having debuted as a director with Pather Panchali ( 1955 ) , the film - maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema . 1985 ( 33rd ) V. Shantaram Hindi Marathi Actor and film - maker V. Shantaram produced and directed India 's first colour film , Sairandhri ( 1931 ) . He also produced and direct the first Marathi - language talkie , Ayodhyecha Raja ( 1932 ) , and was associated with nearly 100 films over 50 years . 1986 ( 34th ) -- B. Nagi Reddy Telugu Reddy produced more than 50 films , beginning in the 1950s . He established Vijaya Vauhini Studios which was at that time the biggest film studio in Asia . ( 35th ) Raj Kapoor Hindi Often revered as `` The Show Man '' , actor and film - maker Kapoor 's performance in the Hindi film Awara ( 1951 ) was ranked as one of the top ten greatest performances of all time by Time magazine in 2010 . 1988 ( 36th ) Ashok Kumar Hindi Popularly known as `` Dadamoni '' ( the grand old man ) , Kumar is noted for his roles in Achhut Kannya ( 1936 ) , Bandhan ( 1940 ) and Kismet ( 1943 ) , the first blockbuster in Indian cinema . 1989 ( 37th ) Lata Mangeshkar Hindi Marathi Widely credited as the `` nightingale of India '' , playback singer Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages . 1990 ( 38th ) Akkineni Nageswara Rao Telugu Having debuted in Dharma Pathini ( 1941 ) , Akkineni Nageswara Rao acted in more than 250 films , mostly in the Telugu language . 1991 ( 39th ) -- Bhalji Pendharkar Marathi Film - maker Pendharkar started his career in the 1920s and produced more than 60 Marathi films and eight Hindi films . He has been widely recognised for the historical and social narratives depicted in these films . 1992 ( 40th ) Bhupen Hazarika Assamese Popularly referred to as `` the Bard of Brahmaputra '' , musician Hazarika is best known for his folk songs and ballads sung in the Assamese language . 1993 ( 41st ) -- Majrooh Sultanpuri Hindi Lyricist Sultanpuri penned his first Hindi song for Shahjehan ( 1946 ) and wrote around 8000 songs for over 350 Hindi films . 1994 ( 42nd ) Dilip Kumar Hindi Debuting in Jwar Bhata ( 1944 ) , the `` Tragedy King '' Dilip Kumar acted in more than 60 Hindi films in a career that spanned over six decades . 1995 ( 43rd ) -- Rajkumar Kannada In a career spanning over 45 years , Rajkumar acted in more than 200 Kannada - language films and also won a National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer in 1992 . ( 44th ) Sivaji Ganesan Tamil Ganesan debuted as an actor in Parasakthi ( 1952 ) and went on to appear in more than 300 films . He is known for his `` expressive and resonant voice '' . 1997 ( 45th ) -- Kavi Pradeep Hindi Best known for the patriotic song `` Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo '' , lyricist Pradeep wrote around 1700 songs , hymns and fiery nationalistic poems , including the lyrics for more than 80 Hindi films . 1998 ( 46th ) B.R. Chopra Hindi Film - maker B.R. Chopra established his own production house , B.R. Films , in 1956 , and is best known for the films such as Naya Daur ( 1957 ) and Hamraaz ( 1967 ) , as well as the TV series Mahabharat based on the similarly - titled epic of Hindu literature . 1999 ( 47th ) -- Hrishikesh Mukherjee Hindi Having directed 45 Hindi films , film - maker Mukherjee is credited with popularising `` middle - of - the - road cinema '' through films like Anuradha ( 1960 ) , Anand ( 1971 ) and Gol Maal ( 1979 ) . 2000 ( 48th ) Asha Bhosle Hindi Marathi A playback singer of `` extraordinary range and versatility '' , Bhosle began her singing career in 1948 and is acknowledged by The Guinness Book of World Records as the `` most recorded artist in music history '' . 2001 ( 49th ) Yash Chopra Hindi The founder of Yash Raj Films , Chopra debuted as a director with Dhool Ka Phool ( 1959 ) . He directed 22 Hindi films . 2002 ( 50th ) Dev Anand Hindi Widely revered as `` evergreen star of Hindi cinema '' , actor and film - maker Anand co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 and produced 35 films . 2003 ( 51st ) Mrinal Sen Bengali Regarded as one of `` India 's most important film - makers '' , Sen debuted as a director with Raat Bhore ( 1955 ) and made 27 films in 50 years . ( 52nd ) Adoor Gopalakrishnan Malayalam Credited with pioneering the new wave cinema movement in Malayalam cinema , director Gopalakrishnan won the National Film Award for Best Direction for his debut film , Swayamvaram ( 1972 ) . He has been acclaimed for his `` ability to portray complex problems in a simplistic way '' . 2005 ( 53rd ) Shyam Benegal Hindi Benegal started his career by making advertising films . He directed his first feature film , Ankur , in 1973 . His films have focused on women and their rights . 2006 ( 54th ) -- Tapan Sinha Bengali Hindi Film - maker Sinha debuted as a director in 1954 and made more than 40 feature films in the Bengali , Hindi and Oriya languages . Most of the films addressed problems faced by ordinary people . 2007 ( 55th ) Manna Dey Bengali Hindi In a career spanning over five decades , playback singer Dey sang over 3500 songs in various Indian languages . He is also credited with `` pioneering a new genre by infusing Indian classical music in a pop framework '' . 2008 ( 56th ) V.K. Murthy Hindi Best known for his collaboration with director Guru Dutt , cinematographer Murthy shot India 's first cinemascope film , Kaagaz Ke Phool ( 1959 ) . He is best remembered for his lighting techniques in Pyaasa ( 1957 ) and the `` beam shot '' in Kaagaz Ke Phool is considered a classic in celluloid history . 2009 ( 57th ) -- D. Ramanaidu Telugu In a career spanning over 50 years , D. Ramanaidu produced more than 130 films in various Indian languages but mostly Telugu . He features in The Guinness Book of World Records for having produced films in nine languages . ( 58th ) K. Balachander Tamil Telugu Film - maker K. Balachander debuted as a director with Neerkumizhi ( 1965 ) . In a career that spanned over forty years , he directed and produced ( through his production house , Kavithalayaa Productions , established in 1981 ) over 100 films in various Indian languages . 2011 ( 59th ) Soumitra Chatterjee Bengali Best known for his frequent collaboration with director Satyajit Ray , Chatterjee debuted as an actor in Apur Sansar ( 1959 ) and worked with other directors , such as Mrinal Sen and Tapan Sinha , in a career lasting over 50 years . 2012 ( 60th ) Pran Hindi Known for his `` compelling and highly stylized performances '' , actor Pran mainly played villainous characters in Hindi films during a career spanning over 50 years . 2013 ( 61st ) Gulzar Hindi Gulzar began his career as a lyricist for Bandini ( 1963 ) and debuted as a director with Mere Apne ( 1971 ) . Known for his successful collaboration with music directors like R.D. Burman and A.R. Rahman , Gulzar won several awards for his lyrics in a career spanning over 50 years . 2014 ( 62nd ) Shashi Kapoor Hindi Winner of two National Film Awards including Best Actor for New Delhi Times in 1985 , Kapoor debuted as a child actor at the age of four in the plays directed by his father Prithviraj Kapoor and later as a leading man in the 1961 film Dharmputra . In 1978 , Kapoor set up his production house Film `` Valas '' and played major role in reviving the Prithvi Theatre group , set up by his father . 2015 ( 63rd ) Manoj Kumar Hindi Known for his image as the patriotic hero , Kumar debuted as an actor with 1957 Hindi film Fashion . The actor and director of patriotic theme based movies , Kumar is fondly called as `` Bharat Kumar '' . 2016 ( 64th ) -- Kasinathuni Viswanath Telugu Viswanath started his career as a sound recordist . In a film career spanning sixty years , Viswanath has directed fifty three feature films in a variety of genres , including films based on performing arts , visual arts , and aesthetics . Viswanath has garnered five National Film Awards , and has received international recognition for his works . 2017 ( 65th ) Vinod Khanna Hindi Debuted in Man Ka Meet ( 1968 ) , Khanna was primarily known for his work as an actor in Hindi films during the 1970s . He took a brief break from the films ( 1982 -- 1987 ) and joined politics in 1997 . Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1972 , Raj Kapoor received the posthumous award given to his father , Prithviraj Kapoor . However , on 1 May 1988 , when he was being conferred the award by the then President of India , R. Venkataraman , Kapoor had an asthmatic attack and was rushed in the President 's ambulance . Kapoor died a month later on 2 June 1988 . Jump up ^ Prithviraj Kapoor died on 29 May 1972 , at the age of 65 . He was posthumously awarded for the year 1971 . Jump up ^ Vinod Khanna died on 27 April 2017 , at the age of 70 . He was posthumously awarded for the year 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dadasaheb Phalke Awards '' . Directorate of Film Festivals . Archived from the original on 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Agrawal , S. P ; Aggarwal , Jagdish Chand ( 1997 ) . In the Wake of Freedom : India 's Tryst with Cooperatives . Concept Publishing Company . p. 269 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 656 - 7 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2014 . `` 57th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 17 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . `` 58th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . pp. 14 -- 15 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Film Lyricist and Director Gulzar to be conferred Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2013 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 12 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 17th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . pp. 38 -- 42 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 February 2012 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Prithviraj Kapoor '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Nanda , Ritu ( 2002 ) . Raj Kapoor : Speaks . Penguin Books India . p. 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 04952 - 3 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 35th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . pp. 5 -- 7 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , Roshmila ( 3 June 2012 ) . `` The show goes on ... '' Hindustan Times . Mumbai . Archived from the original on 31 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . 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Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` When I make a film , I have no silly delusion '' . Rediff.com. 28 July 1999 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Joshi , Lalit Mohan ( 11 May 2009 ) . `` Tapan Sinha : Award - winning Indian film - maker influenced by Capra and Wilder '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 23 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The life of legendary singer Manna Dey , golden voice of Indian cinema '' . Hindustan Times . Bangalore. 24 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , pp. 495 -- 500 . Jump up ^ Khajane , Muralidhara ( 20 January 2010 ) . `` Murthy first cinematographer to win Phalke award '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Film Producer Dr. D. Ramanaidu to be Honoured With Dada Saheb Phalke Award for the Year 2009 '' . Press Information Bureau . 9 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Burman , Jivraj ( 4 January 2008 ) . `` D Rama Naidu enters Guinness book '' . Hindustan Times . Mumbai . Indo - Asian News Service . Archived from the original on 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 58th National Film Awards '' . International Film Festival of India . Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitra , Ipshita ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Soumitra Chatterjee on his master Satyajit Ray '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 8 June 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 59th National Film Awards : The Official Catalogue '' . International Film Festival of India . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , pp. 505 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , p. xvi . Jump up ^ `` Dadasaheb Phalke award has come at a right time , says Gulzar '' . India Today Group . 12 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kasinathuni Viswanath to be conferred Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2016 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 24 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 64th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 183 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 65th National Film Awards : Late veteran actor Vinod Khanna honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award posthumously '' . The Times of India . 13 April 2018 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vinod Khanna honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award '' . The Indian Express . 13 April 2018 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Somaaya , Bhawana ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` Vinod Khanna : The Actor Who Became a Monk and Sold His Mercedes '' . The Quint . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Bibliography ( edit ) Gulzar ; Nihalani , Govind ; Chatterjee , Saibal , eds. ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Ramēś , Be . Gō ( 2009 ) . Recipients of Dadasaheb Phalke Award . Pavai Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7735 - 745 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients . Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals , India National Film Awards Archives Dadasaheb Phalke Award 1969 -- 1980 Devika Rani Chaudhuri Roerich ( 1969 ) B.N. Sircar ( 1970 ) Prithviraj Kapoor ( 1971 ) Pankaj Mullick ( 1972 ) Ruby Myers ( 1973 ) Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy ( 1974 ) Dhirendranath Ganguly ( 1975 ) Kanan Devi ( 1976 ) Nitin Bose ( 1977 ) Rai Chand Boral ( 1978 ) Sohrab Modi ( 1979 ) Paidi Jairaj ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Naushad ( 1981 ) L.V. Prasad ( 1982 ) Durga Khote ( 1983 ) Satyajit Ray ( 1984 ) V. Shantaram ( 1985 ) B. Nagi Reddy ( 1986 ) Raj Kapoor ( 1987 ) Ashok Kumar ( 1988 ) Lata Mangeshkar ( 1989 ) Akkineni Nageswara Rao ( 1990 ) Bhalji Pendharkar ( 1991 ) Bhupen Hazarika ( 1992 ) Majrooh Sultanpuri ( 1993 ) Dilip Kumar ( 1994 ) Rajkumar ( 1995 ) Sivaji Ganesan ( 1996 ) Pradeep ( 1997 ) B.R. Chopra ( 1998 ) Hrishikesh Mukherjee ( 1999 ) Asha Bhosle ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Yash Chopra ( 2001 ) Dev Anand ( 2002 ) Mrinal Sen ( 2003 ) Adoor Gopalakrishnan ( 2004 ) Shyam Benegal ( 2005 ) Tapan Sinha ( 2006 ) Manna Dey ( 2007 ) V.K. Murthy ( 2008 ) D. Ramanaidu ( 2009 ) K. Balachander ( 2010 ) Soumitra Chatterjee ( 2011 ) Pran ( 2012 ) Gulzar ( 2013 ) Shashi Kapoor ( 2014 ) Manoj Kumar ( 2015 ) Kasinathuni Viswanath ( 2016 ) Vinod Khanna ( 2017 ) National Film Awards Directorate of Film Festivals Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Cinema of India Lifetime Achievement Dadasaheb Phalke Award Feature Films Golden Lotus Awards Best Feature Film Best Director Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment Best Children 's Film Best Debut Film of a Director Best Animated Film Silver Lotus Awards Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best Child Artist Best Music Direction Best Male Playback Singer Best Female Playback Singer Best Lyrics Best Production Design Best Audiography Best Choreography Best Cinematography Best Costume Design Best Editing Best Make - up Best Screenplay Best Special Effects Best Film on Environment Conservation / Preservation Best Film on Family Welfare Best Film on National Integration Best Film on Other Social Issues Special Jury Award Special Mention Silver Lotus Awards ( Regional ) Languages specified in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India : Assamese Bodo Bengali English Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Meitei Marathi Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Tamil Telugu Urdu Languages other than those specified in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution : Bhojpuri Haryanvi Jasari Khasi Kodava Kokborok Ladakhi Mishing Mizo Monpa Rabha Sherdukpen Tulu Wancho Discontinued Awards Second Best Feature Film Third Best Feature Film Best Story Best Film Based on High Literary Work Non-Feature Films Golden Lotus Awards Best Non-Feature Film Best Director Silver Lotus Awards Best First Film of a Director Best Audiography Best Cinematography Best Editing Best Music Direction Best Narration / Voice Over Best Agriculture Film Best Animation Film Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film Best Arts / Cultural Film Best Biographical Film Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film Best Environment / Conservation / Preservation Film Best Exploration / Adventure Film Best Film on Family Welfare Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film Best Investigative Film Best Promotional Film Best Scientific Film Best Short Fiction Film Best Film on Social Issues Special Jury Award Special Mention Discontinued Awards Best Experimental Film Best Filmstrip Best Industrial Film Best News Review Best Newsreel Cameraman Writing on Cinema Golden Lotus Awards Best Book on Cinema Best Film Critic Special Awards Special Jury Award / Special Mention ( Book on Cinema ) Special Jury Award / Special Mention ( Film Critic ) Awards by year 1953 -- 1960 1953 ( 1st ) 1954 ( 2nd ) 1955 ( 3rd ) 1956 ( 4th ) 1957 ( 5th ) 1958 ( 6th ) 1959 ( 7th ) 1960 ( 8th ) 1961 -- 1980 1961 ( 9th ) 1962 ( 10th ) 1963 ( 11th ) 1964 ( 12th ) 1965 ( 13th ) 1966 ( 14th ) 1967 ( 15th ) 1968 ( 16th ) 1969 ( 17th ) 1970 ( 18th ) 1971 ( 19th ) 1972 ( 20th ) 1973 ( 21st ) 1974 ( 22nd ) 1975 ( 23rd ) 1976 ( 24th ) 1977 ( 25th ) 1978 ( 26th ) 1979 ( 27th ) 1980 ( 28th ) 1981 -- 2000 1981 ( 29th ) 1982 ( 30th ) 1983 ( 31st ) 1984 ( 32nd ) 1985 ( 33rd ) 1986 ( 34th ) 1987 ( 35th ) 1988 ( 36th ) 1989 ( 37th ) 1990 ( 38th ) 1991 ( 39th ) 1992 ( 40th ) 1993 ( 41st ) 1994 ( 42nd ) 1995 ( 43rd ) 1996 ( 44th ) 1997 ( 45th ) 1998 ( 46th ) 1999 ( 47th ) 2000 ( 48th ) 2001 -- present 2001 ( 49th ) 2002 ( 50th ) 2003 ( 51st ) 2004 ( 52nd ) 2005 ( 53rd ) 2006 ( 54th ) 2007 ( 55th ) 2008 ( 56th ) 2009 ( 57th ) 2010 ( 58th ) 2011 ( 59th ) 2012 ( 60th ) 2013 ( 61st ) 2014 ( 62nd ) 2015 ( 63rd ) 2016 ( 64th ) 2017 ( 65th ) Indian honours and decorations Civilian National Bharat Ratna Padma Vibhushan Padma Bhushan Padma Shri Children National Bravery Award National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement National Bal Shree Honour Women Stree Shakti Puraskar Police President 's Police Medal for Gallantry Police Medal for Gallantry Central Ganga Sharan Award George Grierson Award Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award Moturi Satyanarayan Award National Award for Child Welfare Subramanya Bharathi Award By field Literature Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Sahitya Akademi Award Cinema Dadasaheb Phalke Award National Film Awards Other arts Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship Sports Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Arjuna Award Dronacharya Award Dhyan Chand Award Science & Technology Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Kalinga Prize Aryabhata Award Gallantry Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak Jeevan Raksha Padak Medical Dr. B.C. 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-6147251705136310979 | Babe Ruth's called shot | Babe Ruth 's called shot - wikipedia Babe Ruth 's called shot Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Babe Ruth 's called shot was the home run hit by Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees in the fifth inning of Game 3 of the 1932 World Series , held on October 1 , 1932 , at Wrigley Field in Chicago . During the at - bat , Ruth made a pointing gesture , which existing film confirms , but the exact meaning of his gesture remains ambiguous . Although neither fully confirmed nor refuted , the story goes that Ruth pointed to the center - field bleachers during the at - bat . It was allegedly a declaration that he would hit a home run to this part of the park . On the next pitch , Ruth hit a home run to center field . The home run was his fifteenth , and last , in his 41 post-season games . It was said to be one of the greatest home runs in history . Contents ( hide ) 1 The facts and the dispute 2 Origins of the called shot story 3 Eyewitness accounts 4 Rediscovered 16 mm films 5 Legacy and cultural references 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links The facts and the dispute ( edit ) There is no dispute over the general events of the moment . All the reports say that the Chicago Cubs ' `` bench jockeys '' were riding Ruth mercilessly , and that Ruth , rather than ignoring them , was `` playing '' with them through words and gestures . The longtime debate is over the nature of one of Ruth 's gestures . It is unclear if he pointed to center field , to the pitcher ( Charlie Root ) , or to the Cubs bench . Even the films of the at - bat ( by amateur filmmaker Matt Miller Kandle , Sr . ) that emerged during the 1990s have not allowed any definitive conclusions . With the score tied 4 - 4 in the fifth inning of game three , he took strike one from Root . As the Cubs players heckled Ruth , and the fans hurled insults , Ruth held up his hand , pointing at either Root , the Cubs dugout , or center field . No one knows for sure what his intentions were . He then repeated this gesture after taking strike two . Root 's next pitch was a curveball that Ruth hit at least 440 feet to the deepest part of center field near the flag pole ( some estimates are as high as 490 feet ) . The ground distance to the center field corner , somewhat right of straightaway center , was 440 feet . The ball landed a little bit to the right of the 440 corner and farther back , apparently in the temporary seating in Sheffield Avenue behind the permanent interior bleacher seats . Calling the game over the radio , broadcaster Tom Manning shouted , `` The ball is going , going , going , high into the center field stands ... and it is a home run ! '' Ruth himself later described the hit as `` past the flagpole '' which stood behind the scoreboard and the 440 corner . Ruth 's powerful hit was aided by a strong carrying wind that day . Newsreel footage ( available in MLB 's 100 Years of the World Series ) shows that Ruth was crowding the plate and nearly stepped forward out of the batter 's box , inches away from risk of being called out ( Rule 6.06 a ) . The film also shows that as he rounded first base , Ruth looked toward the Cubs dugout and made a waving - off gesture with his left hand ; then as he approached third , he made another mocking gesture , a two - armed `` push '' motion , toward the suddenly quiet Cubs bench . Many reports have claimed that Ruth `` thumbed his nose '' at the Cubs dugout , but the existing newsreel footage does not show that ( if it occurred , it might have been considered vulgar and would have been edited out ) . Attending the game was Franklin Delano Roosevelt , soon to be elected 32nd President of the United States . FDR reportedly had a laugh as he watched Ruth round the bases . When he crossed home plate , Ruth could no longer hide his smile , and he was patted by his exuberant teammates when he reached the Yankees dugout . Root was left in the game , but for only one pitch , which Lou Gehrig drilled into the right field seats for his second home run of the day . The Yankees won the game 7 -- 5 , and the next day they finished off the demoralized Cubs 13 -- 6 , completing the fourth game necessary to win the World Series . Origins of the called shot story ( edit ) Ruth 's second home run in game 3 probably would have been merely an exclamation point for the 1932 World Series and for Ruth 's career , had it not been for reporter Joe Williams . Williams was a respected but opinionated sports editor for the Scripps - Howard newspapers . In a late edition the same day of the game , Williams wrote this headline that appeared in the New York World - Telegram , evoking billiards terminology : `` RUTH CALLS SHOT AS HE PUTS HOME RUN NO . 2 IN SIDE POCKET . '' Williams ' summary of the story included , `` In the fifth , with the Cubs riding him unmercifully from the bench , Ruth pointed to center and punched a screaming liner to a spot where no ball had been hit before . '' Apparently Williams ' article was the only one written the day of the game that made a reference to Ruth pointing to center field . It was probably due to the wide circulation of the Scripps - Howard newspapers that gave the story life , as many read Williams ' article and assumed it was accurate . A couple of days later , other stories started to appear stating that Ruth had called his shot , a few even written by reporters who were not at the game . The story would have had some initial credibility , given Ruth 's many larger - than - life achievements , including past reported incidents of promising sick child Johnny Sylvester that he would `` hit a home run for him '' and then fulfilling that promise soon after . In the public mind , Ruth `` calling his shot '' had precedent . At the time , Ruth did not clarify the matter , initially stating that he was merely pointing towards the Cubs dugout to tell them he still had one more strike . At one point very early on , he said , `` It 's in the papers , is n't it ? '' In another interview , this one with respected Chicago sports reporter John Carmichael , Ruth said he did not point to any particular spot , but that he just wanted to give the ball a good ride . Soon , however , the media - savvy Ruth was going along with the story that he had called his shot , and his subsequent versions over the years became more dramatic . `` In the years to come , Ruth publicly claimed that he did , indeed , point to where he planned to send the pitch . '' One newsreel footage , Ruth voiced over the called shot scene with the remarks , `` Well , I looked out at center field and I pointed . I said , ' I 'm gon na hit the next pitched ball right past the flagpole ! ' Well , the good Lord must have been with me . '' In his 1948 autobiography , Ruth gave another enhanced version by stating he told his wife `` I 'll belt one where it hurts them the most '' and that the idea of calling his own shot then came to him . Ruth then recounts the at - bat : No member of either team was sorer than I was . I had seen nothing my first time at bat that came close to looking good to me , and that only made me more determined to do something about taking the wind out of the sails of the Chicago players and their fans . I mean the fans who had spit on Claire ( i.e. , Ruth 's wife ) . I came up in the fourth inning ( sic ) with Earle Combs on base ahead of me . My ears had been blistered so much before in my baseball career that I thought they had lost all feeling . But the blast that was turned on me by Cub players and some of the fans penetrated and cut deep . Some of the fans started throwing vegetables and fruit at me . I stepped back out of the box , then stepped in . And while Root was getting ready to throw his first pitch , I pointed to the bleachers which rise out of deep center field . Root threw one right across the gut of the plate and I let it go . But before the umpire could call it a strike - which it was - I raised my right hand , stuck out one finger and yelled , `` Strike one ! '' The razzing was stepped up a notch . Root got set and threw again - another hard one through the middle . And once again I stepped back and held up my right hand and bawled , `` Strike two ! '' It was . You should have heard those fans then . As for the Cub players they came out on the steps of their dugout and really let me have it . I guess the smart thing for Charlie to have done on his third pitch would have been to waste one . But he did n't , and for that I 've sometimes thanked God . While he was making up his mind to pitch to me I stepped back again and pointed my finger at those bleachers , which only caused the mob to howl that much more at me . Root threw me a fast ball . If I had let it go , it would have been called a strike . But this was it . I swung from the ground with everything I had and as I hit the ball every muscle in my system , every sense I had , told me that I had never hit a better one , that as long as I lived nothing would ever feel as good as this . I did n't have to look . But I did . That ball just went on and on and on and hit far up in the center - field bleachers in exactly the spot I had pointed to . To me , it was the funniest , proudest moment I had ever had in baseball . I jogged down toward first base , rounded it , looked back at the Cub bench and suddenly got convulsed with laughter . You should have seen those Cubs . As Combs said later , `` There they were - all out on the top step and yelling their brains out - and then you connected and they watched it and then fell back as if they were being machine - gunned . '' That home run - the most famous one I ever hit - did us some good . It was worth two runs , and we won that ball game , 7 to 5 . Ruth explained he was upset about the Cubs ' insults during the series , and was especially upset when someone spat on his wife Claire , and he was determined to fix things . Ruth not only said he deliberately pointed to center with two strikes , he said he pointed to center even before Root 's first pitch . Others helped perpetuate the story over the years . Tom Meany , who worked for Joe Williams at the time of the called shot , later wrote a popular but often embellished 1947 biography of Ruth . In the book , Meany wrote , `` He pointed to center field . Some say it was merely as a gesture towards Root , others that he was just letting the Cubs bench know that he still had one big one left . Ruth himself has changed his version a couple of times ... Whatever the intent of the gesture , the result was , as they say in Hollywood , slightly colossal . '' Despite the fact that the article he wrote on the day of the game appears to have been the source of the entire legend , over the ensuing years , Joe Williams himself came to doubt the veracity of Ruth calling his shot . Another part of folklore has Ruth being mad at the Cubs in general for the perceived slight of cutting Babe 's ex-Yankee teammate , Mark Koenig , now with the Cubs , out of his full World Series share . Nonetheless , the called shot further became etched as truth into the minds of thousands of people after the 1948 film The Babe Ruth Story , which starred William Bendix as Ruth . The film took its material from Ruth 's autobiography , and hence did not question the veracity of the called shot . Two separate biographical films made in the 1990s also repeated this gesture in an unambiguous way , coupled with Ruth hitting the ball over the famous ivy - covered wall , which did not actually exist at Wrigley Field until five years later . Eyewitness accounts ( edit ) Eyewitness accounts were equally inconclusive and widely varied , with some of the opinions possibly skewed by partisanship . `` Do n't let anybody tell you differently . Babe definitely pointed . '' -- Cubs public - address announcer Pat Pieper ( As public - address announcer Pieper sat next to the wall separating the field from the stands , between home plate and third base . In 1966 he spoke with the Chicago Tribune `` In the Wake of the News '' sports columnist David Condon : `` Pat remembers sitting on the third base side and hearing ( Cubs ' pitcher ) Guy Bush chide Ruth , who had taken two strikes . According to Pat , Ruth told Bush : ' That 's strike two , all right . But watch this . ' ' Then Ruth pointed to center field , and hit his homer , ' Pat continues . ' You bet your life Babe Ruth called it . ' '' ) `` My dad took me to see the World Series , and we were sitting behind third base , not too far back ... . Ruth did point to the center - field scoreboard . And he did hit the ball out of the park after he pointed with his bat . So it really happened . '' Associate Justice John Paul Stevens , United States Supreme Court `` What do you think of the nerve of that big monkey . Imagine the guy calling his shot and getting away with it . '' -- Lou Gehrig The Commissioner of Baseball , Kenesaw Mountain Landis , attended the game with his young nephew , and both had a clear view of the action at home plate . Landis himself never commented on whether he believed Ruth called the shot , but his nephew believes that Ruth did not call it . Shirley Povich , the Washington Post columnist detailed in an interview with Hall of Fame catcher Bill Dickey . `` Ruth was just mad about that quick pitch , Dickey explained . He was pointing at Root , not at the centerfield stands . He called him a couple of names and said , `` Do n't do that to me anymore , you blankety - blank . '' Ray Kelly , Ruth 's guest for the game , said `` He absolutely did it ... I was right there . Never in doubt . '' The called shot particularly irked Root . He had a fine career , winning over 200 games , but he would be forever remembered as the pitcher who gave up the `` called shot '' , much to his annoyance . When he was asked to play himself in the 1948 film about Ruth , Root turned it down when he learned that Ruth 's pointing to center field would be in the film . Said Root , `` Ruth did not point at the fence before he swung . If he had made a gesture like that , well , anybody who knows me knows that Ruth would have ended up on his ass . The legend did n't get started until later . '' Root 's teammate , catcher Gabby Hartnett , also denied that Ruth called the shot . On the other hand , according to baseball historian and author Michael Bryson , it is noted that at that point in the game , Ruth pointed toward the outfield to draw attention to a loose board that was swinging free . Some people may have misinterpreted this as a `` called shot '' , but Cubs personnel knew exactly what he was pointing to , and hammered the board back into place . In 1942 , during the making of The Pride of the Yankees , Babe Herman ( who was at that time a teammate of Root with the minor league Hollywood Stars ) was on the movie set as a double for both Ruth ( who played himself in most scenes ) and Gary Cooper ( who played Lou Gehrig ) . Herman re-introduced Root and Ruth on set and the following exchange ( later recounted by Herman to baseball historian Donald Honig ) , took place : Root : `` You never pointed out to center field before you hit that ball off me , did you ? '' Ruth : `` I know I did n't , but it made a hell of a story , did n't it ? '' Root went to his grave vehemently denying that Ruth ever pointed to center field . Rediscovered 16 mm films ( edit ) A still of Ruth pointing during the at - bat . Root 's back is turned to Ruth at that moment . In the 1970s , a 16 mm home movie of the called shot surfaced and some believed it might put an end to the decades - old controversy . The film was shot by an amateur filmmaker named Matt Miller Kandle , Sr. Only family and friends had seen the film until the late 1980s . Two frames from the film were published in the 1988 book , Babe Ruth : A Life in Pictures , by Lawrence S. Ritter and Mark Rucker , on p. 206 . The film was broadcast on a February 1994 FOX television program called Front Page . Later in 1994 , still images from the film appeared in filmmaker Ken Burns documentary film Baseball . The film was taken from the grandstands behind home plate , off to the third base side . One can clearly see Ruth 's gesture , although it is hard to determine the angle of his pointing . Some contend Ruth 's extended arm is pointing more to the left field direction , toward the Cubs bench , which would be consistent with his ( continued ) gesturing toward the bench while rounding the bases after the hit . Others who have studied the film closely assert that in addition to the broader gestures , Ruth did make a quick finger point in the direction of Cubs pitcher Charlie Root , or center field just as Root was winding up . In 1999 , another 16 mm film of the called shot appeared . This one had been shot by inventor Harold Warp , and coincidentally it was the only major league baseball game Warp ever attended . The rights to his footage were sold to ESPN which aired it as part of the network 's SportsCentury program in 2000 as well as a countdown show of Best Damn Sports Show . Warp 's film has not been as widely seen by the public as Kandle 's film , but those who have seen it and have offered a public opinion on the matter seem to feel that it shows Ruth did not call his shot . The film itself shows the action much more clearly than the Kandle film , showing Ruth visibly shouting something either at Root or at the Cub dugout while pointing . The authors of the book Yankees Century also believe the Warp film proves conclusively that the home run was not at all a `` called shot '' . However , Montville 's 2006 book , The Big Bam , asserts that neither film answers the question definitively . Legacy and cultural references ( edit ) The Baby Ruth sign outside Wrigley Field , as seen during the 1935 World Series , three years after the `` Called Shot '' . Note the 440 marker in the center field corner . Ruth 's hit went to the right of it and farther back . Shortly after the called shot , the Chicago - based Curtiss Candy Company , makers of the Baby Ruth candy bar , installed a large advertising sign on the rooftop on one of the apartment buildings on Sheffield Avenue . The sign , which read `` Baby Ruth '' , was just across the street from where Ruth 's home run had landed . Until the 1970s , when the aging sign was taken down , Cubs fans at Wrigley Field had to endure this not - so - subtle reminder of the `` called shot '' . In the 1948 biographical film The Babe Ruth Story , Ruth delivers on a promise he made to a young cancer patient that he would hit a home run . Not only does Ruth succeed in fulfilling the promise , but the child is subsequently cured of his cancer . In an early scene in the 1984 film , The Natural , a Ruth - like player called `` the Whammer '' points his bat menacingly toward and past Roy Hobbs , declaring his own `` called shot . '' However , Hobbs strikes the Whammer out on three pitches . Major league slugger Jim Thome used a similar bat - pointing gesture as part of his normal preparation for an at - bat . In the 1989 film Major League , the climax of the movie depicts Indians catcher Jake Taylor pointing towards the outfield , clearly making a reference to Ruth 's called shot . Fittingly , Jake was playing against the New York Yankees . The pitcher then throws a pitch high and inside , referencing Root 's suggestion that he would have thrown at Ruth if he had really called his shot . Jake repeats the called shot , but instead of going for a home run , bunts the next pitch for a modified squeeze play , allowing the winning run to come in from second base . In the 1992 The Simpsons episode `` Homer at the Bat '' , Homer Simpson , when up for bat at a softball game , points to the stands . When he hits the ball and it goes to the opposite side of where he pointed , he points to that side and pretends that 's where he meant to hit it . In the 1999 episode `` Wild Barts Ca n't Be Broken '' , Ruth 's `` illegitimate great - grandson '' Babe Ruth IV is a hitter for the Springfield Isotopes . While at bat , he points towards the right field bleachers at Duff Stadium , looking at a `` dying little boy '' ( shown to be Bart , who was perfectly healthy ) , then points down to signal a bunt . He is immediately tagged out , as 3 opposing players were a mere few feet away from him . In 1993 film , The Sandlot , the characters are fans of Ruth and reference his called shot by imitating it . In 2000 , a novel titled Babe & Me was published by author Dan Gutman . A young boy travels back in time to prove the shot was called . In George Carlin 's 2001 book Napalm and Silly Putty , he `` reveals '' that , `` Contrary to popular belief , Babe Ruth did not call his famous home run shot . He was actually giving the finger to a hot dog vendor who had cheated him out of twelve cents . '' In the mid-2000s Bud Light made a commercial of the called shot , showing that the reason Ruth pointed towards center field was because he had spotted a vendor selling Bud Light there . In 2005 , the jersey which Ruth was wearing during the game was sold for US $1,056,630 at auction . In the 2006 computer animated film Everyone 's Hero , the shot is instead played by protagonist Yankee Irving using Ruth 's famed bat . Yankee hits a home run on Ruth 's suggestion . According to the film , the story takes place during the 1932 World Series . In the 2006 movie The Benchwarmers , one of the main characters , Richie , points his hand towards center field , resembling Ruth 's called shot . Richie 's hand then starts dragging down to a spot right in front of home plate . Richie then hits the ball right where his hand points to . In the 2007 video game Team Fortress 2 , the baseball fanatic Scout , in one of his taunts called the Home Run , points at the sky in the distance and then whacks an opponent with his baseball bat , hitting the player in the direction he pointed , landing an instant kill on anyone caught by it . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Montville , Leigh ( 2006 ) . The Big Bam : the life and times of Babe Ruth . Doubleday . p. 502 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51437 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Is This The Ball ? '' . Baberuthbaseball.com. 1932 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=j68wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pIoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6123,1564844&dq=world+series&hl=en Jump up ^ `` Sports Moment American History Lives at American Heritage '' . Americanheritage.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCI/is_10_62/ai_107488942/ Jump up ^ KARL VOGEL Lincoln Journal , Star . `` Minden family 's film shows Babe Ruth 's `` called shot ' homer . '' Lincoln Journal Star ( NE ) 24 Dec. 1999 : NewsBank - Archives . Web . 23 Feb. 2016 . Jump up ^ Chris Harry , Sentinel Staff Writer . `` ON HIS HONOR ; Justice John Paul Stevens witnessed Babe Ruth 's historic ' called ' shot . '' Orlando Sentinel , The ( FL ) 30 Sept. 2007 : NewsBank . Web . 17 Feb. 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruth , Babe ; Considine , Bob ( 1948 ) . The Babe Ruth Story . E.P. Dutton . p. 191 . Jump up ^ Ruth , Babe ; Considine , Bob ( 1948 ) . The Babe Ruth Story . E.P. Dutton . pp. 193 -- 194 . Jump up ^ `` Daily News America -- Breaking national news , video , and photos -- Homepage -- NY Daily News '' . Articles.nydailynews.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ruth 's Called Shot Among Greatest World Series Homers -- 500 Home Run Club -- The Most Inspiring Sluggers in Baseball History '' . 500hrc.com. 2006 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Meany , Tom ( 1947 ) . Babe Ruth : The Rollicking Life Story of Baseball 's Big Fellow . A.S. Barnes . Jump up ^ Condon , David ( February 17 , 1966 ) . `` In the Wake of the News '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` After Stevens '' . The New Yorker . March 22 , 2010 . p. 41 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Gehrig Quotes '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Archived from the original on 2 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Povich , Shirley ( 1969 ) . All These Mornings . Jump up ^ `` Ray Kelly , 83 , Babe Ruth 's Little Pal , Dies '' . New York Times . November 14 , 2001 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Snell , Roger . Root for the Cubs . Jump up ^ Bryson , Michael . The Twenty - Four Inch Home Run `` . p. 159 . Jump up ^ Front Page TV Show https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E99eUE9b4GY ( unavailable on request of the Kandle family ) Jump up ^ `` eMuseum of Great Uniforms & Memorabilia '' . Grey Flannel Auctions Blog. 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Creamer , Robert W. ( 1974 ) . Babe : The Legend Comes to Life . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 21770 - 4 . Honig , Donald ( 1985 ) . Baseball America : The Heroes of the Game and the Times of Their Glory . New York : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 025 - 53580 - 3 . Sherman , Ed ( 2014 ) . Babe Ruth 's Called Shot : The Myth and Mystery of Baseball 's Greatest Home Run . Guilford , CT : Lyons Press . ISBN 0 - 762 - 78539 - X . Snell , Roger ( 2009 ) . Root for the Cubs : Charlie Root & the 1929 Chicago Cubs . Nicholasville , KY : Wind Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893 - 23995 - 1 . Stout , Glenn ( 2002 ) . Yankees Century : 100 Years of New York Yankees Baseball . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08527 - 0 . External links ( edit ) BB Moments : Ruth 's Called Shot , 10 / 01 / 32 ( MLB.com ) Babe Ruth -- Home Run on the Keys Jack Bales , `` 1932 World Series , '' WrigleyIvy.com . 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-2508413320776517372 | Chicago Cubs | Chicago Cubs - wikipedia Chicago Cubs `` Cubbies '' redirects here . For the minor league baseball team formerly known as the Rockford Cubbies , see Dayton Dragons . Chicago Cubs 2018 Chicago Cubs season Established in 1876 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1876 -- present ) Central Division ( 1994 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 10 14 23 26 31 31 42 Colors Blue , red , white Name Chicago Cubs ( 1903 -- present ) Chicago Orphans ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Chicago Colts ( 1890 -- 1897 ) Chicago White Stockings ( NL ) ( 1876 -- 1889 ) Other nicknames The Cubbies , the North Siders , the North Side Nine , the Boys in Blue , the Lovable Losers , Ballpark Wrigley Field ( 1916 -- present ) a.k.a. Cubs Park ( 1920 -- 1926 ) a.k.a. Weeghman Park ( 1914 -- 1920 ) West Side Park ( II ) ( 1893 -- 1915 ) South Side Park ( 1891 -- 1893 ) West Side Park ( I ) ( 1885 -- 1891 ) Lakefront Park ( II ) ( 1883 -- 1884 ) Lakefront Park ( I ) ( 1878 -- 1882 ) 23rd Street Grounds ( 1876 -- 1877 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 3 ) 1907 1908 2016 National League Pennants ( 17 ) 1876 1880 1881 1882 1885 1886 1906 1907 1908 1910 1918 1929 1932 1935 1938 1945 2016 Central Division titles ( 5 ) 2003 2007 2008 2016 2017 East Division titles ( 2 ) 1984 1989 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 1998 2015 Front office Owner ( s ) Thomas S. Ricketts , Laura Ricketts , Pete Ricketts , Todd Ricketts , Joe Ricketts Manager Joe Maddon General Manager Jed Hoyer President of Baseball Operations Theo Epstein The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field , located on the city 's North Side . The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago ; the other , the Chicago White Sox , is a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The Cubs , first known as the White Stockings , was a founding member of the NL in 1876 , becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903 . The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116 -- 36 and posting a modern - era record winning percentage of . 763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( `` The Hitless Wonders '' ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back - to - back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71 - year National League pennant drought and a 108 - year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108 - year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason nine times through the 2017 season . The Cubs are known as `` the North Siders '' , a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago , and in contrast to the White Sox , whose home field ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) is located on the South Side . The Cubs have multiple rivalries . There is a divisional rivalry with the St. Louis Cardinals , a newer rivalry with the Milwaukee Brewers and an interleague rivalry with the Chicago White Sox . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early club history 1.1. 1 1876 -- 1902 : A National League 1.1. 2 1902 -- 1920 : A Cubs dynasty 1.2 The Wrigley years ( 1921 -- 1981 ) 1.2. 1 1929 -- 1938 : Every three years 1.2. 2 1945 - 1966 1.2. 3 1969 : Fall of ' 69 1.2. 4 1977 -- 1979 : June Swoon 1.3 Tribune Company years ( 1981 -- 2008 ) 1.3. 1 1984 : Heartbreak 1.3. 2 1989 : NL East division championship 1.3. 3 1998 : Wild card race and home run chase 1.3. 4 2001 : Playoff push 1.3. 5 2003 : Five more outs 1.3. 6 2004 -- 2006 1.3. 7 2007 -- 2008 : Back to back division titles 1.4 The Ricketts era ( 2009 -- present ) 1.4. 1 2010 - 2014 : The decline and rebuild 1.4. 2 2015 : The arrival of Joe Maddon 1.4. 3 2016 : World Series champions 1.4. 4 2017 : Falling short 2 Ballpark 2.1 Wrigley Field and Wrigleyville 2.2 Bleacher Bums 3 Culture 3.1 Cubs Win Flag 3.2 Mascots 3.3 Music 3.4 Popular culture 3.5 Tinker to Evers to Chance 4 Playoffs / Championships 5 Distinctions 5.1 Forbes ' value rankings 6 Team 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retired numbers 6.3 Hall of Famers 6.4 Minor league affiliations 6.5 Spring training history 7 Media 7.1 Radio 7.2 Print 7.3 Television 7.4 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History Main article : History of the Chicago Cubs Early club history 1876 -- 1902 : a National League The 1876 White Stockings won the N.L. championship The Cubs began play in 1870 as the Chicago White Stockings , joining the National League ( NL ) in 1876 as a charter member . Owner William Hulbert signed multiple star players , such as pitcher Albert Spalding and infielders Ross Barnes , Deacon White , and Adrian `` Cap '' Anson , to join the team prior to the N.L. 's first season . The White Stockings played their home games at West Side Grounds and quickly established themselves as one of the new league 's top teams . Spalding won forty - seven games and Barnes led the league in hitting at . 429 as Chicago won the first ever National League pennant , which at the time was the game 's top prize . After back - to - back pennants in 1880 and 1881 , Hulbert died , and Spalding , who had retired to start Spalding sporting goods , assumed ownership of the club . The White Stockings , with Anson acting as player - manager , captured their third consecutive pennant in 1882 , and Anson established himself as the game 's first true superstar . In 1885 and ' 86 , after winning N.L. pennants , the White Stockings met the champions of the short - lived American Association in that era 's version of a World Series . Both seasons resulted in match ups with the St. Louis Brown Stockings , with the clubs tying in 1885 and with St. Louis winning in 1886 . This was the genesis of what would eventually become one of the greatest rivalries in sports . In all , the Anson - led Chicago Base Ball Club won six National League pennants between 1876 and 1886 . As a result , Chicago 's club nickname transitioned , and by 1890 they had become known as the Chicago Colts , or sometimes `` Anson 's Colts '' , referring to Cap 's influence within the club . Anson was the first player in history credited with collecting 3,000 career hits . After a disappointing record of 59 -- 73 and a ninth - place finish in 1897 , Anson was released by the Cubs as both a player and manager . Due to Anson 's absence from the club after 22 years , local newspaper reporters started to refer to the Colts as the `` Orphans '' . After the 1900 season , the American Base - Ball League formed as a rival professional league , and incidentally the club 's old White Stockings nickname ( eventually shortened to White Sox ) would be adopted by a new American League neighbor to the south . 1902 -- 1920 : a Cubs dynasty The 1906 Cubs won a record 116 of 154 games . They then won back - to - back World Series titles in 1907 -- 08 In 1902 , Spalding , who by this time had revamped the roster to boast what would soon be one of the best teams of the early century , sold the club to Jim Hart . The franchise was nicknamed the Cubs by the Chicago Daily News in 1902 , although not officially becoming the Chicago Cubs until the 1907 season . During this period , which has become known as baseball 's dead - ball era , Cub infielders Joe Tinker , Johnny Evers , and Frank Chance were made famous as a double - play combination by Franklin P. Adams ' poem Baseball 's Sad Lexicon . The poem first appeared in the July 18 , 1910 edition of the New York Evening Mail . Mordecai `` Three - Finger '' Brown , Jack Taylor , Ed Reulbach , Jack Pfiester , and Orval Overall were several key pitchers for the Cubs during this time period . With Chance acting as player - manager from 1905 to 1912 , the Cubs won four pennants and two World Series titles over a five - year span . Although they fell to the `` Hitless Wonders '' White Sox in the 1906 World Series , the Cubs recorded a record 116 victories and the best winning percentage (. 763 ) in Major League history . With mostly the same roster , Chicago won back - to - back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first Major League club to play three times in the Fall Classic and the first to win it twice . However , the Cubs would not win another World Series until 2016 ; this remains the longest championship drought in North American professional sports . 1913 Chicago Cubs The next season , veteran catcher Johnny Kling left the team to become a professional pocket billiards player . Some historians think Kling 's absence was significant enough to prevent the Cubs from also winning a third straight title in 1909 , as they finished 6 games out of first place . When Kling returned the next year , the Cubs won the pennant again , but lost to the Philadelphia Athletics in the 1910 World Series . In 1914 , advertising executive Albert Lasker obtained a large block of the club 's shares and before the 1916 season assumed majority ownership of the franchise . Lasker brought in a wealthy partner , Charles Weeghman , the proprietor of a popular chain of lunch counters who had previously owned the Chicago Whales of the short - lived Federal League . As principal owners , the pair moved the club from the West Side Grounds to the much newer Weeghman Park , which had been constructed for the Whales only two years earlier , where they remain to this day . The Cubs responded by winning a pennant in the war - shortened season of 1918 , where they played a part in another team 's curse : the Boston Red Sox defeated Grover Cleveland Alexander 's Cubs four games to two in the 1918 World Series , Boston 's last Series championship until 2004 . Beginning in 1916 , Bill Wrigley of chewing - gum fame acquired an increasing quantity of stock in the Cubs . By 1921 he was the majority owner , maintaining that status into the 1930s . Meanwhile , the year 1919 saw the start of the tenure of Bill Veeck , Sr. as team president . Veeck would hold that post throughout the 1920s and into the 30s . The management team of Wrigley and Veeck came to be known as the `` double - Bills . '' The Wrigley years ( 1921 -- 1981 ) 1929 -- 1938 : every three years Club logo 1927 -- 1936 Near the end of the first decade of the double - Bills ' guidance , the Cubs won the NL pennant in 1929 and then achieved the unusual feat of winning a pennant every three years , following up the 1929 flag with league titles in 1932 , 1935 , and 1938 . Unfortunately , their success did not extend to the Fall Classic , as they fell to their AL rivals each time . The ' 32 series against the Yankees featured Babe Ruth 's `` called shot '' at Wrigley Field in game three . There were some historic moments for the Cubs as well ; In 1930 , Hack Wilson , one of the top home run hitters in the game , had one of the most impressive seasons in MLB history , hitting 56 home runs and establishing the current runs - batted - in record of 191 . That 1930 club , which boasted six eventual hall of fame members ( Wilson , Gabby Hartnett , Rogers Hornsby , George `` High Pockets '' Kelly , Kiki Cuyler and manager Joe McCarthy ) established the current team batting average record of . 309 . In 1935 the Cubs claimed the pennant in thrilling fashion , winning a record 21 games in a row in September . The ' 38 club saw Dizzy Dean lead the team 's pitching staff and provided a historic moment when they won a crucial late - season game at Wrigley Field over the Pittsburgh Pirates with a walk - off home run by Gabby Hartnett , which became known in baseball lore as `` The Homer in the Gloamin ' '' . After the `` double - Bills '' ( Wrigley and Veeck ) died in 1932 and 1933 respectively , P.K. Wrigley , son of Bill Wrigley , took over as majority owner . He was unable to extend his father 's baseball success beyond 1938 , and the Cubs slipped into years of mediocrity , although the Wrigley family would retain control of the team until 1981 . 1945 - 1966 The Cubs enjoyed one more pennant at the close of World War II , finishing 98 -- 56 . Due to the wartime travel restrictions , the first three games of the 1945 World Series were played in Detroit , where the Cubs won two games , including a one - hitter by Claude Passeau , and the final four were played at Wrigley . The Cubs lost the series , and did not return until the 2016 World Series . After losing the 1945 World Series to the Detroit Tigers , the Cubs finished with a respectable 82 - 71 record in the following year , but this was only good enough for third place . In the following two decades , the Cubs played mostly forgettable baseball , finishing among the worst teams in the National League on an almost annual basis . From 1947 to 1966 , they only notched one winning season . Longtime infielder - manager Phil Cavarretta , who had been a key player during the 1945 season , was fired during spring training in 1954 after admitting the team was unlikely to finish above fifth place . Although shortstop Ernie Banks would become one of the star players in the league during the next decade , finding help for him proved a difficult task , as quality players such as Hank Sauer were few and far between . This , combined with poor ownership decisions such as the College of Coaches , and the ill - fated trade of future Hall of Fame member Lou Brock to the Cardinals for pitcher Ernie Broglio ( who won only seven games over the next three seasons ) , hampered on - field performance . 1969 : Fall of ' 69 Main article : 1969 Chicago Cubs season The late - 1960s brought hope of a renaissance , with third baseman Ron Santo , pitcher Ferguson Jenkins , and outfielder Billy Williams joining Banks . After losing a dismal 103 games in 1966 , the Cubs brought home consecutive winning records in ' 67 and ' 68 , marking the first time a Cub team had accomplished that feat in over two decades . In 1969 the Cubs , managed by Leo Durocher , built a substantial lead in the newly created National League Eastern Division by mid-August . Ken Holtzman pitched a no - hitter on August 19 , and the division lead grew to 8 ⁄ games over the St. Louis Cardinals and by 9 ⁄ games over the New York Mets . After the game of September 2 , the Cubs record was 84 - 52 with the Mets in second place at 77 - 55 . But then a losing streak began just as a Mets winning streak was beginning . The Cubs lost the final game of a series at Cincinnati , then came home to play the resurgent Pittsburgh Pirates ( who would finish in third place ) . After losing the first two games by scores of 9 - 2 and 13 - 4 , the Cubs led going into the ninth inning . A win would be a positive springboard since the Cubs were to play a crucial series with the Mets the next day . But Willie Stargell drilled a two - out , two - strike pitch from the Cubs ' ace reliever , Phil Regan , onto Sheffield Avenue to tie the score in the top of the ninth . The Cubs would lose 7 - 5 in extra innings. ( 6 ) Burdened by a four - game losing streak , the Cubs traveled to Shea Stadium for a short two - game set . The Mets won both games , and the Cubs left New York with a record of 84 - 58 just 1 ⁄ 2 game in front . More of the same followed in Philadelphia , as a 99 loss Phillies team nonetheless defeated the Cubs twice , to extend Chicago 's losing streak to eight games . In a key play in the second game , on September 11 , Cubs starter Dick Selma threw a surprise pickoff attempt to third baseman Ron Santo , who was nowhere near the bag or the ball . Selma 's throwing error opened the gates to a Phillies rally . After that second Philly loss , the Cubs were 84 - 60 and the Mets had pulled ahead at 85 - 57 . The Mets would not look back . The Cubs ' eight - game losing streak finally ended the next day in St. Louis , but the Mets were in the midst of a ten - game winning streak , and the Cubs , wilting from team fatigue , generally deteriorated in all phases of the game. ( 1 ) The Mets ( who had lost a record 120 games 7 years earlier ) , would go on to win the World Series . The Cubs , despite a respectable 92 - 70 record , would be remembered for having lost a remarkable 171⁄2 games in the standings to the Mets in the last quarter of the season . 1977 -- 1979 : June Swoon Main article : 1977 Chicago Cubs season Following the 1969 season , the club posted winning records for the next few seasons , but no playoff action . After the core players of those teams started to move on , the 70s got worse for the team , and they became known as `` the Loveable Losers . '' In 1977 , the team found some life , but ultimately experienced one of its biggest collapses . The Cubs hit a high - water mark on June 28 at 47 -- 22 , boasting an 8 ⁄ game NL East lead , as they were led by Bobby Murcer ( 27 HR / 89 RBI ) , and Rick Reuschel ( 20 -- 10 ) . However , the Philadelphia Phillies cut the lead to two by the All - star break , as the Cubs sat 19 games over . 500 , but they swooned late in the season , going 20 -- 40 after July 31 . The Cubs finished in fourth place at 81 -- 81 , while Philadelphia surged , finishing with 101 wins . The following two seasons also saw the Cubs get off to a fast start , as the team rallied to over 10 games above . 500 well into both seasons , only to again wear down and play poorly later on , and ultimately settling back to mediocrity . This trait became known as the `` June Swoon '' . Again , the Cubs ' unusually high number of day games is often pointed to as one reason for the team 's inconsistent late season play . Wrigley died in 1977 . The Wrigley family sold the team to the Chicago Tribune in 1981 , ending a 65 - year family relationship with the Cubs . Tribune company years ( 1981 -- 2008 ) 1984 : heartbreak Main article : 1984 Chicago Cubs season Ryne Sandberg set numerous league and club records in his career and was elected to the Hall of Fame in 2005 . After over a dozen more subpar seasons , in 1981 the Cubs hired GM Dallas Green from Philadelphia to turn around the franchise . Green had managed the 1980 Phillies to the World Series title . One of his early GM moves brought in a young Phillies minor - league 3rd baseman named Ryne Sandberg , along with Larry Bowa for Iván DeJesús . The 1983 Cubs had finished 71 -- 91 under Lee Elia , who was fired before the season ended by Green . Green continued the culture of change and overhauled the Cubs roster , front - office and coaching staff prior to 1984 . Jim Frey was hired to manage the 1984 Cubs , with Don Zimmer coaching 3rd base and Billy Connors serving as pitching coach . Green shored up the 1984 roster with a series of transactions . In December , 1983 Scott Sanderson was acquired from Montreal in a three - team deal with San Diego for Carmelo Martínez . Pinch hitter Richie Hebner (. 333 BA in 1984 ) was signed as a free - agent . In spring training , moves continued : LF Gary Matthews and CF Bobby Dernier came from Philadelphia on March 26 , for Bill Campbell and a minor leaguer . Reliever Tim Stoddard ( 10 -- 6 3.82 , 7 saves ) was acquired the same day for a minor leaguer ; veteran pitcher Ferguson Jenkins was released . The team 's commitment to contend was complete when Green made a midseason deal on June 15 to shore up the starting rotation due to injuries to Rick Reuschel ( 5 -- 5 ) and Sanderson . The deal brought 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher Rick Sutcliffe from the Cleveland Indians . Joe Carter ( who was with the Triple - A Iowa Cubs at the time ) and right fielder Mel Hall were sent to Cleveland for Sutcliffe and back - up catcher Ron Hassey (. 333 with Cubs in 1984 ) . Sutcliffe ( 5 -- 5 with the Indians ) immediately joined Sanderson ( 8 -- 5 3.14 ) , Eckersley ( 10 -- 8 3.03 ) , Steve Trout ( 13 -- 7 3.41 ) and Dick Ruthven ( 6 -- 10 5.04 ) in the starting rotation . Sutcliffe proceeded to go 16 -- 1 for Cubs and capture the Cy Young Award . The Cubs 1984 starting lineup was very strong . It consisted of LF Matthews (. 291 14 -- 82 101 runs 17 SB ) , C Jody Davis (. 256 19 -- 94 ) , RF Keith Moreland (. 279 16 -- 80 ) , SS Larry Bowa (. 223 10 SB ) , 1B Leon `` Bull '' Durham (. 279 23 -- 96 16SB ) , CF Dernier (. 278 45 SB ) , 3B Ron Cey (. 240 25 -- 97 ) , Closer Lee Smith ( 9 -- 7 3.65 33 saves ) and 1984 NL MVP Ryne Sandberg (. 314 19 -- 84 114 runs , 19 triples , 32 SB ) . Reserve players Hebner , Thad Bosley , Henry Cotto , Hassey and Dave Owen produced exciting moments . The bullpen depth of Rich Bordi , George Frazier , Warren Brusstar and Dickie Noles did their job in getting the game to Smith or Stoddard . At the top of the order , Dernier and Sandberg were exciting , aptly coined `` the Daily Double '' by Harry Caray . With strong defense -- Dernier CF and Sandberg 2B , won the NL Gold Glove - solid pitching and clutch hitting , the Cubs were a well balanced team . Following the `` Daily Double '' , Matthews , Durham , Cey , Moreland and Davis gave the Cubs an order with no gaps to pitch around . Sutcliffe anchored a strong top - to - bottom rotation , and Smith was one of the top closers in the game . The shift in the Cubs ' fortunes was characterized June 23 on the `` NBC Saturday Game of the Week '' contest against the St. Louis Cardinals ; it has since been dubbed simply `` The Sandberg Game . '' With the nation watching and Wrigley Field packed , Sandberg emerged as a superstar with not one , but two game - tying home runs against Cardinals closer Bruce Sutter . With his shots in the 9th and 10th innings Wrigley Field erupted and Sandberg set the stage for a comeback win that cemented the Cubs as the team to beat in the East . No one would catch them , except the Padres in the playoffs . In early August the Cubs swept the Mets in a 4 - game home series that further distanced them from the pack . An infamous Keith Moreland - Ed Lynch fight erupted after Lynch hit Moreland with a pitch , perhaps forgetting Moreland was once a linebacker at the University of Texas . It was the second game of a double header and the Cubs had won the first game in part due to a three run home run by Moreland . After the bench - clearing fight the Cubs won the second game , and the sweep put the Cubs at 68 -- 45 . In 1984 , each league had two divisions , East and West . The divisional winners met in a best - of - 5 series to advance to the World Series , in a `` 2 -- 3 '' format , first two games were played at the home of the team who did not have home field advantage . Then the last three games were played at the home of the team , with home field advantage . Thus the first two games were played at Wrigley Field and the next three at the home of their opponents , San Diego . A common and unfounded myth is that since Wrigley Field did not have lights at that time the National League decided to give the home field advantage to the winner of the NL West . In fact , home field advantage had rotated between the winners of the East and West since 1969 when the league expanded . In even numbered years , the NL West had home field advantage . In odd numbered years , the NL East had home field advantage . Since the NL East winners had had home field advantage in 1983 , the NL West winners were entitled to it . The confusion may stem from the fact that Major League Baseball did decide that , should the Cubs make it to the World Series , the American League winner would have home field advantage unless the Cubs hosted home games at an alternate site since the Cubs home field of Wrigley Field did not yet have lights . Rumor was the Cubs could hold home games across town at Comiskey Park , home of the American League 's Chicago White Sox . Rather than hold any games in the cross town rival Sox Park , the Cubs made arrangements with the August A. Busch , owner of the St. Louis Cardinals , to use Busch Stadium in St. Louis as the Cubs `` home field '' for the World Series . This was approved by Major League Baseball and would have enabled the Cubs to host games 1 and 2 , along with games 6 and 7 if necessary . At the time home field advantage was rotated between each league . Odd numbered years the AL had home field advantage . Even numbered years the NL had home field advantage . In the 1982 World Series the St. Louis Cardinals of the NL had home field advantage . In the 1983 World Series the Baltimore Orioles of the AL had home field advantage . In the NLCS , the Cubs easily won the first two games at Wrigley Field against the San Diego Padres . The Padres were the winners of the Western Division with Steve Garvey , Tony Gwynn , Eric Show , Goose Gossage and Alan Wiggins . With wins of 13 -- 0 and 4 -- 2 , the Cubs needed to win only one game of the next three in San Diego to make it to the World Series . After being beaten in Game 3 7 -- 1 , the Cubs lost Game 4 when Smith , with the game tied 5 -- 5 , allowed a game - winning home run to Garvey in the bottom of the ninth inning . In Game 5 the Cubs took a 3 -- 0 lead into the 6th inning , and a 3 -- 2 lead into the seventh with Sutcliffe ( who won the Cy Young Award that year ) still on the mound . Then , Leon Durham had a sharp grounder go under his glove . This critical error helped the Padres win the game 6 -- 3 , with a 4 - run 7th inning and keep Chicago out of the 1984 World Series against the Detroit Tigers . The loss ended a spectacular season for the Cubs , one that brought alive a slumbering franchise and made the Cubs relevant for a whole new generation of Cubs fans . The Padres would be defeated in 5 games by Sparky Anderson 's Tigers in the World Series . Shawon Dunston was the Cubs shortstop for 10 years . The 1985 season brought high hopes . The club started out well , going 35 -- 19 through mid-June , but injuries to Sutcliffe and others in the pitching staff contributed to a 13 - game losing streak that pushed the Cubs out of contention . 1989 : NL East division championship Main article : 1989 Chicago Cubs season In 1989 , the first full season with night baseball at Wrigley Field , Don Zimmer 's Cubs were led by a core group of veterans in Ryne Sandberg , Rick Sutcliffe and Andre Dawson , who were boosted by a crop of youngsters such as Mark Grace , Shawon Dunston , Greg Maddux , Rookie of the Year Jerome Walton , and Rookie of the Year Runner - Up Dwight Smith . The Cubs won the NL East once again that season winning 93 games . This time the Cubs met the San Francisco Giants in the NLCS . After splitting the first two games at home , the Cubs headed to the Bay Area , where despite holding a lead at some point in each of the next three games , bullpen meltdowns and managerial blunders ultimately led to three straight losses . The Cubs could n't overcome the efforts of Will Clark , whose home run off Maddux , just after a managerial visit to the mound , led Maddux to think Clark knew what pitch was coming . Afterward , Maddux would speak into his glove during any mound conversation , beginning what is a norm today . Mark Grace was 11 -- 17 in the series with 8 RBI . Eventually , the Giants lost to the `` Bash Brothers '' and the Oakland A 's in the famous `` Earthquake Series . '' 1998 : Wild Card race and home run chase Sammy Sosa was the captain of the Chicago Cubs during his tenure with the team . Main articles : 1998 Chicago Cubs season and 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase The 1998 season would begin on a somber note with the death of legendary broadcaster Harry Caray . After the retirement of Sandberg and the trade of Dunston , the Cubs had holes to fill , and the signing of Henry Rodríguez to bat cleanup provided protection for Sammy Sosa in the lineup , as Rodriguez slugged 31 round - trippers in his first season in Chicago . Kevin Tapani led the club with a career high 19 wins while Rod Beck anchored a strong bullpen and Mark Grace turned in one of his best seasons . The Cubs were swamped by media attention in 1998 , and the team 's two biggest headliners were Sosa and rookie flamethrower Kerry Wood . Wood 's signature performance was one - hitting the Houston Astros , a game in which he tied the major league record of 20 strikeouts in nine innings . His torrid strikeout numbers earned Wood the nickname `` Kid K , '' and ultimately earned him the 1998 NL Rookie of the Year award . Sosa caught fire in June , hitting a major league record 20 home runs in the month , and his home run race with Cardinals slugger Mark McGwire transformed the pair into international superstars in a matter of weeks . McGwire finished the season with a new major league record of 70 home runs , but Sosa 's . 308 average and 66 homers earned him the National League MVP Award . After a down - to - the - wire Wild Card chase with the San Francisco Giants , Chicago and San Francisco ended the regular season tied , and thus squared off in a one - game playoff at Wrigley Field . Third baseman Gary Gaetti hit the eventual game winning homer in the playoff game . The win propelled the Cubs into the postseason for the first time since 1989 with a 90 -- 73 regular season record . Unfortunately , the bats went cold in October , as manager Jim Riggleman 's club batted . 183 and scored only four runs en route to being swept by Atlanta in the National League Division Series . The home run chase between Sosa , McGwire and Ken Griffey , Jr. helped professional baseball to bring in a new crop of fans as well as bringing back some fans who had been disillusioned by the 1994 strike . The Cubs retained many players who experienced career years in 1998 , but , after a fast start in 1999 , they collapsed again ( starting with being swept at the hands of the cross-town White Sox in mid-June ) and finished in the bottom of the division for the next two seasons . 2001 : playoff push Main article : 2001 Chicago Cubs season Despite losing fan favorite Grace to free agency and the lack of production from newcomer Todd Hundley , skipper Don Baylor 's Cubs put together a good season in 2001 . The season started with Mack Newton being brought in to preach `` positive thinking . '' One of the biggest stories of the season transpired as the club made a midseason deal for Fred McGriff , which was drawn out for nearly a month as McGriff debated waiving his no - trade clause . The Cubs led the wild card race by 2.5 games in early September , but crumbled when Preston Wilson hit a three run walk off homer off of closer Tom `` Flash '' Gordon , which halted the team 's momentum . The team was unable to make another serious charge , and finished at 88 -- 74 , five games behind both Houston and St. Louis , who tied for first . Sosa had perhaps his finest season and Jon Lieber led the staff with a 20 - win season . 2003 : five more outs Main articles : 2003 Chicago Cubs season and Steve Bartman incident The Cubs had high expectations in 2002 , but the squad played poorly . On July 5 , 2002 , the Cubs promoted assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry to the General Manager position . The club responded by hiring Dusty Baker and by making some major moves in 2003 . Most notably , they traded with the Pittsburgh Pirates for outfielder Kenny Lofton and third baseman Aramis Ramírez , and rode dominant pitching , led by Kerry Wood and Mark Prior , as the Cubs led the division down the stretch . Mark Prior , along with Kerry Wood , led the Cubs ' rotation in 2003 . Chicago halted St. Louis ' run to the playoffs by taking four of five games from the Cardinals at Wrigley Field in early September , after which they won their first division title in 14 years . They then went on to defeat the Atlanta Braves in a dramatic five - game Division Series , the franchise 's first postseason series win since beating the Detroit Tigers in the 1908 World Series . After losing an extra-inning game in Game 1 , the Cubs rallied and took a three - games - to - one lead over the Wild Card Florida Marlins in the National League Championship Series . Florida shut the Cubs out in Game 5 , but the Cubs returned home to Wrigley Field with young pitcher Mark Prior to lead the Cubs in Game 6 as they took a 3 -- 0 lead into the 8th inning . It was at this point when a now - infamous incident took place . Several spectators attempted to catch a foul ball off the bat of Luis Castillo . A Chicago Cubs fan by the name of Steve Bartman , of Northbrook , Illinois , reached for the ball and deflected it away from the glove of Moisés Alou for the second out of the eighth inning . Alou reacted angrily toward the stands and after the game stated that he would have caught the ball . Alou at one point recanted , saying he would not have been able to make the play , but later said this was just an attempt to make Bartman feel better and believing the whole incident should be forgotten . Interference was not called on the play , as the ball was ruled to be on the spectator side of the wall . Castillo was eventually walked by Prior . Two batters later , and to the chagrin of the packed stadium , Cubs shortstop Alex Gonzalez misplayed an inning - ending double play , loading the bases . The error would lead to eight Florida runs and a Marlin victory . Despite sending Kerry Wood to the mound and holding a lead twice , the Cubs ultimately dropped Game 7 , and failed to reach the World Series . The `` Steve Bartman incident '' was seen as the `` first domino '' in the turning point of the era , and the Cubs did not win a playoff game for the next eleven seasons . 2004 -- 2006 Main articles : 2004 Chicago Cubs season , 2005 Chicago Cubs season , and 2006 Chicago Cubs season In 2004 , the Cubs were a consensus pick by most media outlets to win the World Series . The offseason acquisition of Derek Lee ( who was acquired in a trade with Florida for Hee - seop Choi ) and the return of Greg Maddux only bolstered these expectations . Despite a mid-season deal for Nomar Garciaparra , misfortune struck the Cubs again . They led the Wild Card by 1.5 games over San Francisco and Houston on September 25 . On that day , both teams lost , giving the Cubs a chance at increasing the lead to 2.5 games with only eight games remaining in the season , but reliever LaTroy Hawkins blew a save to the Mets , and the Cubs lost the game in extra innings . The defeat seemingly deflated the team , as they proceeded to drop six of their last eight games as the Astros won the Wild Card . Dempster emerged in 2004 and became the Cubs ' regular closer . Despite the fact that the Cubs had won 89 games , this fallout was decidedly unlovable , as the Cubs traded superstar Sammy Sosa after he had left the season 's final game early and then lied about it publicly . Already a controversial figure in the clubhouse after his corked - bat incident , Sammy 's actions alienated much of his once strong fan base as well as the few teammates still on good terms with him , ( many teammates grew tired of Sosa playing loud salsa music in the locker room ) and possibly tarnished his place in Cubs ' lore for years to come . The disappointing season also saw fans start to become frustrated with the constant injuries to ace pitchers Mark Prior and Kerry Wood . Additionally , the 2004 season led to the departure of popular commentator Steve Stone , who had become increasingly critical of management during broadcasts and was verbally attacked by reliever Kent Mercker . Things were no better in 2005 , despite a career year from first baseman Derrek Lee and the emergence of closer Ryan Dempster . The club struggled and suffered more key injuries , only managing to win 79 games after being picked by many to be a serious contender for the N.L. pennant . In 2006 , bottom fell out as the Cubs finished 66 -- 96 , last in the NL Central . 2007 -- 2008 : back to back division titles Alfonso Soriano signed with the club in 2007 Main articles : 2007 Chicago Cubs season and 2008 Chicago Cubs season After finishing last in the NL Central with 66 wins in 2006 , the Cubs re-tooled and went from `` worst to first '' in 2007 . In the offseason they signed Alfonso Soriano to a contract at eight years for $136 million , and replaced manager Dusty Baker with fiery veteran manager Lou Piniella . After a rough start , which included a brawl between Michael Barrett and Carlos Zambrano , the Cubs overcame the Milwaukee Brewers , who had led the division for most of the season . The Cubs traded Barrett to the Padres , and later acquired catcher Jason Kendall from Oakland . Kendall was highly successful with his management of the pitching rotation and helped at the plate as well . By September , Geovany Soto became the full - time starter behind the plate , replacing the veteran Kendall . Winning streaks in June and July , coupled with a pair of dramatic , late - inning wins against the Reds , led to the Cubs ultimately clinching the NL Central with a record of 85 -- 77 . They met Arizona in the NLDS , but controversy followed as Piniella , in a move that has since come under scrutiny , pulled Carlos Zambrano after the sixth inning of a pitcher 's duel with D - Backs ace Brandon Webb , to `` ... save Zambrano for ( a potential ) Game 4 . '' The Cubs , however , were unable to come through , losing the first game and eventually stranding over 30 baserunners in a three - game Arizona sweep . Carlos Zambrano warming up before a game . The Tribune company , in financial distress , was acquired by real - estate mogul Sam Zell in December 2007 . This acquisition included the Cubs . However , Zell did not take an active part in running the baseball franchise , instead concentrating on putting together a deal to sell it . The Cubs successfully defended their National League Central title in 2008 , going to the postseason in consecutive years for the first time since 1906 -- 08 . The offseason was dominated by three months of unsuccessful trade talks with the Orioles involving 2B Brian Roberts , as well as the signing of Chunichi Dragons star Kosuke Fukudome . The team recorded their 10,000 th win in April , while establishing an early division lead . Reed Johnson and Jim Edmonds were added early on and Rich Harden was acquired from the Oakland Athletics in early July . The Cubs headed into the All - Star break with the N.L. 's best record , and tied the league record with eight representatives to the All - Star game , including catcher Geovany Soto , who was named Rookie of the Year . The Cubs took control of the division by sweeping a four - game series in Milwaukee . On September 14 , in a game moved to Miller Park due to Hurricane Ike , Zambrano pitched a no - hitter against the Astros , and six days later the team clinched by beating St. Louis at Wrigley . The club ended the season with a 97 -- 64 record and met Los Angeles in the NLDS . The heavily favored Cubs took an early lead in Game 1 , but James Loney 's grand slam off Ryan Dempster changed the series ' momentum . Chicago committed numerous critical errors and were outscored 20 -- 6 in a Dodger sweep , which provided yet another sudden ending . The Ricketts era ( 2009 -- present ) The Ricketts family acquired a majority interest in the Cubs in 2009 , ending the Tribune years . Apparently handcuffed by the Tribune 's bankruptcy and the sale of the club to the Ricketts siblings , led by chairman Thomas S. Ricketts , the Cubs ' quest for a NL Central three - peat started with notice that there would be less invested into contracts than in previous years . Chicago engaged St. Louis in a see - saw battle for first place into August 2009 , but the Cardinals played to a torrid 20 -- 6 pace that month , designating their rivals to battle in the Wild Card race , from which they were eliminated in the season 's final week . The Cubs were plagued by injuries in 2009 , and were only able to field their Opening Day starting lineup three times the entire season . Third baseman Aramis Ramírez injured his throwing shoulder in an early May game against the Milwaukee Brewers , sidelining him until early July and forcing journeyman players like Mike Fontenot and Aaron Miles into more prominent roles . Additionally , key players like Derrek Lee ( who still managed to hit . 306 with 35 HR and 111 RBI that season ) , Alfonso Soriano , and Geovany Soto also nursed nagging injuries . The Cubs posted a winning record ( 83 -- 78 ) for the third consecutive season , the first time the club had done so since 1972 , and a new era of ownership under the Ricketts family was approved by MLB owners in early October . 2010 - 2014 : the decline and rebuild Main articles : 2010 Chicago Cubs season , 2011 Chicago Cubs season , 2012 Chicago Cubs season , 2013 Chicago Cubs season , and 2014 Chicago Cubs season Starlin Castro during his 2010 rookie season . Rookie Starlin Castro debuted in early May ( 2010 ) as the starting shortstop . However , the club played poorly in the early season , finding themselves 10 games under . 500 at the end of June . In addition , long - time ace Carlos Zambrano was pulled from a game against the White Sox on June 25 after a tirade and shoving match with Derrek Lee , and was suspended indefinitely by Jim Hendry , who called the conduct `` unacceptable . '' On August 22 , Lou Piniella , who had already announced his retirement at the end of the season , announced that he would leave the Cubs prematurely to take care of his sick mother . Mike Quade took over as the interim manager for the final 37 games of the year . Despite being well out of playoff contention the Cubs went 24 -- 13 under Quade , the best record in baseball during that 37 game stretch , earning Quade the manager position going forward on October 19 . On December 3 , 2010 , Cubs broadcaster and former third baseman , Ron Santo , died due to complications from bladder cancer and diabetes . He spent 13 seasons as a player with the Cubs , and at the time of his death was regarded as one of the greatest players not in the Hall of Fame . He was posthumously elected to the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame in 2012 . Despite trading for pitcher Matt Garza and signing free - agent slugger Carlos Peña , the Cubs finished the 2011 season 20 games under . 500 with a record of 71 -- 91 . Weeks after the season came to an end , the club was rejuvenated in the form of a new philosophy , as new owner Tom Ricketts signed Theo Epstein away from the Boston Red Sox , naming him club President and giving him a five - year contract worth over $18 million , and subsequently discharged manager Mike Quade . Epstein , a proponent of sabremetrics and one of the architects of the 2004 and 2007 World Series championships in Boston , brought along Jed Hoyer from the Padres to fill the role of GM and hired Dale Sveum as manager . Although the team had a dismal 2012 season , losing 101 games ( the worst record since 1966 ) , it was largely expected . The youth movement ushered in by Epstein and Hoyer began as longtime fan favorite Kerry Wood retired in May , followed by Ryan Dempster and Geovany Soto being traded to Texas at the All - Star break for a group of minor league prospects headlined by Christian Villanueva , but also included little thought of Kyle Hendricks . The development of Castro , Anthony Rizzo , Darwin Barney , Brett Jackson and pitcher Jeff Samardzija , as well as the replenishing of the minor - league system with prospects such as Javier Baez , Albert Almora , and Jorge Soler became the primary focus of the season , a philosophy which the new management said would carry over at least through the 2013 season . One of two Cubs building blocks , Anthony Rizzo , swinging in the box . The 2013 season resulted in much as the same the year before . Shortly before the trade deadline , the Cubs traded Matt Garza to the Texas Rangers for Mike Olt , Carl Edwards Jr , Neil Ramirez , and Justin Grimm . Three days later , the Cubs sent Alfonso Soriano to the New York Yankees for minor leaguer Corey Black . The mid season fire sale led to another last place finish in the NL Central , finishing with a record of 66 - 96 . Although there was a five - game improvement in the record from the year before , Anthony Rizzo and Starlin Castro seemed to take steps backward in their development . On September 30 , 2013 , Theo Epstein made the decision to fire manager Dale Sveum after just two seasons at the helm of the Cubs . The regression of several young players was thought to be the main focus point , as the front office said Sveum would not be judged based on wins and losses . In two seasons as skipper , Sveum finished with a record of 127 -- 197 . The 2013 season was also notable as the Cubs drafted future Rookie of the Year and MVP Kris Bryant with the second overall selection . On November 7 , 2013 , the Cubs hired San Diego Padres bench coach Rick Renteria to be the 53rd manager in team history . The Cubs finished the 2014 season in last place with a 73 - 89 record in Rentería 's first and only season as manager . Despite the poor record , the Cubs improved in many areas during 2014 , including rebound years by Anthony Rizzo and Starlin Castro , ending the season with a winning record at home for the first time since 2009 , and compiling a 33 -- 34 record after the All - Star Break . However , following unexpected availability of Joe Maddon , the Cubs relieved Rentería of his managerial duties on October 31 , 2014 . During the season , the Cubs drafted Kyle Schwarber with the fourth overall selection . Hall of Famer Ernie Banks died of a heart attack on January 23 , 2015 , shortly before his 84th birthday . The 2015 uniform carried a commemorative # 14 patch on both its home and away jerseys in his honor . 2015 : the arrival of Joe Maddon Main article : 2015 Chicago Cubs season On November 2 , 2014 , the Cubs announced that Joe Maddon had signed a five - year contract to be the 54th manager in team history . On December 10 , 2014 , Maddon announced that the team had signed free agent Jon Lester to a six - year , $155 million contract . Many other trades and acquisitions occurred during the off season . The opening day lineup for the Cubs contained five new players including center fielder Dexter Fowler . Rookies Kris Bryant and Addison Russell were in the starting lineup by mid-April , and rookie Kyle Schwarber was added in mid-June . On August 30 , Jake Arrieta threw a no hitter against the Los Angeles Dodgers . The Cubs finished the 2015 season in third place in the NL Central , with a record of 97 -- 65 , the third best record in the majors and earned a wild card berth . On October 7 , in the 2015 National League Wild Card Game , Arrieta pitched a complete game shutout and the Cubs defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates 4 -- 0 . The Cubs defeated the Cardinals in the NLDS three - games - to - one , qualifying for a return to the NLCS for the first time in 12 years , where they faced the New York Mets . This was the first time in franchise history that the Cubs had clinched a playoff series at Wrigley Field . However , they were swept in four games by the Mets and were unable to make it to their first World Series since 1945 . 2016 : World Series champions Main article : 2016 Chicago Cubs season The Cubs celebrate after winning the 2016 World Series Before the season , in an effort to shore up their lineup , free agents Ben Zobrist , Jason Heyward and John Lackey were signed . To make room for the Zobrist signing , Starlin Castro was traded to the Yankees for Adam Warren and Brendan Ryan , the latter of whom was released a week later . Play media 2016 Champions visit the White House in January 2017 2016 Champions visit the White House in June 2017 In a season that included a no - hitter on April 21 by Jake Arrieta , the Cubs finished with the best record in Major League Baseball and won their first National League Central title since the 2008 season , winning by 17.5 games . The team also reached the 100 - win mark for the first time since 1935 and won 103 total games , the most wins for the franchise since 1910 . The Cubs defeated the San Francisco Giants in the National League Division Series and returned to the National League Championship Series for the second year in a row , where they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games . This was their first NLCS win since the series was created in 1969 . The win earned the Cubs their first World Series appearance since 1945 and a chance for their first World Series win since 1908 . Coming back from a three - games - to - one deficit , the Cubs defeated the Cleveland Indians in seven games in the 2016 World Series , They were the first team to come back from a three - games - to - one deficit since the Kansas City Royals in 1985 . On November 4 , the city of Chicago held a victory parade and rally for the Cubs that began at Wrigley Field , headed down Lake Shore Drive , and ended in Grant Park . The city estimated that over five million people attended the parade and rally , which made it one of the largest recorded gatherings in history . 2017 : falling short Main article : 2017 Chicago Cubs season In an attempt to be the first team to repeat as World Series champions since the Yankees in 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 , the Cubs struggled for most of the first half of the season , never moving more than four games over . 500 and finishing the first half two games under . 500 . On July 15 , the Cubs fell to a season - high 5.5 games out of first in the NL Central . The Cubs struggled mainly due to their pitching as Jake Arrieta and Jon Lester struggled and no starting pitcher managed to win more than 14 games ( four pitchers won 15 games or more for the Cubs in 2016 ) . The Cub offense also struggled as Kyle Schwarber batted near . 200 for most of the first half and was even sent to the minors . However , the Cubs recovered in the second half of the season to finish 22 games over . 500 and win the NL Central by six games over the Milwaukee Brewers . The Cubs pulled out a five - game NLDS series win over the Washington Nationals to advance to the NLCS for the third consecutive year . For the second consecutive year , they faced the Dodgers . This time , however , the Dodgers defeated the Cubs in five games . Ballpark Wrigley Field and Wrigleyville Wrigley Field ( exterior ) -- Game 3 of the 2016 World Series Wrigley Field ( interior ) -- Game 3 of the 2016 World Series Further information : Wrigley Rooftops and Wrigley Field renovations The Cubs have played their home games at Wrigley Field , also known as `` The Friendly Confines '' since 1916 . It was built in 1914 as Weeghman Park for the Chicago Whales , a Federal League baseball team . The Cubs also shared the park with the Chicago Bears of the NFL for 50 years . The ballpark includes a manual scoreboard , ivy - covered brick walls , and relatively small dimensions . Located in Chicago 's Lake View neighborhood , Wrigley Field sits on an irregular block bounded by Clark and Addison Streets and Waveland and Sheffield Avenues . The area surrounding the ballpark is typically referred to as Wrigleyville . There is a dense collection of sports bars and restaurants in the area , most with baseball inspired themes , including Sluggers , Murphy 's Bleachers and The Cubby Bear . Many of the apartment buildings surrounding Wrigley Field on Waveland and Sheffield Avenues have built bleachers on their rooftops for fans to view games and other sell space for advertisement . One building on Sheffield Avenue has a sign atop its roof which says `` Eamus Catuli ! '' which is Latin for `` Let 's Go Cubs ! '' and another chronicles the time since the last Division title , pennant , and World Series championship . The 00 denotes the 2016 NL Central title , NL pennant , and the World Series championship . On game days , many residents rent out their yards and driveways to people looking for parking spots . The uniqueness of the neighborhood itself has ingrained itself into the culture of the Chicago Cubs as well as the Wrigleyville neighborhood , and has led to being used for concerts and other sporting events , such as the 2010 NHL Winter Classic between the Chicago Blackhawks and Detroit Red Wings , as well as a 2010 NCAA men 's football game between the Northwestern Wildcats and Illinois Fighting Illini . In 2013 , Tom Ricketts and team president Crane Kenney unveiled plans for a five - year , $575 million privately funded renovation of Wrigley Field . Called the 1060 Project , the proposed plans included vast improvements to the stadium 's facade , infrastructure , restrooms , concourses , suites , press box , bullpens , and clubhouses , as well as a 6,000 - square - foot ( 560 m ) t jumbotron to be added in the left field bleachers , batting tunnels , a 3,000 - square - foot ( 280 m ) video board in right field , and , eventually , an adjacent hotel , plaza , and office - retail complex . In previous years mostly all efforts to conduct any large - scale renovations to the field had been opposed by the city , former mayor Richard M. Daley ( a staunch White Sox fan ) , and especially the rooftop owners . Months of negotiations between the team , a group of rooftop properties investors , local Alderman Tom Tunney , and Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel followed with the eventual endorsements of the city 's Landmarks Commission , the Plan Commission and final approval by the Chicago City Council in July 2013 . The project began at the conclusion of the 2014 season . Bleacher bums The `` Bleacher Bums '' is a name given to fans , many of whom spend much of the day heckling , who sit in the bleacher section at Wrigley Field . Initially , the group was called `` bums '' because it referred to a group of fans who were at most games , and since those games were all day games , it was assumed they did not work . Many of those fans were , and are still , students at Chicago area colleges , such as DePaul University , Loyola , Northwestern University , and Illinois - Chicago . A Broadway play , starring Joe Mantegna , Dennis Farina , Dennis Franz , and James Belushi ran for years and was based on a group of Cub fans who frequented the club 's games . The group was started in 1967 by dedicated fans Ron Grousl , Tom Nall and `` mad bugler '' Mike Murphy , who was a sports radio host during mid days on Chicago - based WSCR AM 670 `` The Score '' . Murphy alleges that Grousl started the Wrigley tradition of throwing back opposing teams ' home run balls . The current group is headed by Derek Schaul ( Derek the Five Dollar Kid ) . Prior to the 2006 season , they were updated , with new shops and private bar ( The Batter 's Eye ) being added , and Bud Light bought naming rights to the bleacher section , dubbing them the Bud Light Bleachers . Bleachers at Wrigley are general admission , except during the playoffs . The bleachers have been referred to as the `` World 's Largest Beer Garden . '' A popular T - shirt ( sold inside the park and licensed by the club ) which says `` Wrigley Bleachers '' on the front and the phrase `` Shut Up and Drink Your Beer '' on the reverse fuels this stereotype . Culture Cubs win flag Cubs Win Flag Cubs Lose Flag Main article : Cubs Win Flag Beginning in the days of P.K. Wrigley and the 1937 bleacher / scoreboard reconstruction , and prior to modern media saturation , a flag with either a `` W '' or an `` L '' has flown from atop the scoreboard masthead , indicating the day 's result ( s ) when baseball was played at Wrigley . In case of a split doubleheader , both the `` W '' and `` L '' flags are flown . Past Cubs media guides show that originally the flags were blue with a white `` W '' and white with a blue `` L '' . In 1978 , consistent with the dominant colors of the flags , blue and white lights were mounted atop the scoreboard , denoting `` win '' and `` loss '' respectively for the benefit of nighttime passers - by . The flags were replaced by 1990 , the first year in which the Cubs media guide reports the switch to the now familiar colors of the flags : White with blue `` W '' and blue with white `` L '' . In addition to needing to replace the worn - out flags , by then the retired numbers of Banks and Williams were flying on the foul poles , as white with blue numbers ; so the `` good '' flag was switched to match that scheme . This long - established tradition has evolved to fans carrying the white - with - blue - W flags to both home and away games , and displaying them after a Cub win . The flags have become more and more popular each season since 1998 , and are now even sold as T - shirts with the same layout . In 2009 , the tradition spilled over to the NHL as Chicago Blackhawks fans adopted a red and black `` W '' flag of their own . During the early and mid-2000s , Chip Caray usually declared that a Cubs win at home meant it was `` White flag time at Wrigley ! '' More recently , the Cubs have promoted the phrase `` Fly the W ! '' among fans and on social media . Mascots Clark ( left ) with the Oriole Bird See also : Clark ( mascot ) The official Cubs team mascot is a young bear cub , named Clark , described by the team 's press release as a young and friendly Cub . Clark made his debut at Advocate Health Care on January 13 , 2014 , the same day as the press release announcing his installation as the club 's first ever official physical mascot . The bear cub itself was used in the clubs since the early 1900s and was the inspiration of the Chicago Staleys changing their team 's name to the Chicago Bears , because the Cubs allowed the football team to play at Wrigley Field in the 1930s . The Cubs had no official physical mascot prior to Clark , though a man in a ' polar bear ' looking outfit , called `` The Bear - man '' ( or Beeman ) , which was mildly popular with the fans , paraded the stands briefly in the early 1990s . There is no record of whether or not he was just a fan in a costume or employed by the club . Through the 2013 season , there were `` Cubbie - bear '' mascots outside of Wrigley on game day , but none were employed by the team . They pose for pictures with fans for tips . The most notable of these was `` Billy Cub '' who worked outside of the stadium for over six years until July 2013 , when the club asked him to stop . Billy Cub , who is played by fan John Paul Weier , had unsuccessfully petitioned the team to become the official mascot . Another unofficial but much more well - known mascot is Ronnie `` Woo Woo '' Wickers who is a longtime fan and local celebrity in the Chicago area . He is known to Wrigley Field visitors for his idiosyncratic cheers at baseball games , generally punctuated with an exclamatory `` Woo ! '' ( e.g. , `` Cubs , woo ! Cubs , woo ! Big - Z , woo ! Zambrano , woo ! Cubs , woo ! '' ) Longtime Cubs announcer Harry Caray dubbed Wickers `` Leather Lungs '' for his ability to shout for hours at a time . He is not employed by the team , although the club has on two separate occasions allowed him into the broadcast booth and allow him some degree of freedom once he purchases or is given a ticket by fans to get into the games . He is largely allowed to roam the park and interact with fans by Wrigley Field security . Music During the summer of 1969 , a Chicago studio group produced a single record called `` Hey Hey ! Holy Mackerel ! ( The Cubs Song ) '' whose title and lyrics incorporated the catch - phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers for the Cubs , Jack Brickhouse and Vince Lloyd . Several members of the Cubs recorded an album called Cub Power which contained a cover of the song . The song received a good deal of local airplay that summer , associating it very strongly with that bittersweet season . It was played much less frequently thereafter , although it remained an unofficial Cubs theme song for some years after . For many years , Cubs radio broadcasts started with `` It 's a Beautiful Day for a Ball Game '' by the Harry Simeone Chorale . In 1979 , Roger Bain released a 45 rpm record of his song `` Thanks Mr. Banks '' , to honor `` Mr. Cub '' Ernie Banks . The song `` Go , Cubs , Go ! '' by Steve Goodman was recorded early in the 1984 season , and was heard frequently during that season . Goodman died in September of that year , four days before the Cubs clinched the National League Eastern Division title , their first title in 39 years . Since 1984 , the song started being played from time to time at Wrigley Field ; since 2007 , the song has been played over the loudspeakers following each Cubs home victory . The Mountain Goats recorded a song entitled `` Cubs in Five '' on its 1995 EP Nine Black Poppies which refers to the seeming impossibility of the Cubs winning a World Series in both its title and Chorus . In 2007 , Pearl Jam frontman Eddie Vedder composed a song dedicated to the team called `` All the Way '' . Vedder , a Chicago native , and lifelong Cubs fan , composed the song at the request of Ernie Banks . Pearl Jam has played this song live multiple times several of which occurring at Wrigley Field . Eddie Vedder has played this song live twice , at his solo shows at the Chicago Auditorium on August 21 and 22 , 2008 . An album entitled Take Me Out to a Cubs Game was released in 2008 . It is a collection of 17 songs and other recordings related to the team , including Harry Caray 's final performance of `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' on September 21 , 1997 , the Steve Goodman song mentioned above , and a newly recorded rendition of `` Talkin ' Baseball '' ( subtitled `` Baseball and the Cubs '' ) by Terry Cashman . The album was produced in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Cubs ' 1908 World Series victory and contains sounds and songs of the Cubs and Wrigley Field . Popular culture The 1986 film Ferris Bueller 's Day Off showed a game played by the Cubs when Ferris ' principal goes to a bar looking for him . The 1989 film Back to the Future Part II depicts the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series , ending the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues . In 2015 , the Miami Marlins failed to make the playoffs but the Cubs were able to make it to the 2015 National League Wild Card round and move on to the 2015 National League Championship Series by October 21 , 2015 , the date where protagonist Marty McFly traveled to the future in the film . However , it was on October 21 that the Cubs were swept by the New York Mets in the NLCS . The 1993 film Rookie of the Year , directed by Daniel Stern , centers on the Cubs as a team going nowhere into August when the team chances upon 12 - year - old Cubs fan Henry Rowengartner ( Thomas Ian Nicholas ) , whose right ( throwing ) arm tendons have healed tightly after a broken arm and granted him the ability to regularly pitch at speeds in excess of 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) . Following the Cubs ' win over the Cleveland Indians in Game 7 of the 2016 World Series , Nicholas , in celebration , tweeted the final shot from the movie : Henry holding his fist up to the camera to show a Cubs World Series ring . Tinker to Evers to Chance `` Baseball 's Sad Lexicon , '' also known as `` Tinker to Evers to Chance '' after its refrain , is a 1910 baseball poem by Franklin Pierce Adams . The poem is presented as a single , rueful stanza from the point of view of a New York Giants fan seeing the talented Chicago Cubs infield of shortstop Joe Tinker , second baseman Johnny Evers , and first baseman Frank Chance complete a double play . The trio began playing together with the Cubs in 1902 , and formed a double play combination that lasted through April 1912 . The Cubs won the pennant four times between 1906 and 1910 , often defeating the Giants en route to the World Series . Joe Tinker , Johnny Evers , and Frank Chance are the three Cubs described in the poem . These are the saddest of possible words : `` Tinker to Evers to Chance . '' Trio of bear cubs , and fleeter than birds , Tinker and Evers and Chance . Ruthlessly pricking our gonfalon bubble , Making a Giant hit into a double -- Words that are heavy with nothing but trouble : `` Tinker to Evers to Chance . '' The poem was first published in the New York Evening Mail on July 12 , 1912 . Popular among sportswriters , numerous additional verses were written . The poem gave Tinker , Evers , and Chance increased popularity and has been credited with their elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 . Playoffs / championships See also : National League Division Series , Major League Baseball division winners , List of National League pennant winners , and List of World Series champions Season Manager Record Wild Card / Division National League Division Series National League Championship Series World Series Runners - up GA Opponent Series Opponent Series Opponent Series 1876 Albert Spalding 52 -- 14 Nonexistent Nonexistent Clinched pennant No series 1880 Cap Anson 67 -- 17 1881 56 -- 28 1882 55 -- 29 Cincinnati Red Stockings 1 -- 1 1885 87 -- 25 St. Louis Browns 3 -- 3 1886 90 -- 34 St. Louis Browns 2 -- 4 1906 Frank Chance 116 -- 36 Chicago White Sox 2 -- 4 1907 107 -- 45 Detroit Tigers 4 -- 0 1908 99 -- 55 Detroit Tigers 4 -- 1 1910 104 -- 50 Philadelphia Athletics 1 -- 4 1918 Fred Mitchell 84 -- 45 Boston Red Sox 2 -- 4 1929 Joe McCarthy 98 -- 54 Philadelphia Athletics 1 -- 4 1932 Rogers Hornsby Charlie Grimm 90 -- 64 New York Yankees 0 -- 4 1935 Charlie Grimm 100 -- 54 Detroit Tigers 2 -- 4 1938 Charlie Grimm Gabby Hartnett 89 -- 63 New York Yankees 0 -- 4 1945 Charlie Grimm 98 -- 56 Detroit Tigers 3 -- 4 1984 Jim Frey 96 -- 65 New York Mets 61⁄2 San Diego Padres 2 -- 3 Eliminated 1989 Don Zimmer 93 -- 69 New York Mets 6 San Francisco Giants 1 -- 4 1998 Jim Riggleman 90 -- 73 Wild Card N / A Atlanta Braves 0 -- 3 Eliminated 2003 Dusty Baker 88 -- 74 Houston Astros Atlanta Braves 3 -- 2 Florida Marlins 3 -- 4 2007 Lou Piniella 85 -- 77 Milwaukee Brewers Arizona Diamondbacks 0 -- 3 Eliminated 2008 97 -- 64 Milwaukee Brewers 71⁄2 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 -- 3 2015 Joe Maddon 97 -- 65 Wild Card Pittsburgh Pirates 4 -- 0 St. Louis Cardinals 3 -- 1 New York Mets 0 -- 4 2016 103 -- 58 St. Louis Cardinals 171⁄2 San Francisco Giants 3 -- 1 Los Angeles Dodgers 4 -- 2 Cleveland Indians 4 -- 3 2017 92 -- 70 Milwaukee 6 Washington Nationals 3 -- 2 Los Angeles Dodgers 1 -- 4 Eliminated Total Wild Cards Division titles 7 Division Series titles NL pennants 17 World Series titles Prior to 1969 , divisions did not exist in MLB . The Chicago Cubs played in the National League East between 1969 -- 1993 before moving to the newly created National League Central in 1994 . Prior to 1995 , only two divisions existed in each league . With the realignment into three divisions and the institution of the wild card in 1995 , the Division Series was added . Division Series . Prior to 1969 , the National League champion was determined by the best win -- loss record at the end of the regular season . See League Championship Series . None of the World Series contested before 1903 are recognized by MLB . See List of pre-World Series baseball champions . Distinctions See also : List of Chicago Cubs seasons , Chicago Cubs award winners and league leaders , Chicago Cubs team records , and List of Chicago Cubs no - hitters Throughout the history of the Chicago Cubs ' franchise , fifteen different Cubs pitchers have pitched no - hitters ; however , no Cubs pitcher has thrown a perfect game . Forbes ' value rankings See also : Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams As of 2017 , the Chicago Cubs are ranked as the 18th most valuable sports team in the world , 14th in the United States , fourth in MLB behind the New York Yankees , Los Angeles Dodgers , and Boston Red Sox , and second in the city of Chicago behind the Bears . Year World US MLB CHI Value Ref . 46 37 5 $726,000,000 2011 42 34 $773,000,000 2012 36 29 $879,000,000 2013 31 25 $1,000,000,000 2014 21 16 $1,200,000,000 2015 17 13 $1,800,000,000 2016 21 17 5 $2,200,000,000 2017 18 14 $2,680,000,000 Team Further information : Chicago Cubs all - time roster , List of Chicago Cubs first - round draft picks , List of Chicago Cubs managers , and List of Chicago Cubs owners and executives Current roster Chicago Cubs roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 21 Tyler Chatwood 28 Kyle Hendricks 34 Jon Lester 62 José Quintana 38 Mike Montgomery Bullpen 45 Anthony Bass 41 Steve Cishek 59 Luke Farrell 47 Randy Rosario 46 Pedro Strop 37 Justin Wilson 29 Rob Zastryzny Closer 15 Brandon Morrow Catchers 53 Chris Gimenez 40 Willson Contreras Infielders 9 Javier Báez 17 Kris Bryant 2 Tommy La Stella 44 Anthony Rizzo 27 Addison Russell 18 Ben Zobrist Outfielders 5 Albert Almora Jr . 8 Ian Happ 22 Jason Heyward 12 Kyle Schwarber Pitchers 73 Adbert Alzolay 11 Yu Darvish 71 Oscar De La Cruz 32 Brian Duensing # 6 Carl Edwards Jr . 54 Justin Hancock 36 Dillon Maples 60 Cory Mazzoni 24 Alec Mills 57 Shae Simmons 52 Jen - Ho Tseng 74 Duane Underwood Catchers 7 Víctor Caratini Infielders 13 David Bote Outfielders 20 Mark Zagunis Manager 70 Joe Maddon Coaches 58 Mike Borzello ( catching ) 55 Brian Butterfield ( third base ) 30 Chili Davis ( hitting ) 19 Andy Haines ( assistant hitting ) 48 Jim Hickey ( pitching ) 16 Brandon Hyde ( bench ) 95 Chad Noble ( bullpen catcher ) 35 Lester Strode ( bullpen ) 25 Will Venable ( first base ) 65 Franklin Font ( staff assistant ) 63 Juan Cabreja ( staff assistant ) 60 - day disabled list 33 Eddie Butler 39 Drew Smyly 25 active , 15 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated June 18 , 2018 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Retired numbers See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Chicago Cubs retired numbers are commemorated on pinstriped flags flying from the foul poles at Wrigley Field , with the exception of Jackie Robinson , the Brooklyn Dodgers player whose number 42 was retired for all clubs . The first retired number flag , Ernie Banks ' number 14 , was raised on the left field pole , and they have alternated since then . 14 , 10 and 31 ( Jenkins ) fly on the left field pole ; and 26 , 23 and 31 ( Maddux ) fly on the right field pole . Ron Santo 3B Retired September 28 , 2003 Ernie Banks SS , 1B Retired August 22 , 1982 Ryne Sandberg 2B Retired August 28 , 2005 Billy Williams LF Retired August 13 , 1987 Ferguson Jenkins Retired May 3 , 2009 Greg Maddux Retired May 3 , 2009 Jackie Robinson * 2B Honored April 15 , 1997 There is also a movement to retire numbers for other players , most notably the uniform shirt of Gabby Hartnett . The Cubs first wore numbers on their shirts in 1932 , and Hartnett wore # 7 initially but switched to # 9 for the next four seasons . From 1937 to 1940 he wore # 2 , which is the number considered for retirement . Petitions have been sent in to the team for Cap Anson ( shirt ) , Hack Wilson ( shirt ) , Phil Cavarretta ( 3 ) , Andre Dawson ( 8 ) and , as well as more recent departures Kerry Wood ( 34 ) , Sammy Sosa ( 21 ) , and Mark Grace ( 17 ) . * Robinson 's number was retired by all MLB clubs . Hall of famers See also : Chicago Cubs award winners and league leaders Chicago Cubs Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Chicago Cubs / White Stockings Grover Cleveland Alexander Cap Anson * Richie Ashburn Ernie Banks Lou Boudreau Roger Bresnahan Lou Brock Mordecai Brown * Frank Chance John Clarkson Kiki Cuyler Andre Dawson Hugh Duffy Leo Durocher Dennis Eckersley Johnny Evers * Jimmie Foxx Frankie Frisch Goose Gossage Clark Griffith Burleigh Grimes Gabby Hartnett Billy Herman Rogers Hornsby Monte Irvin Ferguson Jenkins George Kelly King Kelly * Ralph Kiner Chuck Klein Tony La Russa Tony Lazzeri Freddie Lindstrom Rabbit Maranville Greg Maddux Joe McCarthy Hank O'Day Robin Roberts Ryne Sandberg Ron Santo Frank Selee Albert Spalding Bruce Sutter * * Joe Tinker * Rube Waddell Deacon White Hoyt Wilhelm Billy Williams Hack Wilson Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Cubs , Orphans , Colts , or White Stockings cap insignia . * -- depicted on Hall of Fame plaque with no cap or cap insignia , or with cap insignia area obscured ; Hall of Fame recognizes Cubs / Orphans / Colts / White Stockings as `` Primary Team '' * * -- depicted on Hall of Fame plaque with different team 's cap or cap insignia , but Hall of Fame recognizes Cubs / Orphans / Colts / White Stockings as `` Primary Team '' -- inducted as an Executive / Pioneer due in part to his contributions to baseball as an executive with the Cubs ; depicted on Hall of Fame plaque without a cap -- inducted as player ; managed Cubs / White Stockings / Colts or was player - manager -- inducted as manager or executive ; played for Cubs or was player - manager -- inducted as umpire ; played for Cubs or was player - manager Minor League affiliations Main article : List of Chicago Cubs minor league affiliates See also : Chicago Cubs minor league players Level Team League Location AAA Iowa Cubs Pacific Coast League Des Moines , Iowa AA Tennessee Smokies Southern League Sevierville , Tennessee Advanced A Myrtle Beach Pelicans Carolina League Myrtle Beach , South Carolina South Bend Cubs Midwest League South Bend , Indiana Short Season A Eugene Emeralds Northwest League Eugene , Oregon Rookie AZL Cubs Arizona League Mesa , Arizona DSL Cubs 1 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic DSL Cubs 2 Before signing a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars in 2012 , the Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with the Peoria Chiefs ( 1985 -- 1995 and 2004 -- 2012 ) . Ryne Sandberg managed the Chiefs from 2006 to 2010 . In the period between those associations with the Chiefs the club had affiliations with the Dayton Dragons and Lansing Lugnuts . The Lugnuts were often affectionately referred to by Chip Caray as `` Steve Stone 's favorite team . '' The 2007 developmental contract with the Tennessee Smokies was preceded by Double A affiliations with the Orlando Cubs and West Tenn Diamond Jaxx . On September 16 , 2014 the Cubs announced a move of their top Class A affiliate from Daytona in the Florida State League to Myrtle Beach in the Carolina League for the 2015 season . Two days later , the Cubs signed a four - year player development contract with the South Bend Silver Hawks of the Midwest League , ending their brief relationship with the Kane County Cougars and shortly thereafter renaming the Silver Hawks the South Bend Cubs . Spring training history The Chicago White Stockings , ( today 's Chicago Cubs ) , began spring training in Hot Springs , Arkansas in 1886 . President Albert Spalding ( founder of Spalding Sporting Goods ) and player / manager Cap Anson brought their players to Hot Springs and played at the Hot Springs Baseball Grounds . The concept was for the players to have training and fitness before the start of the regular season , utilizing the bath houses of Hot Springs after practices . After the White Stockings had a successful season in 1886 , winning the National League Pennant , other teams began bringing their players to Hot Springs for `` spring training '' . The Chicago Cubs , St. Louis Browns , New York Yankees , St. Louis Cardinals , Cleveland Spiders , Detroit Tigers , Pittsburgh Pirates , Cincinnati Reds , New York Highlanders , Brooklyn Dodgers and Boston Red Sox were among the early squads to arrive . Whittington Park ( 1894 ) and later Majestic Park ( 1909 ) and Fogel Field ( 1912 ) were all built in Hot Springs specifically to host Major League teams . The Cubs ' current spring training facility is located in Sloan Park in Mesa , Arizona , where they play in the Cactus League . The park seats 15,000 , making it Major League baseball 's largest spring training facility by capacity . The Cubs annually sell out most of their games both at home and on the road . Before Sloan Park opened in 2014 , the team played games at HoHoKam Park -- Dwight Patterson Field from 1979 . `` HoHoKam '' is literally translated from Native American as `` those who vanished . '' The North Siders have called Mesa their spring home for most seasons since 1952 . In addition to Mesa , the club has held spring training in Hot Springs , Arkansas ( 1886 , 1896 -- 1900 ) , ( 1909 -- 1910 ) New Orleans ( 1870 , 1907 , 1911 -- 1912 ) ; Champaign , Illinois ( 1901 -- 02 , 1906 ) ; Los Angeles ( 1903 -- 04 , 1948 -- 1949 ) , Santa Monica , California ( 1905 ) ; French Lick , Indiana ( 1908 , 1943 -- 1945 ) ; Tampa , Florida ( 1913 -- 1916 ) ; Pasadena , California ( 1917 -- 1921 ) ; Santa Catalina Island , California ( 1922 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1947 , 1950 -- 1951 ) ; Rendezvous Park in Mesa ( 1952 -- 1965 ) ; Blair Field in Long Beach , California ( 1966 ) ; and Scottsdale , Arizona ( 1967 -- 1978 ) . The curious location on Catalina Island stemmed from Cubs owner William Wrigley Jr. 's then - majority interest in the island in 1919 . Wrigley constructed a ballpark on the island to house the Cubs in spring training : it was built to the same dimensions as Wrigley Field . The ballpark was called Wrigley Field of Avalon . ( The ballpark is long gone , but a clubhouse built by Wrigley to house the Cubs exists as the Catalina County Club . ) However , by 1951 the team chose to leave Catalina Island and spring training was shifted to Mesa , Arizona . The Cubs ' 30 - year association with Catalina is chronicled in the book , The Cubs on Catalina , by Jim Vitti , which was named International ' Book of the Year ' by The Sporting News . The Cubs left Catalina after some bad weather in 1951 , choosing to move to Mesa , a city where the Wrigleys also had interests . Today , there is an exhibit at the Catalina Museum dedicated to the Cubs ' spring training on the island . The former location in Mesa is actually the second HoHoKam Park ; the first was built in 1976 as the spring - training home of the Oakland Athletics who left the park in 1979 . Apart from HoHoKam Park and Sloan Park the Cubs also have another Mesa training facility called Fitch Park , this complex provides 25,000 square feet ( 2,300 m ) of team facilities , including major league clubhouse , four practice fields , one practice infield , enclosed batting tunnels , batting cages , a maintenance facility , and administrative offices for the Cubs . Media Radio Cubs radio rights are held by CBS Radio ; its acquisition of the radio rights effective 2015 ended the team 's 90 - year association with 720 WGN . During the first season of the contract , Cubs games aired on WBBM , taking over as flagship of the Chicago Cubs Radio Network . On November 11 , 2015 , CBS announced that the Cubs would move to WBBM 's all - sports sister station , WSCR , beginning in the 2016 season . The move was enabled by WSCR 's end of their rights agreement for the White Sox , who moved to WLS . The play - by - play voice of the Cubs is Pat Hughes , who has held the position since 1996 , joined by Ron Coomer . Former Cubs third baseman and fan favorite Ron Santo had been Hughes ' long - time partner until his death in 2010 . Keith Moreland replaced Hall of Fame inductee Santo for three seasons , followed by Coomer for the 2014 season . Print The club also produces its own print media ; the Cubs ' official magazine Vineline , which has 12 annual issues , is in its third decade , and spotlights players and events involving the club . The club also publishes a traditional media guide . Television Main article : List of Chicago Cubs broadcasters As of September 1 , 2016 , Cubs games air locally on the following outlets : NBC Sports Chicago , a cable network owned in part by NBCUniversal and the Ricketts family . It broadcasts all Cubs games not broadcast over-the - air , or nationally by Major League Baseball 's television partners . WGN - TV ( channel 9.1 ) , a Tribune Media - owned over-the - air station that has aired Cubs telecasts since its inception in 1948 ; WGN - TV 's Cubs telecasts are produced by the station 's sports department , WGN Sports . In November 2013 , the team exercised an option to terminate its existing deal with WGN - TV after the 2014 season , requesting a higher - valued contract lasting through the 2019 season ( which would be aligned with the end of its contract with CSN Chicago ) . WGN - TV announced on January 7 , 2015 that it would maintain broadcast rights to 45 Cubs games through the 2019 season within the Chicago market only . WLS - TV ( channel 7.1 ) , an ABC owned - and - operated station . It was announced on December 12 , 2014 that the station would acquire rights to 25 games per season through 2019 . Prior to September 1 , 2016 , when WGN - TV ended their CW affiliation to return to being an independent station , several games in the WGN package since 2015 were sub-licensed to Fox Television Stations - owned MyNetworkTV station WPWR - TV ( channel 50.1 ) , due to CW pre-emption limits which precluded airing on WGN - TV . These games returned full - time to WGN - TV upon that date , when WPWR assumed the market 's CW affiliation and WGN was no longer limited by a network . In previous years , the sublicensed games were carried by WCIU - TV ( channel 26.1 ) under the branding of `` CubsNet '' and `` WGN Sports on The U '' . WGN 's Cubs games formerly aired nationally on WGN America ; however , prior to the 2015 season , the Cubs , as well as all other Chicago sports programming , was dropped from the channel as part of its re-positioning as a general entertainment cable channel . To compensate , all games carried by over-the - air channels are syndicated to a network of other television stations within the Cubs ' region , which includes Illinois and parts of Indiana and Iowa . All of the team 's current television contracts end after the 2019 season . The Chicago Tribune reported that following the end of these contracts , the team may consider launching its own regional sports network . These goals were confirmed by president of business operations Crane Kenney on November 16 , 2015 in an interview with WSCR radio . Len Kasper has been the Cubs ' television play - by - play announcer since 2005 and was joined by Jim Deshaies in 2013 . Bob Brenly ( analyst , 2005 -- 12 ) , Chip Caray ( play - by - play , 1998 -- 2004 ) , Steve Stone ( analyst , 1983 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 04 ) , Joe Carter ( analyst for WGN - TV games , 2001 -- 02 ) and Dave Otto ( analyst for FSN Chicago games , 2001 -- 02 ) also have spent time broadcasting from the Cubs booth since the death of Harry Caray in 1998 . Ford C frick Award recipients Chicago Cubs Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Bob Elson Jack Brickhouse Harry Caray Milo Hamilton Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Cubs . See also Baseball portal Chicago portal Brewers -- Cubs rivalry Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry Cubs -- White Sox rivalry Curse of the Billy Goat Grant DePorter Lee Elia List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts Major League Baseball uniforms Major professional sports teams of the United States and Canada Old Style Beer The Bleacher Preacher West Side Park References Jump up ^ Blackburn , Pete ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Why Cubs fans will miss being the ' lovable losers ' '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thorn , John ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Why Is the National Association Not a Major League ... and Other Records Issues '' . OurGame.MLBlogs.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . The National Association , 1871 -- 1875 , shall not be considered as a ' major league ' due to its erratic schedule and procedures , but it will continue to be recognized as the first professional baseball league . ^ Jump up to : `` Dodgers vs. Cubs - 10 / 22 / 16 '' . Jump up ^ Helyar , John ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Lovable losers ? Not at this sale price '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nadel , John ( October 5 , 2008 ) . `` Wait ' til next year , again : Cubs eliminated by LA '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved October 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs are heavy wait champions ! '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1890 Chicago Colts '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : 365 Oddball Days in Chicago Cubs History . Clerisys Press . 2010 . ISBN 9781578603435 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1898 Chicago Orphans '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 Chicago Cubs '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Cindy ; Brown , Scott . Three Finger . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 88 -- 89 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4448 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs Logos '' . Jump up ^ Zarefsky , Marc ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` ' Homer in the Gloamin ' most memorable '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Amdur , Neil ( 1981 - 06 - 17 ) . `` CHICAGO CUBS ARE SOLD BY WRIGLEY TO TRIBUNE CO . FOR $20.5 MILLION '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1984 Chicago Cubs Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 marked banner year for Cubs '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Sosa discusses future , McGwire 's Hall chances '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 4 , 2006 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs still waiting for McGriff 's OK '' . ESPN . Associated Press . July 14 , 2001 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Chicago Cubs Statistics and Roster '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report : Alou initially said he would have caught the Bartman ball '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2004 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball fan feels Chicago 's fury '' . bbcnews.com . BBC News . October 17 , 2003 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stark , Jayson ( 2004 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Sosa 's legacy could be broken beyond repair '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs shocked by Stone 's comments '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2004 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Muscat , Carrie ( November 20 , 2006 ) . `` Cubs complete blockbuster with Soriano '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Piniella Bio '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sheinin , David ( October 4 , 2007 ) . `` Cleveland ... And Lou Piniella 's bold / idiotic move '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks Sweep Chicago Cubs in 3 - Game Series '' . Fox News . Associated Press . October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Lucy ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` Cubs Sign Fukudome '' . Chicagoist.com . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs trade four players to A 's for pitchers Harden , Gaudin '' . ESPN . July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Mike ( September 22 , 2008 ) . `` Marquis ' slam leads Cubs over stumbling Mets '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved September 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ( October 5 , 2008 ) . `` Cubs ' season ends with Game 3 in LA '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sports.espn.go.com '' . Sports.espn.go.com . October 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Paul . `` Done deal : Cubs land Epstein from Red Sox '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers trade for Matt Garza of Chicago Cubs '' . ESPN . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt EhaltESPN New York contributorArchive ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` Alfonso Soriano traded to New York Yankees from Chicago Cubs '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs fire manager Dale Sveum after two years '' . ESPN . October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs name Rick Renteria manager '' . Major League Baseball . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Jesse . `` Cubs fire manager Rick Renteria after one season '' . ESPN Chicago . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs Notes : Arrieta Does It All Against Cards , Cubs End Year With Winning Record at Wrigley '' . cubsinsider.com. 2014 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Mark ; Ziezulewicz , Geoff ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Cubs legend Ernie Banks died of heart attack '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs bring in Maddon , let Rentería go '' . MLB.com . November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs ' Jake Arrieta throws no - hitter vs. Dodgers '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chc vs Pit 10 / 07 / 2015 Boxscore '' . mlb.mlb.com . MLB.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seligman , Andrew ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Cubs win NL Division Series , beat Cardinals 6 - 4 in Game 4 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Met - Amorphosis complete early : NY wins NL '' . MLB.com . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kruth , Cash . `` J - Hey officially joins Cubs ' young core '' . MLB . MLB.com . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan . `` Yankees solidify second base with Cubs ' Castro '' . MLB . MLB.com . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrieta claims second no - no in 16 - 0 rout of Reds '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flosi , Nic . `` Cubs World Series celebration ranks as 7th largest gathering in human history '' . fox32chicago.com . Fox32 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs ' quest to repeat as champs finally runs out of gas '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Photos Of Planned Wrigley Renovation Revealed '' . CBS Chicago . Chicago : WBBM - TV . May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Ben ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Cubs Hint at Paying for Renovations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Paul ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Selling of Wrigley Field Renovation Plan Begins '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spielman , Fran . `` City Plan Commission approves Wrigley Field revamp '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mooney , Patrick . `` The 1060 Project : World Series Dreaming '' . Chicago Now . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Santo '' . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from Miracle Collapse : The 1969 Chicago Cubs '' . Chitownradio.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Jim ( April 13 , 2008 ) . `` Chicago Cubs fan tradition a throwback to 1969 '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 -- via Chitownradio.com . Jump up ^ Curtis , Charles ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) . `` Mets ' Noah Syndergaard mocks Cubs ' ' Fly the W ' on Twitter after NLCS win '' . The Star - Ledger . Jump up ^ Snyder , Matt . `` Cubs announce new mascot , Clark , a ' young , friendly cub ' '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs tell unofficial ' Billy Cub ' mascot to stop abc7chicago.com '' . Abclocal.go.com. 2013 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hageman , William ( February 27 , 2004 ) . `` A Fan in Winter '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Kelly , Maura ( May 28 , 2001 ) . `` ' Leather Lungs ' a hit at Wrigley , wooing fans with schtick and song '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` RogerBaindemo.com '' . rogerbaindemo.com . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All The Way '' . Pearl Jam . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All the Way by Eddie Vedder Song Statistics setlist.fm '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Out to a Cubs Game Chicago cubs music CD '' . Takemeouttoacubsgame.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2008 . Retrieved November 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Take Me Out To A Cubs Game ' Music CD '' . Amazon.com , Inc. 2008 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Take Me Out To A Cubs Game CD '' . CubHub.net. 2008 . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Oz , Mike ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Reminder : The Cubs won the 2015 World Series in ' Back to the Future 2 ' '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholas , Thomas Ian ( @ TinBAND ) ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Amazing ! @ Cubs win the # WorldSeries 2016 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Miller , Doug ; Simon , Andrew ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Arrieta is 3rd Cubs pitcher to throw multiple no - nos '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No - hitters by club '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Badenhausen , Kurt ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Full List : The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 46 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 42 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 36 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 31 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 21 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 17 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 21 . Chicago Cubs '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs moving Class A affiliate to Myrtle Beach '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leventhal , Josh . `` Tracking the Affiliation Shuffle '' . Baseball America . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` School Days in Arkansas '' . Jump up ^ `` arlington hotel , oaklawn , gangster museum , hot springs baseball trail , historical landmarks - Hot Springs , Arkansas '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Major League Spring Training in Hot Springs - Encyclopedia of Arkansas '' . www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net . Jump up ^ `` 1886 Chicago White Stockings Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Ban Johnson Park - Whittington Park / Majestic Park / Fogel Field -- Hot Springs Arkansas -- Major League Spring Training grounds '' . Jump up ^ `` Avalon 's Wrigley Field - Catalina Island California - Former Spring Home of the Chicago Cubs '' . Jump up ^ ' + relative_time ( twitters ( i ). created_at ) + ' . `` Spring Training Online History '' . Springtrainingonline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spring Training History Articles '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Catalina Island Museum '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs make their radio move to WSCR official '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WBBM to be Cubs ' new radio home '' . Chicago Tribune . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WSCR - AM 670 The Score Named The Cubs ' New Flagship Station '' . CBS Chicago . Chicago : WBBM - TV . November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coomer scores Cubs radio job '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Cubs reach deal with WGN - TV for remaining 45 broadcasts '' . Chicago Business Journal . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Channick , Robert ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Cubs exercise option to end WGN - TV contract after next season '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Channick , Robert ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` It 's official : WLS - Ch. 7 to air 25 Cubs games '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cubs TV affiliates for 24 games on ABC7 in 2015 '' . ABC7Chicago.com . Chicago : WLS - TV . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox add WPWR - Ch. 50 to station rotation '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marek , Lynne ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` WGN America to drop Chicago sports '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WQAD picking up 45 Cubs , 55 Sox games '' . Quad - City Times . March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WISH - WNDY To Carry Cubs , White Sox '' . TVNewsCheck . NewsCheck Media . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WISH - TV and MyINDY - TV the new home of Chicago Blackhawks hockey '' . WISH - TV . October 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs aim to launch own TV network by 2020 '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasters '' . Chicago Cubs . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Further reading Murphy , Cait ( 2007 ) . Crazy ' 08 : How a Cast of Cranks , Rogues , Boneheads , and Magnates Created the Greatest Year in Baseball History . New York : Smithsonian Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 088937 - 1 . Wright , Marshall ( 2000 ) . The National Association of Base Ball Players , 1857 -- 1870 . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0779 - 4 . Lund , John ( 2008 ) . 1908 : A Look at the World Champion 1908 Chicago Cubs . Scotts Valley , CA . ISBN 1 - 4382 - 5018 - 5 . Stone , Steve ; Rozner , Barry ( 1999 ) . Where 's Harry ? . Taylor Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 233 - 2 . Stout , Glenn ; Johnson , Richard ( 2007 ) . The Cubs . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 59500 - 6 . Vitti , Jim ( 2010 ) . Chicago Cubs : Baseball on Catalina Island . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 7795 - 2 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Cubs . Chicago Cubs official website Chicago Cubs at Chicago Tribune Chicago Cubs Established in 1874 Formerly the Chicago White Stockings , Chicago Colts and the Chicago Orphans Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Awards Records No - hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Ballparks 23rd Street Grounds Lakefront Park West Side Park I South Side Park West Side Park II Wrigley Field renovations Culture Tinker to Evers to Chance Bleacher Bums Wrigley Rooftops Wrigleyville Wayne Messmer Ronnie Woo Woo Yosh Kawano Mike Royko Harry Caray Holy Cow ! Grant DePorter Wrigley Company Wrigley Field ivy Hey Hey Holy Mackerel Bill Holden The Heckler Arne Harris `` Go , Cubs , Go '' `` Sweet Home Chicago '' `` All the Way '' `` Sirius '' Cubs Win Flag Eamus Catuli Addison Red Line Station Sheridan Red Line Station Clark Street Addison Street Elmer , the Great Rookie of the Year This Old Cub The Natural ( 1984 film ) Taking Care of Business ( 1990 film ) A League of Their Own Take Me Out to the Ball Game The Cubs Fan 's Guide To Happiness Pat Pieper The Cubby Bear Harry Caray 's Italian Steakhouse Bohemian National Cemetery Columbarium Clark Back to the Future Part II Lore Curse of the Billy Goat Ex-Cubs Factor Babe Ruth 's called shot Steve Bartman incident Gatorade Glove Play Homer in the Gloamin ' The Sandberg Game Fall of ' 69 1998 home run chase Brock for Broglio Merkle 's Boner Worst to First Monday saves the American flag College of Coaches Ken Hubbs Billy Jurges incident 1998 NL Wild Card tie - breaker game 2015 NL Wild Card Game 2015 NL Division Series 2016 NL Championship Series 2016 World Series Rivalries Milwaukee Brewers St. Louis Cardinals Chicago White Sox Key personnel Owner : Family of Joe Ricketts ; operated by Tom Ricketts President of Baseball Operations : Theo Epstein General Manager : Jed Hoyer Manager : Joe Maddon World Series championships ( 3 ) 1907 1908 2016 National League championships ( 17 ) 1876 1880 1881 1882 1885 1886 1906 1907 1908 1910 1918 1929 1932 1935 1938 1945 2016 Division championships East ( 2 ) 1984 1989 Central ( 5 ) 2003 2007 2008 2016 2017 Wild Card ( 2 ) 1998 2015 Minor league affiliates Iowa Cubs ( AAA ) Tennessee Smokies ( AA ) Myrtle Beach Pelicans ( A Adv . ) South Bend Cubs ( A ) Eugene Emeralds ( Short - A ) AZL Cubs 1 ( Rookie ) AZL Cubs 2 ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 1 ( Rookie ) DSL Cubs 2 ( Rookie ) Broadcasting Television NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports ( WGN - TV ) WLS - TV Radio Radio network WSCR Broadcasters Len Kasper Jim Deshaies Pat Hughes Ron Coomer Seasons ( 145 ) 1870s 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1998 1999 2000s 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles hide Achievements Preceded by Chicago White Sox 1906 World Series champions Chicago Cubs 1907 and 1908 Succeeded by Pittsburgh Pirates 1909 Preceded by Kansas City Royals 2015 World Series champions Chicago Cubs 2016 Succeeded by Houston Astros 2017 hide Achievements Preceded by None National League champions Chicago White Stockings 1876 Succeeded by Boston Red Caps 1877 Preceded by Providence Grays 1879 National League champions Chicago White Stockings 1880 -- 1882 Succeeded by Boston Beaneaters 1883 Preceded by Providence Grays 1884 National League champions Chicago Colts 1885 -- 1886 Succeeded by Detroit Wolverines 1887 Preceded by New York Giants 1905 National League champions Chicago Cubs 1906 , 1907 , and 1908 Succeeded by Pittsburgh Pirates 1909 Preceded by Pittsburgh Pirates 1909 National League champions Chicago Cubs 1910 Succeeded by New York Giants 1911 and 1912 Preceded by New York Giants 1917 National League champions Chicago Cubs 1918 Succeeded by Cincinnati Reds 1919 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 1928 National League champions Chicago Cubs 1929 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 1930 and 1931 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 1930 and 1931 National League champions Chicago Cubs 1932 Succeeded by New York Giants 1933 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 1934 National League champions Chicago Cubs 1935 Succeeded by New York Giants 1936 and 1937 Preceded by New York Giants 1936 and 1937 National League champions Chicago Cubs 1938 Succeeded by Cincinnati Reds 1939 and 1940 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 1942 , 1943 , and 1944 National League champions Chicago Cubs 1945 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 1946 Preceded by New York Mets 2015 National League champions Chicago Cubs 2016 Succeeded by Los Angeles Dodgers 2017 Chicago Cubs managers Albert Spalding ( 1876 -- 1877 ) Bob Ferguson ( 1878 ) Cap Anson ( 1879 ) Silver Flint ( 1879 ) Cap Anson ( 1880 -- 1897 ) Tom Burns ( 1898 -- 1899 ) Tom Loftus ( 1900 -- 1901 ) Frank Selee ( 1902 -- 1905 ) Frank Chance ( 1905 -- 1912 ) Johnny Evers ( 1913 ) Hank O'Day ( 1914 ) Roger Bresnahan ( 1915 ) Joe Tinker ( 1916 ) Fred Mitchell ( 1917 -- 1920 ) Johnny Evers ( 1921 ) Bill Killefer ( 1921 -- 1925 ) Rabbit Maranville ( 1925 ) 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6637320469954818077 | Scott Baldwin | Scott Baldwin - Wikipedia Scott Baldwin Jump to : navigation , search For the Welsh rugby union player , see Scott Baldwin ( rugby player ) . For the New Zealand cricketer , see Scott Baldwin ( cricketer ) . This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Scott Baldwin Kin Shriner as Scott Baldwin General Hospital character Portrayed by Johnny Whitaker ( 1965 -- 66 ) Teddy Quinn ( 1966 ) Tony Camp ( 1969 -- 72 ) Don Clarke ( 1973 -- 74 ) Johnny Jensen ( 1974 -- 75 ) Kin Shriner ( 1977 -- ) Duration 1965 -- 66 1969 -- 75 1977 -- 83 1987 -- 93 1997 -- 2004 2007 -- 08 2013 -- First appearance 1965 Created by Frank and Doris Hursley Introduced by James Young ( 1965 ) Tom Donovan ( 1977 ) Spin - off appearances Port Charles Classification Present ; recurring Profile Other names Scott Bentley Occupation Lawyer Port Charles district attorney ( 2002 -- 04 , 2015 ) Residence Metro Court Hotel 1420 Courts Lane Port Charles , New York ( show ) Family Father David Bordisso Mother Meg Baldwin Adoptive father Lee Baldwin Stepmother Gail Baldwin Spouse Laura Webber ( 1979 -- 81 , 2013 -- 14 ) Susan Moore ( 1982 -- 83 ) Dominique Stanton ( 1992 -- 93 ) Lucy Coe ( 2000 -- 01 ) Sons Franco Baldwin Logan Hayes Daughters Karen Wexler Serena Baldwin Adoptive daughters Christina Baldwin Uncles Tom Baldwin ( adoptive ) Mark Bordisso First cousins Tom Hardy ( adoptive ) Other relatives Brooke Bentley Scott Baldwin is a fictional character from the ABC soap opera General Hospital and its now - defunct spinoff Port Charles . The character debuted played by child actors in the 1960s until Kin Shriner assumed the role in 1977 . Scotty is often remembered as part of the love triangle with Luke and Laura Spencer . When his wife Laura Webber left him for Luke Spencer , his devastation led to a drastic personality change . The character became one of General Hospital 's long - running villains . However , on Port Charles , the character was portrayed in a more heroic sense . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character development 3 Storylines 3.1 1965 -- 75 3.2 1977 -- 83 3.3 1987 -- 2004 3.4 2007 -- 08 3.5 2013 -- 4 External links 5 References Casting ( edit ) The character was originated as a child in the 1960s , played by the child actor Johnny Whitaker in 1965 . He was succeeded by Teddy Quinn in 1966 , Tony Camp from 1969 to 1972 , Don Clarke from 1973 to 1974 , and Johnny Jensen from 1974 to 1975 . The character of Scott is most commonly associated with Kin Shriner , who assumed the role beginning August 2 , 1977 . Shriner left the series briefly to play Jeb Hampton on Texas , returning in 1982 for a one - year contract . He returned again on November 27 , 1987 , leaving on December 24 , 1993 . Shriner reprised the role in 1997 on the spinoff Port Charles . He left Port Charles in 2001 , and returned to the original series , until his departure in 2004 . Shriner returned in 2007 . He last appeared in November 2008 . With the departure of actress Rachel Ames as Audrey Hardy , Scott became the oldest character ( in real time ) appearing on General Hospital , having been introduced in 1965 . On January 14 , 2013 , it was announced that Shriner would return to General Hospital on February 19 , making him the latest in a slew of returning fan favorites . Character development ( edit ) When Kin Shriner assumed the role in 1977 , Scotty is a respectable young adult . He enters law school and has a promising future with his career and young love Laura . The two marry in 1979 . However , when Laura is raped by Luke Spencer and subsequently falls in love with him , Scotty 's devastation hardens his character . Laura leaves him and marries Luke in 1981 . Scotty leaves town as Shriner left the series to pursue other opportunities . Executive Producer at the time Gloria Monty asked him to return a year later , ready to turn his character into a `` rat . '' Scott becomes known for lying and scheming . Fans accepted the change , both because he was more interesting to watch , and because they understood the character 's past and felt that the betrayal of both the love of his life ( Laura ) and one of his good friends ( Luke ) left him a broken man and in turn caused him to become bitter and jaded about the world . Shiner explained in 1982 : `` I have n't gotten any flak for being a bad guy . People feel Scotty 's behavior is justified because of his past . How would a guy feel when his woman ( Laura ) is raped , and then becomes involved with the rapist ? No man is going to be the same after that . '' Storylines ( edit ) 1965 -- 75 ( edit ) The young Scotty Bentley first came to Port Charles with his mother Meg Bentley and stepsister Brooke , after the death of his father Lloyd . There was a lot of family strife in the first couple of years as Meg became engaged to the dashing Dr. Noel Clinton , sending Brooke into a tail - spin . Brooke never liked her stepmother Meg and felt that the engagement to Noel was a slap in the face to her dead father . In retaliation , Brooke seduced Noel and the two left town and wed . Meg was devastated . A short time later , she met and married Lee Baldwin . Lee adopted Scotty and the three became a family . Unfortunately , Meg developed breast cancer and had to have a radical mastectomy . The illness caused Meg to have a mental breakdown and Lee had no choice but to put her in a sanitarium where she soon after died . Lee now had to raise Scotty on his own . Scotty eventually left the show ( went away to law school ) for a time . 1977 -- 83 ( edit ) When he returned , he obtained a job at the hospital , where he met the young Laura Webber . They fell in love and , after many obstacles ( including the manipulations of Scotty 's on - again / off - again lover and Laura 's nemesis Bobbie Spencer ) , they finally married , but their happiness was short - lived . Laura went to work at the Campus Disco for Bobbie 's shady brother Luke , who became obsessed with her and eventually raped her . In spite of this , Laura fell in love with Luke and ran off with him , later divorcing Scotty after less than two years of marriage . In 1981 at Luke and Laura 's wedding , Scotty showed a darker side , as he caught the bridal bouquet and announced he was contesting his divorce from Laura . Since then , while Scott 's more scrupulous side has re-emerged more than once , he always returned to engaging in underhanded and often illegal activities , even as district attorney of Port Charles . He has had several brief relationships , and in 1982 married Susan Moore , supposedly for financial reasons while he began an affair with Heather Webber . Susan was the mistress of the wealthy Alan Quartermaine and they had had a son , Jason , with a considerable trust fund . Susan was murdered , and Jason was then raised by Alan and his wife Monica . Scott left Port Charles soon afterward . 1987 -- 2004 ( edit ) Scott returned in 1987 and helped to destroy Bobbie 's marriage to Jake Meyer , before becoming involved in an off - on relationship with Lucy Coe . The two remained good friends , even after Scott married Dominique Stanton and Lucy offered to be a surrogate mother for Dominique when Dominique learned that she was dying . Sometime after Dominique died , Lucy gave birth to their child , whom Scott named Serena , after Dominique 's beloved childhood home Serenity . After an ill - advised engagement to Katherine Bell , Scotty left town once again , returning to Port Charles in 1997 . Scotty has a seat on the board of General Hospital , which he received after negotiating a solution to a nurses strike . He was also Luke 's attorney during the murder trial of Stefan Cassadine , though they fought constantly about how to handle the case , and as a result of Felicia 's testimony , the case caused great strain in Luke and Laura 's relationship . Scotty used this as an opportunity to continue manipulation of all things Laura , and they eventually started dating again . Luke was still in the picture though , which caused extreme jealousy on Scott 's part . He pushed Laura to finalize her divorce with Luke , and then Scotty and Laura traveled to Hollywood together . Much of the storyline revolved around Scotty 's struggle to suppress his jealousy of Luke , out of his genuine desire that Laura return to him willingly . Scotty did eventually blurt out a marriage proposal to Laura , but she ended up choosing Luke instead of him . Scotty could n't talk her out of it , and eventually turned to his ex-girlfriend , Bobbie Spencer . When Luke and Laura were planning their new wedding , Laura 's adoptive father , Dr. Rick Webber , returned to town . Scott and Rick had some kind of shared secret , and Rick pulled strings to help Scott get elected to a position as District Attorney . It seemed that Laura was starting to remember something , and Scott and Rick went to the Scorpio 's yard , where they dug up the human skeleton of Rick 's old mistress , who had been killed ( accidentally ) by Laura . When Laura remembered and tried to confront Rick , he died from a blow to the head . Scott tried to pin the blame on Luke ( supposedly because he feared that Laura had done it ) , and played on Luke 's guilt that he may have caused Laura 's mental breakdown by pushing her to remember . Luke was sentenced to life in prison , but escaped and left town . Bobbie eventually broke up with Scott , because of his dirty tactics against Alexis in the run for D.A. Later , Luke returned to town and was arrested again . But Nikolas Cassadine had obtained tapes of Laura confessing to Rick Webber 's murder , and Alexis used the tapes to force Scott to drop the charges against Luke , in return for Alexis dropping out of the election . Scotty then had Luke committed to an asylum , for what he had done to Laura . Scott was an extremely corrupt DA , frequently using his position to take action against his enemies , at one point even ordering Luke arrested by his own son , Lucky . During the storyline with the Port Charles Hotel fire , Scotty faked his own death in order to steal a treasure from Skye . He was faced with an investigation by Internal Affairs and fled the city with the money , presumably leaving with his daughter Serena . From an offshore tropical beach paradise he sent Luke a farewell videotape , taunting him . 2007 -- 08 ( edit ) In 2007 , Scott returns , and it is revealed that he had frequently been visiting the comatose Laura . In March , Luke 's daughter Lulu Spencer and stepson Dillon Quartermaine intercept a letter from Alan Quartermaine to Luke . In the event of his death , he had the letter sent identifying Scott as Rick Webber 's killer . Soon after , Scott visits Laura and confesses to her . He explains that he had gone to see Laura that night and heard screaming coming from the attic . When he got inside he saw Rick trying to inject Laura , so he had grabbed a candlestick and hit him over the head , unintentionally killing him . He left and by the time Luke got there , Laura had been so far gone that she did n't remember Scott being there . Lulu had already told her mother the truth , unsuccessfully hoping it would bring Laura out of her catatonic state . Meanwhile , an ex Iraqi soldier , Logan Hayes , comes to Port Charles and it is eventually revealed that Scott had fathered a son in Texas around the same time that Logan was born . Logan admits he had found letters Scott had written to his mother , and a DNA test proves they are father and son . In the beginning of 2008 , Scott and Logan have a rift when Scott accuses Logan of taking police files to blackmail Johnny Zacchara , in order to keep him away from Lulu , who Logan is trying to win back . Scott puts pressure on Alexis Davis to hand over her job as District Attorney to him . In July , Lulu kills Logan in self - defense , devastating Scott . Johnny takes the blame for Lulu , and Scott is the prosecutor in his trial . He uses dirty tricks to get Johnny the death penalty , including forging papers stating his son was working undercover for the police . He calls Lulu to the stand , who has become mentally unstable from the ordeal . When Johnny is acquitted and Scott is enraged . When Scott finds out Lulu was the killer , he threatens her in front of Laura , who awakens and defends her daughter . Scott then kidnaps Laura and takes her to Los Angeles , to relive their honeymoon . Luke , Tracy , Nikolas , Lucky and Lulu pursue them and bring her home . As Laura boards a plane to France to seek further treatment , Scott is seen behind her on the plane . It is presumed he has gone to live in Paris near Laura and his daughter , Serena . 2013 -- ( edit ) In February 2013 , Scott resurfaces in Port Charles , revealing to a bewildered Luke that he and Laura are engaged . Scott 's return to town also coincides with the appearance of a replica of the infamous Ice Princess Diamond , which had been addressed to Lulu on Valentine 's Day . Scott than tries to marry Laura before Luke tries to get Laura back . He does succeed but Laura spends a great time away with Luke , after Lulu is kidnapped . When Laura finally does return , Scott asks her for a divorce , saying it is the best for both of them . He then focuses his energies on winning his old position as district attorney of Port Charles . Scott is given incriminating evidence of his running mate , Lazaro with resident mob boss , Sonny Corinthos , he approaches Lazaro who bows out of the race . After notifying the mayor Scott is named district attorney . As his first act as D.A. he attempts to send Heather Webber back into custody along with serial - killer , Franco for fraud and aiding and abetting Webber during Robin 's kidnapping . Heather contests and confesses that Franco is his son . Back when Laura had requested a divorce from Scott , he was consumed with anger and grief and had gotten intoxicated at Kelly 's one night . Heather , who was also drunk had found him there and that is when Franco was conceived . Scott does n't believe it but Heather has a birth certificate and D.N.A. tests to back up her claim . Scott realizes that Heather is telling the truth , while also lamenting his career is over because of what will come out about his familial connections . On January 8 , 2014 it was mentioned that Scott had finalized his divorce from Laura . Scott also told Lucy that after their one night stand his feelings for her has returned again because he was never tricked by Jerry Jacks . External links ( edit ) Scott Baldwin @ Soapcentral . com References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stacy , Tom ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Trifecta '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shriner returns '' . Herald - Journal . February 5 , 1982 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ Nancy M. Reichardt ( November 1 , 1987 ) . `` Actor returns to ' General Hospital ' '' . Herald - Journal . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ Tribune Media Services ( June 1 , 1997 ) . `` ' GH ' spawns spinoff ' Port Charles ' '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ Candace Havens ( March 4 , 2001 ) . `` After all these years , wil ; l Scott and Laura reunite ? '' . The Victoria Advocate . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` Kin Shriner Back To GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : John Goudas ( August 20 , 1982 ) . `` Kin 's become an intriguing heel '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ John N. Goudas ( January 9 , 1988 ) . `` Bringing back old lies and liars '' . The Free Lance - Star . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` Scotty & Laura Make It To The Alter ... '' . Kentucky New Era . July 5 , 1979 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . General Hospital General Hospital characters ( current contract cast only ) Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford Hayden Barnes Nina Clay Carly Corinthos Jacks Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Anna Devane Dante Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Hamilton Finn Franco Nelle Hayes Ava Jerome Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Maxie Jones Andre Maddox Jason Morgan Sam Morgan Griffin Munro Dillon Quartermaine Michael Quartermaine Laura Spencer Lulu Spencer - Falconeri Elizabeth Webber Nathan West General Hospital characters ( recurring cast ) TJ Ashford Ned Ashton Scott Baldwin Spencer Cassadine Lucy Coe Darby Collette Kevin Collins Brad Cooper Kristina Davis Emma Drake Felix DuBois Leo Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Parker Forsyth Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Alice Gunderson Josslyn Jacks Epiphany Johnson Lucas Jones Molly Lansing Ric Lansing Janice Lomax Rosalie Martinez Matthew Mayes Diane Miller Daniel Morgan Liesl Obrecht Monica Quartermaine Delia Ryan Mac Scorpio Robert Scorpio Felicia Scorpio - Jones Aiden Spencer Bobbie Spencer Cameron Spencer Jake Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Georgie Spinelli Ellie Trout David Walters Heather Webber General Hospital characters ( notable former characters ) Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Ruby Anderson Larry Ashton Gail Baldwin Lee Baldwin Tom Baldwin Sr . 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4700193747987919350 | Sick building syndrome | Sick building syndrome - wikipedia Sick building syndrome This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) Sick building syndrome Specialty Environmental medicine , Immunology Sick building syndrome ( SBS ) is a medical condition where people in a building suffer from symptoms of illness or feel unwell for no apparent reason . The symptoms tend to increase in severity with the time people spend in the building , and improve over time or even disappear when people are away from the building . The main identifying observation is an increased incidence of complaints of symptoms such as headache , eye , nose , and throat irritation , fatigue , and dizziness and nausea . These symptoms appear to be linked to time spent in a building , though no specific illness or cause can be identified . SBS is also used interchangeably with `` building - related symptoms '' , which orients the name of the condition around patients rather than a `` sick '' building . A 1984 World Health Organization ( WHO ) report suggested up to 30 % of new and remodeled buildings worldwide may be subject of complaints related to poor indoor air quality . Sick building causes are frequently pinned down to flaws in the heating , ventilation , and air conditioning ( HVAC ) systems . However , there have been inconsistent findings on whether air conditioning systems result in SBS or not . Other causes have been attributed to contaminants produced by outgassing of some types of building materials , volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) , molds ( see mold health issues ) , improper exhaust ventilation of ozone ( byproduct of some office machinery ) , light industrial chemicals used within , or lack of adequate fresh - air intake / air filtration ( see Minimum efficiency reporting value ) . Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 Psychological factors 2.2 Workplace 2.3 Home 3 Diagnosis 4 Prevention 5 Epidemiology 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Human exposure to bioaerosols has been documented to give rise to a variety of adverse health effects . Building occupants complain of symptoms such as sensory irritation of the eyes , nose , or throat ; neurotoxic or general health problems ; skin irritation ; nonspecific hypersensitivity reactions ; infectious diseases ; and odor and taste sensations . Exposure to poor lighting conditions has led to general malaise . Extrinsic allergic alveolitis has been associated with the presence of fungi and bacteria in the moist air of residential houses and commercial offices . A very large 2017 Swedish study correlated several inflammatory diseases of the respiration tract with objective evidence of damp - caused damage in homes . The WHO has classified the reported symptoms into broad categories , including : mucous membrane irritation ( eye , nose , and throat irritation ) , neurotoxic effects ( headaches , fatigue , and irritability ) , asthma and asthma - like symptoms ( chest tightness and wheezing ) , skin dryness and irritation , gastrointestinal complaints and more . Several sick occupants may report individual symptoms which do not appear to be connected . The key to discovery is the increased incidence of illnesses in general with onset or exacerbation within a fairly close time frame -- usually within a period of weeks . In most cases , SBS symptoms will be relieved soon after the occupants leave the particular room or zone . However , there can be lingering effects of various neurotoxins , which may not clear up when the occupant leaves the building . In some cases -- particularly in sensitive individuals -- there can be long - term health effects . Cause ( edit ) It has been suggested that sick building syndrome could be caused by inadequate ventilation , deteriorating fiberglass duct liners , chemical contaminants from indoor or outdoor sources , and biological contaminants , air recycled using fan coils , traffic noise , poor lighting , and buildings located in a polluted urban area . Many volatile organic compounds , which are considered chemical contaminants , can cause acute effects on the occupants of a building . `` Bacteria , molds , pollen , and viruses are types of biological contaminants '' and can all cause SBS . In addition , pollution from outdoors , such as motor vehicle exhaust , can contribute to SBS . Adult SBS symptoms were associated with a history of allergic rhinitis , eczema and asthma . A 2015 study concerning the association of SBS and indoor air pollutants in office buildings in Iran found as carbon dioxide levels increase in a building , symptoms like nausea , headaches , nasal irritation , dyspnea , and throat dryness have also been shown to increase . Certain work conditions have been found to be correlated with specific symptoms . For example , higher light intensity was significantly related to skin dryness , eye pain , and malaise . Higher temperature has also been found to correlate with symptoms such as sneezing , skin redness , itchy eyes and headache , while higher relative humidity has been associated with sneezing , skin redness , and pain of the eyes . ASHRAE has recognized that polluted urban air , designated within the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) 's air quality ratings as unacceptable requires the installation of treatment such as filtration for which the HVAC practitioners generally apply carbon - impregnated filters and their like . In 1973 , in response to the 1973 oil crisis and conservation concerns , ASHRAE Standards 62 - 73 and 62 - 81 reduced required ventilation from 10 cubic feet per minute ( 4.7 L / s ) per person to 5 cubic feet per minute ( 2.4 L / s ) per person , but this was found to be a contributing factor to sick building syndrome . As of the 2016 revision , ASHRAE ventilation standards call for 5 to 10 cubic feet per minute of ventilation per occupant ( depending on the occupancy type ) in addition to ventilation based on the zone floor area delivered to the breathing zone . Psychological factors ( edit ) One study looked at commercial buildings and their employees , comparing some environmental factors suspected of inducing SBS to a self - reported survey of the occupants , finding that the measured psycho - social circumstances appeared more influential than the tested environmental factors . The list of environmental factors in the study can be found here . Limitations of the study include that it only measured the indoor environment of commercial buildings , which have different building codes than residential buildings , and that the assessment of building environment was based on layman observation of a limited number of factors . Research has shown that SBS shares several symptoms common in other conditions thought to be at least partially caused by psychosomatic tendencies . The umbrella term `` autoimmune / inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants '' has been suggested . Other members of the suggested group include Silicosis , Macrophagic myofascitis , Gulf War syndrome , Post-vaccination phenomena . Workplace ( edit ) Greater effects were found with features of the psychosocial work environment including high job demands and low support . The report concluded that the physical environment of office buildings appears to be less important than features of the psychosocial work environment in explaining differences in the prevalence of symptoms . However , there is still a relationship between sick building syndrome and symptoms of workers regardless of workplace stress . Excessive work stress or dissatisfaction , poor interpersonal relationships and poor communication are often seen to be associated with SBS , recent studies show that a combination of environmental sensitivity and stress can greatly contribute to sick building syndrome . Specific work - related stressors are related with specific SBS symptoms . Workload and work conflict are significantly associated with general symptoms ( headache , abnormal tiredness , sensation of cold or nausea ) . While crowded workspaces and low work satisfaction are associated with upper respiratory symptoms . Specific careers are also associated with specific SBS symptoms . Transport , communication , healthcare , and social workers have highest prevalence of general symptoms . Skin symptoms such as eczema , itching , and rashes on hands and face are associated with technical work . Forestry , agriculture , and sales workers have the lowest rates of sick building syndrome symptoms . Milton et al. determined the cost of sick leave specific for one business was an estimated $480 per employee , and about five days of sick leave per year could be attributed to low ventilation rates . When comparing low ventilation rate areas of the building to higher ventilation rate areas , the relative risk of short - term sick leave was 1.53 times greater in the low ventilation areas . Work productivity has been associated with ventilation rates , a contributing factor to SBS , and there 's a significant increase in production as ventilation rates increase , by 1.7 % for every two-fold increase of ventilation rate . Home ( edit ) Sick building syndrome can also occur due to factors of the home . Laminated flooring can cause more exposure to chemicals and more resulting SBS symptoms compared to stone , tile , and cement flooring . Recent redecorating and new furnishings within the last year were also found to be associated with increased symptoms , along with dampness and related factors , having pets , and the presence of cockroaches . The presence of mosquitoes was also a factor related to more symptoms , though it is unclear whether it was due to the presence of mosquitoes or the use of repellents . Diagnosis ( edit ) While sick building syndrome ( SBS ) encompasses a multitude of non-specific symptoms , building - related illness ( BRI ) comprises specific , diagnosable symptoms caused by certain agents ( chemicals , bacteria , fungi , etc . ) . These can typically be identified , measured , and quantified . There are usually 4 causal agents in BRI ; 1 . ) Immunologic , 2 . ) Infectious , 3 . ) toxic , and 4 . ) irritant . For instance , Legionnaire 's disease , usually caused by Legionella pneumophila , involves a specific organism which could be ascertained through clinical findings as the source of contamination within a building . SBS does not have any known cure ; alleviation consists of removing the affected person from the building associated with non-specific symptoms . BRI , on the other hand , utilizes treatment appropriate for the contaminant identified within the building ( e.g. , antibiotics for Legionnaire 's disease ) . In most cases , simply improving the indoor air quality ( IAQ ) of a particular building will attenuate , or even eliminate , the acute symptoms of SBS , while removal of the source contaminant would prove more effective for a specific illness , as in the case of BRI . Building - Related Illness is vital to the overall understanding of Sick Building Syndrome because BRI illustrates a causal path to infection , theoretically . Office BRI may more likely than not be explained by three events : `` Wide range in the threshold of response in any population ( susceptibility ) , a spectrum of response to any given agent , or variability in exposure within large office buildings . '' Isolating any one of the three aspects of office BRI can be a great challenge , which is why those who find themselves with BRI should take three steps , history , examinations , and interventions . History describes the action of continually monitoring and recording the health of workers experiencing BRI , as well as obtaining records of previous building alterations or related activity . Examinations go hand in hand with monitoring employee health . This step is done by physically examining the entire workspace and evaluating possible threats to health status among employees . Interventions follow accordingly based off the results of the Examination and History report . Prevention ( edit ) Toxin - absorbing plants , such as sansevieria . Roof shingle non-pressure cleaning for removal of algae , mold , and Gloeocapsa magma . Using ozone to eliminate the many sources , such as VOC , molds , mildews , bacteria , viruses , and even odors . However , numerous studies identify High - ozone shock treatment as ineffective despite commercial popularity and popular belief . Replacement of water - stained ceiling tiles and carpeting . Only using paints , adhesives , solvents , and pesticides in well - ventilated areas or only using these pollutant sources during periods of non-occupancy . Increasing the number of air exchanges ; the American Society of Heating , Refrigeration and Air - Conditioning Engineers recommend a minimum of 8.4 air exchanges per 24 - hour period . Proper and frequent maintenance of HVAC systems . UV - C light in the HVAC plenum . Installation of HVAC Air Cleaning systems or devices to remove VOC 's , bioeffluents ( people odors ) from HVAC systems conditioned air . Regular vacuuming with a HEPA filter vacuum cleaner to collect and retain 99.97 % of particles down to and including 0.3 micrometers . Place bedding in sunshine , which is related to a study done in a high - humidity area where damp bedding was common and associated with SBS . Increased ventilation rates that are above the minimum guidelines . Lighting in the workplace should be designed to give individuals control , and be natural when possible . Epidemiology ( edit ) Some studies have shown a small difference between genders , with women having slightly higher reports of SBS symptoms compared to men . However , many other studies have shown an even higher difference in the report of sick building syndrome symptoms in women compared to men . It is not entirely clear , however , if this is due to biological , social , or occupational factors . A 2001 study published in the Journal Indoor Air 2001 gathered 1464 office - working participants to increase the scientific understanding of gender differences under the Sick Building Syndrome phenomenon . Using questionnaires , ergonomic investigations , building evaluations , as well as physical , biological , and chemical variables , the investigators obtained results that compare with past studies of SBS and gender . The study team found that across most test variables , prevalence rates were different in most areas , but there was also a deep stratification of working conditions between genders as well . For example , men 's workplace tend to be significantly larger and have all around better job characteristics . Secondly , there was a noticeable difference in reporting rates , finding that women have higher rates of reporting roughly 20 % higher than men . This information was similar to that found in previous studies , indicating a potential difference in willingness to report . There might be a gender difference in reporting rates of sick building syndrome because women tend to report more symptoms than men do . Along with this , some studies have found that women have a more responsive immune system and are more prone to mucosal dryness and facial erythema . Also , women are alleged by some to be more exposed to indoor environmental factors because they have a greater tendency to have clerical jobs , wherein they are exposed to unique office equipment and materials ( example : blueprint machines ) , whereas men often have jobs based outside of offices . History ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the late 1970s , it was noted that nonspecific symptoms were reported by tenants in newly constructed homes , offices , and nurseries . In media it was called `` office illness '' . The term `` Sick Building Syndrome '' was coined by the WHO in 1986 , when they also estimated that 10 - 30 % of newly built office buildings in the West had indoor air problems . Early Danish and British studies reported symptoms . Poor indoor environments attracted attention . The Swedish allergy study ( SOU 1989 : 76 ) designated `` sick building '' as a cause of the allergy epidemic as was feared . In the 1990s , therefore , extensive research into `` sick building '' was carried out . Various physical and chemical factors in the buildings were examined on a broad front . The problem was highlighted increasingly in media and was described as a `` ticking time bomb '' . Many studies were performed in individual buildings . In the 1990s `` sick buildings '' were contrasted against `` healthy buildings '' . The chemical contents of building materials were highlighted . Many building material manufacturers were actively working to gain control of the chemical content and to replace criticized additives . The ventilation industry advocated above all more well - functioning ventilation . Others perceived ecological construction , natural materials , and simple techniques as a solution . At the end of the 1990s came an increased distrust of the concept of `` sick building '' . A dissertation at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm 1999 questioned the methodology of previous research , and a Danish study from 2005 showed these flaws experimentally . It was suggested that sick building syndrome was not really a coherent syndrome and was not a disease to be individually diagnosed . In 2006 the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare recommended in the medical journal Läkartidningen that `` sick building syndrome '' should not be used as a clinical diagnosis . Thereafter , it has become increasingly less common to use terms such as `` sick buildings '' and `` sick building syndrome '' in research . However , the concept remains alive in popular culture and is used to designate the set of symptoms related to poor home or work environment engineering . `` Sick building '' is therefore an expression used especially in the context of workplace health . Sick building syndrome made a rapid journey from media to courtroom where professional engineers and architects became named defendants and were represented by their respective professional practice insurers . Proceedings invariably relied on expert witnesses , medical and technical experts along with building managers , contractors and manufacturers of finishes and furnishings , testifying as to cause and effect . Most of these actions resulted in sealed settlement agreements , none of these being dramatic . The insurers needed a defense based upon Standards of Professional Practice to meet a court decision that declared -- that in a modern , essentially sealed building , the HVAC systems must produce breathing air for suitable human consumption . ASHRAE ( American Society of Heating , Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers , currently with over 50,000 international members ) undertook the task of codifying its IAQ ( Indoor Air Quality ) standard . ASHRAE empirical research determined that `` acceptability '' was a function of outdoor ( fresh air ) ventilation rate and used carbon dioxide as an accurate measurement of occupant presence and activity . Building odors and contaminants would be suitably controlled by this dilution methodology . ASHRAE codified a level of 1,000 ppm of carbon dioxide and specified the use of widely available sense - and - control equipment to assure compliance . The 1989 issue of ASHRAE 62.1 - 1989 published the whys and wherefores and overrode the 1981 requirements that were aimed at a ventilation level of 5,000 ppm of carbon dioxide , ( the OAHA workplace limit ) , federally set to minimize HVAC system energy consumption . This apparently ended the SBS epidemic . Over time , building materials changed with respect to emissions potential . Smoking vanished and dramatic improvements in ambient air quality , coupled with code compliant ventilation and maintenance , per ASHRAE standards have all contributed to the acceptability of the indoor air environment . Only time and the courts will tell how right , or wrong ASHRAE is . See also ( edit ) Aerotoxic syndrome Healthy building Multiple chemical sensitivity NASA Clean Air Study Somatization disorder References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sick Building Syndrome '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . n.d. Jump up ^ Stolwijk , JA ( 1991 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Sick - building syndrome '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 95 : 99 -- 100 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 919599 . ISSN 0091 - 6765 . PMC 1568418 . PMID 1821387 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sick Building Syndrome '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Shahzad , Sally S. ; Brennan , John ; Theodossopoulos , Dimitris ; Hughes , Ben ; Calautit , John Kaiser ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Building - Related Symptoms , Energy , and Thermal Control in the Workplace : Personal and Open Plan Offices '' . Sustainability. 8 ( 4 ) : 331 . doi : 10.3390 / su8040331 . Jump up ^ Sundell , J ; Lindval , T ; Berndt , S ( 1994 ) . `` Association between type of ventilation and airflow rates in office buildings and the risk of SBS - symptoms among occupants '' . Environ.Int. 20 ( 2 ) : 239 -- 251 . doi : 10.1016 / 0160 - 4120 ( 94 ) 90141 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rylander , R ( 1997 ) . `` Investigation of the relationship between disease and airborne ( 1P3 ) - b-D - glucan in buildings '' . Med . Of Inflamm. ( 6 ) : 275 -- 277 . Jump up ^ Godish , Thad ( 2001 ) . Indoor Environmental Quality . New York : CRC Press . pp. 196 -- 197 . ISBN 1 - 56670 - 402 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Jafari , Mohammad Javad ; Khajevandi , Ali Asghar ; Mousavi Najarkola , Seyed Ali ; Yekaninejad , Mir Saeed ; Pourhoseingholi , Mohammad Amin ; Omidi , Leila ; Kalantary , Saba ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Association of Sick Building Syndrome with Indoor Air Parameters '' . Tanaffos. 14 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 62 . ISSN 1735 - 0344 . PMC 4515331 . PMID 26221153 . Jump up ^ Teculescu , D.B. ( 1998 ) . `` Sick Building Symptoms in office workers in northern France : a pilot study '' . Int Arch . Occup . Environ . Health . 71 ( 5 ) : 353 -- 356 . doi : 10.1007 / s004200050292 . Jump up ^ Pind C. Ahlroth ( 2017 ) . `` Patient - reported signs of dampness at home may be a risk factor for chronic rhinosinusitis : A cross-sectional study '' . Clinical & Experimental Allergy. 47 ( 11 ) : 1383 -- 1389 . doi : 10.1111 / cea. 12976 . PMID 28695715 . Jump up ^ Apter , A ( 1994 ) . `` Epidemiology of the sick building syndrome '' . J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. ( 94 ) : 277 -- 288 . Jump up ^ `` Sick Building Syndrome '' . NSC.org . National Safety Council . 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , Juan ; Li , BaiZhan ; Yang , Qin ; Wang , Han ; Norback , Dan ; Sundell , Jan ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Sick building syndrome among parents of preschool children in relation to home environment in Chongqing , China '' . Chinese Science Bulletin . 58 ( 34 ) : 4267 -- 4276 . Bibcode : 2013ChSBu ... 58.4267 W . doi : 10.1007 / s11434 - 013 - 5814 - 2 . ISSN 1001 - 6538 . Jump up ^ Joshi S.M. ( 2008 ) . `` The sick building syndrome '' . Indian J. Occup . Environ . Med. 12 ( 2 ) : 61 -- 4 . doi : 10.4103 / 0019 - 5278.43262 . PMC 2796751 . PMID 20040980 . in section 3 `` Inadequate ventilation '' . Jump up ^ ANSI / ASHRAE Standard 62.1 - 2016 . Jump up ^ Taken from another study : Whitehead II . Jump up ^ Marmot A.F. , Eley J. , Stafford M. , Stansfeld S.A. , Warwick E. , Marmot M.G. ( 2006 ) . `` Building health : an epidemiological study of `` sick building syndrome '' in the Whitehall II study `` . Occup . Environ . Med. 63 ( 4 ) : 283 -- 9 . doi : 10.1136 / oem. 2005.022889 . PMC 2078095 . PMID 16556750 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Marmot A.F. , Eley J. , Stafford M. , Stansfeld S.A. , Warwick E. , Marmot M.G. ( 2006 ) . `` Building health : an epidemiological study of `` sick building syndrome '' in the Whitehall II study `` . Occup . Environ . Med. 63 ( 4 ) : 283 -- 9 . doi : 10.1136 / oem. 2005.022889 . PMC 2078095 . PMID 16556750 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The sick building syndrome as a part of the autoimmune ( auto - inflammatory ) syndrome induced by adjuvants . ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ) . Jump up ^ Bauer R.M. , Greve K.W. , Besch E.L. , Schramke C.J. , Crouch J. , Hicks A. , Lyles W.B. ( 1992 ) . `` The role of psychological factors in the report of building - related symptoms in sick building syndrome '' . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology . 60 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 219 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 006x. 60.2. 213 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Azuma K. , Ikeda K. , Kagi N. , Yanagi U. , Osawa H. ( 2014 ) . `` Prevalence and risk factors associated with nonspecific building - related symptoms in office employees in Japan : Relationships between work environment , Indoor Air Quality , and occupational stress '' . Indoor Air . 25 ( 5 ) : 499 -- 511 . doi : 10.1111 / ina. 12158 . PMID 25244340 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Norback D. , Edling C. ( 1991 ) . `` Environmental , occupational , and personal factors related to the prevalence of sick building syndrome in the general population '' . Occupational and Environmental Medicine . 48 ( 7 ) : 451 -- 462 . doi : 10.1136 / oem. 48.7. 451 . PMC 1035398 . PMID 1854648 . Jump up ^ Milton D.K. , Glencross P.M. , Walters M.D. ( 2000 ) . `` Risk of Sick Leave Associated with Outdoor Air Supply Rate , Humidification , and Occupant Complaints '' . Indoor Air . 10 ( 4 ) : 212 -- 221 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 0668.2000. 010004212. x . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Wargocki P. , Wyon D.P. , Sundell J. , Clausen G. , Fanger P.O. ( 2000 ) . `` The Effects of Outdoor Air Supply Rate in an Office on Perceived Air Quality , Sick Building Syndrome ( SBS ) Symptoms and Productivity '' . Indoor Air . 10 ( 4 ) : 222 -- 236 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 0668.2000. 010004222. x . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Seltzer , J.M. ( 1994 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Building - related illnesses '' . The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 94 ( 2 Pt 2 ) : 351 -- 361 . doi : 10.1016 / 0091 - 6749 ( 94 ) 90096 - 5 . ISSN 0091 - 6749 . PMID 8077589 . Jump up ^ Indoor Air Facts No. 4 ( revised ) Sick building syndrome . Available from : http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/sbs.html . ^ Jump up to : Menzies , Dick ; Bourbeau , Jean ( 1997 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Building - Related Illnesses '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 337 ( 21 ) : 1524 -- 1531 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199711203372107 . ISSN 0028 - 4793 . PMID 9366585 . Jump up ^ nasa techdoc 19930072988 Jump up ^ https://www.uts.edu.au/about/faculty-science/news-and-event-archive/news/sick-building-syndrome-how-indoor-plants-can-help Jump up ^ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930073077.pdf Jump up ^ Joshi , S. M ( 2008 ) . `` The sick building syndrome '' . Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine . 12 ( 2 ) : 61 -- 64 . doi : 10.4103 / 0019 - 5278.43262 . PMC 2796751 . PMID 20040980 . Jump up ^ https://www.ieqindoorplants.com.au/health-relationship-to-plants/benefits-of-office-plants/ Jump up ^ http://www.chrisbyrnes.com/plants-purify-air-sick-building-syndrome/ Jump up ^ https://www.houseofplants.co.uk/sick-building-syndrome-plants-help.php Jump up ^ How to deal with sick building syndrome : Guidance for employers , building owners and building managers . ( 1995 ) . Sudbury : The Executive . ^ Jump up to : Brasche , S. ; Bullinger , M. ; Morfeld , M. ; Gebhardt , H.J. ; Bischof , W. ( 2001 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Why do women suffer from sick building syndrome more often than men ? -- subjective higher sensitivity versus objective causes '' . Indoor Air . 11 ( 4 ) : 217 -- 222 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 0668.2001. 110402. x . ISSN 0905 - 6947 . PMID 11761596 . Jump up ^ Godish , Thad ( 2001 ) . Indoor Environmental quality . New York : CRC Press . pp. 196 - 197 . ISBN 1 - 56670 - 402 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Sick Building Syndrome - Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sick Building Syndrome '' . National Health Service , England . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Further reading ( edit ) Martín - Gil J. , Yanguas M.C. , San José J.F. , Rey - Martínez and Martín - Gil F.J. `` Outcomes of research into a sick hospital '' . Hospital Management International , 1997 , pp. 80 -- 82 . Sterling Publications Limited . Åke Thörn , The Emergence and preservation of sick building syndrome , KI 1999 . Charlotte Brauer , The sick building syndrome revisited , Copenhagen 2005 . Michelle Murphy , Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty , 2006 . Johan Carlson , `` Gemensam förklaringsmodell för sjukdomar kopplade till inomhusmiljön finns inte '' ( Unified explanation for diseases related to indoor environment not found ) . Läkartidningen 2006 / 12 . Research Committee Report on Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Caused by Exposure to the Interior Environment of Water - Damaged Buildings ( PDF ) . 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-3744055828699460826 | Hey Dad..! | Hey Dad ... ! - Wikipedia Hey Dad ... ! Hey Dad ... ! Hey Dad ... ! logo Genre Sitcom Created by Gary Reilly & John Flanagan Starring Hey Dad ... ! Cast Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 291 ( + 2 unaired ) ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 22 -- 23 minutes ( per episode ) Production company ( s ) Gary Reilly Productions Release Original network Seven Network Picture format 4.3 PAL Audio format Stereo Original release 11 February 1987 ( 1987 - 02 - 11 ) -- 17 August 1994 ( 1994 - 08 - 17 ) Hey Dad ... ! is an Australian sitcom produced by Gary Reilly Productions , originally airing from 1987 to 1994 on the Seven Network . Contents 1 Synopsis 1.1 Character replacements 1.2 Final episode 2 Cast 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Recurring characters 2.3 Guest stars 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 International versions 6 Parodies 7 Airings 8 Book , CD and DVD releases 9 2010 sexual abuse claims 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Synopsis Architect Martin Kelly singlehandedly raises his children : Simon , Debbie , and Jenny . His wife Margaret had died three years before the series ' start . Martin runs his own architectural business from the family home in the Sydney suburb of Chatswood . He employs his wife 's cousin Betty Wilson , a good - natured ditz from the New South Wales country town of Walgett , as his secretary . Many episodes deal with the daily stresses Martin faces as the family patriarch , such as settling arguments amongst his children . He frequently endures Betty 's elaborate excuses for tardiness and is constantly frustrated with her delayed productivity at work . Simon 's best friend is Gerald `` Nudge '' Noritas , a neighbour who constantly helps himself to whatever food he can find in the Kellys ' kitchen . In early episodes the show briefly examines how the characters are struggling to deal with the absence of Margaret from their lives . Martin also breaks the fourth wall several times to deliver sarcastic one - liners to camera , although this is discontinued after the first 12 episodes . Character replacements As the series progressed the original characters left one by one . Replacement characters were introduced to maintain the balance of the show 's cast . The roles of two of Martin Kelly 's children -- Simon and Jenny -- were recast during the show 's run after the original actors left the series . Early in season 5 Debbie Kelly moves to Dunk Island to work as a waitress . She is replaced by new character Sam Kelly , Martin 's niece from Hong Kong who moves in . Nudge departs after the conclusion of season 5 . No explanation is given in the show 's story to explain his disappearance . From season 6 schoolboy Arthur MacArthur is the new neighbour who regularly visits . At the end of season 6 Simon moves out , leaving his friend Ben to move into Simon 's room . At the end of season 12 Martin leaves for a $300,000 - per - year contract to design and build a deep water port and mini-city in Saudi Arabia . He leaves the house and the business in the care of friend Greg Russell . Sam moves to Adelaide soon after , opening the door for Greg 's daughter Tracy to move in . At the end of the series Betty and Jenny are the only remaining original characters . Jenny is portrayed by a different actress by this stage . Betty 's portrayer Julie McGregor is the only original cast member to remain through the entire series . Final episode In the series finale the regular characters are held hostage in the house by a fugitive bank robber . The robber places a bomb in the family 's VCR , as leverage with the police . After the hostage drama has been resolved and the robber arrested the family remembers there 's a bomb in the VCR , but they do n't know how to re-program it . Betty observes that `` this is just like E Street ... at the end , where they all got blown up '' , but Greg responds that `` That does n't happen in sitcoms . '' ( Greg 's portrayer Mark Owen - Taylor had acted in E Street . ) The characters panic as they count down the seconds to the expected explosion and the screen fades to black . The cast are then shown in a curtain call as the credits roll . The curtain call includes former regular cast members Christopher Truswell and Sarah Monahan who do not otherwise appear in the episode , series producer and writer Gary Reilly and writer John Flanagan . Cast Main characters Martin Kelly -- Robert Hughes ( 1987 -- 1994 ; episodes 1 -- 265 ) Betty Wilson -- Julie McGregor ( 1987 -- 1994 ; episodes 1 -- 291 ) Simon Kelly -- Paul Smith ( 1987 ; episodes 1 -- 39 ) , Christopher Mayer ( 1988 -- 1991 ; episodes 40 -- 187 ) Debbie Kelly -- Simone Buchanan ( 1987 -- 1990 , 1994 ; episodes 1 -- 165 , 268 ) Jennifer Kelly -- Sarah Monahan ( 1987 -- 1993 ; episodes 1 -- 227 ) , Angela Keep ( 1993 -- 1994 ; episodes 231 -- 291 ) Gerald ' Nudge ' Noritas -- Christopher Truswell ( 1987 -- 1991 , 1994 ; episodes 1 -- 174 , 291 ) Samantha Kelly -- Rachael Beck ( 1991 -- 1994 ; episodes 166 -- 267 ) Arthur MacArthur -- Matthew Krok ( 1991 -- 1994 ; episodes 169 , 178 -- 291 ) Ben Hubner -- Ben Oxenbould ( 1991 -- 1994 ; episodes 177 -- 291 ) Greg Russell -- Mark Owen - Taylor ( 1993 -- 1994 ; episodes 263 -- 291 ) Tracy Russell -- Belinda Emmett ( 1994 ; episodes 266 -- 291 ) Recurring characters Stan Hickey -- Bill Young ( episodes 17 , 33 , 48 , 55 , 73 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 130 , 143 , 164 , 188 , 189 , 200 ) Lyn Parker -- Mary Lou Stewart ( episodes 233 , 236 , 239 , 241 , 244 , 246 , 248 , 251 , 253 , 255 , 264 ) Grandma Lois Kelly -- Moya O'Sullivan ( episodes 3 , 21 , 40 , 71 , 86 , 134 , 167 ) Jeanette Taylor -- Joanne Samuel ( episodes 67 , 87 , 93 , 100 , 114 , 121 , 134 ) Det . Sgt . Anne Burke -- Tina Bursill ( episodes 10 , 11 , 15 , 22 , 28 , 34 ) Katie -- Kate Morris ( episodes 102 , 110 , 120 , 145 ) Shelley -- Beth Champion ( episodes 214 , 221 , 224 , 229 ) Elaine -- Beth Buchanan ( episodes 88 , 98 , 116 ) Karen -- Rebecca Cross ( episodes 176 , 186 , 187 ) Ros Woodlock -- Laura Gabriel ( episodes 233 , 239 , 248 ) Belinda -- Naomi Watts ( episodes 148 , 153 ) Mr. Blunt -- Doug Scroope ( episodes 149 , 220 ) Tessa MacArthur -- Tayce Krok ( episodes 184 , 276 ) Jolanda LeClerk -- Nikki Coghill ( episodes 193 , 203 ) Bruno -- Rod Zuanic ( episodes 197 , 213 ) Dave Woodlock -- Peter Braunstein ( episodes 233 , 239 ) Glenda the Bag Lady -- Julie Haseler ( episodes 262 , 282 ) Guest stars Main article : List of Hey Dad ... ! guest stars Production The Hey Dad ... ! pilot was recorded in September 1985 . The project stalled for several months as network executives were initially reluctant to commission the series . Twelve episodes were then recorded in mid-1986 . The series was very close to being cancelled before it was even aired . The Seven Network ultimately bought the series , airing the first episode on 11 February 1987 . One episode was taped each week . Rehearsals generally started on a Tuesday , and were held each day until Saturday , when taping would take place before a studio audience at ATN Channel 7 Studios in Epping , New South Wales . The same episode was recorded twice on the same night in front of two different audiences . The taping with the better overall performance and more enthusiastic audience response was usually selected as the one to be aired . Sometimes the best takes from both tapings would be combined in post-production . Production took a temporary break in mid-1991 when Hampton Court , another Gary Reilly sitcom featuring Betty Wilson , was produced . Hey Dad ... ! production resumed afterwards . Seven decided not to renew Hampton Court for a second season . Hey Dad ... ! often used the same studio as another Seven Network series Home and Away . The night before Hey Dad ... ! was to be recorded in front of an audience , the crew would work overnight to take down the Home and Away set , replacing it with the Hey Dad ... ! set . After the Hey Dad ... ! tapings concluded on Saturday night , the Hey Dad ... ! set would be dismantled and replaced with the Home and Away set once again . This was a regular occurrence for the entire run of the series . The exterior shots of the Kelly house were filmed using a miniature model constructed by British artist and designer Mike Worrall . Recording of the exteriors took place in - studio over the course of a two - day period , undergoing a range of lighting situations to re-create various weather conditions and times of day . Producers often found themselves taking phone calls from people wanting to know the address of the house , with the hope of purchasing it and moving in . After the series ended , the model was stored by the producers , as no museums were able to take it at the time . However , the model eventually disintegrated while in storage , and is no longer in existence . Episodes Main article : List of Hey Dad ... ! episodes International versions The series was sold to over 20 countries worldwide . Having been translated and dubbed into several different languages , the show was highly popular in France , Spain , and throughout Asia in the 1990s . A significant portion of its international fanbase was in Germany . German voice over artist Arne Elsholtz received critical praise for his work as translator , while also voicing Martin in the German version of episodes 1 to 149 . Parodies A spoof by Peter Broelman titled Hey Dud ! appeared in issue 291 of MAD Magazine 's Australian edition , featuring characters such as Barfin ' Killjoy , Petty , Simple , Dunny , Junky and Bludge . Coincidentally , 291 would also become the eventual number of episodes aired in the series . In the late 1980s , the series was also parodied in a comedy sketch on the popular TV program The Comedy Company . The title of the show was again lampooned as Hey Dud ! . The sketch featured series regulars Glenn Robbins as Martin Kelly , Peter Rowsthorn as Simon , Mary - Anne Fahey as Debbie , Christine Keogh as Betty and Russell Gilbert as Nudge , along with child actor Rebecca Smart ( who was making a guest appearance in that week 's episode ) as Jenny . During the course of the sketch , an exasperated Jenny fired Betty , sent Nudge home , demanded that her two siblings find jobs , and then announced that the show would be renamed Hey Jenny ! In 1992 , Christopher Truswell briefly reprised the role of Nudge in an episode of another popular TV comedy series , The Late Show , in which he appeared as part of the fictitious supergroup of `` Grassby , Grills , Nudge & Plumb '' ( a parody of Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young , which also included politician Al Grassby , actor / comedian Lucky Grills and actor Gwen Plumb appearing as themselves ) . In September 2006 , satirical comedy current affairs show Real Stories aired a fictional story about an up - and - coming director attempting to make a feature film of Hey Dad ... ! The film was to be titled Hey Dad ... ! The Movie and was to star Stephen Curry ( who made a cameo appearance in the Real Stories episode ) as Hey Dad ... ! character Nudge . Airings Australia : Seven Network ( original run , 1987 -- 1994 ) ; Network Ten ( repeats , 1998 ) ; Fox Classics ( repeats , 2006 -- 2007 ) The Comedy Channel ( repeats , 2009 ) Germany : ARD ( original run , episodes 1 -- 149 , 1990 -- 1992 ) ; Kabel eins ( original run , episodes 150 -- 291 , 1997 -- 1998 ) Book , CD and DVD Releases The Betty Wilson Secretarial Companion ( Paperback ) -- Written by John Flanagan with Gary Reilly ; Published by Penguin Books Australia Ltd. ( 24 April 1990 ) Martin vs Betty -- The Best of Hey Dad -- A CD compilation of audio clips from the show , released by Rich River Records ( 1991 ) . The Best of Hey Dad ... ! Volume 1 -- A collection of 13 episodes released through Shock DVD ( 18 March 2007 ) . The Best of Hey Dad ... ! Volume 2 -- A second set of 13 episodes released through Shock DVD ( 18 February 2008 ) . Hey Dad ... ! Season 1 -- A 5 disc set , released in Germany by Polyband ( 24 October 2008 ) . Hey Dad ... ! Season 2 -- German release by Polyband ( 27 March 2009 ) . Hey Dad ... ! Season 3 -- German release by Polyband ( 25 September 2009 ) . Hey Dad ... ! Season 4 -- German release by Polyband ( 26 March 2010 ) 2010 sexual abuse claims In a March 2010 interview with Woman 's Day magazine , regular cast member Sarah Monahan claimed she had been molested on set during the production of the series . Although Monahan did not initially name the cast member , in an interview on A Current Affair that aired on 24 March 2010 , Monahan alleged that it was the show 's lead actor , Robert Hughes , who had sexually molested her . She claimed that this occurred on several occasions during production of the series . In addition , cast member Ben Oxenbould claimed he discovered Hughes touching a different young girl , who was a guest actor on an episode , in a way that seemed inappropriate . After Monahan named Hughes , the executive producer , Gary Reilly made a statement to the press in which he stated that he had been unaware of any misconduct towards Monahan , but that he had been aware of rumours in regard to impropriety towards a young actor who joined after Monahan 's departure , and that he had acted to provide a chaperone for the actor and had confronted the accused , who later resigned from the series . Reilly said he confronted a man accused of inappropriate treatment of a young cast member hired after Monahan had left the program . In response to Reilly 's claim that he was unaware , Simone Buchanan and Ben Oxenbould came forward and alleged that they had separately approached Reilly during the show about Monahan 's allegations towards Hughes , but had been warned to keep quiet . In March 2011 , Gary Reilly admitted that he had had `` stand - up rows '' with Hughes over the alleged abuse of Monahan which had driven Hughes decision to resign from the show . Monahan announced that she intended taking civil action against Hughes and television station executives . Hughes , confronted by A Current Affair in Singapore where he was living , denied the claims . On 29 March 2010 , police announced the creation of a task force , codenamed Strike Force Ruskin , to investigate the claims . On 30 March 2010 , it was reported that detectives had begun interviewing former members of the show 's cast and crew . In September 2010 , six months after the allegations were published , it was reported that over a hundred people had been interviewed . Hughes was arrested in London on 9 August 2012 on 11 charges relating to the sexual and indecent assault of five girls in Sydney between 1985 and 1990 . On 10 August , Hughes was released on $90,000 bail to appear before an extradition hearing on 19 September which Hughes ' lawyers stated they would oppose . At that hearing , Hughes indicated that he intended to return to Australia for questioning . The matter was stood over to 28 September , when Hughes ' extradition was approved . In April 2014 , Hughes was found guilty by a unanimous jury verdict of ten sexual offences : two counts of sexual intercourse with a child , seven counts of indecent assault upon a person under the age of 16 and one count of committing an indecent act . Hughes ' lawyer stated that he will appeal the conviction . Hughes was sentenced to 10 years and nine months jail on May 16 , 2014 . See also List of Australian television series References Jump up ^ `` Hey Dad ! ( 1987 - 1994 ) '' . Lm.net.au . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How is Betty related to the Kellys ? '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Screenshot - Gerald `` Nudge '' Noritas `` . S1127.photobucket.com . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hey Dad ... ! ( 1987 -- 1994 ) Trivia '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Yardney . `` Where Are They Now -- Julie McGregor '' . Au.blogs.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on 10 July 2007 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , Dan ( 18 April 2007 ) . `` Televised Revolution Podcast # 18 : Nudge Wants Our Cookies '' . televisedrevolution.com . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hey Dad ! '' -- Folgenliste v0. 7 ( 24 September 1997 ) Archived 21 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` BWSC Book Cover '' . Heydad8794.net. 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hey Dad ... ! ( 1987 -- 1994 ) Trivia '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Of ... Hey Dad ... ! , The -- Vol. 2 ( 2 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hey Dad ... ! -- Season 1 ( 5 Disc Set ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 9 April 2014 -- via Google Translate . Jump up ^ `` TV Series on DVD -- Upcoming German Releases '' . Translate.google.com.au . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hey Dad sex scandal '' . 15 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hornery , Andrew ( 25 March 2010 ) . `` Puzzled Hey Dad ! star denies molesting his on - screen daughter '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : King , David ( 25 March 2010 ) . `` Hey Dad actor denies sex claim '' . The Australian . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Hey Dad ! actor offered chaperone after sexual misconduct ' rumours ' '' . News.com.au. 19 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hey Dad ! co-star ' threatened ' over sex abuse claims '' . The Age . 26 March 2010 . Retrieved 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Child star to sue television network '' . The Age . 8 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Civil action to come in Hey Dad scandal , former child - star Sarah Monahan says '' . news.com.au. 7 March 2011 . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Ralston , Nick ( 29 March 2010 ) . `` Strike force to probe Hey Dad ! claims '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Police begin Hey Dad sex inquiry '' . The Daily Telegraph . 30 March 2010 . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hey Dad star still to be questioned '' . The Sunday Telegraph ( Sydney ) . 26 September 2010 . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Kissane , Karen ( 9 August 2012 ) . `` Hey Dad star arrested on molesting charges '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Lisa . `` Former Hey Dad ! star facing extradition on sex charges '' . ABC News . abc.net.au . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Tom Wald ( 28 September 2012 ) . `` Former Hey Dad ! TV star Robert Hughes to be extradited to Australia '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibby , Paul ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` Robert Hughes from ' Hey Dad ! ' found guilty of sexually assaulting girls '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Fife - Yoemans , Janet ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Sins of the Father '' . The Advertiser . Jump up ^ Ross , Chloe . `` Child sex offender Hughes sentenced to 10 years ' jail '' . NineMSN Nine News National . Archived from the original on 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . External links Hey Dad ... ! on IMDb Hey Dad ... ! at TV.com Hey Dad at the National Film and Sound Archive Televised Revolution -- Audio interview with Hey Dad ... ! creator Gary Reilly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hey_Dad...!&oldid=858244107 '' Categories : Australian television sitcoms Seven Network shows Television shows set in New South Wales 1987 Australian television series debuts 1994 Australian television series endings 1980s Australian television series 1990s Australian television series Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2014 Use Australian English from October 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2018 , at 22 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did dad check out the bird come from | [] | [] |
-6821622415325554593 | Viral envelope | Viral envelope - wikipedia Viral envelope Jump to : navigation , search Schematic of a Cytomegalovirus Some viruses ( e.g. influenza and many animal viruses ) have viral envelopes covering their protective protein capsids . The envelopes are typically derived from portions of the host cell membranes ( phospholipids and proteins ) , but include some viral glycoproteins . They may help viruses avoid the host immune system . Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope serve to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host 's membrane . The viral envelope then fuses with the host 's membrane , allowing the capsid and viral genome to enter and infect the host . The cell from which the virus itself buds will often die or be weakened and shed more viral particles for an extended period . The lipid bilayer envelope of these viruses is relatively sensitive to desiccation , heat , and detergents , therefore these viruses are easier to sterilize than non-enveloped viruses , have limited survival outside host environments , and typically must transfer directly from host to host . Enveloped viruses possess great adaptability and can change in a short time in order to evade the immune system . Enveloped viruses can cause persistent infections . Contents ( hide ) 1 Enveloped examples 1.1 DNA viruses 1.2 RNA viruses 1.3 Retroviruses 2 Nonenveloped examples 2.1 DNA viruses 2.2 RNA viruses 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Enveloped examples ( edit ) Classes of enveloped viruses that contain human pathogens : DNA viruses ( edit ) Herpesviruses Poxviruses Hepadnaviruses RNA viruses ( edit ) Flavivirus Togavirus Coronavirus Hepatitis D Orthomyxovirus Paramyxovirus Rhabdovirus Bunyavirus Filovirus Retroviruses ( edit ) Retroviruses Nonenveloped examples ( edit ) Classes of nonenveloped viruses that contain human pathogens : DNA viruses ( edit ) Adenoviridae Papillomaviridae RNA viruses ( edit ) Picornaviridae See also ( edit ) Bacterial capsule Cell envelope References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER # 11 : VIRUSES '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Rabies Virus '' . CDC . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . External links ( edit ) `` Virus Structure '' . Molecular Expressions : Images from the Microscope . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 27 . Microbiology : Virus Components Viral envelope Capsid Viral protein Viral life cycle Viral entry Viral replication Viral shedding Virus latency Viroplasm Genetics Reassortment Antigenic shift Antigenic drift Phenotype mixing By host Bacteriophage Virophage Mycovirus Plant virus ( Plant to Human ) Animal virus Human virome Archea virus Amoeba virus Other Viral disease Helper virus Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections Viral load Virus - like particle Viral quantification Antiviral drug Neurotropic virus Oncovirus Social history of viruses Satellite virus Giant virus Viral proteins ( early and late ) DNA Herpes simplex Herpes simplex virus protein vmw65 HHV capsid portal protein Hepatitis B HBsAg HBcAg HBeAg HBx Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase Epstein -- Barr EBNA - 1 EBNA - 2 EBNA - 3 LMP - 1 LMP - 2 EBER RNA Rotavirus VNPs : NSP1 NSP2 NSP4 NSP5 NSP6 Influenza capsid : matrix protein M1 protein viral envelope M2 protein glycoprotein : Influenza hemagglutinin Neuraminidase Parainfluenza Parainfluenza hemagglutinin - neuraminidase Mumps Mumps hemagglutinin - neuraminidase Measles Measles hemagglutinin RSV Respiratory syncytial virus G protein Hepatitis C VSPs : E1 E2 VNPs : P7 NS2 NS3 NS4A NS4B NS5A NS5B RT Structure and genome of HIV VSPs : gag pol Integrase Reverse transcriptase HIV - 1 protease env gp120 gp41 VRAPs : transactivators Tat Rev Vpr Nef Vif Vpu Fusion protein Gag - onc fusion protein Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viral_envelope&oldid=801125330 '' Categories : Virology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 20 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | animal viruses that have an envelope enter cells by | [] | [] |
1098493782820696008 | Juliet | Juliet - wikipedia Juliet character in Romeo and Juliet For other uses , see Juliet ( disambiguation ) . Juliet Capulet Romeo and Juliet character The balcony scene in Romeo and Juliet as depicted by Frank Dicksee Created by William Shakespeare Information Family Romeo Montague ( lover / husband ) Lord Capulet ( father ) Lady Capulet ( mother ) Tybalt Capulet ( cousin ) Rosaline Capulet ( cousin ) Petruchio Capulet ( cousin ) Helena Capulet ( cousin ) Bianca Capulet ( cousin ) Livia Capulet ( cousin ) Alice Capulet ( cousin ) Lorenzo Capulet ( relative ) Gianni Capulet ( relative ) Rhona Capulet ( relative ) Associate ( s ) The Nurse ( surrogate mother ) Role Protagonist Juliet Capulet is the female protagonist in William Shakespeare 's romantic tragedy Romeo and Juliet . Juliet is the only daughter of the patriarch of the House of Capulet . She falls in love with Romeo , a member of the House of Montague ( with which the Capulets have a blood feud ) . The story has a long history that precedes Shakespeare himself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Relationships 1.1 Character history 2 Juliet 's age 3 In today 's Verona 3.1 Casa di Giulietta 3.2 Club di Giulietta 4 Performers 4.1 Animation 4.2 Fictional performers 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Relationships ( edit ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Juliet by Philip H. Calderon The play takes place over a time span of four days . Within these few days , Juliet is thrust into adulthood quickly -- where she must deal with issues of life such as , romance , passion , loss , and even death . During the play she is courted by a potential husband named Count Paris , strongly falls romantically in love with Romeo who is the only son of her family 's enemy , marries Romeo secretly , experiences the death of her first cousin Tybalt , has one brief passionate , romantic night with her new husband before he is forced to leave the city , is threatened by her father and nearly disowned by both of her parents for refusing to marry the man they have chosen for her , she is let down emotionally by the nurse who raised her from infancy , and spends nearly two days drugged to unconsciousness . When Romeo found out he thought she was dead and drank poison to meet her in the after life . Shakespeare 's Juliet is a headstrong and intelligent character in spite of her young age , though she often seems timid to the audience because of her young age . She is considered by many to be the true hero of the play , acting as a sounding board and a balance against the impulsive Romeo . It is Juliet who sets the boundaries of behaviour in her relationship with Romeo : she allows him to kiss her , she pledges her commitment before him , and it is she who suggests their marriage . Juliet 's forgiveness of Romeo after he kills Tybalt indicates her mature nature in contrast to his passionate impulsiveness . Furthermore , Juliet lies and clandestinely subverts her family 's wishes , a truly rebellious action against traditional Italian society . These actions and the choices they require establish Juliet as a far more complex character than her family , or even Romeo , appreciate . Character history ( edit ) Juliet 's wealthy family lived in Verona , headed by old Capulet and his wife . She was their only child and was thought of as a gift from heaven . Juliet at this point is two weeks away from her fourteenth birthday . As a child , she was cared for by her nurse , who is now her confidant , or Juliet 's best companion . In Juliet 's first scene , she demonstrates her obedience and lack of experience in the world , outlining herself as inexperienced and in many ways dependent on her parents and nurse . She does not even give marriage a second thought but she does want to do what her mother asks . It is high time that Juliet go the route Lady Capulet went in her youth , and be married to a rich and powerful gentleman like her father . The Count Paris is a bit of a bystander in the play , however , unwittingly mixed up in the drama between the families . The to - be couple only ever met once in the Friar Lawrence 's cell , which was very brief . His interest in her is primarily based on her social standing and her family 's vast wealth , in contrast to her youthful beauty . He politely and nobly asks Capulet for her hand , and apparently would like her to begin bearing his children as soon as physically possible : `` Younger than she are happy mothers made '' ( 1.2. 12 ) . Juliet , on the other hand , has no interest in becoming a wife and the mother of Paris 's children : `` ( Marriage ) is an honor that I dream not of '' ( 1.3. 68 ) . Even her father at first considers her too young to settle down . This may be a reflection on his feelings about his own wife , who might have been happier waiting a few years before marrying him . He tells Paris to let Juliet grow up for a few more years before planning marriage , but he pompously disagrees ( 1.2. 10 -- 11 ) . Of course , Juliet 's mind on the matter changes within a few minutes of meeting Romeo , but when Paris is mentioned to her by her mother in act three she reverts back to an immature , whining , almost infantile state . O Romeo , Romeo ! Wherefore art thou Romeo ? Deny thy father and refuse thy name ; Or , if thou wilt not , be but sworn my love , And I 'll no longer be a Capulet . Juliet 's famous lines in the play Romeo and Juliet Romeo also seems to achieve depth through his intense love with Juliet . When compared to the pining and frustration he exhibited during his crush on Rosaline , his behaviour toward Juliet and her family and his attitude in general both show a level of great maturity . The feud that one day had seemed all - encompassing now makes no sense , and he abandons it . Much of Romeo 's dialogue with Juliet is an intricate pattern of words . Their rhyming couplets sometimes come together to create a poem . This symbolises their union , and shows that Juliet can easily match Romeo in wordplay . It is not clear exactly why Romeo and Juliet love each other , beyond immediate physical attraction . They were married not 24 hours after their first meeting . Fate plays a constant role in the story . Their love is `` death - marked '' ( 1.1. 9 ) , the lovers are `` star - crossed '' ( 1.1. 6 ) , and Romeo feels he is being led by the stars as a ship is steered by its pilot . The idea may be that the heirs to these two families were fated to end up together to end the feud , and their deaths may or may not have been part of that fate . The play may be interpreted differently according to the whim of the reader or viewer . The series of disastrous events that leads to their deaths may have been just a part of the destiny , or it may have been what shattered the fate and made the story a true tragedy . Either way , peace comes to the families . Juliet 's age ( edit ) One aspect of the story which now seems problematic is Juliet 's age . As the story occurs , Juliet is approaching her fourteenth birthday . She was born on `` Lammas Eve at night '' ( 1 August ) , so Juliet 's birthday is 31 July ( 1.3. 19 ) . Her birthday is `` a fortnight hence '' , putting the action of the play in mid-July ( 1.3. 17 ) . Her father states that she `` hath not seen the change of fourteen years '' ( 1.2. 9 ) . In many cultures and time periods , women did and do marry and bear children at an early age . Romeo and Juliet is a play about Italian families . Lady Capulet had given birth to her first child by the time she had reached Juliet 's age : `` By my count , I was your mother much upon these years that you are now a maid . '' ( 1.3. 74 -- 75 ) . Even Capulet tries to encourage Paris to wait a little longer before even thinking of marrying his daughter , feeling that she is still too young ; `` She hath not seen the change of fourteen years , Let two more summers wither in their pride , Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride '' . However , in the English poem the story is based from ( Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke ) Juliet is approaching her sixteenth birthday and Romeo is the same age whereas in the Bandello novella she is nearly eighteen with Romeo about twenty . The common English people of that age were very rarely in their teens when they married and even among the nobility and gentry of the age , brides thirteen years of age were rare , at about one in one thousand brides ; in that era , the vast majority of English brides were at least nineteen years of age when they first married , most commonly at about 23 years , and most English noblewomen were at least sixteen when they married . That the parts of young women were played by pre-adolescent boys in Shakespeare 's day also can not be overlooked and it is possible that Shakespeare had the physique of a young boy in mind during composition , in addition to the fact that Romeo and Juliet are of wealthy families and would be more likely to marry earlier than commoners . At the time , English noblewomen married on average at 19 -- 21 years ( compared to 24 -- 26 years for English noblemen ) while the average marriage age in England was 25 -- 26 years for women and 27 -- 28 for men ; Sir Thomas More wrote in his Utopia that , in Utopia , women must be at least 18 years of age when they marry and men at least 22 years . The common belief in Elizabethan England was that motherhood before 16 was dangerous ; popular manuals of health , as well as observations of married life , led Elizabethans to believe that early marriage and its consummation permanently damaged a young woman 's health , impaired a young man 's physical and mental development , and produced sickly or stunted children . Therefore , 18 came to be considered the earliest reasonable age for motherhood and 20 and 30 the ideal ages for women and men , respectively , to marry . Shakespeare might also have reduced Juliet 's age from sixteen to fourteen to demonstrate the dangers of marriage at too young of an age ; that Shakespeare himself married Anne Hathaway when he was just eighteen might hold some significance . In today 's Verona ( edit ) Casa di Giulietta ( edit ) Juliet 's purported balcony , in Verona . Beneath it , on the walls , there are love letters . The entrance wall known as Juliet 's wall In Verona , an early 14th - century house at Via Cappello no . 23 , claiming to be the Capulets ' has been turned into a tourist attraction but it is mostly empty . The real second name was in Italian Cappelletti , a noble family , and not Capuleti . Cappelletti were in the past members of the light cavalry of the Republic of Venice . They fought for it since the 13th century and they were originally from Dalmatia and Albania . It features the balcony , and in the small courtyard , a bronze statue of Juliet . It is one of the most visited sites in the town . The metal of its chest is worn bare due to a legend that if a person strokes the right breast of the statue , that person will have good fortune and luck in love . Many people write their names and the names of their beloved ones on the walls of the entrance , known as Juliet 's wall . Many believe that writing on that place will make their love everlasting . After a restoration and cleaning of the building , it was intended that further writing should be on replaceable panels or white sheets placed outside the wall . It is also a tradition to put small love letters on the walls ( which is done by the thousands each year ) , which are regularly taken down by employees to keep the courtyard clean . Another tradition that occurs in Juliet 's courtyard is writing your name and that of your loved one on a lock and attaching it to a large ornamental gate in the back left . The gate is overwhelmed with locks that hold hope for lasting love . This tradition is seen throughout Europe on bridges and gates all over cities . Club di Giulietta ( edit ) Since the 1930s , letters addressed to Juliet keep arriving in Verona . As of 2010 , more than 5,000 letters are received annually , three - quarters of which are from women . The largest single group of senders are American teenagers . The letters are read and replied to by local volunteers , organised since the 1980s in the Club di Giulietta ( Juliet Club ) , which is financed by the City of Verona . The club has been the subject of a book by Lise and Ceil Friedman and is the setting for a 2008 book by Suzanne Harper and a 2010 USA movie , Letters to Juliet . Performers ( edit ) George Dawe 's 1816 's Study for Miss O'Neill as Juliet A number of famous actresses and some actors have portrayed the role of Juliet : Mary Saunderson was the first woman to play Juliet professionally . Previous actors had all been males . Eliza O'Neill won her fame with Juliet at Covent Garden , 1814 . Katharine Cornell had a notable Broadway success as Juliet opposite the Romeo of Basil Rathbone in 1934 , and revived the production with Maurice Evans as Romeo and Ralph Richardson as Mercutio the following year . Peggy Ashcroft was one of the great Juliets in history , most famously in the 1935 London production directed by John Gielgud , in which Gielgud and Laurence Olivier alternated the roles of Romeo and Mercutio . Norma Shearer in George Cukor 's Romeo and Juliet ( 1936 ) . Leslie Howard was her Romeo . Judi Dench had a great success as Juliet in Franco Zeffirelli 's 1960 London production . Olivia Hussey portrayed Juliet in Zeffirelli 's 1968 film , Romeo and Juliet , ; Leonard Whiting was her Romeo . Niamh Cusack portrayed Juliet in 1986 with The Royal Shakespeare Company . Sean Bean was her Romeo . Claire Danes was Juliet in Baz Luhrmann 's modernised 1996 version , Romeo + Juliet , alongside Leonardo DiCaprio as Romeo . Gugu Mbatha - Raw portrayed Juliet at the Royal Exchange Theatre 's 2005 production . James Patrick Davis portrayed Juliet in an all - male 2008 production with Shakespeare Theatre Company , opposite actor Finn Wittrock as Romeo . Hailee Steinfeld portrayed Juliet in Carlo Carlei 's film adaptation , opposite actor Douglas Booth as Romeo . Deepika Padukone portrayed Juliet in Sanjay Leela Bhansali 's 2013 Hindi adaptation of Romeo and Juliet , Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( translated as `` A Play of Bullets : Ram - Leela '' ) , opposite actor Ranveer Singh . Teresa Palmer portrayed Julie Grigio , Juliet 's analogue in the 2013 zombie movie adaptation Warm Bodies , opposite Nicholas Hoult as R , the film 's zombiefied Romeo analogue Animation ( edit ) In Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss , Juliet is portrayed as a white seal and is voiced by Patricia Trippett while her brother Daniel did the voicing of the brown seal Romeo . Fumie Mizusawa voices Juliet in the heroic fantasy adaptation Romeo x Juliet by the Japanese animation studio GONZO , with Takahiro Mizushima voicing Romeo ; Brina Palencia and Chris Burnett portrayed the characters in the English - language dub . Kristin Fairlie voices Juliet in the children 's TV series Peg + Cat . In Gnomeo & Juliet , Juliet is a Lawn gnome voiced by Emily Blunt . The Sea Prince and the Fire Child is a loosely - based Japanese animation film adaptation , with Mami Koyama voicing Malta the Fire Child and Tōru Furuya as Sirius the Sea Prince ; Tony Oliver and ( uncredited - voice - actress ) portrayed the characters in the English adaptation . Fictional performers ( edit ) The Academy Award - winning film Shakespeare in Love depicts history 's first Juliet as being illegally played by Viola de Lesseps , a woman ( Gwyneth Paltrow ) . In her music video Love Story , American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift played the part of Juliet . The plot was transformed to a happy ending , instead of tragic . In the credits of Toy Story 3 , one of the Squeeze Toy Aliens / LGMs play the role of Juliet dressed up in a dress , a wig and a princess hat . In the climax of `` Casting Call '' from The Mysteries of Alfred Hedgehog , after Camille Wallaby who is beautifully dressed solves the mystery with Alfred and Milo , she is chosen to be the perfect Juliet by saying her famous words . In The Sims 2 Juliet reappears as Juliette Capp . In the episode `` Chem Gems '' from Danger Rangers , during the song called `` Do n't Touch That '' , the pink cat Kitty portrays Juliet . In the sitcom Wizards of Waverly Place , actress Bridgit Mendler portrays Juliet ( Juliet was a vampire and the Romeo of the show was Justin Russo , portrayed by actor David Henrie . In this episode , their families ' feud was a result of rival submarine sandwich shops ) . However , after her disappearance in the episodes , she later at reappears various times in the series . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Act 2 Scene 2 '' . OpenSourceShakespeare.org . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet , Arthur Brooke . ^ Jump up to : Franson , J. Karl. 1996 . `` Too Soon Marr 'd '' : Juliet 's Age as Symbol in ' Romeo and Juliet . ' Papers on Language & Literature , Vol. 32 , No. 3 Jump up ^ Laslett , Peter . 1965 . The World We Have Lost . New York City : Charles Scribner 's Sons . p 82 - 86 Jump up ^ Young , Bruce W. 2008 . Family Life in the Age of Shakespeare . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p 41 Jump up ^ Life in Elizabethan England : Weddings and Betrothals Jump up ^ Uzgalis , William . 1997 . Utopia , by Sir Thomas More . New York : Ideal Commonwealths . P.F. Collier & Son . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ La casa di Giulietta , Verona -- IgoUgo Jump up ^ Veronissima . `` Veronissima -- Juliet 's Wall Graffiti '' . Veronissima.com . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Terna02 -- Juliet 's graffiti at the D'Orsay Museum in Paris '' . PremioTerna.it. 4 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Desenzano Lake Garda Italy -- Verona -- Romeo and Juliet '' . DesenzanoItaly.com . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hooper , John ( 19 May 2010 ) . `` Dear Juliet : the fans who write to Shakespeare 's heroine '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Halio , Jay ( 1998 ) . Romeo and Juliet . Westport : Greenwood Press . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30089 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( 21 June 2011 ) . `` Douglas Booth , thou art ' Romeo ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 November 2011 . References ( edit ) Bevington , David , Ed . Romeo and Juliet , The Bantam Shakespeare ( New York , 1988 ) Levenson , Jill L. , Ed . Romeo and Juliet , The Oxford Shakespeare ( Oxford , 2000 ) Further reading ( edit ) `` Juliet 's Taming of Romeo '' Carolyn E. Brown ; Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 , Vol. 36 , 1996 `` A Psychological Profile of Shakespeare 's Juliet : Or Was It Merely Hormones ? '' Nancy Compton Warmbrod The English Journal , Vol. 69 , No. 9 ( Dec. 1980 ) , p. 29 External links ( edit ) The Juliet club in Verona The fanlisting for Juliet Juliet Character Analysis William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Romeo und Julia ( 1943 , Blacher ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juliet&oldid=848325105 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1597 Fictional Italian people in literature Female Shakespearean characters Characters in Romeo and Juliet Fictional suicides Teenage characters in film Fictional nobility Hidden categories : Articles with short description EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles that may contain original research from September 2010 All articles that may contain original research Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2007 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina मराठी Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 07 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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4199887791677804681 | Briones | Briones - wikipedia Briones Jump to : navigation , search Briones Municipality Skyline of Briones Location of Briones in La Rioja Country Spain Founded c. 1st century Government Alcalde María Carmen Ruiz Ruiz ( People 's Party ) Area Total 37.72 km ( 14.56 sq mi ) Population ( 2013 ) Total 853 Density 22.61 / km ( 58.6 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) brionero , ra Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Postal code 26330 Official language Spanish Briones is a village in the province and autonomous community of La Rioja , Spain . The municipality covers an area of 37.72 square kilometres ( 14.56 sq mi ) and as of 2011 had a population of 873 people . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Demography 3 Interesting places 3.1 Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción 3.2 Other buildings 3.3 Museums 3.4 Historic - artistic grouping 4 Patronage festivals 5 Other interesting facts 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) The name Briones comes from the Berones , ancient inhabitants of La Rioja , but , according to a lithic site from the Bronze Age found in the path of the Santos Mártires chapel , Briones had inhabitants before the Beroners . The Albedense Chronicle ( c. 883 ) says that Alfonso I of Asturias cut down the village of Briones and six other municipalities . Besides , the chronicle also mentions the famous expedition led by Alphonso I , king of Asturias all the way down the Ebro river in 740 . In that chronicle , these destroyed villages are mentioned : Mirandam ( now Miranda de Ebro ) , Revedencam , Carbonariam , Abeicam ( Ábalos , where the expedition crossed the Ebro river ) , Brunes ( this might be Briones but it is uncertain ) , Cinissariam ( now Cenicero ) and Alesanco . Briones was under Saracen control until the late 9th century , and it belonged to King Ordoño II of León since the beginnings of the 10th century . Briones also belonged to the Castilla County , which had been repopulated with Basques and was a frontier between Castilla and Navarra . After Sancho el de Peñalén was murdered the 4th of June 1076 , Alfonso VI took over La Rioja and Briones became part of the Haro 's Signiory . Fernando III named Don Diego López III de Haro , the monarch 's nephew , first Lord of Briones . In 1240 Don Diego López rebelled against Fernando III and found shelter in Briones . The king enclosed the town and made him prisoner . Since then , Briones belonged to the crown . On the 18 January 1256 , Alfonso X of Castile gave Briones the regional laws from Vitoria , as a guarantee of the Castillian repopulation . In 1293 Sancho IV gave Briones royal privilege . During the Basquisation in 1536 there were thirty Basque surnames in Briones . Demography ( edit ) On 1 January 2010 the population of the town was up to 867 inhabitants , 464 men and 403 women . Interesting places ( edit ) Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción Iglesia de nuestra señora de La asunción ( edit ) Pedro de Hircio 's tomb Built in the 16th century , using the Isabelline Gothic style . It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in the monument category on 4 September 1981 . Other buildings ( edit ) Palacio del Marqués de San Nicolás Ermita del Cristo de los Remedios Ermita de los Santos Mártires Ermita de Santa Lucía . Ermita de San Andrés . Ermita del Calvario . Ermita de San Bartolomé . Ermita de la Concepción . Ermita del Cristo de los Remedios Ermita de los Santos Mártires Ermita de Santa Lucía Ermita de San Andrés Ermita de San Bartolomé Ermita del Calvario Ermita de San Bartolomé Ermita de la Concepción Palacio de Marqués de San Nicolás : From the 17th century . Now the Town Hall La casa de los Gadea Museums ( edit ) Wine Culture Museum . Vivanco Dinasty Wine Culture Museum Ethnographic Museum , aka La casa encantada Historic - artistic grouping ( edit ) Briones has been Bien de Interés Cultural in the Conjunto Histórico category since 4 July 1973 . Patronage festivals ( edit ) The first Sunday after 14 September , festivity of the Vera Cruz : remembrance of the advocation of the Santo Cristo de los Remedios , patron saint of Briones . Representation of Martín Lafita 's burial during the Jornadas Medievales . Jornadas Medievales : third weekend of June . The inhabitants reproduce the life in the village during the 14th century . Other interesting facts ( edit ) In 2010 was published in TVE the TV series Gran Reserva . Part of it was filmed in Briones , but in the show it was renamed as Lasiesta . See also ( edit ) Briones portal List of Bien de Interés Cultural in the Province of La Rioja List of municipalities in La Rioja La Rioja ( Spain ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` La Rioja : Población por municipios y sexo : Cifras oficiales de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal a 1 de enero de 2011 '' . Instituto Nacional de Estadística . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Germán Bleiberg ; Maureen Ihrie ; Janet Pérez ( 1 January 1993 ) . Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 462 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28731 - 2 . Jump up ^ INE : Población por municipios y sexo . Archived September 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Mininsterio de Cultura . Patrimonio Histórico . Jump up ^ ' La casa encantada ' muestra 500 piezas etnográficas originales Jump up ^ Briones es Lasiesta de ' Gran Reserva ' Coordinates : 42 ° 33 ′ N 2 ° 47 ′ W / 42.550 ° N 2.783 ° W / 42.550 ; - 2.783 Municipalities in La Rioja Ábalos Agoncillo Aguilar del Río Alhama Ajamil Albelda de Iregua Alberite Alcanadre Aldeanueva de Ebro Alesanco Alesón Alfaro Almarza de Cameros Anguciana Anguiano Arenzana de Abajo Arenzana de Arriba Arnedillo Arnedo Arrúbal Ausejo Autol Azofra Badarán Bañares Baños de Rioja Baños de Río Tobía Berceo Bergasa Bergasillas Bajera Bezares Bobadilla Brieva de Cameros Briones Briñas Cabezón de Cameros Calahorra Camprovín Canales de la Sierra Canillas de Río Tuerto Casalarreina Castañares de Rioja Castroviejo Cañas Cellorigo Cenicero Cervera del Río Alhama Cidamón Cihuri Cirueña Clavijo Cordovín Corera Cornago Corporales Cuzcurrita de Río Tirón Cárdenas Daroca de Rioja El Rasillo de Cameros El Redal El Villar de Arnedo Enciso Entrena Estollo Ezcaray Foncea Fonzaleche Fuenmayor Galbárruli Galilea Gallinero de Cameros Gimileo Grañón Grávalos Haro Herce Herramélluri Hervías Hormilla Hormilleja Hornillos de Cameros Hornos de Moncalvillo Huércanos Igea Jalón de Cameros Laguna de Cameros Lagunilla del Jubera Lardero Ledesma de la Cogolla Leiva Leza de Río Leza Logroño Lumbreras Manjarrés Mansilla de la Sierra Manzanares de Rioja Matute Medrano Munilla Murillo de Río Leza Muro de Aguas Muro en Cameros Nalda Navajún Navarrete Nestares Nieva de Cameros Nájera Ochánduri Ocón Ojacastro Ollauri Ortigosa de Cameros Pazuengos Pedroso Pinillos Pradejón Pradillo Préjano Quel Rabanera Ribafrecha Rincón de Soto Robres del Castillo Rodezno Sajazarra San Asensio San Millán de Yécora San Millán de la Cogolla San Román de Cameros San Torcuato San Vicente de la Sonsierra Santa Coloma Santa Engracia del Jubera Santa Eulalia Bajera Santo Domingo de la Calzada Santurde de Rioja Santurdejo Sojuela Sorzano Soto en Cameros Sotés Terroba Tirgo Tobía Tormantos Torre en Cameros Torrecilla en Cameros Torrecilla sobre Alesanco Torremontalbo Treviana Tricio Tudelilla Uruñuela Valdemadera Valgañón Ventosa Ventrosa Viguera Villalba de Rioja Villalobar de Rioja Villamediana de Iregua Villanueva de Cameros Villar de Torre Villarejo Villarroya Villarta - Quintana Villavelayo Villaverde de Rioja Villoslada de Cameros Viniegra de Abajo Viniegra de Arriba Zarratón Zarzosa Zorraquín Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Briones&oldid=792338081 '' Categories : Populated places in La Rioja ( Spain ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Español Euskara Français Հայերեն Italiano Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2017 , at 22 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the last name briones come from | [] | [] |
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